Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc
Annual Report 2014

Plain-text annual report

To Our Shareholders, Change can be difficult but is often necessary. For Lexicon, 2014 marked a year of both major changes and major advancement. We advanced our telotristat etiprate Phase 3 program for carcinoid syndrome toward completion of enrollment. We advanced sotagliflozin into Phase 3 development for type 1 diabetes. We completed IND-enabling studies for LX2761 and established our first global (outside the United States, Canada and Japan) development and commercial partnership with Ipsen for our carcinoid syndrome program. I would like to thank you for your patience and continued support as we have made efforts to evolve into a fully integrated pharmaceutical company. As we enter 2015, I am very much looking forward to what I think will be a very exciting year for Lexicon. We ended 2014 with our largest cash position in our corporate history, with nearly $340 million in cash and investments, and we enter 2015 with a keen focus on advancing our two lead programs, telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin, toward commercialization. You can expect the following key advancements for these two programs over the next twelve months: Telotristat Etiprate (LX1032) – Carcinoid Syndrome • We expect to complete enrollment of our pivotal Phase 3 trial of telotristat etiprate in patients with carcinoid syndrome in March 2015. • We expect to announce top-line results from the pivotal Phase 3 trial in the third quarter of 2015. • Pending the outcome of those results, it is our intent to rapidly move to commercialization by filing an NDA in the first quarter of 2016. Sotagliflozin (LX4211) – Type 1 Diabetes • We expect to commence enrollment of our Phase 3 trials of sotagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes in the first half of 2015. • We expect to announce top-line results from our Phase 2 trial of sotagliflozin in young adult patients with type 1 diabetes in collaboration with JDRF in the first quarter of 2016. This upcoming year will be focused on execution, and I am fully committed to leading the Lexicon team toward the fulfillment of these goals. You have committed a great deal of faith and expectations in us, and we in turn are committed to ensuring that your faith is not misplaced. The importance of our successful development and commercialization of these two drugs to the patients who may one day benefit from them, as well as to you, our shareholders, is utmost in my mind and is the cornerstone of our focus for 2015. Lonnel Coats President and Chief Executive Officer UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2014 or TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition Period from _____________ to _____________ Commission File Number: 000-30111 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 76-0474169 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 8800 Technology Forest Place The Woodlands, Texas 77381 (Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code) (281) 863-3000 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share Name of Each Exchange on which Registered Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933. Yes No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. (check one): Large accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Non-accelerated filer Accelerated filer Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes No The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter was approximately $368.0 million, based on the closing price of the common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2014 of $1.61 per share. For purposes of the preceding sentence only, our directors, executive officers and controlling stockholders are assumed to be affiliates. As of March 9, 2015, 725,145,313 shares of common stock were outstanding. Certain sections of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the registrant’s 2015 annual meeting of stockholders, which proxy statement will be filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K. Documents Incorporated by Reference Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Table of Contents PART I Item 1 Business 1A. Risk Factors 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 2 Properties 3 Legal Proceedings 4 Mine Safety Disclosures PART II 5 Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 6 Selected Financial Data 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 9 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 9A. Controls and Procedures 9B. Other Information 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 11 Executive Compensation PART III 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 14 Principal Accounting Fees and Services 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PART IV Signatures 1 11 24 24 25 25 26 28 29 38 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 41 44 The Lexicon name and logo are registered trademarks and Genome5000™ is a trademark of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. _____________________________________________________ In this annual report on Form 10-K, “Lexicon Pharmaceuticals,” “Lexicon,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiaries. _____________________________________________________ This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance. We have attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks outlined under “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” that may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. We are not under any duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report on Form 10-K to conform these statements to actual results, unless required by law. Item 1. Business Overview PART I Lexicon Pharmaceuticals is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of breakthrough treatments for human disease. We have advanced multiple drug candidates into clinical development. We are presently devoting most of our resources to the development of our two most advanced drug candidates: • We are developing telotristat etiprate, or LX1032, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for carcinoid syndrome. We have completed two Phase 2 clinical trials and are presently conducting a single pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate in carcinoid syndrome patients. • We are developing sotagliflozin, or LX4211, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We have completed two Phase 2 clinical trials of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes patients and an additional clinical trial of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes patients with renal impairment. We have also completed a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes patients. We are initiating a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in a younger adult type 1 diabetes population in collaboration with JDRF. We are also initiating Phase 3 development of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes. We do not intend to continue development of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes unless we enter into a collaboration partnership. Our most advanced drug candidates, as well as compounds from a number of additional drug discovery and development programs that we have advanced into various stages of clinical and preclinical development, originated from our own internal drug discovery efforts. These efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human genes as potential drug targets. We identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery. We are working both independently and through strategic collaborations and alliances with third parties to capitalize on our drug target discoveries and drug discovery and development programs. We seek to retain exclusive rights to the benefits of certain drug discovery and development programs by developing and commercializing drug candidates from those programs internally and to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with respect to the development and commercialization of drug candidates from other programs, particularly when the collaboration may provide us with access to expertise and resources that we do not possess internally or are complementary to our own. Lexicon Pharmaceuticals was incorporated in Delaware in July 1995, and commenced operations in September 1995. Our corporate headquarters are located at 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, and our telephone number is (281) 863-3000. Our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are made available free of charge on our corporate website located at www.lexpharma.com as soon as reasonably practicable after the filing of those reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Information found on our website should not be considered part of this annual report on Form 10-K. Our Drug Development Programs We have advanced multiple drug candidates into clinical development. We are presently devoting most of our resources to the development of our two most advanced drug candidates, telotristat etiprate for carcinoid syndrome and sotagliflozin for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We have also advanced a number of additional compounds into various stages of clinical and preclinical development. Telotristat etiprate (LX1032) Telotristat etiprate, or LX1032, is an orally-delivered small molecule compound that we are developing for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome. Telotristat etiprate was internally generated by our medicinal chemists and inhibits tryptophan hydroxylase, or TPH, the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin production found primarily in enterochromaffin, or EC, 1 cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Our scientists found that mice lacking the non-neuronal form of this enzyme, TPH1, have virtually no serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract, but maintain normal levels of serotonin in the brain. Telotristat etiprate was specifically designed to achieve enhanced systemic exposure to address disorders such as carcinoid syndrome that require regulation of serotonin levels beyond the EC cells in the gastrointestinal tract without impacting brain serotonin production. We completed enrollment in March 2015 of a single pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate evaluating the safety and tolerability of telotristat etiprate and its effect on symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome. The trial enrolled 135 patients with inadequately controlled carcinoid syndrome on background somatostatin analog therapy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 250mg three times daily and 500mg three times daily doses of telotristat etiprate over a 12-week treatment period, followed by a 36-week, open-label extension where all patients receive 500mg three times daily doses of telotristat etiprate. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial is the number of daily bowel movements, with secondary efficacy endpoints including changes in urinary 5-HIAA, the primary metabolite of serotonin and a biomarker for serotonin synthesis, flushing episodes, abdominal pain and quality of life measures. The Phase 3 program of telotristat etiprate also includes an additional companion study in carcinoid syndrome patients who do not meet certain of the inclusion criteria for the pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial. We reported top-line data in October 2012 from an open-label Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of telotristat etiprate and its effects on symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome. The trial enrolled 15 patients with metastatic carcinoid syndrome who were refractory to or could not tolerate somatostatin analog therapy in an open-label study of ascending doses of 150mg, 250mg, 350mg and 500mg of telotristat etiprate, administered three times daily, for 14 days on each dose until reaching the maximal dose, which was then continued until the completion of 12 weeks of therapy. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial was the reduction of bowel movements from baseline to week 12, with secondary endpoints including relief of symptoms and reduction in serotonin synthesis. Top-line data from the study showed that patients experienced a 46.4% median reduction from baseline at week 12, with the number of daily bowel movements steadily decreasing over time. All observed changes from baseline were statistically significant at p<0.001. This change corresponded with an increased proportion of patients reporting adequate relief of their carcinoid symptoms, a global assessment which also improved over time, with 75% of the patients with data at week 12 reporting improvement. Clinically relevant decreases from baseline were likewise seen for a number of key secondary endpoints, including statistically significant improvements in stool consistency (p<0.001) and trends of reductions which did not achieve statistical significance in abdominal pain and the number of cutaneous flushing episodes. The median percentage reductions from baseline of urinary at weeks 8 and 12 were 68.3% and 72.7%, respectively (each, p<0.05). Telotristat etiprate was well tolerated in the study, with no dose-limiting toxicity observed. Three patients reported serious adverse events, none of which were related to telotristat etiprate, and no patient discontinued from the study due to an adverse event. We reported top-line data in August 2011 from a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of telotristat etiprate and its effects on symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome. The trial enrolled 23 patients with symptomatic carcinoid syndrome who were refractory to octreotride therapy in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 150mg, 250mg, 350mg and 500mg doses of telotristat etiprate, each administered three times daily over a 28-day treatment period in combination with octreotide therapy. The efficacy endpoints under evaluation in the trial included the number of daily bowel movements, stool form, urgency, a global assessment of symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome, flushing episodes and an assessment of pain and discomfort. Top-line data from the trial showed evidence of efficacy across multiple endpoints, including improvements in bowel movement frequency, decreased levels of urinary improvements in the assessment of pain and discomfort. Telotristat etiprate demonstrated a favorable safety profile in the trial, with no dose-limiting toxicity observed. Adverse events were generally mild to moderate and similarly distributed across all groups, including the placebo group. and Telotristat etiprate has received Fast Track status and Orphan Drug designation from the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome in patients who no longer respond to standard care. Telotristat etiprate has also received Orphan Drug designation from the Committee for Orphan Medical Products of the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of carcinoid tumors. We have entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS under which we granted Ipsen an exclusive, royalty-bearing right and license to commercialize telotristat etiprate outside of the United States, Canada and Japan. Sotagliflozin (LX4211) Sotagliflozin, or LX4211, is an orally-delivered small molecule compound that we are developing for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sotagliflozin was internally generated by our medicinal chemists and inhibits both sodium- glucose cotransporter type 2, or SGLT2, a transporter responsible for most of the glucose reabsorption performed by the kidney, 2 and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 1, or SGLT1, a transporter responsible for glucose and galactose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and to a lesser extent than SGLT2, glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Our scientists identified mice lacking SGLT1, SGLT2 or both as having potent anti-diabetic phenotypes across multiple measures of glucose control and metabolism, and found that compounds inhibiting both targets had a favorable preclinical profile relative to compounds selective for SGLT2. Type 1 Diabetes. We reported top-line data in April 2014 from a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of sotagliflozin and its effects on glycemic parameters associated with type 1 diabetes. The Phase 2 trial enrolled 36 patients with type 1 diabetes. An initial cohort consisted of three patients treated with a 400 mg once daily dose of sotagliflozin for a period of four weeks. A subsequent cohort of 33 patients were enrolled in the randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled portion of the study and were treated with a 400mg once daily dose of sotagliflozin or placebo for a period of four weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial was reduction in bolus insulin use. Secondary endpoints included multiple parameters of glycemic control, basal and total insulin use and other metabolic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters. Top-line data from the study showed that treatment with sotagliflozin demonstrated statistically significant benefits in the primary and multiple secondary endpoints. Patients treated with sotagliflozin experienced a reduction in their total daily mealtime bolus insulin dose of 32% compared to 6% for patients who received placebo (p=0.007). We also observed a significant improvement in glycemic control, with a mean hemoglobin A1c, or A1C, reduction of 0.55% in the sotagliflozin-treated group compared to a reduction of 0.06% in the placebo-treated group (p=0.002). These observations were also accompanied by significant improvement in the time spent in a glucose range of 70-180 mg/dl, a significant reduction in time in hyperglycemic range (>180 mg/dl) and no increase in hypoglycemia. Multiple measures also indicated that patients treated with sotagliflozin experienced reduced variability in blood glucose levels. Sotagliflozin was well tolerated with no discontinuations of study medication due to adverse events. We are initiating a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in a younger adult type 1 diabetes population in collaboration with JDRF. We are also initiating Phase 3 development of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes, which is expected to include three Phase 3 studies, including two pivotal Phase 3 studies. Each of the pivotal Phase 3 studies are 24-week, placebo controlled studies of approximately 750 patients, which will be followed by 28-week extensions. Two dose levels of sotagliflozin, 200mg and 400mg once daily, will be tested along with placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation will be reduction of A1C versus placebo on optimized insulin treatment at 24 weeks, with secondary endpoints including percentage of patients achieving A1C levels of less than 7%, reduction in meal-time, or bolus, insulin use and weight loss. The third Phase 3 study is expected to enroll approximately 1,400 patients and involve a glycemic control primary endpoint and an evaluation of safety. We also plan to conduct a dose-ranging study of sotagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes concurrently with our planned Phase 3 studies. Type 2 Diabetes. We reported top-line data in June 2012 from a Phase 2b clinical trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of sotagliflozin and its effects on glycemic parameters associated with type 2 diabetes. The Phase 2b trial enrolled 299 patients with type 2 diabetes who were not adequately controlled on metformin monotherapy in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 75mg once daily, 200mg once daily, 200mg twice daily and 400mg once daily doses of sotagliflozin, each administered in combination with standard metformin therapy over a primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial was the change in A1C from baseline to week 12. Secondary efficacy endpoints included percentage of patients achieving A1C levels of less than 7%, as well as changes in fasting plasma glucose levels, weight, blood pressure and triglyceride levels. Top-line data from the study showed that treatment with sotagliflozin demonstrated statistically significant benefits in the primary and multiple secondary endpoints. Patients in each of the 75mg once daily, 200mg once daily, 200mg twice daily and 400mg once daily sotagliflozin treatment arms had mean A1C reductions from baseline of 0.43, 0.52, 0.79 and 0.95 percent, respectively (p<0.001 for all treatment arms), while in patients randomized to placebo, A1C decreased by 0.09 percent. We also observed that patients treated with sotagliflozin showed significant reductions in body weight and blood pressure. Sotagliflozin was well tolerated and adverse events were generally mild to moderate, with the overall incidence of adverse events with sotagliflozin being similar to placebo. treatment period. The We reported top-line data in October 2013 from a clinical trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of sotagliflozin and its effects on glycemic parameters associated with type 2 diabetes in patients with moderate renal impairment. The clinical trial enrolled 30 patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate to severe renal impairment in a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study of a 400mg once daily dose of sotagliflozin over a seven-day treatment period. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial was the change in postprandial glucose from baseline to day seven, with secondary endpoints including a variety of glycemic control parameters. Top-line data from the study showed that treatment with sotagliflozin provided clinically meaningful and statistically significant reductions (p<0.05) in post-prandial glucose and produced significant elevations in GLP-1, a hormone involved in control of glucose and appetite. Sotagliflozin was well tolerated and adverse events were generally mild to moderate, with the overall incidence of adverse events with sotagliflozin being similar to placebo. 3 We previously completed a Phase 2a clinical trial in type 2 diabetes patients, in which sotagliflozin provided improvements in glycemic control, demonstrated statistically significant benefits in the primary and multiple secondary efficacy endpoints and demonstrated a favorable safety profile. We do not intend to continue development of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes unless we enter into a collaboration partnership. Other Clinical and Preclinical Development Programs LX1033. LX1033 is an orally-delivered small molecule compound that is in development for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. LX1033 was internally generated by our medicinal chemists as an inhibitor of TPH, the same target as telotristat etiprate, but LX1033 is chemically distinct and was designed to reduce production of serotonin locally in the gastrointestinal tract without affecting serotonin synthesis elsewhere in the body. We previously completed a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients suffering from diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in which all treatment groups, including placebo, showed significant improvements in the primary efficacy endpoint over time. Such improvements in patients treated with LX1033 were not statistically significant relative to those treated with placebo, but LX1033 reduced the production of plasma significantly more than placebo, with the greatest reductions observed in patients treated with 500mg of LX1033 three times daily. LX1033 was well tolerated and adverse events were evenly distributed among all LX1033 and placebo treatment groups. LX2931. LX2931 is an orally-delivered small molecule compound that is in development for the treatment of autoimmune disease. LX2931 was internally generated by our medicinal chemists to target sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase, or S1P lyase, an enzyme in the sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) pathway associated with the activity of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a cellular component and key driver of the immune system, and are involved in a number of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Our scientists discovered that mice lacking this enzyme have increased retention of immune cells in the thymus and spleen with a corresponding reduction in the deployment of T-cells and B-cells into the circulating blood. We previously completed a Phase 2 clinical trial in rheumatoid arthritis patients who were also taking methotrexate, a standard therapy, in which patients treated with 150mg of LX2931 once daily showed an improvement in the primary efficacy endpoint which did not achieve statistical significance. Patients treated with 70mg and 110mg of LX2931 once daily did not indicate improvement relative to placebo. LX2931 was well tolerated, with no notable differences in adverse events observed between placebo and any of the treatment groups. LX7101. LX7101 is a topically-delivered small molecule compound that is under evaluation as a potential treatment for glaucoma. LX7101 was internally generated by our medicinal chemists to target LIMK2, a kinase associated with the regulation of intraocular pressure, and is designed to lower intraocular pressure by enhancing the fluid outflow facility of the eye. Our scientists discovered that mice lacking LIMK2 exhibited lower intraocular pressure compared to normal mice. We previously completed a Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of LX7101 in glaucoma patients, as well as intraocular pressure. Preclinical Development Programs. We have advanced small molecule compounds from a number of additional drug programs into various stages of preclinical development, including LX2761, an orally-delivered small molecule compound for the treatment of diabetes that is designed to inhibit SGLT1 locally in the gastrointestinal tract without any significant inhibition of SGLT2 in the kidney. Drug Target Discoveries Our most advanced drug candidates, as well as compounds from a number of additional drug discovery and development programs that we have advanced into various stages of clinical and preclinical development, originated from our own internal drug discovery efforts. These efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human genes as potential drug targets. We identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery. 4 Our Commercialization Strategy We are working both independently and through strategic collaborations and alliances with third parties to capitalize on our drug target discoveries, and we intend to pursue the same strategy for our drug candidates in clinical development. Consistent with this approach, we seek to retain exclusive rights to the benefits of certain drug discovery and development programs by developing and commercializing drug candidates from those programs internally and to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with respect to the development and commercialization of drug candidates from other programs, particularly when the collaboration may provide us with access to expertise and resources that we do not possess internally or are complementary to our own. We also seek to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, research institutes and academic institutions to capitalize on our drug target discoveries. Strategic Collaborations Ipsen. We entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS in October 2014 under which we granted Ipsen an exclusive, royalty-bearing right and license to commercialize telotristat etiprate outside of the United States, Canada and Japan. We received a $23 million upfront payment under the agreement and we are eligible to receive up to approximately $30 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory and commercial launch milestones and up to €72 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. We are also entitled to tiered, escalating royalties ranging from low twenties to mid-thirties percentages of net sales of telotristat etiprate in the licensed territory, subject to a credit for Ipsen’s payments to us for the manufacture and supply of such units of telotristat etiprate. Our receipt of these payments from Ipsen will trigger our obligation to make certain contingent payments to Symphony Icon Holdings LLC, or Holdings, pursuant to our prior arrangement with Holdings for the financing of the clinical development of telotristat etiprate. Bristol-Myers Squibb. We established a drug discovery alliance with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company in December 2003 to discover, develop and commercialize small molecule drugs in the neuroscience field. Bristol-Myers Squibb extended the target discovery term of the alliance in May 2006. We initiated the alliance with a number of neuroscience drug discovery programs at various stages of development and used our gene knockout technologies to identify additional drug targets with promise in the neuroscience field. For those targets that were selected for the alliance, we and Bristol-Myers Squibb are working together, on an exclusive basis, to identify, characterize and carry out the preclinical development of small molecule drugs, and share equally both in the costs and in the work attributable to those efforts. As drugs resulting from the alliance enter clinical trials, Bristol-Myers Squibb will have the first option to assume full responsibility for clinical development and commercialization. We received $86 million in upfront payments and research funding under the agreement during the target discovery portion of the alliance, which expired in October 2009. In addition, we are entitled to receive clinical and regulatory milestone payments ranging, depending on the timing and extent of our efforts in the alliance, up to $76 million for each drug developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb under the alliance. We will also earn royalties on sales of drugs commercialized by Bristol-Myers Squibb under the alliance. Genentech. We established a drug discovery alliance with Genentech, Inc. in December 2002 to discover novel therapeutic proteins and antibody targets. We and Genentech expanded the alliance in November 2005 for the advanced research, development and commercialization of new biotherapeutic drugs. Under the original alliance agreement, we used our target validation technologies to discover the functions of secreted proteins and potential antibody targets identified through Genentech’s internal drug discovery research. In the expanded alliance, we conducted additional, advanced research on a broad subset of those proteins and targets. We have exclusive rights to develop and commercialize biotherapeutic drugs for two of these targets, while Genentech has exclusive rights to develop and commercialize biotherapeutic drugs for the other targets. We retain certain other rights to discoveries made in the alliance, including non-exclusive rights, along with Genentech, for the development and commercialization of small molecule drugs addressing the targets included in the alliance. We received $58 million in upfront payments, research funding and research milestone payments under the agreement during the research collaboration term, which expired in November 2008. In addition, we are entitled to receive clinical and regulatory milestone payments ranging, depending on the extent of our efforts in the alliance, up to $25 million for each drug target for which Genentech develops a biotherapeutic drug under the alliance. We will also earn royalties on sales of biotherapeutic drugs commercialized by Genentech under the alliance. Genentech is entitled to receive milestone payments and royalties on sales of biotherapeutic drugs which we develop or commercialize under the alliance. Other Collaborations We have established collaborations with a number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, research institutes and academic institutions under which we have received fees in exchange for generating knockout mice for genes requested by the collaborator, providing phenotypic data with respect to such knockout mice or otherwise granting access to some of our 5 technologies and discoveries. In some cases, we remain eligible to receive milestone or royalty payments on the sale of mice and phenotypic data or on products that our collaborators discover or develop using our technology. Our Executive Officers Our executive officers and their ages and positions are listed below. Name Lonnel Coats Pablo Lapuerta, M.D. Alan J. Main, Ph.D. Jeffrey L. Wade, J.D. John P. Northcott James F. Tessmer Age Position with the Company 50 51 61 President and Chief Executive Officer and Director Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer Executive Vice President, CMC and Supply Operations Executive Vice President, Corporate and Administrative Affairs and Chief Financial Officer Vice President of Marketing, Commercial Strategy and Operations Vice President, Finance and Accounting 50 37 55 Lonnel Coats has been our president and chief executive officer and a director since July 2014. From 1996 through June 2014, Mr. Coats served in a series of leadership positions at Eisai Inc. and Eisai Corporation of North America, most recently as chief executive officer from 2010 to June 2014 and president and chief operating officer from 2004 to 2010. Prior to joining Eisai, Mr. Coats spent eight years with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a division of Johnson & Johnson, where he held a variety of management and sales positions. Mr. Coats received his B.P.A. from Oakland University. Pablo Lapuerta, M.D. has been our executive vice president and chief medical officer since February 2015. Dr. Lapuerta served as our executive vice president, safety, pharmacovigilance and medical affairs and chief medical officer from August 2014 until February 2015 and was our executive vice president, clinical development and chief medical officer from February 2013 until August 2014 and senior vice president, clinical development and chief medical officer from 2011 until February 2013. From 2009 through 2010, Dr. Lapuerta served as vice president at Bristol-Myers Squibb Company with responsibility for global development of an Alzheimer’s disease drug candidate. From 2007 through 2009, Dr. Lapuerta was senior vice president, clinical strategy and chief medical officer of Cogentus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and prior to that served in a variety of clinical development leadership roles at Bristol-Myers Squibb, where he worked for 11 years before joining Cogentus. He holds a B.A. in biology from Harvard College and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School. Alan J. Main, Ph.D. has been our executive vice president, CMC and supply operations since February 2015. Dr. Main served as our executive vice president of pharmaceutical research from 2007 until February 2015 and was our senior vice president, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals from 2001 to 2007. Dr. Main was president and chief executive officer of Coelacanth Corporation, a leader in using proprietary chemistry technologies to rapidly discover new chemical entities for drug development, from 2000 until our acquisition of Coelacanth in 2001. Dr. Main was formerly senior vice president, U.S. Research at Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, where he worked for 20 years before joining Coelacanth. Dr. Main holds a B.S. from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland and a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Liverpool, England and completed postdoctoral studies at the Woodward Research Institute. Jeffrey L. Wade, J.D. has been our executive vice president, corporate and administrative affairs and chief financial officer since February 2015. Mr. Wade served as our executive vice president, corporate development and chief financial officer from May 2010 until February 2015 and was our executive vice president and general counsel from 2000 until May 2010 and senior vice president and chief financial officer from 1999 to 2000. From 1988 through 1998, Mr. Wade was a corporate securities and finance attorney with the law firm of Andrews & Kurth L.L.P., for the last two years as a partner, where he represented companies in the biotechnology, information technology and energy industries. Mr. Wade is a member of the board of directors of the Texas Healthcare and Bioscience Institute. He received his B.A. and J.D. from the University of Texas. John P. Northcott has been our vice president of marketing, commercial strategy and operations since June 2013. From May 2011 through May 2013, Mr. Northcott served as International Business Leader for F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd. with responsibility for the global strategy, commercialization and life cycle management of Avastin, an approved cancer drug product. From 2007 through May 2011, Mr. Northcott was Oncology Group Product Manager at Roche with responsibility for the commercialization of Avastin in the United States. Prior to joining Roche, Mr. Northcott spent five years in a variety of management and sales positions with Pfizer Inc., Pharmacia Corporation and Merck & Co. Mr. Northcott received his B.B.A. from St. Francis Xavier University. 6 James F. Tessmer has been our vice president, finance and accounting since November 2007 and previously served as our senior director of finance from 2004 to November 2007 and director of finance from 2001 to 2004. From January 1997 to 2001, Mr. Tessmer was assistant controller for Mariner Health Network, Inc. and prior to that served in a variety of financial and accounting management positions for HWC Distribution Corp. and American General Corporation. Mr. Tessmer is a certified public accountant and received his B.B.A. from the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee and his M.B.A. from the University of Houston. Patents and Proprietary Rights We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that those rights are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. Accordingly, patents and other proprietary rights are an essential element of our business. We own patent applications, and in some cases issued patents, covering each of our drug candidates in clinical development, including: • worldwide patent applications that claim telotristat etiprate, or LX1032, and associated crystalline forms, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of manufacture and use, from which patents have granted in multiple jurisdictions, including ten in the United States; • worldwide patent applications that claim sotagliflozin, or LX4211, and associated crystalline forms, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of manufacture and use, from which patents have granted in multiple jurisdictions, including four in the United States; • worldwide patent applications that claim LX1033 and associated crystalline forms, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of manufacture and use, from which patents have granted in multiple jurisdictions, including ten in the United States; • worldwide patent applications that claim LX2931 and associated crystalline forms, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of manufacture and use, from which patents have granted in multiple jurisdictions, including five in the United States; and • worldwide patent applications that claim LX7101 and associated crystalline forms, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of manufacture and use, from which patents have granted in multiple jurisdictions, including two in the United States. Additionally, we hold rights to a number of patents and patent applications under license agreements with third parties. Many of these licenses are nonexclusive, although some are exclusive in specified fields. Most of the licenses have terms that extend for the life of the licensed patents. Patents extend for varying periods according to the date of patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country to country, depends on the type of patent, the scope of its coverage and the availability of legal remedies in the country. We have filed patent applications and hold issued patents covering each of our drug candidates in clinical development. No United States patent that has issued or may issue based on a patent application we have filed relating to one of our drug candidates in clinical development has a normal expiration date earlier than 2026. All of our employees, consultants and advisors are required to execute a proprietary information agreement upon the commencement of employment or consultation. In general, the agreement provides that all inventions conceived by the employee or consultant, and all confidential information developed or made known to the individual during the term of the agreement, shall be our exclusive property and shall be kept confidential, with disclosure to third parties allowed only in specified circumstances. We cannot assure you, however, that these agreements will provide useful protection of our proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of such information. Our patent and intellectual property rights are subject to certain rights and uncertainties. See “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” under “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Competition The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are highly competitive and characterized by rapid technological change. We face significant competition in each of the aspects of our business from other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Many of our competitors have substantially greater research, development and commercialization capabilities and 7 financial, scientific, marketing and human resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may succeed in developing products earlier than we do, obtaining approvals from the FDA or other regulatory agencies for those products more rapidly than we do, developing products that are more effective than those we propose to develop or commercializing products more effectively and profitably than we do. Similarly, our collaborators face similar competition from other competitors who may succeed in developing products more quickly, developing products that are more effective than those developed by our collaborators or commercialize products more effectively and profitably than our collaborators. Any products that we or our collaborators may develop or discover are likely to be in highly competitive markets. The competition for our drug candidates includes both marketed products and drug candidates that are being developed by others, including drug candidates that are currently in a more advanced stage of clinical development or commercialization than are our own drug candidates. These competitive marketed products and drug candidates include compounds that employ different mechanisms of action in addressing diseases and conditions for which we are developing our own drug candidates and, in some cases such as sotagliflozin, that employ the same or similar mechanisms of action. We believe that our ability to successfully compete with these potentially competitive drug candidates and other competitive products currently on the market will depend on, among other things: • • • • • • • • the efficacy, safety and reliability of our drug candidates; our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to complete nonclinical testing and clinical development and obtain regulatory approvals for our drug candidates; the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for our drug candidates; our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to obtain product acceptance by physicians and other health care providers and reimbursement for product use in approved indications; our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to manufacture and sell commercial quantities of our products; the skills of our employees and our ability to recruit and retain skilled employees; protection of our intellectual property; and the availability of substantial capital resources to fund development and commercialization activities. Government Regulation Regulation of Pharmaceutical Products The development, manufacture and sale of any products developed by us or our collaborators will be subject to extensive regulation by United States and foreign governmental authorities, including federal, state and local authorities. In the United States, new drugs are subject to regulation under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder, or the FDC Act, and biologic products are subject to regulation both under certain provisions of the FDC Act and under the Public Health Services Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder, or the PHS Act. The FDA regulates, among other things, the development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, record keeping, reporting, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution and export of small molecule and biotherapeutic drugs. The standard process required by the FDA before a drug candidate may be marketed in the United States includes: • • • nonclinical laboratory and animal tests performed under the FDA’s current Good Laboratory Practices regulations; submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug application, or IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may commence; adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug candidate for its intended use; 8 • for drug candidates regulated as small molecule drugs, submission of a New Drug Application, or NDA, and, for drug candidates regulated as biotherapeutic drugs, submission of a Biologic License Application, or BLA, with the FDA; and • FDA approval of the NDA or BLA prior to any commercial sale or shipment of the product. This process for the testing and approval of drug candidates requires substantial time, effort and financial resources. Preclinical development of a drug candidate can take from one to several years to complete, with no guarantee that an IND based on those studies will become effective to even permit clinical testing to begin. Before commencing the first clinical trial of a drug candidate in the United States, we must submit an IND to the FDA. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions about the conduct of the clinical trial. In such a case, we and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial may begin. A separate submission to the existing IND must be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development, and the FDA must grant permission for each clinical trial to start and continue. Further, an independent institutional review board for each medical center proposing to participate in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that center. Regulatory authorities or an institutional review board or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. For purposes of NDA or BLA approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap. • • • Phase 1 clinical trials are conducted in a limited number of healthy human volunteers or, in some cases, patients, to evaluate the safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion of the drug candidate; Phase 2 clinical trials are conducted in groups of patients afflicted with a specified disease or condition to obtain preliminary data regarding efficacy as well as to further evaluate safety and optimize dosing of the drug candidate; and Phase 3 clinical trials are conducted in larger patient populations at multiple clinical trial sites to obtain statistically significant evidence of the efficacy of the drug candidate for its intended use and to further test for safety in an expanded patient population. In addition, the FDA may require, or companies may pursue, additional clinical trials after a product is approved. These so-called Phase 4 studies may be made a condition to be satisfied after a drug receives approval. Completion of the clinical trials necessary for an NDA or BLA submission typically takes many years, with the actual time required varying substantially based on, among other things, the nature and complexity of the drug candidate and of the disease or condition. Success in earlier-stage clinical trials does not ensure success in later-stage clinical trials. Furthermore, data obtained from clinical activities is not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent proceeding with further clinical trials, filing or acceptance of an NDA or BLA, or obtaining marketing approval. After completion of clinical trials, FDA approval of an NDA or BLA must be obtained before a new drug may be marketed in the United States. An NDA or BLA, depending on the submission, must contain, among other things, information on chemistry, manufacturing controls and potency and purity, non-clinical pharmacology and toxicology, human pharmacokinetics and bioavailability and clinical data. There can be no assurance that the FDA will accept an NDA or BLA for filing and, even if filed, that approval will be granted. Among other things, the FDA reviews an NDA to determine whether a product is safe and effective for its intended use and a BLA to determine whether a product is safe, pure and potent and the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packed, or held meets standards designed to assure the product’s continued safety, purity and potency. The FDA may deny approval of an NDA or BLA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, or it may require additional clinical data or an additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial. Even if such data are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA or BLA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Once issued, the FDA may withdraw product approval if ongoing regulatory standards are not met or if safety problems occur after the product reaches the market. In addition, the FDA may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the effect of approved products which have been commercialized, and the FDA has the power to prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Limited indications for use or other conditions could also be placed on any approvals that could restrict the commercial applications of a product or impose costly procedures in connection with the commercialization or use of the product. 9 In addition to obtaining FDA approval for each product, each drug manufacturing establishment must be inspected and approved by the FDA. All manufacturing establishments are subject to inspections by the FDA and by other federal, state and local agencies and must comply with current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements. Non-compliance with these requirements can result in, among other things, total or partial suspension of production, failure of the government to grant approval for marketing and withdrawal, suspension or revocation of marketing approvals. Once the FDA approves a product, a manufacturer must provide certain updated safety and efficacy information. Product changes as well as certain changes in a manufacturing process or facility would necessitate additional FDA review and approval. Other post-approval changes may also necessitate further FDA review and approval. Additionally, a manufacturer must meet other requirements including those related to adverse event reporting and record keeping. The FDA closely regulates the marketing and promotion of drugs. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy that are approved by the FDA. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising and potential civil and criminal penalties. Violations of the FDC Act, the PHS Act or regulatory requirements may result in agency enforcement action, including voluntary or mandatory recall, license suspension or revocation, product seizure, fines, injunctions and civil or criminal penalties. In addition to regulatory approvals that must be obtained in the United States, drugs are also subject to regulatory approval in other countries in which they are marketed. The conduct of clinical trials of drugs in countries other than the United States is likewise subject to regulatory oversight in such countries. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing, and reimbursement vary widely from country to country. No action can be taken to market any drug in a country until the regulatory authorities in that country have approved an appropriate application. FDA approval does not assure approval by other regulatory authorities. The current approval process varies from country to country, and the time spent in gaining approval varies from that required for FDA approval. In some countries, the sale price of a drug or biologic product must also be approved. The pricing review period often begins after marketing approval is granted. Even if a foreign regulatory authority approves a drug, it may not approve satisfactory prices for the product. Other Regulations In addition to the foregoing, our business is subject to regulation under various state and federal environmental laws, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. These and other laws govern our use, handling and disposal of various biological, chemical and radioactive substances used in and wastes generated by our operations. We believe that we are in material compliance with applicable environmental laws and that our continued compliance with these laws will not have a material adverse effect on our business. We cannot predict, however, whether new regulatory restrictions will be imposed by state or federal regulators and agencies or whether existing laws and regulations will adversely affect us in the future. Research and Development Expenses In 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, we incurred expenses of $89.3 million, $89.7 million and $82.6 million in company-sponsored as well as collaborative research and development activities, including $4.0 million, $4.4 million and $3.7 million of stock-based compensation expense in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Employees and Consultants As of February 27, 2015, we employed 106 persons, of whom 24 hold M.D. or Ph.D. degrees and another 21 hold other advanced degrees. We believe that our relationship with our employees is good. 10 Item 1A. Risk Factors The following risks and uncertainties are important factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements. The factors described below are not the only ones we face and additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations. Risks Related to Our Need for Additional Financing and Our Financial Results We will need additional capital in the future and, if it is unavailable, we will be forced to significantly curtail or cease our operations. If it is not available on reasonable terms, we will be forced to obtain funds, if at all, by entering into financing agreements on unattractive terms. As of December 31, 2014, we had $339.3 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. We anticipate that our existing capital resources and the cash and revenues we expect to derive from collaborations and other sources will enable us to fund our currently planned operations for at least the next 12 months. However, we caution you that we may generate less cash and revenues or incur expenses more rapidly than we currently anticipate. Our currently planned operations for the next twelve months consist of (a) the completion of our single pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate in carcinoid syndrome patients and, if successful, continued preparations for the commercialization of telotristat etiprate, (b) a companion Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate to study safety and 5-HIAA in a separate patient population, with a targeted enrollment of approximately 60 patients, (c) a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in a younger adult type 1 diabetes population and (d) three concurrent Phase 3 clinical trials for sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes, which we expect to enroll an aggregate of approximately 2,900 patients, and a dose-ranging study of sotagliflozin. In addition, we cannot be certain as to what type and how many clinical trials the FDA, or equivalent foreign regulatory agencies, will require us to conduct in order to gain approval to market either telotristat etiprate or sotagliflozin. Although difficult to accurately predict, the amount of our future capital requirements will be substantial and will depend on many factors, including: • • • • • • • the timing and progress of our single pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate in carcinoid syndrome patients, including completing enrollment in the trial and our ability to obtain priority review on any potential NDA submission; if approved, our ability to commercialize telotristat etiprate on the timeline anticipated; the amount and timing of payments, if any, under existing and any future collaboration agreements; the amount and timing of our nonclinical and clinical development expenditures; the timing and progress of the clinical development of telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin, including the timing of any required regulatory actions, the outcome of our anticipated discussions with regulators and the outcome of our sotagliflozin dose-ranging study, which we are planning to conduct concurrently with our two pivotal Phase 3 efficacy trials; future results from clinical trials of our drug candidates; the cost and timing of regulatory approvals and commercialization of drug candidates that we successfully develop; • market acceptance of products that we successfully develop and commercially launch; • • • the effect of competing programs and products, and of technological and market developments; the filing, maintenance, prosecution, defense and enforcement of patent claims and other intellectual property rights; and the cost and timing of establishing or contracting for sales, marketing and distribution capabilities of any approved drug candidate. Our capital requirements have and will continue to increase substantially as our drug candidates progress into more advanced stage clinical development. Our capital requirements will also be affected by any expenditures we make in connection with license agreements and acquisitions of and investments in complementary products and technologies. For all of these reasons, our future capital requirements cannot easily be quantified. 11 If our capital resources are insufficient to meet future capital requirements, we will need to raise additional funds to continue our currently planned operations. If we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our then-existing stockholders will experience dilution and the terms of any new equity securities may have preferences over our common stock. We cannot be certain that additional financing, whether debt or equity, will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. We may be unable to raise sufficient additional capital on reasonable terms, and if so, we will be forced to significantly curtail or cease our operations or obtain funds, if at all, by entering into financing agreements on unattractive terms. We have a history of net losses, and we expect to continue to incur net losses and may not achieve or maintain profitability. We have incurred net losses since our inception, including net losses of $100.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, $104.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 and $110.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. As of December 31, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.1 billion. We are unsure when we will become profitable, if ever. The size of our net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of decline or growth in our revenues and on the amount of our expenses. We expect net losses to increase significantly over the next several years as we expect to make significant investments in the development and commercialization of telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin. We have derived substantially all of our revenues from drug discovery and development collaborations and other collaborations and technology licenses. Future revenues from our existing collaborations are uncertain because they depend, to a large degree, on the achievement of milestones and payment of royalties we earn from any future products developed under the collaborations. As a result, we depend, in part, on securing new collaboration agreements. Our ability to secure future revenue-generating agreements will depend upon our ability to address the needs of our potential future collaborators, and to negotiate agreements that we believe are in our long-term best interests. We may determine, as we have with certain of our clinical drug candidates, including telotristat etiprate (in the United States, Canada and Japan) and sotagliflozin, that our interests are better served by retaining rights to our discoveries and advancing our therapeutic programs to a later stage, which could limit our near-term revenues and increase our expenses. Given the current stage of our operations, we do not currently derive any revenues from sales of pharmaceutical products. A large portion of our expenses is fixed, including expenses related to facilities and equipment. In addition, we expect to spend significant amounts to fund our nonclinical and clinical development activities, including the conduct of ongoing and planned clinical trials for telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin. If successful, we will also be required to incur substantial expenditures in preparation for and to conduct commercialization activities with respect to telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin. As a result, we will need to generate substantial additional revenues to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our operating results have been and likely will continue to fluctuate, and we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not a good indication of our future performance. Our operating results and, in particular, our ability to generate additional revenues are dependent on many factors, including: • • • • our ability to establish new collaborations and technology licenses, and the timing of such arrangements; the success rate of our discovery and development efforts leading to opportunities for new collaborations and licenses, as well as milestone payments and royalties; the timing and willingness of our collaborators to commercialize pharmaceutical products that would result in milestone payments and royalties; and general and industry-specific economic conditions, which may affect our and our collaborators’ research and development expenditures. Because of these and other factors, including the risks and uncertainties described in this section, our operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to do so in the future. Due to the likelihood of fluctuations in our revenues and expenses, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not a good indication of our future performance. 12 We have substantial indebtedness that may limit cash flow available to invest in the ongoing needs of our business. We have incurred $107.7 million of indebtedness and could in the future incur additional indebtedness beyond such amount. We are not restricted under the terms of our existing debt instruments from incurring additional debt. Our substantial debt combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments could have significant adverse consequences, including: • • • • • requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to the payment of interest on, and principal of, our debt, which will reduce the amounts available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, product development efforts and other general corporate purposes; increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry and market conditions; obligating us to restrictive covenants that may reduce our ability to take certain corporate actions or obtain further debt or equity financing; limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we compete; and placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt or better debt servicing options. We intend to satisfy our current and future debt service obligations with our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities and funds from external sources. However, we may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to pay the amounts due under our existing debt. Funds from external sources may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, a failure to comply with the covenants under our existing debt instruments could result in an event of default under those instruments. In the event of an acceleration of amounts due under our debt instruments as a result of an event of default, including upon the occurrence of an event that would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, properties, assets or condition or a failure to pay any amount due, we may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to repay our indebtedness or to make any accelerated payments, and the lenders could seek to enforce security interests in the collateral securing such indebtedness. In addition, the covenants under our existing debt instruments and the pledge of our assets as collateral limit our ability to obtain additional debt financing. We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to repurchase the notes evidencing our existing indebtedness upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to repurchase the notes. Holders of the notes evidencing our existing indebtedness have the right to require us to repurchase their notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a repurchase price equal to 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of notes surrendered therefor. In addition, our ability to repurchase the notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture pursuant to which the notes were issued would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under the indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the notes. Risks Related to Development of Our Drug Candidates We have not proven our ability to successfully develop and commercialize our drug candidates. Our success will depend upon our ability, on our own or through collaborations, to successfully develop and select an appropriate commercialization strategy for our drug candidates. We have not proven our ability to develop or commercialize drug candidates based on our drug target discoveries, and we do not know that any pharmaceutical products based on our drug target discoveries can be successfully developed or commercialized. Our strategy was historically focused principally on the discovery and development of drug candidates for targets that have not been clinically validated in humans by drugs or drug candidates generated by others. As a result, our drug candidates are subject to uncertainties as to the effects of modulating the human drug target as well as to those relating to the characteristics and activity of the particular compound. 13 Clinical testing of our drug candidates in humans is an inherently risky and time-consuming process that may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy, which could result in the delay, limitation or prevention of regulatory approval. In order to obtain regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any products that we may develop, we will be required to complete extensive clinical trials in humans to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates. We or our collaborators may not be able to obtain authority from the FDA, or other equivalent foreign regulatory agencies to initiate or complete any clinical trials. In addition, we have limited internal resources for making regulatory filings and interacting with regulatory authorities. Clinical trials are inherently risky and the results from nonclinical testing of a drug candidate that is under development may not be predictive of results that will be obtained in human clinical trials. In addition, the results of early human clinical trials may not be predictive of results that will be obtained in larger-scale, advanced stage clinical trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after achieving positive results in earlier trials. Although the results of our Phase 2 proof-of-concept study of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes patients were positive, we cannot assure you that the planned Phase 3 clinical trials of sotagliflozin will achieve positive results. A number of factors could contribute to a lack of positive results in such Phase 3 clinical trials, including a primary endpoint in such planned Phase 3 clinical trials which has not previously been utilized for such purpose. Negative or inconclusive results from a nonclinical study or a clinical trial could cause us, one of our collaborators or the FDA to terminate a nonclinical study or clinical trial or require that we repeat or modify it. For example, concurrently with our planned Phase 3 clinical trials in our type 1 diabetes program, we plan to conduct a dose-ranging study of sotagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes as required by the FDA. If the results of the dose-ranging study are inconsistent with the design of our Phase 3 trials of sotaglifozin, such as suggesting that there is an effective dose of sotagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes lower than the doses we are studying in our Phase 3 clinical trials of sotagliflozin, we may be required to modify those Phase 3 clinical trials, which could significantly delay the completion of the trials. Furthermore, we, one of our collaborators or a regulatory agency with jurisdiction over the trials may suspend clinical trials at any time if the subjects or patients participating in such trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or for other reasons. Any nonclinical or clinical test may fail to produce results satisfactory to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities. Nonclinical and clinical data can be interpreted in different ways, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. For example, the FDA suggested we study sotaglifozin in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes concurrently rather than only in type 1 diabetes. This could influence the way in which the FDA interprets the results of our trials of sotaglifozin. The FDA or institutional review boards at the medical institutions and healthcare facilities where we sponsor clinical trials may suspend any trial indefinitely if they find deficiencies in the conduct of these trials. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s current Good Clinical Practices. The FDA and these institutional review boards have authority to oversee our clinical trials, and the FDA may require large numbers of subjects or patients. In addition, we must manufacture, or contract for the manufacture of, the drug candidates that we use in our clinical trials under the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices. The rate of completion of clinical trials is dependent, in part, upon the rate of enrollment of patients. Patient accrual is a function of many factors, including the size of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the study, the nature of the study, the existence of competitive clinical trials and the availability of alternative treatments. Delays in planned patient enrollment may result in increased costs and prolonged clinical development, which in turn could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to commercialize our products or potential products. We or our collaborators may not be able to successfully complete any clinical trial of a potential product within any specified time period. In some cases, we or our collaborators may not be able to complete the trial at all. Moreover, clinical trials may not show our potential products to be both safe and effective. Thus, the FDA and other regulatory authorities may not approve any products that we develop for any indication or may limit the approved indications or impose other conditions. Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Drug Candidates Our drug candidates are subject to a lengthy and uncertain regulatory process that may not result in the necessary regulatory approvals, which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize products. Our drug candidates, including telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin, as well as the activities associated with their research, development and commercialization, are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for a drug candidate would prevent us from commercializing that drug candidate. We have not received regulatory approval to market any of our 14 drug candidates in any jurisdiction and have only limited experience in preparing and filing the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals is expensive, and often takes many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the drug candidates involved. Before a new drug application can be filed with the FDA, the drug candidate must undergo extensive clinical trials, which can take many years and may require substantial expenditures. Any clinical trial may fail to produce results satisfactory to the FDA. For example, the FDA could determine that the design of a clinical trial is inadequate to produce reliable results. Furthermore, prior to approving a new drug, the FDA typically requires that the efficacy of the drug be demonstrated in two double-blind, controlled studies. In light of the unmet medical need in carcinoid syndrome, the results of our Phase 2 clinical trials of telotristat etiprate and our interactions with the FDA regarding those results, we believe a single Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate will be sufficient. However, the FDA has indicated that the trial must demonstrate statistically robust evidence of important clinical benefit and an acceptable safety profile in order to warrant consideration for marketing approval. If the FDA determines that our Phase 3 results do not have statistically robust results or clinically meaningful benefit, or if the FDA requires us to conduct additional Phase 3 clinical trials of telotristat etiprate prior to seeking marketing approval, we will incur significant additional development costs and commercialization of telotristat etiprate may be prevented or delayed. The regulatory process also requires nonclinical testing, and data obtained from nonclinical and clinical activities are susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. For example, we will need to complete certain nonclinical studies on a pre-approval basis in connection with our diabetes program, including carcinogenicity and toxicology. In our carcinoid syndrome program, we will need to conduct carcinogenicity studies on a post- approval basis and drug interaction studies on a pre-approval basis. Negative results in any of these nonclinical studies could delay or prevent approval of our product candidates. In addition, delays or rejections may be encountered based upon changes in regulatory policy for product approval during the period of product development and regulatory agency review. Changes in regulatory approval policy, regulations or statutes or the process for regulatory review during the development or approval periods of our drug candidates may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. For example, the FDA may expand to Phase 3 programs for type 1 diabetes its current requirement that Phase 3 programs for type 2 diabetes include studies designed to measure cardiovascular outcomes. The FDA has asked that we submit a cardiovascular risk assessment of sotagliflozin. If the risk assessment suggests a higher than acceptable cardiovascular risk or if the FDA requests that we submit cardiovascular outcome data for sotagliflozin, it could significantly delay or prevent approval. Even if the FDA or a comparable authority in another country approves a drug candidate, the approval may impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses, conditions for use, labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing and/or production of such product and may impose ongoing requirements for post-approval studies, including additional research and development and clinical trials. These agencies also may impose various civil or criminal sanctions for failure to comply with regulatory requirements, including withdrawal of product approval. If our potential products receive regulatory approval, we or our collaborators will remain subject to extensive and rigorous ongoing regulation. If we or our collaborators obtain initial regulatory approvals from the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities for any products that we may develop, we or our collaborators will be subject to extensive and rigorous ongoing domestic and foreign government regulation of, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, labeling, promotion, advertising, distribution and marketing of our products and drug candidates. The failure to comply with these requirements or the identification of safety problems during commercial marketing could lead to the need for product marketing restrictions, product withdrawal or recall or other voluntary or regulatory action, which could delay further marketing until the product is brought into compliance. The failure to comply with these requirements may also subject us or our collaborators to stringent penalties. Risks Related to Commercialization of Products The commercial success of any products that we may develop will depend upon the degree of market acceptance of our products among physicians, patients, health care payors, private health insurers and the medical community. Even if approved by the relevant regulatory authority, our ability to commercialize any products that we may develop will be highly dependent upon the extent to which these products gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, health care payors, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers, including managed care organizations and group purchasing organizations, and the medical community. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate adequate product revenues, if at all, and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our drug candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend upon a number of factors, including: • the effectiveness, or perceived effectiveness, of our products in comparison to competing products; 15 • • • • • • the existence of any significant side effects, as well as their severity in comparison to any competing products; potential advantages over alternative treatments; the ability to offer our products for sale at competitive prices; relative convenience and ease of administration; the strength of marketing and distribution support; and sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement. If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our drug candidates, we may be unable to generate product revenues. We have no experience as a company in the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products and do not currently have a sales and marketing organization. Developing a sales and marketing force would be expensive and time- consuming, could delay any product launch, and we may never be able to develop this capacity. To the extent that we enter into arrangements with third parties to provide sales, marketing and distribution services, our product revenues are likely to be lower than if we market and sell any products that we develop ourselves. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, independently or with others, we may not be able to generate product revenues. If we are unable to obtain adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors for any products that we may develop, our revenues and prospects for profitability will suffer. Our ability to commercialize any products that we may develop will be highly dependent on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for our products will be available from third-party payors, including governmental payors, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and private health insurers, including managed care organizations and group purchasing organizations. Many patients will not be capable of paying themselves for some or all of the products that we may develop and will rely on third-party payors to pay for, or subsidize, their medical needs. If third-party payors do not provide coverage or reimbursement for any products that we may develop, our revenues and prospects for profitability will suffer. In addition, even if third-party payors provide some coverage or reimbursement for our products, the availability of such coverage or reimbursement for prescription drugs under private health insurance and managed care plans often varies based on the type of contract or plan purchased. Another factor that may negatively affect the pricing of drugs is any action regarding drug reimportation into the United States. For example, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 gives discretion to the Secretary of Health and Human Services to allow drug reimportation into the United States under some circumstances from foreign countries, including countries where drugs are sold at a lower price than in the United States. Proponents of drug reimportation may attempt to pass additional legislation, which would allow direct reimportation under certain circumstances. If legislation or regulations were passed allowing the reimportation of drugs, it could decrease the price we receive for any products that we may develop, thereby negatively affecting our revenues and prospects for profitability. In addition, in some foreign countries, particularly the countries in the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, price negotiations with governmental authorities can take six to 12 months or longer after the receipt of regulatory marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement and/ or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost effectiveness of our drug candidates or products to other available therapies. The conduct of such a clinical trial could be expensive and result in delays in the commercialization of our drug candidates. Third-party payors are challenging the prices charged for medical products and services, and many third-party payors limit reimbursement for newly approved health care products. In particular, third-party payors may limit the indications for which they will reimburse patients who use any products that we may develop. Cost-control initiatives could decrease prices we might establish for products that we may develop, which would result in lower product revenues to us. Current and future healthcare laws and regulations may negatively affect our revenues and prospects for profitability. A primary trend in the United States and some foreign countries is toward reform and cost containment in the health care industry. The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of legislative and regulatory proposals that may have the effect of reducing the prices that we are able to charge for products we develop. For 16 example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or collectively the PPACA, substantially modifies the framework by which healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers in the United States. A number of provisions contained in the PPACA have the potential to significantly affect the pharmaceutical industry, including: • • • • • an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain governmental health programs; expansion of eligibility criteria and increases in the rebates manufacturers must pay under certain Medicaid programs; a new Medicare Part D coverage program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during any coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program; and certain reporting requirements relating to financial arrangements with, and drug samples provided to, physicians. The PPACA and other healthcare reform measures which may be adopted in the future in the United States and foreign jurisdictions may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and significant downward pressure on the prices drug manufacturers may charge. As a result, our revenues and prospects for profitability could be significantly harmed. Our competitors may develop products that make our products obsolete. The biotechnology industry is highly fragmented and is characterized by rapid technological change. We face, and will continue to face, intense competition from biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, as well as academic research institutions, clinical reference laboratories and government agencies that are pursuing research and development activities similar to ours. In addition, significant delays in the development of our drug candidates could allow our competitors to bring products to market before us, which would impair our ability to commercialize our drug candidates. Any products that we develop will compete in highly competitive markets. Further, our competitors may be more effective at using their technologies to develop commercial products. Many of the organizations competing with us have greater capital resources, larger research and development staff and facilities, more experience in obtaining regulatory approvals and more extensive product manufacturing and marketing capabilities. As a result, our competitors may be able to more easily develop products that would render our products, and those of our collaborators, obsolete and noncompetitive. For example, drug candidates are currently being developed by other pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes that act through SGLT2, one of the targets of sotagliflozin, which are in more advanced stages of development than sotagliflozin or have been approved for commercial sale by the FDA or other regulatory agencies. In addition, there may be drug candidates of which we are not aware at an earlier stage of development that may compete with our drug candidates. We may not be able to manufacture our drug candidates in commercial quantities, which would prevent us from commercializing our drug candidates. To date, our drug candidates have been manufactured in small quantities for nonclinical and clinical trials. If any of these drug candidates are approved by the FDA or other regulatory agencies for commercial sale, we will need to manufacture them in larger quantities. We may not be able to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity, whether in collaboration with third-party manufacturers or on our own, for any of our drug candidates in a timely or economic manner, or at all. Significant scale-up of manufacturing may require additional validation studies, which the FDA must review and approve. If we are unable to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for a drug candidate, the regulatory approval or commercial launch of that drug candidate may be delayed or there may be a shortage in supply. Our drug candidates require precise, high-quality manufacturing. The failure to achieve and maintain these high manufacturing standards, including the incidence of manufacturing errors, could result in patient injury or death, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or failures in product testing or delivery, cost overruns or other problems that could seriously hurt our business. 17 Risks Related to Our Relationships with Third Parties We are dependent in many ways upon our collaborations with major pharmaceutical companies, including Ipsen. If we are unable to establish new collaborations, if milestones are not achieved under our collaborations or if our collaborators’ efforts fail to yield pharmaceutical products on a timely basis, our opportunities to generate revenues and earn royalties will be reduced. We have derived a substantial majority of our revenues to date from collaborative drug discovery and development alliances with a limited number of major pharmaceutical companies, including Ipsen. In addition, we currently intend to seek a collaboration partner for Phase 3 development of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes and we cannot be certain that we will be successful in establishing such a collaborative alliance on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Future revenues from our existing drug discovery and development alliances depend upon the achievement of milestones and payment of royalties we earn from any future products developed under the collaborations. If our relationship terminates with any of our collaborators, our reputation in the business and scientific community may suffer and revenues will be negatively impacted to the extent such losses are not offset by additional collaboration agreements. If milestones are not achieved under our collaborations or our collaborators are unable to successfully develop products from which royalties are payable, we will not earn the revenues contemplated by those drug discovery and development collaborations. In addition, some of our alliances are exclusive and preclude us from entering into additional collaborative arrangements with other parties in the field of exclusivity. We have limited or no control over the resources that any collaborator may devote to the development and commercialization of products under our alliances. Any of our present or future collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected. These collaborators may breach or terminate their agreements with us or otherwise fail to conduct discovery, development or commercialization activities successfully or in a timely manner. Further, our collaborators may elect not to develop pharmaceutical products arising out of our collaborative arrangements or may not devote sufficient resources to the development, approval, manufacture, marketing or sale of these products. If any of these events occurs, we may not be able to develop or commercialize potential pharmaceutical products. Conflicts with our collaborators could jeopardize the success of our collaborative agreements and harm our product development efforts. We may pursue opportunities in specific disease and therapeutic modality fields that could result in conflicts with our collaborators, if any of our collaborators takes the position that our internal activities overlap with those activities that are exclusive to our collaboration. Moreover, disagreements could arise with our collaborators over rights to our intellectual property or our rights to share in any of the future revenues of compounds or therapeutic approaches developed by our collaborators. Any conflict with or among our collaborators could result in the termination of our collaborative agreements, delay collaborative research or development activities, impair our ability to renew or obtain future collaborative agreements or lead to costly and time consuming litigation. Conflicts with our collaborators could also have a negative impact on our relationship with existing collaborators, materially impairing our business and revenues. Some of our collaborators are also potential competitors or may become competitors in the future. Our collaborators could develop competing products, preclude us from entering into collaborations with their competitors or terminate their agreements with us prematurely. Any of these events could harm our product development efforts. We rely on third parties to carry out drug development activities. We rely on clinical research organizations and other third party contractors to carry out many of our drug development activities, including the performance of nonclinical laboratory and animal tests under the FDA’s current Good Laboratory Practices regulations and the conduct of clinical trials of our drug candidates in accordance with protocols we establish. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, our drug development activities may be delayed, suspended or terminated. Such a failure by these third parties could significantly impair our ability to develop and commercialize the affected drug candidates. We lack the capability to manufacture materials for nonclinical studies, clinical trials or commercial sales and rely on third parties to manufacture our drug candidates, which may harm or delay our product development and commercialization efforts. We currently do not have the manufacturing capabilities or experience necessary to produce materials for nonclinical studies, clinical trials or commercial sales and intend in the future to continue to rely on collaborators and third-party contractors to produce such materials. We will rely on selected manufacturers to deliver materials on a timely basis and to 18 comply with applicable regulatory requirements, including the current Good Manufacturing Practices of the FDA, which relate to manufacturing and quality control activities. These manufacturers may not be able to produce material on a timely basis or manufacture material at the quality level or in the quantity required to meet our development timelines and applicable regulatory requirements. In addition, there are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices and that are capable of producing such materials, and we may experience difficulty finding manufacturers with adequate capacity for our needs. If we are unable to contract for the production of sufficient quantity and quality of materials on acceptable terms, our product development and commercialization efforts may be delayed. Moreover, noncompliance with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices can result in, among other things, fines, injunctions, civil and criminal penalties, product recalls or seizures, suspension of production, failure to obtain marketing approval and withdrawal, suspension or revocation of marketing approvals. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to use our products and technologies, which could adversely affect our ability to compete in the market. Our success will depend in part upon our ability to obtain patents and maintain adequate protection of the intellectual property related to our products and technologies. The patent positions of biotechnology companies, including our patent position, are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. We will be able to protect our intellectual property rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our products and technologies are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. We will continue to apply for patents covering our products and technologies as and when we deem appropriate. Pending patent applications do not provide protection against competitors because they are not enforceable until they issue as patents. Further, the disclosures contained in our current and future patent applications may not be sufficient to meet statutory requirements for patentability. Once issued, patents still may not provide commercially meaningful protection. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from developing competing products and technologies. Furthermore, others may independently develop similar or alternative products or technologies or design around our patents. If anyone infringes upon our or our collaborators’ patent rights, enforcing these rights may be difficult, costly and time-consuming and, as a result, it may not be cost-effective or otherwise expedient to pursue litigation to enforce those patent rights. In addition, our patents may be challenged or invalidated or may fail to provide us with any competitive advantages, if, for example, others were the first to invent or to file patent applications for these inventions. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications which may later result in issued patents that cover the production, manufacture, commercialization or use of our drug targets or drug candidates. If any such patents are issued to other entities, we will be unable to obtain patent protection for the same or similar discoveries that we make relating to our drug targets or drug candidates. Moreover, we may be blocked from using our drug targets or drug candidates or developing or commercializing our drug candidates, or may be required to obtain a license that may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. Further, others may discover uses for our drug targets and drug candidates other than those covered in our issued or pending patents, and these other uses may be separately patentable. Even if we have a patent claim on a particular technology or product, the holder of a patent covering the use of that technology or product could exclude us from selling a product that is based on the same use of that product. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Many countries, including certain countries in Europe, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties (for example, if the patent owner has failed to “work” the invention in that country or the third party has patented improvements). In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of the patent. Compulsory licensing of life-saving drugs is also becoming increasingly popular in developing countries either through direct legislation or international initiatives. Such compulsory licenses could be extended to include some of our drug candidates, which could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Moreover, the legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the aggressive enforcement of patent and other intellectual property protection, which makes it difficult to stop infringement. We rely on trade secret protection for our confidential and proprietary information. We have taken security measures to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, but these measures may not provide adequate protection. While we seek to protect our proprietary information by entering into confidentiality agreements with employees, collaborators and consultants, we cannot assure you that our proprietary information will not be disclosed, or that we can meaningfully protect 19 our trade secrets. In addition, our competitors may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information or may otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. We may be involved in patent litigation and other disputes regarding intellectual property rights and may require licenses from third parties for our planned nonclinical and clinical development and commercialization activities. We may not prevail in any such litigation or other dispute or be able to obtain required licenses. Our nonclinical and clinical development efforts as well as our potential products and those of our collaborators may give rise to claims that they infringe the patents of others. We are aware that other companies and institutions are developing products acting through the same drug targets through which some of our drug candidates currently in clinical development act, have conducted research on many of the same targets that we have identified and have filed patent applications potentially covering drug targets that we have identified and certain therapeutic products addressing such targets. In some cases, patents have issued from these applications. In addition, many companies and institutions have well-established patent portfolios directed to common techniques, methods and means of developing, producing and manufacturing pharmaceutical products. These or other companies or institutions could bring legal actions against us or our collaborators for damages or to stop us or our collaborators from engaging in certain nonclinical or clinical development activities or from manufacturing and marketing therapeutic products that allegedly infringe their patent rights. If any of these actions are successful, in addition to our potential liability for damages, these entities would likely require us or our collaborators to obtain a license in order to continue engaging in the infringing activities or to manufacture or market the infringing therapeutic products or may force us to terminate such activities or manufacturing and marketing efforts. We may need to pursue litigation against others to enforce our patents and intellectual property rights and may be the subject of litigation brought by third parties to enforce their patent and intellectual property rights. In addition, we may become involved in litigation based on intellectual property indemnification undertakings that we have given to certain of our collaborators. Patent litigation is expensive and requires substantial amounts of management attention. The eventual outcome of any such litigation is uncertain and involves substantial risks. We believe that there will continue to be significant litigation in our industry regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. We have expended and many of our competitors have expended and are continuing to expend significant amounts of time, money and management resources on intellectual property litigation. If we become involved in future intellectual property litigation, it could consume a substantial portion of our resources and could negatively affect our results of operations. We have not sought patent protection outside of the United States for some of our inventions, and some of our licensed patents only provide coverage in the United States. As a result, our international competitors could be granted foreign patent protection with respect to our discoveries. We have decided not to pursue patent protection with respect to some of our inventions outside the United States, both because we do not believe it is cost-effective and because of confidentiality concerns. Accordingly, our international competitors could develop, and receive foreign patent protection for, genes or gene sequences, uses of those genes or gene sequences, gene products and drug targets, assays for identifying potential therapeutic products, potential therapeutic products and methods of treatment for which we are seeking United States patent protection. We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we, our employees or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers. Many of our employees and independent contractors were previously employed at universities, other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may be subject to claims that these employees, independent contractors or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying money claims, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key research personnel and/or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize certain drug candidates, which could severely harm our business. 20 Risks Related to Employees, Advisors and Facilities Operations The loss of key personnel or the inability to attract and retain additional personnel could impair our ability to expand our operations. We are highly dependent upon the principal members of our management and scientific staff, the loss of whose services might adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Recruiting and retaining qualified medical, clinical and scientific personnel will be critical to support activities related to advancing our nonclinical and clinical development programs, and to support our collaborative arrangements. Competition is intense for experienced medical and clinical personnel, in particular, and we may be unable to retain or recruit medical and clinical personnel with the expertise or experience necessary to allow us to pursue collaborations, develop our products or expand our operations to the extent otherwise possible. Further, all of our employees are employed “at will” and, therefore, may leave our employment at any time. Our collaborations with outside scientists may be subject to restriction and change. We work with scientific and clinical advisors and collaborators at academic and other institutions that assist us in our nonclinical and clinical development efforts. These advisors and collaborators are not our employees and may have other commitments that limit their availability to us. Although these advisors and collaborators generally agree not to perform competing work, if a conflict of interest between their work for us and their work for another entity arises, we may lose their services. In such a circumstance, our development efforts with respect to the matters on which they were working may be significantly delayed or otherwise adversely affected. In addition, although our advisors and collaborators sign agreements not to disclose our confidential information, it is possible that valuable proprietary knowledge may become publicly known through them. Security breaches may disrupt our operations and harm our operating results. Our network security and data recovery measures may not be adequate to protect against computer viruses, break-ins, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems. The misappropriation, theft, sabotage or any other type of security breach with respect to any of our proprietary and confidential information that is electronically stored, including research or clinical data, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Additionally, any break-in or trespass of our facilities that results in the misappropriation, theft, sabotage or any other type of security breach with respect to our proprietary and confidential information, including research or clinical data, or that results in damage to our research and development equipment and assets could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Risks Related to Environmental and Product Liability We use hazardous chemicals and radioactive and biological materials in our business. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming and costly. Our research and development processes have historically involved the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and radioactive and biological materials. Our operations have produced hazardous waste products. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials. We may face liability for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and such liability may exceed our insurance coverage and our total assets. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may impair our research, development and production efforts. In addition, our collaborators may use hazardous materials in connection with our collaborative efforts. In the event of a lawsuit or investigation, we could be held responsible for any injury caused to persons or property by exposure to, or release of, these hazardous materials used by these parties. Further, we may be required to indemnify our collaborators against all damages and other liabilities arising out of our development activities or products produced in connection with these collaborations. We may be sued for product liability. We or our collaborators may be held liable if any product that we or our collaborators develop, or any product that is made with the use or incorporation of any of our technologies, causes injury or is found otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Although we currently have and intend to maintain product liability insurance, this 21 insurance may become prohibitively expensive or may not fully cover our potential liabilities. Our inability to obtain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or otherwise to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products developed by us or our collaborators. If we are sued for any injury caused by our or our collaborators’ products, our liability could exceed our total assets. Risks Related to Our Common Stock Invus, L.P., Invus C.V. and their affiliates own a controlling interest in our outstanding common stock and may have interests which conflict with those of our other stockholders. Invus, L.P. and Invus C.V., which we collectively refer to as Invus, and their affiliates currently own approximately 59.8% of the outstanding shares of our common stock and are thereby able to control the election and removal of our directors and determine our corporate and management policies, including potential mergers or acquisitions, asset sales, the amendment of our articles of incorporation or bylaws and other significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may delay or deter possible changes in control of our company, which may reduce the value of an investment in our common stock. The interests of Invus and its affiliates may not coincide with the interests of other holders of our common stock. Conversion of the notes evidencing our current indebtedness may dilute the ownership interest of our existing stockholders, including holders who had previously converted their notes, or may otherwise depress the price of our common stock. The conversion of some or all of the notes evidencing our current indebtedness will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares upon conversion of any of the notes. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock. Invus has additional rights under our stockholders’ agreement with Invus, L.P. which provides Invus with substantial influence over certain significant corporate matters. Under our stockholders’ agreement with Invus, L.P., Invus has the right to designate a number of directors equal to the percentage of all the outstanding shares of our common stock owned by Invus and its affiliates, rounded up to the nearest whole number of directors. Invus has designated three of the nine current members of our board of directors. While Invus has not presently exercised its director designation rights in full, it may exercise them at any time in the future in its sole discretion. To facilitate the exercise of such rights, we have agreed, upon written request from Invus, to take all necessary steps in accordance with our obligations under the stockholders’ agreement to (1) increase the number of directors to the number specified by Invus (which number shall be no greater than reasonably necessary for the exercise of Invus’ director designation rights under the stockholders’ agreement) and (2) cause the appointment to the newly created directorships of directors so designated by Invus pursuant to its rights under the stockholders’ agreement. Invus also has the right to require proportionate representation of Invus-appointed directors on the audit, compensation and corporate governance committees of our board of directors, subject to certain restrictions. Invus-designated directors currently serve as one of the three members of each of the compensation committee and the corporate governance committee of our board of directors. No Invus-designated directors currently serve on the audit committee of our board of directors. The provisions of the stockholders’ agreement relating to Invus’ rights to designate members of our board of directors and its audit, compensation and corporate governance committees will terminate if the percentage of all the outstanding shares of our common stock owned by Invus and its affiliates falls below 10%. Invus also has the right to terminate these provisions at any time in its discretion. Invus has preemptive rights under the stockholders’ agreement to participate in future equity issuances by us, subject to certain exceptions, so as to maintain its then-current percentage ownership of our capital stock. Subject to certain limitations, Invus will be required to exercise its preemptive rights in advance with respect to certain marketed offerings, in which case it will be obligated to buy its pro rata share of the number of shares being offered in such marketed offering, including any overallotment (or such lesser amount specified in its exercise of such rights), so long as the sale of the shares were priced within a range within 10% above or below the market price on the date we notified Invus of the offering and we met certain other conditions. 22 The provisions of the stockholders’ agreement relating to preemptive rights will terminate on the earlier to occur of August 28, 2017 and the date on which the percentage of all the outstanding shares of our common stock owned by Invus and its affiliates falls below 10%. Invus is entitled to certain consent rights under the stockholders’ agreement, including with respect to (a) the creation or issuance of any new class or series of shares of our capital stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of our capital stock) having rights, preferences or privileges senior to or on parity with our common stock, (b) any amendment to our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or amendment to the certificate of incorporation or bylaws of any of our subsidiaries, in a manner adversely affecting Invus’ rights under the securities purchase agreement and the related agreements, (c) the repurchase, retirement, redemption or other acquisition of our or our subsidiaries’ capital stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of our or our subsidiaries’ capital stock), (d) any increase in the size of our board of directors to more than 12 members and (e) the adoption or proposed adoption of any stockholders’ rights plan, “poison pill” or other similar plan or agreement, unless Invus is exempt from the provisions of such plan or agreement. The provisions of the stockholders’ agreement relating to those consent rights will terminate on the earlier to occur of August 28, 2017 and the date on which Invus and its affiliates hold less than 15% of the total number of outstanding shares of our common stock. Our stock price may be extremely volatile. The trading price of our common stock has been highly volatile, and we believe the trading price of our common stock will remain highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to factors such as the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • adverse results or delays in clinical trials; announcement of FDA approval or non-approval, or delays in the FDA review process, of our or our collaborators’ product candidates or those of our competitors or actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our, our collaborators’ or our competitors’ clinical trials; the announcement of new products by us or our competitors; quarterly variations in our or our competitors’ results of operations; conflicts or litigation with our collaborators; litigation, including intellectual property infringement and product liability lawsuits, involving us; failure to achieve operating results projected by securities analysts; changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts; financing transactions; developments in the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry; sales of large blocks of our common stock or sales of our common stock by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders; departures of key personnel or board members; developments concerning current or future collaborations; FDA or international regulatory actions; third-party reimbursement policies; acquisitions of other companies or technologies; disposition of any of our subsidiaries, drug programs or other technologies; and 23 • other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors. These factors, as well as general economic, political and market conditions, may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted. A securities class action suit against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business. We may engage in future acquisitions, which may be expensive and time consuming and from which we may not realize anticipated benefits. We may acquire additional businesses, technologies and products if we determine that these businesses, technologies and products complement our existing technology or otherwise serve our strategic goals. If we do undertake any transactions of this sort, the process of integrating an acquired business, technology or product may result in operating difficulties and expenditures and may not be achieved in a timely and non-disruptive manner, if at all, and may absorb significant management attention that would otherwise be available for ongoing development of our business. If we fail to integrate acquired businesses, technologies or products effectively or if key employees of an acquired business leave, the anticipated benefits of the acquisition would be jeopardized. Moreover, we may never realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, such as increased revenues and earnings or enhanced business synergies. Future acquisitions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities and amortization expenses related to intangible assets, which could materially impair our results of operations and financial condition. Future sales of our common stock may depress our stock price. If our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares issued upon the exercise of options) in the public market, the market price of our common stock could fall. These sales also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. For example, following an acquisition, a significant number of shares of our common stock held by new stockholders may become freely tradable or holders of registration rights could cause us to register their shares for resale. Sales of these shares of common stock held by existing stockholders could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. If we are unable to meet Nasdaq continued listing requirements, Nasdaq may take action to delist our common stock. Our common stock trades on The Nasdaq Global Select Market, which has qualitative and quantitative listing criteria, including operating results, net assets, corporate governance, minimum trading price and minimums for public float, which is the amount of stock not held by our affiliates. If we are unable to meet Nasdaq continued listing requirements, Nasdaq may take action to delist our common stock. A delisting of our common stock could negatively impact us and our shareholders by reducing the liquidity and market price of our common stock and potentially reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our common stock. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties We currently own approximately 260,000 square feet of space for our corporate offices and laboratories in buildings located in The Woodlands, Texas, a suburb of Houston, Texas, and lease approximately 42,000 square feet of space for offices and laboratories near Princeton, New Jersey. In April 2004, we obtained a $34.0 million mortgage on our facilities in The Woodlands, Texas. The mortgage loan originally had a ten-year term with a 20-year amortization and a fixed rate of 8.23%. The mortgage was amended in September 2013 to extend the maturity date from April 2014 to April 2017, with the mortgage loan’s monthly payment amount and fixed interest rate each remaining unchanged. The mortgage had a principal balance outstanding of $20.2 million as of December 31, 2014. In November 2014, we agreed to sell our facilities in The Woodlands, Texas for a purchase price of $24.5 million. This sales agreement was terminated in January 2015. We intend to explore other strategic alternatives with respect to the 24 facilities consistent with our strategy to reduce facilities costs, including the potential sale of the facilities to an alternative third party. Upon any such sale, we intend to enter into a long-term lease for alternative facilities in The Woodlands, Texas appropriate for our ongoing operations and consistent with our strategy to reduce facilities costs. In May 2002, our subsidiary Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc. entered into a lease for our facility in Hopewell, New Jersey. In March 2015, our subsidiary entered into a termination agreement whereby the lease will terminate in June 2015. The lease provides for a current yearly base rent payment of $878,000. We are the guarantor of the obligations of our subsidiary under the lease. We believe that our facilities are well-maintained, in good operating condition and acceptable for our current operations. Item 3. Legal Proceedings We are from time to time party to claims and legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of our business and that we believe will not have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our common stock is quoted on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “LXRX.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported on The Nasdaq Global Select Market. 2013 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter 2014 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter High Low $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2.48 2.41 2.70 3.18 2.06 1.86 1.78 1.51 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1.91 1.84 2.16 1.70 1.62 1.25 1.28 0.80 As of February 27, 2015, there were approximately 316 holders of record of our common stock. We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings, if any, for use in the expansion and operation of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Performance Graph The following performance graph compares the performance of our common stock to the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index for the period beginning December 31, 2009 and ending December 31, 2014. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock and each index was $100 at December 31, 2009, and that all dividends were reinvested. 26 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Nasdaq Composite Index Nasdaq Biotechnology Index 2009 100 100 100 2010 85 117 115 December 31, 2011 76 115 129 2012 130 133 170 2013 106 184 281 2014 54 209 377 The foregoing stock price performance comparisons shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this annual report on Form 10-K into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate such comparisons by reference. 27 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The statements of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 have been derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. The statements of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 have been derived from our audited financial statements not included in this annual report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period. The data presented below has been derived from financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and should be read with our financial statements, including the notes, and with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. Statements of Comprehensive Loss Data: (in thousands, except per share data) Revenues $ 22,854 $ 2,222 $ 1,089 $ 1,849 $ 4,908 Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Operating expenses: Research and development, including stock-based compensation of $4,020 in 2014, $4,376 in 2013, $3,673 in 2012, $3,249 in 2011 and $3,170 in 2010 Increase (decrease) in fair value of Symphony Icon, Inc. purchase liability General and administrative, including stock-based compensation of $3,061 in 2014, $3,045 in 2013, $2,822 in 2012, $2,458 in 2011 and $2,308 in 2010 Impairment loss on buildings Total operating expenses Loss from operations Interest and other income (expense), net Consolidated net loss before taxes Income tax benefit Consolidated net loss 89,279 89,682 82,574 91,828 78,520 1,428 (2,210) 9,887 6,766 2,710 19,411 13,102 17,121 17,043 17,350 19,396 — — — 123,220 104,593 109,504 115,944 (100,366) (102,371) (108,415) (114,095) 2 (1,755) (1,796) (2,120) — 100,626 (95,718) (6,083) (100,364) (104,126) (110,211) (116,215) (101,801) 70 — — — 26 $ (100,294) $ (104,126) $ (110,211) $ (116,215) $ (101,775) Consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted $ (0.19) $ (0.20) $ (0.23) $ (0.34) $ (0.34) Shares used in computing consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted 534,432 513,117 489,707 340,761 302,844 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 As of December 31, Balance Sheet Data: (in thousands) Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, including restricted cash and investments of $430 Working capital Total assets Long-term debt, net of current portion Accumulated deficit $ 339,339 $ 129,128 $ 223,208 $ 281,692 $ 211,111 324,018 471,376 87,500 115,260 274,160 20,167 212,650 371,778 21,877 264,400 430,512 23,451 203,963 366,884 27,345 (1,104,252) (1,003,958) (899,832) (789,621) (673,406) Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. stockholders’ equity 284,018 170,163 266,678 297,568 247,024 28 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis should be read with “Selected Financial Data” and our financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. Overview We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of breakthrough treatments for human disease. We have advanced multiple drug candidates into clinical development. We are presently devoting most of our resources to the development of our two most advanced drug candidates: • We are developing telotristat etiprate, or LX1032, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for carcinoid syndrome. We have completed two Phase 2 clinical trials and are presently conducting a single pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate in carcinoid syndrome patients. • We are developing sotagliflozin, or LX4211, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We have completed two Phase 2 clinical trials of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes patients and an additional clinical trial of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes patients with renal impairment. We have also completed a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes patients. We are initiating a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in a younger adult type 1 diabetes population in collaboration with JDRF. We are also initiating Phase 3 development of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes. We do not intend to continue development of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes unless we enter into a collaboration partnership. Our most advanced drug candidates, as well as compounds from a number of additional drug discovery and development programs that we have advanced into various stages of clinical and preclinical development, originated from our own internal drug discovery efforts. These efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human genes as potential drug targets. We identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery. We are working both independently and through strategic collaborations and alliances with third parties to capitalize on our drug target discoveries and drug discovery and development programs. We seek to retain exclusive rights to the benefits of certain drug discovery and development programs by developing and commercializing drug candidates from those programs internally and to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with respect to the development and commercialization of drug candidates from other programs, particularly when the collaboration may provide us with access to expertise and resources that we do not possess internally or are complementary to our own. We have derived substantially all of our revenues from drug discovery and development collaborations and other research collaborations and technology licenses, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. To date, we have generated a substantial portion of our revenues from a limited number of sources. Our operating results and, in particular, our ability to generate additional revenues are dependent on many factors, including our success in establishing new collaborations and licenses, the success rate of our development efforts leading to opportunities for new collaborations and licenses, the timing and willingness of collaborators to commercialize products that would result in milestone payments and royalties and their success in such efforts, and general and industry-specific economic conditions which may affect research and development expenditures. Future revenues from our existing collaborations are uncertain because they depend, to a large degree, on the achievement of milestones and payment of royalties we earn from any future products developed under the collaboration. As a result, we depend, in part, on securing new collaborations and license agreements. Our ability to secure future revenue-generating agreements will depend upon our ability to address the needs of our potential future collaborators and licensees, and to negotiate agreements that we believe are in our long-term best interests. We may determine, as we have with certain of our clinical drug candidates, that our interests are better served by retaining rights to our discoveries and advancing our therapeutic programs to a later stage, which could limit our near-term revenues. Because of these and other factors, our operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to do so in the future, and we do not believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are a good indication of our future performance. Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses and, as of December 31, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.1 billion. Our losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in research and development, general and 29 administrative costs associated with our operations, and non-cash stock-based compensation expenses associated with stock options and restricted stock granted to employees and consultants. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, external research costs related to our nonclinical and clinical efforts, material costs, facility costs, depreciation on property and equipment, and other expenses related to our drug discovery and development programs. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses for executive and administrative personnel, professional fees and other corporate expenses, including information technology, facilities costs and general legal activities. We expect to incur significant research and development costs in connection with the continuing development of our drug candidates. As a result, we will need to generate significantly higher revenues to achieve profitability. Critical Accounting Policies Revenue Recognition We recognize revenues when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. Collaborative agreements revenues include both license revenue and contract research revenue. Activities under collaborative agreements are evaluated to determine if they represent a multiple element revenue agreement. The Company identifies the deliverables included within the agreement and evaluates which deliverables represent separate units of accounting. The Company accounts for those components as separate units of accounting if the following two criteria are met: • The delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. • If there is a general right of return relative to the delivered items, delivery or performance of the undelivered items is considered probable and within the Company’s control. Factors considered in this determination include, among other things, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if the licensee could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to the identified units of accounting based on their relative estimated selling price. Revenue is recognized for each unit of accounting when the appropriate revenue recognition criteria are met. Future milestone payments that are contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone are recognized in their entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is substantive if: • It can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either the Company’s performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance; • There is substantive uncertainty at the date an arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved; and • It would result in additional payments being due to the Company. Subscription and license fees are recognized as revenue upon the grant of the technology license when performance is complete and there is no continuing involvement. Royalty revenues are recognized as earned in accordance with the contract terms at the time the royalty amount is fixed and determinable based on information received from the sublicensees and at the time collectibility is reasonably assured. A change in our revenue recognition policy or changes in the terms of contracts under which we recognize revenues could have an impact on the amount and timing of our recognition of revenues. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for research and development activities solely sponsored by us as well as collaborative research and development activities. These costs include direct and research-related overhead expenses and are expensed as incurred. Technology license fees for technologies that are utilized in research and development and have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred. We have advanced multiple drug candidates into clinical development. We are presently devoting most of our resources to the development of our two most advanced drug candidates: 30 • Telotristat etiprate, or LX1032, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate that we are developing as a treatment for carcinoid syndrome; and • Sotagliflozin, or LX4211, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate that we are developing as a treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes Our most advanced drug candidates, as well as compounds from a number of additional drug discovery and development programs that we have advanced into various stages of clinical and preclinical development, originated from our own internal drug discovery efforts. These efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human genes as potential drug targets. We identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery. The drug development process takes many years to complete. The cost and length of time varies due to many factors including the type, complexity and intended use of the drug candidate. We estimate that drug development activities are typically completed over the following periods: Phase Preclinical development Phase 1 clinical trials Phase 2 clinical trials Phase 3 clinical trials Estimated Completion Period 1-2 years 1-2 years 1-2 years 2-4 years We expect research and development costs to increase in the future as our existing clinical drug candidates advance to later stage clinical trials and new drug candidates enter clinical development. Due to the variability in the length of time necessary for drug development, the uncertainties related to the cost of these activities and ultimate ability to obtain governmental approval for commercialization, accurate and meaningful estimates of the ultimate costs to bring our potential drug candidates to market are not available. We record significant accrued liabilities related to unbilled expenses for products or services that we have received from service providers, specifically related to ongoing nonclinical studies and clinical trials. These costs primarily relate to clinical study management, monitoring, laboratory and analysis costs, drug supplies, toxicology studies and investigator grants. We have multiple drugs in concurrent nonclinical studies and clinical trials at clinical sites throughout the world. In order to ensure that we have adequately provided for ongoing nonclinical and clinical development costs during the period in which we incur such costs, we maintain accruals to cover these expenses. Substantial portions of our nonclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors. For nonclinical studies, we accrue expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. For clinical studies, expenses are accrued based upon the number of patients enrolled and the duration of the study. We monitor patient enrollment, the progress of clinical studies and related activities to the extent possible through internal reviews of data reported to us by the vendors and clinical site visits. Our estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by our vendors regarding the status of each program and total program spending. We periodically evaluate the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information we receive. Although we use consistent milestones or subject or patient enrollment to drive expense recognition, the assessment of these costs is a subjective process that requires judgment. Upon settlement, these costs may differ materially from the amounts accrued in our consolidated financial statements. We record our research and development costs by type or category, rather than by project. Significant categories of costs include personnel, facilities and equipment costs, laboratory supplies and third-party and other services. In addition, a significant portion of our research and development expenses is not tracked by project as it benefits multiple projects. Consequently, fully-loaded research and development cost summaries by project are not available. Stock-based Compensation Expense We recognize compensation expense in our statements of comprehensive loss for share-based payments, including stock options issued to employees, based on their fair values on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the stock award. Stock-based compensation expense for awards without performance conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis. Stock-based 31 compensation expense for awards with performance conditions is recognized over the period from the date the performance condition is determined to be probable of occurring through the time the applicable condition is met. We had stock-based compensation expense of $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, or $0.01 per share. As of December 31, 2014, stock-based compensation cost for all outstanding unvested options was $10.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average vesting period of 1.3 years. The fair value of stock options is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For purposes of determining the fair value of stock options, we segregate our options into two homogeneous groups, based on exercise and post-vesting employment termination behaviors, resulting in a change in the assumptions used for expected option lives and forfeitures. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility in our stock price. The following weighted- average assumptions were used for options granted in the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively: December 31, 2014: Employees Officers and non-employee directors December 31, 2013: Employees Officers and non-employee directors December 31, 2012: Employees Officers and non-employee directors Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Expected Volatility Risk-free Interest Rate Expected Term Dividend Rate 66% 80% 85% 81% 93% 81% 1.2% 2.3% 0.9% 1.6% 0.8% 1.5% 4 8 5 8 5 8 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Our long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and goodwill. We regularly review long-lived assets for impairment. The recoverability of long-lived assets, other than goodwill, is measured by comparing the assets carrying amount to the expected undiscounted future cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. Determining whether an impairment has occurred typically requires various estimates and assumptions, including determining which cash flows are directly related to the potentially impaired asset, the useful life over which cash flows will occur, their amount, and the asset's residual value, if any. We use internal cash flow estimates, quoted market prices when available and independent appraisals as appropriate to determine fair value. We derive the required cash flow estimates from our historical experience and our internal business plans and apply an appropriate discount rate. Indefinite-lived intangible assets, composed primarily of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) projects acquired in business combinations which have not reached technological feasibility, are reviewed annually for impairment and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Estimating future cash flows of an IPR&D product candidate for purposes of an impairment analysis requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions regarding the amount and timing of costs to complete the project and the amount, timing and probability of achieving revenues from the completed product similar to how the acquisition date fair value of the project was determined. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we reclassified our buildings and land to assets held for sale. We estimated the fair value of the net assets to be sold at approximately $23.8 million as of December 31, 2014, which represents estimated selling price less costs to sell. This resulted in an impairment loss on the assets held for sale of $13.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2014, which was recorded in impairment loss on buildings in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2014. There were no significant impairments of long-lived assets in 2012 and 2013. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. We have determined that the reporting unit is the single operating segment disclosed in our current financial statements. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The first step in the impairment process is to determine the fair value of the reporting unit and then compare it to the carrying value, including goodwill. We determined that the market capitalization approach is the most appropriate method of measuring fair value of the reporting unit. Under this approach, fair value is calculated as the average closing price of our common stock for the 30 days preceding the date that the annual impairment test is performed, multiplied by the number of outstanding shares on that date. A control premium, which is representative of premiums paid in the marketplace to acquire a controlling interest in a company, is then 32 added to the market capitalization to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no further action is required and no impairment loss is recognized. Additional impairment assessments may be performed on an interim basis if we encounter events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that, more likely than not, the carrying value of goodwill has been impaired. There was no impairment of goodwill in 2014, 2013 and 2012. Business Combinations We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The purchase price allocation process requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at acquisition date with respect to intangible assets and in-process research and development. These assumptions are based in part on historical experience and are inherently uncertain. Examples of critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired or may acquire in the future include but are not limited to: the feasibility and timing of achievement of development, regulatory and commercial milestones; expected costs to develop the in-process research and development into commercially viable products; and future expected cash flows from product sales. In connection with the purchase price allocations for acquisitions, we estimate the fair value of the contingent payments. The estimated fair value of any contingent payments is determined utilizing a probability-based income approach inclusive of an estimated discount rate. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 3, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for a discussion of the impact of new accounting standards on our consolidated financial statements. Results of Operations – Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 Revenues Total revenues and dollar and percentage changes as compared to the prior year are as follows (dollar amounts are presented in millions): Total revenues Dollar increase Percentage increase Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $ $ $ $ 22.9 20.6 929% $ 2.2 1.1 104% 1.1 • Collaborative agreements – Revenue from collaborative agreements increased 971% to $22.6 million, primarily due to revenues recognized from the license and collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS. • Subscription and license fees – Revenues from subscriptions and license fees increased 131% to $0.3 million, primarily due to increases in technology license fees. Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 • Collaborative agreements – Revenue from collaborative agreements increased 169% to $2.1 million, primarily due to revenues recognized from a collaboration with a non-profit institute supporting the Phase 2 development of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes. 33 • Subscription and license fees – Revenue from subscriptions and license fees decreased 63% to $0.1 million, primarily due to decreases in technology license fees. In 2014, Ipsen Pharma SAS represented 94% of revenues. In 2013, McNair Medical Institute, LLC and Taconic Farms, Inc. represented 57% and 33% of revenues, respectively. In 2012, Taconic Farms and Deltagen represented 68% and 25% of revenues, respectively. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses and dollar and percentage changes as compared to the prior year are as follows (dollar amounts are presented in millions): Total research and development expense Dollar increase (decrease) Percentage increase (decrease) Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $ $ 89.3 (0.4) $ $ — % 89.7 7.1 9% $ 82.6 Research and development expenses consist primarily of third-party and other services principally related to nonclinical and clinical development activities, salaries and other personnel-related expenses, facility and equipment costs, stock-based compensation and laboratory supplies expenses. Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 • Third-party and other services – Third-party and other services increased 22% in 2014 to $51.0 million, primarily due to increases in our external clinical and nonclinical research and development costs. Third-party and other services relate principally to our clinical trial and related development activities, such as nonclinical and clinical studies and contract manufacturing. • Personnel – Personnel costs decreased 13% in 2014 to $22.6 million, primarily due to reductions in our personnel in 2014, partially offset by increased severance costs as a result of those reductions (see Note 17, Restructuring Charges, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information). Salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, payroll taxes, recruiting and relocation costs are included in personnel costs. • Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs decreased 22% in 2014 to $6.8 million, primarily due to reductions in laboratory equipment costs and reductions in depreciation expense. • • Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense decreased 8% in 2014 to $4.0 million. Laboratory supplies – Laboratory supplies expense decreased 92% in 2014 to $0.3 million, primarily due to reductions in research activities. • Other – Other costs decreased 12% to $4.6 million. Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 • Third-party and other services – Third-party and other services increased 27% in 2013 to $42.0 million, primarily due to an increase in our external clinical research and development costs, partially offset by a decrease in external nonclinical research and development costs. • Personnel – Personnel costs decreased 2% in 2013 to $25.8 million. • Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs decreased 24% in 2013 to $8.7 million, primarily due to decreases in depreciation expense and rent costs. • Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense increased 19% in 2013 to $4.4 million. 34 • Laboratory supplies – Laboratory supplies expense increased 3% in 2013 to $3.6 million. • Other – Other costs increased 14% to $5.2 million. Increase (Decrease) in Fair Value of Symphony Icon Liability The fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase liability increased by $1.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2014, decreased by $2.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2013, and increased by $9.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, respectively (see Note 11, Arrangements with Symphony Icon, Inc., of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information). The decrease in 2013 was primarily attributable to a reduction in the liability associated with our LX1033 development program in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses and dollar and percentage changes as compared to the prior year are as follows (dollar amounts are presented in millions): Total general and administrative expense Dollar increase Percentage increase Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $ $ 19.4 2.3 $ $ 13% 17.1 0.1 —% $ 17.0 General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs to support our research and development activities, professional fees such as legal fees, stock-based compensation expense, and facility and equipment costs. Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 • Personnel – Personnel costs increased 24% in 2014 to $9.5 million, primarily due to increased severance costs as a result of reductions in personnel in 2014 (see Note 17, Restructuring Charges, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information). Salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, payroll taxes, recruiting and relocation costs are included in personnel costs. • Professional fees – Professional fees increased 19% in 2014 to $3.9 million, primarily due to increased consulting costs in preparation for commercialization of telotristat etiprate. • Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense increased 1% in 2014 to $3.1 million. • Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs decreased 10% in 2014 to $1.5 million. • Other – Other costs in 2014 were $1.4 million, consistent with the prior year. Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 • Personnel – Personnel costs decreased 4% in 2013 to $7.7 million. • Professional fees – Professional fees increased 16% in 2013 to $3.3 million, primarily due to increased patent-related legal costs. • Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense increased 8% in 2013 to $3.0 million. • Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs decreased 14% in 2013 to $1.7 million, primarily due to reduced rent costs and depreciation expense. • Other – Other costs in 2013 were $1.4 million, consistent with the prior year. 35 Impairment Loss on Buildings In September 2014, Lexicon determined its buildings and land should be classified as assets held for sale on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company recognized an impairment loss on its buildings of $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, as a result of writing down the buildings to the estimated net selling price (see Note 6, Assets Held for Sale, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information). Interest Expense and Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net Interest Expense. Interest expense increased 14% in 2014 to $2.3 million from $2.0 million in 2013 and decreased 7% in 2013 from $2.1 million in 2012. Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net. Interest and other income, net was $2.3 million, $0.2 million, and $0.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. The increase in interest and other income in 2014 was primarily due to gains from sales of excess property and equipment. Income Tax Benefit The income tax benefit for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $70,000, $0 and $0, respectively. Consolidated Net Loss and Consolidated Net Loss per Common Share Consolidated net loss decreased to $100.3 million in 2014 from $104.1 million in 2013 and $110.2 million in 2012. Net loss per common share was $0.19 in 2014, $0.20 in 2013, and $0.23 in 2012. Liquidity and Capital Resources We have financed our operations from inception primarily through sales of common and preferred stock, contract and milestone payments to us under our drug discovery and development collaborations, target validation, database subscription and technology license agreements, government grants and contracts and financing under debt and lease arrangements. We have also financed certain of our research and development activities under our agreements with Symphony Icon, Inc. From our inception through December 31, 2014, we had received net proceeds of $1.2 billion from issuances of common and preferred stock. In addition, from our inception through December 31, 2014, we received $481.4 million in cash payments from drug discovery and development collaborations, target validation, database subscription and technology license agreements, sales of compound libraries and reagents and government grants and contracts, of which $462.8 million had been recognized as revenues through December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2014, we had $339.3 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. As of December 31, 2013, we had $129.1 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. We used cash of $75.6 million in operations in 2014. This consisted primarily of the consolidated net loss for the year of $100.3 million and gain from disposal of property and equipment of $1.6 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of impairment of assets of $13.5 million, $7.1 million related to stock-based compensation expense, a net decrease in other operating assets net of liabilities of $2.3 million, $1.9 million related to depreciation expense, and $1.4 million related to the increase in fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase liability. Investing activities used cash of $108.4 million in 2014, primarily due to net purchases of investments of $110.5 million, partially offset by proceeds from disposal of property and equipment of $2.2 million. Financing activities provided cash of $283.8 million primarily due to net proceeds from issuance of common stock of $202.3 million and net proceeds from debt borrowings of $82.4 million. Symphony Drug Development Financing Agreements. In June 2007, we entered into a series of related agreements providing for the financing of the clinical development of certain drug programs, including LX1032 and LX1033, along with any other pharmaceutical compositions modulating the same targets as those drug candidates. Under the financing arrangement, we licensed to Symphony Icon, Inc., a then wholly-owned subsidiary of Symphony Icon Holdings LLC, our intellectual property rights related to the programs and Holdings contributed $45 million to Symphony Icon in order to fund the clinical development of the programs. We also issued and sold to Holdings shares of our common stock in exchange for $15 million and received an exclusive option to acquire all of the equity of Symphony Icon, thereby allowing us to reacquire the programs. Upon the recommendation of Symphony Icon’s development committee, which was comprised of an equal number of representatives from us and Symphony Icon, Symphony Icon’s board of directors had the right to require us to pay Symphony 36 Icon up to $15 million for Symphony Icon’s use in the development of the programs in accordance with a specified development plan and related development budget. Through July 2010, Symphony Icon’s board of directors requested us to pay Symphony Icon $9.3 million under the agreement, all of which was paid prior to the exercise of the purchase option in July 2010. In July 2010, we entered into an amended and restated purchase option agreement with Symphony Icon and Holdings and simultaneously exercised our purchase option. Pursuant to the amended terms of the purchase option, we paid Holdings $10 million in July 2010 and issued 13,237,519 shares of common stock to designees of Holdings in July 2012 in satisfaction of an additional $35 million base payment obligation. We also agreed to make up to $45 million in additional contingent payments, which will consist of 50% of any consideration we receive pursuant to any licensing transaction under which we grant a third party rights to commercialize LX1032, LX1033 or other pharmaceutical compositions modulating the same target as those drug candidates, which we refer to as the “LG103 programs,” subject to certain exceptions. The contingent payments will be due if and when we receive such consideration from such a licensing transaction. In the event we receive regulatory approval in the United States for the marketing and sale of any product resulting from the LG103 programs prior to entering into such a licensing transaction for the commercialization of such product in the United States, in lieu of any contingent payment from such a licensing transaction, we will pay Holdings the sum of $15 million and the amount of certain expenses we incurred after our exercise of the purchase option which are attributable to the development of such product, reduced by up to 50% of such sum on account of any contingent payments paid prior to such United States regulatory approval attributable to any such licensing transaction outside of the United States with respect to such product. In the event we make any such payment upon United States regulatory approval, we will have no obligation to make subsequent contingent payments attributable to any such licensing transactions for the commercialization of such product outside the United States until the proceeds of such licensing transactions exceed 50% of the payment made as a result of such United States regulatory approval. The contingent payments may be paid in cash or a combination of cash and common stock, in our discretion, provided that no more than 50% of any contingent payment will be paid in common stock. On December 4, 2014, we paid $5.8 million in cash and issued 4,662,780 shares of common stock to designees of Holdings in satisfaction of a $11.5 million contingent payment obligation as a result of receiving a $23 million upfront payment pursuant to our license and collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS (see Note 16, Collaboration and License Agreements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information). Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine. In July 2005, we received an award from the Texas Enterprise Fund for the creation of a knockout mouse embryonic stem cell library containing 350,000 cell lines for the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine, or TIGM, using our proprietary gene trapping technology, which we completed in 2007. We also equipped TIGM with the bioinformatics software required for the management and analysis of data relating to the library. The Texas Enterprise Fund made an additional award to the Texas A&M University System for the creation of facilities and infrastructure to house the library. Under the terms of our award, we are responsible for the creation of a specified number of jobs beginning in 2012, reaching an aggregate of 1,616 new jobs in Texas by December 31, 2016. We will receive credits against those job obligations based on funding received by TIGM and certain related parties from sources other than the State of Texas. We will also receive credits against those jobs obligations for any surplus jobs we create. We may be required to repay the state a portion of the award if we fail to meet those job obligations. Subject to these credits, if we fail to create the specified number of jobs, the State may require us to repay $2,415 for each job we fall short beginning in 2013. Our maximum aggregate exposure for such payments, if we fail to create any new jobs, is approximately $14.2 million, including $2.5 million through 2015, without giving effect to any credits to which we may be entitled. Facilities. In April 2004, we obtained a $34.0 million mortgage on our facilities in The Woodlands, Texas. The mortgage loan originally had a ten-year term with a 20-year amortization and a fixed interest rate of 8.23%. The mortgage was amended in September 2013 to extend the maturity date from April 2014 to April 2017, with the mortgage loan’s monthly payment amount and fixed interest rate each remaining unchanged. The mortgage has a principal balance of $20.2 million as of December 31, 2014. The buildings that serve as collateral for the mortgage have been classified as assets held for sale as of December 31, 2014, and management has reclassified all of the mortgage loan as current liabilities as the loan will be repaid upon sale of the buildings and land; however, the contractual obligations table below show the legal payment obligations. In May 2002, our subsidiary Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc. leased a 76,000 square-foot laboratory and office space in Hopewell, New Jersey. Effective December 31, 2012, this lease was amended to decrease the space to approximately 42,000 square feet and extend the term until June 30, 2018. In March 2015, our subsidiary entered into a 37 termination agreement whereby the lease will terminate on June 30, 2015. The amended lease provides for a current yearly base rent payment of $878,000. We are the guarantor of the obligations of our subsidiary under the lease. Including the lease and debt obligations described above, we had incurred the following contractual obligations as of December 31, 2014, without regard to the lease termination agreement entered into in March 2015: Contractual Obligations Debt Interest payment obligations Operating leases Total Payments due by period (in millions) Total Less than 1 year 2-3 years 4-5 years More than 5 years $ $ 107.7 $ 35.8 3.9 147.4 $ 1.9 6.3 1.1 9.3 $ $ 18.3 $ — $ 11.1 2.2 31.6 $ 9.2 0.6 9.8 $ 87.5 9.2 — 96.7 The foregoing table does not include any potential payments related to the award we received from the Texas Enterprise Fund. Under the terms of the award, we are responsible for the creation of jobs beginning in 2012. Subject to credits, if we fail to create the specified number of jobs, the State of Texas may require us to repay $2,415 for each job we fall short beginning in 2013 and continuing until 2019. Our maximum aggregate exposure for such payment, if we fail to create any new jobs, is approximately $14.2 million, including $2.5 million through 2015, without giving effect to any credits to which we may be entitled. See Note 16, Collaboration and License Agreements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for further discussion. Our future capital requirements will be substantial and will depend on many factors, including our ability to obtain drug discovery and development collaborations and other collaborations and technology license agreements, the amount and timing of payments under such agreements, the level and timing of our research and development expenditures, market acceptance of our products, the resources we devote to developing and supporting our products and other factors. Our capital requirements will also be affected by any expenditures we make in connection with license agreements and acquisitions of and investments in complementary technologies and businesses. We expect to devote substantial capital resources to continue our development efforts, to expand our support and product development activities, and for other general corporate activities. We believe that our current unrestricted cash and investment balances and cash and revenues we expect to derive from drug discovery and development collaborations, other collaborations and technology licenses and other sources will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. During or after this period, if cash generated by operations is insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we will need to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit arrangements. Additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities may result in additional dilution to our stockholders. Disclosure about Market Risk We are exposed to limited market and credit risk on our cash equivalents which have maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. We maintain a short-term investment portfolio which consists of U.S. Treasury bills, money market accounts, and certificates of deposit that mature three to 12 months from the time of purchase, which we believe are subject to limited market and credit risk. We currently do not hedge interest rate exposure or hold any derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. We had approximately $339.3 million in cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2014. We believe that the working capital available to us will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. We have operated primarily in the United States and substantially all sales to date have been made in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, we have not had any material exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk See “Disclosure about Market Risk” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk. 38 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The financial statements required by this Item are incorporated under Item 15 in Part IV of this report. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) are effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file under the Securities Exchange Act is gathered, analyzed and disclosed with adequate timeliness, accuracy and completeness, based on an evaluation of such controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Subsequent to our evaluation, there were no significant changes in internal controls or other factors that could significantly affect internal controls, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses. Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992 Framework). Based on such assessment using those criteria, management believes that, as of December 31, 2014, our internal control over financial reporting is effective. Our independent auditors have also audited our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 as stated in the audit report which appears on page F-2 and is incorporated under Item 15 in Part IV of this report. Item 9B. Other Information None. 39 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from (a) the information appearing under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” “Corporate Governance” and “Executive and Director Compensation” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2014 and (b) the information appearing under Item 1 in Part I of this report. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Executive and Director Compensation” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2014. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in accordance with the instructions to Item 407(e)(5) of Regulation S-K, the information contained in our proxy statement under the sub-heading “Compensation Committee Report” shall not be deemed to be filed as part of or incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the captions “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2014. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Transactions with Related Persons” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2014. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this Item as to the fees we pay our principal accountant is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the caption “Ratification and Approval of Independent Auditors” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2014. 40 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a) Documents filed as a part of this report: 1. Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. Financial Statement Schedules Page F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 All other financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or not required, or because the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto. 3. Exhibits Exhibit No. Description 3.1 — Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 26, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein). 3.2 — Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on 4.1 — Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 17, 2007, with Invus, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2007 and incorporated by reference herein). 4.2 — Amendment, dated October 7, 2009, to Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 17, 2007, with Invus, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 7, 2009 and incorporated by reference herein). 4.3 — Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 17, 2007, with Invus, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2007 and incorporated by reference herein). 4.4 — Stockholders’ Agreement, dated June 17, 2007, with Invus, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2007 and incorporated by reference herein). 4.5 — Supplement to Transaction Agreements, dated March 15, 2010, with Invus, L.P. and Invus C.V. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 15, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein). 4.6 — Supplement No. 2 to Transaction Agreements, dated February 23, 2012, with Invus, L.P. and Invus C.V. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 23, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein). 4.7 — Amended and Restated Purchase Option Agreement, dated July 30, 2010, with Symphony Icon Holdings LLC and Symphony Icon, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 30, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein). 4.8 — Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated July 30, 2010, with Symphony Icon Holdings LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 30, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein). 4.9 — Indenture related to the 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, dated as of November 26, 2014, with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 26, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein). 41 Exhibit No. Description 4.10 — Form of 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 26, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.1 — Offer Letter, dated July 1, 2014, with Lonnel Coats (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 7, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.2 — Offer Letter, dated March 10, 2011, with Pablo Lapuerta, M.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.3 — Employment Agreement with Alan Main, Ph.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2001 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.4 — Employment Agreement with Jeffrey L. Wade, J.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-96469) and incorporated by reference herein). 10.5 — Restated Employment Agreement with Arthur T. Sands, M.D., Ph.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.6 — Separation Agreement, dated July 7, 2014, with Arthur T. Sands, M.D., Ph.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 7, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.7 — Consulting Agreement, dated July 7, 2014, with Arthur T. Sands, M.D., Ph.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 7, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.8 — Employment Agreement with Brian P. Zambrowicz, Ph.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-96469) and incorporated by reference herein). 10.9 — Consulting Agreement, dated February 20, 2015, with Brian P. Zambrowicz, Ph.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 20, 2015 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.10 — Consulting Agreement with Alan S. Nies, M.D. dated February 19, 2003, as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.11 — Consulting Agreement with Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D. dated March 31, 2003 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2003 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.12 — Form of Indemnification Agreement with Officers and Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-96469) and incorporated by reference herein). 10.13 — Summary of Non-Employee Director Compensation (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 26, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.14 — Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 26, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.15 — Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 26, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.16 — Form of Stock Option Agreement with Chairman of Board of Directors under the Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.17 — Form of Stock Option Agreement with Directors under the Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2013 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.18 — Form of Stock Option Agreement with Officers under the Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.19 — Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement with Officers under the Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein). †10.20 — License and Collaboration Agreement, dated October 21, 2014, with Ipsen Pharma SAS (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the amendment to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the period ended September 30, 2014, as filed on December 23, 2014, and incorporated by reference herein). †10.21 — Collaboration and License Agreement, dated December 17, 2003, with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (filed as Exhibit 10.15 to the amendment to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the period ended December 31, 2003, as filed on July 16, 2004, and incorporated by reference herein). 42 Exhibit No. Description †10.22 — First Amendment, dated May 30, 2006, to Collaboration and License Agreement, dated December 17, 2003, with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2006, and incorporated by reference herein). †10.23 — Second Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement, dated November 30, 2005, with Genentech, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.24 — Amendment, dated June 8, 2009, to Second Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement, dated November 30, 2005, with Genentech, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A dated June 8, 2009 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.25 — Economic Development Agreement dated July 15, 2005, with the State of Texas and the Texas A&M University System (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.26 — Amendment, dated April 30, 2008, to Economic Development Agreement, dated July 15, 2005, with the State of Texas and the Texas A&M University System (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 30, 2008 and incorporated by reference herein). 10.27 — Loan and Security Agreement, dated April 21, 2004, between Lex-Gen Woodlands, L.P. and iStar Financial Inc., as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein). 21.1 — Subsidiaries (filed as Exhibit 21.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein). *23.1 — Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. *24.1 — Power of Attorney (contained in signature page). *31.1 — Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *31.2 — Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *32.1 — Certification of Principal Executive and Principal Financial Officers Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *101.INS — XBRL Instance Document. *101.SCH — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. *101.CAL — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. *101.DEF — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. *101.LAB — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. *101.PRE — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. _____________________ * Filed herewith. † Confidential treatment has been requested for a portion of this exhibit. The confidential portions of this exhibit have been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. 43 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. Signatures Date: March 12, 2015 Date: March 12, 2015 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. By: /s/ LONNEL COATS Lonnel Coats President and Chief Executive Officer By: /s/ JEFFREY L. WADE Jeffrey L. Wade Executive Vice President, Corporate and Administrative Affairs and Chief Financial Officer Power of Attorney KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Lonnel Coats and Jeffrey L. Wade, or either of them, each with the power of substitution, his or her attorney-in-fact, to sign any amendments to this Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, here ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ LONNEL COATS Lonnel Coats /s/ JEFFREY L. WADE Jeffrey L. Wade /s/ JAMES F. TESSMER James F. Tessmer /s/ RAYMOND DEBBANE Raymond Debbane /s/ PHILIPPE J. AMOUYAL Philippe J. Amouyal /s/ SAMUEL L. BARKER Samuel L. Barker, Ph.D. /s/ ROBERT J. LEFKOWITZ Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D. /s/ ALAN S. NIES Alan S. Nies, M.D. /s/ FRANK P. PALANTONI Frank P. Palantoni /s/ CHRISTOPHER J. SOBECKI Christopher J. Sobecki /s/ JUDITH L. SWAIN Judith L. Swain, M.D. President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Executive Vice President, Corporate and Administrative Affairs and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Vice President, Finance and Accounting (Principal Accounting Officer) March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 Chairman of the Board of Directors March 12, 2015 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 44 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (1992 framework) and our report dated March 12, 2015 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Houston, Texas March 12, 2015 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP F-1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: We have audited Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission 1992 framework (the COSO criteria). Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014 and our report dated March 12, 2015 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Houston, Texas March 12, 2015 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP F-2 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except par value) Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Assets Short-term investments, including restricted investments of $430 Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $35 Assets held for sale Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $36,274 and $81,945, respectively Goodwill Other intangible assets Other assets Total assets Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued liabilities Liabilities and Equity Current portion of deferred revenue Current portion of long-term debt Total current liabilities Deferred revenue, net of current portion Long-term debt Deferred tax liabilities Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Equity: Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding Common stock, $.001 par value; 900,000 shares authorized; 725,641 and 514,349 shares issued, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss) Treasury stock, at cost, 1,281 and 814 shares, respectively Total equity Total liabilities and equity As of December 31, 2014 2013 $ 137,266 $ 202,073 1,035 23,849 4,764 368,987 1,080 44,543 53,357 3,409 37,499 91,629 790 — 4,636 134,554 41,362 44,543 53,557 144 $ 471,376 $ 274,160 $ 13,064 $ 10,120 1,618 20,167 44,969 12,679 87,500 18,675 23,535 9,715 7,674 195 1,710 19,294 13,405 20,167 18,745 32,386 187,358 103,997 — 726 — 514 1,389,997 (1,104,252) (63) (2,390) 284,018 1,175,108 (1,003,958) 2 (1,503) 170,163 $ 471,376 $ 274,160 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-3 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (In thousands, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Revenues: Collaborative agreements Subscription and license fees Total revenues Operating expenses: Research and development, including stock-based compensation of $4,020, $4,376 and $3,673, respectively Increase (decrease) in fair value of Symphony Icon, Inc. purchase liability General and administrative, including stock-based compensation of $3,061, $3,045 and $2,822, respectively Impairment loss on buildings Total operating expenses Loss from operations Interest expense Interest and other income, net Consolidated net loss before taxes Income tax benefit Consolidated net loss Consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted Shares used in computing consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted $ 22,593 $ 2,109 $ 261 22,854 89,279 1,428 19,411 13,102 123,220 (100,366) (2,253) 2,255 (100,364) 70 113 2,222 89,682 (2,210) 17,121 — 104,593 (102,371) (1,971) 216 (104,126) — (100,294) $ (104,126) $ 783 306 1,089 82,574 9,887 17,043 — 109,504 (108,415) (2,114) 318 (110,211) — (110,211) $ $ (0.19) $ (0.20) $ (0.23) 534,432 513,117 489,707 Other comprehensive gain (loss): Unrealized gain (loss) on investments Comprehensive loss (65) (21) $ (100,359) $ (104,147) $ 2 (110,209) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-4 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (In thousands) Common Stock Shares 480,389 Par Value 480 $ Additional Paid-In Capital $ 1,087,033 Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Gain (Loss) $ (789,621) $ Balance at December 31, 2011 Stock-based compensation Issuance of common stock to designees of Symphony Icon Holdings LLC Issuance of common stock under Equity Incentive Plans Issuance of common stock, net of fees Repurchase of common stock Net loss Unrealized gain on investments Balance at December 31, 2012 Stock-based compensation Issuance of common stock under Equity Incentive Plans Repurchase of common stock Net loss Unrealized loss on investments Balance at December 31, 2013 Stock-based compensation Issuance of common stock to designees of Symphony Icon Holdings LLC Issuance of common stock under Equity Incentive Plans Issuance of common stock, net of fees Repurchase of common stock Net loss Unrealized loss on investments Balance at December 31, 2014 — 13,238 1,248 17,500 — — — 512,375 — 1,974 — — — 514,349 — 4,663 1,766 204,863 — — — — 13 1 18 — — — 512 — 2 — — — 514 — 5 2 205 — — — 6,495 34,987 1,053 37,037 — — — — — — — — (110,211) — 1,166,605 (899,832) 7,421 1,082 — — — — — — (104,126) — 1,175,108 (1,003,958) 7,081 5,745 321 201,742 — — — — — — — — (100,294) — Treasury Stock $ (345) $ — — — — (285) — — Total 297,568 6,495 35,000 1,054 37,055 (285) (110,211) 2 (630) 266,678 — — (873) — — 7,421 1,084 (873) (104,126) (21) (1,503) 170,163 — — — — 7,081 5,750 323 201,947 (887) (887) — — (100,294) (65) 21 — — — — — — 2 23 — — — — (21) 2 — — — — — — (65) 725,641 $ 726 $ 1,389,997 $ (1,104,252) $ (63) $ (2,390) $ 284,018 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Consolidated net loss Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net loss to net cash used in operating activities: $ (100,294) $ (104,126) $ (110,211) Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2014 Depreciation and amortization Impairment of assets Increase (decrease) in fair value of Symphony Icon, Inc. purchase liability Stock-based compensation Gain on disposal of property and equipment Amortization of debt issuance costs Deferred tax benefit Changes in operating assets and liabilities: (Increase) decrease in accounts receivable (Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets (Increase) decrease in other assets Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and other liabilities Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue Net cash used in operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of property and equipment Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment Purchases of investments Maturities of investments Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of fees Repurchase of common stock Proceeds from debt borrowings, net of fees Repayment of debt borrowings Other financing activities Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 1,928 13,544 1,428 7,081 (1,631) 100 (70) 457 (128) — 1,266 697 (75,622) 2,863 — (2,210) 7,421 — — — 588 1,713 (9) 3,119 (438) (91,079) (80) 2,170 (221,953) 111,444 (108,419) (1,721) 130 (111,490) 212,625 99,544 202,270 (887) 84,135 (1,710) — 283,808 99,767 37,499 137,266 1,084 (873) — (1,574) (26) (1,389) 7,076 30,423 37,499 $ $ 4,190 — 9,887 6,495 — — — (1,028) (2,601) 96 (995) (293) (94,460) (492) 85 (233,250) 135,850 (97,807) 38,109 (285) — (1,443) — 36,381 (155,886) 186,309 30,423 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid for interest Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: Unrealized gain (loss) on investments Common stock issued in satisfaction of Symphony Icon payment obligation $ $ $ 1,761 $ 1,897 $ 2,028 (65) $ $ 5,750 (21) $ — $ 2 35,000 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2014 1. Organization and Operations Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Lexicon” or the “Company”) is a Delaware corporation incorporated on July 7, 1995. Lexicon was organized to discover the functions and pharmaceutical utility of genes and use those gene function discoveries in the discovery and development of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of human disease. Lexicon has financed its operations from inception primarily through sales of common and preferred stock, contract and milestone payments to it under drug discovery and development collaborations, target validation, database subscription and technology license agreements, government grants and contracts and financing under debt and lease arrangements. The Company’s future success is dependent upon many factors, including, but not limited to, its ability to discover and develop pharmaceutical products for the treatment of human disease, establish new collaboration and license agreements, achieve milestones under such agreements, obtain and enforce patents and other proprietary rights in its discoveries, comply with federal and state regulations, and maintain sufficient capital to fund its activities. As a result of the aforementioned factors and the related uncertainties, there can be no assurance of the Company’s future success. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lexicon and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U. S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments: Lexicon considers all highly-liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, short-term investments consist of U.S. treasury bills and certificates of deposit. The certificates of deposits are classified as available-for-sale securities and are carried at fair value, based on quoted market prices of the securities. The Company views its available-for-sale securities as available for use in current operations regardless of the stated maturity date of the security. Unrealized gains and losses on such securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Net realized gains and losses, interest and dividends are included in interest income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Restricted Cash and Investments: Lexicon is required to maintain restricted cash or investments to collateralize standby letters of credit for the lease on its office and laboratory facilities in Hopewell, New Jersey (see Note 12). As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, restricted cash and investments were $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Accounts Receivable: Lexicon records trade accounts receivable in the normal course of business related to the sale of products or services. The allowance for doubtful accounts takes into consideration such factors as historical write-offs, the economic climate and other factors that could affect collectibility. Write-offs are evaluated on a case by case basis. Concentration of Credit Risk: Lexicon’s cash equivalents, investments and accounts receivable represent potential concentrations of credit risk. The Company attempts to minimize potential concentrations of risk in cash equivalents and investments by placing investments in high-quality financial instruments. The Company’s accounts receivable are unsecured and are concentrated in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies located in the United States. The Company has not experienced any significant credit losses to date. In 2014, customers in France and the United States represented 94% and 6% of revenue, respectively. In 2013 and 2012, customers in the United States represented 100% and 100% of revenue, respectively. At December 31, 2014, management believes that the Company has no significant concentrations of credit risk. Segment Information and Significant Customers: Lexicon operates in one business segment, which primarily focuses on the discovery of the functions and pharmaceutical utility of genes and the use of those gene function discoveries in the discovery and development of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of human disease. Substantially all of the Company’s revenues have been derived from drug discovery alliances, target validation collaborations for the development and, in some F-7 cases, analysis of the physiological effects of genes altered in knockout mice, technology licenses, subscriptions to its databases, government grants and contracts and compound library sales. In 2014, Ipsen Pharma SAS represented 94% of revenues. In 2013, McNair Medical Institute, LLC and Taconic Farms, Inc. represented 57% and 33% of revenues, respectively. In 2012, Taconic Farms and Deltagen represented 68% and 25% of revenues, respectively. Property and Equipment: Property and equipment are carried at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the assets which ranges from three to 40 years. Maintenance, repairs and minor replacements are charged to expense as incurred. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the remaining lease term. Significant renewals and betterments are capitalized. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangible assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Indefinite lived intangible assets are also tested at least annually for impairment. Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. In the event that such cash flows are not expected to be sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the assets, the assets are written down to their estimated fair values. In 2014, Lexicon reclassified its buildings as assets held for sale, and recorded an impairment loss of $13.1 million (see Note 6, Assets Held for Sale). Goodwill Impairment: Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company has determined that the reporting unit is the single operating segment disclosed in its current financial statements. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The first step in the impairment process is to determine the fair value of the reporting unit and then compare it to the carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no further action is required and no impairment loss is recognized. Additional impairment assessments may be performed on an interim basis if the Company encounters events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that, more likely than not, the carrying value of goodwill has been impaired. There was no impairment of goodwill in 2014, 2013 or 2012. Revenue Recognition: Revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable and collectibility is reasonably assured. Collaborative agreements revenues include both license revenue and contract research revenue. Activities under collaborative agreements are evaluated to determine if they represent a multiple element revenue agreement. The Company identifies the deliverables included within the agreement and evaluates which deliverables represent separate units of accounting. The Company accounts for those components as separate units of accounting if the following two criteria are met: • The delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. • If there is a general right of return relative to the delivered items, delivery or performance of the undelivered items is considered probable and within the Company’s control. Factors considered in this determination include, among other things, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if the licensee could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to the identified units of accounting based on their relative estimated selling price. Revenue is recognized for each unit of accounting when the appropriate revenue recognition criteria are met. Future milestone payments that are contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone are recognized in their entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is substantive if: • It can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either the Company’s performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance; • There is substantive uncertainty at the date an arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved; and • It would result in additional payments being due to the Company. Subscription and license fees are recognized as revenue upon the grant of the technology license when performance is complete and there is no continuing involvement. Royalty revenues are recognized as earned in accordance with the contract terms at the time the royalty amount is fixed and determinable based on information received from the sublicensees and at the time collectibility is reasonably assured. F-8 Research and Development Expenses: Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for company- sponsored as well as collaborative research and development activities. These costs include direct and research-related overhead expenses and are expensed as incurred. Technology license fees for technologies that are utilized in research and development and have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred. Substantial portions of the Company’s preclinical and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors. For preclinical studies, the Company accrues expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. For clinical studies, expenses are accrued based upon the number of patients enrolled and the duration of the study. The Company monitors patient enrollment, the progress of clinical studies and related activities to the extent possible through internal reviews of data reported to the Company by the vendors and clinical site visits. The Company’s estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by the vendors regarding the status of each program and total program spending. The Company periodically evaluates the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information it receives. Stock-Based Compensation: The Company recognizes compensation expense in its statements of comprehensive loss for share-based payments, including stock options and restricted stock units issued to employees, based on their fair values on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the stock award. Stock-based compensation expense for awards without performance conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis. Stock-based compensation expense for awards with performance conditions is recognized over the period from the date the performance condition is determined to be probable of occurring through the time the applicable condition is met. As of December 31, 2014, stock-based compensation cost for all outstanding unvested options and restricted stock units was $10.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years. The fair value of stock options is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes method. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the input of subjective assumptions. Because the Company’s employee stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management’s opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of its employee stock options. For purposes of determining the fair value of stock options, the Company segregates its options into two homogeneous groups, based on exercise and post-vesting employment termination behaviors, resulting in a change in the assumptions used for expected option lives and forfeitures. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility in the Company’s stock price. The following weighted-average assumptions were used for options granted in the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively: December 31, 2014: Employees Officers and non-employee directors December 31, 2013: Employees Officers and non-employee directors December 31, 2012: Employees Officers and non-employee directors Expected Volatility Risk-free Interest Rate Expected Term Dividend Rate 66% 80% 85% 81% 93% 81% 1.2% 2.3% 0.9% 1.6% 0.8% 1.5% 4 8 5 8 5 8 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Net Loss per Common Share: Net loss per common share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Shares associated with convertible debt, stock options, restricted stock units and warrants are not included because they are antidilutive. 3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, which amends FASB ASC Topic 606. ASU 2014-09 provides a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers. This standard contains principles for the determination of the measurement of revenue and the timing of when such revenue is recognized. Revenue recognition will reflect the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that is expected to be earned in exchange for those goods or F-9 services. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is not permitted. Management is currently evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on Lexicon’s consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, “Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern.” ASU 2014-15 will explicitly require management to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosure in certain circumstances. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. Management does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material impact on Lexicon’s consolidated financial statements. 4. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments The fair value of cash and cash equivalents and investments held at December 31, 2014 and 2013 are as follows: Amortized Cost As of December 31, 2014 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Estimated Fair Value Cash and cash equivalents Securities maturing within one year: Certificates of deposit U.S. treasury securities Total short-term investments Total cash and cash equivalents and investments $ $ $ 137,266 $ — $ — $ 137,266 552 201,584 202,136 339,402 $ $ — 3 3 3 $ $ — (66) (66) $ (66) $ 552 201,521 202,073 339,339 Amortized Cost As of December 31, 2013 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Estimated Fair Value Cash and cash equivalents Securities maturing within one year: Certificates of deposit U.S. treasury securities Total short-term investments Total cash and cash equivalents and investments $ $ $ 37,499 $ — $ — $ 37,499 552 91,075 91,627 129,126 $ $ — 3 3 3 $ $ — (1) (1) $ (1) $ 552 91,077 91,629 129,128 There were no realized gains or losses for the year ended December 31, 2014, no realized gains or losses for the year ended December 31, 2013, and no realized gains or losses for the year ended December 31, 2012. 5. Fair Value Measurements The Company uses various inputs in determining the fair value of its investments and measures these assets on a recurring basis. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized by the level of objectivity associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. The following levels are directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these assets and liabilities: • Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets, which include U.S. treasury securities • Level 2 – other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices for similar investments, market corroborated inputs, etc.) F-10 • Level 3 – significant unobservable inputs (including the Company’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of assets and liabilities) The inputs or methodology used for valuing securities are not necessarily an indication of the credit risk associated with investing in those securities. The following tables provide the fair value measurements of applicable Company assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis according to the fair value levels defined above as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. Assets Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Total cash and cash equivalents and investments Liabilities Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Assets Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Total cash and cash equivalents and investments Liabilities Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value As of December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) 137,266 201,521 338,787 $ $ — $ — $ — $ 552 552 $ — $ — $ — $ — — $ 17,638 17,638 $ $ 137,266 202,073 339,339 17,638 17,638 Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value As of December 31, 2013 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) 37,499 91,077 128,576 $ $ — $ — $ — $ 552 552 $ — $ — $ — $ — 37,499 91,629 — $ 129,128 27,710 27,710 $ $ 27,710 27,710 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ The Company did not have any Level 3 assets during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012. Transfers between levels are recognized at the actual date of circumstance that caused the transfer. The Company’s Level 3 liabilities are estimated using a probability-based income approach utilizing an appropriate discount rate. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the Symphony Icon (“Symphony Icon”) purchase consideration liability are recorded as an increase or decrease in Symphony Icon purchase liability in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase consideration liability increased by $1.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2014, decreased by $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2013, and increased by $9.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2012. The following table summarizes the change in consolidated balance sheet carrying value associated with Level 3 liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014. F-11 Balance at December 31, 2011 Change in valuation of purchase consideration payable to former Symphony Icon stockholders Payment of base payment obligation with common stock Balance at December 31, 2012 Change in valuation of purchase consideration payable to former Symphony Icon stockholders Balance at December 31, 2013 Change in valuation of purchase consideration payable to former Symphony Icon stockholders Payment of contingent payment obligation with common stock and cash Balance at December 31, 2014 $ $ Other Long-term Liabilities (in thousands) 55,033 9,887 (35,000) 29,920 (2,210) 27,710 1,428 (11,500) 17,638 The Company also has assets that under certain conditions are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These assets include goodwill associated with the acquisitions of Coelacanth Corporation in 2001 and Symphony Icon on July 30, 2010 and intangible assets associated with the acquisition of Symphony Icon on July 30, 2010. For these assets, measurement at fair value in periods subsequent to their initial recognition is applicable if one or more is determined to be impaired. 6. Assets Held for Sale Lexicon’s buildings and land have been reclassified as assets held for sale on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014. The Company estimated the fair value of the net assets to be sold at approximately $23.8 million as of December 31, 2014, which represents estimated selling price less costs to sell. This resulted in an impairment loss on the assets held for sale of $13.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2014, which was recorded in impairment loss on buildings in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2014. The fair value of the net assets to be sold was determined using Level 2 inputs using sales prices in similar real estate sales and offers received from potential purchasers of the building. 7. Property and Equipment Property and equipment at December 31, 2014 and 2013 are as follows: Computers and software Furniture and fixtures Laboratory equipment Leasehold improvements Buildings Land Total property and equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization Net property and equipment Estimated Useful Lives In Years 3-5 5-7 3-7 7-10 15-40 — As of December 31, 2014 2013 (in thousands) $ 9,468 $ 7,032 12,737 8,117 — — 37,354 (36,274) 1,080 $ $ 11,180 7,315 34,952 8,092 59,104 2,664 123,307 (81,945) 41,362 Buildings of $59.1 million and land of $2.7 million, as well as $38.0 million of related accumulated depreciation, have been reclassified to assets held for sale (see Note 6, Assets Held for Sale) as of December 31, 2014. F-12 8. Income Taxes Lexicon recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized differently in the financial statements and tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of liabilities and assets using enacted tax rates and laws in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are evaluated for realization based on a more-likely-than-not criteria in determining if a valuation allowance should be provided. The components of Lexicon’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) at December 31, 2014 and 2013 are as follows: Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards Research and development tax credits Capitalized research and development Stock-based compensation Deferred revenue Other Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Deferred tax liability related to acquisition of Symphony Icon Total deferred tax liabilities Less: valuation allowance Net deferred tax liabilities As of December 31, 2014 2013 (in thousands) $ 255,518 $ 238,608 40,173 95,946 7,648 4,457 8,681 37,453 83,375 7,703 4,760 4,712 412,423 376,611 (18,675) (18,675) (412,423) (18,675) $ (18,745) (18,745) (376,611) (18,745) $ The $18.7 million deferred tax liability relates to the tax impact of future amortization or possible impairments associated with intangible assets acquired with Symphony Icon, which are not deductible for tax purposes. Lexicon does not believe it can estimate the reversal of the temporary difference related to the assets acquired with sufficient certainty such that the related deferred tax liability could be considered as a source of taxable income in assessing the Company’s need for a valuation allowance. At December 31, 2014, Lexicon had both federal and state NOL carryforwards of approximately $715.8 million and $460.2 million, respectively. The federal and state NOL carryforwards began to expire in 2011 and continued to expire in 2012. The Company’s R&D tax credit carryforwards of approximately $40.2 million began to expire in 2012. Utilization of the NOL and R&D credit carryforwards may be subject to a significant annual limitation due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or could occur in the future provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Based on the federal tax law limits and the Company’s cumulative loss position, Lexicon concluded it was appropriate to establish a full valuation allowance for its net deferred tax assets until an appropriate level of profitability is sustained. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the valuation allowance increased $35.8 million, primarily due to the Company’s current year net loss. Lexicon recorded income tax benefits of $70,000, $0 and $0 in the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recorded certain revisions to its deferred tax assets. The revisions reduced the deferred tax assets and valuation allowance by $13.8 million. There was no impact to the Company’s equity or operating results for any period. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits. The Company is primarily subject to U.S. federal and New Jersey and Texas state income taxes. The tax years 1995 to current remain open to examination by U.S. federal authorities and 2004 to current remain open to examination by state authorities. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company had no accruals for interest or penalties related to income tax matters. F-13 9. Goodwill On July 12, 2001, Lexicon completed the acquisition of Coelacanth Corporation in a merger. Coelacanth, now Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc., formed the core of the Company’s division responsible for small molecule compound discovery. The results of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc. are included in the Company’s results of operations for the period subsequent to the acquisition. Goodwill associated with the acquisition of $25.8 million, which represents the excess of the $36.0 million purchase price over the fair value of the underlying net identifiable assets, was assigned to the consolidated entity, Lexicon. On July 30, 2010, Lexicon exercised its Purchase Option (as defined in Note 11) and completed the acquisition of Symphony Icon. Goodwill associated with the acquisition of $18.7 million, which represents the assets recognized in connection with the deferred tax liability acquired and did not result from excess purchase price, was assigned to the consolidated entity, Lexicon. Goodwill is not subject to amortization, but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is the Company’s single operating segment. The Company performed an impairment test of goodwill on its annual impairment assessment date. This test did not result in an impairment of goodwill. 10. Debt Obligations Convertible Debt. In November 2014, Lexicon completed an offering of $87.5 million in aggregate principal amount of its 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “Notes”). In accordance with the accounting guidance, the conversion feature did not meet the criteria for bifurcation, and the entire principal amount was recorded as long-term debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Notes are governed by an indenture (the “Indenture”), dated as of November 26, 2014, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as trustee. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.25% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on June 1, 2015. The Notes mature on December 1, 2021. The Company may not redeem the Notes prior to the maturity date, and no sinking fund is provided for the Notes. Holders of the Notes may convert their Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date. Upon conversion, the Company will deliver for each $1,000 principal amount of converted Notes a number of shares of its common stock equal to the conversion rate, as described in the Indenture. The conversion rate is initially 829.1874 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of $1.206 per share of common stock). The conversion rate is subject to adjustment in some events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its Notes in connection with such a corporate event in certain circumstances. If the Company undergoes a fundamental change, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. In connection with the issuance of the Notes, the Company incurred $3.4 million of debt issuance costs, which is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The debt issuance costs are amortized as interest expense over the expected life of the Notes using the effective interest method. The Company determined the expected life of the debt was equal to the seven-year term of the Notes. As of December 31, 2014, the balance of unamortized debt issuance costs was $3.3 million. The fair value of the Notes was $81.0 million as of December 31, 2014 and was determined using Level 2 inputs based on the indicative pricing published by certain investment banks or trading levels of the Notes, which are not listed on any securities exchange or quoted on an inter-dealer automated quotation system. Mortgage Loan. In April 2004, Lexicon purchased its existing laboratory and office buildings and animal facilities in The Woodlands, Texas with proceeds from a $34.0 million third-party mortgage financing and $20.8 million in cash. The mortgage loan originally had a ten-year term with a 20-year amortization and a fixed interest rate of 8.23%. The mortgage was amended in September 2013 to extend the maturity date from April 2014 to April 2017, with the mortgage loan’s monthly payment amount and fixed interest rate each remaining unchanged. The mortgage had a principal balance of $20.2 million as of December 31, 2014. This entire balance has been classified as current liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance F-14 sheet as of December 31, 2014 as management intends to repay the mortgage when the assets that serve as collateral for the mortgage loan are sold. These assets have been reclassified to assets held for sale as of December 31, 2014, as discussed in Note 6, Assets Held for Sale. The buildings and land that serve as collateral for the mortgage loan are included in assets held for sale at $59.1 million and $2.7 million, respectively, before accumulated depreciation, as of December 31, 2014. The fair value of Lexicon’s mortgage loan approximates its carrying value. The fair value of Lexicon’s mortgage loan was determined using Level 2 inputs using discounted cash flow analysis, based on the Company’s estimated current incremental borrowing rate. The following table includes the aggregate future principal payments of the Company’s long-term debt as of December 31, 2014. As discussed above, all of the principal due in 2015, 2016 and 2017 relate to the mortgage loan and have been classified as current portion of long-term debt in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014: 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Thereafter Total debt Less current portion Total long-term debt For the Year Ending December 31 (in thousands) $ $ 1,859 2,015 16,293 — — 87,500 107,667 (20,167) 87,500 11. Arrangements with Symphony Icon, Inc. On June 15, 2007, Lexicon entered into a series of related agreements providing for the financing of the clinical development of certain of its drug candidates, including LX1032 and LX1033, along with any other pharmaceutical compositions modulating the same targets as those drug candidates (the “Programs”). The agreements included a Novated and Restated Technology License Agreement pursuant to which the Company licensed to Symphony Icon, a then wholly-owned subsidiary of Symphony Icon Holdings LLC (“Holdings”), the Company’s intellectual property rights related to the Programs. Holdings contributed $45 million to Symphony Icon in order to fund the clinical development of the Programs. Under a Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 15, 2007, between the Company and Holdings, the Company issued and sold to Holdings 7,650,622 shares of its common stock on June 15, 2007 in exchange for $15 million and an exclusive purchase option (the “Purchase Option”) that gave the Company the right to acquire all of the equity of Symphony Icon, thereby allowing the Company to reacquire all of the Programs. On July 30, 2010, Lexicon entered into an Amended and Restated Purchase Option Agreement with Symphony Icon and Holdings and simultaneously exercised the Purchase Option, thereby reacquiring the Programs. Pursuant to the amended terms of the Purchase Option, Lexicon paid Holdings $10 million on July 30, 2010 and issued 13,237,519 shares of common stock to designees of Holdings on July 30, 2012 in satisfaction of an additional $35.0 million base payment obligation. Lexicon also agreed to make up to $45 million in additional contingent payments, which will consist of 50% of any consideration Lexicon receives pursuant to any licensing transaction (a “Licensing Transaction”) under which Lexicon grants a third party rights to commercialize LX1032, LX1033 or other pharmaceutical compositions modulating the same target as those drug candidates (the “LG103 Programs”), subject to certain exceptions. The contingent payments will be due if and when Lexicon receives such consideration from a Licensing Transaction. In the event Lexicon receives regulatory approval in the United States for the marketing and sale of any product resulting from the LG103 Programs prior to entering into a Licensing Transaction for the commercialization of such product in the United States, in lieu of any contingent payment from such a Licensing Transaction, Lexicon will pay Holdings the sum of $15 million and the amount of certain expenses Lexicon incurred after its exercise of the Purchase Option which are attributable to the development of such product, reduced by up to 50% of such sum on account of any contingent payments paid prior to such United States regulatory approval attributable to any such Licensing Transaction outside of the United States with respect to such product. In the event Lexicon makes any such payment upon United States regulatory approval, Lexicon will have no obligation to make subsequent contingent payments attributable to any such Licensing Transactions for the commercialization of such product outside the United States until the proceeds of F-15 such Licensing Transactions exceed 50% of the payment made as a result of such United States regulatory approval. The contingent payments may be paid in cash or a combination of cash and common stock, in Lexicon’s discretion, provided that no more than 50% of any contingent payment will be paid in common stock. On December 4, 2014, Lexicon paid $5.8 million in cash and issued 4,662,780 shares of common stock to designees of Holdings in satisfaction of a $11.5 million contingent payment obligation as a result of receiving a $23 million upfront payment pursuant to the license and collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS (see Note 16, Collaboration and License Agreements). Lexicon accounted for the exercise of the Purchase Option and acquisition of Symphony Icon as a business combination. In connection with its acquisition of Symphony Icon, Lexicon paid $10.0 million in cash, and has also agreed to pay Holdings additional base and contingent payments as discussed above. The fair value of the base and contingent consideration payments was $45.6 million and was estimated by applying a probability-based income approach utilizing an appropriate discount rate. This estimation was based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market, referred to as Level 3 inputs. Key assumptions include: (1) a discount rate of 14% for the base payments; (2) a discount rate of 18% for the contingent payments; and (3) a probability adjusted contingency. The discount rate assumptions have not changed through December 31, 2014, and as programs progress, the probability adjusted contingency is adjusted as necessary. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase consideration liability are recorded as increase or decrease in fair value of Symphony Icon purchase liability expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase consideration liability increased by $1.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2014, decreased by $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2013, and increased by $9.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2012. 12. Commitments and Contingencies Operating Lease Obligations: A Lexicon subsidiary leases laboratory and office space in Hopewell, New Jersey under an amended lease agreement which previously had an expiration date in June 2018. In March 2015, the subsidiary entered into a termination agreement whereby the lease will terminate in June 2015. The amended lease includes escalating lease payments. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the amended lease term. Lexicon is the guarantor of the obligation of its subsidiary under this lease. The Company is required to maintain restricted investments to collateralize a standby letter of credit for this lease. The Company had $0.4 million and $0.4 million in restricted investments as collateral as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Additionally, Lexicon leases certain equipment under operating leases. Rent expense for all operating leases was approximately $1.0 million, $0.9 million and $2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The following table includes non-cancelable, escalating future lease payments for the facility in New Jersey, without regard to the termination agreement entered into in March 2015: 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total For the Year Ending December 31 (in thousands) $ $ 1,075 1,101 1,128 572 3,876 Employment Arrangements: Lexicon has entered into employment arrangements with certain of its corporate officers. Under the arrangements, each officer receives a base salary, subject to adjustment, with an annual discretionary bonus based upon specific objectives to be determined by the compensation committee. The employment arrangements are at-will and some contain non-competition agreements. The arrangements also provide for a termination clause, which requires either a six or 12- month payment based on the officer’s salary and, in some cases, payment of a specified portion of the officer’s bonus target for such year, in the event of termination. Legal Proceedings: Lexicon is from time to time party to claims and legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of its business and that it believes will not have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. F-16 13. Other Capital Stock Agreements Common Stock: In October 2012, Lexicon sold 17,500,000 shares of its common stock at a price of $2.25 per share in a public offering, resulting in net proceeds of $37.1 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $2.0 million and offering expenses of $0.2 million. Invus, L.P., Lexicon’s largest stockholder, purchased 3,000,000 of these shares. All of the net proceeds of this offering are reflected as issuance of common stock in the accompanying financial statements. In November 2014, Lexicon sold 55,608,930 shares of its common stock at a price of $1.005 per share in a public offering, and sold 149,253,731 shares of its common stock at a price of $1.005 per share in a private placement to Artal International S.C.A, an affiliate of Invus, L.P., resulting in net proceeds of $201.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $3.4 million and offering expenses of $0.6 million. All of the net proceeds of these offerings are reflected as issuance of common stock in the accompanying financial statements. 14. Equity Incentive Awards Equity Incentive Plans Equity Incentive Plan: In September 1995, Lexicon adopted the 1995 Stock Option Plan, which was subsequently amended and restated in February 2000 and renamed the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, subsequently amended and restated in April 2009 and renamed the Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”), and subsequently amended in April 2012. The Equity Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees and nonstatutory stock options to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. The plan also permits the grant of stock bonus awards, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit (phantom stock) awards and stock appreciation rights. Incentive and nonstatutory stock options have an exercise price of 100% or more of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The purchase price of restricted stock awards may not be less than 85% of fair market value. However, the plan administrator may award stock bonus awards in consideration of past services or phantom stock awards without a purchase payment. Shares may be subject to a repurchase option in the discretion of the plan administrator. Most options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan become vested and exercisable over a period of four years; however some have been granted with different vesting schedules. Options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan have a term of ten years from the date of grant. The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the Equity Incentive Plan shall not exceed in the aggregate 50,000,000 shares. No more than 15,000,000 shares may be issued pursuant to awards other than stock options and stock appreciation rights. As of December 31, 2014, an aggregate of 50,000,000 shares of common stock had been reserved for issuance, options to purchase 22,533,242 shares and 3,130,720 restricted stock units were outstanding, 5,881,815 shares had been issued upon the exercise of stock options, 3,224,339 shares had been issued pursuant to restricted stock units and 797,700 shares had been issued pursuant to stock bonus awards or restricted stock awards granted under the Equity Incentive Plan. Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan: In February 2000, Lexicon adopted the 2000 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, which was subsequently amended and restated in April 2009 and renamed the Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, and subsequently amended in April 2012 and renamed the Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan (the “Directors’ Plan”). Under the Directors’ Plan, non-employee directors receive an initial option to purchase 30,000 shares of common stock. In addition, on the day following each of the Company’s annual meetings of stockholders, each non-employee director who has been a director for at least six months is automatically granted an option to purchase 20,000 shares of common stock and a restricted stock award of the number of shares of common stock having a fair market value on the date of grant of $20,000, rounded down to the nearest whole share number. Initial option grants become vested and exercisable over a period of five years and annual option grants become vested over a period of 12 months from the date of grant. Options granted under the Directors’ Plan have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and a term of ten years from the date of grant. The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the Directors’ Plan shall not exceed in the aggregate 1,500,000 shares. As of December 31, 2014, an aggregate of 1,500,000 shares of common stock had been reserved for issuance, options to purchase 1,070,000 shares were outstanding, none had been issued upon the exercise of stock options and 277,480 shares had been issued pursuant to restricted stock awards granted under the Directors’ Plan. F-17 Stock Option Activity: The following is a summary of option activity under Lexicon’s equity incentive plans: (in thousands, except exercise price data) Options 2014 2013 2012 Weighted Average Exercise Price Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Outstanding at beginning of year 23,306 $ Granted Exercised Expired Forfeited Outstanding at end of year Exercisable at end of year 4,502 (223) (3,334) (648) 23,603 16,921 $ 2.42 1.68 1.46 3.54 1.97 2.14 2.27 21,525 $ 3,490 (572) (950) (187) 23,306 17,378 $ 2.51 2.13 1.75 3.98 1.94 2.42 2.56 20,476 $ 3,441 (636) (1,231) (525) 21,525 15,582 $ 2.84 1.84 1.66 6.93 1.78 2.51 2.77 The weighted average estimated grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 were $1.23, $1.59 and $1.37, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 were $43,000, $325,000 and $462,000, respectively. The weighted average remaining contractual term of options outstanding and exercisable was 5.8 and 4.7 years, respectively, as of December 31, 2014. At December 31, 2014, the aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding options and the exercisable options was zero and zero, respectively. Stock Bonus and Restricted Stock Unit Activity: During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, Lexicon granted its non-employee directors 102,560, 80,808 and 94,112 shares, respectively, of restricted stock awards. The restricted stock awards had weighed average grant date fair values of $1.56, $1.98 and $1.70 per share, respectively, and vested immediately. During the year ended December 31, 2014, Lexicon granted a consultant 57,400 shares of restricted stock awards. The restricted stock awards had a weighted average grant date fair value of $1.60 per share and vested immediately. During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, Lexicon granted its employees restricted stock units in lieu of or in addition to annual stock option awards. These restricted stock units vest in four annual installments. The following is a summary of restricted stock units activity under Lexicon’s stock-based compensation plans for the year ended December 31, 2014: Outstanding at December 31, 2013 Granted Vested Forfeited Nonvested at December 31, 2014 Aggregate Shares Reserved for Issuance Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares (in thousands) 4,242 1,604 (1,384) (1,331) 3,131 $ $ 1.93 1.72 1.90 1.92 1.84 As of December 31, 2014, an aggregate of 26,733,962 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding stock options and vesting of outstanding restricted stock units and 14,584,704 additional shares were available for future grants under Lexicon’s equity incentive plans. The Company has a policy of using either authorized and unissued shares or treasury shares, including shares acquired by purchase in the open market or in private transactions, to satisfy equity award exercises. F-18 15. Benefit Plan Lexicon maintains a defined-contribution savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The plan covers substantially all full-time employees. Participating employees may defer a portion of their pretax earnings, up to the Internal Revenue Service annual contribution limit. Beginning in 2000, the Company was required to match employee contributions according to a specified formula. The matching contributions totaled $376,000, $511,000 and $490,000 in the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Company contributions are vested based on the employee’s years of service, with full vesting after four years of service. 16. Collaboration and License Agreements Lexicon has derived substantially all of its revenues from drug discovery and development alliances, target validation collaborations for the development and, in some cases, analysis of the physiological effects of genes altered in knockout mice, government grants and contracts, technology licenses, subscriptions to its databases and compound library sales. Ipsen Pharma SAS. In October 2014, Lexicon entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Ipsen Pharma SAS (“Ipsen”) for the development and commercialization of Lexicon’s drug candidate telotristat etiprate (LX1032) outside of the United States, Canada and Japan (the “Licensed Territory”). Under the Agreement, Lexicon granted Ipsen an exclusive, royalty-bearing right and license under its patent rights and know-how to commercialize telotristat etiprate in the Licensed Territory. Ipsen is responsible for using diligent efforts to commercialize telotristat etiprate in the Licensed Territory pursuant to a mutually approved commercialization plan. Subject to certain exceptions, Lexicon will be responsible for conducting clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval for telotristat etiprate for carcinoid syndrome in the European Union, including those contemplated by a mutually approved initial development plan, and will have the first right to conduct most other clinical trials of telotristat etiprate. Lexicon is responsible for the costs of all clinical trials contemplated by the initial development plan. The costs of additional clinical trials will be allocated between the parties based on the nature of such clinical trials. Under the Agreement, Ipsen paid Lexicon an upfront payment of $23 million. In addition, Lexicon is eligible to receive from Ipsen (a) up to an aggregate of approximately $30 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory and commercial launch milestones and (b) up to an aggregate of €72 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the achievement of the future regulatory and sales milestones, these payments will not be recognized as revenue unless and until they are earned as the Company is not able to reasonably predict if and when the milestones will be achieved. Lexicon is also entitled to tiered, escalating royalties ranging from low twenties to mid-thirties percentages of net sales of telotristat etiprate in the Licensed Territory, subject to a credit for amounts previously paid to Lexicon by Ipsen for the manufacture and supply of such units of telotristat etiprate. Lexicon’s receipt of these payments under the Agreement triggers its obligation to make certain contingent payments to Holdings (see Note 11, Arrangements with Symphony Icon, Inc.). Lexicon and Ipsen will enter into a commercial supply agreement pursuant to which Lexicon will supply Ipsen’s commercial requirements of telotristat etiprate, and Ipsen will pay an agreed upon transfer price for such commercial supply. The Company considered the following deliverables with respect to the revenue recognition of the $23 million upfront payment: • • • • The exclusive license granted to Ipsen to develop and commercialize telotristat etiprate in the Licensed Territory; The development services Lexicon is performing for telotristat etiprate; The obligation to participate in committees which govern the development of telotristat etiprate until commercialization; and The obligation to supply commercial supply of telotristat etiprate, under a commercial supply agreement. The Company determined that the license had stand-alone value because it is an exclusive license that gives Ipsen the right to develop and commercialize telotristat etiprate or to sublicense its rights. In addition, telotristat etiprate is currently in development and it is possible that Ipsen or another third party could conduct clinical trials without assistance from Lexicon. As a result, the Company considers the license and the development services under the Agreement to be separate units of accounting. The Company recognized the portion of the consideration allocated to the license immediately because Lexicon delivered the license and earned the revenue at the inception of the arrangement. The Company is recognizing as revenue the amount allocated to the development services and the obligation to participate in committees over the period of time Lexicon performs services, currently expected to be through mid-2017. F-19 Due to the inherent uncertainty in obtaining regulatory approval, the applicability of the commercial supply agreement is outside the control of Lexicon and Ipsen. Accordingly, the Company has determined the commercial supply agreement is a contingent deliverable at the onset of the Agreement. As a result, the Company has determined the commercial supply agreement does not meet the definition of a deliverable that needs to be accounted for at the inception of the arrangement. The Company has also determined that there is no significant and incremental discount related to the commercial supply agreement that should be accounted for at the inception of the arrangement. The Company determined that the initial allocable arrangement consideration was the $23 million upfront payment because it was the only payment that was fixed and determinable at the inception of the arrangement. There was considerable uncertainty at the date of the agreement as to whether Lexicon would earn milestone payments, royalty payments or payments for finished drug product. As such, the Company did not include those payments in the allocable consideration. The Company allocated the allocable consideration based on the relative best estimate of selling price of each unit of accounting. The Company estimated the selling price of the license deliverable by applying a probability-based income approach utilizing an appropriate discount rate. The significant inputs the Company used to determine the projected income of the license included: estimated future product sales, estimated cost of goods sold, estimated operating expenses, income taxes, and an appropriate discount rate. The Company estimated the selling price of the development services by using internal estimates of the cost to hire third parties to perform the services over the expected period to perform the development. The Company estimated the selling price of the obligation to participate in committees by using internal estimates of the number of internal hours and salary and benefits costs to perform these services. As a result of the allocation, the Company recognized $21.2 million of the $23 million upfront payment for the license in 2014. The Company is recognizing the $1.6 million allocated to the development services deliverable over the estimated period of performance as development occurs, and is recognizing the $0.1 million allocated to the committee participation deliverable ratably over the estimated period of performance. Revenue recognized under the Agreement was $21.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine. In July 2005, Lexicon received a $35.0 million award from the Texas Enterprise Fund for the creation of a knockout mouse embryonic stem cell library containing 350,000 cell lines for the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine (“TIGM”) using Lexicon’s proprietary gene trapping technology, which Lexicon completed in 2007. Lexicon also equipped TIGM with the bioinformatics software required for the management and analysis of data relating to the library. The Texas Enterprise Fund also awarded $15.0 million to the Texas A&M University System for the creation of facilities and infrastructure to house the library. Under the terms of the award, Lexicon is responsible for the creation of a specified number of jobs beginning in 2012, reaching an aggregate of 1,616 new jobs in Texas by December 31, 2016. Lexicon will obtain credits based on funding received by TIGM and certain related parties from sources other than the State of Texas that it may offset against its potential liability for any job creation shortfalls. Lexicon will also obtain credits against future jobs commitment liabilities for any surplus jobs it creates. Subject to these credits, if Lexicon fails to create the specified number of jobs, the state may require Lexicon to repay $2,415 for each job Lexicon falls short beginning in 2013. Lexicon’s maximum aggregate exposure for such payments, if Lexicon fails to create any new jobs, is approximately $14.2 million, including $2.5 million through 2015, without giving effect to any credits to which Lexicon may be entitled. Lexicon has recorded this obligation as deferred revenue and accounts payable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Texas A&M University System, together with TIGM, has independent job creation obligations and is obligated for an additional period to maintain an aggregate of 5,000 jobs, inclusive of those Lexicon creates. 17. Restructuring Charges In January 2014, Lexicon’s board of directors committed to narrow its strategic initiatives and focus resources on its late-stage drug development programs, principally sotagliflozin (LX4211) for diabetes and telotristat etiprate (LX1032) for carcinoid syndrome, in preparation for the transition to commercialization. The decision resulted in a workforce reduction of approximately 125 employees, primarily in research, discovery and support positions, representing approximately 50% of the Company’s total workforce. The Company completed the majority of the workforce reduction by the end of the second quarter of 2014. The Company currently expects that the total charges associated with the restructuring which will result in cash expenditures will be approximately $5.7 million (which includes charges for severance of approximately $5.3 million and other restructuring costs of approximately $0.4 million), of which $5.6 million was incurred through December 31, 2014. Of this charge, $4.9 million was recorded in research and development expense and $0.7 million was recorded in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, F-20 2014. In addition, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense on the acceleration of vesting relating to the restructuring of $0.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2014. Future payments of restructuring charges, which have been recorded in accrued liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet, were $0.3 million as of December 31, 2014. 18. Selected Quarterly Financial Data The table below sets forth certain unaudited statements of comprehensive loss data, and net loss per common share data, for each quarter of 2014 and 2013: (in thousands, except per share data) 2014 Revenues Loss from operations Consolidated net loss Consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted Shares used in computing consolidated net loss per common share 2013 Revenues Loss from operations Consolidated net loss Consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted Shares used in computing consolidated net loss per common share March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 Quarter Ended (Unaudited) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 277 $ (30,472) $ (30,835) $ 676 $ (26,111) $ (26,028) $ $ 419 (40,336) $ (40,498) $ 21,482 (3,447) (2,933) (0.06) $ (0.05) $ (0.08) $ — 513,955 514,623 514,796 593,694 360 $ (25,555) $ (25,974) $ 214 $ (28,624) $ (29,080) $ $ 238 (31,216) $ (31,658) $ 1,410 (16,976) (17,414) (0.05) $ (0.06) $ (0.06) $ (0.03) 512,428 513,083 513,419 513,523 F-21  Lexicon 2014 Annual Report Executive Officers Lonnel Coats President and Chief Executive Officer Pablo Lapuerta, M.D. Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer Alan J. Main, Ph.D. Executive Vice President, CMC and Supply Operations Jeffrey L. Wade, J.D. Executive Vice President, Corporate and Administrative Affairs and Chief Financial Officer John P. Northcott Vice President of Marketing, Commercial Strategy and Operations James F. Tessmer Vice President, Finance and Accounting Corporate Information Corporate Headquarters 8800 Technology Forest Place The Woodlands, Texas 77381-1160 281-863-3000 Fax: 281-863-8088 www.lexpharma.com Transfer Agent Computershare P.O. Box 30170 College Station, Texas 77845 877-854-4583 www-us.computershare.com/investor Board of Directors Raymond Debbane, Chairman President and Chief Executive Officer, The Invus Group, LLC Philippe J. Amouyal Managing Director, The Invus Group, LLC Samuel L. Barker, Ph.D. Former President, U.S. Pharmaceutical Group, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Lonnel Coats President and Chief Executive Officer, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D. Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and James B. Duke Professor of Medicine and Professor of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center; Recipient of 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Alan S. Nies, M.D. Chairman, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Medical Advisory Board; Former Senior Vice President, Clinical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc. Frank P. Palantoni President, Palantoni & Partners LLC Christopher J. Sobecki Managing Director, The Invus Group, LLC Judith L. Swain, M.D. Senior Fellow of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore A*STAR and Professor of Medicine at the National University of Singapore Annual Report Our 2014 annual report on Form 10-K is available, without charge, upon request by contacting our Investor Relations Department at 281-863-3000. Annual Meeting Our annual meeting of shareholders will be held at 8:00 a.m. CDT on April 23, 2015 at Lexicon’s corporate headquarters, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381 This annual report to shareholders contains forward-looking statements, including statements relating to Lexicon’s regulatory filings, clinical and preclinical development programs and the potential therapeutic and commercial potential of the drug candidates in those programs. These statements involve risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause the actual results of Lexicon to be materially different from any future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Information identifying such risks, uncertainties and other important factors is contained in the sections entitled “Factors Affecting Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and included as part of this annual report to shareholders. On the Cover: Lexicon’s focus is squarely on the rapid progression to commercialization of its two lead drug candidates, telotristat etiprate, as a treatment for carcinoid syndrome, and sotagliflozin, as a treatment for type 1 diabetes. The zebra is the symbol adopted by carcinoid advocacy groups to represent the unique nature of carcinoid tumors. Most of the time in the medical community, it is the simplest explanation that is the correct answer – thus the saying, “if you hear hoof beats, think horses, not zebras.” Unfortunately, in the case of carcinoid syndrome and other neuroendrocrine tumor related diseases, a straightforward diagnosis often leads to misdiagnoses and as a result increased suffering by these patients. The zebra was adopted to increase awareness of the unique nature of this disease and to educate physicians and patients that sometimes they should think zebras instead of horses. Corporate Headquarters 8800 Technology Forest Place | The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160 Phone: 281.863.3000 | Fax: 281.863.8088 | www.lexpharma.com 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above