Liberty Global
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20549Form 10-KþANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018OR¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-35961Liberty Global plc(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)England and Wales 98-1112770(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) Griffin House, 161 Hammersmith Rd, London, United Kingdom W6 8BS(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: +44.208.483.6449 or 303.220.6600Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredLiberty Global Class A Ordinary Shares, nominal value $0.01 per share Nasdaq Global Select MarketLiberty Global Class B Ordinary Shares, nominal value $0.01 per share Nasdaq Global Select MarketLiberty Global Class C Ordinary Shares, nominal value $0.01 per share Nasdaq Global Select MarketSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: noneIndicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes þ No ¨Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No þIndicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during thepreceding 12 months. Yes þ No ¨Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’sknowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. þIndicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. Seedefinitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Check one:Large Accelerated Filer þAccelerated Filer ¨Non-Accelerated Filer ¨Smaller Reporting Company ¨Emerging Growth Company ¨If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financialaccounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ¨Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þState the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold,or the average bid and ask price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $22.9 billion.The number of outstanding ordinary shares of Liberty Global plc as of February 13, 2019 was: 204,483,313 shares of class A ordinary shares, 11,099,593 shares of class Bordinary shares and 526,521,570 shares of class C ordinary shares.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCEPortions of the definitive proxy statement for the Registrant’s 2019 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K. LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC2018 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-KTABLE OF CONTENTS PageNumber PART I Item 1.BusinessI-1Item 1A.Risk FactorsI-33Item 1B.Unresolved Staff CommentsI-45Item 2.PropertiesI-45Item 3.Legal ProceedingsI-45Item 4.Mine Safety DisclosuresI-45 PART II Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity SecuritiesII-1Item 6.Selected Financial DataII-4Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsII-5Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market RiskII-54Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary DataII-59Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial DisclosureII-59Item 9A.Controls and ProceduresII-59Item 9B.Other InformationII-59 PART III Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate GovernanceIII-1Item 11.Executive CompensationIII-1Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder MattersIII-1Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director IndependenceIII-1Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and ServicesIII-1 PART IV Item 15.Exhibits, Financial Statement SchedulesIV-1Item 16.Form 10-K SummaryIV-6PART IItem 1. BUSINESSWho We AreWe are Liberty Global plc (Liberty Global), an international television and broadband company. We are focused on building a strong convergence offixed and mobile communication opportunities and we are constantly striving to enhance and simplify our customers’ lives through quality services andproducts that give them the freedom to connect, converse, work and be entertained anytime, anywhere they choose.Liberty Global has consolidated operations in 10 European countries serving 21.2 million customers in Europe at December 31, 2018. Our primarybusiness operations are listed below, all of which we consolidate, with the exception of the VodafoneZiggo JV (defined below). As described below, ouroperations in Germany, Hungary, Romania and the Czech Republic, as well as our DTH (defined below) operations, were held for sale at December 31, 2018.In addition, we recently entered into an agreement to sell our operations in Switzerland as stated below.Brand Entity Location Ownership Virgin Media United Kingdom & Ireland 100.0% Unitymedia Germany 100.0% Telenet Belgium & Luxembourg 59.7% UPC Holding Switzerland, Poland, Hungary,Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia 100.0% VodafoneZiggo Netherlands 50.0%General Development of BusinessAs a result of a series of mergers that were completed on June 7, 2013, Liberty Global became the publicly-held parent company of the successors bymerger of Liberty Global, Inc. (the predecessor to Liberty Global) and Virgin Media Inc. (Virgin Media). In the following text, the terms “we”, “our”, “ourcompany” and “us” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Global (or its predecessor) or collectively to Liberty Global (or its predecessor) and itssubsidiaries. Unless otherwise indicated, convenience translations into United States (U.S.) dollars are calculated as of December 31, 2018, and operationaldata, including subscriber statistics and ownership percentages, are as of December 31, 2018.Expansion and AcquisitionsWe have expanded our broadband footprint through new build projects and strategically selected acquisitions. Our new build projects consist of networkextension programs pursuant to which we connect additional homes and businesses to our broadband communications network (Network Extensions). Ourinvestment in Network Extensions is critical not only for our business to grow, but also for the countries and communities in which we operate. The NetworkExtensions, together with upgrades to our existing networks and next generation customer premises equipment, provide our customers the means to enter thegigaworld society. During 2018, through our Network Extensions, our continuing operations connected approximately 657,000 additional residential andcommercial premises (excluding upgrades) to our two-way networks, including approximately 481,000 residential and commercial premises connected byVirgin Media in the United Kingdom (U.K.), and Ireland. We expect to continue the Network Extensions in 2019. Depending on a variety of factors, however,including the financial and operations results of our new build programs, the Network Extensions may be continued, modified or cancelled at our discretion.I-1Over the past five years, we have also completed several strategic acquisitions. We made these acquisitions in order to deliver the scale that allows us toinnovate effectively and invest in great content and the best products. This enables us to deliver quality services to our customers. Our significantacquisitions include:•On June 19, 2017, Telenet Group Holding N.V. (Telenet) acquired Coitel Brabant sprl, operating under the brand name SFR BeLux (SFR BeLux),which provided broadband operations in Belgium (Brussels and Wallonia) and Luxembourg.•On May 16, 2016, we acquired Cable & Wireless Communications Limited (C&W), a provider of telecommunication services, including mobile andhigh-speed broadband, focused in Latin America and the Caribbean. In connection with the Split-off Transaction referenced below under —Dispositions, we transferred C&W to Liberty Latin America Ltd. (Liberty Latin America).•On February 11, 2016, Telenet acquired BASE Company N.V. (BASE), the third-largest mobile network operator in Belgium.•On June 3, 2015, we acquired, together with investment funds affiliated with Searchlight Capital Partners, L.P., Choice Cable TV, a cable andbroadband services provider in Puerto Rico, which was integrated into the operations of Liberty Cablevision of Puerto Rico LLC. In connection withthe Split-off Transaction referenced below under —Dispositions, we transferred Liberty Cablevision of Puerto Rico LLC to Liberty Latin America.•In November 2014, we gained control of Ziggo Holding B.V. (Ziggo), a provider of video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobileservices in the Netherlands, and integrated Ziggo into our Netherlands broadband operations. This business was contributed to form theVodafoneZiggo JV (defined below), a 50:50 joint venture, on December 31, 2016.For additional information on our acquisitions see note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, we have completed various other smaller acquisitions in the normal course of business.DispositionsWe have completed the following dispositions during the past five years:•On July 31, 2018, we completed the sale of our Austrian operations (UPC Austria) to Deutsche Telekom AG (Deutsche Telekom). In connectionwith the sale of UPC Austria, we have agreed to provide certain transitional services to Deutsche Telekom for a period of up to four years. Theseservices principally comprise network and information technology-related functions.•On December 29, 2017, we effected the split-off of our LiLAC Group by distributing 100% of the common shares of Liberty Latin America toholders of our then LiLAC ordinary shares. The “LiLAC Group” consisted of our businesses, assets and liabilities in Latin America and theCaribbean, including C&W, VTR.com SpA, a 60% interest in Liberty Cablevision of Puerto Rico LLC and related cash and cash equivalents andindebtedness. Following such distribution, the LiLAC Shares were redesignated as deferred shares (with virtually no economic rights) andsubsequently canceled. Also, Liberty Latin America became a separate publicly traded company.•On December 31, 2016, our company and Vodafone Group Plc (Vodafone) contributed our respective operations in the Netherlands toVodafoneZiggo Group Holding B.V., a 50:50 joint venture (referred to herein as the VodafoneZiggo JV). We treat the VodafoneZiggo JV as anequity investment.•On January 31, 2014, we sold substantially all of our programming interest held through Chellomedia B.V.For additional information on our more recent dispositions, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Reporton Form 10-K. We have also completed various other smaller dispositions in the normal course of business and as required by regulatory authorities inconnection with approving the BASE and Ziggo acquisitions.Pending DispositionsOn May 9, 2018, we reached an agreement (the Vodafone Agreement) to sell our operations in Germany, Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic toVodafone. The cash proceeds that we receive from the transaction will be calculated on the basis of the agreed enterprise value adjusted for the net debt andworking capital of such businesses as of the closing date of the transaction, as well as other post-closing adjustments. Based on the net debt and workingcapital of such businesses as of December 31, 2017, the cash proceeds would be approximately €10.6 billion ($12.1 billion). The operations of Germany,Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic are collectively referred to herein as the “Vodafone Disposal Group.” As a result of the Vodafone Agreement,I-2the Vodafone Disposal Group is presented as discontinued operations in our consolidated financial statements for all periods. Unless otherwise noted, thebelow discussion of our business focuses on our continuing operations.Closing of the transaction is subject to various conditions, including regulatory approval, which we expect will be obtained in mid-2019. The VodafoneAgreement contains certain termination rights for both our company and Vodafone, including if closing has not occurred by November 9, 2019, or May 9,2020, in certain limited circumstances. If the Vodafone Agreement terminates because the condition to obtain antitrust approval is not met, Vodafone hasagreed to pay us a compensatory payment of €250.0 million ($286.3 million). In connection with the sale of the Vodafone Disposal Group, we have agreed toprovide certain transitional services for a period of up to four years. These services principally comprise network and information technology-relatedfunctions.In addition to the Vodafone Agreement, we recently entered into an agreement to sell our direct-to-home satellite (DTH) operations, which servescustomers in Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania (UPC DTH). This transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2019, subject toregulatory approval.On February 27, 2019, we entered into an agreement to sell our broadband operations in Switzerland (UPC Switzerland) to Sunrise CommunicationsGroup AG (Sunrise). Closing of this transaction is subject to regulatory approval, which is expected prior to year-end 2019, and approval by shareholders ofSunrise with respect to an associated capital increase.For additional information on the above pending dispositions, see notes 6 and 21 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of thisAnnual Report on Form 10-K. For information on the operations of the Vodafone Disposal Group, see Narrative Description of Business—DiscontinuedOperations below.Equity TransactionsPursuant to our share repurchase programs authorized by our board of directors, we have repurchased a significant amount of our shares since ourinception in 2005. During 2018, our share repurchases were:Title of shares Number of shares Average price paidper share* Aggregatepurchase price* in millions Liberty Global Class A15,649,900 $29.67 $464.4Liberty Global Class C54,211,059 $28.51 $1,545.6_______________* Includes direct acquisition costs.At December 31, 2018, the remaining amount authorized for share repurchases was $566.2 million. For a further description of our share repurchases, seenote 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.I-3Forward Looking StatementsCertain statements in this Annual Report constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of1995. To the extent that statements in this Annual Report are not recitations of historical fact, such statements constitute forward-looking statements, which,by definition, involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. Inparticular, statements under Item 1. Business, Item 1A. Risk Factors, Item 2. Properties, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of FinancialCondition and Results of Operations and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk may contain forward-looking statements,including statements regarding our business, product, foreign currency and finance strategies in 2019, our property and equipment additions in 2019(including with respect to Network Extensions), subscriber growth and retention rates, competitive, regulatory and economic factors, the timing and impactsof proposed transactions, the maturity of our markets, the anticipated impacts of new legislation (or changes to existing rules and regulations), anticipatedchanges in our revenue, costs or growth rates, our liquidity, credit risks, foreign currency risks, target leverage levels, our future projected contractualcommitments and cash flows and other information and statements that are not historical fact. Where, in any forward-looking statement, we express anexpectation or belief as to future results or events, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis, but there canbe no assurance that the expectation or belief will result or be achieved or accomplished. In evaluating these statements, you should consider the risks anduncertainties discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, as well as the following list ofsome but not all of the factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from anticipated results or events:•economic and business conditions and industry trends in the countries in which we or our affiliates operate;•the competitive environment in the industries in the countries in which we or our affiliates operate, including competitor responses to our productsand services;•fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates;•instability in global financial markets, including sovereign debt issues and related fiscal reforms;•consumer disposable income and spending levels, including the availability and amount of individual consumer debt;•changes in consumer television viewing preferences and habits;•consumer acceptance of our existing service offerings, including our cable television, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony, mobile and businessservice offerings, and of new technology, programming alternatives and other products and services that we may offer in the future;•our ability to manage rapid technological changes;•our ability to maintain or increase the number of subscriptions to our cable television, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile serviceofferings and our average revenue per household;•our ability to provide satisfactory customer service, including support for new and evolving products and services;•our ability to maintain or increase rates to our subscribers or to pass through increased costs to our subscribers;•the impact of our future financial performance, or market conditions generally, on the availability, terms and deployment of capital;•changes in, or failure or inability to comply with, government regulations in the countries in which we or our affiliates operate and adverse outcomesfrom regulatory proceedings;•government intervention that requires opening our broadband distribution networks to competitors, such as the obligations imposed in Belgium;•our ability to obtain regulatory approval and satisfy other conditions necessary to close acquisitions and dispositions (including the pendingdispositions of the Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC Switzerland) and the impact of conditions imposed by competition and other regulatoryauthorities in connection with acquisitions;•our ability to successfully acquire new businesses and, if acquired, to integrate, realize anticipated efficiencies from, and implement our businessplan with respect to, the businesses we have acquired or that we expect to acquire;•changes in laws or treaties relating to taxation, or the interpretation thereof, in the U.K., the U.S. or in other countries in which we or our affiliatesoperate;•changes in laws and government regulations that may impact the availability and cost of capital and the derivative instruments that hedge certain ofour financial risks;I-4•the ability of suppliers and vendors (including our third-party wireless network providers under our mobile virtual network operator (MVNO)arrangements) to timely deliver quality products, equipment, software, services and access;•the availability of attractive programming for our video services and the costs associated with such programming, including retransmission andcopyright fees payable to public and private broadcasters;•uncertainties inherent in the development and integration of new business lines and business strategies;•our ability to adequately forecast and plan future network requirements, including the costs and benefits associated with the planned NetworkExtensions;•the availability of capital for the acquisition and/or development of telecommunications networks and services;•problems we may discover post-closing with the operations, including the internal controls and financial reporting process, of businesses weacquire;•the leakage of sensitive customer data;•the outcome of any pending or threatened litigation;•the loss of key employees and the availability of qualified personnel;•changes in the nature of key strategic relationships with partners and joint venturers;•our equity capital structure; and•events that are outside of our control, such as political unrest in international markets, terrorist attacks, malicious human acts, natural disasters,pandemics and other similar events.The broadband distribution and mobile service industries are changing rapidly and, therefore, the forward-looking statements of expectations, plans andintent in this Annual Report are subject to a significant degree of risk. These forward-looking statements and the above-described risks, uncertainties andother factors speak only as of the date of this Annual Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any updates orrevisions to any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events,conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement.I-5Narrative Description of BusinessWe are a leading international telecommunications company with a commitment to providing our customers the “best in class” communications andentertainment services. These services are delivered to our residential and business customers over our networks and include video, broadband internet,telephony and mobile services. We deliver mobile services over our own networks and through third-party networks as MVNOs. We design our services toenable our customers to access the digital world on their own terms and at their own pace. In most of our footprint, the core of our offer is “triple-play”, whichwe use to describe bundled services of digital video, internet and telephony in one subscription. We are enhancing this offer by expanding our services toinclude mobile services for a “quad-play” or fixed-mobile convergence service in most of our markets. Available service offerings depend on the bandwidthcapacity of a particular system and whether it has been upgraded for two-way communications. In certain markets, we also offer video services through fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks.Our continuing operations provide residential and business telecommunication services in the U.K. and Ireland through Virgin Media, Belgium throughTelenet, and Switzerland, Poland and Slovakia through our subsidiary UPC Holding B.V. (UPC Holding). In terms of video subscribers, we operate the largestcable network in each of these countries. We also have investments in the VodafoneZiggo JV, which operates the largest cable network in the Netherlands,and in various content businesses. In addition, we currently own and manage the operations of the Vodafone Disposal Group, consisting of television andbroadband services in Germany through Unitymedia GmbH (Unitymedia) and in Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic through UPC Holding, and theDTH operations under UPC DTH.A breakdown of our revenue by major category for our consolidated reportable segments appears in note 19 to our consolidated financial statementsincluded in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.In connecting our customers through our telecommunication services, we recognize that we are a global corporate citizen and that we play a role inaddressing the environmental impacts generated through our business. By seeking to address these issues, we strengthen our company and positivelyinfluence the communities in which we operate. This includes enhancing the energy efficiency of all our operations, with a focus on energy use, carbonemissions and management of electronic waste. We also recognize that coding skills are essential to our industry and other technology-based jobs of thefuture. As a result, we have partnered with the CoderDojo Foundation, a global community of free coding clubs for children age 7-17. Our support forCoderDojo is enabling the next generation of creators, improving their long-term career prospects. We are also working with European Schoolnet to raiseawareness of teachers on educational resources available for them to help address online issues teenagers are facing. Corporate responsibility is a key part ofour business.I-6Liberty Global StatisticsThe following tables present certain operating data as of December 31, 2018, with respect to the networks of our consolidated subsidiaries. The followingtables reflect 100% of the data applicable to each of our subsidiaries regardless of our ownership percentage. Percentages are rounded to the nearest wholenumber.Consolidated Operating Data - December 31, 2018 HomesPassed(1) Two-wayHomesPassed(2) CableCustomerRelationships(3) TotalRGUs(4) Video Basic VideoSubscribers(5) EnhancedVideoSubscribers(6) DTHSubscribers(7) TotalVideo InternetSubscribers(8) TelephonySubscribers(9) MobileSubscribers(10) Continuingoperations: UnitedKingdom14,417,300 14,410,300 5,509,400 13,667,800 — 3,872,000 — 3,872,000 5,224,600 4,571,200 3,039,500Belgium3,350,700 3,350,700 2,115,000 4,853,800 201,200 1,738,700 — 1,939,900 1,657,800 1,256,100 2,731,000Switzerland(11)2,338,200 2,338,200 1,115,800 2,302,900 437,200 645,800 — 1,083,000 700,300 519,600 146,300Ireland923,000 890,500 437,200 999,100 4,500 266,600 — 271,100 375,700 352,300 81,500Poland3,463,800 3,408,900 1,447,800 3,052,700 180,500 1,042,700 — 1,223,200 1,175,200 654,300 3,200Slovakia613,900 599,100 194,100 391,200 27,700 142,300 — 170,000 136,800 84,400 —Totalcontinuingoperations25,106,900 24,997,700 10,819,300 25,267,500 851,100 7,708,100 — 8,559,200 9,270,400 7,437,900 6,001,500 Discontinuedoperations: Germany13,136,200 13,060,200 7,175,900 13,279,300 4,675,500 1,607,500 — 6,283,000 3,615,500 3,380,800 283,300Romania3,153,800 3,118,000 965,900 2,086,300 222,000 698,600 — 920,600 592,400 573,300 —Hungary1,828,000 1,810,600 862,900 2,063,400 68,300 623,600 — 691,900 694,400 677,100 109,900CzechRepublic1,549,100 1,529,300 616,400 1,239,600 170,300 369,200 — 539,500 506,100 194,000 —DTH— — 780,800 803,200 — — 780,800 780,800 11,200 11,200 —Totaldiscontinuedoperations19,667,100 19,518,100 10,401,900 19,471,800 5,136,100 3,298,900 780,800 9,215,800 5,419,600 4,836,400 393,200I-7__________________(1)Homes Passed are homes, residential multiple dwelling units or commercial units that can be connected to our networks without materially extending the distributionplant, except for DTH homes. Certain of our Homes Passed counts are based on census data that can change based on either revisions to the data or from new censusresults. We do not count homes passed for DTH. Due to the fact that we do not own the partner networks (defined below) used in Switzerland (see note 10 below), wedo not report homes passed for Switzerland’s partner networks.(2)Two-way Homes Passed are Homes Passed by those sections of our networks that are technologically capable of providing two-way services, including video, internetand telephony services.(3)Cable Customer Relationships are the number of customers who receive at least one of our video, internet or telephony services that we count as Revenue GeneratingUnits (RGUs), without regard to which or to how many services they subscribe. Cable Customer Relationships generally are counted on a unique premises basis.Accordingly, if an individual receives our services in two premises (e.g., a primary home and a vacation home), that individual generally will count as two CableCustomer Relationships. We exclude mobile-only customers from Cable Customer Relationships.(4)RGU is separately a Basic Video Subscriber, Enhanced Video Subscriber, DTH Subscriber, Internet Subscriber or Telephony Subscriber (each as defined and describedbelow). A home, residential multiple dwelling unit, or commercial unit may contain one or more RGUs. For example, if a residential customer in our U.K. marketsubscribed to our enhanced video service, fixed-line telephony service and broadband internet service, the customer would constitute three RGUs. Total RGUs is the sumof Basic Video, Enhanced Video, DTH, Internet and Telephony Subscribers. RGUs generally are counted on a unique premises basis such that a given premises does notcount as more than one RGU for any given service. On the other hand, if an individual receives one of our services in two premises (e.g., a primary home and a vacationhome), that individual will count as two RGUs for that service. Each bundled cable, internet or telephony service is counted as a separate RGU regardless of the nature ofany bundling discount or promotion. Non-paying subscribers are counted as subscribers during their free promotional service period. Some of these subscribers maychoose to disconnect after their free service period. Services offered without charge on a long-term basis (e.g., VIP subscribers or free service to employees) generally arenot counted as RGUs. We do not include subscriptions to mobile services in our externally reported RGU counts. In this regard, our December 31, 2018 RGU countsexclude our separately reported postpaid and prepaid mobile subscribers.(5)Basic Video Subscriber is a home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives our video service over our broadband network either via an analogvideo signal or via a digital video signal without subscribing to any recurring monthly service that requires the use of encryption-enabling technology. Encryption-enabling technology includes smart cards, or other integrated or virtual technologies that we use to provide our enhanced service offerings. We count RGUs on a uniquepremises basis. In other words, a subscriber with multiple outlets in one premises is counted as one RGU and a subscriber with two homes and a subscription to ourvideo service at each home is counted as two RGUs. In Europe, we have approximately 194,600 “lifeline” customers that are counted on a per connection basis,representing the least expensive regulated tier of video cable service, with only a few channels.(6)Enhanced Video Subscriber is a home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives our video service over our broadband network or through apartner network via a digital video signal while subscribing to any recurring monthly service that requires the use of encryption-enabling technology. Enhanced VideoSubscribers are counted on a unique premises basis. For example, a subscriber with one or more set-top boxes that receives our video service in one premises is generallycounted as just one subscriber. An Enhanced Video Subscriber is not counted as a Basic Video Subscriber. As we migrate customers from basic to enhanced videoservices, we report a decrease in our Basic Video Subscribers equal to the increase in our Enhanced Video Subscribers. Subscribers to enhanced video services providedby our operations in Switzerland over partner networks receive basic video services from the partner networks as opposed to our operations.(7)DTH Subscriber is a home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives our video programming broadcast directly via a geosynchronous satellite.(8)Internet Subscriber is a home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives internet services over our networks, or that we service through a partnernetwork. In Switzerland, we offer a 2 Mbps internet service to our Basic and Enhanced Video Subscribers without an incremental recurring fee. Our Internet Subscribersin Switzerland include 76,300 subscribers who have requested and received this service.(9)Telephony Subscriber is a home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives voice services over our networks, or that we service through a partnernetwork. Telephony Subscribers exclude mobile telephony subscribers. In Switzerland, we offer a basic phone service to our Basic and Enhanced Video Subscriberswithout an incremental recurring fee. Our Telephony Subscribers in Switzerland include 149,500 subscribers who have requested and received this service.(10)Pursuant to service agreements, Switzerland offers enhanced video, broadband internet and telephony services over networks owned by third-party cable operators(“partner networks”). A partner network RGU is only recognized if there is a direct billing relationship with the customer. At December 31, 2018, Switzerland’spartner networks account for 126,200 Customer Relationships, 298,400 RGUs, 107,000 Enhanced Video Subscribers, 109,000 Internet Subscribers, and 82,400Telephony Subscribers.(11)Our Mobile Subscriber count represents the number of active subscriber identification module (SIM) cards in service rather than services provided. For example, if aMobile Subscriber has both a data and voice plan on a smartphone this would equate to one MobileI-8Subscriber. Alternatively, a subscriber who has a voice and data plan for a mobile handset and a data plan for a laptop (via a dongle) would be counted as two MobileSubscribers. Customers who do not pay a recurring monthly fee are excluded from our Mobile Subscriber counts after periods of inactivity ranging from 30 to 90 days,based on industry standards within the respective country. In a number of countries, our Mobile Subscribers receive mobile services pursuant to prepaid contracts. As ofDecember 31, 2018, our Mobile Subscriber count included 489,400 and 376,700 prepaid Mobile Subscribers in Belgium and the U.K., respectively.Additional General Notes to Table:Most of our broadband communications subsidiaries provide telephony, broadband internet, data, video or other business services. Certain of our business service revenueis derived from small or home office (SOHO) subscribers that pay a premium price to receive enhanced service levels along with video, internet or telephony services thatare the same or similar to the mass marketed products offered to our residential subscribers. All mass marketed products provided to SOHOs, whether or not accompaniedby enhanced service levels and/or premium prices, are included in the respective RGU and customer counts of our broadband communications operations, with only thoseservices provided at premium prices considered to be “SOHO RGUs” or “SOHO customers”. To the extent our existing customers upgrade from a residential productoffering to a SOHO product offering, the number of SOHO RGUs or SOHO customers will increase, but there is no impact to our total RGU or customer counts. Withthe exception of our business SOHO subscribers, we generally do not count customers of business services as customers or RGUs for external reporting purposes.In Germany, homes passed reflect the footprint and two-way homes passed reflect the technological capability of our network up to the street cabinet, with drops from thestreet cabinet to the building generally added, and in-home wiring generally upgraded, on an as needed or success-based basis. In Belgium, Telenet leases a portion of itsnetwork under a long-term capital lease arrangement. These tables include operating statistics for Telenet’s owned and leased networks.While we take appropriate steps to ensure that subscriber statistics are presented on a consistent and accurate basis at any given balance sheet date, the variability fromcountry to country in (1) the nature and pricing of products and services, (2) the distribution platform, (3) billing systems, (4) bad debt collection experience and (5) otherfactors add complexity to the subscriber counting process. We periodically review our subscriber counting policies and underlying systems to improve the accuracy andconsistency of the data reported on a prospective basis. Accordingly, we may from time to time make appropriate adjustments to our subscriber statistics based on thosereviews.Subscriber information for acquired entities is preliminary and subject to adjustment until we have completed our review of such information and determined that it ispresented in accordance with our policies.I-9Product Penetration Data (%) - December 31, 2018 Continuing Operations Discontinued Operations U.K. Belgium Switzerland Ireland Poland Slovakia Germany Hungary Romania CzechRepublic Product Penetration: Cable television penetration (1)27 58 46 29 35 28 48 38 29 35Enhanced video penetration (2)100 90 60 98 85 84 26 90 76 68Broadband internet penetration (3)36 49 30 42 34 23 28 38 19 33Fixed telephony penetration (3)32 37 22 40 19 14 26 37 18 13 Double-play penetration (4)19 21 16 35 33 23 14 14 12 53Triple-play penetration (4)64 54 45 47 39 39 35 62 52 24 Fixed-Mobile Convergence penetration (5)20 41 14 11 —(6) — 5 11 — —__________________(1)Percentage of total homes passed that subscribe to cable television services (Basic Video or Enhanced Video).(2)Percentage of cable television subscribers (Basic Video and Enhanced Video Subscribers) that are Enhanced Video Subscribers.(3)Percentage of two-way homes passed that subscribe to broadband internet or fixed-line telephony services, as applicable.(4)Percentage of total customers that subscribe to two services (double-play customers) or three services (triple-play customers) offered by our operations (video,broadband internet and fixed-line telephony).(5)Fixed-Mobile Convergence penetration represents the number of customers who subscribe to both our internet service and our postpaid mobile service, divided by thenumber of customers who subscribe to our internet service.(6)Fixed-Mobile Convergence penetration in Poland is less than 1%.I-10Video, Broadband Internet and Mobile Services - December 31, 2018 Continuing Operations Discontinued Operations U.K. Belgium Switzerland Ireland Poland Slovakia Germany Hungary Romania Czech Republic Video services (excluding DTH): Latest Next Generation VideoPlatformTiVo/V6 DigitalTV(5) Horizon/Eos Horizon Horizon HorizonLite(5) Horizon HorizonLite(5) HorizonLite(5) Horizon/HorizonLite(5)Number of Next Generation Videopercentage(1)96 90 32 70 53 64 12 35 17 51Availability of Replay TV— X X X X X — X X X Broadband internet service: Maximum download speed offered(Mbps)350 400(4) 500 360(4) 500(4)(6) 500 400(6) 500 500 500Bandwidth percentage(2): at least 860 MHz76 79 100 63 100 99 99 70 98 99750 MHz to 859 MHz19 — — 33 —(8) — — 26 —(8) —(8)less than 750 MHz5 21 — 4 —(8) 1 1 4 2 1Mobile services (in 000’s): Number of Mobile SIM cards(3)3,040 2,731 146 81 3(7) — 283 110 — —Prepaid377 489 — — — — — — — —Postpaid2,663 2,242 146 81 3 — 283 110 — —__________________(1)Percentage of total cable television subscribers that have next generation video.(2)Percentage of total homes passed served by a network with the indicated bandwidth.(3)Represents the number of active SIM cards in service. See note 10 to Consolidated Operating Data table above for how these are counted.(4)For business customers, speeds of up to: 500 Mbps in Belgium, 400 Mbps in Ireland and 600 Mbps in Poland, are available.(5)Refers to an upgraded set-top box system that provides several features of Horizon TV (defined below) in the home.(6)Speeds of up to 1 Gbps available in limited areas.(7)Limited to legacy subscribers.(8)Less than 1%.I-11Products and ServicesVideo ServicesOur video service is, and continues to be, one of the key foundations of our product offerings in our markets. Our cable operations offer multiple tiers ofdigital video programming and audio services starting with a basic video service. Subscribers to our basic video service pay a fixed monthly fee and receivedigital or analog video channels (including a limited number of high definition (HD) channels) and several digital and analog radio channels and anelectronic programming guide. In Poland where our basic digital service is unencrypted, the cost of our digital service is the same cost as the monthly fee ofour analog service. In the markets where we encrypt our basic digital service, our digital service is generally offered at an incremental cost equal to or slightlyhigher than the monthly fee for our basic analog service. We tailor our video services in each country of operation based on programming preferences,culture, demographics and local regulatory requirements.We also offer a variety of premium channel packages to meet the special interests of our subscribers. For an additional monthly charge, a subscriber mayupgrade to one of our extended digital tier services and receive an increased number of video and radio channels, including the channels in the basic tierservice and additional HD channels. Digital subscribers may also subscribe to one or more packages of premium channels for an additional monthly charge.Our channel offerings include general entertainment, sports, movies, documentaries, lifestyles, news, adult, children and ethnic and foreign channels.Subscribers to our digital services also receive the channels available through our analog service. We offer limited analog video services in all of ourbroadband markets, except in the U.K. and Switzerland. In all of our broadband operations, we continue to upgrade our systems to expand our digital servicesand encourage our analog subscribers to convert to a basic digital or premium digital service.Discounts to our monthly service fees are available to any subscriber who selects a bundle of two or more of our services (bundled services): video,internet, fixed-line telephony and, in most of our markets, mobile services. Bundled services consist of double-play for two services, triple-play for threeservices and, where available, quad-play for four services.To meet customer demands, we have enhanced our video services with various products that enable our customers to control when, where and how theywatch their programming. These products range from digital video recorders (DVRs) to multimedia home gateway systems such as "Horizon TV", as well asvarious mobile applications (apps). Horizon TV is a next generation multimedia home gateway (decoder box) based on a digital television platform that iscapable of distributing video, voice and data content throughout the home and to multiple devices. It has a sophisticated user interface that enablescustomers to view and share, across multiple devices, linear channels, video-on-demand (VoD) programming and personal media content and to pause, replayand record programming. The Horizon TV gateway can act as an internet router that allows access to digital video content available on the television viaother devices, such as laptops, smart phones and tablets.In 2018, we introduced our latest set top box, often referred to by its project name “Eos”, in Switzerland. The Eos set top box is capable of deliveringultra-high definition 4K and enhanced high dynamic range or HDR video content. It carries the next generation Horizon TV user interface that we call“Horizon 4”. Horizon 4 is a multiscreen platform that combines linear television, VoD and mobile viewing. In addition to the features of Horizon TV,Horizon 4 allows customers to pause a program, series or movie and seamlessly continue watching from where they left off on another device, whether atelevision, tablet, smart phone or laptop. Customers also have access to cloud storage for up to 2,000 hours of recording, as well as our Repay TV service(described below). Customers can control their Eos set-top box with voice commands using the accompanying remote control. Horizon 4 is marketed underthe name “UPC TV” in Switzerland, and it will be launched in other markets over the course of 2019, where it will be marketed under different brand names.For our Horizon TV and Horizon 4 subscribers, we offer various features and functionalities, including television apps for various online services (such asYouTube, Netflix, social platforms, sports experience, music, news and games). In almost all of our operations, we also offer an online mobile app for viewingon a second screen that is based on our “Horizon Go” platform. Horizon Go is available on mobile devices (iOS, Android and Windows) and via an internetportal and allows video customers to view linear channels, VoD and Replay TV, with a substantial part of this content available outside of the home. In anumber of markets, Horizon Go also has a “Download to Go” feature that allows the consumer to take content with them on their device. For Horizon TV andHorizon 4 customers, when in the home the second screen device can act as a remote control. Through Horizon Go, customers have the ability to remotelyschedule the recording of a television program on their Horizon TV or Horizon 4 box at home.We offer Horizon TV in Switzerland, Ireland and Poland. In most of our other European operations, we provide a Horizon TV-like experience through aremotely upgraded version of the software on the customer’s set-top box. After the upgrade, these boxes offer several features of the Horizon TV product. Werefer to this upgrade as “Horizon Lite”, although it is locally marketedI-12as Horizon TV, except in Belgium where it is marketed as “Digital TV”. Some of the Horizon TV features are not available on our Horizon Lite systems, suchas recommendation-based content and the ability to access video content on other devices in the home. We intend to continue to improve the Horizon TVuser experience with new functionality and software updates.In the U.K., we offer a multimedia home gateway based on the TiVo platform under a strategic partnership agreement with TiVo Inc. Through the TiVoplatform, we offer our U.K. customers a basic set-top box or the Virgin Media V6 box. Both boxes provide television and broadband internet capabilities.Similar to Horizon 4, the Virgin Media V6 box combines ultra high-definition 4K video, including high dynamic range, with improved streamingfunctionalities and more processing power. The Virgin Media V6 box allows customers to record six channels simultaneously while watching a seventh.Customers can also start watching programming on one television and pick up where they left off on other TiVo boxes in another room or through an app ontheir smart phones and tablets. Over 50% of our U.K. customers have the Virgin Media V6 box. In addition to the video service on their TiVo gateway device,our customers in the U.K. also have access to a comprehensive internet streaming video service called “Virgin TV Go”. This service, which is available via amobile app or an internet portal, allows our video customers to stream real-time TV channels and watch VoD content anywhere they have an internetconnection. Our enhanced video customers can also download certain on-demand programs to their compatible devices for off-line viewing via the Virgin TVGo app.In Belgium, Telenet is planning to deploy Horizon 4 in 2019, as well as an enhanced multiscreen service based on Horizon Go. Its current digital videoproduct “Digital TV” functions similar to our Horizon Lite service. Telenet also offers customers access to live TV streaming and various other contentsources such as VoD via its “Yelo Play” app, which is available via iOS, Android and Windows smart phones and tablets. Digital TV set-top boxes and YeloPlay offer a Horizon TV-like user interface that allow Telenet's enhanced video customers to remotely manage their DVR, view programs remotely (up toseven days after the original broadcast) and access VoD with a laptop, smart phone or tablet in or out of the home.One of our key video services is “Replay TV”. Replay TV records virtually all programs across numerous linear channels in the countries where thisservice is available. The recordings are available up to seven days after the original broadcast. This allows our customers to catch up on their favoritetelevision shows without having to set their DVR or browse separate menus on their set-top boxes. Instead, customers can open the electronic programingguide, scroll back and replay linear programming instantly. Replay TV also allows our customers to replay a television program from the start even while thelive broadcast is in progress. Replay TV is one of the most used and appreciated features on our platforms. It is accessible in all of our markets, except in theU.K., through our Horizon services, and in some of our markets also via Horizon Go.In most of our markets, we offer transactional VoD giving subscribers access to thousands of movies and television series. In several of our markets, oursubscription VoD service is included in our enhanced video services accessed through the Horizon TV platform. This service is tailored to the specific marketbased on available content, consumer preferences and competitive offers and includes various programming, such as music, kids, documentaries, adult, sportsand TV series. In Belgium, the service is marketed as “Play” and “Play More”. We continue to develop our VoD services to provide a growing collection ofprogramming from local and international suppliers, such as ABC/Disney, A+E Networks, NBC/Universal, CBS/Paramount, Discovery, the BBC, Warner andSony, among others. Customers who subscribe to an extended digital tier generally receive a VoD enabled set-top box without an additional monthly charge.Subscribers access our enhanced video service by renting a set-top box with a smart card from our operators, or without a set-top box if a subscriber isonly using our basic video service. Where Horizon TV is available, a subscriber to our enhanced video services has the option, for an incremental monthlycharge, to upgrade the standard digital set-top box to a Horizon TV box or Horizon 4 for our Switzerland customers (both of which have HD DVR capabilitiesand other additional features). No set-top box or smart card, however, is required to receive our basic digital services in our unencrypted footprint in Poland.In addition, expanded channel packages and premium channels and services are available for an incremental monthly fee in all of our markets.WiFi and Internet ServicesConnectivity is a building block for vibrant communities. Our fiber-rich broadband network is the backbone of our business and the basis of ourconnectivity strategy. To meet our customers’ expectations to be seamlessly connected, we are investing in the expansion of our broadband network, mobileand WiFi solutions and customer premises equipment.Internet speed is of crucial importance to our customers, as they spend more time streaming video and other bandwidth-heavy services on multipledevices. Our extensive broadband network enables us to deliver ultra high-speed internet service across our markets. Our residential subscribers access theinternet via cable modems connected to their internet capable devices, or wirelessly via a WiFi gateway device. We offer multiple tiers of broadband internetservice ranging from a basic service of 50 Mbps in Slovakia to an ultra high-speed internet service of 500 Mbps in Switzerland, Poland and Slovakia.I-13The speed of service depends on the location and the tier of service selected. In addition, by leveraging our existing fiber-rich broadband networks andour Network Extensions, we are in position to deliver gigabit services by deploying the next generation DOCSIS 3.1 technology. In 2018, we launched thistechnology in Warsaw, Poland. Customers in Warsaw may subscribe to our ultra high-speed internet service of 1 Gbps. We intend to expand this technologyin additional markets in 2019. By using DOCSIS 3.1, we can extend our download speeds to at least 1 Gbps where deployed. DOCSIS 3.1 technologyimproves not only our internet speed offers but also to allows for network growth. DOCSIS technology is an international standard that defines therequirements for data transmission over a cable system. Currently, our ultra high-speed internet service is based primarily on DOCSIS 3.0 technology.Our internet service generally includes email, address book and parental controls. We offer value-added broadband services in certain of our markets foran incremental charge. These services include security (e.g., anti-virus, anti-spyware, firewall and spam protection) and online storage solutions and webspaces. In many of our markets, we offer mobile broadband services with internet access as described below. Subscribers to our internet service pay a monthlyfee based on the tier of service selected. In addition to the monthly fee, customers pay an activation service fee upon subscribing to an internet service. Thisone-time fee may be waived for promotional reasons. We determine pricing for each different tier of internet service through an analysis of speed, marketconditions and other factors.Our "Connect Box" is a dedicated connectivity device that delivers superior in-home WiFi coverage. It is our next generation WiFi and telephonygateway that enables us to maximize the impact of our ultrafast broadband networks by providing reliable wireless connectivity anywhere in the home. It hasan automatic WiFi optimization function, which selects the best possible wireless frequency at any given time. This gateway can be self-installed and allowscustomers to customize their home WiFi service. Our Connect Box is available in all our markets and currently over 60% of our customers have a ConnectBox. In addition to our markets, we distribute Connect Box to other markets in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, connecting almost 12 millionhomes. Robust wireless connectivity is increasingly important with our customers spending more and more time using bandwidth-heavy services on multipledevices. In Belgium, Switzerland and the U.K., we also offer a connect app that allows our customers to find their best WiFi access. In addition, WiFi boostersare available in all our markets to optimize connectivity. We are also moving forward to bring to market our new Gigabit Connect Box based on DOCSIS 3.1technology that will provide even better in-home WiFi service to customers.In all of our markets, we have deployed community WiFi via routers in the home (the Community WiFi), which provides a secure access to the internetfor our customers. Community WiFi is enabled by a cable modem WiFi access point (WiFi modem) in the Connect Box, the set-top box or a Horizon box ofour internet customers. The Community WiFi is created through the sharing of access to the public channel of our customers’ home wireless routers. Thepublic channel is a separate network from the secure private network used by the customer within the home and is automatically enabled when the WiFimodem is installed. Public WiFi access points (covering train stations, hotels, bars, restaurants and other public places) are also available for no additionalcost.Mobile ServicesMobile services are another key building block for us to provide customers with seamless connectivity. We offer mobile services as an MVNO over third-party networks in the U.K., Switzerland, Ireland and Poland. Following the February 2016 acquisition of BASE, Telenet became a mobile network provider inBelgium. Where appropriate, we will add MVNO arrangements or acquire or partner with mobile service providers with their own networks in all ourbroadband communication markets.In Switzerland and Ireland, we provide our mobile telephony services as full MVNOs through partnerships with a third-party mobile network operator intheir respective footprints of our country operations. These operations lease the third-party’s radio access network and own the core network, includingswitching, backbone and interconnections. These arrangements permit us to offer our customers in these markets mobile services without having to build andoperate a cellular radio tower network. In 2017, our mobile operations in the U.K. moved from a light MVNO to a full MVNO arrangement due to a revisedagreement with the third-party network provider. The migration of our U.K. mobile customers to the full MVNO arrangement is expected to be completed in2019. In Poland, we provide mobile telephony as a light MVNO to certain legacy subscribers. In this case, we lease the core network as well as the radioaccess network from a mobile network operator. This arrangement permits our Poland customers to have access to the third-party mobile communicationsservices while we maintain the customer relationship. We plan to launch a new mobile service in Poland as a full MVNO in mid-2019.I-14Our MVNO partners are:CountryPartnerU.K.EESwitzerlandSwisscom (1)IrelandThree (Hutchison)PolandOrange/Play____________(1) Our Switzerland operations migrated to the Swisscom AG (Swisscom) network the beginning of 2019. Where mobile services are available, subscribers pay varying monthly fees depending on whether the mobile service is combined with our cable servicesor includes mobile data services via mobile phones, tablets or laptops. We offer our customers the option to purchase mobile handsets and, in most of ourmarkets, make such purchase pursuant to a contract independent of their mobile services contract. We refer to these arrangements as split contracts. InBelgium, for those subscribers on Telenet’s own network, it is offering more flexible bundles adjusted to customers’ needs so they can use the full capacity oftheir package, regardless of their appetite to use either more data, minutes or text messages. As a mobile network provider, Telenet also has agreements withother mobile providers to use its mobile network for their mobile offerings.Our mobile services typically include voice, short message service (or SMS) and internet access. Calls, both within and out of network, incur a charge orare covered under a postpaid monthly service plan. Our mobile services are primarily on a postpaid basis with customers subscribing to services for periodsranging from activation for a SIM-only contract to up to 24 months (or 36 months in the U.K.), with the latter often taken with a subsidized mobile handset. InBelgium and Switzerland, however, our postpaid service is offered without a minimum contract term. In the U.K. and Belgium, we also offer a prepaid service,where the customers pay in advance for a pre-determined amount of airtime or data and generally have no minimum contract term. In almost all of ourmarkets, subscribers to a double- or triple-play bundle receive a discount on their mobile service fee.Telephony ServicesMulti-feature telephony services are available through voice-over-internet-protocol (VoIP) technology in most of our broadband communicationmarkets. In the U.K., we also provide traditional circuit-switched telephony services. We pay interconnect fees to other telephony and internet providers whencalls by our subscribers terminate on another network and receive similar fees from providers when calls by their users terminate on our network throughinterconnection points.Our telephony service may be selected in several of our markets on a standalone basis and in all of our markets in combination with one or more of ourother services. Our telephony service includes a basic fixed-line telephony product for line rental and various calling plans, which may consist of any of thefollowing: unlimited network, national or international calling, unlimited off-peak calling and minute packages, including calls to fixed and mobile phones.We also offer value added services, such as a personal call manager, unified messaging and a second or third phone line at an incremental cost.Multiple Dwelling Units and Partner NetworksPursuant to an agreement executed on June 28, 2008 (the PICs Agreement) with four associations of municipalities in Belgium (the pureintercommunales or PICs), Telenet leases the PICs broadband communications network and, accordingly, makes its services available to all of the homespassed by the cable network owned by the PICs. Telenet has a direct customer relationship with the basic and enhanced video subscribers on the PICsnetwork. Pursuant to the PICs Agreement, Telenet has full rights to use substantially all of the PICs network under a long-term capital lease. Unless extended,the PICs Agreement will expire on September 23, 2046, and cannot be terminated earlier (except in the case of non-payment or bankruptcy of Telenet). Foradditional information on the PICs Agreement, see note 18 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.For over half of the basic video subscribers of UPC Switzerland, UPC Switzerland maintains billing relationships with landlords or housing associationsand provides basic video service to the tenants. The landlord or housing association administers the billing for the basic video service with their tenants andmanages service terminations for their rental units. When tenants select triple-play bundles with or without mobile service from UPC Switzerland, they thenmigrate to a direct billing relationship with us.UPC Switzerland offers enhanced video, broadband internet and telephony services directly to the video cable subscribers of those partner networks thatenter into service operating contracts with UPC Switzerland. UPC Switzerland has the direct customer billing relationship with these subscribers. Bypermitting UPC Switzerland to offer some or all of its enhanced video, broadbandI-15internet and telephony products directly to those partner network subscribers, UPC Switzerland’s service operating contracts have expanded the addressablemarkets for UPC Switzerland’s digital products. In exchange for the right to provide digital products directly to the partner network subscribers, UPCSwitzerland pays to the partner network a share of the revenue generated from those subscribers. UPC Switzerland also provides network maintenanceservices and engineering and construction services to its partner networks.Business ServicesIn addition to our residential services, we offer business services in all of our operations. For business and public sector organizations, we provide acomplete range of voice, advanced data, video, wireless and cloud-based services, as well as mobile and converged fixed-mobile services. Our businesscustomers include SOHO (generally up to five employees), small business and medium and large enterprises. We also provide business services on awholesale basis to other operators.Our business services are designed to meet the specific demands of our business customers with a wide range of services, including increased datatransmission speeds and virtual private networks. These services fall into five broad categories:•VoIP and circuit-switch telephony, hosted private branch exchange solutions and conferencing options;•data services for internet access, virtual private networks and high capacity point-to-point services;•wireless services for mobile voice and data, as well as managed WiFi networks;•video programming packages and select channel lineups for targeted industries; and•value added services, including webhosting, managed security systems and storage and cloud enabled software.Our intermediate to long-term strategy is to enhance our capabilities and offerings in the business sector so we become a preferred provider in thebusiness market. To execute this strategy, customer experience and strategic marketing play a key role.Our business services are provided to customers at contractually established prices based on the size of the business, type of services received and thevolume and duration of the service agreement. SOHO and small business customers pay business market prices on a monthly subscription basis to receiveenhanced service levels and business features that support their needs. For more advanced business services, these customers generally enter into a serviceagreement. For medium to large business customers, we enter into individual agreements that address their needs. These agreements are generally for a periodof at least one year.Investments—VodafoneZiggo JVWe own a 50% interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV, which is a leading Dutch company that provides fixed, mobile and integrated communication andentertainment services to consumers and businesses in the Netherlands. In connection with the formation of the VodafoneZiggo JV, we entered into ashareholders agreement with Vodafone providing for the governance of the VodafoneZiggo JV, including decision-making process, information access,dividend policy and non-compete provisions. It also provides for restrictions on transfer of interests in the VodafoneZiggo JV and exit arrangements. Underthe dividend policy, the VodafoneZiggo JV is required to distribute all unrestricted cash to Vodafone and us, subject to minimum cash requirements andfinancing arrangements. We also entered into a framework agreement with the VodafoneZiggo JV to provide access to each partner’s expertise in thetelecommunications business. For additional information on the above agreements, see note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II ofthis Annual Report on Form 10-K.The fiber-rich broadband network of the VodafoneZiggo JV passes 7.2 million homes. The VodafoneZiggo JV also offers nationwide mobile coverage.At December 31, 2018, the VodafoneZiggo JV had 9.7 million RGUs of which 3.9 million were video, 3.3 million were fixed broadband internet and 2.5million were fixed-line telephony. In addition, the VodafoneZiggo JV had 5.0 million mobile (including 0.8 million prepaid) customers. Besides itsresidential services, the VodafoneZiggo JV offers extensive business services throughout the Netherlands. The operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV aresubject to various regulations, which are described below under Regulatory Matters—The Netherlands.The VodafoneZiggo JV’s customers continue to have access to Horizon TV and its functionalities (marketed as “Ziggo TV”), including Replay TV, theZiggo Go app, pause live TV and VoD, 400 Mbps nationwide broadband internet and an extensive WiFi Community network. The VodafoneZiggo JV alsohas its own sports channel, Ziggo Sport, and offers exclusive programming, such as HBO. Approximately 1.2 million customers use the Connect Box for theirin-home WiFi service. They also have access to Vodafone’s nationwide long-term evolution wireless service, also called “4G” (referred to herein as LTE)services, under either a prepaid or postpaid service plan. The VodafoneZiggo JV provides its mobile services under various licenses. The license for its 3Gservices expires in 2020. The bandwidth under this license will be re-auctioned in late 2019. With its mobile services, the VodafoneZiggo JV is able to offerquad-play bundles and converged services to its residential and business customers.I-16For all its services, the VodafoneZiggo JV competes primarily with the provision of similar services from the incumbent telecommunications operatorKoninklijke KPN N.V. (KPN). KPN offers (1) internet protocol television (IPTV) over fiber optic lines where the fiber is to the home, cabinet, or building orto the node networks (fiber-to-the-home/-cabinet/-building/-node is referred to herein as FTTx) and through broadband internet connections using digitalsubscriber lines (DSL) or very high-speed DSL technology (VDSL) or an enhancement to VDSL called “vectoring”, (2) digital terrestrial television (DTT),and (3) LTE services. Where KPN has enhanced its VDSL system, it offers broadband internet with download speeds of up to 200 Mbps and on its FTTxnetworks, it offers download speeds of up to 500 Mbps. Its ability to offer a bundled triple-play of video, broadband internet and telephony services andfixed-mobile convergence services creates significant competitive pressure on the VodafoneZiggo JV’s operations, including the pricing and bundling of itsvideo products. KPN’s video services include many of the interactive features that the VodafoneZiggo JV offers its subscribers, including pausing live TV,replay and third party apps. Portions of the VodafoneZiggo JV’s network have been overbuilt by KPN’s and other providers’ FTTx networks and expansion ofthese networks is expected to continue. Another significant competitor is the Netherlands operations of Deutsche Telekom.Discontinued OperationsWe currently own and manage the Vodafone Disposal Group operations (Germany, Hungary, Romania and the Czech Republic). On May 9, 2018, weentered into an agreement with Vodafone pursuant to which Vodafone would acquire the Vodafone Disposal Group, subject to various conditions. We expectthe disposition of the Vodafone Disposal Group to be completed in mid-2019 and, accordingly, we have reported it as discontinued operations for financialreporting purposes. Below is a description of the Vodafone Disposal Group business in 2018.The Vodafone Disposal Group consists of, in terms of video subscribers, the largest cable network in each of the Czech Republic and Hungary and thesecond largest cable network in each of Germany and Romania. In each of these operations, the core offer is triple-play services. Customers who subscribe totriple play services or double-play services receive a discount to their monthly service fees. The broadband network of the Vodafone Disposal Group passes19.7 million homes. The operations in Germany and Hungary also offer mobile services. In addition to the residential services, each of the operations in theVodafone Disposal Group offers business services in their respective countries.The Vodafone Disposal Group cable operations offer multiple tiers of digital video programming and audio services starting with a basic video service.In each market, the basic digital service is unencrypted. Extended digital tiers are available for an additional monthly charge and include additional videoand radio channels, including those in the basic tier services, and additional HD channels. Vodafone Disposal Group customers have access to Horizon TV orHorizons Lite, depending on location, Horizon Go and, except in Germany, Replay TV. The operations have an extensive WiFi Community network, and themaximum broadband speeds available are 400 Mbps in Germany and 500Mbps in the other countries. In addition, up to 1 Gbps is available in select cities ofGermany. Through MVNO arrangements, customers in Germany and Hungary have access to LTE services and postpaid service plans. With these mobileservices, the German and Hungarian operations are able to offer quad-play bundles and converged services to residential and business customers.Approximately two-thirds of Unitymedia’s video customers are in multiple dwelling units where Unitymedia has the billing relationship with thelandlord or housing association or with a third-party (Professional Operator) that operates and administers the in-building network on behalf of housingassociations. Many of these agreements, such as the one with Tele Columbus Multimedia GmbH, allow Unitymedia to market its digital video, broadbandinternet and fixed-line telephony services directly to the Professional Operator’s subscriber base. Professional Operators may procure the basic video signalsfrom Unitymedia at volume-based discounts and will generally resell them to housing associations with whom the operator maintains the customerrelationship.Unitymedia has entered into various long-term agreements with the incumbent telecommunications operator, Deutsche Telekom for the lease of cableduct space and hubs, as well as use of fiber optic transmission systems, towers and facility space. In addition, Unitymedia purchases a portion of theelectricity required for the operation of its networks through Deutsche Telekom under such agreements. Unitymedia’s ability to offer its broadbandcommunications services to customers is dependent on the agreements with Deutsche Telekom. These agreements are long-term and may only be terminatedunder certain limited exceptions. Any termination, however, would have a material adverse effect on the operations of Unitymedia. For information on a legalaction that Unitymedia commenced against Deutsche Telekom’s affiliate in December 2012 regarding these agreements, see note 18 to our consolidatedfinancial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.I-17Additional Business InformationTechnologyIn most of our markets, our video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony services are transmitted over a hybrid fiber coaxial cable network. Thisnetwork is composed primarily of national and regional fiber networks, which are connected to the home over the last few hundred meters by coaxial cable.Over 99% of our network allows for two-way communications and is flexible enough to support our current services as well as new services.We closely monitor our network capacity and customer usage. Where necessary, we increase our capacity incrementally, for instance by splitting nodesin our cable network. We also continue to explore improvements to our services and new technologies that will enhance our customer’s connectedentertainment experience. These actions include:•recapturing bandwidth and optimizing our networks by:◦increasing the number of nodes in our markets;◦increasing the bandwidth of our hybrid fiber coaxial cable network to 1 GHz;◦converting analog channels to digital;◦bonding additional DOCSIS 3.0 channels;◦replacing copper lines with modern optic fibers; and◦using digital compression technologies.•freeing spectrum for high-speed internet, VoD and other services by encouraging customers to move from analog to digital services;•increasing the efficiency of our networks by moving headend functions (encoding, transcoding and multiplexing) to cloud storage systems;•enhancing our network to accommodate business services;•using wireless technologies to extend our services outside of the home;•offering remote access to our video services through laptops, smart phones and tablets;•expanding the availability of Horizon TV and Virgin TV Go, as well as Horizon 4, and related products and developing and introducing onlinemedia sharing and streaming or cloud-based video; and•testing new technologies.As stated under General Development of Business—Expansion and Acquisitions above, we are expanding our hybrid fiber coaxial cable network throughour Network Extensions. In addition, we are seeking mobile service opportunities where we have established cable networks and expanding our fixed-linenetworks where we have a strong mobile offering. This will allow us to offer converged fixed-line and mobile services to our customers.We deliver high-speed data and fixed-line telephony over our broadband network in our markets. The cable networks of our operations in Europe areconnected to our “Aorta” backbone. The Aorta backbone is recognized as a Tier 1 Carrier, which permits us to serve our customers through settlement freecollaboration with other carriers without the cost of using a third-party network.In support of our connectivity strategy, we are moving our customers into a gigabit society. Almost all of our broadband networks are already capable ofsupporting the next generation of ultra high-speed internet service at gigabit speeds. To provide these speeds to our subscribers, we are launching our nextgeneration gateways that will enable DOCSIS 3.1 technology throughout our footprint. The use of DOCSIS 3.1 technology will provide us significantlyhigher efficiencies on our networks and allow us to offer faster speeds, in-home WiFi and better services. The new gateways and the continued upgrades toour network in the coming years will allow us to maximize high-speed connectivity over our broadband networks and deliver gigabit services in a cost-effective manner. It will also allow us to meet the expectations of our customers for high-speed internet access both in cities and rural areas of our footprint. I-18Supply SourcesContent. With telecommunication companies increasingly offering similar services, content is one of the deciding factors for customers in selecting avideo services provider. Therefore, in addition to providing services that allow our customers to view programming when and where they want, we areinvesting in content that customers want. Our content strategy is based on:•proposition (exceeding our customers' entertainment desires and expectations);•product (delivering the best content available);•procurement (investment in the best brands, shows and sports); and•partnering (strategic alignment, acquisitions and growth opportunities).We license almost all of our programming and on-demand offerings from content providers and third-party rights holders, including broadcasters andcable programming networks. Under our distribution agreements, we generally pay a monthly fee on a per channel or per subscriber basis, with occasionalminimum pay guarantees. For on-demand programming, we generally pay a revenue share for transactional VoD and a flat fee for subscription VoD. Wegenerally enter into long-term programming licenses with volume discounts and marketing support. For a majority of our agreements, we seek to include therights to offer the licensed programming to our customers through multiple delivery platforms and through our apps for smart phones and tablets.In seeking licenses for content, our primary focus is on partnering with leading international providers, such as Disney, Time Warner (including HBO),Fox, the BBC and Discovery. We also seek to carry in each of our markets key public and private broadcasters and in some markets we acquire local premiumprograming through select relationships with companies such as Sky plc (Sky) (U.K. and Ireland) and BT Group plc (BT). For our VoD services, we license avariety of programming, including box sets of television series, movies, music, kids and documentaries. In addition, we currently have an arrangement withNetflix Inc. (Netflix) to provide access to Netflix for our customers with premium over-the-top (OTT) services. Through this arrangement, the Netflix contentis available via set-top boxes to our video customers across many of our markets. The Netflix app is available to our customers in the U.K., Ireland andSwitzerland. It is also available to the VodafoneZiggo JV’s customers.Exclusive content is another element of our content strategy. To support this approach, we are investing in content assets. We have invested in variouscontent companies, including ITV plc, All3Media Ltd., LionsGate Entertainment, STX, Virgin Media TV (formerly TV3 Group) and De Vijver Media. We arealso investing in sports, both as a broadcaster and as a rights owner. We have our own exclusive sports channels, Play Sports in Belgium, and MySports inSwitzerland, which UPC Switzerland licenses to other non-competing cable operations in Switzerland. Also, the VodafoneZiggo JV owns Ziggo Sport. Thebasic Ziggo Sport service is available exclusively to the VodafoneZiggo JV’s customers; however, the premium service is widely available through licensearrangements.In addition, we are commissioning our own exclusive drama series content. Through All3Media Ltd., which we own jointly with DiscoveryCommunications Inc., we are co-producing television series for several of our markets. The first of these series, The Feed, is expected to be released in 2019.In addition, we have produced the Swiss sitcom Fassler-Kunz, the Swiss series Im Heimatland and the original Belgium series Chaussée d'Amour with localproduction companies. With LionsGate Entertainment, we are a partner in the production of a new spy thriller series The Rook. For each of these programs, thecontent will be available on demand to our customers. Customer Premises Equipment. We purchase each type of customer premises equipment from a number of different suppliers with at least two or moresuppliers providing our high-volume products. Customer premises equipment includes set-top boxes, modems, WiFi routers, DVRs, tuners and similardevices. For each type of equipment, we retain specialists to provide customer support. For our broadband services, we use a variety of suppliers for ournetwork equipment and the various services we offer. Similarly, we use a variety of suppliers for mobile handsets to offer our customers mobile services.Software Licenses. We license software products, including email and security software, and content, such as news feeds, from several suppliers for ourinternet services. The agreements for these products require us to pay a fee for software licenses and a share of advertising revenue for content licenses. Forour TiVo service in the U.K., we have a partnership arrangement where TiVo is the provider of the user interface software for our next generation set-topboxes, which provides converged television and broadband internet capabilities. In 2017, we entered into a multi-year extension of our agreements withTivo. For our mobile network operations and our fixed-line telephony services, we license software products, such as voicemail, text messaging and caller ID,from a variety of suppliers. For these licenses we seek to enter into long-term contracts, which generally require us to pay based on usage of the services.I-19For our mobile services provided through MVNO arrangements, we are dependent on third-party wireless network providers. Each of our MVNOoperations has an agreement with such a provider to carry the mobile communications traffic of our customers. We seek to enter into medium to long-termarrangements for these services. Any termination of these arrangements could significantly impact our mobile services.CompetitionAll of our businesses operate in highly competitive and rapidly evolving markets. Technological advances and product innovations have increased andare likely to continue to increase, giving customers several options for the provision of their telecommunications services. Our customers want access to highquality telecommunication services that allow for seamless connectivity. Accordingly, our ability to offer converged services (video, internet, fixedtelephony and mobile) is a key component of our strategy. In many of our markets, we compete with companies that provide fixed-mobile convergencebundles, as well as companies that are established in one or more communication products and services. Consequently, our businesses face significantcompetition. In all markets, we seek to differentiate our telecommunication services by focusing on customer service, competitive pricing and offeringquality high-speed internet. In this section, we begin with an overview on the competitive nature of the video, broadband internet, and mobile and fixed-linetelephony services in our markets, and then provide information on key competitors in our more material markets.We believe that our deep-fiber access provides us with several competitive advantages. For instance, our cable networks allow us to concurrently deliverinternet access, together with real-time television and VoD content, without impairing our high-speed internet service. In addition, our cable infrastructureallows us to provide triple-play bundled services of broadband internet, television and fixed-line telephony services without relying on a third-party serviceprovider or network. Where mobile is available, our mobile networks, together with our fixed fiber-rich networks, allow us to provide a comprehensive set ofconverged mobile and fixed-line services. Our capacity is designed to support peak consumer demand. In serving the business market, many aspects of thenetwork can be leveraged at very low incremental costs given that business demand peaks at a time when consumer demand is low, and peaks at lower levelsthan consumer demand.Overall, we are experiencing increased convergence as customers look to receive all their media and communication services from one provider. In ourlargest video markets, our key competitors for the provision of converged services are: BT (U.K.), Proximus NV/SA (Proximus) (Belgium) and Swisscom(Switzerland). Also, as described above under Products and Services—Investments—VodafoneZiggo JV, the key competitor for the VodafoneZiggo JV isKPN. Each of these competitors have extensive resources allowing them to offer competitively priced bundled services. As a result, our ability to offer triple-play or quad-play bundles and fixed-mobile convergence bundles is one of our key strategies to attract and retain customers. We seek to distinguishourselves through our multimedia gateway services, interactive services (such as Replay TV and VoD), proprietary sports offerings, expanded content offers(for both in and out of the home) and our download speeds.Portions of our European systems have been overbuilt by FTTx networks and other cable operations. These systems are a significant competitive factor,primarily for our Poland and Slovakia operations. Based on research of various telecommunication publications, including the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development (OECD) and internal estimates, parts of our operations in Poland and Slovakia are overbuilt by FTTx networks. Other fiberand cable operators are estimated to have overbuilt approximately 80% of our footprint in Slovakia and 70% of our footprint in Poland. Although we haveextensive FTTx overbuild in Switzerland, connectivity to the FTTx network is not available at all locations. In addition, government and quasi-governmententities in certain of the countries in which we operate in Europe continue to invest in FTTx networks, creating another source of competition.In order to achieve download speeds of up to 100 Mbps or greater for customers, incumbent telecommunications operators are adopting VDSL withvectoring and bonding technologies as a more cost efficient solution compared to FTTx initiatives. For example, Swisscom has implemented vectoring inSwitzerland. Vectoring is a transmission method that coordinates line signals to reduce crosstalk levels and improve performance. Bonding is a method oftaking channels on either DSL or cable plant and bonding those channels together for a higher bandwidth throughput.Video DistributionOur video services compete primarily with traditional free-to-air (FTA) broadcast television services, DTH satellite service providers and other fixed-linetelecommunications carriers and broadband providers, including incumbent telephony operations offering (1) DTH satellite services, (2) IPTV overbroadband internet connections using asymmetric DSL or VDSL or an enhancement to VDSL called "vectoring", (3) IPTV over FTTx networks or (4) LTEServices. Many of these competitors have a national footprint and offer features, pricing and video services individually and in bundles comparable to whatwe offer. In certain markets, we also compete with other cable providers who have overbuilt portions of our systems. Mobile broadband has gained anoticeable share of video subscribers, which is another competitive factor.I-20OTT video content aggregators utilizing our or our competitors' high-speed internet connections are also a significant competitive factor, as are othervideo service providers that overlap our service areas. The OTT video aggregators (such as HBO Now, Amazon Prime and Netflix) offer VoD service fortelevision series and movies, catch-up television and programming from broadcasters. Generally, the content libraries of such services are offered for amonthly fee. Typically these services are available on multiple devices in and out of the home. In some cases, OTT services are provided free-of-charge. Toenhance our competitive position, we provide our subscribers with TV everywhere products and premium OTT video services through our online mobileapps, VoD and Replay TV services or our arrangement with Netflix. Our businesses also compete to varying degrees with other sources of information andentertainment, such as online entertainment, newspapers, magazines, books, live entertainment/concerts and sporting events.Our ability to continue to attract and retain customers depends on our continued ability to acquire appealing content and services on acceptable termsand to have such content available on multiple devices and outside the home. Some competitors have obtained long-term exclusive contracts for certainprogramming, which limits the opportunities for other providers to offer such programs. Other competitors also have obtained long-term exclusive contractsfor programs, but our operations have limited access to certain of such programming through select contracts with these companies, including Sky and BT inthe U.K. and Ireland. If exclusive content offerings increase through other providers, programming options could be a deciding factor for subscribers onselecting a video service.Similar to our technological advances to enhance our video services, our competitors are also improving their video platforms with next generation set-top boxes, TV everywhere products and other interactive services. Similarly, VDSL, which is either provided directly by the owner of the network or by athird-party, is a significant part of the competitive environment in many of our markets, as are FTTx networks. In all of our markets, competitive videoservices are offered by the incumbent telecommunications operator, whose video strategies include IPTV over DSL, VDSL and FTTx networks and, in somecases, DTH and DTT. The ability of incumbent operators to offer the triple-play of video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony services and, in mostcountries, a quad-play with mobile services, is exerting competitive pressure on our operations, including the pricing and bundling of our video products. Inorder to gain video market share, the incumbent operators and alternative service providers in a number of our larger markets are pricing their DTT, IPTV orDTH video packages at a discount to the retail price of the comparable digital cable service.In our Poland and Slovakia broadband markets, we face intense competition from DTH services. These DTH companies offer aggressively-pricedpackages of video content and in some cases offer triple-play packages. FTA broadcasters are also significant competitors in these markets. Our cableoperations stay competitive by offering enhanced digital services, such as HD channel offerings, Horizon Go and expanded VoD services. These operationshave also increased broadband internet speeds in their triple-play bundles to up to 500 Mbps. Promotional discounts are available, particularly on bundledoptions.We compete on value by offering advanced digital services, such as DVR functionality, HD, VoD, catch-up television, Replay TV, online mobile appsand multiscreen services and multimedia gateways. We also compete by offering advanced digital features and attractive content packages, as well asbundled services, at reasonable prices. In each of the countries in which we operate, we also tailor our packages to include attractive channel offerings andoffer recurring discounts for bundled services and loyalty contracts. In addition, from time to time, we modify our digital channel offerings to improve thequality of our programming. Where mobile voice and data are available, we focus on our converged service offerings at attractive prices. In our otheroperations, we use the triple-play bundle as a means of driving video, as well as other products where convenience and price can be leveraged across theportfolio of services. We also continue to enhance our Horizon TV product to meet our customers’ desire to view programming anytime and anywhere, suchas new applications and expanding its availability in our markets.•Virgin Media. Virgin Media’s digital television services compete primarily with FTA television and with Sky, the primary pay satellite televisionprovider. Sky offers competitively priced triple-play and quad-play services in the U.K. and Ireland. Other significant competitors are BT andTalkTalk Telecom Group plc (TalkTalk) in the U.K. and Eircom Limited in Ireland, each of which offer triple-play services, as well as IPTV videoservices. Each of these competitors have multimedia home gateways.Sky owns the U.K. rights to various entertainment, sports and movie programming content and channels. Sky is both a principal competitor in thepay-television market and an important supplier of content to us. Various Sky channels, including Sky Sports, are available over Sky’s satellitesystem and our cable networks, as well as via Sky’s apps and online players and other television platforms, and some of the channels are available onBT and TalkTalk platforms. Virgin Media distributes several basic and premium video channels supplied by Sky. BT is also both a principalcompetitor and an important supplier of content to us. BT owns premium BT Sport channels, providing a range of sports content, including football(soccer) from the English Premier League and exclusive rights to the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. The BT Sportchannels are available on our cable network as well as our competitors’ networks.I-21In this competitive market, Virgin Media is expanding its broadband network and promotes its 4K enabled Virgin Media V6 set-top box in the U.K.In Ireland it offers Horizon TV and its functionalities (marketed as “Virgin TV”). The on-line streaming service Virgin TV Go is available throughoutthe Virgin Media footprint. Virgin Media customers also have access to third-party apps (e.g. Netflix, YouTube and Starz). In addition, VirginMedia’s ability to include mobile for its U.K. and Ireland customers for a low incremental fee creating a fixed-mobile convergence bundle is a keymarket offer.•Telenet. Telenet’s principal competitor is Proximus, the incumbent telecommunications operator, which has interactive digital television, replaytelevision, VoD and HD service as part of its video offer, as well as a remote access service. Proximus offers customers a wide range of bothindividual and bundled services at competitive prices. Also, Telenet and other Belgian cable operators must give alternative providers access totheir cable networks. Orange Belgium N.V. (Orange Belgium) gained such access in 2016 and currently offers its mobile subscribers a dual playbundle, including enhanced video and broadband internet services. Telenet may face increased competition from other providers of video serviceswho take advantage of the wholesale access and may be able to offer triple- and quad-play services. For more information on wholesale access, seeRegulatory Matters—Belgium.In order to compete effectively against alternative providers, Telenet leverages its extensive cable network, the broad acceptance of its basic cabletelevision services and Yelo Play and its additional features, such as HD and DVR functionality, VoD offerings, its Play Sports channel and originalprogramming (e.g. Chaussée d'Amour and De Dag). Telenet is able to offer international, national, regional and local content, including Dutch-language broadcasts, to its subscribers. It is also using mobile services to drive its other products through its converged offerings. In addition,Telenet continues to enhance its Yelo Play app and programming, including extending its rights to the English Premier League through 2019 andthe addition of other sports rights.•UPC Switzerland. Our main competitor in Switzerland is Swisscom, the incumbent telecommunications operator, which provides IPTV services overDSL, VDSL and FTTx networks. Swisscom offers VoD services, DVR and replay functionality and HD channels, as well as the functionality to allowremote access to its video services, and has exclusive rights to distribute certain sports programming. Sunrise is also a significant competitor with itsfixed-mobile converged bundles. In this saturated market, price competition is a significant factor. To compete effectively in Switzerland, UPCSwitzerland is promoting Horizon 4 (marketed as “UPC TV”), as well as Horizon TV, and related family of products together with Replay TV andVoD, giving subscribers the ability to personalize their programming and viewing preferences. UPC Switzerland also has its own exclusive sportschannel, My Sports, and aggregates third-party apps (e.g. Netflix and YouTube). It also uses its high-speed internet of up to 50, 200 or 500 Mbps topromote its extended digital tier bundles and offer mobile services.InternetWith respect to broadband internet services and online content, our businesses face competition in a rapidly evolving marketplace from incumbent andnon-incumbent telecommunications companies, mobile operators and cable-based ISPs, many of which have substantial resources. The internet servicesoffered by these competitors include both fixed-line broadband internet services using cable, DSL or FTTx networks and wireless broadband internetservices. These competitors have a range of product offerings with varying speeds and pricing, as well as interactive services, data and other non-videoservices offered to homes and businesses. With the demand for mobile internet services increasing, competition from wireless services using various advancedtechnologies is a competitive factor. In several of our markets, competitors offer high-speed mobile data via LTE wireless networks. In addition, other wirelesstechnologies, such as WiFi, are available in almost all of our markets. In this intense competitive environment, speed and pricing are key drivers forcustomers.Our strategy is speed leadership. Our focus is on increasing the maximum speed of our connections as well as offering varying tiers of service, prices anda variety of bundled product offerings and a range of value added services. We update our bundles and packages on an ongoing basis to meet the needs of ourcustomers. Our top download internet speeds range from up to 350 Mbps in the U.K. to speeds of up to 500 Mbps available in Switzerland, Slovakia andPoland. In addition, we offer speeds of up to 1 Gbps in parts of Poland. We use our ultra high-speed internet services with access to Community WiFi andcompetitively priced bundles to encourage customers from other providers to switch to our services. The focus is on high-end internet products to safeguardour high-end customer base and allow us to become more aggressive at the low- and medium-end of the internet market. By fully utilizing the technicalcapabilities of DOCSIS 3.0 technology on our cable systems, we can compete with local FTTx initiatives and create a competitive advantage compared toDSL infrastructures and LTE initiatives on a national level. With the commercial deployment of our next generation gateways that will enable DOCSIS 3.1on our cable networks, we plan to further improve our high-speed internet offers.Across Europe, our key competition in this product market is from the offering of broadband internet products using various DSL-based technologies bythe incumbent phone companies and third parties. The introduction of cheaper and ever faster fixed-I-22line broadband offerings is further increasing the competitive pressure in this market. Wireless broadband services, such as LTE, are also significantcompetitors using high-speed mobile networks. We are expanding our ultra high-speed services and increasing our download speeds. In most of our markets,we offer our internet service on a standalone basis or through bundled offerings that include video, fixed-line telephony and mobile services. Mobile data isalso increasingly important and we are addressing this through our wide range of mobile products, including expanding our LTE service area and offeringSIM-only mobile products, as well as expanding our Community WiFi network.•Virgin Media. In the U.K., we have a number of significant competitors in the market for broadband internet services, including fixed-line incumbenttelecommunications providers. Of these broadband internet providers, BT is the largest, which provides broadband internet access services to bothits own retail customers and third-party retail providers over its own DSL network. BT has announced its intention to rollout ultrafast speeds of up toat least 300 Mbps by the end of 2020 to up to 5.7 million premises using G.fast technology, a DSL standard applied over copper local loops. BT hasalso set out its intention to rollout a FTTx service supporting 1 Gbps to three million homes and businesses by 2020 with a target to cover 10million homes by 2025. As a result of these objectives, BT has launched a range of ultrafast packages offering speeds of up to 150 Mbps and 300Mbps, respectively, using a combination of G.fast and FTTx technology, which are currently available to two million U.K. homes.Operators such as Sky and TalkTalk deploy their own network access equipment in BT exchanges via a process known as local loop unbundling(LLU). This allows an operator to reduce the recurring operating costs charged by BT by reducing the proportion of traffic that must travel directlyover BT’s network. LLU deployment requires a substantial capital investment to implement and requires a large customer base to deliver a return oninvestment. In addition to the competition and pricing pressure in the broadband market arising from LLU, competition from mobile broadbanddevelopments, such as LTE mobile services and WiFi services, is significant. Mobile providers continue to gain market share from fixed-lineproviders. These providers offer a range of mobile services.•Telenet. In the Flanders region of Belgium, Telenet is the leading provider of residential broadband internet services. Telenet’s primary competitor isthe DSL service provider Proximus. Proximus is a well-established competitor offering quad-play bundles. Proximus’ DSL and VDSL servicesprovide download speeds up to 100 Mbps. Mobile broadband penetration continues to increase, reaching nearly 80% of the total population byyear-end 2017 based on the BIPT 2017 Annual Report. Similar to its video services, Telenet faces competition in the provision of internetservices from other providers who have wholesale access to Telenet’s cable network. Through such access, Orange Belgium currently offers itsmobile subscribers a dual-play bundle including enhanced video and broadband internet services. In this competitive market, Telenet is usingits fixed-mobile converged offers to promote its internet and other services.•UPC Switzerland. In Switzerland, Swisscom is the largest provider of broadband internet services, and is UPC Switzerland’s primary competitor.Swisscom internet customers have access to its basic video content free of charge through its internet portal. It is also expanding its FTTx networkand rolling out G.fast technology. Swisscom offers download speeds ranging from 40 Mbps to up to 1 Gbps. Swisscom’s internet speeds include 40Mbps to 100 Mbps on its VDSL network and up to 1 Gbps in areas served by its FTTx network. Swisscom continues to expand its FTTx network toSwitzerland households in our footprint, as well as in our partner network footprints. It has built its FTTx network in several cities in cooperationwith municipality-owned utility companies and, where no cooperation agreement has been reached, Swisscom is building its own FTTx network.With respect to subscribers on the partner networks, UPC Switzerland competes with other service providers for the contracts to serve thesesubscribers. In this competitive market, UPC Switzerland increased it introductory speed to 50 Mbps and is promoting its broadband servicesthrough its bundled offers.Mobile and Telephony ServicesConsumers are increasingly moving to mobile services. In Belgium, as a mobile network operator, we are one of the larger mobile providers based onnumber of SIM cards. We also have a growing mobile business in Switzerland and in the U.K. through MVNO arrangements. In our other European markets,however, we currently have minimal mobile presence. In the markets where we are a large mobile provider, we continue to seek additional bandwidth todeliver our wide range of services to our customers and increase our LTE services. Where we are a small mobile provider, we face significant competition fromother mobile telephony providers, many of whom offer LTE services and are making significant advances in obtaining customers. In all of our marketscompetition is intense. We offer various calling plans, such as unlimited network, national or international calling, unlimited off-peak calling and minutepackages, including calls to fixed and mobile phones. In addition, we use our bundled offers with our video and ultra high-speed internet services to gainmobile subscribers. Our ability to offer fixed-mobile convergence services is a key driver. In several of our markets we provide converged services, includingmobile, fixed-line, broadband and video. We are also exploring opportunities to offer mobile services in our other markets and mobility applications to ourother services.I-23The market for fixed-line telephony services is mature in almost all of our markets. Changes in market share are driven by the combination of price andquality of services provided and the inclusion of telephony services in bundled offerings. Our fixed-line telephony services compete against the incumbenttelecommunications operator in the applicable market. In these markets, the operators have substantially more experience in providing fixed-line telephonyand mobile services, greater resources to devote to the provision of fixed-line telephony services and long-standing customer relationships. In all of ourmarkets, we also compete with other VoIP operators offering service across broadband lines. OTT telephony is also a competitive factor. In addition, ourbusinesses face competition from other cable telephony providers, FTTx-based providers or other indirect access providers.Competition in both the residential and business fixed-line telephony markets is extremely competitive due to market trends, the offering of carrier pre-select services, number portability, the replacement of fixed-line with mobile telephony and the growth of VoIP services, as well as continued deregulation oftelephony markets and general price competition. Carrier pre-select services allow the end user to choose the voice services of operators other than theincumbent while using the incumbent’s network. Our fixed-line telephony strategy is focused around value leadership, and we position our services as“anytime” or “any destination”. Our portfolio of calling plans include a variety of innovative calling options designed to meet the needs of our subscribers.In many of our markets, we provide product innovation, such as telephone apps that allow customers to make and receive calls from their fixed-line callpackages on smart phones. In addition, we offer varying plans to meet customer needs and, similar to our mobile services, we use our telephony bundleoptions with our digital video and internet services to help promote our telephony services and flat rate offers are standard.The incumbent telecommunication companies remain our key competitors but mobile operators and other VoIP operators, including ISPs, offeringservice across broadband lines are also significant competitors in these markets. Due to the maturity of the telephony market, competition is particularlyintense in all of our markets with price often the deciding factor. To maintain or increase market share, we and our competitors focus on bundling telephonyservices with quality broadband offerings and other services. In each of our markets, we face competition with a dominant fixed-line telephony provider, mostof which also have competitive mobile offers based on LTE services. In our largest markets, the key dominant telephony providers are BT (UK), Proximus(Belgium) and Swisscom (Switzerland). These telephony competitors are also the largest mobile operators in these markets based on number of SIM cards.These competitors include their mobile products in bundles with fixed-line services. Generally, we expect telephony markets to remain extremelycompetitive.Discontinued OperationsThe primary competitor of Unitymedia is from FTA television received via satellite. Its primary competition for pay TV services is Deutsche Telekom,the incumbent telecommunications operator. Deutsche Telekom is also a significant competitor for broadband and wireless services. Deutsche Telekom offerscompetitively-priced bundles, including fixed-mobile convergence. In addition, Vodafone, also a competitor in Germany, bundles its IPTV service with itsbroadband offerings through Deutsche Telekom’s DSL network under a resell agreement making it a significant competitor in the double-play and triple-playmarket in Unitymedia’s footprint. It also has expanded its bundle offers to include mobile products. These converged offerings may enable DeutscheTelekom and Vodafone to reduce churn and attract new customers.The other markets (Hungary, Romania and the Czech Republic) face competition from DTH services. FTA broadcasters are also significant competitors.Significant portions of these markets have been overbuilt by FTTx networks and other cable operators, creating an additional competitive factor. In all theVodafone Disposal Group markets, competition is intense.Regulatory MattersOverviewVideo distribution, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile businesses are regulated in each of the countries in which we operate. The scopeof regulation varies from country to country, although in some significant respects regulation in European markets is harmonized under the regulatorystructure of the European Union (E.U.).Adverse regulatory developments could subject our businesses to a number of risks. Regulation, including conditions imposed on us by competition orother authorities as a requirement to close acquisitions or dispositions, could limit growth, revenue and the number and type of services offered and couldlead to increased operating costs and property and equipment additions. In addition, regulation may restrict our operations and subject them to furthercompetitive pressure, including pricing restrictions, interconnect and other access obligations, and restrictions or controls on content, including contentprovided by third parties. Failure to comply with current or future regulation could expose our businesses to various penalties.I-24Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the U.K. are the Member States of theE.U. as of December 31, 2018. As such, these countries are required to harmonize certain laws with E.U. rules by transposing directives into their national law.In addition, other types of E.U. rules (or regulations) are directly enforceable in those countries without any implementation at the national level. Certain E.U.rules are also applicable across the European Economic Area, whose Member States are the E.U. Member States (excluding Croatia) as well as Iceland,Liechtenstein and Norway as of December 31, 2018.On June 23, 2016, the U.K. held a referendum in which U.K. citizens voted in favor of, on an advisory basis, an exit from the E.U. commonly referred to as“Brexit”. The terms of Brexit are subject to a negotiation period that could take until March 2019. The potential impacts, if any, of the uncertainty relating toBrexit or the resulting terms of Brexit on the free movement of goods, services, people, data and capital between the U.K. and the E.U., customer behavior,economic conditions, interest rates, currency exchange rates, availability of capital or other matters are unclear. In addition, the value of the British poundsterling relative to the U.S. dollar remains at levels that are significantly below pre-Brexit levels. The effects of Brexit could adversely affect our business,results of operations and financial condition. One such area is the E.U. Communication Regulation described below. If a Brexit deal is agreed, the U.K.government has confirmed that it will transpose such regulation. If, however, no Brexit deal is approved, the U.K. Government has indicated that it willimplement only the parts that support its policy objectives. In the broadcasting and communications sectors, there has been extensive E.U.-level legislative action. As a result, most of the markets in Europe inwhich our businesses operate have been significantly affected by the regulatory framework that has been developed by the E.U. Regulation in Switzerland,which is not a Member State of the E.U. and is not part of the European Economic Area, is discussed separately below, as well as regulations in certainMember States in which we face regulatory issues that may have a material impact on our business.On May 6, 2015, the European Commission published its Digital Single Market strategy document. The strategy is an aggregation of many differentpolicy areas with the purpose of creating a digital single market to expand jobs and stimulate growth. The strategy includes policy review in the areas of E.U.communications regulation, broadcasting law, copyright reform and anti-competitive geo-blocking practices.E.U. Communications RegulationThe E.U. law that is the primary source of communications regulation in the European Union is the European Electronic Communications Code (theCode). The Code came into effect on December 20, 2018, as part of the Digital Single Market strategy and will need to be transposed into national law byDecember 21, 2020. Until then, its predecessor, the “Regulatory Framework”, will continue to apply. Although many of the rules under the RegulatoryFramework have been included in the Code, there are significant changes required to be implemented by Member States.The Code, similar to the Regulatory Framework, primarily seeks to develop open markets for communication services within Europe. It harmonizes therules within the E.U. for the establishment and operation of electronic communication networks, including cable television and traditional telephonynetworks, and the offer of electronic communication services, such as telephony (including OTT services), internet and, to some degree, television services.The Code also includes a number of provisions aimed at providing incentives to boost private sector investment in very high capacity networks, andstimulating the harmonization of spectrum licensing to encourage investment in mobile networks and will result in more advanced services. The Code doesnot generally address content matters, including radio and television programming, which are specifically regulated by the Audiovisual Media ServicesDirective (as defined and described below).Set forth below are certain key provisions included in the Code. This description is not intended to be a comprehensive or exhaustive description of allregulation in this area.•Licensing and Exclusivity. The Code, similar to the Regulatory Framework, requires Member States to abolish exclusivities on communicationnetworks and services in their territory and allow operators into their markets based on a simple registration. The Code sets forth an exhaustive list ofconditions that may be imposed on communication networks and services. Possible obligations include, among other things, financial charges foruniversal service or for the costs of regulation, environmental requirements, data privacy and other consumer protection rules, “must carry”obligations, provision of customer information to law enforcement agencies and access obligations.•Significant Market Power. Certain of the obligations allowed by the Code, similar to the Regulatory Framework, apply only to operators or serviceproviders with Significant Market Power (defined below) in a relevant market. For example, the provisions of the Code allow the NationalRegulatory Authority (NRA) in E.U. Member States to mandate certain access obligations only for those operators and service providers that aredeemed to have Significant Market Power. ForI-25purposes of the Code, an operator or service provider will be deemed to have “Significant Market Power” where, either individually or jointly withothers, it enjoys a position of significant economic strength affording it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of competitors,customers and consumers.As part of the implementation of certain provisions of the Code, each Member State’s NRA is required to analyze certain markets predefined by theEuropean Commission to determine if any operator or service provider has Significant Market Power. The European Commission has currentlyrecommended that there be four such predefined markets, which are subject to periodic review. NRAs may, however, perform analysis of markets notlisted in the recommendation, which requires the NRA to prove that additional requirements, the so called three-criteria test, are met.NRAs might seek to define us as having Significant Market Power, single or jointly with another provider, in any of these predefined markets or theymay define and analyze additional markets. In the event that we are found to have Significant Market Power in any particular market, an NRA couldimpose certain conditions on us. Under the Code, the European Commission has the power to veto a finding by an NRA of Significant Market Power(or the absence thereof), which power also applies with respect to market definition, in any market, regardless of whether it is a market predefined bythe European Commission or an additional market defined by an NRA. We have been found to have Significant Market Power in certain markets inwhich we operate and further findings of Significant Market Power are possible.•Video Services. The regulation of distribution, but not the content, of television services to the public is harmonized by the Code. Member States areallowed to impose on certain operators under their jurisdiction reasonable must carry obligations for the transmission of specified radio andtelevision broadcast channels. Such obligations are required to be based on clearly defined general interest objectives, be proportionate and betransparent and subject to periodic review. We are subject to must carry regulations in all markets in which we operate. Must carry regulations aresignificantly different among Member States. In some cases, these obligations go beyond what we believe is allowable under the Code. To date,however, the European Commission has taken very limited steps to enforce E.U. law in this area, leaving must carry obligations intact in certainMember States. We do not expect the European Commission or the Member States to curtail such obligations in the foreseeable future.•Net Neutrality/Traffic Management/Roaming. In October 2015, the European Parliament adopted the regulation on the first E.U.-wide net neutralityregime. The regulation, which is directly applicable in all Member States, permits the provision of specialized services, optimized for specificcontent and subjects operators to reasonable traffic management requirements. The regulation also abolished roaming tariffs beginning in June2017.Broadcasting LawAlthough the distribution of video channels by a cable operator is within the scope of the Code, the activities of a broadcaster are harmonized by otherelements of E.U. law, in particular the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMS). The AVMS was revised and reissued December 18, 2018 under theDigital Single Market strategy. E.U. Member States must implement the revised AVMS into law by September 19, 2020. The revised AVMS maintained thecountry of origin principle and European works quota.Generally, broadcasts originating in and intended for reception within an E.U. Member State must respect the laws of that Member State. Pursuant to theAVMS, however, E.U. Member States are required to allow broadcast signals of broadcasters established in another E.U. Member State to be freely transmittedwithin their territory, so long as the broadcaster complies with the law of their home state. This is referred to as the country of origin principle. Under theAVMS, the country of origin principle applies also to non-linear services, such as VoD. Accordingly, we could offer our own VoD services across theEuropean Economic Area based on the regulation of the country of origin. As a result, we could have a single regulatory regime for all of our VoD servicesoffered in Europe. In addition, when we offer third-party VoD services on our network, it is the business of the third-party provider of the services, and not usas the distributor, that is regulated in respect of these services.The AVMS also establishes quotas for the transmission of European-produced programming and programs made by European producers who areindependent of broadcasters. The revised AVMS extended these quotas to linear and non-linear services. Under the AVMS, the providers of these services,including our operations, may be required to contribute financially to the European producers of the programming.According to the regulation of the European Commission addressing the portability of online audiovisual content services adopted in June 2017 andeffective in April 2018, commercial providers of online content services (including OTT service providers) are required to enable subscribers who aretemporarily present in any Member State with access and use of online content services in substantially the same manner as in the Member State of residence.We have modified our services to comply with these portability requirements.I-26Copyright LawIn September 2016, the European Commission proposed a new regulation relating to satellite and cable retransmissions; again, as part of its DigitalSingle Market strategy. The proposal introduces a new country of origin principle in relation to online content, extends the existing copyright clearancesystem to other technologies (such as satellite, mobile and IPTV) and extends a similar rights clearance system to directly injected cable channels. Adoptionof the proposal is expected in mid-2019. Once adopted, Member States will be required to transpose this retransmission proposal into national law within 24months.Other European Level RegulationIn addition to the industry-specific regimes discussed above, our operating companies must comply with both specific and general legislationconcerning, among other matters, data retention and electronic commerce. On May 25, 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) with respect todata protection and retention became effective in the E.U.. The GDPR sets strict standards regarding the handling, use and retention of personal data.Organizations that fail to comply will face stiff penalties. As required, our operations have implemented various measures internally and with third-partyvendors to meet these requirements. In addition, the European Commission published in January 2017, a proposal for a new e-Privacy regulation, replacingthe current e-Privacy Directive that regulates privacy related issues in the electronic communications sector. Negotiations among E.U. Member States are stillin process on this proposal.Our operating companies are also subject to both national and European level regulations on competition and on consumer protection, which arebroadly harmonized at the E.U. level. For example, while our operating companies may offer their services in bundled packages in European markets, they aresometimes not permitted to make a subscription to one service, such as cable television, conditional upon a subscription to another service, such astelephony. They may also face restrictions on the degree to which they may discount certain products included in the bundled packages.The European Commission is imposing more mandatory requirements and encouraging voluntary solutions regarding energy consumption of thetelecommunications equipment we provide our customers. We have been participating in discussions and studies regarding energy consumption with theEuropean Commission and with experts working on their behalf. In addition, we are working with suppliers of our digital set-top boxes to lower powerconsumption, as well as looking at possibilities through software to lower the power consumption of the existing fleet of digital set-top boxes. We alsoworked with a large group of companies to create a voluntary agreement on set-top box power consumption as an alternative to regulation, which has beenformally recognized by the European Commission. Nevertheless, legislation in this area may be adopted that could adversely affect the cost and/or thefunctionality of equipment we deploy to customers.Pursuant to an E.U. Regulation on standby power (the Standby Regulation), many devices are required to have either a low power standby mode or offmode, unless it is inappropriate to have either such mode on the device. Furthermore, the Networked Standby amendment to the Standby Regulation,effective as of January 1, 2015, regulates, among others, the maximum power consumption of networked consumer equipment while in the so-called“Networked Standby” mode. As a result, all of the devices we purchase and/or develop, including Horizon TV and Horizon 4 set-top boxes, Connect Boxes,cable modems and certain other equipment, operate under the power management requirements of the Standby Regulation.As part of the E.U.’s Radio Spectrum Policy Program, spectrum made available through the switch off of analog television was approved for mobilebroadband use beginning January 1, 2013. This spectrum, known as the “digital dividend”, is in the 700 - 862 MHz band. The terms under which thisspectrum becomes available varies among the European countries in which we operate. Certain uses of this spectrum may interfere with services carried onour cable networks. If this occurs, we may need to: (1) avoid using certain frequencies on our cable networks for certain or all of our services, (2) make somechanges to our networks, or (3) change the equipment that we deploy. In approving mobile broadband, however, the Radio Spectrum Policy Program statesthat the new mobile services must co-exist with existing services, such as cable and DTT, to avoid harmful interference. As a result, we are in ongoingdiscussions with relevant Member States and the European Commission to be included in LTE mobile trials in order to develop mitigation techniques and toengage NRAs to launch regulatory dialog with equipment manufacturers and mobile operators to develop co-existing networks.Also, the Radio Equipment Directive, applicable since June 2016 and transposed into national legislation by E.U. Member States, establishes aregulatory framework for placing radio equipment on the market. Its objective is a single market for radio equipment by setting essential requirements forsafety and health, electromagnetic compatibility, and the efficient use of the radio spectrum. It also provides the basis for further regulation governing someadditional aspects. These include technical features for the protection of privacy, personal data and fraud. Furthermore, additional aspects coverinteroperability, access to emergency services, and compliance regarding the combination of radio equipment and software. It also takes into account of theneed for improved market surveillance; in particular, for the traceability obligations of manufacturers, importers and distributors. As aI-27result, all of the devices we purchase and/or develop, including Horizon TV and Horizon 4 set-top boxes, Connect Boxes, cable modems, which contain radiointerfaces (such as WiFi) and certain other equipment, must operate under these rules.There is a Mutual Recognition Agreement established between the E.U. and Switzerland for the purpose of mutual recognition of conformity assessmentof regulated products. As a result, the Standby Regulation and the Radio Equipment Directive are also applicable in Switzerland.With respect to cybersecurity, the E.U. adopted a directive on security of network and information systems (NIS Directive), which provides legalmeasures to boost the overall level of cybersecurity in the E.U. Under the NIS Directive, E.U. Member States had until May 2018 to transpose it into theirnational laws and identify operators of essential services by November 2018. In principle, our operations within the E.U. do not fall under the NIS Directiveas it exempts providers of Electronic Communications Services, which are governed by the E.U. telecommunications framework. Some nationaltranspositions (for example, the Netherlands) and national definitions of essential services, however, could fall under specific NIS Directive obligations. As aresult, our network and communication equipment would need to be compliant with these obligations. To date, none of our operating companies have beenidentified as falling under these obligations or being categorized as essential services. In the Netherlands, however, the VodafoneZiggo JV has beenidentified as an operator of essential telecommunication facilities due to its customer base of over one million subscribers. See —Netherlands below.United KingdomIn the U.K., the Regulatory Framework is implemented through (1) the Communications Act 2003, which regulates all forms of communicationstechnology, whether used for telecommunications or broadcasting, and (2) the Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006, which regulates radio communications in theU.K. (including spectrum, licensing arrangements, usage conditions and charges, license bidding and trading and enforcement and penalties). In addition, thePrivacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003, as amended, implemented E.U. Directive 2002/58, which regulates the processing of personaldata and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector.Telecommunications companies in the U.K., including Virgin Media, are also subject to regulation under the U.K. Broadcasting Acts 1990 and 1996 andother U.K. statutes and subordinate legislation, including the Competition Act 1998, the Enterprise Act 2002 and the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act2013. The U.K. Office of Communications (Ofcom) regulates both linear and on-demand programming, with regulatory requirements derived from theAVMS.Ofcom is the key regulatory authority for the communications sector in which Virgin Media operates in the U.K. It is responsible for furthering theinterests of citizens in relation to communications matters and furthering the interests of consumers in relevant markets where appropriate by promotingcompetition. From April 1, 2017, Ofcom also assumed the responsibilities of regulating the BBC, a role previously undertaken by the BBC Trust. The U.K.Competition and Markets Authority has jurisdiction with respect to competition matters.Broadband Expansion. At the end of 2018, super-fast broadband was available to more than 95% of U.K. premises. The U.K. government plans to extendavailability as far as possible beyond 95%. To stimulate private investment in this endeavor, the U.K. government is using money from the publicly fundedBBC license fee, underspend from the Analogue TV Switch-Off Project and other sources of public investment. The state aid measure permitting this subsidywas renewed (and amended) in 2016 and is expected, through amendments to its “underspend” provisions, to result in up to an additional 1% to 2% super-fast coverage.The U.K. government also supports the market rollout of full fiber and 5G services. Such support includes public funding for the creation of a match-funded “full fiber deployment” fund, business rate relief for the deployment of new full fiber networks and public funding for a strategic program of full fiberand 5G trials. The U.K. government has set aside £740.0 million ($943.2 million) for that purpose, of which approximately £415.0 million ($528.9 million) issplit among a local full fiber deployment fund, the first phase of the 5G trials and a gigabit voucher scheme. An additional £400.0 million ($509.8 million)has been made available as a contribution to a Digital Infrastructure Investment Fund, which is an arms-length lending facility of the U.K. government.The Telecommunications Infrastructure Bill received Royal Assent in February 2018, which gives effect to the U.K. government’s plans to provide fullbusiness rate relief for new fiber infrastructure built during the 2017-2022 rating period. Secondary legislation followed in April 2018, clarifying that therelief also applies to new lite fiber and any plant and machinery used to build the infrastructure. In addition, the U.K. government published its TelecomsInfrastructure Review in July 2018. This Review explored whether the conditions for investment in fiber are optimal in the U.K. and what policy changesshould be considered to encourage greater investment in new digital infrastructure. The Government concluded that, with the right policy support,infrastructure based competition will deliver FTTP/Gbit capable networks to approximately 90% of U.K. premises. To facilitate this, the U.K. governmentintends to introduce a notification regime for multiple dwelling unit wayleaves, introduce aI-28requirement for new housing developments to have FTTP access and increase consistency in street works and duct access. Consultations on multipledwelling unit wayleaves and new development FTTP requirements were issued in December 2018. The U.K. government is expected to publish itsconclusions for these actions in the spring of 2019.In November 2015, the U.K. government announced that everyone will, by 2020, have a legal right to request a broadband connection of at least 10Mbps regardless of where they live. The government intends to achieve this by introducing a broadband Universal Service Obligation (USO). The USO isaimed, in particular, at addressing the final 5% of the population in the U.K. without access to a broadband connection of a reasonable speed. The U.K.government introduced legislation in July 2017, to facilitate the introduction of a broadband USO. At the same time, BT made an alternative offer to investapproximately £600.0 million ($764.7 million) to provide ubiquitous minimum broadband speeds of 10 Mbps by 2022. The U.K. government formallyrejected BT’s proposal in December 2017, favoring the imposition of a regulated USO. The U.K. government set out the design for the USO in secondarylegislation in March 2018. Ofcom has responsibility for implementation (including designation of the Universal Service Providers (USPs) and decidingwhether a USO constitutes an “unfair burden” on the USPs and, if so, designing an industry funding mechanism). It has until March 28, 2020 to make suchdetermination. In December 2018, Ofcom issued a consultation on its proposed designation of BT and KCOM Group PLC as the USPs. Ofcom will consult onits approach to assessing any unfair burden claims as well as determining which operators would be required to contribute to a universal service industry fundin the Summer of 2019.Television and VoD Services. In the U.K., Virgin Media is required to hold individual licenses under the Broadcasting Acts 1990 and 1996 for anytelevision channels (including barker channels and any electronic programme guides), which Virgin Media owns or operates and for the provision of certainother services on its cable television platform, such as electronic program guides. These television licensable content service (TLCS) licenses are granted andadministered by Ofcom. Under these licenses, each covered service must comply with a number of Ofcom codes, including the Broadcasting Code, and withall directions issued by Ofcom. Breach of any of the terms of a TLCS license may result in the imposition of fines on the license holder and, ultimately, thelicense being revoked.As a provider of an on-demand program service (ODPS), Virgin Media must comply with a number of statutory obligations in relation to “editorialcontent” and notify Ofcom of its intention to provide an ODPS. Failure to notify Ofcom or comply with the relevant statutory obligations may result in theimposition of fines or, ultimately, the prohibition on providing an ODPS.Regulation of Broadband Markets. In March 2018, Ofcom completed its latest review of the Wholesale Local Access market (incorporating physical orpassive network access via methods such as LLU and duct access). Ofcom found that BT continues to hold Significant Market Power and had correspondingremedies imposed on it until April 2021. These remedies include price controls on “virtual” access to its wholesale 40/10Mbps FTTx product, themaintenance of access and pricing controls on its wholesale copper products and improvements to the existing physical infrastructure access product (thirdparty access to BT’s duct and pole estate).Future Approach to Regulation. In July 2018, Ofcom published a Strategic Policy Position, setting out its intended future approach to regulation fromApril 2021 (aimed at creating regulatory certainty to support investment in full fiber broadband). This resulted from its strategic review of digitalcommunications in 2015 and 2016. It includes an intention to take a more holistic consideration of business and residential markets (ultimately combiningpreviously separate markets) and to consider different regulatory approaches in different parts of the country, reflecting the varying levels of networkcompetition. In December 2018, Ofcom published a consultation on its future approach for assessing geographic markets (to apply to the business andbroadband market reviews from April 2021). It proposes to categorize areas of the country as follows: competitive areas, potentially competitive areas andnon-competitive areas. In competitive areas, Ofcom will de-regulate; in potentially competitive areas, Ofcom will apply an investment friendly approach toregulation; and in non-competitive areas, Ofcom will regulate to protect consumers, while encouraging investment by Openreach, a division of BT. Ofcomhas indicated that, at present, no areas of the U.K. are competitive, approximately 70% of U.K. premises are in potentially competitive areas andapproximately 30% of U.K. premises are in non-competitive areas. Ofcom will consult on the suite of potential regulatory remedies that it will apply to thenew holistic approach to market assessment in the spring of 2019.Ofcom Review of Business Connectivity Markets. Ofcom concluded its latest review of the U.K. business connectivity markets (leased lines anddedicated business connections, among others) in the spring of 2016. Ofcom found BT held Significant Market Power in certain markets and proposedconsequential regulatory remedies. These remedies included an obligation on BT to provide access to its dark fiber. This requirement was overturned onappeal. Ofcom commenced its latest review of these markets in November 2018. It has provisionally found that BT holds Significant Market Power in certainmarkets and geographies and has proposed remedies, including price caps and a narrower dark fibre obligation in areas where there is no infrastructurecompetition. Ofcom is also proposing to remove restrictions on BT with respect to duct and pole access so that such access can be used for business circuitsexclusively without needing to be part of a wider (residential grade) broadband deployment.I-29Mobile Service. As an MVNO, Virgin Media is subject to E.U. regulations relating to retail prices for roaming services. These regulations: set limits oncertain wholesale and retail tariffs for international mobile voice roaming, SMS tariffs and data roaming within the E.U.; provide for greater levels oftransparency of retail pricing information; impose measures to guard against bill shock in respect of data roaming; and set maximum roaming rates within theE.U. Effective June 2017, the E.U. abolished roaming tariffs.Mobile termination charges applied by mobile network operators are regulated by Ofcom under a Significant Market Power charge control condition.Under Virgin Media’s MVNO agreement, these changes in mobile termination charges are passed on to Virgin Media. Ofcom has set mobile terminationcharges for the period of 2018-2021, with rates reducing by approximately 5% from their starting levels by the end of this period.Fixed Voice Termination. Virgin Media has been designated as a provider with Significant Market Power on fixed voice termination. As a result, therates it charges other providers for termination on its network are subject to regulation. This requires, among other things, the provision of termination on fairand reasonable terms, conditions and charges, which must be no higher than BT’s regulated charges, unless certain conditions are met.BelgiumBelgium has broadly transposed the Regulatory Framework into law. According to the electronic communications law of June 13, 2005, the BelgischInstituut voor Post en Telecommunicate (the BIPT), the Belgian NRA, should perform a market analysis to determine which, if any, operator or serviceprovider has Significant Market Power. In addition, the Federal Parliament prepared legislation to transpose the 2009 revisions to the Regulatory Framework,which became effective as of August 4, 2012.Telenet has been declared an operator with Significant Market Power in the market for call termination on an individual fixed public telephone network.Since April 1, 2012, reciprocal termination rates have been imposed, which results in Telenet charging the interconnection rate of the incumbenttelecommunications operator, Proximus. Following a court annulment of a final decision on wholesale tariffs issued by BIPT in 2016, BIPT issued a newdecision in November 2018 that proposes a wholesale tariff of €0.11 cents per minute as of January 1, 2019.In May 2017, BIPT published its latest decision on the relevant market for “call termination on individual mobile networks”. Telenet, as an mobilenetwork operator, has also been designated in the draft decision as having Significant Market Power by BIPT. In the draft decision, BIPT adopts a bottom-uplong run incremental cost model to calculate tariffs for call termination on individual mobile networks, resulting in a nominal value of €0.99 ($1.13) perminute as of July 1, 2017.In 2011, BIPT and the regional regulators for the media sectors (together, the Belgium Regulatory Authorities) found Telenet to have SignificantMarket Power in the broadcasting market (the 2011 Decision). The 2011 Decision imposed on Telenet an obligation to provide third-party operators, atspecified “retail minus” tariff rates, with (1) a resale offer of an analog television package, (2) access to digital television platforms and (3) a resale offer ofbroadband internet access in combination with the digital television access obligation.On July 7, 2017, the Belgium Regulatory Authorities published a draft market review decision (the 2017 Draft Decision), which was filed with theEuropean Commission on April 27, 2018. The European Commission issued comments in May 2018 and the 2017 Draft Decision was adopted on June 29,2018 (the 2018 Decision). The 2018 Decision replaces the 2011 Decision. The 2018 Decision confirms that Telenet has Significant Market Power in thewholesale broadband market. The obligations include (1) providing third-party operators with access to the digital television platform (including basicdigital video and analog video) and (2) making available to third-party operators a bitstream offer of broadband internet access (including fixed voice as anoption). The 2018 Decision no longer applies a retail minus pricing on Telenet. Instead, it imposes monthly wholesale cable resale access prices during aninterim period before setting “reasonable access tariffs”. These tariffs are expected to be implemented in mid-2019 with a link to cable cost model that isunder development by the Belgium Regulatory Authorities of €20.29 ($23.24) (for services including broadband speeds of up to 149 Mbps) and of €30.12($34.49) (for services including broadband speeds of at least 150 Mbps). Telenet considers the 2018 Decision to be inconsistent with the principle oftechnology-neutral regulation and the European Single Market Strategy to stimulate further investments in broadband networks. As a result, Telenet has filedan appeal on the matter with the European Court of First Instance and the Brussels Markets Court, respectively.The 2018 Decision aims to, and in its application, may strengthen Telenet’s competitors by granting them resale access to Telenet’s network to offercompeting products and services notwithstanding Telenet’s substantial historical financial outlays in developing the infrastructure. In addition, any resaleaccess granted to competitors could (1) limit the bandwidth available to Telenet to provide new or expanded products and services to the customers servedby its network and (2) adversely impact Telenet’s ability to maintain or increase its revenue and cash flows. The extent of any such adverse impactsultimately will be dependentI-30on the extent that competitors take advantage of the resale access afforded to Telenet’s network, the rates that Telenet receives for such access and othercompetitive factors or market developments.SwitzerlandSwitzerland has a regulatory system that partially reflects the principles of the E.U., but otherwise is distinct from the European regulatory system oftelecommunications. The Telecommunications Act (Fernmeldegesetz) regulates, in general, the transmission of information, including the transmission ofradio and television signals. Most aspects of the distribution of radio and television, however, are regulated under the Radio and Television Act(Bundesgesetz über Radio und Fernsehen). In addition, the Competition Act, the Data Protection Act and the Act on the Surveillance of Post andTelecommunications are potentially relevant to our business. With respect to energy consumption of electronic home devices, the Energy Act and the EnergyOrdinance are applicable to set-top boxes.Under the Telecommunications Act, any provider of telecommunication services needs to register with the Federal Office of Communications. Dominantproviders must grant access to their network to third parties, including LLU access; however, it is restricted to the copper wire network of the incumbent,Swisscom. Therefore, such unbundling obligations do not apply to our business in Switzerland and other cable operators. Also, any dominant provider has togrant access to its ducts, subject to sufficient capacity being available in the relevant duct. At this time, only Swisscom has been determined to be dominantin this regard. Dominant operators are obliged to provide interconnection and all providers of services forming part of the universal service in Switzerlandhave to ensure interoperability of services.In regards to call termination as part of interconnection agreements, Swisscom as market dominant provider, must offer these services at cost-orientedprices and disclose the conditions and prices for their individual access services. In interconnection agreements with Swisscom, reciprocal termination ratesare imposed.In September 2017, a draft of the revised Telecommunications Act was published by the Federal Council. The Federal Council plans to introducemeasures to allow for easier access to the incumbent’s network, better consumer and youth protection measures (such as decreasing roaming fees, measures toprevent spoofing) and a change to the regulatory regime giving the Federal Communications Commission partial ex officio rights to impose obligations onmarket dominant providers. In terms of net neutrality, the draft foresees more transparency for the customer—he/she must be informed of traffic if treatedunequally. During parliamentary debates on the proposal in 2018, new articles to the proposal were introduced. As a result, the proposal is subject to furtherparliamentary action to resolve differences and is not expected to be legally binding prior to 2020.Under the Radio and Television Act and the corresponding ordinance, cable network operators are obliged to distribute certain programs that contributein a particular manner to media diversity. The Federal Government and the Federal Office of Communications can select up to 25 programs that have to bedistributed without the cable operator being entitled to compensation.In September 2016, the Intelligence Agencies Act was approved by the Swiss population and became effective in September 2017. ForTelecommunications service providers, the Intelligence Agencies Act set forth new obligations regulating cable traffic.The revised version of the Data Protection Act foresees more transparency regarding the processing of data. One example is by reinforcing theinformation duties when processing personal data. Furthermore, the new version follows the developments in the E.U. This revised version was subject topublic consultation until April 2017. The Federal Council published the draft in September 2017. Subsequently, parliament decided that the revision wouldbe implemented in two phases. For phase one, only mandatory alignments with E.U. rules will be implemented. For phase two, which includes more extensiveprovisions, further discussion by parliament will be undertaken in 2019.The NetherlandsThe Netherlands’ electronic communications law broadly implements the Regulatory Framework. Pursuant to the electronic communications law, theAutoriteit Consument & Markt (ACM), the Netherlands NRA, performed a market analysis to determine which, if any, operator or service provider hasSignificant Market Power. In December 2011, ACM completed its analysis of the television market and concluded that there were no grounds for regulationof that market. As a result, no new regulations relating to the television market may be proposed without a new analysis. Similar to our other operations, theVodafoneZiggo JV is subject to must carry obligations, including a number of regional and local broadcasting channels, as well as public broadcastingchannels.On August 5, 2013, ACM published a market analysis decision on call termination, which combines both the fixed termination market and the mobiletermination market. Following various administrative actions, which resulted in the Dutch Supreme Administrative Court upholding the ACM decision inJuly 2017. The implementation of the new tariff under the ACM market analysis decision on call termination became effective on July 12, 2017, and willapply until July 12, 2020. The VodafoneZiggoI-31JV appealed ACM’s market decision. In September 2018, the appeal court delivered a verdict against ACM’s market decision. The verdict provides guidancesought by the VodafoneZiggo JV on the interpretation and setting of interconnection tariffs among operators.In July 2015, the Dutch incumbent telecommunications operator KPN filed an appeal against the European Commission regarding its decision toapprove the acquisition of Ziggo, which we completed in November 2014. In October 2017, the European General Court ruled that the EuropeanCommission did not state sufficient reasons for not analyzing the possible vertical anti-competitive effects on the market for premium pay TV sportschannels; thereby annulling the European Commission’s clearance of the Ziggo acquisition. The E.U. Merger Regulation provides in such a case that thetransaction be re-examined by the European Commission with a view of adopting a new decision. As a result, we filed a formal re-notification of the Ziggoacquisition with the European Commission. In May 2018, the European Commission again cleared the acquisition. KPN filed a pro forma appeal on thisdecision. We have not received any further information on this proceeding from the European General Court.KPN also filed a court challenge against the European Commission’s 2016 decision that approved the VodafoneZiggo JV transaction. KPN is seekingannulment of the 2016 decision. Oral hearings took place in November 2018. A decision on this action is not expected before the third quarter of 2019.On February 27, 2018, the ACM published a draft decision of its analysis of the LLU market, concluding that there is a single market for local and centralaccess. ACM referred to this market as the Wholesale Fixed Access market and concluded that KPN and the VodafoneZiggo JV had joint Significant MarketPower. As a result, ACM imposed on the VodafoneZiggo JV an obligation to offer wholesale cable access and continued wholesale cable access regulation ofKPN. Following a market consultation, ACM submitted the draft decision to the European Commission. After comments by the European Commission, ACMpublished the final decision on September 28, 2018, which became effective on October 1, 2018. The VodafoneZiggo JV published a draft Reference Offer onDecember 31, 2018 and will publish a cost model in 2019. The VodafoneZiggo JV only has to invest in the implementation of cable access if there is actualdemand (i.e. a signed contract with an access seeker). The VodafoneZiggo JV has appealed ACM’s decision before the national court and initiated an actionbefore the European General Court.On November 9, 2018, the implementation of the NIS Directive by the Netherlands entered into force. In general, providers of electronic communicationservices are not in scope of the NIS Directive. The legislator for the Netherlands, however, decided to apply, to a certain extent, the NIS Directive on providersof electronic communication services. As a result, the VodafoneZiggo JV must notify the Netherlands Telecoms Agency and the National Cyber SecurityCenter when a cybersecurity incident occurs, as well as the Netherlands Data Protection Authority if a data breach occurs.Discontinued Operations—GermanyGermany has incorporated the E.U. laws into national laws, although under the German legal system competency is split between the Federal State(telecommunication law) and the German federal states (Bundesländer) (media law). The German Telecommunications Act broadly implemented theRegulatory Framework and covers the distribution of any signal by telecommunications networks encompassing television signals, internet data andtelephony. The German Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) is responsible inter alia for the regulation of the German telecommunications market.The Federal Cartel Office (the FCO), the national competition authority (Bundeskartellamt), plays an important role with respect to infrastructure and mediaregulation. The FCO has powers to address competition issues in all markets, although in some cases, competition issues will be addressed by the GermanFederal Network Agency.Regulation of the media falls within the authority of the German federal states (Bundesländer). The media laws of all 16 federal states have been partiallyharmonized by the State Broadcasting Treaty (Rundfunkstaatsvertrag). The State Broadcasting Treaty establishes the main framework of the Germanregulation of broadcast. Nearly every German state has established its own independent regulatory body, the state media authority (Landesmedienanstalt) forthe regulation of the private broadcasting sector. The state media authorities are primarily responsible for licensing and supervision of commercialbroadcasters and the allocation of transmission capacities for radio and television channels. They also have authority with respect to the regulation ofchannel carriage fees, conditional access systems, interfaces, electronic programming guides, the bundling of programs and price regulation.The operation of conditional access systems for television services is governed by both the State Broadcasting Treaty and the GermanTelecommunications Act. Generally, operators must not unfairly obstruct or discriminate against broadcasters and other content providers throughconditional access systems.Unitymedia has been declared an operator with Significant Market Power on the market for call termination on an individual fixed public telephonenetwork. Since November 2013, reciprocal termination rates for exchanging calls via Unitymedia’s IP-interface have been imposed, which results inUnitymedia, like every other telecommunications provider in Germany, charging the interconnection rate of the incumbent telecommunications operator,Deutsche Telekom, when receiving traffic via the IP-I-32interface. The level of termination rates applicable to Unitymedia with respect to calls terminating on its IP-interface was set at €0.001 ($0.0011) per minutein 2018 and is currently set at €0.0008 ($0.0009) per minute.EmployeesAs of December 31, 2018, we, including our consolidated subsidiaries, had an aggregate of approximately 26,600 full-time equivalent employees,certain of whom belong to organized unions and works councils, and excludes contractors and temporary employees. We believe that our employee relationsare good.Available InformationAll our filings with the SEC, including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well asamendments to such filings are available on our internet website free of charge generally within 24 hours after we file such material with the SEC. Our websiteaddress is www.libertyglobal.com. The information on our website is not part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated by reference herein.Item 1A. RISK FACTORSIn addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report, you should consider the following risk factors in evaluating our results ofoperations, financial condition, business and operations or an investment in the shares of our company.The risk factors described in this section have been separated into four groups:•risks that relate to the competition we face and the technology used in our businesses;•risks that relate to our operating in overseas markets and being subject to foreign regulation;•risks that relate to certain financial matters; and•other risks, including risks that, among other things, relate to the obstacles that may be faced by anyone who may seek to acquire us. Although we describe below and elsewhere in this Annual Report the risks we consider to be the most material, there may be other unknown orunpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that also could have material adverse effects on our results of operations, financialcondition, business or operations in the future. In addition, past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historicaltrends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods.If any of the events described below, individually or in combination, were to occur, our businesses, prospects, financial condition, results of operationsand/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected.Factors Relating to Competition and TechnologyWe operate in increasingly competitive markets, and there is a risk that we will not be able to effectively compete with other service providers. Themarkets for cable television, broadband internet, telephony and mobile services are highly competitive. In the provision of video services, we facecompetition from FTA and DTT broadcasters, video provided via satellite platforms, networks using DSL, VDSL or vectoring technology, multi-channelmultipoint distribution system operators, FTTx networks, OTT video content aggregators, and, in some countries where parts of our systems are overbuilt,cable networks, among others. Our operating businesses are facing increasing competition from video services provided by, or over the networks of,incumbent telecommunications operators and other service providers. As the availability and speed of broadband internet increases, we also face competitionfrom OTT video content providers utilizing our or our competitors’ high-speed internet connections. In the provision of telephony and broadband internetservices, we are experiencing increasing competition from the incumbent telecommunications operators and other service providers in each country in whichwe operate, as well as mobile providers of voice and data. The incumbent telecommunications operators typically dominate the market for these services andhave the advantage of nationwide networks and greater resources than we have to devote to the provision of these services. Many of the incumbent operatorsoffer double-play, triple-play and quadruple-play bundles of services. In many countries, we also compete with other operators using LLU to provide theseservices, other facilities-based operators and wireless providers. Developments in the DSL and other technology used by the incumbent telecommunicationsoperators and alternative providers have improved the attractiveness of our competitors’ products and services and strengthened their competitive position.Developments in wireless technologies, such as LTE and WiFi, are creating additional competitive challenges.I-33In some of our markets, national and local government agencies may seek to become involved, either directly or indirectly, in the establishment of FTTxnetworks, DTT systems or other communications systems. We intend to pursue available options to restrict such involvement or to ensure that suchinvolvement is on commercially reasonable terms. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be successful in these pursuits. As a result, we may facecompetition from entities not requiring a normal commercial return on their investments. In addition, we may face more vigorous competition than wouldhave been the case if there were no government involvement.We expect the level and intensity of competition to continue to increase from both existing competitors and new market entrants as a result of changes inthe regulatory framework of the industries in which we operate, advances in technology, the influx of new market entrants and strategic alliances andcooperative relationships among industry participants. Increased competition could result in increased customer churn, reductions of customer acquisitionrates for some products and services and significant price and promotional competition in our markets. In combination with difficult economic environments,these competitive pressures could adversely impact our ability to increase or, in certain cases, maintain the revenue, average revenue per RGU or mobilesubscriber, as applicable (ARPU), RGUs, mobile subscribers, adjusted operating income before depreciation and amortization (Adjusted OIBDA), AdjustedOIBDA margins and liquidity of our operating segments.Changes in technology may limit the competitiveness of and demand for our services. Technology in the video, telecommunications and data servicesindustries is changing rapidly, including advances in current technologies and the emergence of new technologies. New technologies, products and servicesmay impact consumer behavior and therefore demand for our products and services. The ability to anticipate changes in technology and consumer tastes andto develop and introduce new and enhanced products and services on a timely basis will affect our ability to continue to grow, increase our revenue andnumber of subscribers and remain competitive. New products and services, once marketed, may not meet consumer expectations or demand, can be subject todelays in development and may fail to operate as intended. A lack of market acceptance of new products and services that we may offer, or the developmentof significant competitive products or services by others, could have a material adverse impact on our revenue and Adjusted OIBDA.Our significant property and equipment additions, namely in connection with our Network Extensions, may not generate a positive return. Significantadditions to our property and equipment are, or in the future may be, required to add customers to our networks and to upgrade or expand our broadbandcommunications networks and upgrade customer premises equipment to enhance our service offerings and improve the customer experience. Additions to ourproperty and equipment, which are currently underway, including in connection with our Network Extensions, require significant capital expenditures forequipment and associated labor costs to build out and/or upgrade our networks as well as for related customer premises equipment. Additionally, significantcompetition, the introduction of new technologies, the expansion of existing technologies, such as FTTx and advanced DSL technologies, the impact ofnatural disasters, or adverse regulatory developments could cause us to decide to undertake previously unplanned builds or upgrades of our networks andcustomer premises equipment.No assurance can be given that any rebuilds, upgrades or extensions of our network (including the Network Extensions) will increase penetration rates,increase average monthly subscription revenue per average cable RGU or mobile subscriber, as applicable, or otherwise generate positive returns asanticipated, or that we will have adequate capital available to finance such rebuilds, upgrades or extensions. Additionally, costs related to our NetworkExtensions and property and equipment additions could end up being greater than originally anticipated or planned. If this is the case, we may requireadditional financing sooner than anticipated or we may have to delay or abandon some or all of our development and expansion plans or otherwise foregomarket opportunities. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all, and our ability to incur additional debt will be limited by ourdebt agreements. If we are unable to, or elect not to, pay for costs associated with adding new customers, expanding, extending or upgrading our networks ormaking our other planned or unplanned additions to our property and equipment, or are delayed in making such investments, our growth could be limitedand our competitive position could be harmed.We depend almost exclusively on our relationships with third-party programming providers and broadcasters for programming content, and a failureto acquire a wide selection of popular programming on acceptable terms could adversely affect our business. The success of our video subscriptionbusiness depends, in large part, on our ability to provide a wide selection of popular programming to our subscribers. We generally do not produce our owncontent and we depend on our agreements, relationships and cooperation with public and private broadcasters and collective rights associations to obtainsuch content. If we fail to obtain a diverse array of popular programming for our pay television services, including a sufficient selection of HD channels aswell as non-linear content (such as a selection of attractive VoD content and rights for ancillary services such as DVR and catch up or 'Replay' services), onsatisfactory terms, we may not be able to offer a compelling video product to our customers at a price they are willing to pay. Additionally, we are frequentlynegotiating and renegotiating programming agreements and our annual costs for programming can vary. There can be no assurance that we will be able torenegotiate or renew the terms of our programming agreements on acceptable terms or at all. We expect that programming and copyright costs will continueto rise in future periods as a result of (1) higher costs associated with the expansion of our digital video content, including rights associated with ancillaryI-34product offerings and rights that provide for the broadcast of live sporting events, (2) rate increases and (3) growth in the number of our enhanced videosubscribers.If we are unable to obtain or retain attractively priced competitive content, demand for our existing and future video services could decrease, therebylimiting our ability to attract new customers, maintain existing customers and/or migrate customers from lower-tier programming to higher-tier programming,thereby inhibiting our ability to execute our business plans. Furthermore, we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage if certain of our competitors obtainexclusive programming rights, particularly with respect to popular sports and movie programming, and as certain entrants in the OTT market, for exampleNetflix, Amazon and even Disney, increasingly produce their own exclusive content.We depend on third-party suppliers and licensors to supply necessary equipment, software and certain services required for our businesses. We rely onthird-party vendors for the equipment, software and services that we require in order to provide services to our customers. Our suppliers often conductbusiness worldwide and their ability to meet our needs is subject to various risks, including political and economic instability, natural calamities,interruptions in transportation systems, terrorism and labor issues. As a result, we may not be able to obtain the equipment, software and services required forour businesses on a timely basis or on satisfactory terms. Any shortfall in customer premises equipment could lead to delays in completing extensions to ournetworks and in connecting customers to our services and, accordingly, could adversely impact our ability to maintain or increase our RGUs, revenue andcash flows. Also, if demand exceeds the suppliers’ and licensors’ capacity or if they experience financial difficulties, the ability of our businesses to providesome services may be materially adversely affected, which in turn could affect our businesses’ ability to attract and retain customers. Although we activelymonitor the creditworthiness of our key third-party suppliers and licensors, the financial failure of a key third-party supplier or licensor could disrupt ouroperations and have an adverse impact on our revenue and cash flows. We rely upon intellectual property that is owned or licensed by us to use varioustechnologies, conduct our operations and sell our products and services. Legal challenges could be made against our use of our or our licensed intellectualproperty rights (such as trademarks, patents and trade secrets) and we may be required to enter into licensing arrangements on unfavorable terms, incurmonetary damages or be enjoined from use of the intellectual property rights in question. Certain of our businesses that offer mobile telephony and data services rely on the radio access networks of third-party wireless network providers tocarry our mobile communications traffic. Our services to mobile customers in many jurisdictions in which we operate rely on the use of MVNO arrangementsin which we utilize the radio access networks of third-party wireless network providers to carry our mobile communications traffic. If any of our MVNOarrangements are terminated, or if the respective third-party wireless network provider fails to provide the services required under an MVNO arrangement, or ifa third-party wireless network provider fails to deploy and maintain its network, and we are unable to find a replacement network operator on a timely andcommercially reasonable basis or at all, we could be prevented from continuing the mobile services relying on such MVNO arrangement. Additionally, as ourMVNO arrangements come to term, we may not be able to renegotiate renewal or replacement MVNO arrangements on the same or more favorable terms.Failure in our or third-party technology or telecommunications systems or leakage of sensitive customer data could significantly disrupt ouroperations, reduce our customer base and result in fines, litigation or lost revenue. Our success depends, in part, on the continued and uninterruptedperformance of our information technology and network systems, including internet sites, data hosting and processing facilities and other hardware, softwareand technical applications and platforms, as well as our customer service centers. Some of these are managed, hosted, provided or used by third-party serviceproviders or their vendors, to assist in conducting our business. In addition, the hardware supporting a large number of critical systems for our cable networkin a particular country or geographic region is housed in a relatively small number of locations. Our and our third-party service providers’ systems andequipment (including our routers and set-top boxes) are vulnerable to damage or security breach from a variety of sources, including telecommunicationsfailures, power loss, malicious human acts, security flaws, and natural disasters. Moreover, despite security measures, our and our third-party serviceproviders’ servers, systems and equipment are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, worms, phishing attacks andsimilar disruptive actions. We and our third party service providers may not be able to anticipate or respond in an adequate and timely manner to attempts toobtain authorized access to, disable or degrade our or our third party service providers’ systems because the techniques for doing so change frequently, areincreasingly complex and sophisticated and are difficult to detect for periods of time. In addition, the security measures and procedures we and our third-party service providers have in place to protect sensitive consumer data and other information may not be sufficient to counter all data security breaches,cyber-attacks, or system failures. In some cases, mitigation efforts may depend on third parties who may not deliver products or services that meet the requiredcontractual standards or whose hardware, software or network services may be subject to error, defect, delay, or outage.Furthermore, our operating activities could be subject to risks caused by misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or accidental release or loss ofinformation maintained in our information technology systems and networks and those of our third-party vendors, including customer, personnel and vendordata. As a result of the increasing awareness concerning the importanceI-35of safeguarding personal information, the potential misuse of such information and legislation that has been adopted or is being considered across all of ourmarkets regarding the protection, privacy and security of personal information, information-related risks are increasing, particularly for businesses like oursthat handle a large amount of personal customer data. Failure to comply with these data protection laws may result in, among other consequences, fines,litigation or regulatory actions by state, federal or non-U.S. authorities.Despite the precautions we have taken, unanticipated problems affecting our systems could cause business disruptions such as failures in our informationtechnology systems, disruption in the transmission of signals over our networks or similar problems. Further, although we devote significant resources to ourcybersecurity programs and have implemented security measures to protect our systems and data, and to prevent, detect and respond to data securityincidents, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent these threats. Any disruptive situation that causes loss, misappropriation, misuse or leakageof data could damage our reputation and the credibility of our operations, and could subject us to potential liability, including litigation or other legalactions against us or the imposition of penalties, fines, fees or liabilities, which may not be covered by our insurance policies. Further, sustained or repeatedsystem failures that interrupt our ability to provide service to our customers or otherwise meet our business obligations in a timely manner could adverselyaffect our reputation and result in a loss of customers and an adverse impact on revenue. Also, a cybersecurity breach could require us to devote significantmanagement resources to address the problems associated with the breach and to expend significant additional resources to upgrade further the securitymeasures we employ to protect personal information against cyber-attacks and other wrongful attempts to access such information, which could result in adisruption of our operations.The “Virgin” brand is used by our subsidiary Virgin Media under licenses from Virgin Enterprises Limited and is not under the control of VirginMedia. The activities of the group of companies utilizing the “Virgin” brand and other licensees could have a material adverse effect on the goodwill ofcustomers towards Virgin Media as a licensee and the licenses from Virgin Enterprises Limited can be terminated in certain circumstances. The “Virgin”brand is integral to Virgin Media’s corporate identity. Virgin Media is reliant on the general goodwill of consumers towards the Virgin brand. Consequently,adverse publicity in relation to the group of companies utilizing the “Virgin” brand or its principals, particularly Sir Richard Branson, who is closelyassociated with the brand, or in relation to another licensee of the “Virgin” name and logo (particularly in the U.K., where Virgin Media does business) couldhave a material adverse effect on Virgin Media’s reputation and on Virgin Media’s and our business and results of operations. In addition, the licenses fromVirgin Enterprises Limited can be terminated in certain circumstances. For example, Virgin Enterprises Limited can terminate the licenses, after providingVirgin Media with an opportunity to cure, (1) if Virgin Media or any of its affiliates commits persistent and material breaches or a flagrant and material breachof the licenses, (2) if Virgin Enterprises Limited has reasonable grounds to believe that the use (or lack of use) of the licensed trademarks by Virgin Media hasbeen or is likely to result in a long-term and material diminution in the value of the “Virgin” brand, or (3) if a third-party who is not (or one of whose directorsis not) a “fit and proper person”, such as a legally disqualified director or a bankrupt entity, acquires “control” of Liberty Global. Such a termination couldhave a material adverse effect on Virgin Media’s and our business and results of operations.Factors Relating to Overseas Operations and Foreign RegulationOur businesses are conducted almost exclusively outside of the U.S., which gives rise to numerous operational risks. Our businesses operate almostexclusively in countries outside the U.S. and are thereby subject to the following inherent risks:•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;•difficulties in staffing and managing international operations;•potentially adverse tax consequences;•export and import restrictions, custom duties, tariffs and other trade barriers;•increases in taxes and governmental fees;•economic and political instability; and•changes in foreign and domestic laws and policies that govern operations of foreign-based companies. Operational risks that we may experience in certain countries include disruptions of services or loss of property or equipment that are critical to overseasbusinesses due to expropriation, nationalization, war, insurrection, terrorism or general social or political unrest.I-36We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk with respect to our consolidated debt insituations where our debt is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations whose cash flows support our ability to repay orrefinance such debt. Although we generally seek to match the denomination of our and our subsidiaries’ borrowings with the functional currency of theoperations that are supporting the respective borrowings, market conditions or other factors may cause us to enter into borrowing arrangements that are notdenominated in the functional currency of the underlying operations (unmatched debt). In these cases, our policy is to provide for an economic hedge againstforeign currency exchange rate movements by using derivative instruments to synthetically convert unmatched debt into the applicable underlying currency.At December 31, 2018, substantially all of our debt was either directly or synthetically matched to the applicable functional currencies of the underlyingoperations.In addition to the exposure that results from the mismatch of our borrowings and underlying functional currencies, we are exposed to foreign currencyrisk to the extent that we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than our or our subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies (non-functionalcurrency risk), such as equipment purchases, programming contracts, notes payable and notes receivable (including intercompany amounts). Changes inexchange rates with respect to amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheets related to these items will result in unrealized (based upon period-endexchange rates) or realized foreign currency transaction gains and losses upon settlement of the transactions. Moreover, to the extent that our revenue, costsand expenses are denominated in currencies other than our respective functional currencies, we will experience fluctuations in our revenue, costs andexpenses solely as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Generally, we will consider hedging non-functional currency risks when the risksarise from agreements with third parties that involve the future payment or receipt of cash or other monetary items to the extent that we can reasonably predictthe timing and amount of such payments or receipts and the payments or receipts are not otherwise hedged. In this regard, we have entered into foreigncurrency forward contracts to hedge certain of these risks. For additional information concerning our foreign currency forward contracts, see note 8 to ourconsolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.We also are exposed to unfavorable and potentially volatile fluctuations of the U.S. dollar (our reporting currency) against the currencies of ouroperating subsidiaries when their respective financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements.Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive earnings or loss as a separate component of equity. Any increase(decrease) in the value of the U.S. dollar against any foreign currency that is the functional currency of one of our operating subsidiaries will cause us toexperience unrealized foreign currency translation losses (gains) with respect to amounts already invested in such foreign currencies. Accordingly, we mayexperience a negative impact on our comprehensive earnings or loss and equity with respect to our holdings solely as a result of foreign currency translation.Our primary exposure to foreign currency translation risk during the three months ended December 31, 2018 was to the British pound sterling and euro as52.9% and 32.4% of our reported revenue during the period was derived from subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the British pound sterling andeuro, respectively. In addition, our reported operating results are impacted by changes in the exchange rates for the Swiss franc and other local currencies inEurope. We do not hedge against the risk that we may incur non-cash losses upon the translation of the financial statements of our subsidiaries and affiliatesinto U.S. dollars.Our businesses are subject to risks of adverse regulation. Our businesses are subject to the unique regulatory regimes of the countries in which theyoperate. Video distribution, broadband internet, telephony and mobile businesses are subject to licensing or registration eligibility rules and regulations,which vary by country. The provision of electronic communications networks and services requires our licensing from, or registration with, the appropriateregulatory authorities and, for telephony services, entrance into interconnection arrangements with other phone companies, including the incumbent phonecompany. It is possible that countries in which we operate may adopt laws and regulations regarding electronic commerce, which could dampen the growth ofthe internet services being offered and developed by these businesses. In a number of countries, our ability to increase the prices we charge for our cabletelevision service or make changes to the programming packages we offer is limited by regulation or conditions imposed by competition authorities or issubject to review by regulatory authorities or is subject to termination rights of customers. In addition, regulatory authorities may grant new licenses to thirdparties and, in any event, in most of our markets new entry is possible without a license, although there may be registration eligibility rules and regulations,resulting in greater competition in territories where our businesses may already be active. More significantly, regulatory authorities may require us to grantthird parties access to our bandwidth, frequency capacity, facilities or services to distribute their own services or resell our services to end customers.Consequently, our businesses must adapt their ownership and organizational structure as well as their pricing and service offerings to satisfy the rules andregulations to which they are subject. A failure to comply with applicable rules and regulations could result in penalties, restrictions on our business or lossof required licenses or other adverse conditions.Adverse changes in rules and regulations could:•impair our ability to use our bandwidth in ways that would generate maximum revenue and Adjusted OIBDA;I-37•create a shortage of capacity on our networks, which could limit the types and variety of services we seek to provide our customers;•impact our ability to access spectrum for our mobile services;•strengthen our competitors by granting them access and lowering their costs to enter into our markets; and•have a significant adverse impact on our results of operations. Businesses, including ours, that offer multiple services, such as video distribution as well as internet, telephony, and/or mobile services, or that arevertically integrated and offer both video distribution and programming content, often face close regulatory scrutiny from competition authorities in severalcountries in which they operate. This is particularly the case with respect to any proposed business combinations, which will often require clearance fromnational competition authorities. The regulatory authorities in several countries in which we do business have considered from time to time what accessrights, if any, should be afforded to third parties for use of existing cable television networks and have imposed access obligations in certain countries. Thishas resulted, for example, in obligations with respect to call termination for our telephony business in Europe, video must carry obligations in many marketsin which we operate and video and broadband internet access obligations in Belgium.When we acquire additional communications companies, these acquisitions may require the approval of governmental authorities (either at country or,in the case of the E.U., European level), which can block, impose conditions on, or delay an acquisition, thus hampering our opportunities for growth. In theevent conditions are imposed and we fail to meet them in a timely manner, the governmental authority may impose fines and, if in connection with a mergertransaction, may require restorative measures, such as mandatory disposition of assets or divestiture of operations.New legislation may significantly alter the regulatory regimes applicable to us, which could adversely affect our competitive position andprofitability, and we may become subject to more extensive regulation if we are deemed to possess significant market power in any of the markets in whichwe operate. Significant changes to the existing regulatory regimes applicable to the provision of cable television, telephony, internet and mobile serviceshave been and are still being introduced. For example, in the E.U. a large element of regulation affecting our business derives from a number of Directivesthat are the basis of the regulatory regimes concerning many of the services we offer across the E.U. The various Directives require Member States toharmonize their laws on communications and cover issues such as access, user rights, privacy and competition. These Directives are reviewed by the E.U.from time to time and any changes to them could lead to substantial changes in the way in which our businesses are regulated and to which we would have toadapt. In addition, we are subject to review by competition or national regulatory authorities in certain countries concerning whether we exhibit SignificantMarket Power. A finding of Significant Market Power can result in our company becoming subject to pricing, open access, unbundling and otherrequirements that could provide a more favorable operating environment for existing and potential competitors.The U.K. referendum advising for the exit of the U.K. from the E.U. could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results ofoperations or liquidity. On June 23, 2016, the U.K. held a referendum in which voters approved, on an advisory basis, an exit from the E.U., commonlyreferred to as “Brexit”. Failing the implementation of an agreed extension, the U.K. will leave the E.U. on March 29, 2019. The potential impacts, if any, ofthe considerable uncertainty relating to Brexit or the resulting terms of Brexit on the free movement of goods, services, people, data and capital between theU.K. and the E.U., customer behavior, economic conditions, interest rates, currency exchange rates, availability of capital or other matters are unclear.Examples of the impact Brexit could have on our business, financial condition or results of operations include:•changes in foreign currency exchange rates and disruptions in the capital markets. For example, a sustained period of weakness in the British poundsterling or the euro could have an adverse impact on our liquidity, including our ability to fund repurchases of our equity securities and other U.S.dollar-denominated liquidity requirements;•legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the U.K. determines which E.U. laws and directives to replace orreplicate, or where previously implemented by enactment of U.K. laws or regulations, to retain, amend or repeal; and•various geopolitical forces may impact the global economy and our business, including, for example, other E.U. member states (in particular thosemember states where we have operations) proposing referendums to, or electing to, exit the E.U.We cannot be certain that we will be successful with respect to acquisitions, dispositions, partnerships or other similar transactions, or that we willachieve the anticipated benefits thereof. Historically, our businesses have grown, in part, through selective acquisitions that enabled them to take advantageof existing networks, local service offerings and region-specificI-38management expertise, and we have also taken advantage of attractive opportunities to sell select businesses. We expect to seek to continue improving ourcompany through attractive acquisitions, dispositions, partnerships or other similar transactions in selected markets, such as the SFR BeLux acquisition inJune 2017, the UPC Austria disposition in July 2018 and the pending sales of the Vodafone Disposal Group, the operations of UPC DTH and UPCSwitzerland. Our ability to complete any such transaction may be limited by many factors, including government regulation, availability of financing, our orour counterparty’s debt covenants, the prevalence of complex ownership structures among potential targets, acquirers, or partners, and competition from otherpotential acquirers, including private equity funds. Even if we are successful in completing such transactions, integration and separation activities maypresent significant costs and challenges. We cannot be assured that we will be successful with respect to acquisitions, dispositions, partnerships or othersimilar transactions or realizing the anticipated benefits thereof, including for, example, the sale of the Vodafone Disposal Group.In addition, we anticipate that most, if not all, companies acquired by us will be located outside the U.S. Foreign companies may not have disclosurecontrols and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting that are as thorough or effective as those required by U.S. securities laws. While weintend to conduct appropriate due diligence and to implement appropriate controls and procedures as we integrate acquired companies, we may not be ableto certify as to the effectiveness of these companies’ disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting until we have fullyintegrated them.We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities. We are subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes, such as value added tax (VAT) inthe U.K., the U.S. and many other jurisdictions around the world. In addition, most tax jurisdictions that we operate in have complex and subjective rulesregarding the valuation of intercompany services, cross-border payments between affiliated companies and the related effects on income tax, VAT andtransfer tax. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. In the ordinary course of ourbusiness, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are regularly under audit by tax authorities inmany of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable, any material differences as a result of finaldeterminations of tax audits or tax disputes could have an adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations in the period or periods for whichdetermination is made.We are subject to changing tax laws, treaties and regulations in and between countries in which we operate, including treaties between and among theU.K., the U.S. and many other jurisdictions in which we have a presence. Also, various income tax proposals in the jurisdictions in which we operate couldresult in changes to the existing laws on which our deferred taxes are calculated. A change in these tax laws, treaties or regulations, or in the interpretationthereof, could result in a materially higher income or non-income tax expense, and any such material changes could cause a material change in our effectivetax rate. In this regard, there have been significant changes or proposed changes to the tax laws in numerous jurisdictions in which we operate, the impacts ofwhich have been reflected accordingly in our financial statements. Further changes in the tax laws of the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate could arise as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting project thathas been undertaken by the OECD or the European Commission Anti-Tax Avoidance Package. The OECD, which represents a coalition of member countriesthat encompass most of the jurisdictions in which we operate, and the European Commission have undertaken studies and are publishing action plans thatinclude recommendations aimed at addressing what they believe are issues within tax systems that may lead to tax avoidance by companies. It is possiblethat jurisdictions in which we do business could react to these initiatives or their own concerns by enacting tax legislation that could adversely affect us orour shareholders through increasing our tax liabilities.Factors Relating to Certain Financial MattersOur substantial leverage could limit our ability to obtain additional financing and have other adverse effects. We seek to maintain our debt at levelsthat provide for attractive equity returns without assuming undue risk. In this regard, we generally seek to cause our operating subsidiaries to maintain theirdebt at levels that result in a consolidated debt balance that is between four and five times our consolidated Adjusted OIBDA. As a result, we are highlyleveraged. At December 31, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated debt, together with our capital lease obligations aggregated $29.9billion, including $3.6 billion that is classified as current in our consolidated balance sheet and $22.7 billion that is not due until 2024 or thereafter. Webelieve that we have sufficient resources to repay or refinance the current portion of our debt and capital lease obligations and to fund our foreseeableliquidity requirements during the next 12 months. However, as our maturing debt grows in later years, we anticipate that we will seek to refinance orotherwise extend our debt maturities. In this regard, we completed refinancing transactions during 2018 that, among other things, resulted in the extension ofcertain of our subsidiaries’ debt maturities. No assurance can be given that we will be able to complete these refinancing transactions or otherwise extend ourdebt maturities. In this regard, it is not possible to predict how political and economic conditions, sovereign debt concerns or any adverse regulatorydevelopments could impact the credit and equity markets we access and, accordingly, our future liquidity and financial position.I-39Our ability to service or refinance our debt and to maintain compliance with the leverage covenants in the credit agreements and indentures of ourborrowing groups is dependent primarily on our ability to maintain or increase the Adjusted OIBDA of our operating subsidiaries and to achieve adequatereturns on our property and equipment additions and acquisitions. In addition, our ability to obtain additional debt financing is limited by the incurrence-based leverage covenants contained in the various debt instruments of our borrowing groups. For example, if the Adjusted OIBDA of our subsidiary, UPCHolding, were to decline, our ability to obtain additional debt could be limited. Accordingly, if our cash provided by operations declines or we encounterother material liquidity requirements, we may be required to seek additional debt or equity financing in order to meet our debt obligations and other liquidityrequirements as they come due. In addition, our current debt levels may limit our ability to incur additional debt financing to fund working capital needs,acquisitions, property and equipment additions, or other general corporate requirements. We can give no assurance that any additional debt or equityfinancing will be available on terms that are as favorable as the terms of our existing debt or at all. Further, our board of directors has approved sharerepurchase programs for Liberty Global. Any cash used by our company in connection with any future purchases of our ordinary shares would not beavailable for other purposes, including the repayment of debt. For additional information concerning our share repurchase programs, see note 13 to ourconsolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to various debt instruments that contain restrictions on how we finance our operations and operate ourbusinesses, which could impede our ability to engage in beneficial transactions. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to significant financial and operatingrestrictions contained in outstanding credit agreements, indentures and similar instruments of indebtedness. These restrictions will affect, and in some casessignificantly limit or prohibit, among other things, the ability of those subsidiaries to:•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness;•pay dividends or make other upstream distributions;•make investments;•transfer, sell or dispose of certain assets, including subsidiary stock;•merge or consolidate with other entities;•engage in transactions with us or other affiliates; or•create liens on their assets. As a result of restrictions contained in these debt instruments, the companies party thereto, and their subsidiaries, could be unable to obtain additionalcapital in the future to:•fund property and equipment additions or acquisitions that could improve their value;•meet their loan and capital commitments to their business affiliates;•invest in companies in which they would otherwise invest;•fund any operating losses or future development of their business affiliates;•obtain lower borrowing costs that are available from secured lenders or engage in advantageous transactions that monetize their assets; or•conduct other necessary or prudent corporate activities. In addition, most of the credit agreements to which these subsidiaries are parties include financial covenants that require them, in certain circumstances,to maintain certain leverage and other financial ratios. Their ability to meet these financial covenants may be affected by adverse economic, competitive, orregulatory developments and other events beyond their control, and we cannot assure you that these financial covenants will be met. In the event of a defaultunder such subsidiaries’ credit agreements or indentures, the lenders may accelerate the maturity of the indebtedness under those agreements or indentures,which could result in a default under other outstanding credit facilities or indentures. We cannot assure you that any of these subsidiaries will have sufficientassets to pay indebtedness outstanding under their credit agreements and indentures. Any refinancing of this indebtedness is likely to contain similarrestrictive covenants.I-40We are exposed to interest rate risks. Shifts in such rates may adversely affect the debt service obligation of our subsidiaries. We are exposed to the riskof fluctuations in interest rates, primarily through the credit facilities of certain of our subsidiaries, which are indexed to EURIBOR, LIBOR or other baserates. Although we enter into various derivative transactions to manage exposure to movements in interest rates, there can be no assurance that we will beable to continue to do so at a reasonable cost or at all. If we are unable to effectively manage our interest rate exposure through derivative transactions, anyincrease in market interest rates would increase our interest rate exposure and debt service obligations, which would exacerbate the risks associated with ourleveraged capital structure.In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submitrates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. Currently, it is not possible to predict the exact transitional arrangements for calculating applicable referencerates that may be made in the U.K., the U.S., the Eurozone or elsewhere given that a number of outcomes are possible, including the cessation of thepublication of one or more reference rates. Our loan documents contain provisions that contemplate alternative calculations of the base rate applicable to ourLIBOR-indexed debt to the extent LIBOR is not available, which alternative calculations we do not anticipate will be materially different from what wouldhave been calculated under LIBOR. Additionally, no mandatory prepayment or redemption provisions would be triggered under our loan documents in theevent that the LIBOR rate is not available. It is possible, however, that any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed debt could be different thanany new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed derivative instruments. We anticipate managing this difference and any resulting increasedvariable-rate exposure through modifications to our debt and/or derivative instruments, however future market conditions may not allow immediateimplementation of desired modifications and/or the company may incur significant associated costs.We are subject to increasing operating costs and inflation risks, which may adversely affect our results of operations. While our operations attempt toincrease our subscription rates to offset increases in programming and operating costs, there is no assurance that they will be able to do so. In certain countriesin which we operate, our ability to increase subscription rates is subject to regulatory controls. Also, our ability to increase subscription rates may beconstrained by competitive pressures. Therefore, operating costs may rise faster than associated revenue, resulting in a material negative impact on our cashflow and net earnings (loss). We are also impacted by inflationary increases in salaries, wages, benefits and other administrative costs in certain of ourmarkets.Continuing uncertainties and challenging conditions in the global economy and in the countries in which we operate may adversely impact ourbusiness, financial condition and results of operations. The current macroeconomic environment is highly volatile, and continuing instability in globalmarkets, including the ongoing struggles in Europe related to sovereign debt issues, the risk of deflation and the stability of the British pound sterling andthe euro, has contributed to a challenging global economic environment. Future developments are dependent upon a number of political and economicfactors, including the effectiveness of measures by the E.U. Commission to address debt burdens of certain countries in Europe and the overall stability of theeurozone. As a result, we cannot predict how long challenging conditions will exist or the extent to which the markets in which we operate may deteriorate.Additional risks arising from the ongoing economic challenges in Europe are described below under the Risk Factor titled: We are exposed to sovereign debtand currency instability risks that could have an adverse impact on our liquidity, financial condition and cash flows.Unfavorable economic conditions may impact a significant number of our subscribers and/or the prices we are able to charge for our products andservices, and, as a result, it may be (1) more difficult for us to attract new subscribers, (2) more likely that subscribers will downgrade or disconnect theirservices and (3) more difficult for us to maintain ARPUs at existing levels. Countries may also seek new or increased revenue sources due to fiscal deficits.Such actions may further adversely affect our company. Accordingly, our ability to increase, or, in certain cases, maintain, the revenue, ARPUs, RGUs, mobilesubscribers, Adjusted OIBDA, Adjusted OIBDA margins and liquidity of our operating segments could be adversely affected if the macroeconomicenvironment remains uncertain or declines further. We are currently unable to predict the extent of any of these potential adverse effects.We are exposed to sovereign debt and currency instability risks that could have an adverse impact on our liquidity, financial condition and cash flows.Our operations are subject to macroeconomic and political risks that are outside of our control. For example, high levels of sovereign debt in the U.S. andseveral countries in which we or our affiliates operate, combined with weak growth and high unemployment, could potentially lead to fiscal reforms(including austerity measures), tax increases, sovereign debt restructurings, currency instability, increased counterparty credit risk, high levels of volatilityand disruptions in the credit and equity markets, as well as other outcomes that might adversely impact our company. With regard to currency instabilityissues, concerns exist in the eurozone with respect to individual macro-fundamentals on a country-by-country basis, as well as with respect to the overallstability of the European monetary union and the suitability of a single currency to appropriately deal with specific fiscal management and sovereign debtissues in individual eurozone countries. The realization of these concerns could lead to the exit of one or more countries from the European monetary unionand the re-introduction of individual currencies in these countries,I-41or, in more extreme circumstances, the possible dissolution of the European monetary union entirely, which could result in the redenomination of a portionor, in the extreme case, all of our euro-denominated assets, liabilities and cash flows to the new currency of the country in which they originated. This couldresult in a mismatch in the currencies of our assets, liabilities and cash flows. Any such mismatch, together with the capital market disruption that wouldlikely accompany any such redenomination event, could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity and financial condition. Furthermore, anyredenomination event would likely be accompanied by significant economic dislocation, particularly within the eurozone countries, which in turn couldhave an adverse impact on demand for our products and services, and accordingly, on our revenue and cash flows. Moreover, any changes from euro to non-euro currencies within the countries in which we operate would require us to modify our billing and other financial systems. No assurance can be given thatany required modifications could be made within a time frame that would allow us to timely bill our customers or prepare and file required financial reports.In light of the significant exposure that we have to the euro through our euro-denominated borrowings, derivative instruments, cash balances and cash flows,a redenomination event could have a material adverse impact on our company.We may not freely access the cash of our operating companies. Our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries. Our current sources of corporateliquidity include (1) our cash and cash equivalents and (2) interest and dividend income received on our cash and cash equivalents and investments. Fromtime to time, we also receive (1) proceeds in the form of distributions or loan repayments from our subsidiaries or affiliates, (2) proceeds upon the dispositionof investments and other assets and (3) proceeds in connection with the incurrence of debt or the issuance of equity securities. The ability of our operatingsubsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments or advances to us depends on their individual operating results and any statutory, regulatory orcontractual restrictions to which they may be or may become subject and in some cases our receipt of such payments or advances may be limited due to taxconsiderations or the presence of noncontrolling interests. Most of our operating subsidiaries are subject to credit agreements or indentures that restrict salesof assets and prohibit or limit the payment of dividends or the making of distributions, loans or advances to shareholders and partners, including us. Inaddition, because these subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities they have no obligation to provide us funds for payment obligations, whether bydividends, distributions, loans or other payments.We are exposed to the risk of default by the counterparties to our derivative and other financial instruments, undrawn debt facilities and cashinvestments. Although we seek to manage the credit risks associated with our derivative and other financial instruments, cash investments and undrawn debtfacilities, we are exposed to the risk that our counterparties will default on their obligations to us. While we regularly review our credit exposures andcurrently have no specific concerns about the creditworthiness of any counterparty for which we have material credit risk exposures, we cannot rule out thepossibility that one or more of our counterparties could fail or otherwise be unable to meet its obligations to us. Any such instance of default or failure couldhave an adverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity. In this regard, (1) we may incur losses to the extent thatwe are unable to recover debts owed to us, including cash deposited and the value of financial losses, (2) we may incur significant costs to recover amountsowed to us, and such recovery may take a long period of time or may not be possible at all, (3) our derivative liabilities may be accelerated by the default ofour counterparty, (4) we may be exposed to financial risks as a result of the termination of affected derivative contracts, and it may be costly or impossible toreplace such contracts or otherwise mitigate such risks, (5) amounts available under committed credit facilities may be reduced and (6) disruption to the creditmarkets could adversely impact our ability to access debt financing on favorable terms, or at all.At December 31, 2018, our exposure to counterparty credit risk included (1) derivative assets with an aggregate fair value of $617.3 million, (2) cash andcash equivalent and restricted cash balances of $1,498.3 million and (3) aggregate undrawn debt facilities of $2,503.8 million. For additional information onour derivative contracts, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Our interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV is held pursuant to a Shareholders Agreement that contains provisions relating to governance as well astransfer and exit rights, which, depending on the circumstances, may not be in the best interest of our company. Our non-controlling interest in theVodafoneZiggo JV is held pursuant to a shareholders’ agreement (the Shareholders Agreement), which provides the terms of the governance of theVodafoneZiggo JV, including among others, decision-making process, information access, dividend policy and non-compete provisions. These provisionsmay prevent the VodafoneZiggo JV from making decisions or taking actions that would protect or advance the interests of our company, and could evenresult in the VodafoneZiggo JV making decisions or taking actions that adversely impact our company. Further, our ability to access the cash of theVodafoneZiggo JV pursuant to the dividend policy contained in the Shareholders Agreement may be restricted in certain circumstances. The ShareholdersAgreement also provides for restrictions on the transfer of interests in the VodafoneZiggo JV, which could adversely affect our ability to sell our interest inthe VodafoneZiggo JV and/or the prices at which our interest may be sold, as well as certain exit arrangements, which could force us to sell our interest. Foradditional information on the VodafoneZiggo JV and the Shareholders Agreement, see note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II ofthis Annual Report on Form 10-K.I-42We may not report net earnings. We reported earnings (loss) from continuing operations of ($1,411.5 million), ($2,350.0 million) and $1,650.3 millionduring 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In light of our historical financial performance, we cannot assure you that we will report net earnings in the nearfuture.Other FactorsWe have not historically paid any cash dividends, and we may not pay dividends equally or at all on any class of our ordinary shares. We do notpresently intend to pay cash dividends on any class of our ordinary shares for the foreseeable future. However, we have the right to pay dividends, effectsecurities distributions or make bonus issues on Liberty Global Shares. In addition, any dividends or distributions on, or repurchases of Liberty Global Shareswill reduce our “distributable reserves” (defined as our accumulated, realized profits less accumulated, realized losses, as measured for U.K. statutorypurposes) legally available to be paid as dividends by our company under English law on any of our ordinary shares.Our share price may change significantly, and you may not be able to resell our ordinary shares at or above the price you paid or at all, and you couldlose all or part of your investment as a result. In addition to the factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the trading price of each class of ourordinary shares may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue and other operating results;•actual operating or financial results that vary from our guidance or the expectations of securities analysts and investors;•changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates by securities analysts and investors;•actual or anticipated future sales of our ordinary shares by us, our senior management or our other existing shareholders;•investor sentiment with respect to our competitors, our business partners, and our industry in general;•announcements by us or our competitors of significant services or features, technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures,or capital commitments;•changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of companies in our industry, including our competitors;•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;•media coverage of our business and financial performance; and•general domestic and international economic and political conditions.The stock market has recently experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equitysecurities of many companies. In particular, price and volume fluctuations in the stock market as a whole may affect the market price of our ordinary shares inways that may be unrelated or disproportionate to our operating performance. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the tradingprice of our ordinary shares, regardless of our actual operating performance.Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market priceof a company’s securities. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs, divert our management’s attention and resources and havean adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.The loss of certain key personnel could harm our business. We have experienced employees at both the corporate and operational levels who possesssubstantial knowledge of our business and operations. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in retaining their services or that we would besuccessful in hiring and training suitable replacements without undue costs or delays. As a result, the loss of any of these key employees could causesignificant disruptions in our business operations, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations.John C. Malone has significant voting power with respect to corporate matters considered by our shareholders. John C. Malone beneficially ownsoutstanding ordinary shares of Liberty Global representing 29.3% of our aggregate voting power as of February 13, 2019. By virtue of Mr. Malone’s votingpower in our company, as well as his position as Chairman of our board ofI-43directors, Mr. Malone may have significant influence over the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matters submitted to our shareholders forapproval. For example, under English law and our articles of association, certain matters (including amendments to the articles of association) require theapproval of 75% of the shareholders who vote (in person or by proxy) on the relevant resolution, and other certain corporate transactions or matters mayrequire the approval of at least 75% of the outstanding shares of each class of our ordinary shares. Because Mr. Malone beneficially owns approximately29.3% of our aggregate voting power and more than 75% of the outstanding Class B ordinary shares of Liberty Global, he has the ability to prevent therequisite approval threshold from being met even though the other shareholders may determine that such action or transaction is beneficial for the company.Mr. Malone’s rights to vote or dispose of his equity interests in our company are not subject to any restrictions in favor of us other than as may be required byapplicable law and except for customary transfer restrictions pursuant to equity award agreements.It may be difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our shareholders. Certain provisions of our articles ofassociation and of English law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control of our company that a shareholder may consider favorable. Theseprovisions include the following:•authorizing a capital structure with multiple classes of ordinary shares; a Class B that entitles the holders to 10 votes per share; a Class A that entitlesthe holders to one vote per share; and a Class C that, except as otherwise required by applicable law, entitles the holders to no voting rights;•authorizing the issuance of “blank check” shares (both ordinary and preference), which could be issued by our board of directors to increase thenumber of outstanding shares and thwart a takeover attempt;•classifying our board of directors with staggered three-year terms, which may lengthen the time required to gain control of our board of directors,although under English law, shareholders of our company can remove a director without cause by ordinary resolution;•prohibiting shareholder action by written resolution, thereby requiring all shareholder actions to be taken at a meeting of the shareholders;•requiring the approval of 75% in value of the shareholders (or class of shareholders) and/or English court approval for certain statutory mergers orschemes of arrangements; and•establishing advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can beacted upon by shareholders at shareholder meetings. Change in control provisions in our incentive plans and related award agreements or in executive employment agreements may also discourage, delay, orprevent a change in control of our company, even if such change of control would be in the best interests of our shareholders.The enforcement of civil liabilities against us may be more difficult. Because we are a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Englandand Wales, investors could experience more difficulty enforcing judgments obtained against us in U.S. courts than would currently be the case for U.S.judgments obtained against a U.S. company. It may also be more difficult (or impossible) to bring some types of claims against us in courts sitting in Englandthan it would be to bring similar claims against a U.S. company in a U.S. court. In particular, English law significantly limits the circumstances under whichshareholders of English companies may bring derivative actions. Under English law generally, only the company can be the proper plaintiff in proceedings inrespect of wrongful acts committed against us. Our articles of association provide for the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts for shareholder lawsuitsagainst us or our directors.I-44Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTSNone.Item 2. PROPERTIESWe lease our corporate offices in London, U.K., in Denver, Colorado, U.S. and in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. All of our other real or personal property isowned or leased by our subsidiaries and affiliates.Our subsidiaries and affiliates own or lease the fixed assets necessary for the operation of their respective businesses, including office space, transponderspace, headend facilities, rights of way, cable television and telecommunications distribution equipment, telecommunications switches, base stations, celltowers and customer premises equipment and other property necessary for their operations. The physical components of their broadband networks requiremaintenance and periodic upgrades to support the new services and products they introduce. Subject to these maintenance and upgrade activities, ourmanagement believes that our current facilities are suitable and adequate for our business operations for the foreseeable future.Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGSFrom time to time, our subsidiaries and affiliates have become involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of their operations in the normalcourse of business. For additional information, see note 18 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURESNot applicable.I-45PART IIItem 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITYSECURITIESGeneralThe capitalized terms used in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are defined in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. In thefollowing text, the terms “we,” “our,” “our company” and “us” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Global or collectively to Liberty Global and itssubsidiaries.Market InformationOur share capital comprises Liberty Global Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, which trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under thesymbols “LBTYA,” “LBTYB,” and “LBTYK,” respectively. Share price information for securities traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market can be found onthe Nasdaq’s website at www.nasdaq.com.The following table sets forth the quarterly range of high and low sales prices of Liberty Global Class B ordinary shares for 2018 and 2017. AlthoughLiberty Global Class B ordinary shares are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, an established public trading market does not exist for the shares, asthey are not actively traded. Liberty Global Class B ordinary shares High Low2018 First quarter$39.00 $31.65Second quarter$32.55 $28.00Third quarter$29.10 $26.75Fourth quarter$27.18 $20.70 2017 First quarter$39.85 $32.32Second quarter$37.30 $29.05Third quarter$36.55 $31.30Fourth quarter$35.55 $30.50HoldersAs of February 13, 2019, there were 656, eight and 746 record holders of Liberty Global Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, respectively. Theseamounts do not include the number of shareholders whose shares are nominally held by banks, brokerage houses or other institutions, but include each suchinstitution as one record holder.DividendsWe have not paid any cash dividends on any of our ordinary shares, and we have no present intention of doing so. Any future payment of cash dividendswill be determined by our board of directors in light of our earnings, financial condition and other relevant considerations, including applicable laws inEngland and Wales.Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered SecuritiesNone. II-1Issuer Purchase of Equity SecuritiesThe following table sets forth information regarding our company’s purchase of its own equity securities during the three months ended December 31,2018: Period Total number of shares repurchased Average pricepaid per share (a) Total number of sharesrepurchased as part ofpublicly-announcedprograms Value of shares that mayyet be repurchasedunder the programs October 1, 2018 through October 31, 2018: Class C 6,191,700 $25.27 6,191,700 (b)November 1, 2018 through November 30, 2018: Class C 4,180,400 $24.32 4,180,400 (b)December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018: Class C 3,049,559 $22.45 3,049,559 (b)Total — October 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018: Class C 13,421,659 $24.34 13,421,659 (b)_______________(a)Average price paid per share includes direct acquisition costs.(b)As of December 31, 2018, the remaining amount authorized for share repurchases was $566.2 million.II-2Stock Performance GraphThe following graph compares the changes in the cumulative total shareholder return on our Liberty Global Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary sharesfrom January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018, to the change in the cumulative total return on the ICB 6500 Telecommunications and the Nasdaq USBenchmark TR Index (assuming reinvestment of dividends, where applicable). The performance presented below includes the retrospective impact of the July1, 2015 distribution as a dividend (or a “bonus issue” under U.K. law) of LiLAC Shares and the LiLAC Distribution. The graph assumes that $100 wasinvested on January 1, 2014. December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Liberty Global - Class A$108.50 $91.55 $75.29 $88.21 $52.52Liberty Global - Class B$110.64 $88.66 $68.59 $77.53 $45.80Liberty Global - Class C$112.52 $94.95 $79.10 $90.13 $54.97ICB 6500 Telecommunications$102.73 $106.42 $131.72 $131.59 $122.62Nasdaq US Benchmark TR Index$112.46 $113.00 $127.70 $155.01 $146.57II-3Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATAThe following tables present the selected historical financial information of our continuing operations (unless otherwise indicated), which was derivedfrom our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014. This information is only a summaryand should be read together with our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and consolidated financialstatements included elsewhere herein. December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 in millionsSummary Balance Sheet Data (a): Investments$5,121.8 $6,671.4 $6,388.7 $2,839.3 $1,808.2Property and equipment, net$13,878.9 $14,149.0 $12,235.4 $15,676.6 $17,257.2Goodwill$13,715.8 $14,354.1 $12,763.9 $21,801.0 $23,281.1Total assets (including discontinued operations)$53,153.6 $57,596.8 $68,684.1 $67,645.2 $72,665.2Debt and capital lease obligations, including current portion$29,805.2 $32,644.5 $28,843.6 $35,955.7 $35,233.1Total equity$4,148.3 $6,393.0 $14,732.0 $10,174.3 $14,116.0 Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 in millions, except per share amountsSummary Statement of Operations Data (a): Revenue$11,957.9 $11,276.4 $13,731.1 $13,680.0 $13,306.3Operating income$839.1 $792.4 $1,570.1 $1,189.1 $936.5Earnings (loss) from continuing operations$(1,411.5) $(2,350.0) $1,650.3 $(1,456.6) $(1,239.3)Earnings (loss) from continuing operations attributable to LibertyGlobal shareholders$(1,532.0) $(2,421.4) $1,624.5 $(1,546.3) $(1,278.2)Basic earnings (loss) from continuing operations attributable toLiberty Global shareholders per share: Liberty Global Shares (b)$(1.97) $(2.86) $1.83 $(1.79) Old Liberty Global Shares (c) $(1.75) $(1.60)Diluted earnings (loss) from continuing operations attributable toLiberty Global shareholders per share: Liberty Global Shares (b)$(1.97) $(2.86) $1.81 $(1.79) Old Liberty Global Shares (c) $(1.75) $(1.60)_______________(a)We acquired BASE on February 11, 2016 and Ziggo on November 11, 2014. Our continuing operations also completed a number of less significantacquisitions during the years presented. On December 31, 2016, we completed the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, pursuant to which we contributedVodafoneZiggo Holding to the VodafoneZiggo JV. In addition, we acquired C&W on May 16, 2016 and a less significant cable and broadbandservices provider in Puerto Rico on June 3, 2015, each of which was attributed to the LiLAC Group. Effective December 31, 2017, we completed theSplit-off Transaction, pursuant to which the businesses, assets and liabilities of the LiLAC Group were transferred to an independent publicly-tradedcompany. Accordingly, the selected financial data included in this table presents the LiLAC Group as discontinued operations for all applicableperiods. For information regarding our acquisitions and dispositions during the past three years, see notes 5 and 6, respectively, to our consolidatedfinancial statements.(b)The per share amounts presented for 2015 relate to the period from July 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015.(c)The per share amounts presented for 2015 relate to the period from January 1, 2015 through June 30, 2015. “Old Liberty Global Shares” refers to ourClass A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares that were outstanding prior to being reclassified into Liberty Global Shares in connection with the July 1,2015 distribution of LiLAC Shares, as further described in note 13 to our consolidated financial statements.II-4Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONSThe following discussion and analysis, which should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, is intended to assist in providingan understanding of our results of operations and financial condition and is organized as follows:•Overview. This section provides a general description of our business and recent events.•Results of Operations. This section provides an analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.•Liquidity and Capital Resources. This section provides an analysis of our corporate and subsidiary liquidity, consolidated statements of cash flowsand contractual commitments.•Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates. This section discusses those material accounting policies that involve uncertainties andrequire significant judgment in their application.•Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. This section provides discussion and analysis of the foreign currency, interest rate andother market risk that our company faces.Unless otherwise indicated, convenience translations into U.S. dollars are calculated, and operational data (including subscriber statistics) is presented,as of December 31, 2018.OverviewGeneralWe are an international provider of video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile communications services to residential customers andbusinesses in Europe. Our continuing operations currently provide residential and B2B communications services in (i) the U.K. and Ireland through VirginMedia, (ii) Belgium through Telenet and (iii) Switzerland, Poland and Slovakia through UPC Holding. In addition, following the December 31, 2016completion of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, we own a 50% noncontrolling interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV, which provides residential and B2Bcommunications services in the Netherlands. During 2016, we provided residential and B2B communications services in the Netherlands through our wholly-owned subsidiary, VodafoneZiggo Holding.As further described in note 6 to our consolidated financial statements, we (i) completed the sale of our operations in Austria on July 31, 2018, (ii)reached an agreement on May 9, 2018 to sell our operations in Germany, Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic (exclusive of our DTH operations), (iii)reached an agreement on December 21, 2018 to sell the operations of UPC DTH and (iv) completed the Split-off Transaction on December 29, 2017.Accordingly, (a) our operations in Austria, Germany, Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic and the operations of UPC DTH are presented asdiscontinued operations for all periods and (b) the entities comprising the LiLAC Group are presented as discontinued operations in our consolidatedstatements of operations and cash flows for 2017 and 2016. In the following discussion and analysis, the operating statistics, results of operations, cash flowsand financial condition that we present and discuss are those of our continuing operations unless otherwise indicated.OperationsAt December 31, 2018, our continuing operations owned and operated networks that passed 25,106,900 homes and served 25,267,500 revenuegenerating units (RGUs), consisting of 8,559,200 video subscribers, 9,270,400 broadband internet subscribers and 7,437,900 fixed-line telephonysubscribers. In addition, at December 31, 2018, our continuing operations served 6,001,500 mobile subscribers.Video services. We provide video services, including various enhanced products that enable our customers to control when they watch theirprogramming. These products range from digital video recorders to multimedia home gateway systems capable of distributing video, voice and data contentthroughout the home and to multiple devices.Broadband internet services. We offer multiple tiers of broadband internet service with available maximum download speeds as high as 500 Mbps ormore depending on location. We continue to invest in new technologies that allow us to increase the internet speeds we offer to our customers.Fixed-line telephony services. We offer fixed-line telephony services via either voice-over-internet-protocol or “VoIP” technology or circuit-switchedtelephony, depending on location.II-5Mobile services. We offer voice and data mobile services through MVNO networks or, in the case of Belgium, our own network. Our continuingoperations offer mobile services as an MVNO over third-party networks in the U.K., Switzerland, Ireland and Poland.B2B services. Our B2B services include voice, broadband internet, data, video, wireless and cloud services.For additional information regarding the details of our products and services, see Item 1. Business included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Strategy and Management FocusFrom a strategic perspective, we are seeking to build broadband communications and mobile businesses that have strong prospects for future growth. Asdiscussed further under Liquidity and Capital Resources — Capitalization below, we also seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractiveequity returns without assuming undue risk.We strive to achieve organic revenue and customer growth in our operations by developing and marketing bundled entertainment and information andcommunications services, and extending and upgrading the quality of our networks where appropriate. As we use the term, organic growth excludes foreigncurrency translation effects (FX) and the estimated impact of acquisitions and dispositions. While we seek to increase our customer base, we also seek tomaximize the average revenue we receive from each household by increasing the penetration of our digital video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephonyand mobile services with existing customers through product bundling and upselling.We currently are engaged in certain network extension programs across our footprint, which we collectively refer to as the “Network Extensions.”During 2018, pursuant to the Network Extensions, our continuing operations connected approximately 657,000 additional residential and commercialpremises (excluding upgrades) to our two-way networks, including approximately 481,000 residential and commercial premises connected by Virgin Mediain the U.K. and Ireland. We expect to continue the Network Extensions in 2019. Depending on a variety of factors, including the financial and operationalresults of our new build programs, the Network Extensions may be continued, modified or cancelled at our discretion.The capital costs associated with the Network Extensions, which include the costs to build out the networks and the purchase and installation of relatedcustomer premises equipment, are expected to be significant. For information regarding our expected property and equipment additions during 2019, seeLiquidity and Capital Resources — Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows below.Our assessment of the impacts of the Network Extensions are subject to competitive, economic, regulatory and other factors outside of our control.Competition and Other External FactorsWe are experiencing significant competition from incumbent telecommunications operators, DTH operators and/or other providers in all of our markets.For additional information regarding the competition we face, see Item 1. Business - Competition and - Regulatory Matters included in Part I of this AnnualReport on Form 10-K. The significant competition we are experiencing, together with macroeconomic and regulatory factors, has adversely impacted ourrevenue, RGUs and/or average monthly subscription revenue per average cable RGU or mobile subscriber, as applicable (ARPU), particularly in Switzerlandand Belgium. In addition, the VodafoneZiggo JV is facing significant competition in the Netherlands, particularly with respect to its mobile operations. Foradditional information regarding the revenue impact of changes in the RGUs and ARPU of our consolidated reportable segments, see Discussion andAnalysis of our Reportable Segments below.In addition to competition, our operations are subject to macroeconomic, political and other risks that are outside of our control. For example, on June23, 2016, the U.K. held a referendum in which U.K. citizens voted in favor of, on an advisory basis, an exit from the E.U. commonly referred to as“Brexit.” Failing the implementation of an agreed extension, the U.K. will leave the E.U. on March 29, 2019 under a so-called “hard Brexit” or “no-dealBrexit” without agreements on trade, finance and other key elements. The foregoing has caused considerable uncertainty as to Brexit’s impact on the freemovement of goods, services, people, data and capital between the U.K. and the E.U., customer behavior, economic conditions, interest rates, currencyexchange rates and availability of capital. The effects of Brexit could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.For additional information regarding the potential impact of Brexit on our company, see Item 1A. Risk Factors included in Part I of this Annual Report onForm 10-KII-6Results of OperationsWe have completed a number of transactions that impact the comparability of our 2018, 2017 and 2016 results of operations, the most notable of whichis the SFR BeLux Acquisition on June 19, 2017. For further information, see note 5 to our consolidated financial statements.On December 31, 2016, we completed the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, whereby we contributed VodafoneZiggo Holding and its subsidiaries(including Ziggo Sport) to the VodafoneZiggo JV. Accordingly, our results of operations for 2016 include the operations of VodafoneZiggo Holding and itssubsidiaries. In our segment presentation for 2016, VodafoneZiggo Holding (exclusive of Ziggo Sport, which became a subsidiary of VodafoneZiggoHolding in October 2016) is separately reported as “The Netherlands”, and Ziggo Sport is included in Central and Corporate. For additional informationregarding the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.In the following discussion, we quantify the estimated impact of acquisitions (the Acquisition Impact) on our operating results. The Acquisition Impactrepresents our estimate of the difference between the operating results of the periods under comparison that is attributable to an acquisition. In general, webase our estimate of the Acquisition Impact on an acquired entity’s operating results during the first three to twelve months following the acquisition date, asadjusted to remove integration costs and any other material unusual or nonoperational items, such that changes from those operating results in subsequentperiods are considered to be organic changes. Accordingly, in the following discussion, (i) organic variances attributed to an acquired entity during the first12 months following the acquisition date represent differences between the Acquisition Impact and the actual results and (ii) the calculation of our organicchange percentages includes the organic activity of an acquired entity relative to the Acquisition Impact of such entity. In our below comparison of 2017 to2016, we also quantify the impact of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction on our results of operations. In this regard, our organic changes in the 2017 to 2016comparison are adjusted to exclude (a) the operations of VodafoneZiggo Holding and Ziggo Sport during 2016, (b) the revenue earned during 2017 fromservices provided to the VodafoneZiggo JV and (c) certain operating and SG&A expenses incurred during 2017 that were allocated to our Netherlandssegment during 2016.Changes in foreign currency exchange rates have a significant impact on our reported operating results as all of our operating segments have functionalcurrencies other than the U.S. dollar. Our primary exposure to FX risk during the three months ended December 31, 2018 was to the British pound sterling andeuro as 52.9% and 32.4% of our reported revenue during the period was derived from subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the British pound sterlingand euro, respectively. In addition, our reported operating results are impacted by changes in the exchange rates for certain other local currencies in Europe.The portions of the changes in the various components of our results of operations that are attributable to changes in FX are highlighted under Discussionand Analysis of our Reportable Segments and Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results below. For information regarding our foreigncurrency risks and the applicable foreign currency exchange rates in effect for the periods covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, see Quantitative andQualitative Disclosures about Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk below.The amounts presented and discussed below represent 100% of each of our consolidated reportable segment’s revenue and Adjusted OIBDA. As we havethe ability to control Telenet, we consolidate 100% of its revenue and expenses in our consolidated statements of operations despite the fact that third partiesown a significant interest. The noncontrolling owners’ interests in the operating results of Telenet and other less significant majority-owned subsidiaries arereflected in net earnings or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated statements of operations.As further described in note 2 to our consolidated financial statements, we adopted ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 using the cumulative effecttransition method. As such, the information included in our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for 2017 and 2016 has not been restated andcontinues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for such years. In order to provide a more meaningful comparison of our results ofoperations, in the following discussion and analysis of our results of operations for 2018, as compared to 2017, we present our revenue, expenses andAdjusted OIBDA for 2017 on a pro forma basis that gives effect to the adoption of ASU 2014-09 as if such adoption had occurred on January 1, 2017.However, in the discussion and analysis of our results of operations for 2017, as compared to 2016, we present all amounts on a historical basis.II-7The following table presents (i) the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on the revenue and Adjusted OIBDA of our consolidated reportable segmentsfor the year ended December 31, 2018 and (ii) the pro forma impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on the revenue and Adjusted OIBDA of our consolidatedreportable segments for the year ended December 31, 2017 as if such adoption had occurred on January 1, 2017. Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 pro forma in millions Increase (decrease) to revenue: U.K./Ireland$34.3 $(12.9)Belgium(9.0) (3.7)Switzerland1.0 (3.9)Central and Eastern Europe(0.2) (1.0)Total increase (decrease) to revenue$26.1 $(21.5) Increase (decrease) to Adjusted OIBDA: U.K./Ireland$27.1 $(26.1)Belgium(9.0) (3.7)Switzerland(0.2) (2.9)Central and Eastern Europe(0.5) 0.8Total increase (decrease) to Adjusted OIBDA$17.4 $(31.9)II-8Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable SegmentsGeneralAll of our reportable segments derive their revenue primarily from residential and B2B communications services, including video, broadband internet,fixed-line telephony and mobile services. For detailed information regarding the composition of our reportable segments and how we define and categorizeour revenue components, see note 19 to our consolidated financial statements. For information regarding the results of operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV,refer to Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results - Share of results of affiliates below.The tables presented below in this section provide the details of the revenue and Adjusted OIBDA of our consolidated reportable segments for (i) 2018,as compared to 2017, and (ii) 2017, as compared to 2016. As discussed above, in our comparison of 2018 to 2017, amounts for 2017 are presented on a proforma basis that gives effect to the adoption of ASU 2014-09 as if such adoption had occurred on January 1, 2017. In our comparison of 2017 to 2016, allamounts are presented on a historical basis. These tables present (a) the amounts reported for the current and comparative periods, (b) the reported U.S. dollarchange and percentage change from period to period and (c) the organic U.S. dollar change and percentage change from period to period. For our organiccomparisons, which exclude the impact of FX, we assume that exchange rates remained constant at the prior-period rate during all periods presented. We alsoprovide a table showing the Adjusted OIBDA margins of our consolidated reportable segments for 2018, 2017 and 2016 at the end of this section.Most of our revenue is derived from jurisdictions that administer VAT or similar revenue-based taxes. Any increases in these taxes could have an adverseimpact on our ability to maintain or increase our revenue to the extent that we are unable to pass such tax increases on to our customers. In the case ofrevenue-based taxes for which we are the ultimate taxpayer, we will also experience increases in our operating costs and expenses and corresponding declinesin our Adjusted OIBDA and Adjusted OIBDA margins to the extent of any such tax increases.We pay interconnection fees to other telephony providers when calls or text messages from our subscribers terminate on another network, and we receivesimilar fees from such providers when calls or text messages from their customers terminate on our networks or networks that we access through MVNO orother arrangements. The amounts we charge and incur with respect to fixed-line telephony and mobile interconnection fees are subject to regulatoryoversight. To the extent that regulatory authorities introduce fixed-line or mobile termination rate changes, we would experience prospective changes and, invery limited cases, we could experience retroactive changes in our interconnect revenue and/or costs. The ultimate impact of any such changes in terminationrates on our Adjusted OIBDA would be dependent on the call or text messaging patterns that are subject to the changed termination rates.We are subject to inflationary pressures with respect to certain costs and foreign currency exchange risk with respect to costs and expenses that aredenominated in currencies other than the respective functional currencies of our consolidated reportable segments (non-functional currency expenses). Anycost increases that we are not able to pass on to our subscribers through rate increases would result in increased pressure on our operating margins. Foradditional information regarding our foreign currency exchange risks see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk — Foreign CurrencyRisk below.II-9Revenue of our Consolidated Reportable SegmentsGeneral. While not specifically discussed in the below explanations of the changes in the revenue of our consolidated reportable segments, we areexperiencing significant competition in all of our markets. This competition has an adverse impact on our ability to increase or maintain our RGUs and/orARPU.Variances in the subscription revenue that we receive from our customers are a function of (i) changes in the number of RGUs or mobile subscribersoutstanding during the period and (ii) changes in ARPU. Changes in ARPU can be attributable to (a) changes in prices, (b) changes in bundling orpromotional discounts, (c) changes in the tier of services selected, (d) variances in subscriber usage patterns and (e) the overall mix of cable and mobileproducts within a segment during the period. In the following discussion, we discuss ARPU changes in terms of the net impact of the above factors on theARPU that is derived from our video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile products.Revenue — 2018 compared to 2017 Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2018 2017 $ % $ % pro forma in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$6,875.1 $6,385.8 $489.3 7.7 $249.5 3.9Belgium2,993.6 2,861.6 132.0 4.6 (35.7) (1.2)Switzerland1,326.0 1,366.2 (40.2) (2.9) (50.6) (3.7)Central and Eastern Europe492.2 466.5 25.7 5.5 4.5 1.0Central and Corporate (a)274.2 189.4 84.8 44.8 59.9 28.9Intersegment eliminations(3.2) (14.6) 11.4 N.M. 11.4 N.M.Total$11,957.9 $11,254.9 $703.0 6.2 $239.0 2.1_______________N.M. — Not Meaningful.(a)Amounts primarily include the revenue earned from transition and other services provided to the VodafoneZiggo JV and, during 2018, DeutscheTelekom and Liberty Latin America. For additional information, see notes 6 and 7 to our consolidated financial statements.II-10U.K./Ireland. The details of the pro forma increase in U.K./Ireland’s revenue during 2018, as compared to 2017, are set forth below: Subscriptionrevenue Non-subscriptionrevenue Total in millionsIncrease in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a)$70.9 $— $70.9ARPU (b)49.3 — 49.3Increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue (c)— 6.6 6.6Total increase in residential cable revenue120.26.6126.8Increase (decrease) in residential mobile revenue (d)(3.8) 86.6 82.8Increase in B2B revenue (e)28.3 4.1 32.4Increase in other revenue (f)— 7.5 7.5Total organic increase144.7104.8249.5Impact of FX187.7 52.1 239.8Total$332.4 $156.9 $489.3_______________(a)The increase in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in the average number of RGUs is attributable to increases in the averagenumber of broadband internet, video and fixed-line telephony RGUs.(b)The increase in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in ARPU is attributable to (i) a net increase due to (a) higher ARPU frombroadband internet services, (b) lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony services and (c) higher ARPU from video services and (ii) an improvement inRGU mix.(c)The increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue is primarily driven by changes in the U.K., including the net effect of (i) increases ininterconnect revenue and late fees and (ii) a decrease in cancellation revenue.(d)The decrease in residential mobile subscription revenue is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a decrease in the U.K., due primarily to lowerARPU, and (ii) an increase in Ireland, mainly due to an increase in the average number of mobile subscribers. The increase in residential mobile non-subscription revenue is primarily due to an increase in revenue from mobile handset sales in the U.K., which typically generate relatively low margins.(e)The increase in B2B subscription revenue is primarily due to an increase in the average number of broadband internet SOHO subscribers in the U.K.The increase in B2B non-subscription revenue is primarily driven by changes in the U.K., including the net effect of (i) higher revenue related tobusiness network services, (ii) a decrease in interconnect revenue, (iii) lower revenue from wholesale fixed-line telephony services and (iv) lowerrevenue from data services.(f)The increase in other revenue is primarily due to an increase in broadcasting revenue in Ireland.II-11Belgium. The details of the pro forma increase in Belgium’s revenue during 2018, as compared to 2017, are set forth below: Subscriptionrevenue Non-subscriptionrevenue Total in millionsIncrease (decrease) in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a)$(57.4) $— $(57.4)ARPU (b)20.2 — 20.2Decrease in residential cable non-subscription revenue (c)— (13.4) (13.4)Total decrease in residential cable revenue(37.2)(13.4)(50.6)Decrease in residential mobile revenue (d)(26.9) (26.5) (53.4)Increase in B2B revenue (e)26.3 42.0 68.3Total organic increase (decrease)(37.8)2.1(35.7)Impact of acquisitions27.7 41.5 69.2Impact of disposals(17.4) (11.6) (29.0)Impact of FX98.0 29.5 127.5Total$70.5 $61.5 $132.0_______________(a)The decrease in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in the average number of RGUs is attributable to declines in the averagenumber of video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony RGUs.(b)The increase in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in ARPU is attributable to (i) the net effect of (a) higher ARPU frombroadband internet and video services and (b) lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony services and (ii) an improvement in RGU mix.(c)The decrease in residential cable non-subscription revenue is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a decrease of $5.6 million related toadjustments recorded during 2017 to reflect the expected recovery of certain prior-period VAT payments, (ii) an increase in distribution revenue, (iii) adecrease in late fees and (iv) a decrease in revenue from equipment sales.(d)The decrease in residential mobile subscription revenue is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower ARPU and (ii) an increase in the average numberof mobile subscribers. The decrease in residential mobile non-subscription revenue is primarily attributable to decreases in (a) revenue from the sales ofmobile handsets and other devices and (b) interconnect revenue.(e)The increase in B2B subscription revenue is attributable to (i) higher ARPU, as increases in mobile and video SOHO services were only partially offsetby a decrease in broadband internet SOHO services, and (ii) an increase in the average number of SOHO subscribers, as increases in broadband internetand video SOHO subscribers were only partially offset by a decrease in mobile subscribers. The increase in B2B non-subscription revenue is primarilydue to (a) higher revenue from wholesale services and (b) an increase in interconnect revenue.For information concerning certain regulatory developments that could have an adverse impact on our revenue in Belgium, see “Belgium RegulatoryDevelopments” in note 18 to our consolidated financial statements.II-12Switzerland. The details of the pro forma decrease in Switzerland’s revenue during 2018, as compared to 2017, are set forth below: Subscriptionrevenue Non-subscriptionrevenue Total in millionsDecrease in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a)$(46.3) $— $(46.3)ARPU (b)(42.5) — (42.5)Increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue (c)— 4.5 4.5Total increase (decrease) in residential cable revenue(88.8)4.5(84.3)Increase in residential mobile revenue (d)14.9 0.9 15.8Increase in B2B revenue (e)1.6 12.6 14.2Increase in other revenue— 3.7 3.7Total organic increase (decrease)(72.3)21.7(50.6)Impact of acquisitions1.0—1.0Impact of FX7.5 1.9 9.4Total$(63.8) $23.6 $(40.2)_______________(a)The decrease in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in the average number of RGUs is attributable to the net effect of (i) declinesin the average number of video and broadband internet RGUs and (ii) an increase in the average number of fixed-line telephony RGUs.(b)The decrease in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in ARPU is primarily attributable to lower ARPU from video, fixed-linetelephony and broadband internet services.(c)The increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a $13.6 million increase in distributionrevenue associated with the September 2017 launch of our Swiss sports channels and (ii) a decrease of $6.4 million due to the impact of unclaimedcustomer credit accruals that were released during the first half of 2017.(d)The increase in residential mobile subscription revenue is primarily due to an increase in the average number of mobile subscribers.(e)The increase in B2B non-subscription revenue is primarily due to (i) an increase in interconnect revenue and (ii) higher revenue from data services.II-13Central and Eastern Europe. The details of the pro forma increase in Central and Eastern Europe’s revenue during 2018, as compared to 2017, are setforth below: Subscriptionrevenue Non-subscriptionrevenue Total in millionsIncrease (decrease) in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a)$2.7 $— $2.7ARPU (b)(4.4) — (4.4)Decrease in residential cable non-subscription revenue— (2.6) (2.6)Total decrease in residential cable revenue(1.7)(2.6)(4.3)Increase in B2B revenue (c)5.0 3.8 8.8Total organic increase3.31.24.5Impact of FX19.8 1.4 21.2Total$23.1 $2.6 $25.7_______________(a)The increase in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in the average number of RGUs is attributable to an increase in the averagenumber of broadband internet, video and fixed-line telephony RGUs, primarily in Poland.(b)The decrease in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in ARPU is primarily due to our operations in Poland, attributable to the neteffect of (i) lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony and broadband internet services and (ii) higher ARPU from video services.(c)The increase in B2B subscription revenue is attributable to an increase in the average number of broadband internet SOHO subscribers, primarily inPoland. The increase in B2B non-subscription revenue is largely attributable to an increase in interconnect revenue, primarily in Poland.II-14Revenue — 2017 compared to 2016 Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2017 2016 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$6,398.7 $6,508.8 $(110.1) (1.7) $151.8 2.3Belgium2,865.3 2,691.1 174.2 6.5 36.3 1.3Switzerland1,370.1 1,377.4 (7.3) (0.5) (14.5) (1.0)Central and Eastern Europe467.5 441.3 26.2 5.9 6.6 1.5The Netherlands— 2,690.8 (2,690.8) (100.0) — —Central and Corporate (a)189.4 84.1 105.3 125.2 34.3 23.1Intersegment eliminations(14.6) (62.4) 47.8 N.M. (0.4) N.M.Total$11,276.4 $13,731.1$(2,454.7) (17.9) $214.1 1.9_______________N.M. — Not Meaningful.(a)The amount presented for 2017 primarily includes the revenue earned from services provided to the VodafoneZiggo JV. For additional information,see note 7 to our consolidated financial statements. The amount presented for 2016 primarily includes the revenue of Ziggo Sport, which wascontributed to the VodafoneZiggo JV as part of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction.U.K./Ireland. The details of the decrease in U.K./Ireland’s revenue during 2017, as compared to 2016, is set forth below: Subscriptionrevenue Non-subscriptionrevenue Total in millionsIncrease in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a)$80.0 $— $80.0ARPU (b)18.2 — 18.2Increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue (c)— 18.9 18.9Total increase in residential cable revenue98.2 18.9117.1Increase (decrease) in residential mobile revenue (d)(52.9) 38.9 (14.0)Increase in B2B revenue (e)34.6 7.0 41.6Increase in other revenue (f)— 7.1 7.1Total organic increase79.9 71.9151.8Impact of acquisitions— 31.4 31.4Impact of disposals— (2.9) (2.9)Impact of FX(230.0) (60.4) (290.4)Total$(150.1) $40.0 $(110.1)_______________(a)The increase in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in the average number of RGUs is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i)increases in the average number of broadband internet, video and fixed-line telephony RGUs in the U.K. and (ii) a decrease in the average number ofvideo RGUs in Ireland.(b)The increase in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in ARPU is attributable to (i) the net effect of (a) higher ARPU frombroadband internet services and (b) lower ARPU from video and fixed-line telephony services and (ii) an improvement in RGU mix. In addition, ARPUfrom video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony services was adversely impacted by an aggregate revenue decrease of $12.4 millionassociated with an April 2016 change in the regulationsII-15governing payment handling fees that Virgin Media charges to its customers in the U.K.(c)The increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase in installation revenue in the U.K.and (ii) a decrease in early termination fees in the U.K.(d)The decrease in residential mobile subscription revenue is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a decrease in the U.K., due primarily to lowerARPU, and (ii) an increase in Ireland, mainly due to an increase in the average number of mobile subscribers. The lower ARPU in the U.K. includes thenet effect of (a) a decline of $104.8 million attributable to a lower number of customers under higher-ARPU subsidized handset contracts and (b) anincrease of $42.5 million attributable to growth in the number of customers under lower-ARPU contracts that provided for two distinct contractualrelationships associated with mobile handsets and mobile airtime services. The increase in residential mobile non-subscription revenue is primarilydue to (1) an increase in revenue from mobile handset sales in the U.K. and (2) a decrease in interconnect revenue, as a decrease in the U.K. was onlypartially offset by a volume-related increase in Ireland. The decrease in interconnect revenue in the U.K. is primarily due to (I) a decline in mobile shortmessage service or “SMS” termination volumes and (II) lower mobile termination rates and volumes.(e)The increase in B2B subscription revenue is primarily due to an increase in the average number of broadband internet SOHO RGUs in the U.K. Theincrease in B2B non-subscription revenue is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase in early termination fees in the U.K. and (ii) lower revenuefrom data services in the U.K.(f)The increase in other revenue is largely due to an increase in broadcasting revenue in Ireland.Belgium. The details of the increase in Belgium's revenue during 2017, as compared to 2016, is set forth below: Subscriptionrevenue Non-subscriptionrevenue Total in millionsIncrease (decrease) in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a)$(35.7) $— $(35.7)ARPU (b)23.3 — 23.3Increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue (c)— 6.7 6.7Total increase (decrease) in residential cable revenue(12.4) 6.7(5.7)Decrease in residential mobile revenue (d)(28.4) (25.6) (54.0)Increase in B2B revenue (e)50.9 45.3 96.2Decrease in other revenue— (0.2) (0.2)Total organic increase10.1 26.236.3Impact of acquisitions74.9 33.7 108.6Impact of disposals(21.0) (9.0) (30.0)Impact of FX44.3 15.0 59.3Total$108.3 $65.9 $174.2_______________(a)The decrease in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in the average number of RGUs is attributable to decreases in the averagenumber of video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony RGUs.(b)The increase in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in ARPU is attributable to (i) the net effect of (a) higher ARPU from videoand broadband internet services and (b) lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony services and (ii) an improvement in RGU mix.(c)The increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue is attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase of $5.8 million due to adjustments recordedduring 2017 to reflect the expected recovery of certain prior-period VAT payments and (ii) a decrease in revenue from services provided over third-party networks.(d)The decrease in residential mobile subscription revenue is primarily due to the net effect of (i) a decline in the average number of mobile subscribers,as a decrease in the average number of prepaid mobile subscribers was only partially offsetII-16by an increase in the average number of postpaid mobile subscribers, and (ii) higher ARPU. The decrease in residential mobile non-subscriptionrevenue is primarily due to (a) a decrease in revenue from sales of mobile handsets and other devices and (b) a decrease in interconnect revenue due tothe net effect of lower SMS termination volumes, higher roaming revenue and lower mobile termination rates.(e)The increase in B2B subscription revenue is attributable to increases in the average number of mobile, broadband internet, video and fixed-linetelephony SOHO subscribers. The increase in B2B non-subscription revenue is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower revenue from mobile services,(ii) higher revenue from wholesale services, (iii) an increase in revenue from hosting and managed security services and (iv) an increase in interconnectrevenue driven by higher mobile volumes.Switzerland. The details of the decrease in Switzerland’s revenue during 2017, as compared to 2016, is set forth below: Subscriptionrevenue Non-subscriptionrevenue Total in millionsDecrease in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a)$(9.7) $— $(9.7)ARPU (b)(42.4) — (42.4)Increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue (c)— 20.0 20.0Total increase (decrease) in residential cable revenue(52.1) 20.0(32.1)Increase (decrease) in residential mobile revenue (d)13.1 (1.6) 11.5Increase in B2B revenue (e)2.4 3.7 6.1Total organic increase (decrease)(36.6) 22.1(14.5)Impact of acquisitions1.6 4.86.4Impact of FX0.7 0.1 0.8Total$(34.3) $27.0 $(7.3)_______________(a)The decrease in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in the average number of RGUs is attributable to the net effect of (i) declinesin the average number of video and broadband internet RGUs and (ii) an increase in the average number of fixed-line telephony RGUs.(b)The decrease in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in ARPU is primarily attributable to lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony,broadband internet and video services.(c)The increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a $19.3 million increase in distributionrevenue associated with the September 2017 launch of our Swiss sport channels, (ii) a decrease in installation revenue and (iii) a decrease in equipmentsales. In addition, the increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue includes a $6.5 million favorable impact of the release of unclaimedcustomer credits during the first half of 2017.(d)The increase in residential mobile subscription revenue is due to the net effect of (i) an increase in the average number of mobile subscribers and (ii)lower ARPU.(e)The increase in B2B subscription revenue is primarily attributable to an increase in the average number of broadband internet SOHO RGUs. Theincrease in B2B non-subscription revenue is primarily due to (i) higher revenue from data services, (ii) higher revenue from construction servicesprovided to our partner networks and (iii) an increase in interconnect revenue.II-17Central and Eastern Europe. The details of the increase in Central and Eastern Europe’s revenue during 2017, as compared to 2016, is set forth below: Subscriptionrevenue Non-subscriptionrevenue Total in millionsIncrease (decrease) in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a)$3.0 $— $3.0ARPU (b)(6.3) — (6.3)Increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue (c)— 2.3 2.3Total increase (decrease) in residential cable revenue(3.3) 2.3(1.0)Decrease in residential mobile revenue(0.1) — (0.1)Increase in B2B revenue (d)3.1 4.6 7.7Total organic increase (decrease)(0.3) 6.96.6Impact of FX18.4 1.2 19.6Total$18.1 $8.1 $26.2_______________(a)The increase in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in the average number of RGUs is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i)an increase in the average number of broadband internet RGUs, primarily due to an increase in Poland, and (ii) a decrease in the average number ofvideo RGUs, primarily due to a decrease in Slovakia.(b)The decrease in residential cable subscription revenue related to a change in ARPU is primarily attributable to (i) the net effect of (a) higher ARPUfrom video services, primarily due to an increase in Poland, (b) lower ARPU from broadband internet services, primarily due to a decrease in Poland,and (c) lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony services, primarily due to a decrease in Poland, and (ii) an improvement in RGU mix.(c)The increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue is primarily attributable to an increase in Poland. (d)The increase in B2B subscription revenue is primarily attributable to an increase in the average number of broadband internet SOHO RGUs, primarilyin Poland. The increase in B2B non-subscription revenue is primarily due to higher interconnect and data services revenue, primarily in Poland.II-18Programming and Other Direct Costs of Services, Other Operating Expenses and SG&A Expenses of our Consolidated Reportable SegmentsFor information regarding the changes in our (i) programming and other direct costs of services, (ii) other operating expenses and (iii) SG&A expenses,see Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results below.Adjusted OIBDA of our Consolidated Reportable SegmentsAdjusted OIBDA is the primary measure used by our chief operating decision maker to evaluate segment operating performance. For the definition of thisperformance measure and for a reconciliation of Adjusted OIBDA from continuing operations to earnings (loss) from continuing operations before incometaxes, see note 19 to our consolidated financial statements.Adjusted OIBDA — 2018 compared to 2017 Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2018 2017 $ % $ % pro forma in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$3,057.2 $2,857.9 $199.3 7.0 $99.0 3.5Belgium1,480.0 1,296.6 183.4 14.1 105.8 8.1Switzerland748.7 829.7 (81.0) (9.8) (86.3) (10.4)Central and Eastern Europe249.1 234.3 14.8 6.3 4.6 2.0Central and Corporate(371.7) (415.8) 44.1 10.6 37.2 8.6Intersegment eliminations(11.8) (9.5) (2.3) N.M. (2.3) N.M.Total$5,151.5 $4,793.2 $358.3 7.5 $158.0 3.3_______________N.M. — Not Meaningful.Adjusted OIBDA — 2017 compared to 2016 Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2017 2016 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$2,884.0 $2,921.7 $(37.7) (1.3) $90.8 3.1Belgium1,300.3 1,173.6 126.7 10.8 71.3 5.9Switzerland832.6 862.8 (30.2) (3.5) (34.4) (4.0)Central and Eastern Europe233.5 227.4 6.1 2.7 (3.9) (1.7)The Netherlands— 1,472.7 (1,472.7) (100.0) — —Central and Corporate(415.8) (573.6) 157.8 27.5 47.5 6.9Intersegment eliminations(9.5) (4.2) (5.3) N.M. (5.0) N.M.Total$4,825.1 $6,080.4 $(1,255.3) (20.6) $166.3 3.5_______________N.M. — Not Meaningful.II-19Adjusted OIBDA Margin — 2018, 2017 and 2016The following table sets forth the Adjusted OIBDA margins (Adjusted OIBDA divided by revenue) of each of our consolidated reportable segments: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 % U.K./Ireland44.5 45.1 44.9Belgium49.4 45.4 43.6Switzerland56.5 60.8 62.6Central and Eastern Europe50.6 49.9 51.5The Netherlands— — 54.7In addition to organic changes in the revenue, operating and SG&A expenses of our consolidated reportable segments, the Adjusted OIBDA marginspresented above include the impact of acquisitions. For discussion of the factors contributing to the changes in the Adjusted OIBDA margins of ourconsolidated reportable segments, see the analysis of our revenue included in Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable Segments above and the analysis ofour expenses included in Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results below.II-20Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating ResultsGeneralFor more detailed explanations of the changes in our revenue, see Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable Segments above.2018 compared to 2017RevenueOur revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2018 2017 $ % $ % pro forma in millions, except percentagesResidential revenue: Residential cable revenue (a): Subscription revenue (b): Video$2,863.2 $2,804.9 $58.3 2.1 $(51.2) (1.8)Broadband internet3,226.6 2,998.4 228.2 7.6 111.2 3.7Fixed-line telephony1,607.8 1,614.7 (6.9) (0.4) (67.5) (4.2)Total subscription revenue7,697.6 7,418.0 279.6 3.8 (7.5) (0.1)Non-subscription revenue279.1 277.2 1.9 0.7 (2.8) (1.0)Total residential cable revenue7,976.7 7,695.2 281.5 3.7 (10.3) (0.1)Residential mobile revenue (c): Subscription revenue (b)983.5 978.7 4.8 0.5 (15.8) (1.6)Non-subscription revenue694.8 621.8 73.0 11.7 60.8 10.0Total residential mobile revenue1,678.3 1,600.5 77.8 4.9 45.0 2.9Total residential revenue9,655.0 9,295.7 359.3 3.9 34.7 0.4B2B revenue (d): Subscription revenue446.4 368.6 77.8 21.1 61.2 16.6Non-subscription revenue1,537.1 1,370.7 166.4 12.1 73.8 5.2Total B2B revenue1,983.5 1,739.3 244.2 14.0 135.0 7.6Other revenue (e)319.4 219.9 99.5 45.2 69.3 29.1Total$11,957.9 $11,254.9 $703.0 6.2 $239.0 2.1_______________(a)Residential cable subscription revenue includes amounts received from subscribers for ongoing services and the recognition of deferred installationrevenue over the associated contract period. Residential cable non-subscription revenue includes, among other items, channel carriage fees, late feesand revenue from the sale of equipment.(b)Residential subscription revenue from subscribers who purchase bundled services at a discounted rate is generally allocated proportionally to eachservice based on the standalone price for each individual service. As a result, changes in the standalone pricing of our cable and mobile products or thecomposition of bundles can contribute to changes in our product revenue categories from period to period.(c)Residential mobile subscription revenue includes amounts received from subscribers for ongoing services. Residential mobile non-subscriptionrevenue includes, among other items, interconnect revenue and revenue from sales of mobile handsets and other devices. Residential mobileinterconnect revenue was $253.6 million and $253.0 million during 2018 and 2017, respectively.II-21(d)B2B subscription revenue represents revenue from SOHO subscribers. SOHO subscribers pay a premium price to receive expanded service levels alongwith video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony or mobile services that are the same or similar to the mass marketed products offered to ourresidential subscribers. A portion of the increases in our B2B subscription revenue is attributable to the conversion of certain residential subscribers toSOHO subscribers. B2B non-subscription revenue includes revenue from business broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony, mobile and dataservices offered to medium to large enterprises and, on a wholesale basis, to other operators.(e)Other revenue includes, among other items, revenue earned from the JV Services, broadcasting revenue in Ireland and revenue from Central andCorporate’s wholesale handset program. In addition, the amount for 2018 includes revenue earned from (i) sales of customer premises equipment to theVodafoneZiggo JV and (ii) transitional and other services provided to Deutsche Telekom and Liberty Latin America.Total revenue. Our consolidated revenue increased $703.0 million or 6.2% during 2018, as compared to 2017. This increase includes (i) an increase of$70.4 million attributable to the impact of acquisitions and (ii) a decrease of $29.1 million attributable to the impact of dispositions. On an organic basis, ourconsolidated revenue increased $239.0 million or 2.1%.Residential revenue. The details of the pro forma changes in our consolidated residential revenue for 2018, as compared to 2017, are as follows (inmillions):Increase (decrease) in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs$(14.8)ARPU7.3Decrease in residential cable non-subscription revenue(2.8)Total decrease in residential cable revenue(10.3)Decrease in residential mobile subscription revenue(15.8)Increase in residential mobile non-subscription revenue60.8Total organic increase in residential revenue34.7Net impact of acquisitions and disposals(1.3)Impact of FX325.9Total increase in residential revenue$359.3On an organic basis, our consolidated residential cable subscription revenue decreased $7.5 million or 0.1% during 2018, as compared to 2017. Thisdecrease is attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase from broadband internet services of $111.2 million or 3.7%, attributable to higher ARPU and anincrease in the average number of RGUs, (ii) a decrease from fixed-line telephony services of $67.5 million or 4.2%, attributable to the net effect of lowerARPU and an increase in the average number of RGUs, and (iii) a decrease from video services of $51.2 million or 1.8%, attributable to the net effect of adecrease in the average number of RGUs and higher ARPU.On an organic basis, our consolidated residential cable non-subscription revenue decreased $2.8 million or 1.0% during 2018, as compared to 2017. Thisdecrease is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a decrease in Belgium and (ii) increases in the U.K. and Switzerland.On an organic basis, our consolidated residential mobile subscription revenue decreased $15.8 million or 1.6% during 2018, as compared to 2017. Thisdecrease is primarily due the net effect of (i) declines in Belgium and the U.K. and (ii) an increase in Switzerland.On an organic basis, our consolidated residential mobile non-subscription revenue increased $60.8 million or 10.0% during 2018, as compared to 2017.This increase is primarily due to an increase in revenue from low-margin sales of mobile handsets and other devices, as an increase in the U.K. was onlypartially offset by a decrease in Belgium.B2B revenue. On an organic basis, our consolidated B2B subscription revenue increased $61.2 million or 16.6% during 2018 respectively, as comparedto 2017. This increase is primarily due to increases in SOHO revenue in the U.K., Belgium and Poland.On an organic basis, our consolidated B2B non-subscription revenue increased $73.8 million or 5.2% during 2018 respectively, as compared to 2017.This increase is primarily due to increases in Belgium and Switzerland.II-22Other revenue. On an organic basis, our consolidated other revenue increased $69.3 million or 29.1% during 2018 respectively, as compared to 2017.This increase is primarily due to (i) revenue of $57.2 million that was earned from the sale of customer premises equipment to the VodafoneZiggo JV, whichbegan during the second quarter of 2018 and typically generate low margins, and (ii) an increase in broadcasting revenue in Ireland.Programming and other direct costs of servicesProgramming and other direct costs of services include programming and copyright costs, interconnect and access costs, costs of mobile handsets andother devices and other direct costs related to our operations. Programming and copyright costs, which represent a significant portion of our operating costs,are expected to rise in future periods as a result of (i) higher costs associated with the expansion of our digital video content, including rights associated withancillary product offerings and rights that provide for the broadcast of live sporting events, (ii) rate increases and (iii) growth in the number of our enhancedvideo subscribers.The details of our programming and other direct costs of services are as follows: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2018 2017 $ % $ % pro forma in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$2,101.3 $1,869.8 $231.5 12.4 $157.7 8.4Belgium680.5 743.6 (63.1) (8.5) (90.5) (12.2)Switzerland253.0 211.3 41.7 19.7 40.4 19.1Central and Eastern Europe111.2 105.4 5.8 5.5 1.0 0.9Central and Corporate100.0 45.8 54.2 118.3 54.5 119.0Intersegment eliminations0.1 (1.3) 1.4 N.M. 1.4 N.M.Total$3,246.1 $2,974.6 $271.5 9.1 $164.5 5.5_______________N.M. — Not Meaningful.Our programming and other direct costs of services increased $271.5 million or 9.1% during 2018, as compared to 2017. This increase includes (i) anincrease of $18.3 million attributable to the impact of acquisitions and (ii) a decrease of $20.8 million attributable to the impact of dispositions. On anorganic basis, our programming and other direct costs of services increased $164.5 million or 5.5%. This increase includes the following factors:•An increase in programming and copyright costs of $70.1 million or 4.6%, primarily due to increases in U.K./Ireland and Switzerland. This increaseis primarily due to higher costs for certain premium and/or basic content, including (i) a $27.8 million increase in costs associated with sports rightsin Switzerland and (ii) a $10.3 million increase in costs associated with broadcasting rights in Ireland. The increase in the costs for sports rights inSwitzerland is due to the acquisition of the rights to carry live sporting events in connection with the September 2017 launch of our Swiss sportschannels. Approximately half of the annual programming costs and the operating and capital costs associated with the production of the relatedSwiss sports channels are recovered from the revenue earned from the distribution of these sports channels to other cable operators;•Higher cost of sales of $51.2 million in Central and Corporate related to customer premises equipment sold to the VodafoneZiggo JV;•An increase in mobile handset and other device costs of $35.9 million or 11.0%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) a higher average cost perhandset sold in U.K./Ireland and (ii) lower mobile handset and other device sales volumes, primarily due to decreases in U.K./Ireland and Belgium;•An increase in interconnect and access costs of $16.5 million or 1.9%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower MVNO costs, as a decrease inBelgium of $46.5 million was only partially offset by an increase in Switzerland of $9.0 million, (ii) a $34.3 million increase in U.K./Irelandresulting from the net impact of credits recorded during the second quarter of 2017 ($28.8 million), the fourth quarter of 2017 ($10.5 million) andthe second quarter of 2018 ($5.0 million), primarilyII-23associated with a telecommunications operator’s agreement to compensate communications providers, including Virgin Media, for certaincontractual breaches related to network charges, and (iii) higher interconnect and roaming costs, primarily due to increases in U.K./Ireland andSwitzerland. The lower MVNO costs in Belgium are primarily attributable to the impact of the migration of mobile subscribers from Telenet’sMVNO arrangement to Telenet’s mobile network, which was completed during the first quarter of 2018. For additional information, see note 15 toour consolidated financial statements; and•A decrease of $7.3 million in the U.K. associated with the fourth quarter 2017 modification of a software agreement that resulted in the acquisition ofa perpetual license and related conversion of the operating costs to capitalized costs.Other operating expensesOther operating expenses include network operations, customer operations, customer care, share-based compensation and other costs related to ouroperations. We do not include share-based compensation in the following discussion and analysis of the other operating expenses of our consolidatedreportable segments as share-based compensation expense is not included in the performance measures of our consolidated reportable segments. Share-basedcompensation expense is discussed below.The details of our other operating expenses are as follows: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2018 2017 $ % $ % pro forma in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$877.9 $828.5 $49.4 6.0 $17.5 2.1Belgium408.5 395.5 13.0 3.3 (19.1) (4.7)Switzerland158.9 162.8 (3.9) (2.4) (5.7) (3.5)Central and Eastern Europe64.0 60.8 3.2 5.3 — —Central and Corporate197.0 202.6 (5.6) (2.8) (12.5) (6.2)Intersegment eliminations6.5 8.9 (2.4) N.M. (2.4) N.M.Total other operating expenses excluding share-based compensation expense1,712.8 1,659.1 53.7 3.2 $(22.2) (1.3)Share-based compensation expense4.4 4.7 (0.3) (6.4) Total$1,717.2 $1,663.8 $53.4 3.2 _______________N.M. — Not Meaningful.Our other operating expenses (exclusive of share-based compensation expense) increased $53.7 million or 3.2% during 2018, as compared to 2017. Thisincrease includes an increase of $14.5 million attributable to the impact of acquisitions. On an organic basis, our other operating expenses decreased $22.2million or 1.3%. This decrease includes the following factors:•An increase in network infrastructure charges in U.K./Ireland of $22.5 million following an increase in the rateable value of existing assets. Foradditional information, see “Other Regulatory Issues” in note 18 to our consolidated financial statements;•A decrease in core network and information technology-related costs of $17.3 million or 5.2%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) a decrease innetwork maintenance and energy costs, primarily in Central and Corporate, U.K./Ireland and Belgium, (ii) an increase in outsourced data centercosts, primarily in Central and Corporate, and (iii) a decrease in information technology-related expenses, primarily in Belgium;•A decrease in business service costs of $12.7 million or 6.2%, primarily due to (i) decreased vehicle expenses due to the impact of the conversion ofcertain operating leases on company vehicles to capital leases, primarily in Belgium, (ii) lower energy costs, primarily in Belgium, and (iii) lowerconsulting costs, primarily in U.K./Ireland;II-24•An increase in personnel costs of $9.3 million or 2.0%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) a higher average cost per employee, primarily due to anincrease in U.K./Ireland, (ii) lower staffing levels, as decreases in U.K./Ireland and Belgium were only partially offset by an increase in Central andCorporate, and (iii) higher incentive compensation costs, primarily in U.K./Ireland. A portion of the lower staffing levels in Belgium is attributableto the transfer of certain employees to a newly-formed joint venture that provides network maintenance and customer-facing services to Telenet.Effective with the July 1, 2018 formation of this non-consolidated joint venture, the costs associated with these services are included within our corenetwork and outsourced labor operating expense categories;•A decrease in customer service costs of $5.3 million or 2.0%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower call center costs, primarily in Belgium,U.K./Ireland and Switzerland, and (ii) an increase in customer premises equipment refurbishment, inventory management and other supply chaincosts, as increases in Central and Corporate and Belgium were only partially offset by a decrease in U.K./Ireland;•A decrease in encryption costs of $4.6 million in the U.K. associated with the 2018 modification of a service agreement that resulted in theacquisition of a time-based license and related conversion of the operating costs to capitalized costs; and•An increase in outsourced labor costs of $4.4 million or 3.7%, primarily associated with customer-facing activities. This increase is largelyattributable to the aforementioned July 1, 2018 formation of a non-consolidated joint venture in Belgium.SG&A expensesSG&A expenses include human resources, information technology, general services, management, finance, legal, external sales and marketing costs,share-based compensation and other general expenses. We do not include share-based compensation in the following discussion and analysis of the SG&Aexpenses of our consolidated reportable segments as share-based compensation expense is not included in the performance measures of our consolidatedreportable segments. Share-based compensation expense is discussed below.The details of our SG&A expenses are as follows: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2018 2017 $ % $ % pro forma in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$838.7 $829.6 $9.1 1.1 $(24.7) (3.0)Belgium424.6 425.9 (1.3) (0.3) (31.9) (7.3)Switzerland165.4 162.4 3.0 1.8 1.0 0.6Central and Eastern Europe67.9 66.0 1.9 2.9 (1.1) (1.7)Central and Corporate348.9 356.8 (7.9) (2.2) (19.3) (5.4)Intersegment eliminations2.0 (12.7) 14.7 N.M. 14.7 N.M.Total SG&A expenses excluding share-basedcompensation expense1,847.5 1,828.0 19.5 1.1 $(61.3) (3.3)Share-based compensation expense201.6 157.5 44.1 28.0 Total$2,049.1 $1,985.5 $63.6 3.2 ______________N.M. — Not Meaningful.II-25Supplemental SG&A expense information: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organic decrease 2018 2017 $ % $ % pro forma in millions, except percentages General and administrative (a)$1,495.7 $1,436.7 $59.0 4.1 $(2.8) (0.2)External sales and marketing351.8 391.3 (39.5) (10.1) (58.5) (14.7)Total$1,847.5 $1,828.0 $19.5 1.1 $(61.3) (3.3)______________(a)General and administrative expenses include all personnel-related costs within our SG&A expenses, including personnel-related costs associated withour sales and marketing function.Our SG&A expenses (exclusive of share-based compensation expense) increased $19.5 million or 1.1% during 2018, as compared to 2017. This increaseincludes an increase of $14.0 million attributable to the impact of acquisitions. On an organic basis, our SG&A expenses decreased $61.3 million or 3.3%.This decrease includes the following factors:•A decrease in external sales and marketing costs of $58.5 million or 14.7%, primarily due to lower costs associated with advertising campaigns inU.K./Ireland and Belgium;•A decrease in personnel costs of $22.4 million or 2.8%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) a lower average cost per employee, primarily due todecreases in Switzerland, Central and Corporate and Poland that were only partially offset by an increase in U.K./Ireland, (ii) lower incentivecompensation costs of $9.6 million, primarily in Central and Corporate and U.K./Ireland, (iii) a decrease in temporary personnel costs, primarily inCentral and Corporate and Belgium, and (iv) higher staffing levels, as increases in Switzerland and Poland were only partially offset by a decrease inU.K./Ireland. The lower incentive compensation costs are attributable to the expected settlement of a portion of our annual incentive compensationwith Liberty Global ordinary shares through a shareholding incentive program that was implemented in the fourth quarter of 2017. Thisshareholding incentive program resulted in lower incentive compensation expense of $29.1 million during 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily inCentral and Corporate. For additional information, see note 14 to our consolidated financial statements;•An increase in core network and information technology-related costs of $20.3 million or 11.8%, primarily due to higher information technology-related expenses in Central and Corporate and U.K./Ireland; and•A decrease in business service and certain other costs of $14.3 million or 6.8%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower consulting costs, primarilydue to decreases in Belgium, Central and Corporate and U.K./Ireland, and (ii) a $9.1 million increase related to the settlement of an operationalcontingency in U.K./Ireland during 2018.II-26Share-based compensation expense (included in other operating and SG&A expenses)Our share-based compensation expense primarily relates to the share-based incentive awards issued by Liberty Global to its employees and employees ofits subsidiaries. A summary of our aggregate share-based compensation expense is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 in millionsLiberty Global: Performance-based incentive awards (a)$50.8 $23.9Non-performance based share-based incentive awards90.1 93.8Other (b)43.4 13.7Total Liberty Global184.3 131.4Telenet share-based incentive awards (c)19.6 20.7Other2.1 10.1Total$206.0 $162.2Included in: Other operating expenses$4.4 $4.7Total SG&A expenses201.6 157.5Total$206.0 $162.2_______________ (a)Includes share-based compensation expense related to PSUs, and, through March 2017, the PGUs held by our Chief Executive Officer.(b)Represents annual incentive compensation and defined contribution plan liabilities that have been or are expected to be settled with Liberty Globalordinary shares. In the case of the annual incentive compensation, shares will be issued to senior management and key employees pursuant to ashareholding incentive program that was implemented in the fourth quarter of 2017. The shareholding incentive program allows these employees toelect to receive up to 100% of their annual incentive compensation in ordinary shares of Liberty Global in lieu of cash.(c)Represents the share-based compensation expense associated with Telenet’s share-based incentive awards, which, at December 31, 2018, includedperformance- and non-performance-based stock option awards with respect to 4,494,002 Telenet shares. These stock option awards had a weightedaverage exercise price of €42.50 ($48.67).For additional information concerning our share-based compensation, see note 14 to our consolidated financial statements.Depreciation and amortization expenseOur depreciation and amortization expense was $3,858.2 million and $3,790.6 million during 2018 and 2017, respectively. Excluding the effects of FX,depreciation and amortization expense decreased $69.2 million or 1.8% during 2018, as compared to 2017. This decrease is primarily due to the net effect of(i) a decrease associated with certain assets becoming fully depreciated, primarily in U.K./Ireland, Central and Corporate, Belgium and, to a lesser extentSwitzerland, (ii) an increase associated with property and equipment additions related to the installation of customer premises equipment, the expansion andupgrade of our networks and other capital initiatives.Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net We recognized impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net, of $248.2 million during 2018, as compared to $79.9 million during 2017.The 2018 amount primarily includes (i) restructuring charges of $96.4 million, including (a) $42.2 million of employee severance and termination costsrelated to certain reorganization activities, primarily in U.K./Ireland and Central and Corporate, and (b) $40.5 million in Belgium related to the migration ofTelenet’s mobile subscribers from an MVNO arrangement to Telenet’s mobile network, and (ii) a provision for litigation of $83.1 million related to a VATmatter in the U.K. recorded during the third quarter of 2018. For additional information regarding Telenet’s exit from its MVNO arrangement, see note 15 toour consolidatedII-27financial statements.The 2017 amount primarily includes (i) restructuring charges of $48.4 million, including $35.2 million of employee severance and termination costsrelated to certain reorganization activities, primarily in U.K./Ireland and Central and Corporate, and (ii) a $40.0 million legal settlement recorded during thethird quarter of 2017.If, among other factors, (i) our equity values were to decline significantly or (ii) the adverse impacts of economic, competitive, regulatory or other factorswere to cause our results of operations or cash flows to be worse than anticipated, we could conclude in future periods that impairment charges are required inorder to reduce the carrying values of our goodwill and, to a lesser extent, other long-lived assets. Any such impairment charges could be significant.For additional information regarding our restructuring charges, see note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. For additional informationregarding our impairments, see Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates — Impairment of Property and Equipment and Intangible Assetsbelow.Interest expenseWe recognized interest expense of $1,478.7 million and $1,416.1 million during 2018 and 2017, respectively. Excluding the effects of FX, interestexpense increased $11.3 million or 0.8% during 2018, as compared to 2017. This increase is primarily attributable to slightly higher weighted averageinterest rates, partially offset by lower average outstanding debt balances. For additional information regarding our outstanding indebtedness, see note 11 toour consolidated financial statements.It is possible that the interest rates on (i) any new borrowings could be higher than the current interest rates on our existing indebtedness and (ii) ourvariable-rate indebtedness could increase in future periods. As further discussed in note 8 to our consolidated financial statements and under Qualitative andQuantitative Disclosures about Market Risk below, we use derivative instruments to manage our interest rate risks.Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, netOur realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments include (i) unrealized changes in the fair values of our derivative instruments thatare non-cash in nature until such time as the derivative contracts are fully or partially settled and (ii) realized gains or losses upon the full or partial settlementof the derivative contracts. The details of our realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts (a)$905.8 $(1,145.6)Equity-related derivative instruments: ITV Collar176.7 215.0Lionsgate Forward30.1 (11.4)Sumitomo Collar(11.8) (77.4)Other2.5 (3.9)Total equity-related derivative instruments (b)197.5 122.3Foreign currency forward and option contracts22.7 (30.2)Other(0.2) 0.7Total$1,125.8 $(1,052.8)_______________ (a)The gain during 2018 is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a net gain associated with changes in the relative value of certain currencies and(ii) a net loss associated with changes in certain market interest rates. In addition, the gain during 2018 includes a net loss of $71.1 million resultingfrom changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments. The loss during 2017 is primarily attributable to the net effect of (a) a net loss associated withchanges in the relative value of certain currencies and (b) a net gain associated with changes in certain market interest rates. In addition, the loss during2017 includes a net gain of $168.4 million resulting from changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments.II-28(b)For information concerning the factors that impact the valuations of our equity-related derivative instruments, see note 9 to our consolidated financialstatements.For additional information concerning our derivative instruments, see notes 8 and 9 to our consolidated financial statements and Quantitative andQualitative Disclosures about Market Risk below.Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), netOur foreign currency transaction gains or losses primarily result from the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated incurrencies other than the underlying functional currency of the applicable entity. Unrealized foreign currency transaction gains or losses are computed basedon period-end exchange rates and are non-cash in nature until such time as the amounts are settled. The details of our foreign currency transaction gains(losses), net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Intercompany payables and receivables denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency (a)$494.3 $(874.3)U.S. dollar denominated debt issued by British pound sterling functional currency entities(258.0) 351.9U.S. dollar denominated debt issued by euro functional currency entities(222.1) 551.2British pound sterling denominated debt issued by a U.S. dollar functional currency entity83.3 (125.5)Cash and restricted cash denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency(5.5) (105.9)Euro denominated debt issued by British pound sterling functional currency entities5.3 20.2Yen denominated debt issued by a U.S. dollar functional currency entity(5.1) (20.9)Other(1.8) 21.8Total$90.4 $(181.5)_______________ (a)Amounts primarily relate to (i) loans between certain of our non-operating and operating subsidiaries in Europe, which generally are denominated inthe currency of the applicable operating subsidiary and (ii) loans between certain of our non-operating subsidiaries in the U.S. and Europe.For information regarding how we manage our exposure to foreign currency risk, see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk —Foreign Currency Risk below.II-29Realized and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair values of certain investments and debt, netOur realized and unrealized gains or losses due to changes in fair values of certain investments and debt include unrealized gains or losses associatedwith changes in fair values that are non-cash in nature until such time as these gains or losses are realized through cash transactions. For additionalinformation regarding our investments, fair value measurements and debt, see notes 7, 9 and 11, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements. Thedetails of our realized and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair values of certain investments and debt, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 in millionsInvestments: ITV$(257.8) $(123.5)Lionsgate(86.4) 35.3ITI Neovision(24.9) 15.8Casa(9.2) 47.9Sumitomo(3.4) 238.2Other, net (a)(11.5) 14.4Total investments(393.2) 228.1Debt8.7 (184.7)Total$(384.5) $43.4_______________ (a)Amount in 2017 includes gains of $12.7 million related to investments that were sold during the year.Losses on debt modification and extinguishment, netWe recognized net losses on debt modification and extinguishment of $65.0 million and $252.2 million during 2018 and 2017, respectively.The loss during 2018 is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) the payment of $49.5 million of redemption premiums, (ii) the write-off of $28.2million of net unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts and (iii) a gain associated with the settlement of the final tranche of the Sumitomo Collar,as described in note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.The loss during 2017 is primarily attributable to (i) the payment of $138.4 million of redemption premiums and (ii) the write-off of $115.4 million of netunamortized deferred financing costs, discounts and premiums. For additional information concerning our losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements.Share of results of affiliates, netThe following table sets forth the details of our share of results of affiliates, net: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 in millions VodafoneZiggo JV (a)$11.4 $(70.1)Other(20.1) (25.1)Total$(8.7) $(95.2)_______________(a)Amounts include the net effect of (i) interest income of $59.6 million and $64.3 million, respectively, representing 100% of the interest income earnedon the VodafoneZiggo JV Receivable, (ii) 100% of the share-based compensation expenseII-30associated with Liberty Global awards held by VodafoneZiggo JV employees who were formerly employees of Liberty Global, as these awards remainour responsibility, and (iii) our 50% share of the remaining results of operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV. The summarized results of operations of theVodafoneZiggo JV are set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 (1) in millions Revenue$4,602.2 $4,488.9Adjusted OIBDA$2,009.7 $1,912.6Operating income (2)$130.6 $219.4Non-operating expense (3)$(598.4) $(580.3)Net loss$(91.6) $(257.3)_______________(1)Amounts have been presented on a pro forma basis that gives effect to the adoption of ASU 2014-09 as if such adoption had occurred on January1, 2017.(2)Includes depreciation and amortization of $1,833.6 million and $1,678.5 million, respectively.(3)Includes interest expense of $678.3 million and $650.1 million, respectively.The VodafoneZiggo JV is experiencing significant competition. In particular, the mobile operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV continue to experiencecompetitive pressure on pricing, characterized by aggressive promotion campaigns, heavy marketing efforts and increasing or unlimited data bundles. Inlight of this competition, as well as regulatory and economic factors, we could conclude in future periods that our investment in the VodafoneZiggo JV isimpaired or management of the VodafoneZiggo JV could conclude that an impairment of the VodafoneZiggo JV goodwill and, to a lesser extent, long-livedassets, is required. Any such impairment of the VodafoneZiggo JV’s goodwill or our investment in the VodafoneZiggo JV would be reflected as a componentof share of results of affiliates, net, in our consolidated statement of operations. Our share of any such impairment charges could be significant.For additional information regarding our equity method investments, see note 7 to our consolidated financial statements.Gain on VodafoneZiggo JV TransactionIn connection with the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, we recognized a pre-tax gain during 2016 of $520.8 million. In connection with the finalizationof the equalization payment from Vodafone associated with the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, we recognized an additional pre-tax gain of $4.5 millionduring the second quarter of 2017. For additional information, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.Other income, netWe recognized other income, net, of $43.4 million and $46.4 million during 2018 and 2017, respectively. These amounts include (i) credits related tothe non-service components of our net periodic pension cost of $18.1 million and $18.2 million, respectively, and (ii) interest and dividend income of $13.4million and $30.9 million, respectively. In addition, other income, net, for 2018 includes a $12.3 million gain related to the formation of a joint venture inBelgium, representing the excess of the fair value of our ownership interest in the joint venture over the carrying value of the assets that we contributed. Income tax benefit (expense) We recognized income tax expense of $1,573.3 million and $238.9 million during 2018 and 2017, respectively.The income tax expense during 2018 differs from the expected income tax expense of $30.7 million (based on the U.K. statutory income tax rate of19.00%), primarily due to the net negative impact of (i) the Mandatory Repatriation Tax, (ii) certain permanent differences between the financial and taxaccounting treatment of items associated with investments in subsidiaries and (iii) certain permanent differences between the financial and tax accountingtreatment of interest and other items. The netII-31negative impact of these items was partially offset by the net positive impact of non-deductible or non-taxable foreign currency exchange results.The income tax expense during 2017 differs from the expected income tax benefit of $406.4 million (based on the blended U.K. statutory income tax rateof 19.25%) primarily due to the net net negative impact of (i) an increase in valuation allowances, (ii) non-deductible or non-taxable foreign currencyexchange results and (iii) certain permanent differences between the financial and tax accounting treatment of items associated with investments insubsidiaries and affiliates. The net negative impact of these items was partially offset by the net positive impact of statutory tax rates in certain jurisdictionsin which we operate that are different than the U.K. statutory income tax rate.For additional information concerning our income taxes, see note 12 to our consolidated financial statements.Loss from continuing operationsDuring 2018 and 2017, we reported losses from continuing operations of $1,411.5 million and $2,350.0 million, respectively, consisting of (i) operatingincome of $839.1 million and $792.4 million, respectively, (ii) net non-operating expense of $677.3 million and $2,903.5 million, respectively, and (iii)income tax expense of $1,573.3 million and $238.9 million, respectively.Gains or losses associated with (i) changes in the fair values of derivative instruments, (ii) movements in foreign currency exchange rates and (iii) thedisposition of assets and changes in ownership are subject to a high degree of volatility and, as such, any gains from these sources do not represent a reliablesource of income. In the absence of significant gains in the future from these sources or from other non-operating items, our ability to achieve earnings islargely dependent on our ability to increase our aggregate Adjusted OIBDA to a level that more than offsets the aggregate amount of our (a) share-basedcompensation expense, (b) depreciation and amortization, (c) impairment, restructuring and other operating items, (d) interest expense, (e) other non-operating expenses and (f) income tax expenses.Due largely to the fact that we seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns, as discussed under Material Changes inFinancial Condition — Capitalization below, we expect that we will continue to report significant levels of interest expense for the foreseeable future. Forinformation concerning our expectations with respect to trends that may affect certain aspects of our operating results in future periods, see the discussionunder Overview above. For information concerning the reasons for changes in specific line items in our consolidated statements of operations, see Discussionand Analysis of our Reportable Segments and Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results above.Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxesOur earnings (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes, of $1,163.4 million and ($370.6 million) during 2018 and 2017, respectively, relates tothe operations of UPC Austria, the Vodafone Disposal Group, UPC DTH and, for 2017, the LiLAC Group. In addition, we recognized a gain on the sale ofUPC Austria of $1,098.1 million during the third quarter of 2018. For additional information, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interestsNet earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests includes the noncontrolling interests’ share of the results of our continuing and discontinuedoperations. Our net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests were $124.7 million and $57.5 million during 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increaseis primarily attributable to improvements in the results of operations of Telenet and the impact of the Split-off Transaction.II-322017 compared to 2016RevenueOur revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2017 2016 $ % $ % in millions, except percentagesResidential revenue: Residential cable revenue (a): Subscription revenue (b): Video$2,786.5 $4,060.0 $(1,273.5) (31.4) $(88.0) (3.0)Broadband internet2,979.7 3,579.0 (599.3) (16.7) 168.5 5.9Fixed-line telephony1,599.8 2,149.5 (549.7) (25.6) (50.1) (2.9)Total subscription revenue7,366.0 9,788.5 (2,422.5) (24.7) 30.4 0.4Non-subscription revenue343.6 311.9 31.7 10.2 76.8 29.0Total residential cable revenue7,709.6 10,100.4 (2,390.8) (23.7) 107.2 1.4Residential mobile revenue (c): Subscription revenue (b)999.7 1,103.9 (104.2) (9.4) (68.3) (6.3)Non-subscription revenue607.1 590.8 16.3 2.8 11.7 1.9Total residential mobile revenue1,606.8 1,694.7 (87.9) (5.2) (56.6) (3.4)Total residential revenue9,316.4 11,795.1 (2,478.7) (21.0) 50.6 0.5B2B revenue (d): Subscription revenue367.6 366.3 1.3 0.4 91.0 33.5Non-subscription revenue1,372.5 1,487.9 (115.4) (7.8) 62.4 4.6Total B2B revenue1,740.1 1,854.2 (114.1) (6.2) 153.4 9.5Other revenue (e)219.9 81.8 138.1 168.8 10.1 4.9Total$11,276.4 $13,731.1 $(2,454.7) (17.9) $214.1 1.9 _________________(a)Residential cable subscription revenue includes amounts received from subscribers for ongoing services. Residential cable non-subscription revenueincludes, among other items, channel carriage fees, installation revenue, late fees and revenue from the sale of equipment.(b)Residential subscription revenue from subscribers who purchase bundled services at a discounted rate is generally allocated proportionally to eachservice based on the standalone price for each individual service. As a result, changes in the standalone pricing of our cable and mobile products or thecomposition of bundles can contribute to changes in our product revenue categories from period to period.(c)Residential mobile subscription revenue includes amounts received from subscribers for ongoing services. Residential mobile non-subscriptionrevenue includes, among other items, interconnect revenue and revenue from sales of mobile handsets and other devices. Residential mobileinterconnect revenue was $253.0 million and $262.2 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively.(d)B2B subscription revenue represents revenue from SOHO subscribers. SOHO subscribers pay a premium price to receive expanded service levels alongwith video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony or mobile services that are the same or similar to the mass marketed products offered to ourresidential subscribers. A portion of the increases in our B2B subscription revenue is attributable to the conversion of certain residential subscribers toSOHO subscribers. B2B non-subscription revenue includes revenue from business broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony, mobile and dataservices offered to medium to large enterprises and, on a wholesale basis, to other operators.II-33(e)Other revenue includes, among other items, revenue earned from services provided to the VodafoneZiggo JV. Total revenue. Our consolidated revenue decreased $2,454.7 million or 17.9% during 2017, as compared to 2016. This decrease includes (i) a decrease of$2,557.8 million attributable to the impact of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, (ii) an increase of $146.6 million attributable to the impact of the BASEAcquisition and other less significant acquisitions and (iii) a decrease of $33.0 million attributable to the impact of dispositions. On an organic basis, ourconsolidated revenue increased $214.1 million or 1.9%.Residential revenue. The details of the change in our consolidated residential revenue for 2017, as compared to 2016, are as follows (in millions):Increase (decrease) in residential cable subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs$39.9ARPU(9.5)Increase in residential cable non-subscription revenue76.8Total increase in residential cable revenue107.2Decrease in residential mobile subscription revenue(68.3)Increase in residential mobile non-subscription revenue11.7Total organic increase in residential revenue50.6Impact of acquisitions57.2Impact of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction and disposals(2,408.9)Impact of FX(177.6)Total decrease in residential revenue$(2,478.7)On an organic basis, our consolidated residential cable subscription revenue increased $30.4 million or 0.4% during 2017, as compared to 2016. Thisincrease is attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase from broadband internet services of $168.5 million or 5.9%, attributable to higher ARPU and anincrease in the average number of RGUs, (ii) a decrease from video services of $88.0 million or 3.0%, attributable to a decrease in the average number ofRGUs and lower ARPU, and (iii) a decrease from fixed-line telephony services of $50.1 million or 2.9%, attributable to the net effect of lower ARPU and anincrease in the average number of RGUs.On an organic basis, our consolidated residential cable non-subscription revenue increased $76.8 million or 29.0% during 2017, as compared to 2016.This increase is primarily due to increases in the U.K., Switzerland and Belgium.On an organic basis, our consolidated residential mobile subscription revenue decreased $68.3 million or 6.3% during 2017, as compared to 2016. Thisdecrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) declines in the U.K. and Belgium and (ii) an increase in Switzerland.On an organic basis, our consolidated residential mobile non-subscription revenue increased $11.7 million or 1.9% during 2017, as compared to 2016.This increase is primarily due to increases in the U.K. and Ireland that were only partially offset by a decrease in Belgium.B2B revenue. On an organic basis, our consolidated B2B subscription revenue increased $91.0 million or 33.5% during 2017, as compared to 2016. Thisincrease is primarily due to increases in SOHO revenue in Belgium and the U.K.On an organic basis, our consolidated B2B non-subscription revenue increased $62.4 million or 4.6% during 2017, as compared to 2016. This increase isprimarily due to increases in Belgium, Switzerland, the U.K. and Poland. For additional information concerning the changes in our residential, B2B and other revenue, see Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable Segmentsabove.II-34Programming and other direct costs of servicesThe details of our programming and other direct costs of services are as follows: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2017 2016 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$1,868.8 $1,946.4 $(77.6) (4.0) $(8.4) (0.4)Belgium743.6 734.9 8.7 1.2 (20.7) (2.8)Switzerland211.3 185.6 25.7 13.8 24.9 13.4Central and Eastern Europe105.4 96.4 9.0 9.3 4.6 4.8The Netherlands— 509.1 (509.1) (100.0) — —Central and Corporate45.8 79.8 (34.0) (42.6) 24.2 130.1Intersegment eliminations(1.3) (52.8) 51.5 N.M. 3.3 N.M.Total$2,973.6 $3,499.4 $(525.8) (15.0) $27.9 0.9_______________N.M. — Not Meaningful.Our programming and other direct costs of services decreased $525.8 million or 15.0% during 2017, as compared to 2016. This decrease includes (i) adecrease of $522.7 million attributable to the impact of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, (ii) an increase of $51.1 million attributable to the impact of theBASE Acquisition and other less significant acquisitions and (iii) a decrease of $18.3 million attributable to the impact of dispositions. On an organic basis,our programming and other direct costs of services increased $27.9 million or 0.9%. This increase includes the following factors:•An increase in programming and copyright costs of $65.8 million or 4.4%, primarily due to increases in U.K./Ireland and Switzerland. This increaseis primarily due to (i) higher costs for certain premium and/or basic content, including higher costs for sports rights, primarily in U.K./Ireland andSwitzerland, and (ii) growth in the number of enhanced video subscribers, primarily due to increases in U.K./Ireland and Poland that were onlypartially offset by a decrease in Belgium. The cost for sports rights increased by $28.9 million in Switzerland due to the acquisition of the rights tocarry live sporting events in connection with the September 2017 launch of our Swiss sports channels;•A decrease in interconnect and access costs of $65.3 million or 7.2%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) a $42.1 million decrease (including $32.3million and $9.8 million recorded in the second and fourth quarters of 2017, respectively) in U.K./Ireland, in connection with a telecommunicationsoperator’s agreement to compensate communications providers, including Virgin Media, for certain contractual breaches related to network charges,(ii) lower MVNO costs, as decreases in Belgium and U.K./Ireland were only partially offset by an increase in Switzerland, (iii) lower fixed-linetelephony call volumes due to declines in U.K./Ireland and Switzerland and (iv) an increase of $6.8 million due to the release of an accrual duringthe second quarter of 2016 related to the settlement of an operational contingency in Belgium; and•An increase in mobile handset and other device costs of $30.5 million or 9.3%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) a higher average cost per handsetsold in U.K./Ireland and (ii) lower mobile handset and other device sales volumes, primarily due to decreases in Belgium and U.K./Ireland that wereonly partially offset by an increase in Central and Corporate.II-35Other operating expensesThe details of our other operating expenses are as follows: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2017 2016 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$824.2 $814.8 $9.4 1.2 $43.6 5.3Belgium395.5 361.9 33.6 9.3 10.8 2.9Switzerland162.8 164.3 (1.5) (0.9) (3.2) (1.9)Central and Eastern Europe60.8 57.9 2.9 5.0 0.5 0.9The Netherlands— 346.9 (346.9) (100.0) — —Central and Corporate202.6 164.7 37.9 23.0 14.6 8.0Intersegment eliminations8.9 10.9 (2.0) N.M. (2.3) N.M.Total other operating expenses excluding share-basedcompensation expense1,654.8 1,921.4 (266.6) (13.9) $64.0 4.0Share-based compensation expense4.7 3.4 1.3 38.2 Total$1,659.5 $1,924.8 $(265.3) (13.8) _______________N.M. — Not Meaningful.Our other operating expenses (exclusive of share-based compensation expense) decreased $266.6 million or 13.9% during 2017, as compared to 2016.This decrease includes (i) a decrease of $327.6 million attributable to the impact of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction and (ii) an increase of $23.0 millionattributable to the impact of the BASE Acquisition and other less significant acquisitions. On an organic growth basis, our other operating expenses increased$64.0 million or 4.0%. This increase includes the following factors:•An increase in network infrastructure charges in U.K./Ireland of $34.0 million following an increase in the rateable value of existing assets. Foradditional information, see “Other Regulatory Issues” in note 18 to our consolidated financial statements;•A decrease in personnel costs of $16.3 million or 3.1%, due primarily to the net effect of (i) lower staffing levels, as decreases in Central andCorporate and U.K./Ireland were only partially offset by an increase in Belgium, (ii) decreased costs in U.K./Ireland and Belgium resulting fromhigher capitalized labor costs, (iii) annual wage increases, (iv) lower incentive compensation costs, primarily in U.K./Ireland, and (v) higher costsrelated to certain employee benefits in Belgium and Central and Corporate. The higher capitalized labor costs in U.K./Ireland are associated with (a)the Network Extensions and (b) increased installations of new customer premises equipment. The higher capitalized labor costs in Belgium areprimarily associated with a project to upgrade Telenet’s mobile network;•An increase in outsourced labor costs of $14.6 million or 11.4% primarily associated with customer-facing activities in U.K./Ireland;•A decrease in vehicle expenses of $7.8 million or 43.2%, a portion of which is due to the impact of the conversion of certain operating leases oncompany vehicles to capital leases, primarily in U.K./Ireland; and•An increase in core network and information technology-related expenses of $7.4 million or 1.6%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase innetwork maintenance and energy costs, primarily due to increases in Central and Corporate and Switzerland that were only partially offset by adecrease in U.K./Ireland, (ii) a $5.9 million increase in U.K./Ireland associated with the impact of the settlement of an operational contingencyduring the first quarter of 2016 and (iii) a decrease in information technology-related expenses, primarily due to a decrease in U.K./Ireland that wasonly partially offset by an increase in Central and Corporate.II-36SG&A expensesThe details of our SG&A expenses are as follows: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organicincrease (decrease) 2017 2016 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages U.K./Ireland$821.7 $825.9 $(4.2) (0.5) $25.8 (3.1)Belgium425.9 420.7 5.2 1.2 (25.1) (5.7)Switzerland163.4 164.7 (1.3) (0.8) (1.8) (1.1)Central and Eastern Europe67.8 59.6 8.2 13.8 5.4 9.1The Netherlands— 362.1 (362.1) (100.0) — —Central and Corporate356.8 413.2 (56.4) (13.6) (52.0) (12.8)Intersegment eliminations(12.7) (16.3) 3.6 N.M. 3.6 N.M.Total SG&A expenses excluding share-basedcompensation expense1,822.9 2,229.9 (407.0) (18.3) $(44.1) (2.3)Share-based compensation expense157.5 264.7 (107.2) (40.5) Total$1,980.4 $2,494.6 $(514.2) (20.6) ______________N.M. — Not Meaningful. Supplemental SG&A expense information: Year ended December 31, Decrease Organicdecrease 2017 2016 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages General and administrative (a)$1,431.5 $1,732.2 $(300.7) (17.4) $(42.0) (2.8)External sales and marketing391.4 497.7 (106.3) (21.4) (2.1) (0.5)Total$1,822.9 $2,229.9 $(407.0) (18.3) $(44.1) (2.3)______________(a)General and administrative expenses include all personnel-related costs within our SG&A expenses, including personnel-related costs associated withour sales and marketing function.Our SG&A expenses (exclusive of share-based compensation expense) decreased $407.0 million or 18.3% during 2017, as compared to 2016. Thisdecrease includes (i) a decrease of $368.0 million attributable to the impact of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction and (ii) an increase of $32.4 millionattributable to the impact of the BASE Acquisition and other less significant acquisitions. On an organic basis, our SG&A expenses decreased $44.1 millionor 2.3%. This decrease includes the following factors:•A decrease in personnel costs of $45.8 million or 5.5% due primarily to the net effect of (i) decreased staffing levels, primarily due to decreases inCentral and Corporate and Belgium, (ii) lower incentive compensation costs, primarily due to decreases in Central and Corporate and U.K./Irelandthat were only partially offset by increases in Belgium and Switzerland, and (iii) annual wage increases. The lower incentive compensation costsinclude a decrease of $12.5 million, primarily in Central and Corporate, attributable to the then expected settlement of a portion of our annualincentive compensation with Liberty Global ordinary shares through a shareholding incentive program that was implemented in the fourth quarter of2017;•A decrease in business service costs of $42.2 million or 25.6%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) a decrease in consulting costs, primarily Centraland Corporate and Belgium, and (ii) lower audit and legal fees. The decrease in consulting costsII-37in Belgium includes an aggregate decrease of $6.3 million related to costs incurred during 2016 associated with the integration of BASE with ouroperations in Belgium;•An increase in core network and information technology-related expenses of $17.1 million or 16.8%, primarily due to an increase in informationtechnology-related expenses in U.K./Ireland;•An increase in external sales and marketing costs of $9.0 million or 1.9%, primarily due to (i) higher third-party sales commissions, primarily due toan increase in U.K./Ireland and (ii) higher costs associated with advertising campaigns, primarily due to an increase in Switzerland; and•An increase in customer service costs of $7.8 million or 26.7%, primarily due to higher call center costs in U.K./Ireland.Share-based compensation expense (included in other operating and SG&A expenses)A summary of our aggregate share-based compensation expense is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 in millionsLiberty Global: Performance-based incentive awards (a)$23.9 $150.6Non-performance based share-based incentive awards93.8 96.4Other (b)13.7 —Total Liberty Global131.4 247.0Telenet share-based incentive awards (c)20.7 12.2Other10.1 8.9Total$162.2 $268.1Included in: Other operating expenses$4.7 $3.4Total SG&A expenses157.5 264.7Total$162.2 $268.1 ________________(a)Includes share-based compensation expense related to PSUs, the Challenge Performance Awards and PGUs.(b)Represents annual incentive compensation and defined contribution plan liabilities that were settled with Liberty Global ordinary shares.(c)Represents the share-based compensation expense associated with Telenet’s share-based incentive awards.For additional information concerning our share-based compensation, see note 14 to our consolidated financial statements.Depreciation and amortization expenseOur depreciation and amortization expense was $3,790.6 million and $4,117.7 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively. Excluding the effects of FX,depreciation and amortization expense decreased $252.9 million or 6.1% during 2017, as compared to 2016. This decrease is primarily due to the net effectof (i) a decrease associated with the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, (ii) an increase associated with property and equipment additions related to theinstallation of customer premises equipment, the expansion and upgrade of our networks and other capital initiatives, (iii) a decrease associated with certainassets becoming fully depreciated, primarily in U.K./Ireland, Central and Corporate, Switzerland and, to a lesser extent Belgium, and (iv) an increase due toaccelerated depreciation, primarily in U.K./Ireland.Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, netWe recognized impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net, of $79.9 million during 2017, as compared to $124.5II-38million during 2016.The 2017 amount primarily includes (i) restructuring charges of $48.4 million, including $35.2 million of employee severance and termination costsrelated to certain reorganization activities, primarily in U.K./Ireland and Central and Corporate, and (ii) a $40.0 million legal settlement recorded during thethird quarter of 2017.The 2016 amount primarily includes (i) restructuring charges of $90.2 million, including (a) $62.8 million of employee severance and termination costsrelated to certain reorganization activities, primarily in U.K./Ireland, Central and Corporate and the Netherlands, and (b) contract termination charges of$24.2 million, primarily in Central and Corporate, and (ii) direct acquisition costs of $45.3 million, primarily related to the VodafoneZiggo JV Transactionand the BASE Acquisition.For information regarding our acquisitions, see note 5 to our consolidated financial statements. For information regarding the VodafoneZiggo JVTransaction, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.For additional information regarding our restructuring charges, see note 15 to our consolidated financial statements.Interest expenseWe recognized interest expense of $1,416.1 million and $1,866.1 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively. Excluding the effects of FX, interestexpense decreased $422.0 million or 22.6% during 2017, as compared to 2016. This decrease is primarily attributable to (i) lower average outstanding debtbalances, largely due to a decrease related to the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction and (ii) lower weighted average interest rates related to the completion ofcertain financing transactions that resulted in extended maturities and decreases to certain of our interest rates. For additional information regarding ouroutstanding indebtedness, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements.Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, netThe details of our realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 in millions Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts (a)$(1,145.6) $668.5Equity-related derivative instruments: ITV Collar215.0 351.5Sumitomo Collar(77.4) (25.6)Lionsgate Forward(11.4) 10.1Other(3.9) 1.6Total equity-related derivative instruments (b)122.3 337.6Foreign currency forward and option contracts(30.2) 17.0Other0.7 (0.8)Total$(1,052.8) $1,022.3 _______________(a)The loss during 2017 is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a net loss associated with changes in the relative value of certain currencies and (ii)a net gain associated with changes in certain market interest rates. In addition, the loss during 2017 includes a net gain of $168.4 million resultingfrom changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments. The gain during 2016 is primarily attributable to the net effect of (a) a net gain associated withchanges in the relative value of certain currencies and (b) a net loss associated with changes in certain market interest rates. In addition, the gain during2016 includes a net loss of $26.5 million resulting from changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments.(b)For information concerning the factors that impact the valuations of our equity-related derivative instruments, see note 9 to our consolidated financialstatements.II-39For additional information concerning our derivative instruments, see notes 8 and 9 to our consolidated financial statements and Quantitative andQualitative Disclosures about Market Risk below. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), netThe details of our foreign currency transaction gain (losses), net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 in millions Intercompany payables and receivables denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency (a)$(874.3) $731.3U.S. dollar denominated debt issued by euro functional currency entities551.2 (411.9)U.S. dollar denominated debt issued by British pound sterling functional currency entities351.9 (1,105.7)British pound sterling denominated debt issued by a U.S. dollar functional currency entity(125.5) 251.2Cash and restricted cash denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency(105.9) 203.2Yen denominated debt issued by a U.S. dollar functional currency entity(20.9) (40.3)Euro denominated debt issued by British pound sterling functional currency entities20.2 75.7Other21.8 (29.8)Total$(181.5) $(326.3)_______________ (a)Amounts primarily relate to (i) loans between certain of our non-operating subsidiaries in the U.S. and Europe and (ii) loans between certain of ournon-operating and operating subsidiaries in Europe, which generally are denominated in the currency of the applicable operating subsidiary.For information regarding how we manage our exposure to foreign currency risk, see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk —Foreign Currency Risk below.Realized and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair values of certain investments and debt, netThe details of our realized and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair values of certain investments and debt, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 in millionsInvestments: Sumitomo$238.2 $67.2ITV(123.5) (608.6)Casa47.9 23.9Lionsgate35.3 (33.4)Other, net (a)30.2 112.0Total investments228.1 (438.9)Debt(184.7) (17.2)Total$43.4 $(456.1)_______________ (a)Amounts for 2017 and 2016 include gains of $12.7 million and $84.4 million, respectively, related to investments that were sold during the respectiveyear.II-40Losses on debt modification and extinguishment, netWe recognized net losses on debt modification and extinguishment of $252.2 million and $233.8 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively.The loss during 2017 is primarily attributable to (i) the payment of $138.4 million of redemption premiums and (ii) the write-off of $115.4 million of netunamortized deferred financing costs, discounts and premiums. The loss during 2016 is primarily attributable to (i) the payment of $128.8 million of redemption premiums and (ii) the write-off of $95.4 million of netunamortized deferred financing costs, discounts and premiums.For additional information concerning our losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements.Share of results of affiliates, netThe following table sets forth the details of our share of results of affiliates, net: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 in millions VodafoneZiggo JV (a)$(70.1) $—Other(25.1) (111.6)Total$(95.2) $(111.6)_______________(a)Amount in 2017 includes the net effect of (i) $64.3 million, representing 100% of the interest income earned on the VodafoneZiggo JV Receivable, (ii)100% of the share-based compensation expense associated with Liberty Global awards held by VodafoneZiggo JV employees who were formerlyemployees of Liberty Global, as these awards remain our responsibility, and (iii) our 50% share of the remaining results of operations of theVodafoneZiggo JV. During 2017, the VodafoneZiggo JV generated (a) revenue of $4,512.5 million, (b) Adjusted OIBDA of $1,910.6 million, (c)operating income of $217.6 million, (d) net non-operating expenses of $580.5 million (including $650.1 million of interest expense) and (e) a net lossof $259.3 million. The VodafoneZiggo JV’s operating income includes depreciation and amortization of $1,678.5 million.Gain on VodafoneZiggo JV TransactionIn connection with the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, we recognized a pre-tax gain during 2016 of $520.8 million, net of the recognition of acumulative foreign currency translation loss of $714.5 million. In connection with the finalization of the equalization payment from Vodafone associatedwith the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, we recognized an additional pre-tax gain of $4.5 million during the second quarter of 2017. For additionalinformation, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.Other income, netWe recognized other income, net, of $46.4 million and $124.0 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts include (i) interest anddividend income of $30.9 million and $36.2 million, respectively, and (ii) credits related to the non-service components of our net periodic pension cost of$18.2 million and $14.7 million, respectively. In addition, the 2016 amount includes income of $69.8 million, representing our share of the settlement ofcertain litigation.Income tax benefit (expense)We recognized income tax benefit (expense) of ($238.9 million) and $1,407.0 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively.The income tax expense during 2017 differs from the expected income tax benefit of $406.4 million (based on the blended U.K. statutory income tax rateof 19.25%) primarily due to the net negative impact of (i) an increase in valuation allowances, (ii) non-deductible or non-taxable foreign currency exchangeresults and (iii) certain permanent differences between the financial and tax accounting treatment of items associated with investments in subsidiaries andaffiliates. The net negative impact of these itemsII-41was partially offset by the net positive impact of statutory tax rates in certain jurisdictions in which we operate that are different than the U.K. statutoryincome tax rate.The income tax benefit during 2016 differs from the expected income tax expense of $48.7 million (based on the U.K. statutory income tax rate of20.0%) primarily due to the net positive impact of (i) a decrease in valuation allowances, including tax benefits of $1.1 billion recognized in the Netherlandsupon the release of valuation allowances in the fourth quarter of 2016, (ii) the recognition of previously unrecognized tax benefits, (iii) non-deductible ornon-taxable foreign currency exchange results, (iv) the tax effect of intercompany financing and (v) statutory tax rates in certain jurisdictions in which weoperate that are different than the U.K. statutory income tax rate. The release of valuation allowances in the Netherlands is attributable to a significantimprovement in our forecast of taxable income in the Netherlands, due to, among other factors, the impacts of contributing VodafoneZiggo Holding to theVodafoneZiggo JV on December 31, 2016, as further described in note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. The net positive impact of these items waspartially offset by the net negative impact of a reduction in net deferred tax assets in the U.K. and other countries due to enacted changes in tax law.For additional information concerning our income taxes, see note 12 to our consolidated financial statements.Earnings (loss) from continuing operationsDuring 2017 and 2016, we reported earnings (loss) from continuing operations of ($2,350.0 million) and $1,650.3 million, respectively, consisting of (i)operating income of $792.4 million and $1,570.1 million, respectively, (ii) net non-operating expense of $2,903.5 million and $1,326.8 million,respectively, and (iii) income tax benefit (expense) of ($238.9 million) and $1,407.0 million, respectively.Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxesOur earnings (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes, of ($370.6 million) and $117.0 million during 2017 and 2016 relates to the operations ofUPC Austria, the Vodafone Disposal Group, UPC DTH and the LiLAC Group. For additional information, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interestsOur net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests were $57.5 million and $62.0 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease isprimarily attributable to the net effect of an improvement in the results of operations of Telenet and declines in the results of operations of Liberty PuertoRico and certain C&W subsidiaries.II-42Liquidity and Capital ResourcesSources and Uses of CashWe are a holding company that is dependent on the capital resources of our subsidiaries to satisfy our liquidity requirements at the corporate level. Eachof our significant operating subsidiaries is separately financed within one of our three subsidiary “borrowing groups.” These borrowing groups include therespective restricted parent and subsidiary entities within Virgin Media, UPC Holding and Telenet. Although our borrowing groups typically generate cashfrom operating activities, the terms of the instruments governing the indebtedness of these borrowing groups may restrict our ability to access the liquidity ofthese subsidiaries. In addition, our ability to access the liquidity of these and other subsidiaries may be limited by tax and legal considerations, the presenceof noncontrolling interests and other factors.Cash and cash equivalentsThe details of the U.S. dollar equivalent balances of our consolidated cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2018 are set forth in the following table(in millions):Cash and cash equivalents held by: Liberty Global and unrestricted subsidiaries: Liberty Global (a)$10.8Unrestricted subsidiaries (b)1,333.2Total Liberty Global and unrestricted subsidiaries1,344.0Borrowing groups (c): Telenet100.5UPC Holding14.8Virgin Media (d)21.2Total borrowing groups136.5Total cash and cash equivalents$1,480.5_______________(a)Represents the amount held by Liberty Global on a standalone basis.(b)Represents the aggregate amount held by subsidiaries that are outside of our borrowing groups.(c)Except as otherwise noted, represents the aggregate amounts held by the parent entity and restricted subsidiaries of our borrowing groups.(d)The Virgin Media borrowing group includes certain subsidiaries of Virgin Media, but excludes the parent entity, Virgin Media Inc.Liquidity of Liberty Global and its unrestricted subsidiaries The $10.8 million of cash and cash equivalents held by Liberty Global and, subject to certain tax and legal considerations, the $1,333.2 million ofaggregate cash and cash equivalents held by unrestricted subsidiaries, represented available liquidity at the corporate level at December 31, 2018. Ourremaining cash and cash equivalents of $136.5 million at December 31, 2018 were held by our borrowing groups as set forth in the table above. As notedabove, various factors may limit our ability to access the cash of our borrowing groups. For information regarding certain limitations imposed by oursubsidiaries’ debt instruments at December 31, 2018, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements.Our current sources of corporate liquidity include (i) cash and cash equivalents held by Liberty Global and, subject to certain tax and legalconsiderations, Liberty Global’s unrestricted subsidiaries, (ii) interest and dividend income received on our and, subject to certain tax and legalconsiderations, our unrestricted subsidiaries’ cash and cash equivalents and investments, including dividends received from the VodafoneZiggo JV, (iii)principal and interest payments received with respect to the VodafoneZiggo JV Receivable and (iv) cash received with respect to transitional servicesprovided to the VodafoneZiggo JV, Deutsche Telekom and Liberty Latin America.II-43From time to time, Liberty Global and its unrestricted subsidiaries may also receive (i) proceeds in the form of distributions or loan repayments fromLiberty Global’s borrowing groups or affiliates (including amounts from the VodafoneZiggo JV) upon (a) the completion of recapitalizations, refinancings,asset sales or similar transactions by these entities or (b) the accumulation of excess cash from operations or other means, (ii) proceeds upon the disposition ofinvestments and other assets of Liberty Global and its unrestricted subsidiaries and (iii) proceeds in connection with the incurrence of debt by Liberty Globalor its unrestricted subsidiaries or the issuance of equity securities by Liberty Global, including equity securities issued to satisfy subsidiary obligations. Noassurance can be given that any external funding would be available to Liberty Global or its unrestricted subsidiaries on favorable terms, or at all. Forinformation regarding the liquidity impacts of the disposition of UPC Austria and the pending dispositions of the Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC DTH,see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. For information regarding the liquidity impact of the pending sale of our operations in Switzerland, seenote 21 to our consolidated financial statements.At December 31, 2018, our consolidated cash and cash equivalents balance included $1,455.1 million held by entities that are domiciled outside of theU.K. Based on our assessment of our ability to access the liquidity of our subsidiaries on a tax efficient basis, our expectations with respect to our corporateliquidity requirements and our preliminary assessment of the 2017 U.S. Tax Act, we do not anticipate that tax considerations will adversely impact ourcorporate liquidity over the next 12 months. Our ability to access the liquidity of our subsidiaries on a tax efficient basis is a consideration in assessing theextent of our share repurchase program.In addition, the amount of cash we receive from our subsidiaries to satisfy U.S. dollar-denominated liquidity requirements is impacted by fluctuations inexchange rates, particularly with regard to the translation of British pounds sterling and euros into U.S. dollars. In this regard, the strengthening (weakening)of the U.S. dollar against these currencies will result in decreases (increases) in the U.S. dollars received from the applicable subsidiaries to fund therepurchase of our equity securities and other U.S. dollar-denominated liquidity requirements.Our corporate liquidity requirements include (i) corporate general and administrative expenses, (ii) interest payments on our secured borrowingarrangement with respect to the ITV Collar Loan and (iii) principal payments on the ITV Collar Loan and our secured borrowing arrangement with respect tothe Lionsgate Loan to the extent not settled through the delivery of the underlying shares. In addition, Liberty Global and its unrestricted subsidiaries mayrequire cash in connection with (a) the repayment of third-party and intercompany debt, (b) the satisfaction of contingent liabilities, (c) acquisitions, (d) therepurchase of equity and debt securities, (e) other investment opportunities, (f) any funding requirements of our subsidiaries and affiliates or (g) income taxpayments. In addition, our parent entity uses available liquidity to make interest and principal payments on notes payable to certain of our unrestrictedsubsidiaries (aggregate outstanding principal of $13.0 billion at December 31, 2018 with varying maturity dates). For information regarding ourcommitments and contingencies, see note 18 to our consolidated financial statements.During 2018, the aggregate amount of our share repurchases was $2,010.0 million, including direct acquisition costs. In July 2018, our board of directorsauthorized an additional $500.0 million of share repurchases through July 2019. At December 31, 2018, the remaining amount authorized for sharerepurchases was $566.2 million. As a U.K. incorporated company, we may only elect to repurchase shares or pay dividends to the extent of our DistributableReserves. For additional information regarding our share repurchase programs and Distributable Reserves, see note 13 to our consolidated financialstatements.Liquidity of borrowing groupsThe cash and cash equivalents of our borrowing groups are detailed in the table above. In addition to cash and cash equivalents, the primary sources ofliquidity of our borrowing groups are cash provided by operations and borrowing availability under their respective debt instruments. For the details of theborrowing availability of our borrowing groups at December 31, 2018, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. The aforementioned sources ofliquidity may be supplemented in certain cases by contributions and/or loans from Liberty Global and its unrestricted subsidiaries. The liquidity of ourborrowing groups generally is used to fund property and equipment additions, debt service requirements and income tax payments. From time to time, ourborrowing groups may also require liquidity in connection with (i) acquisitions and other investment opportunities, (ii) loans to Liberty Global, (iii) capitaldistributions to Liberty Global and other equity owners or (iv) the satisfaction of contingent liabilities. No assurance can be given that any external fundingwould be available to our borrowing groups on favorable terms, or at all. For information regarding our borrowing groups’ commitments and contingencies,see note 18 to our consolidated financial statements.For additional information regarding our consolidated cash flows, see the discussion under Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows below.II-44CapitalizationWe seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns without assuming undue risk. In this regard, we generally seek to causeour operating subsidiaries to maintain their debt at levels that result in a consolidated debt balance (excluding the ITV Collar Loan and Lionsgate Loan andmeasured using subsidiary debt figures at swapped foreign currency exchange rates, consistent with the covenant calculation requirements of our subsidiarydebt agreements) that is between four and five times our consolidated Adjusted OIBDA, although the timing of our acquisitions and financing transactionsand the interplay of average and spot foreign currency rates may impact this ratio. The ratio of our December 31, 2018 consolidated debt to our annualizedconsolidated Adjusted OIBDA for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 was 5.0x. In addition, the ratio of our December 31, 2018 consolidated net debt(debt, as defined above, less cash and cash equivalents) to our annualized consolidated Adjusted OIBDA for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 was 4.8x.Consistent with how we calculate our leverage ratios under our debt agreements, these ratios are presented on a basis that includes the debt and AdjustedOIBDA of both our continuing and discontinued operations.Our ability to service or refinance our debt and to maintain compliance with the leverage covenants in the credit agreements and indentures of ourborrowing groups is dependent primarily on our ability to maintain or increase the Adjusted OIBDA of our operating subsidiaries and to achieve adequatereturns on our property and equipment additions and acquisitions. In addition, our ability to obtain additional debt financing is limited by the incurrence-based leverage covenants contained in the various debt instruments of our borrowing groups. For example, if the Adjusted OIBDA of one of our borrowinggroups were to decline, our ability to obtain additional debt could be limited. No assurance can be given that we would have sufficient sources of liquidity,or that any external funding would be available on favorable terms, or at all, to fund any such required repayment. At December 31, 2018, each of ourborrowing groups was in compliance with its debt covenants. In addition, we do not anticipate any instances of non-compliance with respect to the debtcovenants of our borrowing groups that would have a material adverse impact on our liquidity during the next 12 months.At December 31, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated debt, together with our capital lease obligations, aggregated $29.9 billion,including $3.6 billion that is classified as current in our consolidated balance sheet and $22.7 billion that is not due until 2024 or thereafter. All of ourconsolidated debt and capital lease obligations have been borrowed or incurred by our subsidiaries at December 31, 2018. For additional informationconcerning our debt maturities, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements.Notwithstanding our negative working capital position at December 31, 2018, we believe that we have sufficient resources to repay or refinance thecurrent portion of our debt and capital lease obligations and to fund our foreseeable liquidity requirements during the next 12 months. However, as ourmaturing debt grows in later years, we anticipate that we will seek to refinance or otherwise extend our debt maturities. No assurance can be given that we willbe able to complete these refinancing transactions or otherwise extend our debt maturities. In this regard, it is not possible to predict how political andeconomic conditions, sovereign debt concerns or any adverse regulatory developments could impact the credit and equity markets we access and,accordingly, our future liquidity and financial position. Our ability to access debt financing on favorable terms, or at all, could be adversely impacted by (i)the financial failure of any of our counterparties, which could (a) reduce amounts available under committed credit facilities and (b) adversely impact ourability to access cash deposited with any failed financial institution and (ii) tightening of the credit markets. In addition, any weakness in the equity marketscould make it less attractive to use our shares to satisfy contingent or other obligations, and sustained or increased competition, particularly in combinationwith adverse economic or regulatory developments, could have an unfavorable impact on our cash flows and liquidity.For additional information concerning our debt and capital lease obligations, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements.II-45Consolidated Statements of Cash FlowsGeneral. Our cash flows are subject to significant variations due to FX. See related discussion under Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures aboutMarket Risk — Foreign Currency Risk below.Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — 2018 compared to 2017Summary. The 2018 and 2017 consolidated statements of cash flows of our continuing operations are summarized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change in millions Net cash provided by operating activities$3,985.0 $3,442.7 $542.3Net cash provided by investing activities601.5 781.0 (179.5)Net cash used by financing activities(6,286.6) (4,504.2) (1,782.4)Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash(43.2) 114.2 (157.4)Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash$(1,743.3) $(166.3) $(1,577.0)Operating Activities. The increase in net cash provided by our operating activities is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase in cashprovided by our Adjusted OIBDA and related working capital items, (ii) an increase in cash provided due to higher cash receipts related to derivativeinstruments and (iii) a decrease in the reported net cash provided by operating activities due to FX.Investing Activities. The decrease in net cash provided by our investing activities is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase in cashprovided of $2,058.2 million in connection with net proceeds received from the sale of UPC Austria, (ii) a decrease in cash provided of $1,569.4 millionrelated to distributions received from affiliates during 2017, (iii) a decrease in cash provided of $845.3 million associated with the equalization paymentreceived during 2017 in connection with the completion of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, (iv) an increase in cash provided of $331.4 millionassociated with lower cash paid in connection with acquisitions and (v) a decrease in cash provided of $203.0 million due to higher capital expenditures.Capital expenditures increased from $1,250.0 million during 2017 to $1,453.0 million during 2018 due to the net effect of (a) an increase in our net localcurrency capital expenditures and related working capital movements, including the impact of lower capital-related vendor financing, (b) a decrease inproceeds received for transfers to related parties and (c) an increase resulting from FX.II-46The capital expenditures that we report in our consolidated statements of cash flows do not include amounts that are financed under capital-relatedvendor financing or capital lease arrangements. Instead, these amounts are reflected as non-cash additions to our property and equipment when theunderlying assets are delivered and as repayments of debt when the principal is repaid. In this discussion, we refer to (i) our capital expenditures as reported inour consolidated statements of cash flows, which exclude amounts financed under capital-related vendor financing or capital lease arrangements, and (ii) ourtotal property and equipment additions, which include our capital expenditures on an accrual basis and amounts financed under capital-related vendorfinancing or capital lease arrangements. For further details regarding our property and equipment additions, see note 19 to our consolidated financialstatements. A reconciliation of our consolidated property and equipment additions to our consolidated capital expenditures, as reported in our consolidatedstatements of cash flows, is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Property and equipment additions$3,705.6 $3,703.5Assets acquired under capital-related vendor financing arrangements(2,175.5) (2,336.2)Assets acquired under capital leases(102.4) (106.7)Changes in current liabilities related to capital expenditures25.3 (10.6)Capital expenditures$1,453.0 $1,250.0 Capital expenditures, net: Third-party payments$1,552.7 $1,586.5Proceeds received for transfers to related parties (a)(99.7) (336.5)Total capital expenditures, net$1,453.0 $1,250.0_______________(a)Primarily relates to transfers of centrally-procured property and equipment to our discontinued operations and the VodafoneZiggo JV.The increase in our property and equipment additions during 2018 is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase due to FX and (ii) a decrease inlocal currency expenditures of our subsidiaries, primarily due to the net effect of (a) a decrease in expenditures for new build and upgrade projects, (b) anincrease in baseline expenditures, including network improvements and expenditures for property and facilities and information technology systems, (c) anincrease in expenditures for the purchase and installation of customer premises equipment and (d) an increase in expenditures to support new customerproducts and operational efficiency initiatives. During 2018 and 2017, our property and equipment additions represented 31.0% and 32.8% of revenue,respectively.We expect our 2019 property and equipment additions to decline significantly as compared to our 2018 property and equipment additions. The actualamount of our 2019 property and equipment additions may vary from our expectations for a variety of reasons, including (i) changes in (a) the competitive orregulatory environment, (b) business plans, (c) our expected future operating results or (d) foreign currency exchange rates and (ii) the availability ofsufficient capital. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that our actual property and equipment additions will not vary materially from our expectations.Financing Activities. The increase in net cash used by our financing activities is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase in cash used of$2,812.0 million related to higher net repayments and repurchases of debt and capital lease obligations, (ii) a decrease in cash used of $966.3 million due tolower repurchases of Liberty Global ordinary shares, (iii) an increase in cash used of $277.3 million related to higher distributions by subsidiaries tononcontrolling interests and (iv) a decrease in cash used of $250.9 million due to higher cash receipts related to derivative instruments.II-47Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — 2017 compared to 2016Summary. The 2017 and 2016 consolidated statements of cash flows of our continuing operations are summarized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change in millions Net cash provided by operating activities$3,442.7 $3,873.7 $(431.0)Net cash provided (used) by investing activities781.0 (6,000.1) 6,781.1Net cash provided (used) by financing activities(4,504.2) 1,336.8 (5,841.0)Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash114.2 (40.1) 154.3Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash$(166.3) $(829.7) $663.4Operating Activities. The decrease in net cash provided by our operating activities is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a decrease in the cashprovided by our Adjusted OIBDA and related working capital items, including a decrease due to the impact of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, (ii) anincrease in cash provided due to lower payments of interest, including lower payments due to the impact of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, and (iii) anincrease in cash provided due to higher cash dividends received, primarily from the VodafoneZiggo JV.Investing Activities. The change in net cash provided (used) by our investing activities is primarily attributable to increases in cash of (i) $3,150.1million due to cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash contributed to the VodafoneZiggo JV in connection with the VodafoneZiggo JV Transactionduring 2016, (ii) $1,569.4 million related to distributions received from affiliates during 2017, (iii) $979.5 million associated with lower cash paid inconnection with acquisitions, (iv) $845.3 million associated with the equalization payment received during 2017 in connection with the completion of theVodafoneZiggo JV Transaction and (v) $293.7 million due to lower capital expenditures. Capital expenditures decreased from $1,539.9 million during 2016to $1,250.0 million during 2017 due to the net effect of (a) a decrease due to the impact of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, (b) an increase in proceedsreceived for transfers to related parties and (c) a decrease in our net local currency capital expenditures and related working capital movements, including theimpact of higher capital-related vendor financing.A reconciliation of our consolidated property and equipment additions to our consolidated capital expenditures as reported in our consolidatedstatements of cash flows is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 in millions Property and equipment additions$3,703.5 $3,733.8Assets acquired under capital-related vendor financing arrangements(2,336.2) (1,811.2)Assets acquired under capital leases(106.7) (100.4)Changes in current liabilities related to capital expenditures(10.6) (282.3)Capital expenditures$1,250.0 $1,539.9 Capital expenditures, net: Third-party payments$1,586.5 $1,738.2Proceeds received for transfers to related parties (a)(336.5) (198.3)Total capital expenditures, net$1,250.0 $1,539.9_______________(a)Primarily relates to transfers of centrally-procured property and equipment to our discontinued operations and the VodafoneZiggo JV.The increase in the our property and equipment additions during 2017 is due to the net effect of (i) an increase in local currency expenditures of oursubsidiaries, primarily due to the net effect of (a) a decrease due to the impact of the VodafoneZiggo JVII-48Transaction, (b) an increase in expenditures to support new customer products and operational efficiency initiatives, (c) an increase in expenditures for newbuild and upgrade products, (d) an increase in expenditures for the purchase and installation of customer premises equipment and (e) a decrease in baselineexpenditures, including network improvements and expenditures for property and facilities and information technology systems and (ii) a decrease due toFX. During 2017 and 2016, our property and equipment additions represented 32.8% and 27.2% of revenue, respectively.Financing Activities. The change in net cash provided (used) by our financing activities is primarily attributable to decreases in cash of (i) $4,812.3million associated with lower net borrowings of debt and (ii) $1,007.9 million due to higher cash payments associated with the repurchase of Liberty Globalordinary shares.Adjusted Free Cash FlowWe define adjusted free cash flow as net cash provided by the operating activities of our continuing operations, plus (i) cash payments for third-partycosts directly associated with successful and unsuccessful acquisitions and dispositions and (ii) expenses financed by an intermediary, less (a) capitalexpenditures, as reported in our consolidated statements of cash flows, (b) principal payments on amounts financed by vendors and intermediaries and (c)principal payments on capital leases (exclusive of the portions of the network lease in Belgium and the duct leases in Germany that we assumed inconnection with an acquisition), with each item excluding any cash provided or used by our discontinued operations. We believe that our presentation ofadjusted free cash flow provides useful information to our investors because this measure can be used to gauge our ability to service debt and fund newinvestment opportunities. Adjusted free cash flow should not be understood to represent our ability to fund discretionary amounts, as we have variousmandatory and contractual obligations, including debt repayments, that are not deducted to arrive at this amount. Investors should view adjusted free cashflow as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, U.S. GAAP measures of liquidity included in our consolidated statements of cash flows.The following table provides the details of our adjusted free cash flow: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions Net cash provided by operating activities of our continuing operations (a)$3,985.0 $3,442.7 $3,873.7Cash payments for direct acquisition and disposition costs23.0 8.7 29.3Expenses financed by an intermediary (b)1,883.7 1,343.9 748.8Capital expenditures, net(1,453.0) (1,250.0) (1,539.9)Principal payments on amounts financed by vendors and intermediaries(4,258.0) (2,721.5) (1,870.5)Principal payments on certain capital leases(72.9) (78.6) (103.9)Adjusted free cash flow$107.8 $745.2 $1,137.5_______________(a)Amounts include interest payments related to debt that has been or may be repaid in connection with the completion of the dispositions of UPCAustria, the Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC DTH. These interest payments have not been allocated to discontinued operations.(b)For purposes of our consolidated statements of cash flows, expenses financed by an intermediary are treated as hypothetical operating cash outflowsand hypothetical financing cash inflows when the expenses are incurred. When we pay the financing intermediary, we record financing cash outflowsin our consolidated statements of cash flows. For purposes of our adjusted free cash flow definition, we add back the hypothetical operating cashoutflow when these financed expenses are incurred and deduct the financing cash outflows when we pay the financing intermediary.II-49Contractual CommitmentsThe following table sets forth the U.S. dollar equivalents of our commitments as of December 31, 2018: Payments due during: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total in millions Debt (excluding interest)$3,537.5 $269.8 $2,320.2 $673.3 $108.7 $22,405.8 $29,315.3Capital leases (excluding interest)78.2 74.0 66.0 67.7 70.2 265.2 621.3Network and connectivitycommitments629.4 282.1 243.6 60.3 44.1 776.4 2,035.9Programming commitments858.0 558.7 286.2 52.1 14.2 44.9 1,814.1Purchase commitments742.8 243.9 88.5 31.9 20.4 45.5 1,173.0Operating leases123.9 85.4 66.6 54.3 46.8 178.6 555.6Other commitments27.0 3.2 0.5 0.3 — — 31.0Total (a)$5,996.8 $1,517.1 $3,071.6 $939.9 $304.4 $23,716.4 $35,546.2Projected cash interest payments ondebt and capital lease obligations(b)$1,249.9 $1,330.2 $1,286.2 $1,219.2 $1,198.4 $3,531.8 $9,815.7_______________ (a)The commitments included in this table do not reflect any liabilities that are included in our December 31, 2018 consolidated balance sheet other thandebt and capital lease obligations. Our liability for uncertain tax positions in the various jurisdictions in which we operate ($637.3 million atDecember 31, 2018) has been excluded from the table as the amount and timing of any related payments are not subject to reasonable estimation.(b)Amounts are based on interest rates, interest payment dates, commitment fees and contractual maturities in effect as of December 31, 2018. Theseamounts are presented for illustrative purposes only and will likely differ from the actual cash payments required in future periods. In addition, theamounts presented do not include the impact of our interest rate derivative contracts, deferred financing costs, original issue premiums or discounts.For information concerning our debt and capital lease obligations, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. For information concerning ourcommitments, see note 18 to our consolidated financial statements.In addition to the commitments set forth in the table above, we have significant commitments under (i) derivative instruments and (ii) defined benefitplans and similar agreements, pursuant to which we expect to make payments in future periods. For information regarding projected cash flows associatedwith these derivative instruments, see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk — Projected Cash Flows Associated with DerivativeInstruments below. For information regarding our derivative instruments, including the net cash paid or received in connection with these instruments during2018, 2017 and 2016, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. For information concerning our defined benefit plans, see note 16 to ourconsolidated financial statements.II-50Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and EstimatesIn connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts ofassets and liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Critical accounting policies are defined as thosepolicies that are reflective of significant judgments, estimates and uncertainties, which would potentially result in materially different results under differentassumptions and conditions. We believe the following accounting policies are critical in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements because ofthe judgment necessary to account for these matters and the significant estimates involved, which are susceptible to change:•Impairment of property and equipment and intangible assets (including goodwill);•Costs associated with construction and installation activities;•Fair value measurements; and•Income tax accounting.We have discussed the selection of the aforementioned critical accounting policies with the audit committee of our board of directors. For additionalinformation concerning our significant accounting policies, see note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.Impairment of Property and Equipment and Intangible AssetsCarrying Value. The aggregate carrying value of our property and equipment and intangible assets (including goodwill) that was held for use comprised67.2% of the total assets of our continuing operations at December 31, 2018.When circumstances warrant, we review the carrying amounts of our property and equipment and our intangible assets (other than goodwill and otherindefinite-lived intangible assets) to determine whether such carrying amounts continue to be recoverable. Such changes in circumstance may include (i) anexpectation of a sale or disposal of a long-lived asset or asset group, (ii) adverse changes in market or competitive conditions, (iii) an adverse change in legalfactors or business climate in the markets in which we operate and (iv) operating or cash flow losses. For purposes of impairment testing, long-lived assets aregrouped at the lowest level for which cash flows are largely independent of other assets and liabilities, generally at or below the reporting unit level (seebelow). If the carrying amount of the asset or asset group is greater than the expected undiscounted cash flows to be generated by such asset or asset group, animpairment adjustment is recognized. Such adjustment is measured by the amount that the carrying value of such asset or asset group exceeds its fair value.We generally measure fair value by considering (a) sale prices for similar assets, (b) discounted estimated future cash flows using an appropriate discount rateand/or (c) estimated replacement cost. Assets to be disposed of are recorded at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.We evaluate goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually on October 1 and whenever facts and circumstancesindicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For impairment evaluations with respect to both goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles,we first make a qualitative assessment to determine if the goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible may be impaired. In the case of goodwill, if it is more-likely-than-not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, we then compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its respective carryingamount. Any excess of the carrying amount over the fair value would be charged to operations as an impairment loss. A reporting unit is an operatingsegment or one level below an operating segment (referred to as a “component”). With respect to other indefinite-lived intangible assets, if it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, we then estimate its fair value and any excess of the carryingvalue over the fair value is also charged to operations as an impairment loss.When required, considerable management judgment is necessary to estimate the fair value of reporting units and underlying long-lived and indefinite-lived assets. The equity of one of our reporting units, Telenet, is publicly traded in an active market. For this reporting unit, our fair value determination isbased on quoted market prices. For other reporting units, we typically determine fair value using an income-based approach (discounted cash flows) based onassumptions in our long-range business plans and, in some cases, a combination of an income-based approach and a market-based approach. With respect toour discounted cash flow analysis used in the income-based approach, the timing and amount of future cash flows under these business plans requireestimates of, among other items, subscriber growth and retention rates, rates charged per product, expected gross margins and Adjusted OIBDA margins andexpected property and equipment additions. The development of these cash flows, and the discount rate applied to the cash flows, is subject to inherentuncertainties, and actual results could vary significantly from such estimates. Our determination of the discount rate is based on a weighted average cost ofcapital approach, which uses a market participant’s cost of equity and after-tax cost of debt and reflects the risks inherent in the cash flows. Based on theresults of our 2018 qualitative assessment of our reporting unit carrying values, we determined that it was more-likely-than-not that fair value exceededcarrying value for all of our reporting units.II-51During the three years ended December 31, 2018, we did not record any significant impairment charges with respect to our property and equipment andintangible assets. For additional information regarding our long-lived assets, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements.If, among other factors, (i) our equity values were to decline significantly or (ii) the adverse impacts of economic, competitive, regulatory or other factorswere to cause our results of operations or cash flows to be worse than anticipated, we could conclude in future periods that impairment charges are required inorder to reduce the carrying values of our goodwill and, to a lesser extent, other long-lived assets. Any such impairment charges could be significant. Costs Associated with Construction and Installation ActivitiesWe capitalize costs associated with the construction of new cable and mobile transmission and distribution facilities and the installation of new cableservices. Installation activities that are capitalized include (i) the initial connection (or drop) from our cable system to a customer location, (ii) thereplacement of a drop and (iii) the installation of equipment for additional services, such as digital cable, telephone or broadband internet service. The costsof other customer-facing activities, such as reconnecting customer locations where a drop already exists, disconnecting customer locations and repairing ormaintaining drops, are expensed as incurred.The nature and amount of labor and other costs to be capitalized with respect to construction and installation activities involves significant judgment. Inaddition to direct external and internal labor and materials, we also capitalize other costs directly attributable to our construction and installation activities,including dispatch costs, quality-control costs, vehicle-related costs and certain warehouse-related costs. The capitalization of these costs is based on timesheets, time studies, standard costs, call tracking systems and other verifiable means that directly link the costs incurred with the applicable capitalizableactivity. We continuously monitor the appropriateness of our capitalization policies and update the policies when necessary to respond to changes in factsand circumstances, such as the development of new products and services and changes in the manner that installations or construction activities areperformed.Fair Value MeasurementsU.S. GAAP provides guidance with respect to the recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements and for a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes theinputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted market prices in active markets for identical assetsor liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted market prices includedwithin Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.Recurring Valuations. We perform recurring fair value measurements with respect to our derivative instruments, our fair value method investments andcertain instruments that we classify as debt, each of which are carried at fair value. We use (i) cash flow valuation models to determine the fair values of ourinterest rate and foreign currency derivative instruments and (ii) a Black Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair values of our equity-relatedderivative instruments. We use quoted market prices when available and, when not available, we use a combination of an income approach (discounted cashflows) and a market approach (market multiples of similar businesses) to determine the fair value of our fair value method investments. For a detaileddiscussion of the inputs we use to determine the fair value of our derivative instruments and fair value method investments, see note 9 to our consolidatedfinancial statements. See also notes 7 and 8 to our consolidated financial statements for information concerning our fair value method investments andderivative instruments, respectively.Changes in the fair values of our derivative instruments, fair value method investments and certain instruments that we classify as debt have had, and webelieve will continue to have, a significant and volatile impact on our results of operations. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recognized net gains (losses) of$741.3 million, ($1,009.4 million) and $583.4 million, respectively, attributable to changes in the fair values of these items. As further described in note 9 to our consolidated financial statements, actual amounts received or paid upon the settlement or disposition of theseinvestments and instruments may differ materially from the recorded fair values at December 31, 2018.For information concerning the sensitivity of the fair value of certain of our more significant derivative instruments to changes in market conditions, seeQuantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Sensitivity Information below.Nonrecurring Valuations. Our nonrecurring valuations are primarily associated with (i) the application of acquisition accounting and (ii) impairmentassessments, both of which require that we make fair value determinations as of the applicable valuation date. In making these determinations, we arerequired to make estimates and assumptions that affect the recorded amounts,II-52including, but not limited to, expected future cash flows, market comparables and discount rates, remaining useful lives of long-lived assets, replacement orreproduction costs of property and equipment and the amounts to be recovered in future periods from acquired net operating losses and other deferred taxassets. To assist us in making these fair value determinations, we may engage third-party valuation specialists. Our estimates in this area impact, among otheritems, the amount of depreciation and amortization, impairment charges and income tax expense or benefit that we report. Our estimates of fair value arebased upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain. A significant portion of our long-lived assets were initially recordedthrough the application of acquisition accounting and all of our long-lived assets are subject to impairment assessments. For additional information, see note9 to our consolidated financial statements. For information regarding our acquisitions and long-lived assets, see notes 5 and 10 to our consolidated financialstatements, respectively.Income Tax AccountingWe are required to estimate the amount of tax payable or refundable for the current year and the deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future taxconsequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and income tax basis of assets and liabilities and the expectedbenefits of utilizing net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, using enacted tax rates in effect for each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate for theyear in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. This process requires our management to make assessments regarding thetiming and probability of the ultimate tax impact of such items.Net deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if we believe it more-likely-than-not such net deferred tax assets will not be realized.Establishing or reducing a tax valuation allowance requires us to make assessments about the timing of future events, including the probability of expectedfuture taxable income and available tax planning strategies. At December 31, 2018, the aggregate valuation allowance provided against deferred tax assetswas $4,094.7 million. The actual amount of deferred income tax benefits realized in future periods will likely differ from the net deferred tax assets reflectedin our December 31, 2018 consolidated balance sheet due to, among other factors, possible future changes in income tax law or interpretations thereof in thejurisdictions in which we operate and differences between estimated and actual future taxable income. Any such factors could have a material effect on ourcurrent and deferred tax positions as reported in our consolidated financial statements. A high degree of judgment is required to assess the impact of possiblefuture outcomes on our current and deferred tax positions.Tax laws in jurisdictions in which we have a presence are subject to varied interpretation, and many tax positions we take are subject to significantuncertainty regarding whether the position will be ultimately sustained after review by the relevant tax authority. We recognize the financial statementeffects of a tax position when it is more-likely-than-not, based on technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. The determinationof whether the tax position meets the more-likely-than-not threshold requires a facts-based judgment using all information available. In a number of cases, wehave concluded that the more-likely-than-not threshold is not met and, accordingly, the amount of tax benefit recognized in our consolidated financialstatements is different than the amount taken or expected to be taken in our tax returns. As of December 31, 2018, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits forfinancial reporting purposes, but taken or expected to be taken in our tax returns, was $857.8 million, of which $759.8 million would have a favorable impacton our effective income tax rate if ultimately recognized, after considering amounts that we would expect to be offset by valuation allowances.We are required to continually assess our tax positions, and the results of tax examinations or changes in judgment can result in substantial changes toour unrecognized tax benefits.II-53Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKWe are exposed to market risk in the normal course of our business operations due to our investments in various foreign countries and ongoing investingand financing activities. Market risk refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and stock prices.The risk of loss can be assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows and future earnings. As further described below, we haveestablished policies, procedures and processes governing our management of market risks and the use of derivative instruments to manage our exposure tosuch risks.Cash and InvestmentsWe invest our cash in highly liquid instruments that meet high credit quality standards. We are exposed to exchange rate risk to the extent that thedenominations of our cash and cash equivalent balances, revolving lines of credit and other short-term sources of liquidity do not correspond to thedenominations of our and our subsidiaries’ short-term liquidity requirements. In order to mitigate this risk, we actively manage the denominations of our cashbalances in light of our and our subsidiaries’ forecasted liquidity requirements. At December 31, 2018, $670.2 million or 45.3%, $646.0 million or 43.6% and$151.3 million or 10.2% of our consolidated cash balances were denominated in euros, U.S. dollars and British pounds sterling, respectively.We are exposed to market price fluctuations related to our investments in ITV and Lionsgate shares. At December 31, 2018, the aggregate fair value ofthese investments was $634.2 million and $77.5 million, respectively. All of our ITV shares are held through the ITV Collar, and 50% of our Lionsgate sharesare held through the Lionsgate Forward. For information concerning the terms of (i) the ITV Collar and ITV Collar Loan and (ii) the Lionsgate Forward andLionsgate Loan, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. For those shares that are held through the ITV Collar and the Lionsgate Forward, ourexposure to market risk is limited. For additional information concerning our investments in ITV and Lionsgate shares, see note 7 to our consolidatedfinancial statements.Foreign Currency RiskWe are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk with respect to our consolidated debt in situations where our debt is denominated in a currencyother than the functional currency of the operations whose cash flows support our ability to repay or refinance such debt. Although we generally match thedenomination of our and our subsidiaries’ borrowings with the functional currency of the operations that are supporting the respective borrowings, marketconditions or other factors may cause us to enter into borrowing arrangements that are not denominated in the functional currency of the underlyingoperations (unmatched debt). In these cases, our policy is to provide for an economic hedge against foreign currency exchange rate movements by usingderivative instruments to synthetically convert unmatched debt into the applicable underlying currency. At December 31, 2018, substantially all of our debtwas either directly or synthetically matched to the applicable functional currencies of the underlying operations. For additional information concerning theterms of our derivative instruments, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.In addition to the exposure that results from the mismatch of our borrowings and underlying functional currencies, we are exposed to foreign currencyrisk to the extent that we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than our or our subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies (non-functionalcurrency risk), such as equipment purchases, programming contracts, notes payable and notes receivable (including intercompany amounts). Changes inexchange rates with respect to amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheets related to these items will result in unrealized (based upon period-endexchange rates) or realized foreign currency transaction gains and losses upon settlement of the transactions. Moreover, to the extent that our revenue, costsand expenses are denominated in currencies other than our respective functional currencies, we will experience fluctuations in our revenue, costs andexpenses solely as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Generally, we will consider hedging non-functional currency risks when the risksarise from agreements with third parties that involve the future payment or receipt of cash or other monetary items to the extent that we can reasonably predictthe timing and amount of such payments or receipts and the payments or receipts are not otherwise hedged. In this regard, we have entered into foreigncurrency forward contracts to hedge certain of these risks. For additional information concerning our foreign currency forward contracts, see note 8 to ourconsolidated financial statements.We also are exposed to unfavorable and potentially volatile fluctuations of the U.S. dollar (our reporting currency) against the currencies of ouroperating subsidiaries when their respective financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements.Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive earnings or loss as a separate component of equity. Any increase(decrease) in the value of the U.S. dollar against any foreign currency that is the functional currency of one of our operating subsidiaries will cause us toexperience unrealized foreign currency translation losses (gains) with respect to amounts already invested in such foreign currencies. Accordingly, we mayexperience a negative impact on our comprehensive earnings or loss and equity with respect to our holdings solely as a result of FX. Our primary exposure toFX risk during the three months ended December 31, 2018 was to the British pound sterling and euro as 52.9% andII-5432.4% of our reported revenue during the period was derived from subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the British pound sterling and euro,respectively. In addition, our reported operating results are impacted by changes in the exchange rates for the Swiss franc and other local currencies inEurope. We do not hedge against the risk that we may incur non-cash losses upon the translation of the financial statements of our subsidiaries and affiliatesinto U.S. dollars. For information regarding certain currency instability risks with respect to the British pound sterling and euro, see Management’sDiscussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview above.The relationships between the primary currencies of the countries in which we operate and the U.S. dollar, which is our reporting currency, are shownbelow, per one U.S. dollar: As of December 31, 2018 2017Spot rates: Euro0.8732 0.8318British pound sterling0.7846 0.7394Swiss franc0.9828 0.9736Hungarian forint280.21 258.41Polish zloty3.7454 3.4730Czech koruna22.471 21.243Romanian lei4.0640 3.8830 Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Average rates: Euro0.8472 0.8852 0.9035British pound sterling0.7498 0.7767 0.7407Swiss franc0.9781 0.9847 0.9852Hungarian forint270.21 274.34 281.52Polish zloty3.6108 3.7766 3.9441Czech koruna21.734 23.374 24.437Romanian lei3.9430 4.0514 4.0594Inflation and Foreign Investment RiskWe are subject to inflationary pressures with respect to labor, programming and other costs. While we attempt to increase our revenue to offset increasesin costs, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so. Therefore, costs could rise faster than associated revenue, thereby resulting in a negative impacton our operating results, cash flows and liquidity. The economic environment in the respective countries in which we operate is a function of government,economic, fiscal and monetary policies and various other factors beyond our control that could lead to inflation. We are unable to predict the extent thatprice levels might be impacted in future periods by the current state of the economies in the countries in which we operate.Interest Rate RisksWe are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily as a result of our borrowing activities, which include fixed-rate and variable-rate borrowings by ourborrowing groups. Our primary exposure to variable-rate debt is through the EURIBOR-indexed and LIBOR-indexed debt of our borrowing groups and thevariable-rate debt of certain of our other subsidiaries.In general, we seek to enter into derivative instruments to protect against increases in the interest rates on our variable-rate debt. For additionalinformation concerning the impacts of these interest rate derivative instruments, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submitrates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. Currently, it is not possible to predict the exact transitionalII-55arrangements for calculating applicable reference rates that may be made in the U.K., the U.S., the Eurozone or elsewhere given that a number of outcomes arepossible, including the cessation of the publication of one or more reference rates. Our loan documents contain provisions that contemplate alternativecalculations of the base rate applicable to our LIBOR-indexed debt to the extent LIBOR is not available, which alternative calculations we do not anticipatewill be materially different from what would have been calculated under LIBOR. Additionally, no mandatory prepayment or redemption provisions would betriggered under our loan documents in the event that the LIBOR rate is not available. It is possible, however, that any new reference rate that applies to ourLIBOR-indexed debt could be different than any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed derivative instruments. We anticipate managing thisdifference and any resulting increased variable-rate exposure through modifications to our debt and/or derivative instruments, however future marketconditions may not allow immediate implementation of desired modifications and/or the company may incur significant associated costs.Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate. At December 31, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of our variable-rate indebtedness aggregated $11.7billion, and the weighted average interest rate (including margin) on such variable-rate indebtedness was approximately 4.2%, excluding the effects ofinterest rate derivative contracts, deferred financing costs, original issue premiums or discounts and commitment fees, all of which affect our overall cost ofborrowing. Assuming no change in the amount outstanding, and without giving effect to any interest rate derivative contracts, deferred financing costs,original issue premiums or discounts and commitment fees, a hypothetical 50 basis point (0.50%) increase (decrease) in our weighted average variableinterest rate would increase (decrease) our annual consolidated interest expense and cash outflows by $58.5 million. As discussed above and in note 8 to ourconsolidated financial statements, we use interest rate derivative contracts to manage our exposure to increases in variable interest rates. In this regard,increases in the fair value of these contracts generally would be expected to offset most of the economic impact of increases in the variable interest ratesapplicable to our indebtedness to the extent and during the period that principal amounts are matched with interest rate derivative contracts.Counterparty Credit RiskWe are exposed to the risk that the counterparties to the derivative instruments, undrawn debt facilities and cash investments of our subsidiary borrowinggroups will default on their obligations to us. We manage these credit risks through the evaluation and monitoring of the creditworthiness of, andconcentration of risk with, the respective counterparties. In this regard, credit risk associated with our derivative instruments and undrawn debt facilities isspread across a relatively broad counterparty base of banks and financial institutions. With the exception of a limited number of instances where we haverequired a counterparty to post collateral, neither party has posted collateral under the derivative instruments of our subsidiary borrowing groups. Collateralis generally not posted by either party under the derivative instruments of our subsidiary borrowing groups. Most of our cash currently is invested in either (i)AAA credit rated money market funds, including funds that invest in government obligations, or (ii) overnight deposits with banks having a minimum creditrating of A by Standard & Poor’s or an equivalent rating by Moody’s Investor Service. To date, neither the access to nor the value of our cash and cashequivalent balances have been adversely impacted by liquidity problems of financial institutions. At December 31, 2018, our exposure to counterparty credit risk included (i) derivative assets with an aggregate fair value of $617.3 million, (ii) cash andcash equivalent and restricted cash balances of $1,498.3 million and (iii) aggregate undrawn debt facilities of $2,503.8 million.Each of our subsidiary borrowing groups have entered into derivative instruments under master agreements with each counterparty that contain masternetting arrangements that are applicable in the event of early termination by either party to such derivative instrument. The master netting arrangements arelimited to the derivative instruments, and derivative-related debt instruments, governed by the relevant master agreement within each individual borrowinggroup and are independent of similar arrangements of our other subsidiary borrowing groups.Under our derivative contracts, it is generally only the non-defaulting party that has a contractual option to exercise early termination rights upon thedefault of the other counterparty and to set off other liabilities against sums due upon such termination. However, in an insolvency of a derivativecounterparty, under the laws of certain jurisdictions, the defaulting counterparty or its insolvency representatives may be able to compel the termination ofone or more derivative contracts and trigger early termination payment liabilities payable by us, reflecting any mark-to-market value of the contracts for thecounterparty. Alternatively, or in addition, the insolvency laws of certain jurisdictions may require the mandatory set off of amounts due under suchderivative contracts against present and future liabilities owed to us under other contracts between us and the relevant counterparty. Accordingly, it ispossible that we may be subject to obligations to make payments, or may have present or future liabilities owed to us partially or fully discharged by set offas a result of such obligations, in the event of the insolvency of a derivative counterparty, even though it is the counterparty that is in default and not us. Tothe extent that we are required to make such payments, our ability to do so will depend on our liquidity and capital resources at the time. In an insolvency ofa defaulting counterparty, weII-56will be an unsecured creditor in respect of any amount owed to us by the defaulting counterparty, except to the extent of the value of any collateral we haveobtained from that counterparty.In addition, where a counterparty is in financial difficulty, under the laws of certain jurisdictions, the relevant regulators may be able to (i) compel thetermination of one or more derivative instruments, determine the settlement amount and/or compel, without any payment, the partial or full discharge ofliabilities arising from such early termination that are payable by the relevant counterparty or (ii) transfer the derivative instruments to an alternativecounterparty.While we currently have no specific concerns about the creditworthiness of any counterparty for which we have material credit risk exposures, we cannotrule out the possibility that one or more of our counterparties could fail or otherwise be unable to meet its obligations to us. Any such instance could have anadverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity.Although we actively monitor the creditworthiness of our key vendors, the financial failure of a key vendor could disrupt our operations and have anadverse impact on our revenue and cash flows.Sensitivity InformationInformation concerning the sensitivity of the fair value of certain of our more significant derivative instruments to changes in market conditions is setforth below. The potential changes in fair value set forth below do not include any amounts associated with the remeasurement of the derivative asset orliability into the applicable functional currency. For additional information, see notes 8 and 9 to our consolidated financial statements.Virgin Media Cross-currency and Interest Rate Derivative ContractsHolding all other factors constant, at December 31, 2018, an instantaneous increase (decrease) of 10% in the value of the British pound sterling relativeto the U.S. dollar would have decreased (increased) the aggregate fair value of the Virgin Media cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts byapproximately £560 million ($714 million).UPC Holding Cross-currency and Interest Rate Derivative ContractsHolding all other factors constant, at December 31, 2018:(i)an instantaneous increase (decrease) of 10% in the value of the Swiss franc, Polish zloty, Hungarian forint, Czech koruna and Romanian leirelative to the euro would have decreased (increased) the aggregate fair value of the UPC Holding cross-currency and interest rate derivativecontracts by approximately €420 million ($481 million);(ii)an instantaneous increase (decrease) of 10% in the value of the euro relative to the U.S. dollar would have decreased (increased) the aggregate fairvalue of the UPC Holding cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts by approximately €242 million ($277 million); and(iii)an instantaneous increase (decrease) of 10% in the value of the Swiss franc relative to the U.S. dollar would have decreased (increased) theaggregate fair value of the UPC Holding cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts by approximately €92 million ($105 million).Telenet Cross-currency and Interest Rate Derivative ContractsHolding all other factors constant, at December 31, 2018:(i)an instantaneous increase (decrease) of 10% in the value of the euro relative to the U.S. dollar would have decreased (increased) the aggregate fairvalue of the Telenet cross-currency derivative contracts by approximately €330 million ($378 million); and(ii)an instantaneous increase (decrease) in the relevant base rate of 50 basis points (0.50%) would have increased (decreased) the aggregate fair valueof the Telenet cross currency, interest rate cap and swap contracts by approximately €106 million ($121 million).II-57Projected Cash Flows Associated with Derivative InstrumentsThe following table provides information regarding the projected cash flows associated with our derivative instruments. The U.S. dollar equivalentspresented below are based on interest rates and exchange rates that were in effect as of December 31, 2018. These amounts are presented for illustrativepurposes only and will likely differ from the actual cash payments required in future periods. For additional information regarding our derivative instruments,see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. For information concerning the counterparty credit risk associated with our derivative instruments, seethe discussion under Counterparty Credit Risk above. Payments (receipts) due during: Total 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter in millionsProjected derivative cash payments (receipts),net: Interest-related (a)$(27.1) $(116.3) $(94.0) $(113.8) $(131.2) $(163.1) $(645.5)Principal-related (b)5.7 62.5 (155.7) (243.7) (129.3) (787.4) (1,247.9)Other (c)19.3 (55.3) (489.2) (183.6) — — (708.8)Total$(2.1) $(109.1) $(738.9) $(541.1) $(260.5) $(950.5) $(2,602.2)_______________(a)Includes (i) the cash flows of our interest rate cap, swaption, collar and swap contracts and (ii) the interest-related cash flows of our cross-currency andinterest rate swap contracts.(b)Includes the principal-related cash flows of our cross-currency swap contracts.(c)Includes amounts related to our equity-related derivative instruments and foreign currency forward contracts. We may elect to use cash or thecollective value of the related shares and equity-related derivative instrument to settle the ITV Collar Loan and the Lionsgate Loan.II-58Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATAThe consolidated financial statements of Liberty Global are filed under this Item, beginning on page II-62. Financial statement schedules are filed underItem 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Item 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURENone.Item 9A.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURESEvaluation of disclosure controls and proceduresIn accordance with Exchange Act Rule 13a-15, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, includingour chief executive officer and chief financial officer (the Executives), of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018.In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, the Executives recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designedand operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is necessarily required to apply judgmentin evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and objectives. Based on that evaluation, the Executives concluded that our disclosurecontrols and procedures are effective as of December 31, 2018, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filedor submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securitiesand Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.Internal control over financial reporting(a) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial ReportingManagement’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting is included herein on page II-60.(b) Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmThe attestation report of KPMG LLP is included herein on page II-61.(c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial ReportingThere have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation described above that occurredduring the fourth fiscal quarter covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, ourinternal control over financial reporting.Item 9B.OTHER INFORMATIONNot applicable.II-59Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding thereliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generallyaccepted in the United States of America. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detectmisstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changesin conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.Our management assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, using the criteria in Internal Control -Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, ourmanagement believes that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. The effectiveness of our internal control overfinancial reporting has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included herein.II-60Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmTo the Stockholders and Board of DirectorsLiberty Global plc:Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingWe have audited Liberty Global plc and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In ouropinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidatedbalance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive earnings (loss), equity,and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I and II(collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidatedfinancial statements.Basis for OpinionThe Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness ofinternal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Ourresponsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firmregistered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and theapplicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financialreporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing andevaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures aswe considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial ReportingA company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reportingand the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal controlover financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairlyreflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permitpreparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are beingmade only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention ortimely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliancewith the policies or procedures may deteriorate./s/ KPMG LLPDenver, ColoradoFebruary 27, 2019II-61Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmTo the Stockholders and Board of DirectorsLiberty Global plc:Opinion on the Consolidated Financial StatementsWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Liberty Global plc and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017,the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive earnings (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period endedDecember 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I and II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, theconsolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and theresults of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally acceptedaccounting principles.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’sinternal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued bythe Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on theeffectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.Change in Accounting PrincipleAs discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for revenue from contracts withcustomers in 2018 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.Basis for OpinionThese consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on theseconsolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent withrespect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and ExchangeCommission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performingprocedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures thatrespond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financialstatements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating theoverall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion./s/ KPMG LLPWe have served as the Company’s auditor since 2004.Denver, ColoradoFebruary 27, 2019II-62LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2018 2017 in millionsASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents$1,480.5 $1,672.4Trade receivables, net1,342.1 1,404.5Derivative instruments (note 8)394.2 494.4Prepaid expenses171.4 133.1Current assets of discontinued operations (note 6)356.5 276.0Other current assets (notes 4 and 7)396.7 351.2Total current assets4,141.4 4,331.6Investments and related notes receivable (including $1,174.8 million and $2,315.3 million, respectively, measured atfair value on a recurring basis) (note 7)5,121.8 6,671.4Property and equipment, net (note 10)13,878.9 14,149.0Goodwill (note 10)13,715.8 14,354.1Deferred tax assets (note 12)2,488.2 3,133.1Long-term assets of discontinued operations (note 6)10,174.6 11,237.4Other assets, net (notes 4, 8, 10 and 12)3,632.9 3,720.2Total assets$53,153.6 $57,596.8 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.II-63LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS — (Continued) December 31, 2018 2017 in millionsLIABILITIES AND EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable$874.3 $926.0Deferred revenue847.1 936.6Current portion of debt and capital lease obligations (note 11)3,615.2 3,667.5Accrued capital expenditures543.2 580.8Current liabilities of discontinued operations (note 6)1,967.5 1,635.9Other accrued and current liabilities (notes 8 and 15)2,458.8 2,219.0Total current liabilities10,306.1 9,965.8Long-term debt and capital lease obligations (note 11)26,190.0 28,977.0Long-term liabilities of discontinued operations (note 6)10,072.4 10,014.4Other long-term liabilities (notes 8, 12, 15 and 16)2,436.8 2,246.6Total liabilities49,005.3 51,203.8 Commitments and contingencies (notes 5, 8, 11, 12, 16 and 18) Equity (note 13): Liberty Global shareholders: Liberty Global Shares — Class A, $0.01 nominal value. Issued and outstanding 204,450,499 and 219,668,579shares, respectively2.0 2.2Liberty Global Shares — Class B, $0.01 nominal value. Issued and outstanding 11,099,593 and 11,102,619shares, respectively0.1 0.1Liberty Global Shares — Class C, $0.01 nominal value. Issued and outstanding 531,174,389 and 584,332,055shares, respectively5.3 5.8Additional paid-in capital9,214.5 11,358.6Accumulated deficit(5,172.2) (6,217.6)Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of taxes631.8 1,656.0Treasury shares, at cost(0.1) (0.1)Total Liberty Global shareholders4,681.4 6,805.0Noncontrolling interests(533.1) (412.0)Total equity4,148.3 6,393.0Total liabilities and equity$53,153.6 $57,596.8The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.II-64LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions, except per share amounts Revenue (notes 4, 7 and 19)$11,957.9 $11,276.4 $13,731.1Operating costs and expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, shown separatelybelow): Programming and other direct costs of services3,246.1 2,973.6 3,499.4Other operating (note 14)1,717.2 1,659.5 1,924.8Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) (note 14)2,049.1 1,980.4 2,494.6Depreciation and amortization (note 10)3,858.2 3,790.6 4,117.7Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net (notes 5, 15 and 16)248.2 79.9 124.5 11,118.8 10,484.0 12,161.0Operating income839.1 792.4 1,570.1Non-operating income (expense): Interest expense(1,478.7) (1,416.1) (1,866.1)Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net (note 8)1,125.8 (1,052.8) 1,022.3Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net90.4 (181.5) (326.3)Realized and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair values of certain investments anddebt, net (notes 7, 9 and 11)(384.5) 43.4 (456.1)Losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net (note 11)(65.0) (252.2) (233.8)Share of results of affiliates, net (note 7)(8.7) (95.2) (111.6)Gain on the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction (note 6)— 4.5 520.8Other income, net43.4 46.4 124.0 (677.3) (2,903.5) (1,326.8)Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes161.8 (2,111.1) 243.3Income tax benefit (expense) (note 12)(1,573.3) (238.9) 1,407.0Earnings (loss) from continuing operations(1,411.5) (2,350.0) 1,650.3Discontinued operations (note 6): Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes1,163.4 (370.6) 117.0Gain on disposal of discontinued operations, net of taxes1,098.1 — — 2,261.5 (370.6) 117.0Net earnings (loss)850.0 (2,720.6) 1,767.3Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests(124.7) (57.5) (62.0)Net earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders$725.3 $(2,778.1) $1,705.3 Basic earnings (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders pershare (note 3)$(1.97) $(2.86) $1.83 Diluted earnings (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders pershare (note 3)$(1.97) $(2.86) $1.81The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.II-65LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions Net earnings (loss)$850.0 $(2,720.6) $1,767.3Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of taxes (note 17): Continuing operations: Foreign currency translation adjustments(897.9) 1,898.7 (1,909.8)Reclassification adjustments included in net earnings (loss) (note 6)(2.3) (2.0) 714.2Pension-related adjustments and other(17.7) 17.7 (2.4)Other comprehensive earnings (loss) from continuing operations(917.9) 1,914.4 (1,198.0) Other comprehensive earnings (loss) from discontinued operations (note 6)(106.1) 30.4 (73.4)Other comprehensive earnings (loss)(1,024.0) 1,944.8 (1,271.4)Comprehensive earnings (loss)(174.0) (775.8) 495.9Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests(124.9) (59.2) (58.9)Comprehensive earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders$(298.9) $(835.0) $437.0The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.II-66LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY Liberty Global shareholders Non-controllinginterests Totalequity LibertyGlobalShares LiLACShares Additionalpaid-incapital Accumulateddeficit Accumulatedothercomprehensiveearnings (loss),net of taxes Treasuryshares, atcost TotalLibertyGlobalshareholders in millions Balance at January 1, 2016$8.5 $0.4 $14,908.1 $(5,160.1) $895.9 $(0.4) $10,652.4 $(478.1) $10,174.3Net earnings— — — 1,705.3 — — 1,705.3 62.0 1,767.3Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes (note 17)— — — — (1,268.3) — (1,268.3) (3.1) (1,271.4)Impact of the C&W Acquisition (note5)1.1 0.1 4,488.9 — — — 4,490.1 1,451.8 5,941.9Repurchase and cancellation ofLiberty Global ordinary shares (note13)(0.6) — (2,088.9) — — — (2,089.5) — (2,089.5)Share-based compensation (note 14)— — 269.0 — — — 269.0 — 269.0Liberty Global call option contracts— — 119.1 — — — 119.1 — 119.1Impact of the LiLAC Distribution(note 5)— 1.2 (1.2) — — — — — —Adjustments due to changes insubsidiaries’ equity and other, net(note 13)(0.1) — (116.8) — — 0.1 (116.8) (61.9) (178.7)Balance at December 31, 2016$8.9$1.7$17,578.2$(3,454.8)$(372.4)$(0.3)$13,761.3$970.7$14,732.0The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.II-67LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY — (Continued) Liberty Global shareholders Non-controllinginterests Totalequity LibertyGlobalShares LiLACShares Additionalpaid-incapital Accumulateddeficit Accumulatedothercomprehensiveearnings(loss),net of taxes Treasuryshares, atcost TotalLibertyGlobalshareholders in millions Balance at January 1, 2017, beforeeffect of accounting change$8.9 $1.7 $17,578.2 $(3,454.8) $(372.4) $(0.3) $13,761.3 $970.7 $14,732.0Accounting change (note 2)— — — 15.3 — — 15.3 — 15.3Balance at January 1, 2017, asadjusted for accounting change8.9 1.7 17,578.2 (3,439.5) (372.4) (0.3) 13,776.6 970.7 14,747.3Net loss— — — (2,778.1) — — (2,778.1) 57.5 (2,720.6)Other comprehensive earnings, net oftaxes (note 17)— — — — 1,943.1 — 1,943.1 1.7 1,944.8Impact of the Split-off Transaction(note 6)— (1.7) (3,346.8) — 85.3 — (3,263.2) (1,360.9) (4,624.1)Repurchase and cancellation ofLiberty Global ordinary shares(note 13)(0.8) — (2,947.4) — — — (2,948.2) — (2,948.2)Share-based compensation (note 14)— — 155.9 — — — 155.9 — 155.9Adjustments due to changes insubsidiaries’ equity and other, net— — (81.3) — — 0.2 (81.1) (81.0) (162.1)Balance at December 31, 2017$8.1 $— $11,358.6 $(6,217.6) $1,656.0 $(0.1) $6,805.0 $(412.0) $6,393.0The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.II-68LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY — (Continued) Liberty Global shareholders Non-controllinginterests Totalequity Ordinary shares Additionalpaid-incapital Accumulateddeficit Accumulatedothercomprehensiveearnings,net of taxes Treasuryshares, atcost TotalLibertyGlobalshareholders Class A Class B Class C Balance at January 1, 2018,before effect of accountingchange$2.2 $0.1 $5.8 $11,358.6 $(6,217.6) $1,656.0 $(0.1) $6,805.0 $(412.0) $6,393.0Accounting change (note2)— — — — 320.1 — — 320.1 4.4 324.5Balance at January 1, 2018,as adjusted for accountingchange2.2 0.1 5.8 11,358.6 (5,897.5) 1,656.0 (0.1) 7,125.1 (407.6) 6,717.5Net earnings— — — — 725.3 — — 725.3 124.7 850.0Other comprehensive loss,net of taxes (note 17)— — — — — (1,024.2) — (1,024.2) 0.2 (1,024.0)Repurchase andcancellation of LibertyGlobal ordinary shares(note 13)(0.2) — (0.5) (2,009.3) — — — (2,010.0) — (2,010.0)Distributions bysubsidiaries tononcontrolling interestowners (note 13)— — — — — — — — (298.4) (298.4)Repurchases by Telenet ofits outstanding shares— — — (294.0) — — — (294.0) 35.4 (258.6)Share-based compensation(note 14)— — — 154.4 — — — 154.4 — 154.4Adjustments due tochanges in subsidiaries’equity and other, net— — — 4.8 — — — 4.8 12.6 17.4Balance at December 31,2018$2.0 $0.1 $5.3 $9,214.5 $(5,172.2) $631.8 $(0.1) $4,681.4 $(533.1) $4,148.3The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.II-69LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millionsCash flows from operating activities: Net earnings (loss)$850.0 $(2,720.6) $1,767.3Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations2,261.5 (370.6) 117.0Earnings (loss) from continuing operations(1,411.5) (2,350.0) 1,650.3Adjustments to reconcile earnings (loss) from continuing operations to net cash provided byoperating activities from continuing operations: Share-based compensation expense206.0 162.2 268.1Depreciation and amortization3,858.2 3,790.6 4,117.7Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net248.2 79.9 124.5Amortization of deferred financing costs and non-cash interest56.4 61.2 69.7Realized and unrealized losses (gains) on derivative instruments, net(1,125.8) 1,052.8 (1,022.3)Foreign currency transaction losses (gains), net(90.4) 181.5 326.3Realized and unrealized losses (gains) due to changes in fair values of certain investments anddebt, net384.5 (43.4) 456.1Losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net65.0 252.2 233.8Share of results of affiliates, net8.7 95.2 111.6Gain on the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction— (4.5) (520.8)Deferred income tax expense (benefit)438.1 46.6 (1,428.4)Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of the effects of acquisitions and dispositions: Receivables and other operating assets635.4 470.6 362.8Payables and accruals459.4 (651.7) (915.1)Dividends from affiliates and others252.8 299.5 39.4Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations3,985.0 3,442.7 3,873.7Net cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations1,978.1 2,265.3 2,067.2Net cash provided by operating activities5,963.1 5,708.0 5,940.9 Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds received upon disposition of discontinued operation, net2,058.2 — —Capital expenditures(1,453.0) (1,250.0) (1,539.9)Investments in and loans to affiliates and others(88.8) (118.3) (140.2)Cash paid in connection with acquisitions, net of cash acquired(82.5) (413.9) (1,393.4)Sales of investments36.2 25.5 147.3Distributions received from affiliates— 1,569.4 —Equalization payment related to the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction— 845.3 —Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash contributed to the VodafoneZiggo JV in connectionwith the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction— — (3,150.1)Other investing activities, net131.4 123.0 76.2Net cash provided (used) by investing activities of continuing operations601.5 781.0 (6,000.1)Net cash used by investing activities of discontinued operations(514.2) (1,341.8) (1,043.3)Net cash provided (used) by investing activities$87.3 $(560.8) $(7,043.4) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.II-70LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — (Continued) Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millionsCash flows from financing activities: Repayments and repurchases of debt and capital lease obligations$(8,170.6) $(8,177.5) $(10,952.5)Borrowings of debt4,396.5 7,215.4 14,802.7Repurchase of Liberty Global ordinary shares(2,009.9) (2,976.2) (1,968.3)Distributions by subsidiaries to noncontrolling interest owners(290.3) (13.0) (13.2)Repurchase by Telenet of its outstanding shares(244.7) (36.5) (54.7)Net cash received (paid) related to derivative instruments112.8 (138.1) (251.5)Payment of financing costs and debt premiums(73.1) (249.6) (217.4)Value-added taxes (VAT) paid on behalf of the VodafoneZiggo JV— (162.6) —Other financing activities, net(7.3) 33.9 (8.3)Net cash provided (used) by financing activities of continuing operations(6,286.6) (4,504.2) 1,336.8Net cash provided (used) by financing activities of discontinued operations96.8 (175.4) 362.2Net cash provided (used) by financing activities(6,189.8) (4,679.6) 1,699.0 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: Continuing operations(43.2) 114.2 (40.1)Discontinued operations(1.9) 1.1 1.7Total(45.1) 115.3 (38.4) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: Continuing operations(1,743.3) (166.3) (829.7)Discontinued operations - Vodafone Disposal Group, UPC Austria and UPC DTH1,558.8 761.7 1,081.6Discontinued operations - LiLAC Group— (12.5) 306.2Total$(184.5) $582.9 $558.1 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: Beginning of year$1,682.8 $1,087.4 $835.5Net increase (excluding, during 2017 and 2016, LiLAC Group activity related to cashbalances included in discontinued operations)(184.5) 595.4 251.9End of year$1,498.3 $1,682.8 $1,087.4 Cash paid for interest: Continuing operations$1,405.7 $1,380.6 $1,844.5Discontinued operations436.4 905.8 763.5Total$1,842.1 $2,286.4 $2,608.0 Net cash paid for taxes: Continuing operations$309.0 $269.7 $231.1Discontinued operations55.1 143.4 209.6Total$364.1 $413.1 $440.7 Details of end of period cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: Cash and cash equivalents$1,480.5 $1,672.4 $1,076.6Restricted cash included in other current assets and other assets, net15.9 8.3 10.8Restricted cash included in current and long-term assets of discontinued operations1.9 2.1 —Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash$1,498.3 $1,682.8 $1,087.4The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.II-71LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial StatementsDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(1) Basis of PresentationLiberty Global plc (Liberty Global) is a public limited company organized under the laws of England and Wales. In these notes, the terms “we,” “our,”“our company” and “us” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Global or collectively to Liberty Global and its subsidiaries. We are an internationalprovider of video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile communications services to residential customers and businesses in Europe.Our continuing operations comprise businesses that provide residential and business-to-business (B2B) communications services in (i) the UnitedKingdom (U.K.) and Ireland through Virgin Media Inc. (Virgin Media), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Liberty Global, (ii) Belgium through Telenet GroupHolding N.V. (Telenet), a 59.7%-owned subsidiary of Liberty Global, (iii) Switzerland and Poland through UPC Holding B.V. and (iv) Slovakia through UPCBroadband Slovakia s.r.o. UPC Holding B.V. and UPC Broadband Slovakia s.r.o., which are each wholly-owned subsidiaries of Liberty Global, arecollectively referred to herein as “UPC Holding.” In addition, following the December 31, 2016 completion of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction (asdefined in note 6), we own a 50% noncontrolling interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV, which provides residential and B2B communication services in theNetherlands. During 2016, we provided residential and B2B communications services in the Netherlands through our wholly-owned subsidiary,VodafoneZiggo Holding B.V. (VodafoneZiggo Holding).In addition, we currently provide (i) residential and B2B communication services in (a) Germany through Unitymedia GmbH (Unitymedia) and (b)Hungary, the Czech Republic and Romania through UPC Holding B.V. and (ii) direct-to-home satellite (DTH) services to residential customers in Hungary,the Czech Republic, Romania and Slovakia through a Luxembourg-based subsidiary of UPC Holding B.V. that we refer to as “UPC DTH.” We also providedresidential and B2B communication services in Austria through July 31, 2018, the date we completed the sale of such operations. On May 9, 2018, wereached an agreement to sell our operations in Germany, Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic (exclusive of our DTH operations) and on December 21,2018, we reached an agreement to sell the operations of UPC DTH. In these consolidated financial statements, our operations in Austria, Germany, Romania,Hungary and the Czech Republic and the operations of UPC DTH are presented as discontinued operations for all periods. For additional informationregarding these pending and completed dispositions, see note 6. Subsequent to December 31, 2018, we entered into an agreement to sell our operations inSwitzerland. For additional information, see note 21.Prior to the December 29, 2017 completion of the Split-off Transaction (as defined and described in note 6), we also provided residential and B2Bcommunication services in (i) various countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, through Cable & Wireless Communications Limited (C&W), (ii) Chilethrough VTR.com SpA (VTR) and (iii) Puerto Rico through Liberty Cablevision of Puerto Rico LLC (Liberty Puerto Rico). C&W and VTR were eachwholly-owned subsidiaries of Liberty Global, and Liberty Puerto Rico was an entity in which we held a 60.0% ownership interest. C&W also provided (a)B2B services in certain other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and (b) wholesale services over its sub-sea and terrestrial networks. Theoperations of C&W, VTR, Liberty Puerto Rico and certain other entities that were associated with our businesses in Latin America and the Caribbean arecollectively referred to herein as the “LiLAC Group.” As a result of the Split-off Transaction, the entities attributed to the LiLAC Group are presented asdiscontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations and cash flows for 2017 and 2016.Unless otherwise indicated, the amounts presented in these notes relate only to our continuing operations, and ownership percentages and conveniencetranslations into United States (U.S.) dollars are calculated as of December 31, 2018.(2) Accounting Changes and Recent Accounting PronouncementsAccounting ChangesASU 2014-09In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts withCustomers (ASU 2014-09), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of goods or servicesto customers. We adopted ASU 2014-09 effective January 1, 2018 by recording the cumulative effect of the adoption to our accumulated deficit. We appliedthe new standard to contracts that were not complete at January 1, 2018. The comparative information for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016contained within these consolidated financial statements and notes has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards ineffect for such periods. The implementation of ASU 2014-09 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financialII-72LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016statements.The principal impacts of ASU 2014-09 on our revenue recognition policies relate to our accounting for (i) time-limited discounts and free service periodsprovided to our customers and (ii) certain upfront fees charged to our customers, as follows:•When we enter into contracts to provide services to our customers, we often provide time-limited discounts or free service periods. Under previousaccounting rules, we recognized revenue, net of discounts, during the promotional periods and did not recognize any revenue during free serviceperiods. Under ASU 2014-09, revenue recognition for those contracts that contain substantive termination penalties is recognized uniformly overthe contractual period. For contracts that do not have substantive termination penalties, we continue to record the impacts of partial or full discountsduring the applicable promotional periods.•When we enter into contracts to provide services to our customers, we often charge installation or other upfront fees. Under previous accountingrules, installation fees related to services provided over our cable networks were recognized as revenue during the period in which the installationoccurred to the extent these fees were equal to or less than direct selling costs. Under ASU 2014-09, these fees are generally deferred and recognizedas revenue over the contractual period, or longer if the upfront fee results in a material renewal right.ASU 2014-09 also impacted our accounting for certain upfront costs directly associated with obtaining and fulfilling customer contracts. Under ourprevious policy, these costs were expensed as incurred unless the costs were in the scope of another accounting topic that allowed for capitalization. UnderASU 2014-09, certain upfront costs associated with contracts that have substantive termination penalties and a term of one year or more are recognized asassets and amortized to operating costs and expenses over the applicable period benefited.For additional information regarding the impact of our adoption of ASU 2014-09, see note 4.II-73LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The cumulative effect of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our summary balance sheet information as of January 1, 2018 is as follows: Balance atDecember 31, 2017 ASU 2014-09Adjustments Balance at January1, 2018 in millionsAssets: Trade receivables, net$1,404.5 (0.7) $1,403.8Current assets of discontinued operations$276.0 98.2 $374.2Other current assets$351.2 76.6 $427.8Investments and related note receivables (a)$6,671.4 191.2 $6,862.6Deferred tax assets$3,133.1 (16.0) $3,117.1Long-term assets of discontinued operations$11,237.4 29.1 $11,266.5Other assets, net$3,720.2 21.4 $3,741.6 Liabilities: Deferred revenue$936.6 5.6 $942.2Current liabilities of discontinued operations$1,635.9 26.7 $1,662.6Other accrued and current liabilities$2,219.0 1.2 $2,220.2Long-term liabilities of discontinued operations$10,014.4 39.1 $10,053.5Other long-term liabilities$2,246.6 2.7 $2,249.3 Equity: Accumulated deficit (a)$(6,217.6) 320.1 $(5,897.5)Noncontrolling interests$(412.0) 4.4 $(407.6)_______________(a)The ASU 2014-09 adjustment amounts include the impact of our share of the VodafoneZiggo JV’s adjustment to its owners’ equity.The impact of our adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 was not materially different from the impacts setforth in the above January 1, 2018 summary balance sheet information. Similarly, the adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not have a material impact on ourconsolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.ASU 2017-07In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of the Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic PostretirementBenefit Cost (ASU 2017-07), which changes the presentation of periodic benefit cost components. Under ASU 2017-07, we continue to present the servicecomponent of our net periodic pension cost as a component of operating income but present the other components of our net periodic pension cost, whichcan include credits, within non-operating income (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations. We adopted ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018 on aretrospective basis, which resulted in the reclassification of credits from SG&A expense to other non-operating income, net of $18.2 million and $14.7million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For information regarding our defined benefit plans, see note 16.II-74LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016ASU 2016-01In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (ASU 2016-01), whichupdates certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 primarily impacts our accounting forcertain equity investments that were previously accounted for under the cost method. Under ASU 2016-01, these investments, which do not have readilydeterminable fair values, are accounted for at cost minus impairment, adjusted for any observable price changes of similar investments of the same issuer. Weadopted the amendments of ASU 2016-01 related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values on January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis.ASU 2016-18In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash (ASU 2016-18), which requires the change in restricted cash to be includedtogether with the change in cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated statement of cash flows. We adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018 on aretrospective basis.ASU 2016-09In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation — Stock Compensation, Improvements to Employee Share-Based PaymentAccounting (ASU 2016-09), which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences,classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification within the statement of cash flows. We adopted ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017. As aresult of adopting this standard, we (i) recognized a cumulative effect adjustment to our accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2017 and (ii) retrospectivelyrevised the presentation of our consolidated statements of cash flows to remove the operating cash outflows and financing cash inflows associated withexcess tax benefits from share-based compensation. The cumulative effect adjustment, which totaled $15.3 million, represents the tax effect of deductions inexcess of the financial reporting expense for share-based compensation that were not previously recognized for financial reporting purposes as these taxbenefits were not realized as a reduction of income taxes payable.Recent Accounting PronouncementsASU 2016-02In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (ASU 2016-02), which, for most leases, will result in lessees recognizing right-of-use assetsand lease liabilities on the balance sheet and additional disclosures. ASU 2016-02, as amended by ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements, requires lesseesand lessors to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using one of two modified retrospective approaches. A number ofoptional practical expedients may be applied in transition. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018,including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 by recording thecumulative effect of adoption to our accumulated deficit.The main impact of the adoption of this standard will be the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet forthose leases classified as operating leases under previous accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (U.S. GAAP). We will not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less, as permitted by the short-term lease practical expedient in the standard. We generallydo not plan to apply the practical expedient that permits a lessee to account for lease and non-lease components in a contract as a single lease componentand, accordingly, we will continue to account for these components separately. In transition, we will apply the practical expedients that permit us not toreassess (i) whether expired or existing contracts contain a lease under the new standard, (ii) the lease classification for expired or existing leases or (iii)whether previously-capitalized initial direct costs would qualify for capitalization under the new standard. In addition, we will not use hindsight duringtransition.We are in the process of implementing a new lease accounting system and related internal controls to meet the requirements of ASU 2016-02. While weare still evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated balance sheet, we expect to record significant right-of-use assets andcorresponding lease liabilities upon adoption. We do not expect our adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have a material impact on our consolidated statement ofoperations or cash flows.II-75LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Our current operating lease portfolio primarily includes leases related to network equipment, real estate and mobile site sharing. For a summary of ourundiscounted future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2018, see note 18.ASU 2018-15In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement thatis a Service Contract (ASU 2018-15), which requires entities to defer implementation costs incurred that are related to the application development stage in acloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. Deferred implementation costs will be amortized over the term of the cloud computing arrangementand presented in the same expense line item as the cloud computing arrangement. All other implementation costs will be expensed as incurred. ASU 2018-15is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoptionpermitted. We are currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2018-15 will have on our consolidated financial statements.(3) Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesEstimatesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reportedamounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.Estimates and assumptions are used in accounting for, among other things, the valuation of acquisition-related assets and liabilities, allowances foruncollectible accounts, certain components of revenue, programming and copyright costs, deferred income taxes and related valuation allowances, losscontingencies, fair value measurements, impairment assessments, capitalization of internal costs associated with construction and installation activities,useful lives of long-lived assets, share-based compensation and actuarial liabilities associated with certain benefit plans. Actual results could differ fromthose estimates.ReclassificationsCertain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.Principles of ConsolidationThe accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of all voting interest entities where we exercise acontrolling financial interest through the ownership of a direct or indirect controlling voting interest and variable interest entities for which our company isthe primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted CashCash equivalents consist of money market funds and other investments that are readily convertible into cash and have maturities of three months or lessat the time of acquisition. We record money market funds at the net asset value as there are no restrictions on our ability, contractual or otherwise, to redeemour investments at the stated net asset value.Restricted cash consists of cash held in restricted accounts, including cash held as collateral for debt and other compensating balances. Restricted cashamounts that are required to be used to purchase long-term assets or repay long-term debt are classified as long-term assets. All other cash that is restricted to aspecific use is classified as current or long-term based on the expected timing of the disbursement.Our significant non-cash investing and financing activities are disclosed in our consolidated statements of equity and in notes 5, 6, 8, 10, and 11.II-76LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Trade ReceivablesOur trade receivables are reported net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. At December 31, 2017, our allowance for doubtful accounts was $74.2million. Upon adoption of ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018, our allowance increased to $86.1 million, and at December 31, 2018, our allowance was $45.8million. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon our assessment of probable loss related to uncollectible accounts receivable. We use a number offactors in determining the allowance, including, among other things, collection trends, prevailing and anticipated economic conditions and specific customercredit risk. The allowance is maintained until either payment is received or the likelihood of collection is considered to be remote.Concentration of credit risk with respect to trade receivables is limited due to the large number of residential and business customers. We also managethis risk by disconnecting services to customers whose accounts are delinquent.InvestmentsWe make elections, on an investment-by-investment basis, as to whether we measure our investments at fair value. Such elections are generallyirrevocable. With the exception of those investments over which we exercise significant influence, we generally elect the fair value method. For thoseinvestments over which we exercise significant influence, we generally elect the equity method.Under the fair value method, investments are recorded at fair value and any changes in fair value are reported in realized and unrealized gains or lossesdue to changes in fair values of certain investments and debt, net, in our consolidated statements of operations. All costs directly associated with theacquisition of an investment to be accounted for using the fair value method are expensed as incurred. Under the equity method of accounting, investmentsare recorded at cost and are subsequently increased or reduced to reflect our share of income or losses of the investee. All costs directly associated with theacquisition of an investment to be accounted for using the equity method are included in the carrying amount of the investment. For additional informationregarding our fair value and equity method investments, see notes 7 and 9.Under the equity method, investments, originally recorded at cost, are adjusted to recognize our share of net earnings or losses of the affiliates as theyoccur rather than as dividends or other distributions are received, with our recognition of losses generally limited to the extent of our investment in, andadvances and commitments to, the investee. The portion of the difference between our investment and our share of the net assets of the investee thatrepresents goodwill is not amortized, but continues to be considered for impairment. Profits on transactions with equity affiliates for which assets remain onour or our investee’s balance sheet are eliminated to the extent of our ownership in the investee.Dividends from publicly-traded investees that are not accounted for under the equity method are recognized when declared as dividend income in ourconsolidated statements of operations. Dividends from our equity method investees and all of our privately-held investees are reflected as reductions of thecarrying values of the applicable investments. Dividends that are deemed to be (i) returns on our investments are included in cash flows from operatingactivities in our consolidated statements of cash flows and (ii) returns of our investments are included in cash flows from investing activities in ourconsolidated statements of cash flows.We continually review all of our equity investments to determine whether a decline in fair value below the cost basis is other-than-temporary. Theprimary factors we consider in our determination are the extent and length of time that the fair value of the investment is below our company’s carrying valueand the financial condition, operating performance and near-term prospects of the investee, changes in the stock price or valuation subsequent to the balancesheet date, and the impacts of exchange rates, if applicable. If the decline in fair value of an equity or cost method investment is deemed to be other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the security is written down to fair value.Realized gains and losses are determined on an average cost basis. Securities transactions are recorded on the trade date.II-77LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Financial InstrumentsDue to the short maturities of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term liquid investments, trade and other receivables, other current assets,accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other accrued and current liabilities, their respective carrying values approximate their respective fair values. Forinformation concerning the fair values of certain of our investments, derivatives and debt, see notes 7, 8 and 11, respectively. For information regarding howwe arrive at certain of our fair value measurements, see note 9.Derivative InstrumentsAll derivative instruments, whether designated as hedging relationships or not, are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. If the derivativeinstrument is not designated as a hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument are recognized in earnings. If the derivative instrument isdesignated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portions of changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument are recorded in other comprehensive earningsor loss and subsequently reclassified into our consolidated statements of operations when the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Ineffectiveportions of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges are recognized in earnings. With the exception of a limited number of our foreign currency forwardcontracts, we do not apply hedge accounting to our derivative instruments.The net cash received or paid related to our derivative instruments is classified as an operating, investing or financing activity in our consolidatedstatements of cash flows based on the objective of the derivative instrument and the classification of the applicable underlying cash flows. For derivativecontracts that are terminated prior to maturity, the cash paid or received upon termination that relates to future periods is classified as a financing activity inour consolidated statement of cash flows.For information regarding our derivative instruments, see note 8.Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. We capitalize costs associated with the construction of new cable and mobiletransmission and distribution facilities and the installation of new cable services. Capitalized construction and installation costs include materials, labor andother directly attributable costs. Installation activities that are capitalized include (i) the initial connection (or drop) from our cable system to a customerlocation, (ii) the replacement of a drop and (iii) the installation of equipment for additional services, such as digital cable, telephone or broadband internetservice. The costs of other customer-facing activities, such as reconnecting and disconnecting customer locations and repairing or maintaining drops, areexpensed as incurred. Interest capitalized with respect to construction activities was not material during any of the periods presented.Capitalized internal-use software is included as a component of property and equipment. We capitalize internal and external costs directly associatedwith the development of internal-use software. We also capitalize costs associated with the purchase of software licenses. Maintenance and training costs, aswell as costs incurred during the preliminary stage of an internal-use software development project, are expensed as incurred.Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the underlying asset. Equipment under capital leases isamortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. Useful lives used to depreciate our property andequipment are assessed periodically and are adjusted when warranted. The useful lives of cable and mobile distribution systems that are undergoing a rebuildare adjusted such that property and equipment to be retired will be fully depreciated by the time the rebuild is completed. For additional informationregarding the useful lives of our property and equipment, see note 10.Additions, replacements and improvements that extend the asset life are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance are charged to operations.We recognize a liability for asset retirement obligations in the period in which it is incurred if sufficient information is available to make a reasonableestimate of fair values. Asset retirement obligations may arise from the loss of rights of way that we obtain from local municipalities or other relevantauthorities, as well as our obligations under certain lease arrangements to restore the property to its original condition at the end of the lease term. Given thenature of our operations, most of our rights of way and certain leased premises are considered integral to our business. Accordingly, for most of our rights ofway and certain leaseII-78LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016agreements, the possibility is remote that we will incur significant removal costs in the foreseeable future and, as such, we do not have sufficient informationto make a reasonable estimate of fair value for these asset retirement obligations.As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the recorded value of our asset retirement obligations was $53.5 million and $58.3 million, respectively.Intangible AssetsOur primary intangible assets relate to goodwill and customer relationships. Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of theidentifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. Customer relationships are initially recorded at their fair value in connection with businesscombinations.Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment at least annually. Intangibleassets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values and reviewed forimpairment. For additional information regarding the useful lives of our intangible assets, see note 10.Impairment of Property and Equipment and Intangible AssetsWhen circumstances warrant, we review the carrying amounts of our property and equipment and our intangible assets (other than goodwill and otherindefinite-lived intangible assets) to determine whether such carrying amounts continue to be recoverable. Such changes in circumstance may include (i) anexpectation of a sale or disposal of a long-lived asset or asset group, (ii) adverse changes in market or competitive conditions, (iii) an adverse change in legalfactors or business climate in the markets in which we operate and (iv) operating or cash flow losses. For purposes of impairment testing, long-lived assets aregrouped at the lowest level for which cash flows are largely independent of other assets and liabilities, generally at or below the reporting unit level (seebelow). If the carrying amount of the asset or asset group is greater than the expected undiscounted cash flows to be generated by such asset or asset group, animpairment adjustment is recognized. Such adjustment is measured by the amount that the carrying value of such asset or asset group exceeds its fair value.We generally measure fair value by considering (a) sale prices for similar assets, (b) discounted estimated future cash flows using an appropriate discount rateand/or (c) estimated replacement cost. Assets to be disposed of are recorded at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.We evaluate goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually on October 1 and whenever facts and circumstancesindicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For impairment evaluations with respect to both goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles,we first make a qualitative assessment to determine if the goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible may be impaired. In the case of goodwill, if it is more-likely-than-not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, we then compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its respective carryingamount. Any excess of the carrying amount over the fair value would be charged to operations as an impairment loss. A reporting unit is an operatingsegment or one level below an operating segment (referred to as a “component”). With respect to other indefinite-lived intangible assets, if it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, we then estimate its fair value and any excess of the carryingvalue over the fair value is also charged to operations as an impairment loss.II-79LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Income TaxesIncome taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequencesattributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and income tax basis of assets and liabilities and the expected benefits ofutilizing net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, using enacted tax rates in effect for each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate for the year in whichthose temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position when it is more-likely-than-not, based on technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. Net deferred tax assets are then reduced by a valuation allowance if webelieve it is more-likely-than-not such net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Certain of our valuation allowances and tax uncertainties are associatedwith entities that we acquired in business combinations. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings inthe period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax liabilities related to investments in foreign subsidiaries and foreign corporate joint ventures that areessentially permanent in duration are not recognized until it becomes apparent that such amounts will reverse in the foreseeable future. In order to beconsidered essentially permanent in duration, sufficient evidence must indicate that the foreign subsidiary has invested or will invest its undistributedearnings indefinitely, or that earnings will be remitted in a tax-free manner. Interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities are included in income taxbenefit or expense in our consolidated statements of operations.For additional information regarding our income taxes, see note 12.Foreign Currency Translation and TransactionsThe reporting currency of our company is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of our foreign operations generally is the applicable local currency foreach foreign subsidiary and equity method investee. Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries (including intercompany balances for which settlement isnot anticipated in the foreseeable future) are translated at the spot rate in effect at the applicable reporting date. With the exception of certain materialtransactions, the amounts reported in our consolidated statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the applicableperiod. The resulting unrealized cumulative translation adjustment, net of applicable income taxes, is recorded as a component of accumulated othercomprehensive earnings or loss in our consolidated statements of equity. With the exception of certain material transactions, the cash flows from ouroperations in foreign countries are translated at the average rate for the applicable period in our consolidated statements of cash flows. The impacts ofmaterial transactions generally are recorded at the applicable spot rates in our consolidated statements of operations and cash flows. The effect of exchangerates on cash balances held in foreign currencies are separately reported in our consolidated statements of cash flows.Transactions denominated in currencies other than our or our subsidiaries’ functional currencies are recorded based on exchange rates at the time suchtransactions arise. Changes in exchange rates with respect to amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheets related to these non-functional currencytransactions result in transaction gains and losses that are reflected in our consolidated statements of operations as unrealized (based on the applicable periodend exchange rates) or realized upon settlement of the transactions.Revenue RecognitionService Revenue — Cable Networks. We recognize revenue from the provision of video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony services over ourcable network to customers in the period the related services are provided, with the exception of revenue recognized pursuant to certain contracts that containpromotional discounts, as described below. Installation fees related to services provided over our cable network are generally deferred and recognized asrevenue over the contractual period, or longer if the upfront fee results in a material renewal right.Sale of Multiple Products and Services. We sell video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and, in most of our markets, mobile services to ourcustomers in bundled packages at a rate lower than if the customer purchased each product on a standalone basis. Revenue from bundled packages generallyis allocated proportionally to the individual products or services based on the relative standalone selling price for each respective product or service.Mobile Revenue — General. Consideration from mobile contracts is allocated to the airtime service component and the handset component based on therelative standalone selling prices of each component. In markets where we offer handsets and airtime services in separate contracts entered into at the sametime, we account for these contracts as a single contract.II-80LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Mobile Revenue — Airtime Services. We recognize revenue from mobile services in the period in which the related services are provided. Revenue frompre-pay customers is deferred prior to the commencement of services and recognized as the services are rendered or usage rights expire.Mobile Revenue — Handset Revenue. Revenue from the sale of handsets is recognized at the point in which the goods have been transferred to thecustomer. Some of our mobile handset contracts that permit the customer to take control of the handset upfront and pay for the handset in installments over acontractual period may contain a significant financing component. For contracts with terms of one year or more, we recognize any significant financingcomponent as revenue over the contractual period using the effective interest method. We do not record the effect of a significant financing component if thecontractual period is less than one year.B2B Revenue. We defer upfront installation and certain nonrecurring fees received on B2B contracts where we maintain ownership of the installedequipment. The deferred fees are amortized into revenue on a straight-line basis, generally over the longer of the term of the arrangement or the expectedperiod of performance.Contract Costs. Incremental costs to obtain a contract with a customer, such as incremental sales commissions, are generally recognized as assets andamortized to SG&A expenses over the applicable period benefited, which generally is the contract life. If, however, the amortization period is less than oneyear, we expense such costs in the period incurred. Contract fulfillment costs, such as costs for installation activities for B2B customers, are recognized asassets and amortized to other operating costs over the applicable period benefited, which is generally the substantive contract term for the related servicecontract.Promotional Discounts. For subscriber promotions, such as discounted or free services during an introductory period, revenue is recognized uniformlyover the contractual period if the contract has substantive termination penalties. If a contract does not have substantive termination penalties, revenue isrecognized only to the extent of the discounted monthly fees charged to the subscriber, if any.Subscriber Advance Payments. Payments received in advance for the services we provide are deferred and recognized as revenue when the associatedservices are provided.Sales, Use and Other Value-Added Taxes. Revenue is recorded net of applicable sales, use and other value-added taxes.For additional information regarding our revenue recognition and related costs, see note 4. For a disaggregation of our revenue by major category and byreportable and geographic segment, see note 19. Share-based CompensationWe recognize all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee share-based incentive awards, based on their grant-date fair valuesand our estimates of forfeitures. We recognize the grant-date fair value of outstanding awards as a charge to operations over the vesting period. Our share ofpayroll taxes incurred in connection with the vesting or exercise of our share-based incentive awards are recorded as a component of share-basedcompensation expense in our consolidated statements of operations.We use the straight-line method to recognize share-based compensation expense for our outstanding share awards that do not contain a performancecondition and the accelerated expense attribution method for our outstanding share awards that contain a performance condition and vest on a graded basis.The grant date fair values for options, share appreciation rights (SARs) and performance-based share appreciation rights (PSARs) are estimated using theBlack-Scholes option pricing model, and the grant date fair values for restricted share units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted share units (PSUs) arebased upon the closing share price of Liberty Global ordinary shares on the date of grant. We consider historical exercise trends in our calculation of theexpected life of options and SARs granted by Liberty Global to employees. The expected volatility for options and SARs related to our ordinary shares isgenerally based on a combination of (i) historical volatilities for a period equal to the expected average life of the awards and (ii) volatilities implied frompublicly-traded options for our shares.II-81LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016We generally issue new Liberty Global ordinary shares when Liberty Global options or SARs are exercised and when RSUs and PSUs vest. Although werepurchase Liberty Global ordinary shares from time to time, the parameters of our share purchase and redemption activities are not established with referenceto the dilutive impact of our share-based compensation plans.For additional information regarding our share-based compensation, see note 14.Litigation CostsLegal fees and related litigation costs are expensed as incurred.Earnings or Loss per ShareBasic earnings or loss per share (EPS) is computed by dividing net earnings or loss by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period.Diluted EPS presents the dilutive effect, if any, on a per share basis of potential shares (e.g., options, SARs, RSUs and PSUs) as if they had been exercised,vested or converted at the beginning of the periods presented.The details of our net earnings (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders are set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions, except share amounts Earnings (loss) from continuing operations$(1,411.5) $(2,350.0) $1,650.3Net earnings from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests(120.5) (71.4) (25.8)Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders$(1,532.0) $(2,421.4) $1,624.5 Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic778,675,957 847,894,601 889,790,968Diluted778,675,957 847,894,601 899,969,654We reported losses from continuing operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders during 2018 and 2017. Therefore, the potentially dilutiveeffect at December 31, 2018 and 2017 of the following items was not included in the computation of diluted loss from continuing operations attributable toLiberty Global shareholders per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive to the computation or, in the case of certain PSUs, because suchawards had not yet met the applicable performance criteria, including (i) the aggregate number of shares issuable pursuant to outstanding options, SARs andRSUs of 58.7 million and 53.7 million, respectively, and (ii) the aggregate number of shares issuable pursuant to PSUs of 9.2 million and 6.2 million,respectively.II-82LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The details of the calculation of EPS with respect to Liberty Global Shares (as defined in note 13) for the year ended December 31, 2016 are set forth inthe table below (in millions, except share amounts):Numerator: Net earnings attributable to holders of Liberty Global Shares (basic EPS computation)$1,624.5Interest expense on Virgin Media’s 6.50% convertible senior notes1.7Net earnings attributable to holders of Liberty Global Shares (diluted EPS computation)$1,626.2 Denominator: Weighted average ordinary shares (basic EPS computation)889,790,968Incremental shares attributable to the assumed exercise and vesting of share incentive awards (treasury stock method)7,819,514Incremental shares attributable to the assumed conversion of Virgin Media’s 6.5% convertible senior notes2,359,172Weighted average ordinary shares (diluted EPS computation)899,969,654(4) Revenue Recognition and Related CostsContract BalancesIf we transfer goods or services to a customer but do not have an unconditional right to payment, we record a contract asset. Contract assets typicallyarise from the uniform recognition of introductory promotional discounts over the contract period and accrued revenue for handset sales. Our contract assetswere $44.3 million and $26.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and January 1, 2018, respectively. The current and long-term portions of our contract assetbalance at December 31, 2018 are included within other current assets and other assets, net, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheet.We record deferred revenue when we receive payment prior to transferring goods or services to a customer. We primarily defer revenue for (i) installationand other upfront services and (ii) other services that are invoiced prior to when services are provided. Our deferred revenue balances were $877.9 million and$999.5 million as of December 31, 2018 and January 1, 2018, respectively. The decrease in deferred revenue during 2018 is primarily due to $901.4 millionof revenue recognized that was included in our deferred revenue balance at January 1, 2018, partially offset by advanced billings in certain markets. Thecurrent and long-term portions of our deferred revenue balance at December 31, 2018 are included within deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities,respectively, in our consolidated balance sheet.Contract CostsOur aggregate assets associated with incremental costs to obtain and fulfill our contracts were $73.0 million and $68.1 million at December 31, 2018 andJanuary 1, 2018, respectively. The current and long-term portions of our assets related to contract costs at December 31, 2018 are included within othercurrent assets and other assets, net, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheet. We amortized $99.8 million to operating costs and expenses during 2018related to these assets.Unsatisfied Performance ObligationsA large portion of our revenue is derived from customers who are not subject to contracts. Revenue from customers who are subject to contracts isgenerally recognized over the term of such contracts, which is typically 12 months for our residential service contracts, one to three years for our mobileservice contracts and one to five years for our B2B service contracts.II-83LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(5) Acquisitions2017 AcquisitionSFR BeLux. On June 19, 2017, Telenet acquired Coditel Brabant sprl, operating under the SFR brand (SFR BeLux), for a cash and debt free purchaseprice of €369.0 million ($410.3 million at the applicable rates) (the SFR BeLux Acquisition) after post-closing adjustments. SFR BeLux provides cable andmobile services to households and businesses in Belgium and Luxembourg and offers mobile services in Belgium through a mobile virtual network operator(MVNO) agreement with BASE, as defined and described below. The SFR BeLux Acquisition was funded through a combination of €210.0 million ($234.3million at the transaction date) of borrowings under the Telenet Credit Facility (as defined and described in note 11) and existing liquidity of Telenet.2016 AcquisitionsBASE. On February 11, 2016, Telenet acquired Telenet Group BVBA, formerly known as BASE Company NV (BASE), for a cash purchase price of€1,318.9 million ($1,494.3 million at the transaction date) (the BASE Acquisition). At the time, BASE was the third-largest mobile network operator inBelgium. Telenet completed the BASE Acquisition in order to gain cost-effective long-term mobile access to effectively compete for future growthopportunities in the Belgium mobile market. The BASE Acquisition was funded through €1.0 billion ($1.1 billion at the transaction date) of new debtfacilities and existing liquidity of Telenet. The acquisition was approved by the European Commission subject to Telenet’s agreement to divest both the JIMMobile prepaid customer base and BASE’s 50% stake in Viking Co NV (Viking). In February 2016, Telenet completed the sale of its stake in Viking, and inOctober 2017, Telenet completed the sale of the JIM Mobile customer base.We have accounted for the BASE Acquisition using the acquisition method of accounting, whereby the total purchase price was allocated to theacquired identifiable net assets of BASE based on assessments of their respective fair values, and the excess of the purchase price over the fair values of theseidentifiable net assets was allocated to goodwill. A summary of the purchase price and the opening balance sheet of BASE at the February 11, 2016acquisition date is presented in the following table. The opening balance sheet presented below reflects our final purchase price allocation (in millions):Cash and cash equivalents$160.1Other current assets148.3Property and equipment, net811.4Goodwill (a)330.7Intangible assets subject to amortization, net: Mobile spectrum (b)261.0Customer relationships (b)115.0Trademarks (b)40.7Other assets, net10.5Accrued and current liabilities(290.0)Long-term liabilities(93.4)Total purchase price (c)$1,494.3_______________(a)The goodwill recognized in connection with the BASE Acquisition was primarily attributable to (i) the ability to take advantage of BASE’s existingmobile network to gain immediate access to potential customers and (ii) estimated synergy benefits through the integration of BASE with Telenet.(b)As of February 11, 2016, the weighted average useful life of BASE’s mobile spectrum, customer relationships and trademarks was approximately 11years, seven years and 20 years, respectively.(c)Excludes direct acquisition costs of $17.1 million, including $7.1 million incurred during 2016, which is included in impairment, restructuring andother operating items, net, in our consolidated statement of operations.II-84LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016C&W. On May 16, 2016, we acquired C&W for shares of Liberty Global (the C&W Acquisition). Under the terms of the transaction, C&W shareholdersreceived in the aggregate: 31,607,008 Class A Liberty Global Shares, 77,379,774 Class C Liberty Global Shares, 3,648,513 Class A LiLAC Shares and8,939,316 Class C LiLAC Shares (the terms “Liberty Global Shares” and “LiLAC Shares” as defined in note 13). Further, immediately prior to the acquisition,C&W declared a special cash dividend (the Special Dividend) to its shareholders in the amount of £0.03 ($0.04 at the transaction date) per C&W share. C&Wwas attributed to the LiLAC Group and, accordingly, as a result of the Split-off Transaction (as defined and described in note 6), is included withindiscontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations and cash flows for 2017 and 2016.For accounting purposes, the C&W Acquisition was treated as the acquisition of C&W by Liberty Global. In this regard, the equity and cashconsideration paid to acquire C&W is set forth below (in millions):Class A Liberty Global Shares (a)$1,167.2Class C Liberty Global Shares (a)2,803.5Class A LiLAC Shares (a)144.1Class C LiLAC Shares (a)375.3Special Dividend (b)193.8 Total$4,683.9_______________(a)Represents the fair value of the 31,607,008 Class A Liberty Global Shares, 77,379,774 Class C Liberty Global Shares, 3,648,513 Class A LiLAC Sharesand 8,939,316 Class C LiLAC Shares issued to C&W shareholders in connection with the C&W Acquisition. These amounts are based on the marketprice per share at closing on May 16, 2016 of $36.93, $36.23, $39.50 and $41.98, respectively.(b)The Special Dividend amount is based on 4,433,222,313 outstanding shares of C&W on May 16, 2016.Due to the fact that C&W was attributed to the LiLAC Group, the use of Liberty Global Shares as partial consideration for the C&W Acquisition createdan inter-group interest in the LiLAC Group representing the fair value (as determined by our board of directors) of the Liberty Global Shares issued as part ofthe purchase consideration. On July 1, 2016, we distributed (as a bonus issue) 117,430,965 LiLAC Shares to shareholders of Liberty Global Shares on a pro-rata basis (the LiLAC Distribution), thereby eliminating this inter-group interest. The LiLAC Distribution was accounted for prospectively effective July 1,2016.Pro Forma InformationThe following unaudited pro forma consolidated operating results give effect to the BASE Acquisition as if it had been completed as of January 1, 2016.No effect has been given to the SFR BeLux Acquisition since it would not have had a significant impact on our results of operations during 2017 or 2016.These pro forma amounts, which relate only to our continuing operations, are not necessarily indicative of the operating results that would have occurred ifthis transaction had occurred on such date. The pro forma adjustments are based on certain assumptions that we believe are reasonable. Year endedDecember 31, 2016 Revenue (in millions)$13,805.5 Net earnings from continuing operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders (in millions)$1,621.0 Basic and diluted earnings from continuing operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders per Liberty Global share: Basic$1.82Diluted$1.80Our consolidated statement of operations for 2016 includes revenue and net loss of $597.1 million and $2.1 million, respectively, attributable to BASE.II-85LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(6) Dispositions and the VodafoneZiggo JV TransactionPending and Completed DispositionsVodafone Disposal GroupOn May 9, 2018, we reached an agreement (the Vodafone Agreement) to sell our operations in Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Romania toVodafone Group plc (Vodafone). The cash proceeds that we receive from the transaction will be calculated on the basis of the agreed enterprise valueadjusted for the net debt and working capital of such businesses as of the closing date of the transaction, as well as other post-closing adjustments. Based onthe net debt and working capital of such businesses as of December 31, 2017, the cash proceeds would be approximately €10.6 billion ($12.1 billion). Theoperations of Germany, Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic are collectively referred to herein as the “Vodafone Disposal Group.”Closing of the transaction is subject to various conditions, including regulatory approval, which we expect will be obtained in mid-2019. The VodafoneAgreement contains certain termination rights for both our company and Vodafone, including if closing has not occurred by November 9, 2019, or May 9,2020 in certain limited circumstances. If the Vodafone Agreement terminates because the condition to obtain antitrust approval is not met, Vodafone hasagreed to pay us a compensatory payment of €250.0 million ($286.3 million). Pursuant to the Vodafone Agreement, our company will retain all cashgenerated from the Vodafone Disposal Group through the closing of the transaction.In connection with the sale of the Vodafone Disposal Group, we have agreed to provide certain transitional services for a period of up to four years. Theseservices principally comprise network and information technology-related functions. The annual charges will depend on the actual level of services requiredby Vodafone.UPC AustriaOn July 31, 2018, we completed the sale of our Austrian operations, “UPC Austria,” to Deutsche Telekom AG (Deutsche Telekom). After consideringdebt, working capital and noncontrolling interest adjustments and $35.5 million (equivalent at the transaction date) of cash paid by our company to settlecentrally-held vendor financing obligations associated with UPC Austria, we received net cash proceeds of $2,058.2 million (equivalent at the applicablerates). A portion of the net proceeds were used to repay or redeem an aggregate $1.5 billion (equivalent at the applicable dates) principal amount of ouroutstanding debt, including (i) the repayment of $913.4 million (equivalent at the repayment date) principal amount under the UPC Holding Bank Facility,(ii) the redemption of $69.6 million (equivalent at the redemption date) principal amount of the UPCB SPE Notes and (iii) the redemption of $515.5 million(equivalent at the redemption date) principal amount of the VM Notes. The remaining net proceeds from the sale of UPC Austria were made available forgeneral corporate purposes, including an additional $500.0 million of share repurchases, as further described in note 13.In connection with the sale of UPC Austria, we recognized a gain of $1,098.1 million that includes cumulative foreign currency translation gains of$79.5 million. No income taxes were required to be provided on this gain, which is included in gain on disposal of discontinued operations, net of taxes, inour consolidated statement of operations.In connection with the sale of UPC Austria, we have agreed to provide certain transitional services to Deutsche Telekom for a period of up to four years.These services principally comprise network and information technology-related functions. The annual charges will depend on the actual level of servicesrequired by Deutsche Telekom. During 2018, we recorded revenue of $17.9 million associated with these transitional services.UPC DTHOn December 21, 2018, we reached an agreement (the UPC DTH Agreement) to sell the operations of UPC DTH to M7 Group (M7) for an enterprisevalue of approximately €180 million ($206 million), subject to customary debt and working capital adjustments at completion. Closing of the transaction issubject to regulatory approval, which is expected in the first half of 2019. The proceeds from the sale of UPC DTH are expected to be used for generalcorporate purposes, which may include leverage reduction for the remaining UPC Holding borrowing group, re-investment into our business and support forour share repurchase program.II-86LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016In connection with the sale of UPC DTH, we have agreed to provide certain transitional services to M7 for a period of up to two years. These servicesprincipally comprise network and information technology-related functions. The annual charges will depend on the actual level of services required by thepurchaser.Subsequent eventSubsequent to December 31, 2018, we entered into an agreement to sell our operations in Switzerland. For additional information, see note 21.Split-off TransactionOn December 29, 2017, in order to effect the split-off of the LiLAC Group (the Split-off Transaction), we distributed 100% of the common shares (theDistribution) of Liberty Latin America Ltd. (Liberty Latin America) to the holders of our then outstanding LiLAC Shares. Just prior to the completion of theSplit-off Transaction, all of the businesses, assets and liabilities of the LiLAC Group were transferred to Liberty Latin America, which was then a wholly-owned subsidiary of Liberty Global. Following the Distribution, the LiLAC Shares were redesignated as deferred shares (which had virtually no economicrights) and Liberty Latin America became an independent publicly-traded company that is no longer consolidated by Liberty Global. No gain or loss wasrecognized in connection with the Split-off Transaction.In connection with the Split-off Transaction, we entered into several agreements that govern certain transactions and other matters between our companyand Liberty Latin America (the Split-off Agreements). The following summarizes the material agreements:•a reorganization agreement (the Reorganization Agreement), which provides for, among other things, the principal corporate transactions(including the internal restructuring) required to effect the Split-off Transaction, certain conditions to the Split-off Transaction and provisionsgoverning the relationship between Liberty Global and Liberty Latin America with respect to and resulting from the Split-off Transaction;•a tax sharing agreement (the Tax Sharing Agreement), which governs the parties’ respective rights, responsibilities and obligations with respect totaxes and tax benefits, the filing of tax returns, the control of audits and other tax matters;•a services agreement (the Services Agreement), pursuant to which, for up to two years following the Split-off Transaction, with the option to renewfor a one-year period, Liberty Global will provide Liberty Latin America with specified services, including access to Liberty Global’s procurementteam and tools to leverage scale and take advantage of joint purchasing opportunities, certain management services, other services to supportLiberty Latin America’s legal, tax, accounting and finance departments, and certain technical and information technology services (includingsoftware development services associated with Horizon TV, our next generation multimedia home gateway, management information systems,computer, data storage, and network and telecommunications services);•a sublease agreement (the Sublease Agreement), pursuant to which Liberty Latin America will sublease office space from Liberty Global in Denver,Colorado until May 31, 2031, subject to customary termination and notice provisions; and•a facilities sharing agreement (the Facilities Sharing Agreement), pursuant to which, for as long as the Sublease Agreement remains in effect,Liberty Latin America will pay a fee for the usage of certain facilities at the office space in Denver, Colorado.During 2018, the impacts of the Split-off Agreements and other normal recurring transactions between our company and Liberty Latin America were notmaterial.Presentation of Discontinued OperationsThe operations of the Vodafone Disposal Group, UPC Austria and UPC DTH are presented as discontinued operations in our consolidated financialstatements for all periods. In connection with the signing of each respective sale agreement, we ceased to depreciate or amortize the long-lived assets of (i)UPC Austria on December 22, 2017, (ii) the Vodafone Disposal Group on MayII-87LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 20169, 2018 and (iii) UPC DTH on December 21, 2018. Our operations in Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic and the operations of UPC DTH are heldthrough UPC Holding, as was UPC Austria prior to its sale on July 31, 2018. No debt, interest expense or derivative instruments of the UPC Holdingborrowing group, other than with respect to certain borrowings that are direct obligations of the entities to be disposed, has been allocated to discontinuedoperations. Conversely, all of Unitymedia’s debt, interest expense and derivative instruments are included in discontinued operations as its debt andderivative instruments are direct obligations of entities within the Vodafone Disposal Group. As discussed above, a portion of the proceeds from thedisposition of UPC Austria was used to reduce the outstanding debt of the UPC Holding borrowing group, and we expect that a portion of the proceeds fromthe pending disposition of the Vodafone Disposal Group will be used to further reduce the outstanding debt of the UPC Holding borrowing group.In addition, the entities comprising the LiLAC Group are reflected as discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations and cashflows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.The carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities of the Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC DTH as of December 31, 2018 aresummarized below. These amounts exclude intercompany assets and liabilities that are eliminated within our consolidated balance sheet. Vodafone DisposalGroup UPC DTH Total in millionsAssets: Current assets other than cash$348.0 $8.5 $356.5Property and equipment, net5,591.4 79.7 5,671.1Goodwill3,986.7 — 3,986.7Other assets, net509.4 7.4 516.8Total assets$10,435.5 $95.6 $10,531.1 Liabilities: Current portion of debt and capital lease obligations$809.0 $11.2 $820.2Other accrued and current liabilities1,114.8 32.5 1,147.3Long-term debt and capital lease obligations9,037.1 37.5 9,074.6Other long-term liabilities997.5 0.3 997.8Total liabilities$11,958.4 $81.5 $12,039.9II-88LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities of UPC Austria, the Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC DTH as of December 31, 2017are summarized below. These amounts exclude intercompany assets and liabilities that are eliminated within our consolidated balance sheet. UPC Austria VodafoneDisposal Group UPC DTH Total in millionsAssets: Current assets other than cash$29.2 $238.9 $7.9 $276.0Property and equipment, net451.9 5,290.1 96.3 5,838.3Goodwill732.2 4,181.0 — 4,913.2Other assets, net3.2 482.7 — 485.9Total assets$1,216.5 $10,192.7 $104.2 $11,513.4 Liabilities: Current portion of debt and capital lease obligations$0.8 $486.9 $12.6 $500.3Other accrued and current liabilities77.7 1,022.3 35.6 1,135.6Long-term debt and capital lease obligations1.5 9,026.1 46.4 9,074.0Other long-term liabilities76.3 863.7 0.4 940.4Total liabilities$156.3 $11,399.0 $95.0 $11,650.3The operating results of UPC Austria, the Vodafone Disposal Group, UPC DTH and the LiLAC Group for the periods indicated are summarized in thefollowing tables. These amounts exclude intercompany revenue and expenses that are eliminated within our consolidated statements of operations. UPC Austria (a) VodafoneDisposal Group UPC DTH Total in millionsYear ended December 31, 2018 Revenue$252.4 $3,584.2 $117.0 $3,953.6Operating income$139.0 $1,787.0 $11.7 $1,937.7 Earnings before income taxes$138.7 $1,396.3 $9.6 $1,544.6Income tax benefit (expense)(23.3) (365.2) 7.3 (381.2)Net earnings115.4 1,031.1 16.9 1,163.4Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests(4.2) — — (4.2)Net earnings attributable to Liberty Global shareholders$111.2 $1,031.1 $16.9 $1,159.2_______________(a)Includes the operating results of UPC Austria from January 1, 2018 through July 31, 2018, the date UPC Austria was sold.II-89LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 UPC Austria VodafoneDisposal Group UPC DTH LiLAC Group Total in millionsYear ended December 31, 2017 Revenue$394.9 $3,263.0 $114.6 $3,590.0 $7,362.5Operating income (loss)$150.0 $976.0 $11.7 $(162.9) $974.8 Earnings (loss) before income taxes$150.0 $395.4 $9.7 $(651.1) $(96.0)Income tax expense(4.5) (66.1) — (204.0) (274.6)Net earnings (loss)145.5 329.3 9.7 (855.1) (370.6)Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interests(6.8) — — 20.6 13.8Net earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders$138.7 $329.3 $9.7 $(834.5) $(356.8) UPC Austria VodafoneDisposal Group UPC DTH LiLAC Group Total in millionsYear ended December 31, 2016 Revenue$378.3 $3,068.2 $107.4 $2,723.8 $6,277.7Operating income$143.0 $748.4 $7.3 $315.3 $1,214.0 Earnings (loss) before income taxes$142.6 $256.2 $5.4 $(98.1) $306.1Income tax expense(18.3) (41.7) — (129.1) (189.1)Net earnings (loss)124.3 214.5 5.4 (227.2) 117.0Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests(7.9) — — (28.3) (36.2)Net earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders$116.4 $214.5 $5.4 $(255.5) $80.8Our basic and diluted earnings from discontinued operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders per Liberty Global Share (as defined in note 13)for 2018, 2017 and 2016 is presented below. These amounts relate to the operations of UPC Austria, the Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC DTH. Forinformation regarding the calculation of our weighted average shares outstanding with respect to Liberty Global Shares, see note 3. Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Basic earnings from discontinued operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders perLiberty Global share$1.49 $0.56 $0.38 Diluted earnings from discontinued operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders pershare$1.49 $0.56 $0.37II-90LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Our basic and diluted loss from discontinued operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders per LiLAC Share (as defined in note 13) for 2017 and2016 is presented below. These amounts relate to the operations of the LiLAC Group. Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 Basic and diluted loss from discontinued operations attributable to Liberty Global shareholders per LiLAC share$(4.86) $(2.30) Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding (LiLAC Shares) - basic and diluted171,846,133 110,868,650VodafoneZiggo JV TransactionOn December 31, 2016, pursuant to a Contribution and Transfer Agreement with Vodafone and one of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, we and LibertyGlobal Europe Holding B.V., our wholly-owned subsidiary, contributed VodafoneZiggo Holding and its subsidiaries (including Liberty Global NetherlandsContent B.V., referred to herein as “Ziggo Sport”) to VodafoneZiggo Group Holding B.V., a 50:50 joint venture (referred to herein as the “VodafoneZiggoJV”). Ziggo Sport, which became a subsidiary of VodafoneZiggo Holding during the fourth quarter of 2016, operates premium sports channels in theNetherlands. The VodafoneZiggo JV combined VodafoneZiggo Holding with Vodafone’s mobile businesses in the Netherlands to create a national unifiedcommunications provider in the Netherlands with complementary strengths across video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony, mobile and B2B services(the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction). As a result of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, effective December 31, 2016, we no longer consolidateVodafoneZiggo Holding. For additional information regarding our investment in the VodafoneZiggo JV, see note 7.On January 4, 2017, in connection with the completion of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, our company received cash of €2.2 billion ($2.4 billion atthe transaction date) comprising (i) our 50% share of the €2.8 billion ($2.9 billion at the transaction date) of net proceeds from the various debt financingarrangements entered into by certain subsidiaries of VodafoneZiggo Holding during the third quarter of 2016, which proceeds were held in escrow throughDecember 31, 2016, and (ii) an equalization payment from Vodafone of €802.9 million ($840.8 million at the transaction date) that was subject to post-closing adjustments. During the second quarter of 2017, the equalization payment amount was finalized, resulting in the receipt of an additional €3.9 million($4.5 million at the transaction date) from Vodafone.In connection with the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, we recognized a pre-tax gain during 2016 of $520.8 million, net of the recognition of acumulative foreign currency translation loss of $714.5 million. This gain, which was calculated by deducting the carrying value of VodafoneZiggo Holding(including the related foreign currency translation loss) from the sum of (i) the fair value assigned to our 50% interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV and (ii) thecash received pursuant to the equalization payment, includes $260.4 million related to the remeasurement of our retained investment in VodafoneZiggoHolding. In connection with the aforementioned finalization of the equalization payment, we recognized an additional pre-tax gain of $4.5 million duringthe second quarter of 2017. For information regarding our approach to the valuation of our interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV, see note 9.Our consolidated statement of operations for 2016 includes an aggregate loss before income taxes attributable to VodafoneZiggo Holding and ZiggoSport of $276.4 million.II-91LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(7) InvestmentsThe details of our investments are set forth below: December 31,Accounting Method 2018 2017 in millionsEquity (a): VodafoneZiggo JV (b)$3,761.5 $4,162.8Other (c)185.5 161.8Total — equity3,947.0 4,324.6Fair value: ITV plc (ITV) — subject to re-use rights634.2 892.0ITI Neovision S.A. (ITI Neovision)125.4 161.9Lions Gate Entertainment Corp (Lionsgate)77.5 163.9Casa Systems, Inc. (Casa)39.5 76.3Sumitomo Corporation (Sumitomo) (d)— 776.5Other298.2 244.7Total — fair value1,174.8 2,315.3Cost (e)— 31.5Total$5,121.8 $6,671.4_______________(a)At December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of our equity method investment in the VodafoneZiggo JV exceeded our proportionate share of thatentity’s net assets by the amount of the VodafoneZiggo JV Receivable, as defined and described below. The carrying amounts of our other equitymethod investments did not materially exceed our proportionate share of the respective investee’s net assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017.(b)Amounts include a related-party euro-denominated note receivable (the VodafoneZiggo JV Receivable) with a principal amount of $916.1 millionand $1,081.9 million, respectively, due from a subsidiary of the VodafoneZiggo JV to a subsidiary of Liberty Global. The VodafoneZiggo JVReceivable bears interest at 5.55% and required €100.0 million ($114.5 million) of principal to be paid annually through December 31, 2019. In thisregard, in December 2018, we received a €100.0 million ($114.5 million at the transaction date) principal payment on the VodafoneZiggo JVReceivable. In 2018, the agreement was amended to (i) eliminate the requirement to pay an annual principal payment of €100.0 million in 2019 and(ii) extend the final maturity date from January 16, 2027 to January 16, 2028. The accrued interest on the VodafoneZiggo JV Receivable will bepayable in a manner mutually agreed upon by Liberty Global and the VodafoneZiggo JV. During 2018, interest accrued on the VodafoneZiggo JVReceivable was $59.6 million, all of which was cash settled. For information regarding the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our accumulateddeficit and our investment in the VodafoneZiggo JV, see note 2.(c)Amounts include our equity method investment in a media production company that we refer to as “All3Media”, for which summarized financialinformation has been provided below. All3Media is a joint venture in which we own a 50% interest.(d)At December 31, 2017, we owned 45,652,175 shares of Sumitomo common stock, representing less than 5% of the then outstanding common stock.During 2018, we used all of these shares to settle the outstanding amounts under certain related borrowings.(e)As a result of the January 1, 2018 adoption of ASU 2016-01, all of our cost investments have been reclassified to fair value investments.II-92LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Equity Method InvestmentsThe following table sets forth the details of our share of results of affiliates, net: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions VodafoneZiggo JV (a)$11.4 $(70.1) $—Other(20.1) (25.1) (111.6)Total$(8.7) $(95.2) $(111.6)_______________(a)Amounts include the net effect of (i) 100% of the interest income earned on the VodafoneZiggo JV Receivable, (ii) 100% of the share-basedcompensation expense associated with Liberty Global awards held by VodafoneZiggo JV employees who were formerly employees of Liberty Global,as these awards remain our responsibility, and (iii) our 50% share of the remaining results of operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV.VodafoneZiggo JV. Each of Liberty Global and Vodafone (each a “Shareholder”) holds 50% of the issued share capital of the VodafoneZiggo JV. TheShareholders intend for the VodafoneZiggo JV to be funded solely from its net cash flow from operations and third-party financing. We account for our 50%interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV as an equity method investment. We consider the VodafoneZiggo JV to be a related party. For additional informationregarding the formation of the VodafoneZiggo JV, see note 6.In connection with the formation of the VodafoneZiggo JV, the Shareholders entered into a shareholders agreement (the Shareholders Agreement). TheShareholders Agreement contains customary provisions for the governance of a 50:50 joint venture that result in Liberty Global and Vodafone having jointcontrol over decision making with respect to the VodafoneZiggo JV.The Shareholders Agreement also provides (i) for a dividend policy that requires the VodafoneZiggo JV to distribute all unrestricted cash to theShareholders every two months (subject to the VodafoneZiggo JV maintaining a minimum amount of cash and complying with the terms of its financingarrangements) and (ii) that the VodafoneZiggo JV will be managed with a leverage ratio of between 4.5 and 5.0 times EBITDA (as calculated pursuant to itsexisting financing arrangements) with the VodafoneZiggo JV undertaking periodic recapitalizations and/or refinancings accordingly.Each Shareholder has the right to initiate an initial public offering (IPO) of the VodafoneZiggo JV after December 31, 2019, with the opportunity for theother Shareholder to sell shares in the IPO on a pro rata basis. Subject to certain exceptions, the Shareholders Agreement prohibits transfers of interests in theVodafoneZiggo JV to third parties until December 31, 2020. After December 31, 2020, each Shareholder will be able to initiate a sale of all of its interest inthe VodafoneZiggo JV to a third party and, under certain circumstances, initiate a sale of the entire VodafoneZiggo JV, subject, in each case, to a right of firstoffer in favor of the other Shareholder.During the first quarter of 2017, we paid $162.6 million of VAT on behalf of the VodafoneZiggo JV associated with the termination of a servicesagreement with Ziggo Group Holding B.V. that was in effect prior to the closing of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction. This advance was repaid during thefirst quarter of 2017. In addition, during 2018 and 2017, we received dividend distributions from the VodafoneZiggo JV of $232.5 million and $252.8million, respectively, which were accounted for as returns on capital for purposes of our consolidated statements of cash flows.Pursuant to an agreement entered into in connection with the formation of the VodafoneZiggo JV, (the Framework Agreement), Liberty Globalprovides certain services to the VodafoneZiggo JV on a transitional or ongoing basis (collectively, the JV Services). The JV Services provided by LibertyGlobal consist primarily of (i) technology and other services and (ii) capital-related expenditures for assets that will be used by, or will otherwise benefit, theVodafoneZiggo JV. Liberty Global charges both fixed and usage-based fees to the VodafoneZiggo JV for the JV Services provided during the term of theFramework Agreement. During 2018 and 2017, we recorded revenue from the VodafoneZiggo JV of $189.1 million and $132.4 million, respectively,primarily related to (a) the JV Services and (b) during 2018, sales of customer premises equipment at a mark-up. In addition, during 2018 and 2017, wepurchased certain assets on the VodafoneZiggo JV’s behalf with an aggregate cost of $13.1 million andII-93LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016$144.7 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $24.4 million and $33.3 million, respectively, were due from the VodafoneZiggo JV, primarilyrelated to the aforementioned and certain other transactions. These amounts due from the VodafoneZiggo JV, which are periodically cash settled, areincluded in other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets.The VodafoneZiggo JV is experiencing significant competition. In particular, the mobile operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV continue to experiencecompetitive pressure on pricing, characterized by aggressive promotion campaigns, heavy marketing efforts and increasing or unlimited data bundles. Inlight of this competition, as well as regulatory and economic factors, we could conclude in future periods that our investment in the VodafoneZiggo JV isimpaired or management of the VodafoneZiggo JV could conclude that an impairment of the VodafoneZiggo JV goodwill and, to a lesser extent, long-livedassets, is required. Any such impairment of the VodafoneZiggo JV’s goodwill or our investment in the VodafoneZiggo JV would be reflected as a componentof share of results of affiliates, net, in our consolidated statement of operations. Our share of any such impairment charges could be significant.The summarized results of operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV are set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Revenue$4,602.2 $4,512.5Loss before income taxes$(467.8) $(362.9)Net loss$(91.6) $(259.3)The summarized financial position of the VodafoneZiggo JV is set forth below: December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Current assets$1,099.6 $823.4Long-term assets22,155.7 24,076.8Total assets$23,255.3 $24,900.2 Current liabilities$2,812.3 $2,631.7Long-term liabilities14,751.5 16,110.4Owners’ equity5,691.5 6,158.1Total liabilities and owners’ equity$23,255.3$24,900.2All3Media. The summarized results of operations of All3Media are set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions Revenue$892.3 $769.8 $649.1Loss before income taxes$(46.8) $(49.3) $(96.6)Net loss$(58.6) $(51.6) $(91.0)II-94LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The summarized financial position of All3Media is set forth below: December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Current assets$532.6 $409.4Long-term assets681.0 748.0Total assets$1,213.6 $1,157.4 Current liabilities$458.0 $389.1Long-term liabilities766.2 718.8Partners’ equity2.7 46.6Noncontrolling interests(13.3) 2.9Total liabilities and equity$1,213.6 $1,157.4 Fair Value InvestmentsITV. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we owned 398,515,510 shares of ITV, a commercial broadcaster in the U.K. Our ITV shares represented less than10.0% of the total outstanding shares of ITV as of June 30, 2018, the most current publicly-available information. The aggregate purchase price paid toacquire our investment in ITV was financed through borrowings under secured borrowing agreements (the ITV Collar Loan). All of the ITV shares we holdare subject to a share collar (the ITV Collar) and pledged as collateral under the ITV Collar Loan. Under the terms of the ITV Collar, the counterparty has theright to re-use all of the pledged ITV shares. For additional information regarding the ITV Collar, see note 8.ITI Neovision. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we owned a 17.0% interest in ITI Neovision, a privately-held DTH operator in Poland.Lionsgate. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we owned 2.5 million voting and 2.5 million non-voting shares of Lionsgate common stock, originallypurchased at a price of $39.02 per share, for an investment of $195.1 million. The aggregate purchase price of the Lionsgate shares was financed usingworking capital, including $70.9 million of cash received pursuant to a variable prepaid forward transaction with respect to 1.25 million of our voting and1.25 million of our non-voting Lionsgate shares (the Lionsgate Forward). At December 31, 2018, our Lionsgate shares represented less than 5% of the totaloutstanding shares of Lionsgate. For additional information regarding the Lionsgate Forward, see note 8.Casa. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we owned 3,005,307 and 4,432,870 shares, respectively, of Casa common stock. Casa is a U.S.-based provider offixed, mobile, optical and Wi-Fi network software solutions for ultra-broadband services. Our Casa shares represented less than 5.5% of the total outstandingshares of Casa as of October 31, 2018, the most current publicly-available information.(8) Derivative InstrumentsIn general, we enter into derivative instruments to protect against (i) increases in the interest rates on our variable-rate debt, (ii) foreign currencymovements, particularly with respect to borrowings that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the borrowing entity, and (iii)decreases in the market prices of certain publicly traded securities that we own. In this regard, through our subsidiaries, we have entered into variousderivative instruments to manage interest rate exposure and foreign currency exposure primarily with respect to the U.S. dollar ($), the euro (€), the Britishpound sterling (£), the Swiss franc (CHF), the Czech koruna (CZK), the Hungarian forint (HUF), the Polish zloty (PLN) and the Romanian lei (RON). Withthe exception of a limited number of our foreign currency forward contracts, we do not apply hedge accounting to our derivative instruments. Accordingly,changes in the fair values of most of our derivative instruments are recorded in realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments, net, in ourconsolidated statements of operations.II-95LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The following table provides details of the fair values of our derivative instrument assets and liabilities: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Current (a) Long-term (a) Total Current (a) Long-term (a) Total in millionsAssets: Cross-currency and interest rate derivativecontracts (b)$372.7 $1,370.1 $1,742.8 $477.0 $1,071.9 $1,548.9Equity-related derivative instruments (c)13.9 732.4 746.3 — 560.9 560.9Foreign currency forward and optioncontracts7.2 — 7.2 17.0 0.1 17.1Other0.4 — 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8Total$394.2 $2,102.5 $2,496.7 $494.4 $1,633.3 $2,127.7 Liabilities: Cross-currency and interest rate derivativecontracts (b)$326.5 $1,042.2 $1,368.7 $210.2 $1,557.7 $1,767.9Equity-related derivativeinstruments (c)1.4 — 1.4 5.4 — 5.4Foreign currency forward and optioncontracts0.5 — 0.5 7.7 0.2 7.9Other— 0.1 0.1 — — —Total$328.4 $1,042.3 $1,370.7 $223.3 $1,557.9 $1,781.2_______________ (a)Our current derivative liabilities, long-term derivative assets and long-term derivative liabilities are included in other current and accrued liabilities,other assets, net, and other long-term liabilities, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets.(b)We consider credit risk relating to our and our counterparties’ nonperformance in the fair value assessment of our derivative instruments. In all cases,the adjustments take into account offsetting liability or asset positions within each of our subsidiary borrowing groups (as defined and described innote 11). The changes in the credit risk valuation adjustments associated with our cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts resulted in a netgains (losses) of ($71.1 million), $168.4 million and ($26.5 million) during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts are included in realizedand unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net, in our consolidated statements of operations. For further information regarding our fairvalue measurements, see note 9.(c)Our equity-related derivative instruments primarily include the fair value of (i) the ITV Collar , (ii) the Lionsgate Forward, and (iii) at December 31,2017, the share collar (the Sumitomo Collar) with respect to a portion of the shares of Sumitomo held by our company. On May 22, 2018, we settledthe final tranche of the Sumitomo Collar and related borrowings with a portion of the existing Sumitomo shares held by our company. The aggregatemarket value of these shares on the transaction date was $159.3 million. The fair values of the ITV Collar, the Sumitomo Collar and the LionsgateForward do not include credit risk valuation adjustments as we assume that any losses incurred by our company in the event of nonperformance by therespective counterparty would be, subject to relevant insolvency laws, fully offset against amounts we owe to such counterparty pursuant to the relatedsecured borrowing arrangements.II-96LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The details of our realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts$905.8 $(1,145.6) $668.5Equity-related derivative instruments: ITV Collar176.7 215.0 351.5Lionsgate Forward30.1 (11.4) 10.1Sumitomo Collar(11.8) (77.4) (25.6)Other2.5 (3.9) 1.6Total equity-related derivative instruments197.5 122.3 337.6Foreign currency forward and option contracts22.7 (30.2) 17.0Other(0.2) 0.7 (0.8)Total$1,125.8 $(1,052.8) $1,022.3The net cash received or paid related to our derivative instruments is classified as an operating, investing or financing activity in our consolidatedstatements of cash flows based on the objective of the derivative instrument and the classification of the applicable underlying cash flows. For derivativecontracts that are terminated prior to maturity, the cash paid or received upon termination that relates to future periods is classified as a financing activity.The following table sets forth the classification of the net cash inflows (outflows) of our derivative instruments: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions Operating activities$244.4 $6.8 $4.3Investing activities— (0.5) (2.9)Financing activities112.8 (138.1) (251.5)Total$357.2 $(131.8) $(250.1)Counterparty Credit RiskWe are exposed to the risk that the counterparties to the derivative instruments of our subsidiary borrowing groups will default on their obligations to us.We manage these credit risks through the evaluation and monitoring of the creditworthiness of, and concentration of risk with, the respective counterparties.In this regard, credit risk associated with our derivative instruments is spread across a relatively broad counterparty base of banks and financial institutions.With the exception of a limited number of instances where we have required a counterparty to post collateral, neither party has posted collateral under thederivative instruments of our subsidiary borrowing groups. At December 31, 2018, our exposure to counterparty credit risk included derivative assets with anaggregate fair value of $617.3 million.Each of our subsidiary borrowing groups have entered into derivative instruments under master agreements with each counterparty that contain masternetting arrangements that are applicable in the event of early termination by either party to such derivative instrument. The master netting arrangements arelimited to the derivative instruments and derivative-related debt instruments, governed by the relevant master agreement within each individual borrowinggroup and are independent of similar arrangements of our other subsidiary borrowing groups.Under our derivative contracts, it is generally only the non-defaulting party that has a contractual option to exercise early termination rights upon thedefault of the other counterparty and to set off other liabilities against sums due upon such termination. However, in an insolvency of a derivativecounterparty, under the laws of certain jurisdictions, the defaulting counterparty or its insolvency representatives may be able to compel the termination ofone or more derivative contracts and trigger early terminationII-97LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016payment liabilities payable by us, reflecting any mark-to-market value of the contracts for the counterparty. Alternatively, or in addition, the insolvency lawsof certain jurisdictions may require the mandatory set off of amounts due under such derivative contracts against present and future liabilities owed to usunder other contracts between us and the relevant counterparty. Accordingly, it is possible that we may be subject to obligations to make payments, or mayhave present or future liabilities owed to us partially or fully discharged by set off as a result of such obligations, in the event of the insolvency of aderivative counterparty, even though it is the counterparty that is in default and not us. To the extent that we are required to make such payments, our abilityto do so will depend on our liquidity and capital resources at the time. In an insolvency of a defaulting counterparty, we will be an unsecured creditor inrespect of any amount owed to us by the defaulting counterparty, except to the extent of the value of any collateral we have obtained from that counterparty.In addition, where a counterparty is in financial difficulty, under the laws of certain jurisdictions, the relevant regulators may be able to (i) compel thetermination of one or more derivative instruments, determine the settlement amount and/or compel, without any payment, the partial or full discharge ofliabilities arising from such early termination that are payable by the relevant counterparty or (ii) transfer the derivative instruments to an alternativecounterparty.Details of our Derivative InstrumentsCross-currency Derivative ContractsWe generally match the denomination of our subsidiaries’ borrowings with the functional currency of the supporting operations or, when it is more costeffective, we provide for an economic hedge against foreign currency exchange rate movements by using derivative instruments to synthetically convertunmatched debt into the applicable underlying currency. At December 31, 2018, substantially all of our debt was either directly or synthetically matched tothe applicable functional currencies of the underlying operations. The following table sets forth the total notional amounts and the related weighted averageremaining contractual lives of our cross-currency swap contracts at December 31, 2018:Borrowing group Notional amount duefrom counterparty Notional amount due tocounterparty Weighted averageremaining life in millions in years Virgin Media$400.0 €339.6 4.0 $7,182.9 £4,759.3 (b)4.9 £2,365.8 $3,400.0 (a)6.1 UPC Holding $2,420.0 €1,999.4 5.6 $1,200.0 CHF1,107.5 (b)6.2 €2,057.0 CHF2,347.9 (b)5.8 €299.2 CZK8,221.8 1.7 €375.5 HUF105,911.9 3.0 €822.9 PLN3,484.5 2.8 €217.2 RON610.0 3.1 Telenet$3,670.0 €3,243.6 (b)6.5 €1,431.2 $1,600.0 (a)6.4II-98LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016_______________ (a)Includes certain derivative instruments that do not involve the exchange of notional amounts at the inception and maturity of theinstruments. Accordingly, the only cash flows associated with these derivative instruments are coupon-related payments and receipts. At December 31,2018, the total U.S. dollar equivalents of the notional amount of these derivative instruments were $4.7 billion.(b)Includes certain derivative instruments that are “forward-starting,” such that the initial exchange occurs at a date subsequent to December 31, 2018.These instruments are typically entered into in order to extend existing hedges without the need to amend existing contracts.Interest Rate Swap ContractsThe following table sets forth the total U.S. dollar equivalents of the notional amounts and the related weighted average remaining contractual lives ofour interest rate swap contracts at December 31, 2018:Borrowing grouppays fixed rate (a)Borrowing groupreceives fixed rateBorrowing groupNotional amountWeighted averageremaining lifeNotional amountWeighted averageremaining life in millionsin yearsin millionsin yearsVirgin Media$17,196.5 3.4 $11,043.5 5.2 UPC Holding$5,800.3 4.6 $3,992.6 6.8 Telenet$3,853.2 5.2 $1,634.1 4.7______________ (a)Includes forward-starting derivative instruments.Interest Rate Swap OptionsWe have entered into various interest rate swap options (swaptions), which give us the right, but not the obligation, to enter into certain interest rateswap contracts at set dates in the future, with each such contract having a life of no more than three years. At the transaction date, the strike rate of each ofthese contracts was above the corresponding market rate. The following table sets forth certain information regarding our swaptions at December 31, 2018:Borrowing groupNotional amountUnderlying swapcurrencyWeighted averageoption expirationperiod (a)Weighted averagestrike rate (b) in millionsin yearsVirgin Media$6,062.5£0.92.47% $589.5 € 0.9 2.08%UPC Holding$1,340.6CHF0.11.22%______________ (a)Represents the weighted average period until the date on which we have the option to enter into the interest rate swap contracts.(b)Represents the weighted average interest rate that we would pay if we exercised our option to enter into the interest rate swap contracts.II-99LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Basis SwapsOur basis swaps involve the exchange of attributes used to calculate our floating interest rates, including (i) the benchmark rate, (ii) the underlyingcurrency and/or (iii) the borrowing period. We typically enter into these swaps to optimize our interest rate profile based on our current evaluations of yieldcurves, our risk management policies and other factors. The following table sets forth the total U.S. dollar equivalents of the notional amounts and relatedweighted average remaining contractual lives of our basis swap contracts at December 31, 2018:Borrowing group Notional amount duefrom counterparty (a) Weighted averageremaining life in millions in years Virgin Media$4,547.1 0.5 UPC Holding$2,640.0 0.4 Telenet$3,675.0 0.3_______________(a)Includes forward-starting derivative instruments.Interest Rate Caps and CollarsWe enter into interest rate cap and collar agreements that lock in a maximum interest rate if variable rates rise, but also allow our company to benefit, to alimited extent in the case of collars, from declines in market rates. At December 31, 2018, the total U.S. dollar equivalents of the notional amounts of ourinterest rate caps and collars were $254.9 million and $649.9 million, respectively.Impact of Derivative Instruments on Borrowing CostsThe impact of the derivative instruments that mitigate our foreign currency and interest rate risk, as described above, on our borrowing costs is asfollows: Decrease toborrowing costs at December 31,2018 (a) Virgin Media(0.59)%UPC Holding(0.06)%Telenet(0.63)%Total decrease to borrowing costs(0.45)%_______________ (a)Represents the effect of derivative instruments in effect at December 31, 2018 and does not include forward-starting derivative instruments orswaptions.Foreign Currency Forwards and OptionsCertain of our subsidiaries enter into foreign currency forward and option contracts with respect to non-functional currency exposure. As of December 31,2018, the total U.S. dollar equivalents of the notional amount of foreign currency forward and option contracts was $558.3 million.II-100LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Equity-related Derivative InstrumentsITV Collar and Secured Borrowing. The ITV Collar comprises (i) purchased put options exercisable by our company and (ii) written call optionsexercisable by the counterparty. The ITV Collar effectively hedges the value of our investment in ITV shares from losses due to market price decreases belowthe put option price while retaining a portion of the gains from market price increases up to the call option price. The fair value of the ITV Collar as ofDecember 31, 2018 was a net asset of $704.0 million. The ITV Collar has settlement dates ranging from 2020 to 2022.The ITV Collar and related agreements also provide our company with the ability to borrow against the value of its ITV shares. At December 31, 2018,borrowings under the ITV Collar Loan were secured by all 398,515,510 of our ITV shares, which have been placed into a custody account. The ITV CollarLoan, which has maturity dates consistent with the ITV Collar and contains no financial covenants, provides for customary representations and warranties,events of default and certain adjustment and termination events. Under the terms of the ITV Collar, the counterparty has the right to re-use the pledged ITVshares held in the custody account, but we have the right to recall the shares that are re-used by the counterparty subject to certain costs. In addition, thecounterparty retains dividends on the ITV shares that the counterparty would need to borrow from the custody account to hedge its exposure under the ITVCollar (an estimated 400 million shares at December 31, 2018).Lionsgate Forward and Secured Borrowing. The Lionsgate Forward has economic characteristics similar to a collar plus a loan that is collateralized by apledge of 1.25 million of our voting and 1.25 million of our non-voting Lionsgate shares (the Lionsgate Loan). Under the terms of the Lionsgate Forward,the counterparty does not have the right to re-use the pledged Lionsgate shares without permission from Liberty Global. The Lionsgate Forward effectivelyhedges the value of our pledged Lionsgate shares from losses due to market price decreases below the put option price while retaining a portion of the gainsfrom market price increases up to the call option price. The fair value of the Lionsgate Forward as of December 31, 2018 was a net asset of $42.2 million. TheLionsgate Forward has settlement dates ranging from July 2019 through March 2022.For additional information regarding our investments in ITV and Lionsgate see note 7.(9) Fair Value MeasurementsWe use the fair value method to account for (i) certain of our investments, (ii) our derivative instruments and (iii) certain instruments that we classify asdebt. The reported fair values of these investments and instruments as of December 31, 2018 are unlikely to represent the value that will be paid or receivedupon the ultimate settlement or disposition of these assets and liabilities.U.S. GAAP provides for a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level1 inputs are quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted market prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. We record transfers of assets or liabilities into or out of Levels 1, 2 or 3 at the beginning of thequarter during which the transfer occurred. During 2018, no material transfers were made.All of our Level 2 inputs (interest rate futures, swap rates and certain of the inputs for our weighted average cost of capital calculations) and certain of ourLevel 3 inputs (forecasted volatilities and credit spreads) are obtained from pricing services. These inputs, or interpolations or extrapolations thereof, are usedin our internal models to calculate, among other items, yield curves, forward interest and currency rates and weighted average cost of capital rates. In thenormal course of business, we receive market value assessments from the counterparties to our derivative contracts. Although we compare these assessmentsto our internal valuations and investigate unexpected differences, we do not otherwise rely on counterparty quotes to determine the fair values of ourderivative instruments. The midpoints of applicable bid and ask ranges generally are used as inputs for our internal valuations.For our investments in publicly-traded companies, the recurring fair value measurements are based on the quoted closing price of the respective shares ateach reporting date. Accordingly, the valuations of these investments fall under Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Our other investments that we account forat fair value are privately-held companies, and therefore, quoted market prices are unavailable. The valuation technique we use for such investments is acombination of an income approach (discounted cash flow model based on forecasts) and a market approach (market multiples of similar businesses). Withthe exception of certain inputs for our weighted average cost of capital calculations that are derived from pricing services, the inputs used to value theseinvestments are based on unobservable inputs derived from our assumptions. Therefore, the valuation of our privately-held investments falls under Level 3 ofthe fair value hierarchy. Any reasonably foreseeable changes in assumed levels of unobservableII-101LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016inputs for the valuations of our Level 3 investments would not be expected to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.The recurring fair value measurement of our equity-related derivative instruments are based on standard option pricing models, which require the inputof observable and unobservable variables such as exchange-traded equity prices, risk-free interest rates, dividend forecasts and forecasted volatilities of theunderlying equity securities. The valuations of our equity-related derivative instruments are based on a combination of Level 1 inputs (exchange-tradedequity prices), Level 2 inputs (interest rate futures and swap rates) and Level 3 inputs (forecasted volatilities). As changes in volatilities could have asignificant impact on the overall valuations over the terms of the derivative instruments, we have determined that these valuations fall under Level 3 of thefair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2018, our equity-related derivatives were not significantly impacted by forecasted volatilities.In order to manage our interest rate and foreign currency exchange risk, we have entered into (i) various derivative instruments and (ii) certaininstruments that we classify as debt, as further described in notes 8 and 11, respectively. The recurring fair value measurements of these instruments aredetermined using discounted cash flow models. With the exception of the inputs for certain swaptions, most of the inputs to these discounted cash flowmodels consist of, or are derived from, observable Level 2 data for substantially the full term of these instruments. This observable data mostly includescurrency rates, interest rate futures and swap rates, which are retrieved or derived from available market data. Although we may extrapolate or interpolate thisdata, we do not otherwise alter this data in performing our valuations. We use a Monte Carlo based approach to incorporate a credit risk valuation adjustmentin our fair value measurements to estimate the impact of both our own nonperformance risk and the nonperformance risk of our counterparties. The inputsused for our credit risk valuations, including our and our counterparties’ credit spreads, represent our most significant Level 3 inputs, and these inputs areused to derive the credit risk valuation adjustments with respect to these instruments. As we would not expect these parameters to have a significant impacton the valuations of these instruments, we have determined that these valuations (other than the valuations of the aforementioned swaptions) fall under Level2 of the fair value hierarchy. Due to the lack of Level 2 inputs for the swaption valuations, we believe these valuations fall under Level 3 of the fair valuehierarchy. Our credit risk valuation adjustments with respect to our cross-currency and interest rate swaps are quantified and further explained in note 8.Fair value measurements are also used in connection with nonrecurring valuations performed in connection with acquisition accounting and impairmentassessments. The nonrecurring valuations associated with acquisition accounting primarily include the valuation of reporting units, customer relationshipand other intangible assets and property and equipment. Unless a reporting unit has a readily determinable fair value, the valuation of reporting units is basedat least in part on discounted cash flow analyses. With the exception of certain inputs for our weighted average cost of capital and discount rate calculationsthat are derived from pricing services, the inputs used in our discounted cash flow analyses, such as forecasts of future cash flows, are based on ourassumptions. The valuation of customer relationships is primarily based on an excess earnings methodology, which is a form of a discounted cash flowanalysis. The excess earnings methodology requires us to estimate the specific cash flows expected from the customer relationship, considering such factorsas estimated customer life, the revenue expected to be generated over the life of the customer relationship, contributory asset charges and other factors.Tangible assets are typically valued using a replacement or reproduction cost approach, considering factors such as current prices of the same or similarequipment, the age of the equipment and economic obsolescence. Most of our nonrecurring valuations use significant unobservable inputs and therefore fallunder Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. We did not perform significant nonrecurring fair value measurements during 2018 or 2017.II-102LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016A summary of our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows: Fair value measurements at December 31, 2018 using:Description December 31, 2018 Quoted pricesin activemarkets foridentical assets(Level 1) Significantotherobservableinputs(Level 2) Significantunobservableinputs(Level 3) in millionsAssets: Derivative instruments: Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts$1,742.8 $— $1,742.5 $0.3Equity-related derivative instruments746.3 — — 746.3Foreign currency forward and option contracts7.2 — 7.2 —Other0.4 — 0.4 —Total derivative instruments2,496.7 — 1,750.1 746.6Investments1,174.8 755.9 — 418.9Total assets$3,671.5 $755.9 $1,750.1 $1,165.5 Liabilities: Derivative instruments: Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts$1,368.7 $— $1,354.3 $14.4Equity-related derivative instruments1.4 — — 1.4Foreign currency forward and option contracts0.5 — 0.5 —Other0.1 — 0.1 —Total derivative liabilities1,370.7 — 1,354.9 15.8Debt248.6 — 248.6 —Total liabilities$1,619.3 $— $1,603.5 $15.8 II-103LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Fair value measurements at December 31, 2017 using:Description December 31, 2017 Quoted pricesin activemarkets foridentical assets(Level 1) Significantotherobservableinputs(Level 2) Significantunobservableinputs(Level 3) in millionsAssets: Derivative instruments: Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts$1,548.9 $— $1,548.7 $0.2Equity-related derivative instruments560.9 — — 560.9Foreign currency forward and option contracts17.1 — 17.1 —Other0.8 — 0.8 —Total derivative instruments2,127.7 — 1,566.6 561.1Investments2,315.3 1,908.7 — 406.6Total assets$4,443.0 $1,908.7 $1,566.6 $967.7Liabilities: Derivative instruments: Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts$1,767.9 $— $1,764.5 $3.4Equity-related derivative instruments5.4 — — 5.4Foreign currency forward and option contracts7.9 — 7.9 —Total derivative liabilities1,781.2 — 1,772.4 8.8Debt926.6 621.7 304.9 —Total liabilities$2,707.8 $621.7 $2,077.3 $8.8A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significantunobservable, or Level 3, inputs is as follows: Investments Cross-currency andinterest ratederivative contracts Equity-relatedderivativeinstruments Total in millions Balance of net assets (liabilities) at January 1, 2018$406.6 $(3.2) $555.5 $958.9Gains (losses) included in loss from continuing operations (a): Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments,net— (11.5) 197.5 186.0Realized and unrealized loss due to changes in fair values ofcertain investments and debt, net(39.0) — — (39.0)Impact of ASU 2016-0131.9 — — 31.9Additions55.0 0.2 — 55.2Dispositions(17.7) — — (17.7)Final settlement of Sumitomo Collar (b)— — (7.4) (7.4)Transfers out of Level 3(2.0) — — (2.0)Foreign currency translation adjustments, dividends and other, net(15.9) 0.4 (0.7) (16.2)Balance of net assets (liabilities) at December 31, 2018$418.9 $(14.1) $744.9 $1,149.7 II-104LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016_______________(a)Most of these net gains and losses relate to assets and liabilities that we continue to carry on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018.(b)For additional information regarding the settlement of the final tranche of the Sumitomo Collar, see note 8.(10) Long-lived AssetsProperty and Equipment, Net The details of our property and equipment and the related accumulated depreciation are set forth below: Estimated useful life atDecember 31, 2018 December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Distribution systems3 to 30 years $17,845.4 $17,465.0Customer premises equipment3 to 7 years 4,191.2 4,341.0Support equipment, buildings and land2 to 50 years 4,933.7 4,781.4Total property and equipment, gross 26,970.3 26,587.4Accumulated depreciation (13,091.4) (12,438.4)Total property and equipment, net $13,878.9 $14,149.0Depreciation expense related to our property and equipment was $3,217.1 million, $3,187.4 million and $3,190.2 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016,respectively.At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the amount of property and equipment, net, recorded under capital leases was $545.5 million and $559.7 million,respectively. Most of these amounts relate to assets included in our distribution systems category. Depreciation of assets under capital leases is included indepreciation and amortization in our consolidated statements of operations.During 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded non-cash increases to our property and equipment related to vendor financing arrangements of $2,175.5million, $2,336.2 million and $1,811.2 million, respectively, which exclude related VAT of $347.3 million, $387.1 million and $247.4 million, respectively,that was also financed by our vendors under these arrangements. In addition, during 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded non-cash increases to our propertyand equipment related to assets acquired under capital leases of $102.4 million, $106.7 million and $100.4 million, respectively.II-105LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016GoodwillChanges in the carrying amount of our goodwill during 2018 are set forth below: January 1,2018 Acquisitionsand relatedadjustments Foreigncurrencytranslationadjustments December 31, 2018 in millions U.K./Ireland$8,134.1 $2.0 $(465.1) $7,671.0Belgium2,681.7 24.9 (130.3) 2,576.3Switzerland2,931.3 (0.3) (27.1) 2,903.9Central and Eastern Europe607.0 — (42.4) 564.6Total$14,354.1 $26.6 $(664.9) $13,715.8If, among other factors, (i) our equity values were to decline or (ii) the adverse impacts of economic, competitive, regulatory or other factors were to causeour results of operations or cash flows to be worse than anticipated, we could conclude in future periods that impairment charges are required in order toreduce the carrying values of our goodwill and, to a lesser extent, other long-lived assets. Any such impairment charges could be significant.Changes in the carrying amount of our goodwill during 2017 are set forth below: January 1,2017 Acquisitionsand relatedadjustments Foreigncurrencytranslationadjustments December 31, 2017 in millions U.K./Ireland$7,412.3 $2.3 $719.5 $8,134.1Belgium2,032.7 338.6 310.4 2,681.7Switzerland2,805.6 — 125.7 2,931.3Central and Eastern Europe507.9 — 99.1 607.0Total$12,758.5 $340.9 $1,254.7 $14,354.1Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization, NetThe details of our intangible assets subject to amortization are set forth below: Estimated useful lifeat December 31,2018 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Grosscarryingamount Accumulatedamortization Net carryingamount Grosscarryingamount Accumulatedamortization Net carryingamount in millions Customer relationships2 to 10 years $3,673.1 $(2,914.2) $758.9 $4,041.0 $(2,745.8) $1,295.2Other2 to 20 years 521.3 (249.0) 272.3 531.9 (218.6) 313.3Total $4,194.4 $(3,163.2) $1,031.2 $4,572.9 $(2,964.4) $1,608.5II-106LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Amortization expense related to intangible assets with finite useful lives was $641.1 million, $603.2 million and $927.5 million during 2018, 2017 and2016, respectively. Based on our amortizable intangible asset balances at December 31, 2018, we expect that amortization expense will be as follows for thenext five years and thereafter. The U.S. dollar equivalents of such amortization expense amounts as of December 31, 2018 are presented below (in millions): 2019$521.42020167.0202182.2202234.0202328.5Thereafter198.1Total$1,031.2II-107LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(11) Debt and Capital Lease ObligationsThe U.S. dollar equivalents of the components of our debt are as follows: December 31, 2018 Principal amountWeightedaverageinterestrate (a) Unused borrowing capacity (b) Borrowingcurrency U.S. $equivalent December 31, 2018 2017 VM Senior Secured Notes5.40% — $— $6,268.3 $6,565.6VM Credit Facilities (c)4.72% (d) 860.3 4,600.5 4,676.2VM Senior Notes5.54% — — 1,999.9 3,000.1Telenet Credit Facility3.76% (e) 509.6 3,145.7 2,177.6Telenet Senior Secured Notes4.69% — — 1,687.1 1,721.3Telenet SPE Notes4.88% — — 546.2 937.7UPCB SPE Notes (f)4.54% — — 2,445.5 2,582.6UPC Holding Bank Facility (f)4.96% €990.1 1,133.9 1,645.0 2,576.1UPC Holding Senior Notes (f)4.59% — — 1,215.5 1,313.4Vendor financing (g)4.18% — — 3,620.3 3,593.1ITV Collar Loan0.90% — — 1,379.6 1,463.8Derivative-related debt instruments (h)3.37% — — 301.9 361.5Sumitomo Share Loan (i)—% — — — 621.7Sumitomo Collar Loan—% — — — 169.1Other (j)5.27% — — 459.8 418.2Total debt before deferred financing costs, discounts andpremiums (k)4.56% $2,503.8 $29,315.3 $32,178.0The following table provides a reconciliation of total debt before deferred financing costs, discounts and premiums to total debt and capital leaseobligations: December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Total debt before deferred financing costs, discounts and premiums$29,315.3 $32,178.0Deferred financing costs, discounts and premiums, net(131.4) (171.8)Total carrying amount of debt29,183.9 32,006.2Capital lease obligations (l)621.3 638.3Total debt and capital lease obligations29,805.2 32,644.5Current maturities of debt and capital lease obligations(3,615.2) (3,667.5)Long-term debt and capital lease obligations$26,190.0 $28,977.0_______________ (a)Represents the weighted average interest rate in effect at December 31, 2018 for all borrowings outstanding pursuant to each debt instrument,including any applicable margin. The interest rates presented represent stated rates and do not include the impact of derivative instruments, deferredfinancing costs, original issue premiums or discounts and commitment fees, all of which affect our overall cost of borrowing. Including the effects ofderivative instruments, original issue premiumsII-108LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016or discounts and commitment fees, but excluding the impact of deferred financing costs, our weighted average interest rate on our aggregate variable-and fixed-rate indebtedness was 4.31% at December 31, 2018. For information regarding our derivative instruments, see note 8.(b)Unused borrowing capacity represents the maximum availability under the applicable facility at December 31, 2018 without regard to covenantcompliance calculations or other conditions precedent to borrowing. At December 31, 2018, based on the most restrictive applicable leveragecovenants, the full amount of unused borrowing capacity was available to be borrowed under each of the respective subsidiary facilities, and based onthe most restrictive applicable leverage-based restricted payment tests, there were no restrictions on the respective subsidiary's ability to make loans ordistributions from this availability to Liberty Global or its subsidiaries or other equity holders. Upon completion of the relevant December 31, 2018compliance reporting requirements, we expect that the full amount of unused borrowing capacity will continue to be available and that there will beno restrictions with respect to loans or distributions. Our above expectations do not consider any actual or potential changes to our borrowing levels orany amounts loaned or distributed subsequent to December 31, 2018.(c)Amounts include £41.9 million ($53.4 million) and £43.6 million ($55.6 million) at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of borrowingspursuant to excess cash facilities under the VM Credit Facilities. These borrowings are owed to certain non-consolidated special purpose financingentities that have issued notes to finance the purchase of receivables due from Virgin Media to certain other third parties for amounts that VirginMedia and its subsidiaries have vendor financed. To the extent that the proceeds from these notes exceed the amount of vendor financed receivablesavailable to be purchased, the excess proceeds are used to fund these excess cash facilities.(d)Unused borrowing capacity under the VM Credit Facilities relates to multi-currency revolving facilities with an aggregate maximum borrowingcapacity equivalent to £675.0 million ($860.3 million). During 2018, the VM Revolving Facility was amended and split into two revolving facilities.As of December 31, 2018, VM Revolving Facility A was a multi-currency revolving facility maturing on December 31, 2021 with a maximumborrowing capacity equivalent to £50.0 million ($63.7 million), and VM Revolving Facility B was a multi-currency revolving facility maturing onJanuary 15, 2024 with a maximum borrowing capacity equivalent to £625.0 million ($796.6 million). All other terms from the previously existing VMRevolving Facility continue to apply to the new revolving facilities.(e)Unused borrowing capacity under the Telenet Credit Facility comprises (i) €400.0 million ($458.1 million) under Telenet Facility AG, (ii) €25.0million ($28.6 million) under the Telenet Overdraft Facility and (iii) €20.0 million ($22.9 million) under the Telenet Revolving Facility, each ofwhich were undrawn at December 31, 2018.(f)Subsequent to December 31, 2018, we entered into an agreement to sell our operations in Switzerland. For information regarding the potential impacton the outstanding debt of the UPC Holding borrowing group, see note 21.(g)Represents amounts owed pursuant to interest-bearing vendor financing arrangements that are used to finance certain of our property and equipmentadditions and, to a lesser extent, certain of our operating expenses. These obligations are generally due within one year and include VAT that was paidon our behalf by the vendor. Repayments of vendor financing obligations are included in repayments and repurchases of debt and capital leaseobligations in our consolidated statements of cash flows.(h)Represents amounts associated with certain derivative-related borrowing instruments, including $248.6 million and $304.9 million at December 31,2018 and 2017, respectively, carried at fair value. These instruments mature at various dates through January 2025. For information regarding fairvalue hierarchies, see note 9.(i)In August 2018, we settled the outstanding amount under the Sumitomo Share Loan with the remaining shares of Sumitomo that were held by ourcompany.(j)Amounts include $225.9 million and $160.9 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of debt collateralized by certain trade receivablesof Virgin Media.(k)As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our debt had an estimated fair value of $28.5 billion and $32.7 billion, respectively. The estimated fair values ofour debt instruments are generally determined using the average of applicable bid and ask pricesII-109LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(mostly Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy) or, when quoted market prices are unavailable or not considered indicative of fair value, discounted cashflow models (mostly Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy). The discount rates used in the cash flow models are based on the market interest rates andestimated credit spreads of the applicable entity, to the extent available, and other relevant factors. For additional information regarding fair valuehierarchies, see note 9.(l)The U.S. dollar equivalents of our consolidated capital lease obligations are as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Telenet (1)$475.2 $456.1Virgin Media69.1 79.1UPC Holding29.9 35.9Other subsidiaries47.1 67.2Total$621.3 $638.3_______________ (1)At December 31, 2018 and 2017, Telenet’s capital lease obligations included €390.6 million ($447.3 million) and €361.8 million ($414.3million), respectively, associated with Telenet’s lease of the broadband communications network of the four associations of municipalities inBelgium, which we refer to as the pure intercommunalues or the “PICs.” All capital expenditures associated with the PICs network are initiatedby Telenet, but are executed and financed by the PICs through additions to this lease that are repaid over a 15-year term. These amounts do notinclude Telenet’s commitment related to certain operating costs associated with the PICs network. For additional information regarding thiscommitment, see note 18.General InformationAt December 31, 2018, most of our outstanding debt had been incurred by one of our three subsidiary “borrowing groups.” References to theseborrowing groups, which comprise Virgin Media, UPC Holding and Telenet, include their respective restricted parent and subsidiary entities.Credit Facilities. Each of our borrowing groups has entered into one or more credit facility agreements with certain financial institutions. Each of thesecredit facilities contain certain covenants, the more notable of which are as follows:•Our credit facilities contain certain consolidated net leverage ratios, as specified in the relevant credit facility, which are required to be compliedwith (i) on an incurrence basis and/or (ii) when the associated revolving credit facilities have been drawn beyond a specified percentage of the totalavailable revolving credit commitments, on a maintenance basis;•Subject to certain customary and agreed exceptions, our credit facilities contain certain restrictions which, among other things, restrict the ability ofthe members of the relevant borrowing group to, (i) incur or guarantee certain financial indebtedness, (ii) make certain disposals and acquisitions,(iii) create certain security interests over their assets and (iv) make certain restricted payments to their direct and/or indirect parent companies (andindirectly to Liberty Global) through dividends, loans or other distributions;•Our credit facilities require that certain members of the relevant borrowing group guarantee the payment of all sums payable under the relevantcredit facility and such group members are required to grant first-ranking security over their shares or, in certain borrowing groups, over substantiallyall of their assets to secure the payment of all sums payable thereunder;•In addition to certain mandatory prepayment events, our credit facilities provide that the instructing group of lenders under the relevant creditfacility, under certain circumstances, may cancel the group’s commitments thereunder and declareII-110LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016the loan(s) thereunder due and payable after the applicable notice period following the occurrence of a change of control (as specified in the relevantcredit facility);•Our credit facilities contain certain customary events of default, the occurrence of which, subject to certain exceptions, materiality qualifications andcure rights, would allow the instructing group of lenders to (i) cancel the total commitments, (ii) declare that all or part of the loans be payable ondemand and/or (iii) accelerate all outstanding loans and terminate their commitments thereunder;•Our credit facilities require members of the relevant borrowing group to observe certain affirmative and negative undertakings and covenants, whichare subject to certain materiality qualifications and other customary and agreed exceptions; and•In addition to customary default provisions, our credit facilities generally include certain cross-default and cross-acceleration provisions withrespect to other indebtedness of members of the relevant borrowing group, subject to agreed minimum thresholds and other customary and agreedexceptions. Senior and Senior Secured Notes. Certain of our borrowing groups have issued senior and/or senior secured notes. In general, our senior and seniorsecured notes (i) are senior obligations of each respective issuer within the relevant borrowing group that rank equally with all of the existing and futuresenior debt of such issuer and are senior to all existing and future subordinated debt of such issuer within the relevant borrowing group, (ii) contain, in mostinstances, certain guarantees from other members of the relevant borrowing group (as specified in the applicable indenture) and (iii) with respect to our seniorsecured notes, are secured by certain pledges or liens over the assets and/or shares of certain members of the relevant borrowing group. In addition, theindentures governing our senior and senior secured notes contain certain covenants, the more notable of which are as follows:•Our notes contain certain customary incurrence-based covenants. In addition, our notes provide that any failure to pay principal prior to theexpiration of any applicable grace period, or any acceleration with respect to other indebtedness of the issuer or certain subsidiaries over agreedminimum thresholds (as specified under the applicable indenture), is an event of default under the respective notes;•Subject to certain customary and agreed exceptions, our notes contain certain restrictions that, among other things, restrict the ability of themembers of the relevant borrowing group to (i) incur or guarantee certain financial indebtedness, (ii) make certain disposals and acquisitions, (iii)create certain security interests over their assets and (iv) make certain restricted payments to its direct and/or indirect parent companies (andindirectly to Liberty Global) through dividends, loans or other distributions;•If the relevant issuer or certain of its subsidiaries (as specified in the applicable indenture) sell certain assets, such issuer must, subject to certaincustomary and agreed exceptions, offer to repurchase the applicable notes at par, or if a change of control (as specified in the applicable indenture)occurs, such issuer must offer to repurchase all of the relevant notes at a redemption price of 101%;•Our senior secured notes contain certain early redemption provisions including, for certain senior secured notes, the ability to, during each 12-monthperiod commencing on the issue date for such notes until the applicable call date, redeem up to 10% of the principal amount of the notes at aredemption price equal to 103% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest; and•Certain of our notes are non-callable. The remainder of our notes are non-callable prior to their respective call date (as specified under the applicableindenture). At any time prior to the applicable call date, we may redeem some or all of the applicable notes by paying a “make-whole” premium,which is the present value of all remaining scheduled interest payments to the applicable call date using the discount rate as of the redemption dateplus a premium (as specified in the applicable indenture). After the applicable call date, we may redeem some or all of these notes at variousredemption prices plus accrued interest and additional amounts (as specified in the applicable indenture), if any, to the applicable redemption date.II-111LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016SPE Notes. From time to time, we create special purpose financing entities (SPEs), most of which are 100% owned by third parties, for the primarypurpose of facilitating the offering of senior and senior secured notes, which we collectively refer to as the “SPE Notes.”The SPEs used the proceeds from the issuance of SPE Notes to fund term loan facilities under the credit facilities made available to their respectiveborrowing group (as further described below), each a “Funded Facility” and collectively the “Funded Facilities.” Each SPE is dependent on payments fromthe relevant borrowing entity under the applicable Funded Facility in order to service its payment obligations under each respective SPE Note. Each of theFunded Facility term loans creates a variable interest in the respective SPE for which the relevant borrowing entity is the primary beneficiary and areconsolidated by the relevant parent entities, including Liberty Global. As a result, the amounts outstanding under the Funded Facilities are eliminated in therespective borrowing group’s and Liberty Global’s consolidated financial statements. At December 31, 2018, we had outstanding SPE Notes issued byentities consolidated by (i) UPC Holding, collectively the “UPCB SPEs” and (ii) Telenet, collectively the “Telenet SPEs”.Pursuant to the respective indentures for the SPE Notes (the SPE Indentures) and the respective accession agreements for the Funded Facilities, the callprovisions, maturity and applicable interest rate for each Funded Facility are the same as those of the related SPE Notes. The SPEs, as lenders under therelevant Funded Facility for the relevant borrowing group, are treated the same as the other lenders under the respective credit facility, with benefits, rightsand protections similar to those afforded to the other lenders. Through the covenants in the applicable SPE Indentures and the applicable security interestsover (i) all of the issued shares of the relevant SPE and (ii) the relevant SPE’s rights under the applicable Funded Facility granted to secure the relevant SPE’sobligations under the relevant SPE Notes, the holders of the SPE Notes are provided indirectly with the benefits, rights, protections and covenants granted tothe SPEs as lenders under the applicable Funded Facility. The SPEs are prohibited from incurring any additional indebtedness, subject to certain exceptionsunder the SPE Indentures.The SPE Notes are non-callable prior to their respective call date (as specified under the applicable SPE Indenture). If, however, at any time prior to theapplicable SPE Notes call date, all or a portion of the loans under the related Funded Facility are voluntarily prepaid (a SPE Early Redemption Event), thenthe SPE will be required to redeem an aggregate principal amount of its respective SPE Notes equal to the aggregate principal amount of the loans prepaidunder the relevant Funded Facility. In general, the redemption price payable will equal 100% of the principal amount of the applicable SPE Notes to beredeemed and a “make-whole” premium, which is the present value of all remaining scheduled interest payments to the applicable SPE Notes call date usingthe discount rate (as specified in the applicable SPE Indenture) as of the redemption date plus a premium (as specified in the applicable SPE Indenture).Upon the occurrence of a SPE Early Redemption Event on or after the applicable SPE Notes call date, the SPE will redeem an aggregate principal amountof its respective SPE Notes equal to the principal amount of the related Funded Facility prepaid at a redemption price (expressed as a percentage of theprincipal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest and additional amounts (as specified in the applicable SPE Indenture), if any, to the applicableredemption date.Virgin Media - 2018 Financing TransactionsIn August 2018, Virgin Media redeemed (i) $190.0 million of the $530.0 million outstanding principal amount of the 6.375% 2023 VM Dollar SeniorNotes and (ii) in full the £250.0 million ($318.6 million) outstanding principal amount of the 7.0% 2023 VM Sterling Senior Notes. These transactions werefunded with a portion of the proceeds received by another Liberty Global subsidiary in connection with the sale of UPC Austria, as described in note 6. InOctober 2018, we used existing cash to redeem in full the $340.0 million outstanding principal amount of the 6.375% 2023 VM Dollar Senior Notes. Inconnection with these transactions, Virgin Media recognized a loss on debt modification and extinguishment of $36.4 million related to (a) the payment of$28.2 million of redemption premiums and (b) the write-off of $8.2 million of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts.II-112LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Virgin Media - 2017 and 2016 Financing TransactionsDuring 2017 and 2016, Virgin Media completed a number of financing transactions that generally resulted in lower interest rates and extendedmaturities. In connection with these transactions, Virgin Media recognized losses on debt modification and extinguishment of $67.5 million and $78.4million during 2017 and 2016, respectively. These losses include (i) the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts of $40.6 million and$25.8 million, respectively, (ii) the payment of redemption premiums of $32.6 million and $52.6 million, respectively, (iii) the write-off of $7.0 million ofunamortized premiums in 2017 and (iv) the payment of third-party costs of $1.3 million in 2017.UPC Holding - 2018 Financing TransactionsIn August 2018, UPC Holding (i) repaid $330.0 million of the $1,975.0 million outstanding principal amount under UPC Facility AR, which matures onJanuary 15, 2026, bears interest at a rate of LIBOR + 2.50% and is subject to a LIBOR floor of 0.0%, (ii) repaid in full the €500.0 million ($572.6 million)outstanding principal amount under UPC Facility AS, which bore interest at a rate of EURIBOR + 2.75%, and (iii) redeemed €60.0 million ($68.7 million) ofthe €600.0 million ($687.1 million) outstanding principal amount under UPC Facility AK, which matures on January 15, 2027 and bears interest at a rate of4.0%, together with accrued and unpaid interest and the related prepayment premiums, which was owed to UPCB Finance IV and, in turn, UPCB Finance IVused such proceeds to redeem €60.0 million of the €600.0 million outstanding principal amount of the UPCB Finance IV Euro Notes, whose terms areconsistent with UPC Facility AK. These transactions were funded with a portion of the proceeds received by another Liberty Global subsidiary in connectionwith the sale of UPC Austria, as described in note 6. In connection with these transactions, UPC Holding recognized a loss on debt modification andextinguishment of $8.9 million related to (a) the write-off of $6.9 million of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts and (b) the payment of $2.0million of redemption premiums.UPC Holding - 2017 and 2016 Financing TransactionsDuring 2017 and 2016, UPC Holding completed a number of financing transactions that generally resulted in lower interest rates and extendedmaturities. In connection with these transactions, UPC Holding recognized losses on debt modification and extinguishment of $112.1 million and $77.1million during 2017 and 2016, respectively. These losses include (i) the payment of redemption premiums of $84.3 million and $57.2 million, respectively,and (ii) the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts of $27.8 million and $19.9 million, respectively.Telenet - 2018 Financing TransactionsIn March 2018, Telenet used existing cash to prepay 10% of the €530.0 million ($607.0 million) outstanding principal amount under Telenet FacilityAB, which matures on July 15, 2027 and bears interest at a rate of 4.875%, together with accrued and unpaid interest and the related prepayment premiums,which was owed to Telenet Finance VI and, in turn, Telenet Finance VI used such proceeds to redeem 10% of the €530.0 million outstanding principalamount of the Telenet Finance VI Notes, whose terms are consistent with Telenet Facility AB. In connection with this transaction, Telenet recognized a losson debt modification and extinguishment of $2.6 million related to (i) the payment of $2.0 million of redemption premiums and (ii) the write-off of $0.6million of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts.In March 2018, commitments under Telenet Facility AL, which matures on March 1, 2026, bears interest at a rate of LIBOR + 2.50% and is subject to aLIBOR floor of 0.0%, were increased by $300.0 million (the Telenet Facility AL Add-on) with terms consistent to those of Telenet Facility AL. In April2018, Telenet drew the full $300.0 million of the Telenet Facility AL Add-on and used the net proceeds, together with existing cash, to prepay in full the€250.0 million ($286.3 million) outstanding principal amount under Telenet Facility V, which bore interest at a rate of 6.750%, together with accrued andunpaid interest and the related prepayment premiums, which was owed to Telenet Finance V and, in turn, Telenet Finance V used such proceeds to redeem infull the €250.0 million outstanding principal amount of the 6.750% Telenet Finance V Notes. In connection with this transaction, Telenet recognized a losson debt modification and extinguishment of $21.3 million related to (i) the payment of $17.3 million of redemption premiums and (ii) the write-off of $4.0million of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts.II-113LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016In May 2018, Telenet entered into (i) a $1,600.0 million term loan facility (Telenet Facility AN), which was issued at 99.875% of par, matures on August15, 2026, bears interest at a rate of LIBOR + 2.25% and is subject to a LIBOR floor of 0.0%, and (ii) a €730.0 million ($836.0 million) term loan facility(Telenet Facility AO), which was issued at 99.875% of par, matures on December 15, 2027, bears interest at a rate of EURIBOR + 2.50% and is subject to aEURIBOR floor of 0.0%. The net proceeds from Telenet Facility AN and Telenet Facility AO, together with existing cash, were used to prepay in full (a) the$1,300.0 million outstanding principal amount under Telenet Facility AL, (b) the $300.0 million outstanding principal amount under the Telenet Facility ALAdd-on and (c) the €730.0 million outstanding principal amount under Telenet Facility AM, which bore interest at a rate of EURIBOR + 2.75%. Inconnection with these transactions, Telenet recognized a loss on debt modification and extinguishment, of $7.6 million related to the write-off ofunamortized deferred financing costs and discounts.In August 2018, commitments under Telenet Facility AN and Telenet Facility AO were increased by $475.0 million (the Telenet Facility AN Add-on)and €205.0 million ($234.8 million) (the Telenet Facility AO Add-on), respectively. The Telenet Facility AN Add-on and the Telenet Facility AO Add-onwere issued at 98.5% and 98.0% of par, respectively. All other terms of the Telenet Facility AN Add-on and the Telenet Facility AO Add-on are consistentwith those of Telenet Facility AN and Telenet Facility AO, respectively. The Telenet Facility AN Add-on and the Telenet Facility AO Add-on were drawn inOctober 2018, and the net proceeds were used to make an aggregate dividend payment to Telenet shareholders (including Liberty Global) of €600.0 million($687.1 million).Telenet - 2017 and 2016 Financing TransactionsDuring 2017 and 2016, Telenet completed a number of financing transactions that generally resulted in lower interest rates and extended maturities. Inconnection with these transactions, Telenet recognized losses on debt modification and extinguishment of $75.7 million and $52.8 million during 2017 and2016, respectively. These losses include (i) the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts of $54.2 million and $33.8 million,respectively, and (ii) the payment of redemption premiums of $21.5 million and $19.0 million, respectively.Maturities of Debt and Capital Lease ObligationsMaturities of our debt and capital lease obligations as of December 31, 2018 are presented below for the named entity and its subsidiaries, unlessotherwise noted. Amounts presented below represent U.S. dollar equivalents based on December 31, 2018 exchange rates:Debt: Virgin Media UPCHolding (a) Telenet (b) Other Total in millionsYear ending December 31: 2019$2,454.2 $587.4 $440.9 $55.0 $3,537.5202015.7 24.3 16.9 212.9 269.820211,320.7 25.4 12.0 962.1 2,320.22022314.1 24.1 11.9 323.2 673.3202375.3 21.3 12.1 — 108.7Thereafter11,629.4 5,306.0 5,470.4 — 22,405.8Total debt maturities15,809.4 5,988.5 5,964.2 1,553.2 29,315.3Deferred financing costs, discounts and premiums, net(38.1) (39.3) (34.2) (19.8) (131.4)Total debt$15,771.3 $5,949.2 $5,930.0 $1,533.4 $29,183.9Current portion$2,454.2 $587.4 $440.9 $54.5 $3,537.0Noncurrent portion$13,317.1 $5,361.8 $5,489.1 $1,478.9 $25,646.9 II-114LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016_______________(a)Amounts include the UPCB SPE Notes issued by the UPCB SPEs. As described above, the UPCB SPEs are consolidated by UPC Holding and LibertyGlobal.(b)Amounts include the Telenet SPE Notes issued by the Telenet SPEs. As described above, the Telenet SPEs are consolidated by Telenet and LibertyGlobal.Capital lease obligations: Telenet Virgin Media UPC Holding Other Total in millionsYear ending December 31: 2019 $66.9 $12.3 $4.9 $17.3 $101.42020 82.3 9.3 6.1 9.6 107.32021 76.4 8.9 6.3 5.1 96.72022 76.1 11.2 4.1 3.1 94.52023 64.4 6.9 3.9 18.3 93.5Thereafter 277.6 172.8 13.6 — 464.0Total principal and interest payments 643.7 221.4 38.9 53.4 957.4Amounts representing interest (168.5) (152.3) (9.0) (6.3) (336.1)Present value of net minimum lease payments $475.2 $69.1 $29.9 $47.1 $621.3Current portion $52.6 $7.3 $3.0 $15.3 $78.2Noncurrent portion $422.6 $61.8 $26.9 $31.8 $543.1Non-cash Financing TransactionsA significant portion of our financing transactions include non-cash borrowings and repayments. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, non-cash borrowings andrepayments aggregated $2,583.3 million, $17,104.0 million and $8,939.5 million, respectively.II-115LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(12) Income TaxesLiberty Global files its primary income tax return in the U.K. Its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S., the U.K.and a number of other Europeanjurisdictions. The income taxes of Liberty Global and its subsidiaries are presented on a separate return basis for each tax-paying entity or group.The components of our earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions Belgium$392.4 $140.0 $13.7U.K.330.9 (991.3) 1,165.4The Netherlands(321.1)—(26.1)—169.6Switzerland318.8 111.6 273.9U.S.(51.6) (842.5) (873.0)Intercompany activity with discontinued operations(426.4) (499.9) (480.3)Other(81.2) (2.9) (26.0)Total$161.8 $(2,111.1) $243.3II-116LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Income tax benefit (expense) consists of: Current Deferred Total in millionsYear ended December 31, 2018: U.S. (a)$(957.5) $7.6 $(949.9)The Netherlands14.2 (519.4) (505.2)Belgium(153.9) 41.6 (112.3)U.K.(7.2) 32.2 25.0Switzerland(16.6) 6.2 (10.4)Other(14.2) (6.3) (20.5)Total$(1,135.2) $(438.1) $(1,573.3) Year ended December 31, 2017: The Netherlands$(16.2) $(118.2) $(134.4)U.K(3.3) (64.7) (68.0)Belgium(203.6) 145.4 (58.2)U.S. (a)47.2 (32.8) 14.4Switzerland(2.0) 15.6 13.6Other(14.4) 8.1 (6.3)Total$(192.3) $(46.6) $(238.9) Year ended December 31, 2016: The Netherlands$(0.3) $1,259.6 $1,259.3U.S. (a)146.8 90.2 237.0Belgium(105.0) 57.0 (48.0)Switzerland(48.4) 5.3 (43.1)U.K(12.3) 1.2 (11.1)Other(2.2) 15.1 12.9Total$(21.4) $1,428.4 $1,407.0_______________(a)Includes federal and state income taxes. Our U.S. state income taxes were not material during any of the years presented.II-117LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Income tax benefit (expense) attributable to our earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes differs from the amounts computed usingthe applicable income tax rate as a result of the following factors: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions Computed “expected” tax benefit (expense) (a)$(30.7) $406.4 $(48.7)Mandatory Repatriation Tax (b)(1,137.2) — —Basis and other differences in the treatment of items associated with investments in subsidiaries andaffiliates (c)(360.1) (192.6) (1.3)Non-deductible or non-taxable interest and other expenses(153.8) (42.8) 28.0Non-deductible or non-taxable foreign currency exchange results132.5 (233.8) 192.9Recognition of previously unrecognized tax benefits49.6 4.9 210.9Change in valuation allowances(34.9) (341.6) 778.1Enacted tax law and rate changes (d)(13.5) 7.4 (132.2)International rate differences (e)(3.5) 126.9 138.8Tax benefit associated with technologies innovation— 12.1 72.6Tax effect of intercompany financing— 2.4 161.6Other, net(21.7) 11.8 6.3Total income tax benefit (expense)$(1,573.3) $(238.9) $1,407.0_______________(a)The statutory or “expected” tax rates are the U.K. rates of 19% for 2018, 19.25% for 2017 and 20.00% for 2016. The 2017 statutory rate represents theblended rate that was in effect for the year ended December 31, 2017 based on the 20.0% statutory rate that was in effect for the first quarter of 2017and the 19.0% statutory rate that was in effect for the remainder of 2017.(b)As further discussed below, the liability we have recorded for the Mandatory Repatriation Tax (as defined and described below) is significantly lowerthan the amount included in our income tax expense due in part to the expected use of carryforward attributes in the U.S., all of which were subject tovaluation allowances prior to the initial recognition of the Mandatory Repatriation Tax during the first quarter of 2018.(c)These amounts reflect the net impact of differences in the treatment of income and loss items between financial reporting and tax accounting related toinvestments in subsidiaries and affiliates including the effects of foreign earnings.(d)On December 18, 2018, reductions in the corporate income tax rate in the Netherlands were enacted. The rate will be reduced from the current rate of25.0% to 22.5% in 2020 and 20.5% in 2021. Substantially all of the impacts of these rate changes in the Netherlands on our deferred tax balances wererecorded during the fourth quarter of 2018. In 2017, a Belgian income tax rate reduction was signed into law. The Belgian statutory tax rate decreasedfrom 33.9% to 29.58% beginning in 2018, and in 2020, this rate will further decrease to 25.0%. Also in 2017, the U.S. corporate income tax rate wasreduced from 35.0% to 21.0% effective beginning in 2018. Substantially all of the impacts of the tax rate changes in Belgium and the U.S. on ourdeferred tax balances were recorded during the fourth quarter of 2017. During the third quarter of 2016, the U.K. enacted legislation that will reducethe corporate income tax rate in April 2020 to 17.0%. Substantially all of the impact of this rate change on our deferred tax balances was recordedduring the third quarter of 2016.(e)Amounts reflect adjustments (either a benefit or expense) to the “expected” tax benefit (expense) for statutory rates in jurisdictions in which we operateoutside of the U.K.II-118LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The components of our net deferred tax assets are as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 in millions Deferred tax assets$2,488.2 $3,133.1Deferred tax liabilities (a)(232.9) (225.5)Net deferred tax asset$2,255.3 $2,907.6_______________ (a)Our deferred tax liabilities are included in other long-term liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below: December 31, 2018 2017 in millionsDeferred tax assets: Net operating loss and other carryforwards$4,289.8 $5,074.2Property and equipment, net1,923.4 2,064.2Debt322.9 544.1Investments156.2 97.0Share-based compensation79.5 71.7Derivative instruments72.5 155.8Intangible assets14.8 44.7Other future deductible amounts161.3 87.2Deferred tax assets7,020.4 8,138.9Valuation allowance(4,094.7) (4,244.7)Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance2,925.7 3,894.2Deferred tax liabilities: Intangible assets(193.8) (298.3)Deferred revenue(178.9) (229.8)Property and equipment, net(167.4) (212.4)Investments (including consolidated partnerships)(0.8) (130.3)Other future taxable amounts(129.5) (115.8)Deferred tax liabilities(670.4) (986.6)Net deferred tax asset$2,255.3 $2,907.6Our deferred income tax valuation allowance decreased $150.0 million in 2018. This decrease reflects the net effect of (i) foreign currency translationadjustments, (ii) decreases associated with reductions in deferred tax assets, (iii) the effect of enacted tax law and rate changes, (iv) the net tax expense of$34.9 million and (v) other individually insignificant items.Virgin Media had property and equipment on which future U.K. tax deductions can be claimed of $18.1 billion and $19.4 billion at December 31, 2018and 2017, respectively. The maximum amount of these “capital allowances” that can be claimed in any one year is 18% of the remaining balance, afteradditions, disposals and prior claims. The tax effects of the excess of these capital allowances over the related financial reporting bases are included in the2018 and 2017 deferred tax assets related to property and equipment, net, in the above table.II-119LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The significant components of our tax loss carryforwards and related tax assets at December 31, 2018 are as follows: Country Tax losscarryforward Relatedtax asset Expirationdate in millions U.K.: Amount attributable to capital losses$15,426.3 $2,622.5 IndefiniteAmount attributable to net operating losses1,025.6 174.3 IndefiniteThe Netherlands3,923.1 842.5 2019-2027Belgium1,288.9 324.1 IndefiniteIreland708.5 88.8 IndefiniteFrance544.5 157.5 IndefiniteU.S.382.3 16.8 VariousOther245.6 63.3 VariousTotal$23,544.8 $4,289.8 Our tax loss carryforwards within each jurisdiction combine all companies’ tax losses (both capital and ordinary losses) in that jurisdiction, however,certain tax jurisdictions limit the ability to offset taxable income of a separate company or different tax group with the tax losses associated with anotherseparate company or group. Further, tax jurisdictions restrict the type of taxable income that the above losses are able to offset. The majority of the tax lossesshown in the above table are not expected to be realized, including certain losses that are limited in use due to change in control or same business tests.We have taxable outside basis differences on certain investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries. For this purpose, the outside basis difference is any differencebetween the aggregate tax basis in the equity of a consolidated subsidiary and the corresponding amount of the subsidiary’s net equity, including cumulativetranslation adjustments, as determined for financial reporting purposes. This outside basis difference does not include unremitted earnings. At December 31,2018, we have not provided deferred tax liabilities on an estimated $5.9 billion of cumulative temporary differences on the outside bases of our non-U.S.subsidiaries.Through our subsidiaries, we maintain a presence in many countries. Many of these countries maintain highly complex tax regimes that differsignificantly from the system of income taxation used in the U.K. and the U.S. We have accounted for the effect of these taxes based on what we believe isreasonably expected to apply to us and our subsidiaries based on tax laws currently in effect and reasonable interpretations of these laws.The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the 2017 U.S. Tax Act) was signed into U.S. law on December 22, 2017. Significant changes to the U.S. income tax regimeinclude the imposition of taxes on a one-time deemed mandatory repatriation of earnings and profits of foreign corporations (the Mandatory RepatriationTax) and a new tax on global intangible low-taxed income (the GILTI Tax).The Mandatory Repatriation Tax requires that the aggregate post-1986 earnings and profits of our foreign corporations be included in our U.S. taxableincome. The one-time repatriation of undistributed foreign earnings and profits is then taxed at a rate of 15.5% for cash earnings and 8% for non-cashearnings, both as defined in the 2017 U.S. Tax Act, and is payable, interest free, over an eight year period according to a prescribed payment schedule with45% of the tax due in the last two years. At December 31, 2018, we have recorded a liability for the Mandatory Repatriation Tax of $293.3 million afterconsidering the expected use of carryforward tax attributes and other filing positions.The GILTI Tax will require our U.S. subsidiaries that are shareholders in foreign corporations to include in their taxable income for each year beginningafter December 31, 2018, their pro rata share of global intangible low-taxed income. The GILTI Tax is calculated as the excess of the net foreign corporationincome over a deemed return. The GILTI Tax is reported as a period cost when it is incurred. We and our subsidiaries file consolidated and standalone income tax returns in various jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, our income taxfilings are subject to review by various taxing authorities. In connection with such reviews, disputes could arise with the taxing authorities over theinterpretation or application of certain income tax rules related to our business inII-120LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016that tax jurisdiction. Such disputes may result in future tax and interest and penalty assessments by these taxing authorities. The ultimate resolution of taxcontingencies will take place upon the earlier of (i) the settlement date with the applicable taxing authorities in either cash or agreement of income taxpositions or (ii) the date when the tax authorities are statutorily prohibited from adjusting the company’s tax computations.In general, tax returns filed by our company or our subsidiaries for years prior to 2009 are no longer subject to examination by tax authorities. Certain ofour subsidiaries are currently involved in income tax examinations in various jurisdictions in which we operate, including Belgium, the Netherlands, and theU.S. Except as noted below, any adjustments that might arise from the foregoing examinations are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidatedfinancial position or results of operations. In the U.S., we have received notices of adjustment from the Internal Revenue Service with respect to our 2010 and2009 income tax returns, and have entered into the appeals process with respect to the 2010 and 2009 matters. While we believe that the ultimate resolutionof these proposed adjustments will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, no assurance can begiven that this will be the case given the amounts involved and the complex nature of the related issues. The changes in our unrecognized tax benefits are summarized below: 2018 2017 2016 in millions Balance at January 1$350.4 $217.0 $486.8Additions for tax positions of prior years457.4 138.8 2.0Additions based on tax positions related to the current year180.0 4.5 5.6Reductions for tax positions of prior years(117.9) (20.4) (183.5)Foreign currency translation(8.5) 14.1 (2.1)Lapse of statute of limitations(3.6) — (78.3)Settlements with tax authorities— (3.6) (13.5)Balance at December 31$857.8 $350.4 $217.0No assurance can be given that any of these tax benefits will be recognized or realized.As of December 31, 2018, our unrecognized tax benefits included $759.8 million of tax benefits that would have a favorable impact on our effectiveincome tax rate if ultimately recognized, after considering amounts that we would expect to be offset by valuation allowances and other factors.During 2019, it is reasonably possible that the resolution of ongoing examinations by tax authorities, as well as expiration of statutes of limitation, couldresult in reductions to our unrecognized tax benefits related to tax positions taken as of December 31, 2018. The amount of any such reductions could rangeup to $225 million, all of which would have a positive impact on our effective tax rate. Other than the potential impacts of these ongoing examinations andthe expected expiration of certain statutes of limitation, we do not expect any material changes to our unrecognized tax benefits during 2019. No assurancecan be given as to the nature or impact of any changes in our unrecognized tax positions during 2019.During 2018, 2017 and 2016, the income tax benefit (expense) of our continuing operations includes net income tax benefit (expense) of ($58.9million), ($5.5 million) and $30.9 million, respectively, representing the net benefit (accrual) of interest and penalties during the period. Our other long-termliabilities include accrued interest and penalties of $94.0 million at December 31, 2018.II-121LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(13) EquityCapitalizationAt December 31, 2018, our authorized share capital consisted of an aggregate nominal amount of $20.0 million, consisting of any of the following: (i)ordinary shares (Class A, B or C), each with a nominal value of $0.01 per share, (ii) preference shares, with a nominal value to be determined by the board ofdirectors, the issuance of one or more classes or series of which may be authorized by the board of directors, and (iii) any other shares of one or more classes asmay be determined by the board of directors or by the shareholders of Liberty Global. For the period beginning July 1, 2015 through the December 29, 2017completion of the Split-off Transaction, our share capital included (a) our Class A, Class B and Class C Liberty Global ordinary shares (collectively referredto herein as “Liberty Global Shares”) and (b) our LiLAC Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares (collectively referred to herein as “LiLAC Shares”).The LiLAC Shares were tracking shares intended to track the economic performance of the LiLAC Group. Pursuant to the Split-off Transaction, the LiLACShares were redesignated as deferred shares (which had virtually no economic rights), transferred to a third party and cancelled.Under Liberty Global’s Articles of Association, effective July 1, 2015, holders of Liberty Global Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for eachsuch share held, and holders of Liberty Global Class B ordinary shares are entitled to 10 votes for each such share held, on all matters submitted to a vote ofLiberty Global shareholders at any general meeting (annual or special). Holders of Liberty Global Class C ordinary shares are not entitled to any votingpowers except as required by law.At the option of the holder, each Liberty Global Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Liberty Global Class A ordinary share. One Liberty GlobalClass A ordinary share is reserved for issuance for each Liberty Global Class B ordinary share that is issued (11,099,593 shares issued as of December 31,2018). Additionally, at December 31, 2018, we have reserved the following ordinary shares for the issuance of outstanding share-based compensation awards: Class A (a) Class C (a) Options580,254 2,667,506SARs15,308,562 34,401,980PSUs and RSUs3,487,018 6,976,788_______________(a)Includes share-based compensation awards held by former employees of Liberty Global that became employees of Liberty Latin America as a result ofthe Split-off Transaction. For additional information, see note 14.Subject to any preferential rights of any outstanding class of our preference shares, the holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to dividends as may bedeclared from time to time by our board of directors from funds available therefore. Except with respect to share distributions, whenever a dividend is paid incash to the holder of one class of our ordinary shares, we shall also pay to the holders of the other classes of our ordinary shares an equal per share dividend.There are currently no contractual restrictions on our ability to pay dividends in cash or shares.In the event of our liquidation, dissolution and winding up, after payment or provision for payment of our debts and liabilities and subject to the priorpayment in full of any preferential amounts to which our preference shareholders, if any, may be entitled, the holders of our ordinary shares will be entitled toreceive their proportionate interests, expressed in liquidation units, in any assets available for distribution to our ordinary shares.II-122LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016A summary of the changes in our share capital during 2017 and 2016 is set forth in the table below: Liberty Global Shares LiLAC Shares (a) Class A Class B Class C Total Class A Class B Class C Total in millions Balance at January 1, 2016$2.5 $0.1 $5.9 $8.5 $0.1 $— $0.3 $0.4Impact of the C&W Acquisition0.3 — 0.8 1.1 — — 0.1 0.1Repurchase and cancellation of LibertyGlobal Shares(0.3) — (0.3) (0.6) — — — —Impact of the LiLAC Distribution— — — — 0.4 — 0.8 1.2Other— — (0.1) (0.1) — — — —Balance at December 31, 20162.50.16.3 8.90.5—1.2 1.7Impact of the Split-off Transaction— — — — (0.5) — (1.2) (1.7)Repurchase and cancellation of LibertyGlobal Shares(0.3) — (0.5) (0.8) — — — —Balance at December 31, 2017$2.2 $0.1 $5.8 $8.1 $— $— $— $—_______________(a)In connection with the Split-off Transaction, the LiLAC Shares were redesignated as deferred shares (with virtually no economic rights), transferred to athird party and cancelled. For additional information regarding the Split-off Transaction, see note 6.Share Repurchase ProgramsAs a U.K. incorporated company, we may only elect to repurchase shares or pay dividends to the extent of our “Distributable Reserves.” DistributableReserves, which are not linked to a U.S. GAAP reported amount, may be created through the earnings of the U.K. parent company and, among other methods,through a reduction in share premium approved by the English Companies Court. Based on the amounts set forth in our 2017 U.K. Companies Act Reportdated May 1, 2018, which are our most recent “Relevant Accounts” for the purposes of determining our Distributable Reserves under U.K. law, ourDistributable Reserves were $22.7 billion as of December 31, 2017. This amount does not reflect earnings, share repurchases or other activity that occurred in2018, each of which impacts the amount of our Distributable Reserves.Our board of directors has approved share repurchase programs for our Liberty Global Shares. In addition, from November 2016 through the completionof the Split-off Transaction, we were authorized to repurchase our LiLAC Shares. Under these plans, we receive authorization to acquire up to the specifiedamount (before direct acquisition costs) of Class A and Class C Liberty Global Shares or LiLAC Shares, or other authorized securities, from time to timethrough open market or privately negotiated transactions, which may include derivative transactions. The timing of the repurchase of shares or othersecurities pursuant to our equity repurchase programs, which may be suspended or discontinued at any time, is dependent on a variety of factors, includingmarket conditions. In July 2018, our board of directors authorized an additional $500.0 million of share repurchases through July 2019. At December 31,2018, the remaining amount authorized for share repurchases was $566.2 million.II-123LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The following table provides details of our share repurchases during 2018, 2017 and 2016: Class A ordinary shares Class C ordinary shares Sharesrepurchased Average pricepaid per share (a) Sharesrepurchased Average pricepaid per share (a) Total cost (a) in millionsLiberty Global Shares: 201815,649,900 $29.67 54,211,059 $28.51 $2,010.0201734,881,510 $33.73 52,523,651 $32.71 $2,894.7201632,387,722 $32.26 31,557,089 $32.43 $2,068.0 LiLAC Shares: 20172,062,233 $22.84 285,572 $22.25 $53.52016720,800 $20.65 313,647 $21.19 $21.5_______________(a)Includes direct acquisition costs, where applicable.Subsidiary DistributionsFrom time to time, Telenet and certain other of our subsidiaries make cash distributions to their respective shareholders. Our share of these distributionsis eliminated in consolidation and the noncontrolling interest owners’ share of these distributions is reflected as a charge against noncontrolling interests inour consolidated statements of equity. In this regard, in August 2018, Telenet declared a €600.0 million dividend to its shareholders. Our share of thisdividend, which was financed with additional borrowings under the Telenet Credit Facility and paid on October 4, 2018, was €351.6 million ($404.8 millionat the payment date).Restricted Net AssetsThe ability of certain of our subsidiaries to distribute or loan all or a portion of their net assets to our company is limited by the terms of applicable debtfacilities. At December 31, 2018, substantially all of our net assets represented net assets of our subsidiaries that were subject to such limitations.II-124LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(14) Share-based CompensationOur share-based compensation expense primarily relates to the share-based incentive awards issued by Liberty Global to its employees and employees ofits subsidiaries. A summary of our aggregate share-based compensation expense is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millionsLiberty Global: Performance-based incentive awards (a)$50.8 $23.9 $150.6Non-performance based share-based incentive awards90.1 93.8 96.4Other (b)43.4 13.7 —Total Liberty Global184.3131.4 247.0Telenet share-based incentive awards (c)19.6 20.7 12.2Other2.1 10.1 8.9Total$206.0$162.2 $268.1Included in: Other operating expenses$4.4$4.7 $3.4SG&A expenses201.6 157.5 264.7Total$206.0 $162.2 $268.1_______________(a)Includes share-based compensation expense related to (i) PSUs, (ii) in 2016, a challenge performance award plan for certain executive officers and keyemployees (the Challenge Performance Awards) and (iii) through March 2017, the PGUs held by our Chief Executive Officer. The ChallengePerformance Awards included PSARs and PSUs.(b)Represents annual incentive compensation and defined contribution plan liabilities that have been or are expected to be settled with Liberty Globalordinary shares. In the case of the annual incentive compensation, shares will be issued to senior management and key employees pursuant to ashareholding incentive program that was implemented in the fourth quarter of 2017. The shareholding incentive program allows these employees toelect to receive up to 100% of their annual incentive compensation in ordinary shares of Liberty Global in lieu of cash.(c)Represents the share-based compensation expense associated with Telenet’s share-based incentive awards, which, at December 31, 2018, includedperformance- and non-performance-based stock option awards with respect to 4,494,002 Telenet shares. These stock option awards had a weightedaverage exercise price of €42.50 ($48.67).As of December 31, 2018, $246.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to our Liberty Global share-based compensation awards isexpected to be recognized by our company over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.1 years.II-125LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The following table summarizes certain information related to the share-based incentive awards granted and exercised with respect to Liberty Globalordinary shares (includes amounts related to awards held by employees of our discontinued operations, unless otherwise noted): Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Assumptions used to estimate fair value of options, SARs and PSARs granted: Risk-free interest rate2.68 - 2.92% 1.66 - 2.16% 0.88 - 1.49%Expected life3.0 - 4.2 years 3.0 - 6.4 years 3.1 - 5.5 yearsExpected volatility30.2 - 33.6% 25.9 - 37.9% 27.4 - 42.9%Expected dividend yieldnone none noneWeighted average grant-date fair value per share of awards granted: Options$8.99 $9.40 $10.40SARs$7.92 $8.60 $8.60RSUs$28.72 $31.24 $36.67PSUs$23.60 $26.59 $33.97Total intrinsic value of awards exercised (in millions): Options$3.8 $13.4 $16.9SARs and PSARs$22.5 $74.8 $42.9Cash received from exercise of options (in millions)$5.7 $11.7 $17.4Income tax benefit related to share-based compensation of our continuing operations (inmillions)$18.6 $9.8 $51.1Share Incentive Plans — Liberty Global Ordinary SharesIncentive PlansAs of December 31, 2018, we are authorized to grant incentive awards under the Liberty Global 2014 Incentive Plan and the Liberty Global 2014Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan. Generally, we may grant non-qualified share options, SARs, restricted shares, RSUs, cash awards, performance awardsor any combination of the foregoing under either of these incentive plans (collectively, awards). Ordinary shares issuable pursuant to awards made underthese incentive plans will be made available from either authorized but unissued shares or shares that have been issued but reacquired by our company.Awards may be granted at or above fair value in any class of ordinary shares. The maximum number of Liberty Global ordinary shares with respect to whichawards may be issued under the Liberty Global 2014 Incentive Plan and the Liberty Global 2014 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan is 105 million (ofwhich no more than 50.25 million shares may consist of Class B ordinary shares) and 10.5 million, respectively, in each case, subject to anti-dilution andother adjustment provisions in the respective plan. As of December 31, 2018, the Liberty Global 2014 Incentive Plan and the Liberty Global 2014Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan had 46,220,904 and 9,108,222 ordinary shares available for grant, respectively.Awards (other than performance-based awards) under the Liberty Global 2014 Incentive Plan generally (i) vest 12.5% on the six month anniversary of thegrant date and then vest at a rate of 6.25% each quarter thereafter and (ii) expire seven years after the grant date. Awards (other than RSUs) issued under theLiberty Global 2014 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan generally vest in three equal annual installments, provided the director continues to serve asdirector immediately prior to the vesting date, and expire seven years after the grant date. RSUs vest on the date of the first annual general meeting ofshareholders following the grant date. These awards may be granted at or above fair value in any class of ordinary shares.II-126LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Performance AwardsThe following is a summary of the material terms and conditions with respect to our performance-based awards for certain executive officers and keyemployees.Liberty Global PSUsIn March 2015, our compensation committee approved the grant of PSUs to executive officers and key employees (the 2015 PSUs). The performanceplan for the 2015 PSUs covered a two-year period that ended on December 31, 2016 and included a performance target based on the achievement of aspecified compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in a consolidated Adjusted OIBDA metric (as defined in note 19). The performance target was adjusted forevents such as acquisitions, dispositions and changes in foreign currency exchange rates that affect comparability (Adjusted OIBDA CAGR), and theparticipant’s annual performance ratings during the two-year performance period. Participants earned 99.5% of their targeted awards under the 2015 PSUs,which vested 50% on each of April 1 and October 1 of 2017.In February 2016, our compensation committee approved the grant of PSUs to executive officers and key employees (the 2016 PSUs) pursuant to aperformance plan that is based on the achievement of a specified Adjusted OIBDA CAGR during the three-year period ending December 31, 2018. The 2016PSUs, as adjusted through the 2017 Award Modification, require delivery of compound annual growth rates of consolidated Adjusted OIBDA CAGR of 6.0%during the three-year performance period for Liberty Global or Liberty Latin America depending on the respective class of shares underlying the award, withover- and under-performance payout opportunities should the Adjusted OIBDA CAGR exceed or fail to meet the target, as applicable. The performancepayout may be adjusted at the compensation committee’s discretion for events that may affect comparability, such as changes in foreign currency exchangerates and accounting principles or policies. The 2016 PSUs will vest 50% on each of April 1, 2019 and October 1, 2019.During 2018, the compensation committee of our board of directors approved the grant of PSUs to executive officers and key employees (the 2018 PSUs)pursuant to a performance plan that is based on the achievement of a specified Adjusted OIBDA CAGR during the two-year period ending December 31,2019. The 2018 PSUs include over- and under-performance payout opportunities should the Adjusted OIBDA CAGR exceed or fail to meet the target, asapplicable. A performance range of 50% to 125% of the target Adjusted OIBDA CAGR will generally result in award recipients earning 50% to 150% of theirtarget 2018 PSUs, subject to reduction or forfeiture based on individual performance. The earned 2018 PSUs will vest 50% on April 1, 2020 and 50% onOctober 1, 2020. The target Adjusted OIBDA CAGR for the 2018 PSUs was determined on October 26, 2018 and, accordingly, associated compensationexpense has been recognized prospectively from that date.Liberty Global Performance Grant AwardEffective April 30, 2014, our compensation committee authorized the grant of PGUs to our Chief Executive Officer, comprising a total of one millionPGUs with respect to our then outstanding Liberty Global Class A ordinary shares and one million PGUs with respect to our then outstanding Liberty GlobalClass B ordinary shares. The PGUs, which were subject to a performance condition that was achieved in 2014, vested in three equal annual installmentsbeginning on March 15, 2015. Our Chief Executive Officer also received 41,589 PGUs with respect to each Class A and Class B LiLAC Shares as a result ofthe LiLAC Distribution in 2016 and 33,333 PGUs with respect to each Class A and Class B LiLAC Shares as a result of the impact of the July 1, 2015distribution of LiLAC Shares in 2015. As of March 31, 2017, all PGUs were fully vested.Liberty Global Challenge Performance AwardsEffective June 24, 2013, our compensation committee approved the Challenge Performance Awards, which consisted solely of PSARs for our seniorexecutive officers and a combination of PSARs and PSUs for our other executive officers and key employees. Each PSU represented the right to receive oneLiberty Global or LiLAC Class A or Class C ordinary share, as applicable. The performance criteria for the Challenge Performance Awards was based on theparticipant’s performance and achievement of individual goals in each of the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. As a result of satisfying performance conditions,100% of the then outstanding Challenge Performance Awards vested and became fully exercisable on June 24, 2016. The PSARs have a term of seven yearsand base prices equal to the respective market closing prices of the applicable class on the grant date.II-127LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Share-based Award Activity — Liberty Global Ordinary SharesThe following tables summarize the share-based award activity during 2018 with respect to awards issued by Liberty Global:Options — Class A ordinary shares Number ofawards Weightedaverageexercise price Weightedaverageremainingcontractualterm Aggregateintrinsic value in years in millionsOutstanding at January 1, 2018 580,481 $25.54 Granted 71,469 $30.14 Forfeited (1,713) $22.43 Exercised (69,983) $13.97 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 580,254 $27.51 3.7 $1.4Exercisable at December 31, 2018 417,608 $26.26 2.9 $1.4Options — Class C ordinary shares Number ofawards Weightedaverageexercise price Weightedaverageremainingcontractualterm Aggregateintrinsic value in years in millionsOutstanding at January 1, 2018 2,725,566 $25.58 Granted 770,691 $24.82 Forfeited (591,662) $30.07 Exercised (237,089) $17.49 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 2,667,506 $25.09 2.9 $3.9Exercisable at December 31, 2018 2,161,408 $24.16 2.3 $3.9SARs — Class A ordinary shares Number of awards Weightedaveragebase price Weightedaverageremainingcontractualterm Aggregateintrinsic value in years in millionsOutstanding at January 1, 2018 13,524,075 $32.72 Granted 3,286,731 $29.81 Forfeited (898,390) $34.77 Exercised (603,854) $21.75 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 15,308,562 $32.41 3.7 $0.7Exercisable at December 31, 2018 9,837,206 $32.38 2.7 $0.7II-128LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016SARs — Class C ordinary shares Number of awards Weightedaveragebase price Weightedaverageremainingcontractualterm Aggregateintrinsic value in years in millionsOutstanding at January 1, 2018 31,305,136 $30.60 Granted 6,573,462 $28.86 Forfeited (1,797,629) $33.54 Exercised (1,678,989) $20.35 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 34,401,980 $30.61 3.5 $2.2Exercisable at December 31, 2018 23,452,476 $30.21 2.4 $2.2RSUs — Class A ordinary shares Number ofawards Weightedaveragegrant-datefair valueper share Weightedaverageremainingcontractualterm in yearsOutstanding at January 1, 2018 511,061 $35.81 Granted 370,355 $29.36 Forfeited (59,319) $35.04 Released from restrictions (239,723) $35.66 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 582,374 $31.85 2.4RSUs — Class C ordinary shares Number ofawards Weightedaveragegrant-datefair valueper share Weightedaverageremainingcontractualterm in yearsOutstanding at January 1, 2018 1,007,313 $34.60 Granted 740,710 $28.40 Forfeited (118,764) $28.17 Released from restrictions (466,908) $35.33 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 1,162,351 $31.02 2.4PSUs — Class A ordinary shares Number ofawards Weightedaveragegrant-datefair valueper share Weightedaverageremainingcontractualterm in yearsOutstanding at January 1, 2018 1,934,795 $31.00 Granted 1,177,392 $24.01 Forfeited (206,110) $30.20 Released from restrictions (1,433) $37.45 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 2,904,644 $28.22 1.2II-129LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016PSUs — Class C ordinary shares Number ofawards Weightedaveragegrant-datefair valueper share Weightedaverageremainingcontractualterm in yearsOutstanding at January 1, 2018 3,875,732 $30.01 Granted 2,354,784 $23.39 Forfeited (413,213) $29.21 Released from restrictions (2,866) $36.32 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 5,814,437 $27.39 1.2Share-based Award Activity — Liberty Global Ordinary Shares Held by Former Liberty Global EmployeesThe following tables summarize the share-based awards issued by Liberty Global held by former employees of the company that became employees ofLiberty Latin America as a result of the Split-off Transaction. We do not recognize share-based compensation expense with respect to these awards. Number of awards Weighted Averageexercise or baseprice WeightedAverageremainingcontractualterm Aggregateintrinsic valueOptions and SARs: Class A Outstanding 1,198,985 $32.74 2.9 $0.1Exercisable 1,017,362 $32.26 2.6 $0.1Class C Outstanding 2,819,203 $30.54 2.7 $0.3Exercisable 2,455,257 $29.98 2.4 $0.3 Number ofawards Weighted Averagegrant date fairvalue per share WeightedAverageremainingcontractual termOutstanding RSUs and PSUs: Class A RSUs 9,426 $36.73 1.4PSUs 172,429 $30.29 0.8Class C RSUs 18,882 $36.44 1.4PSUs 345,210 $29.32 0.8II-130LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(15) Restructuring LiabilitiesA summary of changes in our restructuring liabilities during 2018 is set forth in the table below: Employeeseveranceandtermination Officeclosures Contracttermination Total in millions Restructuring liability as of January 1, 2018$11.3 $9.5 $16.5 $37.3Restructuring charges42.2 5.5 48.7 96.4Cash paid(35.5) (6.0) (44.7) (86.2)Foreign currency translation adjustments and other(3.3) (0.5) (2.6) (6.4)Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2018$14.7 $8.5 $17.9 $41.1 Current portion$13.3 $4.5 $8.4 $26.2Noncurrent portion1.4 4.0 9.5 14.9Total$14.7 $8.5 $17.9 $41.1Our restructuring charges during 2018 included (i) $40.5 million of costs in Belgium attributed to the migration of Telenet’s mobile subscribers from anMVNO arrangement to Telenet’s mobile network and (ii) employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization and integrationactivities of $23.7 million in U.K./Ireland and $14.2 million in Central and Corporate.In connection with the BASE Acquisition, Telenet acquired BASE's mobile network in Belgium. As a result, Telenet migrated its mobile subscribers froman MVNO arrangement to the BASE mobile network. In March 2018, Telenet completed this migration and recorded the costs associated with meeting itsminimum guarantee commitment under the MVNO agreement as a restructuring charge. Telenet’s MVNO agreement expired at the end of 2018.A summary of changes in our restructuring liabilities during 2017 is set forth in the table below: Employeeseveranceandtermination Officeclosures Contracttermination Total in millions Restructuring liability as of January 1, 2017$23.0 $7.1 $31.7 $61.8Restructuring charges35.2 8.3 4.9 48.4Cash paid(50.0) (6.8) (22.2) (79.0)Foreign currency translation adjustments and other3.1 0.9 2.1 6.1Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2017$11.3 $9.5 $16.5 $37.3 Current portion$9.9 $4.4 $4.6 $18.9Noncurrent portion1.4 5.1 11.9 18.4Total$11.3 $9.5 $16.5 $37.3Our restructuring charges during 2017 included employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization and integration activities of$20.1 million in U.K./Ireland and $10.0 million in Central and Corporate.II-131LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016A summary of changes in our restructuring liabilities during 2016 is set forth in the table below: Employeeseveranceandtermination Officeclosures Contracttermination Total in millions Restructuring liability as of January 1, 2016$59.2 $7.3 $42.0 $108.5Restructuring charges62.8 3.2 24.2 90.2Cash paid(69.9) (2.6) (34.7) (107.2)BASE liabilities at acquisition date— — 1.3 1.3Disposal (a)(28.1) (0.5) — (28.6)Foreign currency translation adjustments(1.0) (0.3) (1.1) (2.4)Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2016$23.0 $7.1 $31.7 $61.8 Current portion$21.6 $2.0 $19.7 $43.3Noncurrent portion1.4 5.1 12.0 18.5Total$23.0 $7.1 $31.7 $61.8_______________(a)Represents restructuring liabilities associated with VodafoneZiggo Holding.Our restructuring charges during 2016 included employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization and integration activities of$26.1 million in U.K./Ireland, $20.4 million in Central and Corporate and $10.8 million in the Netherlands. Central and Corporate also incurred contracttermination charges of $22.7 million during 2016.(16) Defined Benefit PlansCertain of our subsidiaries maintain various funded and unfunded defined benefit plans for their employees. A significant portion of these definedbenefit plans are closed to new entrants and existing participants do not accrue any additional benefits.The table below provides summary information on the defined benefit plans: December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions Fair value of plan assets (a)$1,305.0 $1,412.2 $1,198.7Projected benefit obligation$1,217.5 $1,335.4 $1,205.1Net asset (liability)$87.5 $76.8 $(6.4)_______________ (a)The fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2018 includes $918.3 million, $137.6 million and $249.1 million of assets that are valued based on Level1, Level 2 and Level 3 inputs, respectively, of the fair value hierarchy (as further described in note 9). Our plan assets comprise investments in debtsecurities, equity securities, hedge funds, insurance contracts and certain other assets.Our net periodic pension cost was $7.4 million, $4.0 million and $9.7 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, including $24.4 million, $22.2million and $23.0 million, respectively, representing the service cost component. The 2018 andII-132LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 20162016 amounts exclude aggregate curtailment gains of $1.1 million and $1.4 million, respectively, which are included in impairment, restructuring and otheroperating items, net, in our consolidated statements of operations.During 2018, our subsidiaries’ contributions to their respective defined benefit plans aggregated $50.6 million. Based on December 31, 2018 exchangerates and information available as of that date, we expect this amount to be $26.1 million in 2019.(17) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss) included in our consolidated balance sheets and statements of equity reflect the aggregate impact offoreign currency translation adjustments and pension-related adjustments and other. The changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensiveearnings (loss), net of taxes, are summarized as follows: Liberty Global shareholders Foreigncurrencytranslationadjustments Pension-related adjustmentsand other Accumulatedothercomprehensiveearnings (loss) Noncontrollinginterests Totalaccumulatedothercomprehensiveearnings (loss) in millions Balance at January 1, 2016$979.2 $(83.3) $895.9 $(2.8) $893.1Other comprehensive loss(1,251.8) (16.5) (1,268.3) (3.1) (1,271.4)Balance at December 31, 2016(272.6) (99.8) (372.4) (5.9) (378.3)Other comprehensive earnings1,942.8 0.3 1,943.1 1.7 1,944.8Impact of the Split-off Transaction56.4 28.9 85.3 — 85.3Balance at December 31, 20171,726.6 (70.6) 1,656.0 (4.2) 1,651.8Other comprehensive loss(1,007.3) (16.9) (1,024.2) 0.2 (1,024.0)Balance at December 31, 2018$719.3 $(87.5) $631.8 $(4.0) $627.8II-133LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The components of other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of taxes, are reflected in our consolidated statements of comprehensive earnings (loss). Thefollowing table summarizes the tax effects related to each component of other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of amounts reclassified to our consolidatedstatements of operations: Pre-taxamount Tax benefit(expense) Net-of-taxamount in millionsYear ended December 31, 2018: Foreign currency translation adjustments $(897.9) $— $(897.9)Pension-related adjustments and other (24.4) 4.4 (20.0)Other comprehensive loss from continuing operations (922.3) 4.4 (917.9)Other comprehensive loss from discontinued operations (a) (105.9) (0.2) (106.1)Other comprehensive loss (1,028.2) 4.2 (1,024.0)Other comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (b) (0.3) 0.1 (0.2)Other comprehensive loss attributable to Liberty Global shareholders $(1,028.5) $4.3 $(1,024.2) Year ended December 31, 2017: Foreign currency translation adjustments $1,898.7 $— $1,898.7Pension-related adjustments and other 17.6 (1.9) 15.7Other comprehensive earnings from continuing operations 1,916.3 (1.9) 1,914.4Other comprehensive earnings from discontinued operations 30.1 0.3 30.4Other comprehensive earnings 1,946.4 (1.6) 1,944.8Other comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (b) (1.9) 0.2 (1.7)Other comprehensive earnings attributable to Liberty Global shareholders $1,944.5 $(1.4) $1,943.1 Year ended December 31, 2016: Foreign currency translation adjustments (a) $(1,193.9) $(1.7) $(1,195.6)Pension-related adjustments (0.9) (1.5) (2.4)Other comprehensive loss from continuing operations (1,194.8) (3.2) (1,198.0)Other comprehensive loss from discontinued operations (74.8) 1.4 (73.4)Other comprehensive loss (1,269.6) (1.8) (1,271.4)Other comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests (b) 3.1 — 3.1Other comprehensive loss attributable to Liberty Global shareholders $(1,266.5) $(1.8) $(1,268.3)_______________(a)For additional information regarding the reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustments included in net earnings, see the 2018 and 2016consolidated statements of comprehensive earnings and note 6.(b)Amounts represent the noncontrolling interest owners’ share of our pension-related adjustments.II-134LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(18) Commitments and ContingenciesCommitmentsIn the normal course of business, we have entered into agreements that commit our company to make cash payments in future periods with respect tonetwork and connectivity commitments, programming contracts, purchases of customer premises and other equipment and services, non-cancellableoperating leases and other items. The following table sets forth the U.S. dollar equivalents of such commitments as of December 31, 2018. The commitmentsincluded in this table do not reflect any liabilities that are included in our December 31, 2018 consolidated balance sheet. Payments due during: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total in millions Network and connectivity commitments$629.4 $282.1 $243.6 $60.3 $44.1 $776.4 $2,035.9Programming commitments858.0 558.7 286.2 52.1 14.2 44.9 1,814.1Purchase commitments742.8 243.9 88.5 31.9 20.4 45.5 1,173.0Operating leases123.9 85.4 66.6 54.3 46.8 178.6 555.6Other commitments27.0 3.2 0.5 0.3 — — 31.0Total$2,381.1 $1,173.3 $685.4 $198.9 $125.5 $1,045.4 $5,609.6Network and connectivity commitments include (i) Telenet’s commitments for certain operating costs associated with its leased network, (ii)commitments associated with our MVNO agreements, primarily in the U.K., and (iii) service commitments associated with our network extension projects,primarily in the U.K. Telenet’s commitments for certain operating costs are subject to adjustment based on changes in the network operating costs incurred byTelenet with respect to its own networks. These potential adjustments are not subject to reasonable estimation and, therefore, are not included in the abovetable. The amounts reflected in the above table with respect to certain of our MVNO commitments represent fixed minimum amounts payable under theseagreements and, therefore, may be significantly less than the actual amounts we ultimately pay in these periods.Programming commitments consist of obligations associated with certain of our programming, studio output and sports rights contracts that areenforceable and legally binding on us as we have agreed to pay minimum fees without regard to (i) the actual number of subscribers to the programmingservices, (ii) whether we terminate service to a portion of our subscribers or dispose of a portion of our distribution systems or (iii) whether we discontinue ourpremium sports services. Programming commitments do not include increases in future periods associated with contractual inflation or other priceadjustments that are not fixed. Accordingly, the amounts reflected in the above table with respect to these contracts are significantly less than the amounts weexpect to pay in these periods under these contracts. Historically, payments to programming vendors have represented a significant portion of our operatingcosts, and we expect that this will continue to be the case in future periods. In this regard, our total programming and copyright costs aggregated $1,671.4million, $1,470.2 million and $1,783.4 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Purchase commitments include unconditional and legally binding obligations related to (i) the purchase of customer premises and other equipment and(ii) certain service-related commitments, including call center, information technology and maintenance services.In addition to the commitments set forth in the table above, we have significant commitments under (i) derivative instruments and (ii) defined benefitplans and similar agreements, pursuant to which we expect to make payments in future periods. For information regarding our derivative instruments,including the net cash paid or received in connection with these instruments during 2018, 2017 and 2016, see note 8. For information regarding our definedbenefit plans, see note 16.We also have commitments pursuant to agreements with, and obligations imposed by, franchise authorities and municipalities, which may includeobligations in certain markets to move aerial cable to underground ducts or to upgrade, rebuild or extend portions of our broadband communication systems.Such amounts are not included in the above table because they are not fixed or determinable.II-135LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Rental expense under non-cancellable operating lease arrangements amounted to $111.8 million, $104.5 million and $125.7 million during 2018, 2017and 2016, respectively. It is expected that in the normal course of business, operating leases that expire generally will be renewed or replaced by similarleases.We have established various defined contribution benefit plans for our and our subsidiaries’ employees. Our aggregate expense for matchingcontributions under the various defined contribution employee benefit plans was $41.0 million, $34.7 million and $67.6 million during 2018, 2017 and2016, respectively.Guarantees and Other Credit EnhancementsIn the ordinary course of business, we may provide (i) indemnifications to our lenders, our vendors and certain other parties and (ii) performance and/orfinancial guarantees to local municipalities, our customers and vendors. Historically, these arrangements have not resulted in our company making anymaterial payments and we do not believe that they will result in material payments in the future.Legal and Regulatory Proceedings and Other ContingenciesInterkabel Acquisition. On November 26, 2007, Telenet and the PICs announced a non-binding agreement-in-principle to transfer the analog and digitaltelevision activities of the PICs, including all existing subscribers, to Telenet. Subsequently, Telenet and the PICs entered into a binding agreement (the2008 PICs Agreement), which closed effective October 1, 2008. Beginning in December 2007, Proximus NV/SA (Proximus), the incumbenttelecommunications operator in Belgium, instituted several proceedings seeking to block implementation of these agreements. Proximus lodged summaryproceedings with the President of the Court of First Instance of Antwerp to obtain a provisional injunction preventing the PICs from effecting the agreement-in-principle and initiated a civil procedure on the merits claiming the annulment of the agreement-in-principle. In March 2008, the President of the Court ofFirst Instance of Antwerp ruled in favor of Proximus in the summary proceedings, which ruling was overturned by the Court of Appeal of Antwerp in June2008. Proximus brought this appeal judgment before the Cour de Cassation (the Belgian Supreme Court), which confirmed the appeal judgment inSeptember 2010. On April 6, 2009, the Court of First Instance of Antwerp ruled in favor of the PICs and Telenet in the civil procedure on the merits,dismissing Proximus’s request for the rescission of the agreement-in-principle and the 2008 PICs Agreement. On June 12, 2009, Proximus appealed thisjudgment with the Court of Appeal of Antwerp. In this appeal, Proximus is now also seeking compensation for damages. While these proceedings weresuspended indefinitely, other proceedings were initiated, which resulted in a ruling by the Belgian Council of State in May 2014 annulling (i) the decision ofthe PICs not to organize a public market consultation and (ii) the decision from the PICs’ board of directors to approve the 2008 PICs Agreement. InDecember 2015, Proximus resumed the civil proceedings pending with the Court of Appeal of Antwerp seeking to have the 2008 PICs Agreement annulledand claiming damages of €1.4 billion ($1.6 billion).In December 2017, the Court of Appeals of Antwerp issued a judgment rejecting Proximus’ claims. Proximus has the right to appeal the Court of Appealsof Antwerp’s judgment with the Belgian Supreme Court, however Proximus has not done so to date. No assurance can be given as to the outcome of these orother proceedings. However, an unfavorable outcome of existing or future proceedings could potentially lead to the annulment of the 2008 PICs Agreementand/or to an obligation of Telenet to pay compensation for damages, subject to the relevant provisions of the 2008 PICs Agreement, which stipulate thatTelenet is responsible for damages in excess of €20.0 million ($22.9 million). We do not expect the ultimate resolution of this matter to have a materialimpact on our results of operations, cash flows or financial position. No amounts have been accrued by us with respect to this matter as the likelihood of lossis not considered to be probable.Telekom Deutschland Litigation. On December 28, 2012, Unitymedia filed a lawsuit against Telekom Deutschland GmbH (Telekom Deutschland) inwhich Unitymedia asserts that it pays excessive prices for the co-use of Telekom Deutschland’s cable ducts in Unitymedia’s footprint. The Federal NetworkAgency approved rates for the co-use of certain ducts of Telekom Deutschland in March 2011. Based in part on these approved rates, Unitymedia sought areduction of the annual lease fees (approximately €75 million ($86 million) for 2018) by approximately five-sixths. In addition, Unitymedia is seeking thereturn of similarly calculated overpayments from 2009 through the ultimate settlement date, plus accrued interest. In October 2016, the first instance courtdismissed this action, and in March 2018, the court of appeal dismissed Unitymedia’s appeal of the first instance court’s decision and did not grantpermission to appeal further to the Federal Court of Justice. Unitymedia has filed a motion with the Federal Court of Justice to grant permission to appeal.The resolution of this matter may take several years and no assurance can be givenII-136LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016that Unitymedia’s claims will be successful. Any recovery by Unitymedia will not be reflected in our consolidated financial statements until such time as thefinal disposition of this matter has been reached. If this matter is settled subsequent to the completion of the sale of the Vodafone Disposal Group, we wouldonly share in 50% of any amounts recovered, plus 50% of the net present value of certain cost savings in future periods that are attributable to the favorableresolution of this matter, less 50% of associated legal or other third-party fees paid post-completion of the sale of the Vodafone Disposal Group.Belgium Regulatory Developments. In June 2018, the Belgisch Instituut voor Post en Telecommunicatie and the regional regulators for the media sectors(together, the Belgium Regulatory Authorities) adopted a new decision finding that Telenet has significant market power in the wholesale broadbandmarket (the 2018 Decision). The 2018 Decision imposes on Telenet the obligations to (i) provide third-party operators with access to the digital televisionplatform (including basic digital video and analog video) and (ii) make available to third-party operators a bitstream offer of broadband internet access(including fixed-line telephony as an option). Unlike prior decisions, the 2018 Decision no longer applies “retail minus” pricing on Telenet; however, as ofAugust 1, 2018, this decision imposes a 17% reduction in monthly wholesale cable resale access prices for an interim period. The Belgium RegulatoryAuthorities will replace these interim prices with “reasonable access tariffs” around mid-2019.The 2018 Decision aims to, and in its application, may strengthen Telenet’s competitors by granting them resale access to Telenet’s network to offercompeting products and services notwithstanding Telenet’s substantial historical financial outlays in developing the infrastructure. In addition, any resaleaccess granted to competitors could (i) limit the bandwidth available to Telenet to provide new or expanded products and services to the customers served byits network and (ii) adversely impact Telenet’s ability to maintain or increase its revenue and cash flows. The extent of any such adverse impacts ultimatelywill be dependent on the extent that competitors take advantage of the resale access afforded to Telenet’s network, the rates that Telenet receives for suchaccess and other competitive factors or market developments. Telenet considers the 2018 Decision to be inconsistent with the principle of technology-neutralregulation and the European Single Market Strategy to stimulate further investments in broadband networks. Telenet has challenged the 2018 Decision in theBrussels Court of Appeal and has also initiated an action in the European Court of Justice against the European Commission’s decision not to challenge the2018 Decision. The timing and outcome of each of these actions is uncertain.Virgin Media VAT Matters. Virgin Media’s application of VAT with respect to certain revenue generating activities has been challenged by the U.K. taxauthorities. Virgin Media has estimated its maximum exposure in the event of an unfavorable outcome to be £47 million ($60 million) as of December 31,2018. No portion of this exposure has been accrued by Virgin Media as the likelihood of loss is not considered to be probable. A court hearing was held atthe end of September 2014 in relation to the U.K. tax authorities’ challenge and a decision is expected in 2019.On March 19, 2014, the U.K. government announced a change in legislation with respect to the charging of VAT in connection with prompt paymentdiscounts such as those that we offer to our fixed-line telephony customers. This change, which took effect on May 1, 2014, impacted our company and someof our competitors. The U.K. tax authority issued a decision in the fourth quarter of 2015 challenging our application of the prompt payment discount rulesprior to the May 1, 2014 change in legislation. We appealed this decision. As part of the appeal process, we were required to make aggregate payments of£67.0 million ($99.1 million at the respective transaction dates), comprising (i) the challenged amount of £63.7 million (which we paid during the fourthquarter of 2015) and (ii) related interest of £3.3 million (which we paid during the first quarter of 2016). No provision was recorded by our company at thattime as the likelihood of loss was not considered to be probable. The aggregate amount paid does not include penalties, which could be significant in theevent that penalties were to be assessed. In September 2018, the court rejected our appeal and ruled in favor of the U.K. tax authority. Accordingly, during thethird quarter of 2018, we recorded a provision for litigation of £63.7 million ($83.1 million at the average rate for the period) and related interest expense of£3.3 million ($4.4 million at the average rate for the period) in our consolidated statement of operations. We have submitted our grounds for appeal to theUpper Tribunal and expect to receive approval to appeal the judgment during the first quarter of 2019; however, no assurance can be given as to the ultimateoutcome of this matter.Ziggo Acquisition Matter. In July 2015, KPN N.V. appealed the European Commission’s 2014 approval of the acquisition by Liberty Global of ZiggoHolding B.V. (Ziggo). We were not a party to that case. In October 2017, the European Union (E.U.) General Court annulled the European Commission’sapproval on procedural grounds in that it found that the European Commission had failed to adequately explain the reasons for elements of its decision. Were-notified our acquisition of Ziggo to the European Commission for a new merger clearance, which was granted on May 30, 2018, and conditioned onremedies substantially similar to the remedies upon which the 2014 merger clearance was based. We consider this matter to be closed.II-137LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Other Regulatory Issues. Video distribution, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony, mobile and content businesses are regulated in each of thecountries in which we or our affiliates operate. The scope of regulation varies from country to country, although in some significant respects regulation inEuropean markets is harmonized under the regulatory structure of the E.U. Adverse regulatory developments could subject our businesses to a number ofrisks. Regulation, including conditions imposed on us by competition or other authorities as a requirement to close acquisitions or dispositions, could limitgrowth, revenue and the number and types of services offered and could lead to increased operating costs and property and equipment additions. In addition,regulation may restrict our operations and subject them to further competitive pressure, including pricing restrictions, interconnect and other accessobligations, and restrictions or controls on content, including content provided by third parties. Failure to comply with current or future regulation couldexpose our businesses to various penalties.Effective April 1, 2017, the rateable value of our existing network and other assets in the U.K. increased significantly. This increase affects the amountwe pay for network infrastructure charges as the annual amount payable to the U.K. government is calculated by applying a percentage multiplier to therateable value of assets. This change has and will continue to significantly increase our network infrastructure charges. As compared to 2018, we expect theaggregate amount of this increase will be £28 million ($36 million) in 2019. Beyond 2019, we expect further but declining increases to these charges throughthe first quarter of 2022. We continue to believe that these increases are excessive and retain the right of appeal should more favorable agreements be reachedwith other operators. The rateable value of network and other assets constructed under our network extension program in the U.K. remains subject to reviewby the U.K. government.In addition to the foregoing items, we have contingent liabilities related to matters arising in the ordinary course of business including (i) legalproceedings, (ii) issues involving VAT and wage, property, withholding and other tax issues and (iii) disputes over interconnection, programming, copyrightand channel carriage fees. While we generally expect that the amounts required to satisfy these contingencies will not materially differ from any estimatedamounts we have accrued, no assurance can be given that the resolution of one or more of these contingencies will not result in a material impact on ourresults of operations, cash flows or financial position in any given period. Due, in general, to the complexity of the issues involved and, in certain cases, thelack of a clear basis for predicting outcomes, we cannot provide a meaningful range of potential losses or cash outflows that might result from anyunfavorable outcomes.(19) Segment ReportingWe generally identify our reportable segments as (i) those consolidated subsidiaries that represent 10% or more of our revenue, Adjusted OIBDA (asdefined below) or total assets or (ii) those equity method affiliates where our investment or share of revenue or Adjusted OIBDA represents 10% or more ofour total assets, revenue or Adjusted OIBDA, respectively. In certain cases, we may elect to include an operating segment in our segment disclosure that doesnot meet the above-described criteria for a reportable segment. We evaluate performance and make decisions about allocating resources to our operatingsegments based on financial measures such as revenue and Adjusted OIBDA. In addition, we review non-financial measures such as subscriber growth, asappropriate.Adjusted OIBDA is the primary measure used by our chief operating decision maker to evaluate segment operating performance and is also a key factorthat is used by our internal decision makers to (i) determine how to allocate resources to segments and (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of our management forpurposes of annual and other incentive compensation plans. As we use the term, “Adjusted OIBDA” is defined as operating income before depreciation andamortization, share-based compensation, provisions and provision releases related to significant litigation and impairment, restructuring and other operatingitems. Other operating items include (a) gains and losses on the disposition of long-lived assets, (b) third-party costs directly associated with successful andunsuccessful acquisitions and dispositions, including legal, advisory and due diligence fees, as applicable, and (c) other acquisition-related items, such asgains and losses on the settlement of contingent consideration. Our internal decision makers believe Adjusted OIBDA is a meaningful measure because itrepresents a transparent view of our recurring operating performance that is unaffected by our capital structure and allows management to (1) readily viewoperating trends, (2) perform analytical comparisons and benchmarking between segments and (3) identify strategies to improve operating performance in thedifferent countries in which we operate. A reconciliation of Adjusted OIBDA from continuing operations to our earnings (loss) from continuing operationsbefore income taxes is presented below.II-138LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016As of December 31, 2018, our reportable segments are as follows:Consolidated:•U.K./Ireland•Belgium•Switzerland•Central and Eastern EuropeNonconsolidated:•VodafoneZiggo JVAll of our reportable segments derive their revenue primarily from residential and B2B communications services, including video, broadband internet,fixed-line telephony and mobile services.Segment information for all periods has been retrospectively revised to present (i) our operating segments in Austria, Germany, Hungary, the CzechRepublic and Romania and (ii) UPC DTH, which was previously included in our Central and Eastern Europe reportable segment, as discontinued operations.As a result, (a) our former Switzerland/Austria reportable segment now only includes our operations in Switzerland and (b) our Central and Eastern Europereportable segment now only includes our operations in Poland and Slovakia. Our central and corporate functions (Central and Corporate) primarily include(1) revenue earned from services provided to the VodafoneZiggo JV, (2) revenue from sales of customer premises equipment to the VodafoneZiggo JV, (3)costs associated with certain centralized functions, including billing systems, network operations, technology, marketing, facilities, finance and otheradministrative functions and (4) less significant consolidated operating segments that provide programming and other services. On January 1, 2018, ourwholesale handset program was transferred from Germany to an entity included in Central and Corporate. In connection with our presentation of ouroperating segment in Germany as a discontinued operation, we have retrospectively revised 2017 and 2016 to reflect this change.On December 31, 2016, we completed the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, whereby we contributed VodafoneZiggo Holding (including Ziggo Sport) tothe VodafoneZiggo JV. In our segment presentation for the year ended December 31, 2016, VodafoneZiggo Holding (exclusive of Ziggo Sport, whichbecame a subsidiary of VodafoneZiggo Holding in October 2016) is separately reported as “The Netherlands” and Ziggo Sport is included in Central andCorporate. Effective January 1, 2017, following the closing of the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, we have identified the VodafoneZiggo JV as anonconsolidated reportable segment. Accordingly, our results of operations for 2016 include the operations of VodafoneZiggo Holding and Ziggo Sportwhile our results of operations for 2017 and 2018 and our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 exclude such entities. Foradditional information regarding the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.II-139LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Performance Measures of Our Reportable SegmentsThe amounts presented below represent 100% of each of our reportable segment’s revenue and Adjusted OIBDA. As we have the ability to controlTelenet, we consolidate 100% of Telenet’s revenue and expenses in our consolidated statements of operations despite the fact that third parties own asignificant interest. The noncontrolling owners’ interests in the operating results of Telenet and other less significant majority-owned subsidiaries arereflected in net earnings or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated statements of operations. Similarly, despite only holding a 50%noncontrolling interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV, we present 100% of its revenue and Adjusted OIBDA in the tables below. Our share of the VodafoneZiggoJV's operating results is included in share of results of affiliates, net, in our consolidated statements of operations. For additional information, see notes 1 and5. Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Revenue AdjustedOIBDA Revenue AdjustedOIBDA Revenue AdjustedOIBDA in millions U.K./Ireland$6,875.1 $3,057.2 $6,398.7 $2,884.0 $6,508.8 $2,921.7Belgium2,993.6 1,480.0 2,865.3 1,300.3 2,691.1 1,173.6Switzerland1,326.0 748.7 1,370.1 832.6 1,377.4 862.8Central and Eastern Europe492.2 249.1 467.5 233.5 441.3 227.4The Netherlands— — — — 2,690.8 1,472.7Central and Corporate274.2 (371.7) 189.4 (415.8) 84.1 (573.6)Intersegment eliminations (a)(3.2) (11.8) (14.6) (9.5) (62.4) (4.2)Total$11,957.9 $5,151.5 $11,276.4 $4,825.1 $13,731.1 $6,080.4 VodafoneZiggo JV$4,602.2 $2,009.7 $4,512.5 $1,910.6 $— $—_______________(a)Amounts are related to transactions between our continuing and discontinued operations prior to the disposal dates of such discontinued operations.II-140LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016The following table provides a reconciliation of Adjusted OIBDA from continuing operations to earnings (loss) from continuing operations beforeincome taxes: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions Adjusted OIBDA from continuing operations$5,151.5 $4,825.1 $6,080.4Share-based compensation expense(206.0) (162.2) (268.1)Depreciation and amortization(3,858.2) (3,790.6) (4,117.7)Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net(248.2) (79.9) (124.5)Operating income839.1 792.4 1,570.1Interest expense(1,478.7) (1,416.1) (1,866.1)Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net1,125.8 (1,052.8) 1,022.3Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net90.4 (181.5) (326.3)Realized and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair values of certain investments and debt,net(384.5) 43.4 (456.1)Losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net(65.0) (252.2) (233.8)Share of results of affiliates, net(8.7) (95.2) (111.6)Gain on the VodafoneZiggo JV Transaction— 4.5 520.8Other income, net43.4 46.4 124.0Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes$161.8 $(2,111.1) $243.3II-141LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Balance Sheet Data of our Reportable SegmentsSelected balance sheet data of our reportable segments is set forth below: Long-lived assets Total assets December 31, December 31, 2018 2017 2018 2017 in millionsU.K./Ireland$16,254.6 $17,678.3 $20,702.5 $21,968.4Belgium5,979.4 6,067.9 6,972.1 6,992.8Switzerland4,165.4 4,212.5 4,496.0 4,528.9Central and Eastern Europe1,087.4 1,161.2 1,130.8 1,191.8Central and Corporate (a)1,142.2 994.8 9,321.1 11,401.5Total - continuing operations$28,629.0 $30,114.7 $42,622.5 $46,083.4 VodafoneZiggo JV$22,026.2 $24,017.4 $23,255.3 $24,900.2_______________(a)The total asset amounts include our equity method investment in the VodafoneZiggo JV and related receivables.II-142LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Property and Equipment Additions of our Reportable SegmentsThe property and equipment additions of our reportable segments (including capital additions financed under vendor financing or capital leasearrangements) are presented below and reconciled to the capital expenditure amounts included in our consolidated statements of cash flows. For additionalinformation concerning capital additions financed under vendor financing and capital lease arrangements, see note 10. Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions U.K./Ireland$1,988.9 $2,161.8 $1,761.1Belgium790.8 691.0 588.4Switzerland249.6 244.4 260.4Central and Eastern Europe152.8 158.2 128.6The Netherlands— — 588.9Central and Corporate (a)523.5 448.1 406.4Total property and equipment additions3,705.6 3,703.5 3,733.8Assets acquired under capital-related vendor financing arrangements(2,175.5) (2,336.2) (1,811.2)Assets acquired under capital leases(102.4) (106.7) (100.4)Changes in current liabilities related to capital expenditures25.3 (10.6) (282.3)Total capital expenditures, net$1,453.0 $1,250.0 $1,539.9 Capital expenditures, net: Third-party payments$1,552.7 $1,586.5 $1,738.2Proceeds received for transfers to related parties (b)(99.7) (336.5) (198.3)Total capital expenditures, net$1,453.0 $1,250.0 $1,539.9 Property and equipment additions - VodafoneZiggo JV$988.7 $933.9 $—_______________(a)Includes amounts that represent the net impact of changes in inventory levels associated with certain centrally-procured network equipment. Most ofthis equipment is ultimately transferred to our operating subsidiaries.(b)Primarily relates to transfers of centrally-procured property and equipment to our discontinued operations and the VodafoneZiggo JV.II-143LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016Revenue by Major CategoryOur revenue by major category for our consolidated reportable segments is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millionsResidential revenue: Residential cable revenue (a): Subscription revenue (b): Video$2,863.2 $2,786.5 $4,060.0Broadband internet3,226.6 2,979.7 3,579.0Fixed-line telephony1,607.8 1,599.8 2,149.5Total subscription revenue7,697.6 7,366.0 9,788.5Non-subscription revenue279.1 343.6 311.9Total residential cable revenue7,976.7 7,709.6 10,100.4Residential mobile revenue (c): Subscription revenue (b)983.5 999.7 1,103.9Non-subscription revenue694.8 607.1 590.8Total residential mobile revenue1,678.3 1,606.8 1,694.7Total residential revenue9,655.0 9,316.4 11,795.1B2B revenue (d): Subscription revenue446.4 367.6 366.3Non-subscription revenue1,537.1 1,372.5 1,487.9Total B2B revenue1,983.5 1,740.1 1,854.2Other revenue (e)319.4 219.9 81.8Total$11,957.9 $11,276.4 $13,731.1_______________(a)Residential cable subscription revenue includes amounts received from subscribers for ongoing services. Residential cable non-subscription revenueincludes, among other items, channel carriage fees, late fees, and revenue from the sale of equipment. As described in note 2, we adopted ASU 2014-09on January 1, 2018 using the cumulative effect transition method. For periods subsequent to our adoption of ASU 2014-09, installation revenue isgenerally deferred and recognized over the contractual period as residential cable subscription revenue. For periods prior to the adoption of ASU 2014-09, installation revenue is included in residential cable non-subscription revenue.(b)Residential subscription revenue from subscribers who purchase bundled services at a discounted rate is generally allocated proportionally to eachservice based on the standalone price for each individual service. As a result, changes in the standalone pricing of our cable and mobile products or thecomposition of bundles can contribute to changes in our product revenue categories from period to period.(c)Residential mobile subscription revenue includes amounts received from subscribers for ongoing services. Residential mobile non-subscriptionrevenue includes, among other items, interconnect revenue and revenue from sales of mobile handsets and other devices.(d)B2B subscription revenue represents revenue from services to certain small or home office (SOHO) subscribers. SOHO subscribers pay a premium priceto receive expanded service levels along with video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony or mobile services that are the same or similar to themass marketed products offered to our residential subscribers. B2B non-subscription revenue includes business broadband internet, video, fixed-linetelephony, mobile and data services offered to medium to large enterprises and, on a wholesale basis, to other operators.II-144LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(e)Other revenue includes, among other items, revenue earned from the JV Services, broadcasting revenue in Ireland and revenue from Central andCorporate’s wholesale handset program. In addition, the amount for 2018 includes revenue earned from (i) sales of customer premises equipment to theVodafoneZiggo JV and (ii) transitional and other services provided to Deutsche Telekom and Liberty Latin America.Geographic SegmentsThe revenue of our geographic segments is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millions U.K.$6,351.2 $5,927.9 $6,070.4Belgium2,993.6 2,865.3 2,691.1Switzerland1,326.0 1,370.1 1,377.4Ireland523.9 470.8 438.4Poland440.7 417.9 391.4Slovakia51.5 49.6 49.9The Netherlands— — 2,690.8Other, including intersegment eliminations271.0 174.8 21.7Total$11,957.9 $11,276.4 $13,731.1 VodafoneZiggo JV (the Netherlands)$4,602.2 $4,512.5 $—The long-lived assets of our geographic segments are set forth below: December 31, 2018 2017 in millions U.K.$15,489.2 $16,902.9Belgium5,979.4 6,067.9Switzerland4,165.4 4,212.5Poland958.7 1,028.4Ireland765.4 775.4Slovakia128.7 132.8U.S. and other (a)1,142.2 994.8Total$28,629.0 $30,114.7 VodafoneZiggo JV (the Netherlands)$22,026.2 $24,017.4_______________ (a)Primarily relates to certain long-lived assets included in Central and Corporate.II-145LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(20) Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) 2018 1st quarter 2nd quarter 3rd quarter 4th quarter in millions, except per share amountsRevenue: As previously reported $4,156.1 $3,045.1 $2,958.1 $2,949.1Effect of discontinued operations (note 6): Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC Austria (1,061.6) — — —UPC DTH (31.0) (29.5) (28.4) —As adjusted $3,063.5 $3,015.6 $2,929.7 $2,949.1Operating income: As previously reported $493.1 $263.9 $208.6 $252.4Effect of discontinued operations (note 6): Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC Austria (372.7) — — —UPC DTH (2.9) 0.2 (3.5) —As adjusted $117.5 $264.1 $205.1 $252.4Net earnings (loss) $(1,178.6) $950.5 $1,025.9 $52.2Net earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders $(1,186.5) $912.6 $974.1 $25.1Basic earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders pershare (notes 3 and 6) $(1.47) $1.16 $1.23 $0.03Diluted earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholdersper share (notes 3 and 6) $(1.47) $1.15 $1.23 $0.03II-146LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 2017 1st quarter 2nd quarter 3rd quarter 4th quarter in millions, except per share amountsRevenue: As previously reported $3,519.0 $2,774.9 $2,929.0 $3,987.7Effect of discontinued operations (note 6): Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC Austria (849.2) — — (970.4)UPC DTH (27.3) (28.1) (29.7) (29.5)As adjusted $2,642.5 $2,746.8 $2,899.3 $2,987.8Operating income: As previously reported $427.1 $208.9 $221.6 $495.8Effect of discontinued operations (note 6): Vodafone Disposal Group and UPC Austria (210.4) — — (334.5)UPC DTH (2.5) (2.6) (2.8) (3.8)Effect of Accounting Change (note 2) — — — (4.4)As adjusted $214.2 $206.3 $218.8 $153.1Net loss $(267.2) $(652.4) $(779.0) $(1,022.0)Net loss attributable to Liberty Global shareholders $(320.2) $(674.3) $(791.6) $(992.0)Basic and diluted loss attributable to Liberty Global shareholdersper share (notes 3 and 5): Liberty Global Shares $(0.33) $(0.75) $(0.55) $(0.68)LiLAC Shares $(0.16) $(0.22) $(1.93) $(2.55)II-147LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016(21) Subsequent EventOn February 27, 2019, we entered into an agreement to sell our operations in Switzerland, “UPC Switzerland,” to Sunrise Communications Group AG(“Sunrise”) for a total enterprise value of CHF 6.3 billion ($6.3 billion at the February 27, 2019 rate). Sunrise will acquire UPC Switzerland inclusive of theUPC Holding borrowing group’s existing senior and senior secured notes and associated derivatives (together, the “UPC Holding Notes”) and certain otherdebt items, which have an aggregate value equal to approximately CHF 3.7 billion ($3.7 billion at the February 27, 2019 rate) at December 31, 2018. The netcash proceeds are expected to be CHF 2.6 billion ($2.6 billion at the February 27, 2019 rate), subject to customary other liabilities and working capitaladjustments at completion, and are expected to be used for general corporate purposes. As the transaction is structured, a change of control will not be triggered under the UPC Holding Notes. UPC Facility AR under the UPC Holding BankFacility, which had an outstanding balance at December 31, 2018 of $1,645.0 million, is expected to be repaid in full at or prior to closing.Closing of the transaction is subject to regulatory approval, which is expected prior to year-end 2019, and approval by Sunrise’s shareholders withrespect to an associated capital increase.In connection with the sale of UPC Switzerland, we have agreed to provide certain transitional services to Sunrise for a period of up to five yearsfollowing completion. Such transitional services principally comprise network and information technology-related functions. The annual charges for suchtransitional services will depend on the actual level of transitional services required by Sunrise.II-148PART IIIThe capitalized terms used in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are defined in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. In thefollowing text, the terms, “we,” “our,” “our company” and “us” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Global or collectively to Liberty Global and itssubsidiaries.Except as indicated below, the following required information is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2019 AnnualMeeting of Shareholders, which we intend to hold during the second quarter of 2019.Item 10.DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Item 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Item 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATEDSTOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is included below and accordingly will not beincorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement. Item 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Item 14.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICESWe intend to file our definitive proxy statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders with the Securities and Exchange Commission on orbefore April 30, 2019.III-1Item 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERSSecurities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation PlansThe following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2018 with respect to our ordinary shares that are authorized for issuance under our equitycompensation plans.Equity Compensation Plan InformationPlan Category Number ofsecurities to beissued uponexercise ofoutstandingoptions, warrantsand rights (1)(2) Weighted averageexercise price ofoutstandingoptions, warrantsand rights (1)(2) Number ofsecuritiesavailable forfuture issuanceunder equitycompensationplans (excluding securitiesreflected in the first column)Equity compensation plans approved by security holders: Liberty Global 2014 Incentive Plan (3): Total ordinary shares available for issuance 46,220,904Liberty Global Class A ordinary shares 12,367,221 $34.24 Liberty Global Class C ordinary shares 24,805,745 $33.08 Liberty Global 2014 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan (4): Total ordinary shares available for issuance 9,108,222Liberty Global Class A ordinary shares 375,213 $33.44 Liberty Global Class C ordinary shares 879,726 $31.68 Liberty Global 2005 Incentive Plan (5): —Liberty Global Class A ordinary shares 3,936,125 $26.94 Liberty Global Class C ordinary shares 11,813,648 $25.57 Liberty Global 2005 Director Incentive Plan (5): —Liberty Global Class A ordinary shares 130,847 $17.31 Liberty Global Class C ordinary shares 404,564 $16.61 VM Incentive Plan (5): —Liberty Global Class A ordinary shares 278,395 $25.17 Liberty Global Class C ordinary shares 1,985,006 $24.57 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders: None — —Totals: Total ordinary shares available for issuance 55,329,126Liberty Global Class A ordinary shares 17,087,801 Liberty Global Class C ordinary shares 39,888,689 _______________(1)This table includes (i) SARs and PSARs with respect to 16,507,547 and 37,221,183, Liberty Global Class A and Liberty Global Class C ordinaryshares, respectively. Upon exercise, the appreciation of a SAR, which is the difference between the base price of the SAR and the then-market value ofthe respective underlying class of ordinary shares or in certain cases, if lower, a specified price, may be paid in shares of the applicable class of ordinaryshares. Based upon the respective market prices of Liberty Global Class A and Class C ordinary shares at December 31, 2018 and excluding any relatedtax effects, 39,820 and 125,437 Liberty Global Class A and Liberty Global Class C ordinary shares, respectively, would have been issued if alloutstanding and in-the-money SARs had been exercised on December 31, 2018. For further information, see note 14 to our consolidated financialstatements.III-2(2)In addition to the option, SAR and PSAR information included in this table, there are outstanding RSU and PSU awards under the various incentiveplans with respect to an aggregate of 3,668,873 and 7,340,880, Liberty Global Class A and Liberty Global Class C ordinary shares, respectively.(3)The Liberty Global 2014 Incentive Plan permits grants of, or with respect to, Liberty Global Class A, Class B, or Class C ordinary shares subject to asingle aggregate limit of 105 million shares (of which no more than 50.25 million shares may consist of Class B shares), subject to anti-dilutionadjustments. As of December 31, 2018, an aggregate of 46,220,904 ordinary shares were available for issuance pursuant to the incentive plan.For further information, see note 14 to our consolidated financial statements.(4)The Liberty Global 2014 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan permits grants of, or with respect to, Liberty Global Class A, Class B, or Class Cordinary shares subject to a single aggregate limit of 10.5 million shares, subject to anti-dilution adjustments. As of December 31, 2018, anaggregate of 9,108,222 ordinary shares were available for issuance pursuant to the Liberty Global 2014 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan.For further information, see note 13 to our consolidated financial statements.(5)On January 30, 2014, our shareholders approved the Liberty Global 2014 Incentive Plan and the Liberty Global 2014 Nonemployee Director IncentivePlan and, accordingly, no further awards will be granted under the Liberty Global 2005 Incentive Plan, the Liberty Global 2005 DirectorIncentive Plan or the VM Incentive Plan.III-3PART IVItem 15.EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES(a) (1) FINANCIAL STATEMENTThe financial statements required under this Item begin on page II-62 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.(a) (2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULESThe financial statement schedules required under this Item are as follows:Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Information): Liberty Global plc Condensed Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (Parent Company Only)IV-8Liberty Global plc Condensed Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (Parent Company Only)IV-10Liberty Global plc Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (Parent Company Only)IV-11Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying AccountsIV-12(a) (3) EXHIBITSListed below are the exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (according to the number assigned to them in Item 601 of Regulation S-K):2 -- Plan of Acquisition, Reorganization, Arrangement, Liquidation or Succession:2.1Reorganization Agreement, dated as of December 29, 2017, between Liberty Global plc and Liberty Latin America Ltd. (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 2.1 to Liberty Latin America Ltd.’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to its Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed onDecember 29, 2017 (File No. 333-221608)).2.2Sale and Purchase Agreement dated as of May 9, 2018, by and among Liberty Global plc and Vodafone Group plc and certain of theirrespective subsidiaries (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrants’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 11, 2018 (File No.001-35961)).3 -- Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws:3.1Articles of Association of Liberty Global plc, effective as of July 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’sRegistration Statement on Form 8-A filed June 19, 2015 (File No. 001-35961)).4 -- Instruments Defining the Rights of Securities Holders, including Indentures:4.1Amended Credit Agreement to Senior Secured Credit Facility Agreement originally dated January 16, 2004, dated November 29, 2017, amongUPC Broadband Holding B.V. (UPC Broadband Holding) as Borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia, as Facility Agent, the Guarantors listedtherein, the Security Agent and the bank and financial institutions acceding thereto from time to time (the UPC Broadband Holding BankFacility) (incorporated by reference to Schedule 2 of Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 5, 2017 (FileNo. 001-35961)(the December 2017)).4.2Supplemental Deed dated November 29, 2017, between UPC Broadband Holding, as Obligor, and the Bank of Nova Scotia as Facility Agentand Security Agent, which is supplemental to and amends the UPC Broadband Holding Bank Facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit4.1 to the December 2017 8-K).4.3Indenture dated April 15, 2015, among UPCB Finance IV Limited, The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch as Trustee, PrincipalPaying Agent, Transfer Agent and Security Agent, The Bank of New York Mellon as New York Paying Agent, New York Transfer Agent andDollar Notes Registrar and The Bank of New York Mellon (Luxembourg) S.A. as Euro Notes Registrar and Transfer Agent (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed April 21, 2015 (File No. 001-35961) (the April 2015 8-K/A)).4.4Additional Facility AK Accession Agreement, dated April 15, 2015, among UPC Financing Partnership (UPC Financing) as Borrower, TheBank of Nova Scotia as Facility Agent and Security Agent, UPC Broadband Holding and UPCB Finance IV Limited as Additional Facility AKLender, under the UPC Broadband Holding Bank Facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the April 2015 8-K/A).4.5 Additional Facility AL Accession Agreement, dated April 15, 2015, among UPC Financing as Borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia as FacilityAgent and Security Agent, UPC Broadband Holding and UPCB Finance IV Limited as Additional Facility AL Lender, under the UPCBroadband Holding Bank Facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the April 2015 8-K/A).IV-14.6Additional Facility AL2 Accession Agreement, dated May 20, 2015, among UPC Financing as Borrower, The Bank of New York Nova Scotiaas Facility Agent and Security Agent, UPC Broadband Holding and UPCB Finance IV Limited as Additional Facility AL2 Lender, under theUPC Broadband Holding Bank Facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed May21, 2015 (File No. 001-35961)).4.7Additional Facility AM Accession Agreement, dated August 3, 2015, among UPC Financing as Borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia as FacilityAgent and Security Agent and the financial institutions listed therein as Additional Facility AM Lenders, under the UPC Broadband HoldingBank Facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 6, 2015 (File No. 001-35961)).4.8Additional Facility AQ Accession Agreement dated June 21, 2017 and entered into between, among others, UPC Financing and UPCBroadband Holding as borrowers and The Bank of Nova Scotia as Facility Agent and Security Agent and the financial institutions listedtherein as Additional Facility AQ Lenders under the UPC Broadband Holding Bank Facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to theRegistrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 27, 2017 (File No. 001-35961)).4.9Additional Facility AR Accession Agreement dated October 13, 2017 and entered into between, among others, UPC Financing, UPCBroadband Holding and The Bank of Nova Scotia as the Facility Agent and the Security Agent and the financial institutions listed there in asAdditional Facility AR Lenders under the UPC Broadband Holding Bank Facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’sCurrent Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2017 (File No. 001-35961)).4.10Amended Credit Agreement--Senior Facilities Agreement Credit Facilities originally dated August 1, 2007, dated November 16, 2018, amongTelenet BVBA as Borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia N.V. as Facility Agent, the parties listed therein as Original Guarantors, ABN AMROBank N.V., BNP Paribas S.A. and J.P. Morgan PLC as Mandated Lead Arrangers, KBC Bank N.V. as Security Agent, and the financialinstitutions listed therein as Initial Original Lenders (the Telenet Credit Facility) (incorporated by reference to Schedule 2 of Exhibit 4.1 to theRegistrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 23, 2018 (File No. 001-35961)(the November 2018 8-K)).4.12Telenet Additional Facility AB Accession Agreement, dated July 24, 2015, among, inter alia, Telenet International as Borrower, Telenet N.V.and Telenet International as Guarantors, and the other parties thereto, under the Telenet Credit Facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 30, 2015 (File No. 001-35061)).4.13Telenet Additional Facility AG Accession Agreement dated November 22, 2016, among, inter alia, Telenet International, The Bank of NovaScotia as Facility Agent, KBC Bank N.V. as Security Agent and the financial institutions listed therein as Additional Facility AG Lenders,under the Telenet Credit Facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 29,2016 (File No. 001-35961)).4.14Additional Facility AN Accession Agreement dated May 24, 2018 and entered into between, among others, Telenet Financing USD LLC asthe Borrower, Telenet BVBA as a Guarantor and The Bank of Nova Scotia as the Facility Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 tothe Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2018 (File No. 001-35961)(the May 2018 8-K)).4.15Additional Facility AO Accession Agreement dated May 25, 2018 and entered into between, among others, Telenet International Finance S.àr.l. as the Borrower, Telenet BVBA as a Guarantor and The Bank of Nova Scotia as the Facility Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2to the May 2018 8-K).4.16Additional Facility AN2 Accession Agreement dated August 8, 2018, and entered into between, among others Telenet Financing USD LLC asBorrower, Telenet BVBA as a Guarantor and The Bank of Nova Scotia as the Facility Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to theRegistrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed August 29, 2018 (File No. 001-35961)(the August 2018 8-K/A)).4.17Additional Facility AO2 Accession Agreement dated August 8, 2018 and entered into between, among others, Telenet International FinanceS.à r.l. as the Borrower, Telenet BVBA as a Guarantor and The Bank of Nova Scotia as the Facility Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit4.2 to the August 2018 8-K/A).4.18Indenture dated December 13, 2017 between Telenet Finance Luxembourg Notes S.a.r.l., The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch, asTrustee and Security Trustee and The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch, as Transfer Agent and Registrar (incorporatedby reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 18, 2017 (File No. 000.35961)(the December 20178-K/A)).4.19Additional Facility AJ Accession Agreement dated December 13, 2017 and entered into between, among others, Telenet International FinanceS.a.r.l. as the Borrower, Telenet Financing USD LLC as a Guarantor, The Bank of Nova Scotia as Facility Agent and KBC Bank NV as SecurityAgent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the December 2017 8-K/A).4.20Additional Facility AK Accession Agreement dated December 13, 2017 and entered into between, among others, Telenet InternationalFinance S.a.r.l. as the Borrower, Telenet Financing USD LLC as a Guarantor, The Bank of Nova Scotia as Facility Agent and KBC Bank NV asSecurity Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the December 2017 8-K/A).4.21Telenet Supplemental Agreement (Credit Agreement) dated November 16, 2018 between among others, Telenet BVBA as the company, TheBank of Nova Scotia as facility agent and KBC Bank NV as security agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the November 2018 8-K ).IV-24.22Indenture dated December 17, 2014, between Unitymedia Hessen GmbH & Co. KG, Unitymedia NRW GmbH, The Bank of New York Mellon,London Branch, as Trustee, Transfer Agent and Principal Paying Agent, The Bank of New York Mellon as New York Paying Agent and NewYork Transfer Agent, The Bank of New York Mellon (Luxembourg) S.A. as Registrar and Credit Suisse AG, London Branch, as SecurityTrustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed December 18, 2014 (File No. 001-35961)).4.23Amended and Restated Facilities Agreement to Senior Facilities Agreement originally dated July 25, 2014, dated March 7, 2018, between,among others, Unitymedia Hessen GmbH & Co. KG as original borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia as Facility Agent and Credit Suisse AG asSecurity Trustee (the Unitymedia Facilities Agreement)(incorporated by reference to Schedule 3 of Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s CurrentReport on Form 8-K filed March 14, 2018 (File No. 001-35961)(the March 2018 8-K)).4.24Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated March 7, 2018, related to the Unitymedia Facilities Agreement, between, among others,Unitymedia Hessen GmbH & Co. KG as original borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia as facility agent and Credit Suisse AG, London Branch assecurity trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the March 2018 8-K).4.25Amended and Restated Agreement to Super Senior Facilities Agreement originally dated July 25, 2014, dated March 7, 2018, between, amongothers, Unitymedia Hessen GmbH & Co. KG as original borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia as Facility Agent and Credit Suisse AG, LondonBranch as Security Trustee (the Unitymedia Senior Facilities Agreement) (incorporated by reference to Schedule 3 of Exhibit 4.2 to the March2018 8-K).4.26Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated March 7, 2018, related to the Unitymedia Senior Facilities Agreement, between, among others,Unitymedia Hessen GmbH & Co. KG as original borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia as facility agent and Credit Suisse AG, London Branch assecurity trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the March 2018 8-K).4.27Additional Facility B Accession Agreement dated June 8, 2017, between, among others, Unitymedia Finance LLC, Unitymedia Hessen GmbH& Co. KG and certain affiliates as borrowers, The Bank of Nova Scotia as facility agent and Credit Suisse AG, London Branch, as securitytrustee under the Unitymedia Facilities Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-Kfiled June 14, 2017 (File No. 001-35961)).4.28Additional Facility C Accession Agreement dated October 20, 2017 and entered into between, among others, Unitymedia Hessen GmbH & Co.KG, Unitymedia GmbH, The Bank of Nova Scotia as Facility Agent and Credit Suisse AG, London Branch as Security Trustee under theUnitymedia Senior Facilities Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filedOctober 26, 2017 (File No. 001-35961) (the October 2017 8-K)).4.29Additional Facility D Accession Agreement dated October 20, 2017 and entered into between, among others, Unitymedia Hessen GmbH & Co.KG, Unitymedia Finance LLC, Unitymedia GmbH, The Bank of Nova Scotia as Facility Agent and Credit Suisse AG, London Branch asSecurity Trustee under the Unitymedia Senior Facilities Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the October 2017 8-K).4.30Additional Facility E Accession Agreement dated May 24, 2018 and entered into between, among others, Unitymedia Hessen GmbH & Co.KG, Unitymedia Finance LLC, Unitymedia GmbH, The Bank of Nova Scotia and Credit Suisse AG, London Branch (incorporated by referenceto Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2018 (File No. 001-35961)).4.31Indenture, dated as of March 3, 2011, among Virgin Media Secured Finance PLC, the Guarantors party thereto, The Bank of New York Mellonas Trustee and Paying Agent and The Bank of New York Mellon (Luxembourg) S.A. as Luxembourg Paying Agent (incorporated by referenceto Exhibit 4.1 to Virgin Media Inc.’s (Virgin Media) Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 3, 2011 (File No. 000-50886)).4.32First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 7, 2013, between, among others, Virgin Media Secured Finance PLC, Virgin Media Inc. (VirginMedia) and The Bank of New York Mellon as Trustee, to the Indenture dated as of March 3, 2011 for Virgin Media 5.25% Senior SecuredNotes and 5.50% Senior Secured Notes each due 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form8-K filed June 12, 2013 (File No. 001-35961)(the June 2013 8-K)).4.33Accession Agreement, dated as of June 7, 2013, among Lynx II Corp., Virgin Media Finance PLC and The Bank of New York Mellon asTrustee and Paying Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to the June 2013 8-K).4.34Indenture dated March 28, 2014 between Virgin Media Secured Finance PLC, The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch, as Trustee,Transfer Agent and Principal Paying Agent, The Bank of New York Mellon as Paying Agent, and The Bank of New York Mellon(Luxembourg) S.A., as Registrar (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed April 3, 2014(File No. 001-35961)).4.35Indenture dated January 28, 2015 between Virgin Media Secured Finance PLC, The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch, as Trusteeand Paying Agent and The Bank of New York Mellon (Luxembourg) S.A., as Registrar and Transfer Agent (incorporated by reference toExhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed February 3, 2015 (File No. 001-35961) (the February 2015 8-K/A)).4.36Indenture dated January 28, 2015 between Virgin Media Finance PLC, The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch, as Trustee andPrincipal Paying Agent, The Bank of Mellon as Paying Agent and Dollar Notes Transfer Agent and Registrar and The Bank of New YorkMellon (Luxembourg) S.A., as Euro Notes Registrar and Transfer Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the February 2015 8-K/A).IV-34.37Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated February 22, 2018, between Virgin Media Investment Holdings Limited (for itself and as agenton behalf of the other obligors) and The Bank of Nova Scotia (as facility agent), and attached as a schedule thereto, a copy of the SeniorFacilities Agreement, originally dated June 7, 2013, between, among others, Virgin Media Investment Holdings Limited as a borrower and aguarantor, The Bank of Nova Scotia as facility agent and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch as security trustee, as amended and restated bythe Amendment and Restatement Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filedFebruary 27, 2018 (File No. 001-35961)).4.38Additional K Facility Accession Deed dated November 10, 2017, between Virgin Media Investment Holdings Limited as the Company, VirginMedia Bristol LLC as the Borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia as the Facility Agent and The Bank of Nova Scotia as Additional K FacilityLender under the VMF Senior Facilities Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-Kfiled November 16, 2017 (File No. 001-35961)(the November 2017 8-K)).4.39Additional L Facility Accession Deed dated November 10, 2017, between Virgin Media Investment Holdings Limited as the Company, VirginMedia SFA Finance Limited as the Borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia as the Facility Agent and The Bank of Nova Scotia as Additional LFacility Lender under the VMF Senior Facilities Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the November 2017 8-K).4.40Additional M Facility Accession Deed dated November 10, 2017, between Virgin Media Investment Holdings Limited as the Company,Virgin Media SFA Finance Limited as the Borrower, The Bank of Nova Scotia as the Facility Agent and The Bank of Nova Scotia asAdditional M Facility Lender under the VMF Senior Facilities Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the November 2017 8-K). The Registrant undertakes to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, a copy of all instruments with respect to long-term debt not filed herewith.10 -- Material Contracts:10.1Deed of Assumption of Liberty Global plc, dated June 7, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report onForm 8-K filed June 7, 2013 (File No. 001-35961)(the June 7, 2013 8-K)).10.2Liberty Global 2014 Incentive Plan Effective March 1, 2014 as amended and restated February 24, 2015 (the Incentive Plan) (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 7, 2015 (File No. 001-35961)).10.3Liberty Global 2014 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan Effective March 1, 2014 (the Director Plan) (incorporated by reference toAppendix B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed December 19, 2013 (File No. 001-35961)).10.4Form of Performance Share Units Agreement under the Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s QuarterlyReport on Form 10-Q filed August 4, 2015 (File No. 001-35961)).10.5Form of Non-Qualified Share Option Agreement under the Director Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’sQuarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 5, 2014 (File No. 001-35961) (the August 5, 2014 10-Q)).10.6Form of Restricted Share Units Agreement under the Director Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the August 5, 2014 10-Q).10.7Form of Share Appreciation Rights Agreement under the Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the August 5, 2014 10-Q).10.8Form of Restricted Share Units Agreement under the Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the August 5, 2014 10-Q).10.9Liberty Global, Inc. 2005 Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective June 7, 2013) (the 2005 Incentive Plan) (incorporated by referenceto Exhibit 10.2 to the June 7, 2013 8-K).10.10Liberty Global, Inc. 2005 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective June 7, 2013) (the 2005 Director Plan)(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the June 7, 2013 8-K).10.11Virgin Media 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective June 7, 2013) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to theJune 7, 2013 8-K).10.12Form of Non-Qualified Share Option Agreement under the 2005 Director Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’sQuarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 1, 2013 (File No. 001-35961)).10.13Liberty Global Compensation Policy for Nonemployee Directors effective June 21, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to theRegistrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed May 1, 2017 (File No. 001-35961)).10.14Form of Deed of Indemnity between Liberty Global and its Directors and Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to theJune 7, 2013 8-K).10.15Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under the 2005 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to LGI’s QuarterlyReport on Form 10-Q filed May 7, 2008 (File No. 000-51360)).10.16Form of Performance Share Units Agreement for executive officers under the Incentive Plan*IV-410.17Liberty Global 2017 Annual Performance Award Program for executive officers under the Incentive Plan (description of said program isincorporated by reference to the description thereof included in Item 5.02(e) of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 27,2017 (File No. 001-35961)(the February 2017 8-K)).10.18Liberty Global 2017 Compensatory Awards for certain executive officers under the Incentive Plan (description of said awards is incorporatedby reference to the description thereof included in Item 5.02(e) of the February 2017 8-K)).10.19Liberty Global 2018 Annual Performance Award Program for executive officers under the Incentive Plan (description of said program isincorporated by reference to the description thereof included in Item 5.02(e) of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 27,2018 (File No. 000-35961)).10.20Liberty Global 2018 Performance Incentive Plan for executive officers under the Incentive Plan (a description of said plan is incorporation byreference to the description thereof included in Item 5.02(e) of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 21, 2018 (File No.000-35961)).10.21Deferred Compensation Plan (adopted effective December 15, 2008; Amended and Restated as of October 26, 2015)(incorporated by referenceto Exhibit 10.29 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 16, 2016 (File No. 001-35961) (the 2016 10-K)).10.22Nonemployee Director Deferred Compensation Plan (As Amended and Restated Effective December 11, 2015)(incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.30 to the 2016 10-K).10.23Personal Usage of Aircraft Policy, restated June 7, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the 2016 10-K).10.24Form of Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement (7X) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to LGI’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filedFebruary 13, 2013 (File No. 000-51360)).10.25Employment Agreement dated as of April 30, 2014, by and among the Registrant, LGI and Michael T. Fries (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 6, 2014 (File No. 001-35961)(the May 6, 2014 10-Q)).10.26Form of Performance Grant Award Agreement under the Incentive Plan dated as of April 30, 2014, between the Registrant and Michael T. Fries(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the May 6, 2014 10-Q).10.27Form of Performance Share Units Agreement between the Registrant and our Chief Executive Officer under the Incentive Plan (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 4, 2016 (File No. 001-35961)(the August 4, 2016 10-Q)).10.28Form of Share Appreciation Rights Agreement between the Registrant and our Chief Executive Officer under the Incentive Plan (incorporatedby reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the August 4, 2016 10-Q).10.29Executive Service Agreement, dated December 15, 2004, between UPC Services Limited and Charles Bracken (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.36 to LGI’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 24, 2010 (File No. 000-51360)).10.30Executive Services Agreement effective January 1, 2011, between Liberty Global Europe B.V. and Diederik Karsten (incorporated by referenceto Exhibit 10.45 to LGI’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 24, 2011 (File No. 000-51360)).10.31Settlement Agreement dated as of January 15, 2019, by and between Liberty Global B.V. and Diederik Karsten*10.32Employment Agreement dated as of June 28, 2018, between Liberty Global Inc. and Enrique Rodriguez (incorporated by reference to Exhibit10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 8, 2018 (File No. 001-35961)).10.33Letter Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2017, by and between the Registrant, LGI and Balan Nair (incorporated by reference to Exhibit10.31 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 14, 2018 (File No. 001-35961)).10.34Trade Mark Licence, dated as of April 3, 2006, between Virgin Enterprises Limited and NTL Group Limited (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.2 to Virgin Media’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2006 (File No. 000-50886)).10.35Amendment Letter No. 1, dated February 8, 2007, to the Trade Mark Licence between Virgin Enterprises Limited and Virgin Media Limiteddated April 3, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Virgin Media’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2007 (FileNo. 000-50886)).10.36Amendment Letter No. 2, dated October 1, 2007, to the Trade Mark Licence between Virgin Enterprises Limited and Virgin Media Limiteddated April 3, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Virgin Media’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2007(File No. 000-50886)).10.37Trade Mark Licence between Virgin Enterprises Limited and Virgin Media Limited dated December 16, 2009 (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.83 to Virgin Media’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2010 (File No. 000-50886)).10.38Amended and Restated Contribution and Transfer Agreement, dated July 21, 2016, as amended and restated December 31, 2016, by andamong, Liberty Global Europe Holding B.V., the Registrant, Vodafone International Holdings B.V., Vodafone Group Plc and Lynx GlobalEurope II B.V. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 6, 2017 (File No. 001-35961)(the January 2017 8-K)).IV-510.39Shareholders’ Agreement, dated December 31, 2016, by and among, Vodafone International Holdings B.V., Vodafone Group Plc, LibertyGlobal Europe Holding B.V., the Registrant and Lynx Global Europe II B.V. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the January 2017 8-K).21 -- List of Subsidiaries*23 -- Consent of Experts and Counsel:23.1Consent of KPMG LLP*31 -- Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification:31.1Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer*31.2Certification of Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)*32 -- Section 1350 Certification ** 101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document*101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document*101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase*101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document*101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document*_______________* Filed herewith** Furnished herewithItem 16.FORM 10-K SUMMARYNone.IV-6SIGNATURESPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on itsbehalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC Dated:February 27, 2019 /s/ BRYAN H. HALL Bryan H. HallExecutive Vice President, General Counsel and SecretaryPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of theRegistrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ JOHN C. MALONE Chairman of the Board February 27, 2019John C. Malone /s/ MICHAEL T. FRIES President, Chief Executive Officer and Director February 27, 2019Michael T. Fries /s/ ANDREW J. COLE Director February 27, 2019Andrew J. Cole /s/ MIRANDA CURTIS Director February 27, 2019Miranda Curtis /s/ JOHN W. DICK Director February 27, 2019John W. Dick /s/ PAUL A. GOULD Director February 27, 2019Paul A. Gould /s/ RICHARD R. GREEN Director February 27, 2019Richard R. Green /s/ DAVID E. RAPLEY Director February 27, 2019David E. Rapley /s/ LARRY E. ROMRELL Director February 27, 2019Larry E. Romrell /s/ J.C. SPARKMAN Director February 27, 2019J.C. Sparkman /s/ J. DAVID WARGO Director February 27, 2019J. David Wargo /s/ CHARLES H.R. BRACKEN Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 27, 2019Charles H.R. Bracken /s/ JASON WALDRON Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer February 27, 2019Jason Waldron IV-7LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCSCHEDULE I(Parent Company Information - See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements)CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS(Parent Company Only) December 31, 2018 2017 in millionsASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents$10.8 $73.2Interest receivables — related-party— 1.8Other receivables — related-party13.0 44.6Other current assets7.0 5.8Total current assets30.8 125.4Long-term notes receivable — related-party1,215.5 975.8Investments in consolidated subsidiaries, including intercompany balances20,829.5 17,472.6Other assets, net13.7 17.8Total assets$22,089.5 $18,591.6IV-8LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCSCHEDULE I(Parent Company Information - See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements)CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS — (Continued)(Parent Company Only) December 31, 2018 2017 in millionsLIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable$3.5 $0.9Other payables — related-party26.4 68.7Current portion of notes payable — related-party3,033.3 2,834.7Accrued liabilities and other9.1 5.6Total current liabilities3,072.3 2,909.9Long-term notes payable — related-party14,332.5 7,884.1Other long-term liabilities — related-party— 989.9Other long-term liabilities3.3 2.7Total liabilities17,408.1 11,786.6Commitments and contingencies Shareholders’ equity: Liberty Global Shares — Class A, $0.01 nominal value. Issued and outstanding 204,450,499 and 219,668,579shares, respectively2.0 2.2Liberty Global Shares — Class B, $0.01 nominal value. Issued and outstanding 11,099,593 and 11,102,619shares, respectively0.1 0.1Liberty Global Shares — Class C, $0.01 nominal value. Issued and outstanding 531,174,389 and 584,332,055shares, respectively5.3 5.8Additional paid-in capital9,214.5 11,358.6Accumulated deficit(5,172.2) (6,217.6)Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of taxes631.8 1,656.0Treasury shares, at cost(0.1) (0.1)Total shareholders’ equity4,681.4 6,805.0Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$22,089.5 $18,591.6IV-9LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCSCHEDULE I(Parent Company Information - See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements)CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS(Parent Company Only) Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millionsOperating costs and expenses: Selling, general and administrative (including share-based compensation)$42.8 $44.9 $52.9Related-party fees and allocations8.0 55.2 66.3Depreciation and amortization1.5 1.0 0.8Other operating expenses— — 0.7Operating loss(52.3) (101.1) (120.7)Non-operating income (expense): Interest expense — related-party(678.0) (406.5) (162.3)Interest income — related-party70.9 822.7 781.0Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net381.0 (644.8) 45.8Other income (expense), net0.1 (3.3) (1.3) (226.0) (231.9) 663.2Earnings (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings (losses) of consolidatedsubsidiaries, net(278.3) (333.0) 542.5Equity in earnings (losses) of consolidated subsidiaries, net887.9 (2,386.0) 1,279.7Income tax benefit (expense)115.7 (59.1) (116.9)Net earnings (loss)$725.3 $(2,778.1) $1,705.3IV-10LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCSCHEDULE I(Parent Company Information - See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements)CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(Parent Company Only) Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 in millionsCash flows from operating activities: Net earnings (loss)$725.3 $(2,778.1) $1,705.3Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to net cash provided (used) by operatingactivities: Equity in losses (earnings) of consolidated subsidiaries, net(887.9) 2,386.0 (1,279.7)Share-based compensation expense20.6 19.8 29.0Related-party fees and allocations8.0 55.2 66.3Depreciation and amortization1.5 1.0 0.8Other operating expenses— — 0.7Foreign currency transaction losses (gains), net(381.0) 644.8 (45.8)Deferred income tax benefit(2.8) (1.6) (1.7)Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Receivables and other operating assets(134.8) 502.7 116.4Payables and accruals564.4 (160.9) 29.0Net cash provided (used) by operating activities(86.7) 668.9 620.3 Cash flows from investing activities: Distribution and repayments from (investments in and advances to) consolidated subsidiaries,net(93.4) 1,188.7 (133.6)Other investing activities, net— (7.0) 0.3Net cash provided (used) by investing activities(93.4) 1,181.7 (133.3) Cash flows from financing activities: Borrowings of related-party debt3,133.3 4,632.7 5,249.8Repayments of related-party debt(1,010.0) (3,496.0) (3,751.5)Repurchase of Liberty Global ordinary shares(2,009.9) (2,976.2) (1,968.3)Proceeds from issuance of Liberty Global shares upon exercise of options5.7 11.7 17.4Proceeds associated with call option contracts, net— — 9.2Other financing activities, net(1.4) (8.1) (9.4)Net cash provided (used) by financing activities117.7 (1,835.9) (452.8) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash— (0.4) (0.3) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents(62.4) 14.3 33.9Cash and cash equivalents: Beginning of period78.4 64.1 30.2End of period$16.0 $78.4 $64.1 Details of end of period cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: Cash and cash equivalents$10.8 $73.2 $58.9Restricted cash included in other current assets5.2 5.2 5.2Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash$16.0 $78.4 $64.1IV-11LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCSCHEDULE IIVALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS Allowance for doubtful accounts — Trade receivables (Continuing operations) Balance atbeginningof period Impact of theadoption ofASU 2014-09 Additions tocosts andexpenses Acquisitions VodafoneZiggo JVTransaction Deductionsor write-offs Foreigncurrencytranslationadjustments Balance atend of period in millionsYear ended December31: 2016$60.8 — 50.9 3.8 (13.0) (39.3) (7.1) $56.12017$56.1 — 51.6 1.5 — (41.7) 6.7 $74.22018$74.2 11.9 61.6 — — (98.4) (3.5) $45.8 IV-12Exhibit 10.16[Liberty Global Class _]LIBERTY GLOBAL 2014 INCENTIVE PLAN(Effective March 1, 2014)PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS AGREEMENTTHIS PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS AGREEMENT (“Agreement”) is made as of [DATE], by and between LIBERTYGLOBAL PLC, a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales (the “Company”), and the individualwhose name, address, and Optionee ID number appear on the signature page hereto (the “Grantee”).The Company has adopted the Liberty Global 2014 Incentive Plan effective March 1, 2014, as amended and restated effectiveFebruary 24, 2015 (the “Plan”), which by this reference is made a part hereof, for the benefit of eligible employees of the Companyand its Subsidiaries. Capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given thereto in the Plan. [CLICKHERE TO READ THE PLAN.]Pursuant to the Plan, the Compensation Committee appointed by the Board pursuant to Article 3 of the Plan to administer thePlan (the “Committee”) has determined that it is in the best interest of the Company and its Shareholders to award performance-basedrestricted share units to the Grantee effective as of [DATE] (the “Grant Date”), subject to the conditions and restrictions set forth hereinand in the Plan, in order to provide the Grantee additional remuneration for services rendered, to encourage the Grantee to continue toprovide services to the Company or its Subsidiaries and to increase the Grantee’s personal interest in the continued success andprogress of the Company.The Company and the Grantee therefore agree as follows:1.Definitions. The following terms, when used in this Agreement, have the following meanings:“Act” means the U.K. companies Act of 2006, as amended from time to time, and the rules and regulations thereunder.“Annual Performance Rating” means the performance rating received by the Grantee during the Company’s AnnualPerformance Review Process.“Cause” has the meaning specified for “cause” in Section 11.2(c) of the Plan.“Code” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time, or any successor statute orstatutes thereto. Reference to any specific code section shall include any successor section.1“Committee” has the meaning specified in the recitals to this Agreement.“Company” means Liberty Global plc, a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales.“Earned Percentage” means the percentage determined by the Committee after the end of the Performance Period inaccordance with the terms set forth in Appendix A taking into account the level of achievement of the Performance Metric orPerformance Metrics set forth in Appendix A during the Performance Period and, if applicable, the relative weighting of thePerformance Metrics.“Earned Performance Share Units” means the number of Performance Share Units that following the completion of thePerformance Period the Grantee is determined in accordance with Section 3 to have earned under this Agreement, subject to reduction,forfeiture or acceleration during the Service Period in accordance with Sections 4, 6 and 7, as applicable.“Good Reason” for the Grantee to resign from his or her employment with the Company and its Subsidiaries means thatany of the following occurs, is not consented to by the Grantee and, except for purposes of Section 7(b), is not the result of theGrantee’s poor performance:(i)any material diminution in the Grantee’s base compensation;(ii)the material diminution of the Grantee’s official position or authority, but excluding isolated or inadvertentaction not taken in bad faith that is remedied promptly after notice; or(iii)the Company requires the Grantee to relocate his/her principal business office to a different country.For the Grantee’s Termination of Service to constitute resignation for Good Reason, the Grantee must notify the Committee inwriting within 30 days of the occurrence of such event that Good Reason exists for resignation, the Company must not have takencorrective action within 60 days after such notice is given so that Good Reason for resignation ceases to exist, and the Grantee mustterminate his or her employment with the Company and its Subsidiaries within six months after such notice is given or such longerperiod (but in any event not to exceed two years following the initial occurrence of such event) as may be required by the provisions ofany employment agreement or other contract or arrangement with the Company or its Subsidiaries to which the Grantee is a party.“Grant Date” has the meaning specified in the recitals to this Agreement.“Grantee” has the meaning specified in the preamble to this Agreement.“LBTY_” or “Share” means the Liberty Global Class _ ordinary shares, nominal value $.01 per share, of the Company.“Maximum Percentage” has the meaning ascribed to such term in Appendix A.2“Performance Metric” or “Performance Metrics” means the performance goal or goals established by the Committeepursuant to Section 10.2 of the Plan and set forth in Appendix A hereto.“Performance Period” means the two-year period beginning on January 1 of the calendar year in which the Grant Dateoccurs, or such shorter period related to a Performance Metric.“Performance Share Unit” is a Restricted Share representing the right to receive one share of LBTY_, subject to theperformance and other conditions and restrictions set forth herein and in the Plan.“Plan” has the meaning specified in the preamble to this Agreement.“Regulations” means the rules and regulations under the Code or a specified section of the Code, as applicable.“Required Withholding Amount” has the meaning specified in Section 17 of this Agreement.“Retirement” means the voluntary termination of a Grantee’s employment with the Company or its Subsidiaries, on orafter the date that the sum of the Grantee’s years of age and years of continuous employment with the Company or its Subsidiaries is atleast 70 (the “Rule of 70”). For clarity, the Company will count years of continuous employment with Liberty Global plc or any of itsSubsidiaries for calculating the Rule of 70 for any service rendered by the Grantee to such entities immediately prior to joining theCompany or any of its Subsidiaries“RSU Dividend Equivalents” with respect to a Performance Share Unit means, to the extent specified by theCommittee only, an amount equal to all dividends and other distributions (or the economic equivalent thereof) which are payable ortransferable to Shareholders of record during the Performance Period and Service Period with respect to one share of LBTY_.“Section 409A” means Section 409A of the Code and related Regulations and Treasury pronouncements.“Service Period” means the period beginning on the January 1 immediately following the expiration of the PerformancePeriod and ending on October 1 of that calendar year.“Target Performance Share Units” means the initial number of Performance Share Units granted to the Granteepursuant to this Agreement, with such number subject to adjustment or forfeiture in accordance with the terms of this Agreement andthe Plan.“Termination of Service” means the termination for any reason of the Grantee’s provision of services to the Companyand its Subsidiaries, as an officer, employee or independent contractor. Whether any leave of absence constitutes a Termination ofService will be determined by the Committee subject to Section 11.2(d) of the Plan. Unless the Committee otherwise determines,neither transfers of employment among the Company and its Subsidiaries, nor a change in Grantee’s status from an independentcontractor to an employee will be a Termination of Service for purposes3of this Agreement. Unless the Committee otherwise determines, however, any change in Grantee’s status from an employee to anindependent contractor will be a Termination of Service within the meaning of this Agreement; provided, however, that, to the extentSection 409A is applicable to Grantee, any amounts otherwise payable hereunder as nonqualified deferred compensation within themeaning of Section 409A on account of Termination of Service shall not be payable before Grantee “separates from service”, as thatterm is defined in Section 409A, and shall be paid in accordance with Section 17(c) of this Agreement.“Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents” has the meaning specified in Section 4(b) of this Agreement.“Vesting Date” means each date on which any Performance Share Units cease to be subject to a risk of forfeiture orvest, as determined in accordance with this Agreement and the Plan.“Vested RSU Dividend Equivalents” has the meaning specified in Section 10 of this Agreement.2. Grant of Target Performance Share Units. Pursuant to the Plan, the Company grants to the Grantee, effective as of the GrantDate, an Award of the number of Target Performance Share Units set forth on the signature page hereto, subject to the terms,conditions and restrictions set forth herein and in the Plan.3. Performance Conditions For Performance Period.(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 7, if the Grantee receives less than an Annual Performance Rating of“Developing”, or its equivalent, for any year in the Performance Period, then upon conclusion of the Company’s Annual PerformanceReview Process for that year, this Award and Grantee’s Target Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU DividendEquivalents shall be forfeited and the Grantee shall have no further rights hereunder.(b) The Performance Metric or Performance Metrics established by the Committee for the Performance Period are setforth on Appendix A attached hereto and made a part hereof for all purposes. The Earned Performance Share Units for the Granteeshall initially be determined by multiplying the number of Target Performance Share Units by the Earned Percentage determined by theCommittee in accordance with Appendix A. If the Grantee received at least a “Developing” (or its equivalent) but less than a “Strong”(or its equivalent) Annual Performance Rating for any year in the Performance Period, then the Committee may in its discretion reducethe number of Earned Performance Share Units initially so determined in accordance with the preceding sentence to such number ofEarned Performance Share Units as the Committee shall determine.(c) Following the close of the Performance Period, the Committee shall certify the extent to which the PerformanceMetric or Performance Metrics have been achieved and the calculation of the Earned Percentage. The Committee may, but shall not beobligated to, engage an independent accounting firm to perform agreed upon procedures to verify the calculations. Upon completing itsdetermination, the Committee shall notify the Grantee, in the form and manner as determined by the4Committee, of the number of Earned Performance Share Units that will be subject to the service vesting provisions of Section 4.(d) If the number of Grantee’s Earned Performance Share Units is less than the number of Grantee’s TargetPerformance Share Units, the excess Target Performance Share Units and any related unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents willimmediately be cancelled. If the number of Grantee’s Earned Performance Share Units exceeds the number of Grantee’s TargetPerformance Units, Grantee will be awarded a number of additional Performance Share Units so that the number of Grantee’s TargetPerformance Share Units and such additional Performance Share Units will equal the number of Grantee’s Earned Performance ShareUnits.4. Vesting during Service Period.(a) Unless the Committee otherwise determines in its sole discretion, subject to earlier vesting in accordance withSection 5, 6 or 7 of this Agreement or Section 11.1(b) of the Plan and subject to Section 4(c) and the forfeiture provisions of thisAgreement, the Earned Performance Share Units shall become vested in accordance with the following schedule (each date specifiedbelow being a Vesting Date):(i)On April 1 during the Service Period, 50% of the Earned Performance Share Units shall become vested;and(ii)On October 1 during the Service Period, 50% of the Earned Performance Share Units shall becomevested.[Please refer to the website of the Third Party Administrator, UBS Financial Services Inc., which maintains the database forthe Plan and provides related services, for the specific Vesting Dates related to the Performance Share Units (click on thespecific grant under the tab labeled “Grants/Award/Units”).](b) On each Vesting Date, subject to the satisfaction of any other applicable restrictions, terms and conditions, anyRSU Dividend Equivalents with respect to the Earned Performance Share Units that have not theretofore become Vested RSUDividend Equivalents (“Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents”) will become vested to the extent that the Earned Performance ShareUnits related thereto shall have become vested in accordance with this Agreement.(c) Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event the Grantee is suspended (with or without compensation) or isotherwise not in good standing with the Company or any Subsidiary as determined by the Company’s General Counsel due to analleged violation of the Company’s Code of Business Conduct, applicable law or other misconduct (a “Suspension Event”), theCompany has the right to suspend the vesting of the Earned Performance Share Units until the day after the Company (as determinedby the General Counsel or his/her designee) has determined (x) the suspension lifted of (y) the Company determines lack of goodstanding has been cured (each, the “Recovery Date”). If the Suspension Event has occurred and prior to the Recovery Date, theGrantee dies, is disabled or is terminated without cause, then the provisions of this Sections 4(a), 4(b) and Section 6 continue to applynotwithstanding the Suspension Event. If the Grantee resigns5(including due to retirement) or is terminated for cause prior to the Recovery Date then the unvested Earned Performance Share Unitswill be terminated without any further vesting after the date of the Suspension Event, unless otherwise agreed by the Company.5. Termination, Death or Disability during Performance Period.Subject to the remaining provisions of this Section 5 and to Sections 7 and 8, in the event of Termination of Service at any timeduring the Performance Period, the Grantee shall thereupon forfeit the Grantee’s Target Performance Share Units, any related UnpaidRSU Dividend Equivalents and any rights hereunder, except as indicated below:(a) If the Termination of Service occurs after June 30 of the first year of the Performance Period and is due to death,then provided that the Grantee’s Annual Performance Rating for any full year, if any, of the Performance Period prior to Terminationof Service was not less than “Developing”, or its equivalent, the Grantee’s estate will be entitled to a prorated portion of the Grantee’sTarget Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents based on the number of full days of service by theGrantee during the Performance Period. Subject to the foregoing, the prorated portion of the Target Performance Share Units and anyrelated Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents will thereupon become vested and will be settled in accordance with Section 9 as soon asadministratively practicable after the Termination of Service, but in no event later than March 15 of the calendar year immediatelyfollowing the calendar year in which the Termination of Service occurred.(b) If the Termination of Service occurs after June 30 of the first year of the Performance Period and is due toDisability, then provided that the Grantee’s most recent Annual Performance Rating prior to Termination of Service was not less than“Developing”, or its equivalent, the Grantee will retain the right to earn a pro rata portion of the Grantee’s Target Performance ShareUnits and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents. The number of the Grantee’s Earned Performance Share Units will initiallybe determined in accordance with Section 3 on the same basis as would otherwise apply had no Termination of Service occurred, but ifthe Termination of Service occurs in the first year of the Performance Period, the level of achievement of the Performance Metric orPerformance Metrics will be determined based on the Company’s relative performance during that year as if the Performance Periodwere one year. The number of Earned Performance Share Units so determined will then be prorated based on the number of full daysof service by the Grantee during the full Performance Period. Subject to the foregoing, the prorated portion of the Earned PerformanceShare Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents will thereupon become vested and will be settled in accordance withSection 9 as soon as administratively practicable after the Termination of Service, but in no event later than March 15 of the calendaryear immediately following the calendar year in which Grantee’s Termination of Service occurred.(c) If the Termination of Service occurs after June 30 of the first year of the Performance Period and is due totermination of the Grantee by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries without Cause or resignation by the Grantee for Good Reason,then the Committee may determine, in its sole discretion, that a portion of the Grantee’s Earned Performance Share Units (determinedin the manner described in Section 5(b)) and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend6Equivalents will thereupon become vested and no longer be subject to a risk of forfeiture in such amount as the Committee maydetermine, and shall be settled in accordance with Section 9 as soon as administratively practicable after the Termination of Service,but in no event later than March 15 of the calendar year immediately following the calendar year in which the Termination of Serviceoccurred, provided that in no event shall the amount or terms of such settlement be more favorable to the Grantee than if the Grantee’sservice had terminated due to Disability.(d) If the Termination of Service occurs during the second year of the Performance Period and is due to termination ofthe Grantee as a result of Grantee remaining employed by the Company’s operations in Germany, Hungary, Romania and CzechRepublic at the time such operations are sold to Vodafone Group plc, then the Committee will determine in the manner described inSection 3 the portion of the Grantee’s Earned Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents that willbecome vested and no longer subject to risk of forfeiture as of the date of Grantee’s Termination of Service and shall be settled inaccordance with Section 9 as of the originally scheduled Vesting Dates. Such portion shall be based on the number of full months theCompany owned and managed the operations before the sale compared to the full two-year Performance Period.6. Termination, Death, Disability or Retirement during Service Period.Subject to the remaining provisions of this Section 6 and to Sections 7 and 8, in the event of Termination of Service at any timeduring the Service Period, the Grantee shall, effective upon such Termination of Service, forfeit any Earned Performance Share Unitsand any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents, the Vesting Date for which has not yet occurred, except as indicated below:(a) If the Termination of Service is due to death or Disability, the Grantee’s unvested Earned Performance Share Unitsand any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents will thereupon become vested and no longer be subject to a risk of forfeiture. SuchEarned Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents will be settled in accordance with Section 9 as ofthe originally scheduled Vesting Dates.(b) If the Termination of Service is due to termination of the Grantee by the Company or any of its Subsidiarieswithout Cause or resignation by the Grantee for Good Reason, then the Committee may determine, in its sole discretion, that a portionof the Grantee’s Earned Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents will become vested and nolonger be subject to a risk of forfeiture in such amount as the Committee may determine, and shall be settled in accordance withSection 9 as of the originally scheduled Vesting Dates, provided that in no event shall the amount or terms of such settlement be morefavorable to the Grantee than if the Grantee’s service had terminated due to death or Disability.(c) If the Termination of Service is due to Retirement, the Grantee’s unvested Earned Performance Share Units andany related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents will thereupon become vested and no longer subject to a risk of forfeiture in a pro-rataamount determined by multiplying such unvested Earned Performance Share Units (including any Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents)by a fraction, the numerator of which shall be the number of months (with any partial7month being deemed a full month) of the Grantee’s employment with the Company and its Subsidiaries during the period beginning onthe first day of the Performance Period of such Award and ending on the date of the Grantee’s Retirement, and the denominator ofwhich shall be the number of full months in the period beginning on the first day of the Performance Period of such Award and endingon the date such Unvested Earned Performance Share Units would otherwise have become vested, in accordance with its terms had theGrantee remained employed with the Company through such date. Such Earned Performance Share Units and any related UnpaidRSU Dividend Equivalents will be settled in accordance with Section 9 as of the originally scheduled Vesting Dates.7. Change in Control.(a) If an Approved Transaction, Board Change or Control Purchase occurs on or before the Grantee’s Termination ofService and (x) this Agreement is not continued on the same terms and conditions or (y) in the case of an Approved Transaction, theCommittee as constituted prior to such Approved Transaction has not determined, in its discretion, that effective provision has beenmade for the assumption or continuation of this Agreement on terms and conditions that in the opinion of the Committee are as nearlyas practicable equivalent for the Grantee to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, taking into account, to the extent applicable,the kind and amount of securities, cash or other assets into or for which the LBTY_ may be changed, converted or exchanged inconnection with the Approved Transaction, then the provisions of this Section 7(a) will apply, subject to Section 8:(i)If the Approved Transaction, Board Change or Control Purchase occurs during the PerformancePeriod, then provided that the Grantee’s Annual Performance Rating for any full year, if any, of the Performance Period prior to suchevent was not less than “Developing”, or its equivalent, the Grantee will be deemed to have earned a number of Earned PerformanceShare Units equal to the Grantee’s Target Performance Share Units. Such Earned Performance Share Units and any related UnpaidRSU Dividend Equivalents shall thereupon become vested and will be settled in accordance with Section 9 promptly following theoccurrence of the Board Change or Control Purchase, but in any event no later than 30 days following such occurrence, orimmediately prior to consummation of the Approved Transaction. The accelerated vesting and settlement contemplated by this clause(i) will be in full satisfaction of the Grantee’s rights hereunder.(ii)If the Approved Transaction, Board Change or Control Purchase occurs during the Service Period,the Grantee’s remaining Earned Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents will vest and no longerbe subject to a risk of forfeiture upon the occurrence of the Board Change or Control Purchase or immediately prior to consummationof the Approved Transaction. Such Earned Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents shall besettled in accordance with Section 9 promptly following the occurrence of the Board Change or Control Purchase, but in any event nolater than 30 days following such occurrence, or immediately prior to consummation of the Approved Transaction. The acceleratedvesting and settlement contemplated by this clause (ii) will be in full satisfaction of the Grantee’s rights hereunder.8(b) If an Approved Transaction, Board Change or Control Purchase occurs on or before the Grantee’s Termination ofService and the provisions of Section 7(a) do not apply because of the assumption or continuation of this Agreement as describedtherein, then the following will apply, subject to Section 8:(i) If the Approved Transaction, Board Change or Control Purchase occurs during the Performance Period,then provided that the Grantee’s Annual Performance Rating for any full year, if any, of the Performance Period prior to such eventwas not less than “Developing”, or its equivalent, the Grantee will thereupon be deemed to have earned a number of EarnedPerformance Share Units equal to the Grantee’s Target Performance Share Units, and the Grantee shall continue to be subject to theservice and vesting requirements of, and to have the rights otherwise provided under, this Agreement with respect to such EarnedPerformance Share Units.(ii) If the Approved Transaction, Board Change or Control Purchase occurs during the Service Period, theGrantee will continue to have the rights otherwise provided under this Agreement with respect to the Earned Performance Share Units.(iii) In the event of Termination of Service occurs after the Approved Transaction, Board Change or ControlPurchase due to termination of the Grantee by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries for Cause or resignation by the Grantee, butexcluding resignation as a result of Disability or for Good Reason, the Grantee shall, effective upon such Termination of Service,forfeit any then unvested Earned Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents, the Vesting Date forwhich has not yet occurred.(iv) In the event of Termination of Service occurs after the Approved Transaction, Board Change or ControlPurchase due to death, Disability or Retirement, resignation by the Grantee for Good Reason or termination by the Company or any ofits Subsidiaries without Cause, then effective upon such Termination of Service, the Grantee’s then unvested Earned PerformanceShare Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalent shall become vested and no longer subject to a risk of forfeiture.Settlement in accordance with Section 9 of such Earned Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalentswill be made (x) if the Termination of Service occurs during the Performance Period, as soon as administratively practicable after theTermination of Service, but in no event later than March 15 of the calendar year immediately following the calendar year in which theTermination of Service occurred, and (y) if the Termination of Service occurs during the Service Period, as of the originally scheduledVesting Dates.8. Forfeiture and Recoupment Policy.(a) Except when the Grantee’s Termination of Service is due to death or Disability, the accelerated vesting ofPerformance Share Units contemplated or permitted by Sections 5, 6 and 7 shall be contingent upon execution by the Grantee, no laterthan the 60th day after the Termination of Service, of a general release, non-solicitation agreement and confidentiality agreement and, ifthe Committee in its discretion so requires, a non-competition agreement, in each case in favor of the Company and its Subsidiaries andin substance and form approved by the9Committee, which form shall be provided by the Company to the Grantee within 15 days after the Termination of Service.(b) If the Grantee breaches any restrictions, terms or conditions provided in or established by the Committee pursuantto the Plan or this Agreement with respect to the Performance Share Units prior to the vesting thereof (including any attempted orcompleted transfer of any such unvested Performance Share Units contrary to the terms of the Plan or this Agreement), the unvestedPerformance Share Units, together with any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents, will be forfeited immediately.(c) If the Company’s consolidated financial statements for any of the years taken into account in the PerformanceMetrics are required to be restated at any time as a result of an error (whether or not involving fraud or misconduct) and the Committeedetermines that if the financial results had been properly reported the number of Earned Performance Share Units would have beenlower, then the Grantee shall be required to forfeit the excess amount of his or her Earned Performance Share Units, together with anyrelated Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents, or to refund any amounts previously delivered to the Grantee. The Grantee’s excessamount will be allocated ratably across the portions of his or her Earned Performance Share Units previously settled and the portionsremaining to be settled, unless otherwise determined by the Committee. The amount allocated to portions of the Grantee’s EarnedPerformance Share Units that have previously been settled shall be promptly refunded to the Company by the Grantee in cash or bytransfer of a number of Shares with a Fair Market Value as of the date transferred to the Company that is equal to the Fair MarketValue of the Shares as of the date such shares were previously issued or transferred in settlement of the Earned Performance ShareUnits and the value of any RSU Dividend Equivalents previously paid with respect thereto. The Company shall have the right,exercisable in the Committee’s discretion, to offset, or cause to be offset, any amounts that the Grantee is required to refund to theCompany pursuant to this Section 8(c) against any amounts otherwise owed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries to the Grantee.(d) Upon forfeiture of any Target Performance Share Units or Earned Performance Share Units, such PerformanceShare Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents will be immediately cancelled, and the Grantee will cease to have anyrights hereunder with respect thereto.9. Settlement of Vested Performance Share Units. Except as otherwise provided in Sections 5, 6 and 7, settlement of PerformanceShare Units that vest in accordance with this Agreement shall be made as soon as administratively practicable after the applicableVesting Date, but in no event later than 30 days after such Vesting Date. Settlement of vested Performance Share Units shall be madein payment of Shares, together with any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents, in accordance with Section 11.10. Shareholder Rights; RSU Dividend Equivalents. The Grantee shall have no rights of a Shareholder with respect to any Sharesrepresented by any Performance Share Units unless and until such time as Shares represented by vested Performance Share Units havebeen delivered to the Grantee in accordance with Section 9. The Grantee will have no right to receive, or otherwise with respect to,any RSU Dividend Equivalents until such time, if ever, as the Performance Share10Units with respect to which such RSU Dividend Equivalents relate shall have become vested and, if vesting does not occur, the relatedRSU Dividend Equivalents will be forfeited. RSU Dividend Equivalents shall not bear interest or be segregated in a separate account.Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Committee may, in its sole discretion, accelerate the vesting of any portion of the RSU DividendEquivalents (the “Vested RSU Dividend Equivalents”). The settlement of any Vested RSU Dividend Equivalents shall be made assoon as administratively practicable after the accelerated vesting date, but in no event later than March 15 of the calendar yearfollowing the calendar year in which the Vested RSU Dividend Equivalents became vested.11. Delivery by Company. As soon as practicable after the vesting of Performance Share Units, and any related Unpaid RSUDividend Equivalents, and subject to the withholding referred to in Section 17 of this Agreement, the Company will deliver or cause tobe delivered to or at the direction of the Grantee (i)(a) a certificate or certificates issued or transferred in the Grantee’s name for theShares represented by such vested Performance Share Units, (b) a statement of holdings reflecting that the Shares represented by suchvested Performance Share Units are held for the benefit of the Grantee in uncertificated form by a third party service providerdesignated by the Company, or (c) a confirmation of deposit of the Shares represented by such vested Performance Share Units, inbook-entry form, into the broker’s account designated by the Grantee, (ii) any securities constituting related vested Unpaid RSUDividend Equivalents by any applicable method specified in clause (i) above, and (iii) any cash payment constituting related vestedUnpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents. Any delivery of securities will be deemed effected for all purposes when (1) a certificaterepresenting or statement of holdings reflecting such securities and, in the case of any Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents, any otherdocuments necessary to reflect ownership thereof by the Grantee has been delivered personally to the Grantee or, if delivery is by mail,when the Company or its share transfer agent has deposited the certificate or statement of holdings and/or such other documents in theUnited States or local country mail, addressed to the Grantee, or (2) confirmation of deposit into the designated broker’s account ofsuch securities, in written or electronic format, is first made available to the Grantee. Any cash payment will be deemed effected whena check from the Company, payable to or at the direction of the Grantee and in the amount equal to the amount of the cash payment,has been delivered personally to or at the direction of the Grantee or deposited in the United States mail, addressed to the Grantee orhis or her nominee.12. Nontransferability of Performance Share Units Before Vesting.(a) Before vesting and during the Grantee’s lifetime, the Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSUDividend Equivalents may not be sold, assigned, transferred by gift or otherwise, pledged, exchanged, encumbered or disposed of(voluntarily or involuntarily), other than an assignment pursuant to a Domestic Relations Order. In the event of an assignment pursuantto a Domestic Relations Order, the unvested Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents so assignedshall be subject to all the restrictions, terms and provisions of this Agreement and the Plan, and the assignee shall be bound by allapplicable provisions of this Agreement and the Plan in the same manner as the Grantee.(b) The Grantee may designate a beneficiary or beneficiaries to whom the Performance Share Units, to the extent thenvested, and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend11Equivalents will pass upon the Grantee’s death and may change such designation from time to time by filing a written designation ofbeneficiary or beneficiaries with the Committee on such form as may be prescribed by the Committee, provided that no suchdesignation will be effective unless so filed prior to the death of the Grantee. If no such designation is made or if the designatedbeneficiary does not survive the Grantee’s death, the Performance Share Units, to the extent then vested, and any related Unpaid RSUDividend Equivalents will pass by will or the laws of descent and distribution. Following the Grantee’s death, the person to whomsuch vested Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents pass according to the foregoing will bedeemed the Grantee for purposes of any applicable provisions of this Agreement. [CLICK HERE TO ACCESS THEDESIGNATION OF BENEFICIARY FORM.]13. Adjustments. The Performance Share Units and any related Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents will be subject to adjustmentpursuant to Section 4.2 of the Plan in such manner as the Committee may deem equitable and appropriate in connection with theoccurrence following the Grant Date of any of the events described in Section 4.2 of the Plan.14. Company’s Rights. The existence of this Agreement will not affect in any way the right or power of the Company or itsShareholders to accomplish any corporate act, including, without limitation, the acts referred to in Section 11.16 of the Plan.15. Limitation of Rights. Nothing in this Agreement or the Plan will be construed to give the Grantee any right to be granted anyfuture Award other than in the sole discretion of the Committee or give the Grantee or any other person any interest in any fund or inany specified asset or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Neither the Grantee nor any person claiming through theGrantee will have any right or interest in Shares represented by any Performance Share Units or any related Unpaid RSU DividendEquivalents unless and until there shall have been full compliance with all the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement andthe Plan.16. Restrictions Imposed by Law. Without limiting the generality of Section 11.8 of the Plan, the Company shall not be obligated todeliver any Shares represented by vested Performance Share Units or securities constituting any Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents ifcounsel to the Company determines that the issuance or delivery thereof would violate any applicable law or any rule or regulation ofany governmental authority or any rule or regulation of, or agreement of the Company with, any securities exchange upon whichShares or such other securities are listed. The Company will in no event be obligated to take any affirmative action in order to cause thedelivery of Shares represented by vested Performance Share Units or securities constituting any Unpaid RSU Dividend Equivalents tocomply with any such law, rule, regulation, or agreement. Any certificates representing any such securities issued or transferred underthis Agreement may bear such legend or legends as the Company deems appropriate in order to assure compliance with applicablesecurities laws.17. Taxes.(a) To the extent that the Company is subject to withholding tax or employee social security withholding requirementsunder any national, state, local or other governmental law with respect to the award of the Performance Share Units to the Grantee orthe vesting thereof, or12the designation of any RSU Dividend Equivalents as payable or distributable or the payment or distribution thereof, the Grantee mustmake arrangements satisfactory to the Company to make payment to the Company of the amount required to be withheld under suchtax laws or employer social security contribution laws, as determined by the Company (collectively, the “Required WithholdingAmount”). To the extent such withholding is required because the Grantee vests in some or all of the Performance Share Units and anyrelated RSU Dividend Equivalents, the Company shall withhold (i) from the Shares represented by vested Performance Share Unitsand otherwise deliverable to the Grantee a number of Shares and/or (ii) from any related RSU Dividend Equivalents otherwisedeliverable to the Grantee an amount of such RSU Dividend Equivalents, which collectively have a value (or, in the case of securitieswithheld, a Fair Market Value) equal to the Required Withholding Amount (subject to compliance with applicable law, including, butnot limited to, “financial assistance” prohibitions under UK law), unless the Grantee remits the Required Withholding Amount to theCompany in cash in such form and by such time as the Company may require or other provisions for withholding such amountsatisfactory to the Company have been made. Without limitation to the foregoing sentence, the Grantee hereby agrees that the RequiredWithholding Amount can also be collected by (i) deducting from cash amounts otherwise payable to the Grantee (including wages orother cash compensation) or (ii) withholding from proceeds of the sale of Shares acquired upon vesting of the Earned PerformanceShare Units through a sale arranged by the Company (on the Grantee’s behalf pursuant to this authorization without further consent).Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement, the delivery of any Shares represented by vested Performance Share Unitsand any related RSU Dividend Equivalents may be postponed until any required withholding taxes have been paid to the Company.(b) If the Grantee is subject to tax in the United Kingdom and the withholding of any income tax due is not madewithin 90 days of the event giving rise to the income tax liability or such other period specified in Section 222(1)(c) of the U.K.Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (the “Due Date”), the amount of any uncollected income tax shall (assuming theGrantee is not a director or executive officer of the Company (within the meaning of Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act)) constitute aloan owed by the Grantee to the Grantee’s employer (the “Employer”), effective on the Due Date. The Grantee agrees that the loanwill bear interest at the then-current HM Revenue & Customs (“HMRC”) Official Rate, it will be immediately due and repayable, andthe Company and/or the Employer may recover it at any time thereafter by any of the means referred to in Section 17(a). If the Granteeis a director or executive officer and income tax is not collected from or paid by him or her by the Due Date, the amount of anyuncollected income tax will constitute a benefit to the Grantee on which additional income tax and national insurance contributions(“NICs”) will be payable. The Grantee will be responsible for paying and reporting any income tax due on this additional benefitdirectly to HMRC under the self-assessment regime and for reimbursing the Company or the Employer, as applicable, for the value ofany NICs due on this additional benefit.(c) At all times prior to the Vesting Date, the benefit payable under this Agreement is subject to a substantial risk offorfeiture within the meaning of Section 409A and Regulation 1.409A-1(d) (or any successor Regulation). Accordingly, thisAgreement is not subject to Section 409A under the short term deferral exclusion. Notwithstanding any other provision of thisAgreement, if Grantee is a “specified employee” as such term is defined in Section 409A, and13determined as described below, any amounts that would otherwise be payable hereunder as nonqualified deferred compensation withinthe meaning of Section 409A on account of Termination of Service (other than by reason of death) to the Grantee shall not be payablebefore the earlier of (i) the date that is six months after the date of the Grantee’s Termination of Service, (ii) the date of the Grantee’sdeath or (iii) the date that otherwise complies with the requirements of Section 409A. The Grantee shall be deemed a “specifiedemployee” for the twelve-month period beginning on April 1 of a year if the Grantee is a “key employee” as defined in Section 416(i)of the Code (without regard to Section 416(i)(5)) as of December 31 of the preceding year.18. Notice. Unless the Company notifies the Grantee in writing of a different procedure, any notice or other communication to theCompany with respect to this Agreement will be in writing and will be delivered personally or sent by United States first class or localcountry mail, postage prepaid, sent by overnight courier, freight prepaid or sent by facsimile and addressed as follows:Liberty Global plcc/o Liberty Global Inc. 1550 Wewatta Street, Suite 1000 Denver, CO 80202 Attn: General Counsel Fax: 303-220-6691Any notice or other communication to the Grantee with respect to this Agreement will be in writing and will be deliveredpersonally, or will be sent by United States first class or local country mail, postage prepaid, to the Grantee’s address as listed in therecords of the Company on the Grant Date, unless the Company has received written notification from the Grantee of a change ofaddress.19. Amendment. Notwithstanding any other provision hereof, this Agreement may be supplemented or amended from time to timeas approved by the Committee. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, without the consent of the Grantee,(a) this Agreement may be amended or supplemented from time to time as approved by the Committee (i) to cure anyambiguity or to correct or supplement any provision herein which may be defective or inconsistent with any other provision herein, or(ii) to add to the covenants and agreements of the Company for the benefit of the Grantee or surrender any right or power reserved toor conferred upon the Company in this Agreement, subject to any required approval of the Shareholders and, provided, in each case,that such changes or corrections will not adversely affect the rights of the Grantee with respect to the Award evidenced hereby, or (iii)to reform the Award made hereunder as contemplated by Section 11.18 of the Plan or to exempt the Award made hereunder fromcoverage under Section 409A, or (iv) to make such other changes as the Company, upon advice of counsel, determines are necessaryor advisable because of the adoption or promulgation of, or change in or of the interpretation of, any law or governmental rule orregulation, including any applicable tax or securities laws; and(b) subject to any required action by the Board or the Shareholders, the Performance Share Units granted under thisAgreement may be canceled by the Company and a new Award made in substitution therefor, provided that the Award so substitutedwill satisfy all of14the requirements of the Plan as of the date such new Award is made and no such action will adversely affect any Performance ShareUnits that are then vested.20. Grantee Employment or Service.(a) Nothing contained in this Agreement, and no action of the Company or the Committee with respect hereto, willconfer or be construed to confer on the Grantee any right to continue in the employ or service of the Company or any of itsSubsidiaries or interfere in any way with any right of the Company or any Subsidiary, subject to the terms of any separate employmentor service agreement to the contrary, to terminate the Grantee’s employment or service at any time, with or without cause, or toincrease or decrease the Grantee’s compensation from the rate in effect at the date hereof or to change the Grantee’s title or duties.(b) The Award hereunder is special incentive compensation that will not be taken into account, in any manner, assalary, earnings, compensation, bonus or benefits, in determining the amount of any payment under any pension, retirement, profitsharing, 401(k), life insurance, salary continuation, severance or other employee benefit plan, program or policy of the Company orany of its Subsidiaries or any employment or service agreement or arrangement with the Grantee.(c) It is a condition of the Grantee’s Award that, in the event of Termination of Service for whatever reason, whetherlawful or not, including in circumstances which could give rise to a claim for wrongful and/or unfair dismissal (whether or not it isknown at the time of Termination of Service that such a claim may ensue), the Grantee will not by virtue of such Termination ofService, subject to Sections 5, 6 and 7 of this Agreement, become entitled to any damages or severance or any additional amount ofdamages or severance in respect of any rights or expectations of whatsoever nature the Grantee may have hereunder or under the Plan.Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan or this Agreement, the Award hereunder will not form part of the Grantee’sentitlement to remuneration or benefits pursuant to the Grantee’s employment or service agreement or arrangement, if any. The rightsand obligations of the Grantee under the terms of his or her employment or service agreement, if any, will not be enhanced hereby.(d) In the event of any inconsistency between the terms hereof or of the Plan and any employment, severance or otheragreement with the Grantee, the terms hereof and of the Plan shall control.21. Nonalienation of Benefits. Except as provided in Section 12 of this Agreement, (i) no right or benefit under this Agreement willbe subject to anticipation, alienation, sale, assignment, hypothecation, pledge, exchange, transfer, encumbrance or charge, and anyattempt to anticipate, alienate, sell, assign, hypothecate, pledge, exchange, transfer, encumber or charge the same will be void, and (ii)no right or benefit hereunder will in any manner be liable for or subject to the debts, contracts, liabilities or torts of the Grantee or otherperson entitled to such benefits.22. Data Privacy.(a) By accepting this Agreement, the Grantee understands that for the exclusive purpose of implementing,administering and managing the Grantee’s participation in the Plan, the15following personal data of Grantee (“Data”) shall be maintained and processed by the Company and its affiliates including, but notlimited to: the Grantee’s name, home address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identificationnumber, salary, bonus and employee benefits, nationality, job title and description, any Shares or directorships or other positions heldin the Company, its subsidiaries and affiliates, details of all options, share appreciation rights, performance share units, restricted shares,restricted share units or any other entitlement to Shares or other Awards granted, canceled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstandingin the Grantee’s favor, annual performance objectives, performance reviews and performance ratings, for the purpose of implementing,administering and managing Awards under the Plan.(b) The Grantee understands that Data may be transferred to any third parties assisting in the implementation,administration and management of the Plan, that these recipients may be located in the Grantee’s country or elsewhere, and that therecipients’ country (e.g. the United States) may have different data privacy laws and protections than the Grantee’s country. TheGrantee understands that the Grantee may request a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the Data bycontacting the Grantee’s local human resources representative. The Grantee authorizes the recipients to receive, possess, use, retain andtransfer the Data, in electronic or other form, for the sole purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Grantee’sparticipation in the Plan, including any requisite transfer of such Data as may be required to a broker or other third party with whomthe Grantee may elect to deposit any Shares acquired with respect to an Award.(c) The Grantee understands that Data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and managethe Grantee’s participation in the Plan. The Grantee understands that the Grantee may at any time view Data, request additionalinformation about the storage and processing of Data, require any necessary amendments to Data, or exercise rights to rectify, transfer,remove or restrict use as permitted by applicable law by contacting in writing the Grantee’s local human resources representative.Notwithstanding the foregoing, Grantee understands that if Grantee subsequently requires the removal of all or any part of Grantee’sData, the Company may not be able to grant the Target Performance Share Units evidenced by this Agreement or other equity awardsand administer or maintain such awards. For more information on the privacy of the Data, the Grantee may contact the Grantee’s localhuman resources representative.23. Governing Law; Jurisdiction. The validity, interpretation, construction and performance of this Agreement shall be governed inall respect exclusively by the internal laws of the State of Colorado as a contract to be performed in such state and without regard toany principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party to this Agreement hereby irrevocably consents to the exclusive jurisdiction of andagrees that any action to enforce, interpret or construe this Agreement or any other agreement or document delivered in connectionwith this Agreement shall be conducted in, the federal or state courts of the State of Colorado sitting in the City and County of Denver,and the Grantee hereby submits to the personal jurisdiction of such courts and irrevocably waives any defense of improper venue orforum non conveniens to any such action brought in such courts. Each party hereby waives its right to trial jury.1624. Construction. References in this Agreement to “this Agreement” and the words “herein,” “hereof,” “hereunder” and similarterms include all Exhibits and Schedules appended hereto, including the Plan. This Agreement is entered into, and the Awardevidenced hereby is granted, pursuant to the Plan and shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the Plan and theadministrative interpretations adopted by the Committee thereunder. The word “include” and all variations thereof are used in anillustrative sense and not in a limiting sense. All decisions of the Committee upon questions regarding this Agreement will beconclusive. Unless otherwise expressly stated herein, in the event of any inconsistency between the terms of the Plan and thisAgreement, the terms of the Plan will control. The headings of the sections of this Agreement have been included for convenience ofreference only, are not to be considered a part hereof and will in no way modify or restrict any of the terms or provisions hereof.25. Duplicate Originals. The Company and the Grantee may sign any number of copies of this Agreement. Each signed copy willbe an original, but all of them together represent the same agreement. Counterparts to this Agreement may be delivered via PDF orother electronic means.26. Rules by Committee. The rights of the Grantee and the obligations of the Company hereunder will be subject to such reasonablerules and regulations as the Committee may adopt from time to time.27. Entire Agreement. This Agreement is in satisfaction of and in lieu of all prior discussions and agreements, oral or written,between the Company and the Grantee regarding the subject matter hereof. The Grantee and the Company hereby declare andrepresent that no promise or agreement not herein expressed has been made and that this Agreement contains the entire agreementbetween the parties hereto with respect to the Award and replaces and makes null and void any prior agreements between the Granteeand the Company regarding the Award. This Agreement will be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and theirrespective heirs, successors and assigns.28. Grantee Acceptance. The Grantee will signify acceptance hereof and consent to all the terms and conditions of this Agreementby signing in the space provided on the signature page hereto and returning a signed copy to the Company. If the Grantee does notexecute and return this Agreement within 150 days of the Grant Date, the grant of Performance Share Units shall be null and void.29. 280G Matters. Except as provided in any other agreement between the Grantee and the Company, in the event it shall bedetermined that any payment or distribution in the nature of compensation (within the meaning of Section 280G(b)(2) of the Code) toor for the benefit of the Grantee pursuant to this Agreement, together with any other payments and benefits which the Grantee has theright to receive from the Company or any of its affiliates or any party to a transaction with the Company or any of its affiliates(“Payment”), would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, or any interest or penalties with respect to suchexcise tax (such excise tax, together with any such interest or penalties, are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Excise Tax”),then the amount of the Payment shall be either (i) reduced (a “Reduction”) to the minimum extent necessary to avoid imposition ofsuch Excise Tax or (ii) paid in full, whichever produces the better net after-tax position to the Grantee (taking into account anyapplicable excise tax under Section 4999 of the Code and any other applicable taxes). For purposes of any Reduction, the17Payments that shall be reduced shall be those that provide the Grantee the best economic benefit, and to the extent any Payments areeconomically equivalent, each shall be reduced pro rata. All determinations required to be made under this Section shall be made bythe Company’s accounting firm (the “Accounting Firm”). The Accounting Firm shall provide detailed supporting calculations both tothe Company and the Grantee. All fees and expenses of the Accounting Firm shall be borne solely by the Company. Absent manifesterror, any determination by the Accounting Firm shall be binding upon the Company and the Grantee. By accepting this Agreement,the Grantee acknowledges and agrees that the provisions of this Section shall apply to all future compensation earned by the Granteefrom the Company and its affiliates, and that this Section 29 shall survive the settlement and termination of this Agreement.18Signature Page to Performance Share Units Agreement dated as of [DATE] between Liberty Global plc and theGrantee.LIBERTY GLOBAL PLCBy: ___________________Name: Bryan H. HallTitle: Executive Vice PresidentACCEPTED: Grantee Name: Address: City/State/Country: Optionee ID: Grant No. _________ Number of Target Performance Share Units (LBTY_) Awarded 19Exhibit 10.31Settlement Agreement (“Vaststellingsovereenkomst”)The undersigned:(1)LIBERTY GLOBAL B.V., a Dutch company with limited liability, having its registered office at Schiphol-Rijk, The Netherlands, hereinafterthe “Company”;and(2)Mr. DIEDERIK KARSTEN, born on 6 November 1956, an officer of the Company, hereinafter the “Executive” and/or ‘he/his’;each hereafter to be referred to as a “Party” and together called the “Parties”.Whereasa)The Executive has been employed by the Company since 1 July 2004, most recently on the basis of an employment agreement for anindefinite period of time, dated 11 January 2011 (the “Employment Agreement”) in the position of Executive Vice President and ChiefCommercial Officer of the Company and of Liberty Global plc., the indirect parent of the Company (“Liberty Global”). The Executive alsoserves as the WOR-bestuurder of the Company;b)The Parties have agreed that the Executive will resign as an officer of Liberty Global and the Company and affiliates as from the date ofsigning of this Agreement, unless otherwise mutually agreed by the Parties to this Agreement; provided, however, that the Executive willcontinue as a supervisory board member of VodafoneZiggo Group B.V.;c)For the purpose of the application of the Social Plan (as defined below), the Notification Date will be considered as 31 October 2018;d)For the purpose of the application of the Social Plan, the Gross Monthly Salary (i.e. the “last-earned fixed gross monthly salary on theNotification Date, excluding 8% holiday allowance, bonus, allowances for overtime, shift or on-call work, lease car and/or any otherallowances (if any)”) for the Executive will be considered to be €63,580.25;e)The Executive has been given the opportunity to duly consider this Agreement and its consequences and was provided with the possibilityto obtain expert advice;f)As a result, the Parties have jointly agreed as follows:Parties agree as follows:1.This Agreement is in line with the provisions agreed between the Company and the Works Council of the Company set forth in the “SocialPlan Liberty Global BV” as valid from 1 July 2018 until 31 December 2019 (the “Social Plan”), unless specifically deviated therefromherein. Capitalized words used herein and not otherwise defined, shall have the meaning as defined in the Social Plan. In case of conflictbetween the provisions of this Agreement and the provisions of the Social Plan, the provisions of this Agreement will prevail.2.The Employment Agreement between the Company and the Executive shall terminate on 1 July 2019 (the “Termination Date”).3.The Executive shall be released from duties as from the date of signing of this Agreement and up to and including the Termination Date(the "Release Period”), albeit that the Executive will continue in his role as supervisory board member of VodafoneZiggo Group B.V. andwill remain available to - upon request by the Company or any of its affiliates - (a) assist in the proper hand-over of work to otherexecutives who will be assigned the duties previously performed by the Executive and/or (b) provide consulting.4.At any time or from time to time following the date of signing of this Agreement, upon the request of the Liberty Global General Counsel,the Executive shall resign from any and all offices and directorships held in the Company, Liberty Global or affiliates. At any time or fromtime to time following the date of signing of this Agreement, at the request of the Liberty Global General Counsel, the Executive willexecute each and every instrument considered necessary to effectuate or confirm such resignations and/or any de-registrations in anycompanies registers.5.The Company shall use its best efforts to have the competent corporate bodies of any affiliate, including VodafoneZiggo Group B.V., takeany and all corporate actions as may be necessary to discharge the Executive, subject to the condition that no facts and circumstanceswill become known to the relevant corporate body of such affiliate(s) after the date of issuing such discharge, which would have beenground for not granting such discharge, as per the first opportunity after the date of signing of the Agreement and no later than the nextrelevant shareholders meeting of such company in which the Executive held office and/or directorships and before the Termination Date.The Executive will, at the latest as per the Termination Date, receive from the Global General Counsel written confirmation when suchdischarge has been granted in accordance with this Agreement.6.Liberty Global currently maintains D&O insurance in respect of the appointments as executive or non-executive directors and officers ofLiberty Global and its subsidiaries, subject to the terms of such insurance. The Company represents that the Executive is and remainscovered by the current directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.7.Subject to the conditions reflected in this Agreement, upon the Termination Date, the Executive will be entitled to compensation in theamount of EUR 3,560,494.00 gross (the ''Severance''), which figure shall be considered to be in full satisfaction of anyseverance/compensation entitlements under the Social Plan and shall also be considered to inter alia include the statutory severance(transitievergoeding) and a payment in lieu of notice and which shall also be considered to be in full satisfaction of all (other) claims theExecutive may have pursuant to the Employment Agreement, to the extent no specific arrangements on such claims have been reflectedin this Agreement.8.Subject to the Executive being entitled to the Severance, the net equivalent of the Severance will be paid within four (4) weeks after theTermination Date, to the bank account of the Executive as known by the Company.9.The Executive shall receive regular salary and benefits, unless explicitly stated otherwise in this Agreement but excluding any companycredit cards, up to the Termination Date, albeit that any bonus entitlements will be considered substituted by the arrangements included inthis Agreement.10.In addition to the Severance, the outstanding balance of vacation days accrued up until the start of the Release Period will be paid out tothe Executive at the same time as the Severance. Any vacation days accrued during the Release Period shall be deemed taken on theTermination Date and shall not be paid.11.The Executive acknowledges that there are no oral arrangements regarding employment conditions between the Executive and theCompany, which deviate from the employment conditions as laid down in written agreements, signed by both Parties. In the event ofcontradiction between such other written agreements and this Agreement, the provisions of this Agreement shall prevail.12.The Company shall arrange for a customary final settlement of accounts (wettelijke eindafrekening), within one month after theTermination Date.13.The Executive shall be entitled to bonus over the pending calendar year 2018, as may be earned pursuant to the terms of the bonus planand using an APR multiplier of x1, payable in March 2019. The Executive’s election under Liberty Global’s 2018 ShareholdingIncentive Plan (the “2018 SHIP”) shall apply to the payment of such earned bonus, if any. The Executive shall not be entitled to any bonusover the calendar year 2019.14.The Company will at the end of the employment relationship act in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations in respect of thepension provisions.Equity15.The exercise and vesting of any the restricted share units and share appreciation rights granted by Liberty Global to the Executive(collectively, the “awards”) outstanding and vested as of the Termination Date shall be done in accordance with the terms of theapplicable incentive plan and agreement evidencing the respective award. In particular, the Parties agree that the retirement provisions, ifany, stated in such plan or award agreement shall apply. Furthermore, in consideration of a lump sum payment equal to USD 1,250,000,the Executive agrees that any vested Share Appreciation Rights that are outstanding on the Termination Date must be exercised withinone year from the Termination Date.16.The Performance Share Units (“PSU”) granted in both 2016 and 2017 (“Liberty GO PSUs”) will be not be subject to forfeiture. Any LibertyGO PSUs not subject to forfeiture will continue to be governed by the Incentive Plan Documents, including, for the sake of clarity, theIndividual Performance criteria and the vesting schedule of such PSUs.17.The PSUs granted in 2018 (“2018 PSUs”) will be subject to a prorated reduction in forfeiture of 75%, meaning 25% of the 2018 PSUs willbe forfeit, subject to Compensation Committee’s approval and subject to performance by the management team under the terms of theapplicable Plan. Any 2018 PSUs not subject to forfeiture will continue to be governed by the Incentive Plan Documents, including, for thesake of clarity, the Individual Performance criteria and the vesting schedule of such PSUs.18.The RSU Premium issued under the 2018 SHIP will pro rata vest on the Termination Date, provided that until that date, the Executiveholds all, and in no way encumbers, transfers or sells any of the bonus shares, as per the 2018 SHIP.19.The Executive agrees that the provisions of the foregoing paragraphs under “Equity” related to the treatment of the Executive’s variousawards and PSUs as described herein are in full satisfaction of any and all rights the Executive may have or claim under the applicableincentive plan or agreement evidencing the respective award or PSU.Miscellaneous20.The Company contributes to the reasonable costs of the legal fees on the side of the Executive up to a maximum of € 800 (exclusive ofVAT). That contribution is not exchangeable for cash. The Executive shall submit the original invoice from the legal services provider(addressed to the Executive) through iBuy before the Termination Date.21.The Company will provide the Executive with outplacement support or training if the Executive so requests. To make such request, theExecutive should inform the People department without delay, in any event no later than within five (5) business days following signing ofthis Agreement. If the Executive opts for outplacement, the Company will make outplacement support available for the duration ofmaximum six (6) months. The outplacement support must be completed within six (6) months after the Termination Date latest. If theExecutive opts for a training course, the Company contributes to these costs up to a maximum amount of € 2,500 (excluding VAT). Nolater than the Termination Date the training must be approved in writing by the Company’s People department, booked and the invoicefrom the training vendor should be provided. The Executive shall submit the original invoice from the training provider via iBuy.22.No later than at the start of the Release Period, the Executive shall return to the Company in good condition all items, including writtendocuments and any further copies thereof, and other Company property, such as credit cards, keys, citrix token, public transport-card (ifapplicable), and computer (albeit with exception of the Company lease-car), which the Executive has obtained or shall obtain from theCompany or any of its affiliates.23.The Executive is allowed to continue the use of the Company lease-car, as currently put at Executive’s disposal, up to the TerminationDate, under the terms and conditions currently applicable to such use. The Executive shall return the Company lease-car andappurtenances, as well as the mobile phone and sim-card and petrol card all in good (working) condition, at the latest on the last workingday before the Termination Date to the Company’s Facilities department. The Company hereby waives the outstanding amount of the owncontribution (eigen bijdrage) of the lease contract from the Termination Date until the end of the lease period. The Company will assist inthe transfer of the mobile telephone number in the name of the Executive as per the Termination Date.24.The Executive warrants that the balance of the T&E card (if any) will be zero as of the start of the Termination Date. Any balance of/onthe T&E card will be included as a deductible in the final settlement of accounts.25.All contractual restrictions/restrictive covenants, including without limitation those included in the Company’s Code of Business Conductand other applicable policies and procedure, the non-competition restrictions as laid down in article 10 of the Employment Agreement, thenon-solicitation restrictions as laid down in article 11 of the Employment Agreement and the confidentiality clause as laid down in article 8of the Employment Agreement as well as all associated penalty provisions, will remain in full force and effect. In addition, during thecontinuance of the Employment Agreement or at any time after the Termination Date, the Executive shall behave in a professionalmanner.26.Both before and after the Termination Date, Parties shall conduct themselves with respect to the other Party within the confines of normalgood behavior. The Executive will not, in any way, defame or disparage the Company, its affiliates, including Liberty Global, or theemployees, officers or directors thereof, and the Company will not, in any way, defame or disparage the Executive.27.The Executive confirms that he has disclosed to the Company all facts, matters and circumstances that may reasonably be relevant forthe Company in view of the Employment Agreement and this Agreement. This statement is made by the Executive as per the date ofsigning of this Agreement and will be deemed reiterated as per the Termination Date. Accordingly, the Executive has to ensure that theCompany is properly informed about all facts, matters and circumstances that may reasonably be relevant for the Company in view of theEmployment Agreement and this Agreement.28.The Company will make a best effort to grant the Executive, upon specified written request, reasonable access to documentation of theCompany, where such documentation is still available under data retention laws, and where the release of such documentation would notconflict with the rights of others, strictly relating to his duties, as mentioned above or other (earlier) position(s) he held for the Companyand/or related group companies, if and when such information is needed to preserve his legal position in cases where he may be heardand or implicated or held liable in files he was involved in or responsible for, and such access is not restricted or prohibited by law and/orno relevant regulator/relevant authority or competent court of law objects to or prohibits such access. The Executive agrees to cooperatefully with and to make himself available to the Company and its affiliates concerning any business or legal matter about which he hasknowledge during his employment to the extent needed to preserve the Company’s or any of its affiliate’s legal position in cases and suchcooperation is not restricted or prohibited by law and/or no relevant regulatory/relevant authority or competent court of law objects to orprohibits such access.29.The Company will make available Mr. Fries to act as reference, in case of request to do so by the Executive.30.In case of the Executive’s death before the Termination Date, the legal heirs of the Executive shall be entitled to all the payments andbenefits including but not limited to the Severance payment and the rights to equity as provided in this Agreement. Any cash payment inthis regard shall be paid within one month after the death of the Executive in the bank account of the Executive known to the Company.31.The Parties acknowledge and agree that due to the Executive’s position with Liberty Global, this Agreement will be filed by Liberty Globalwith the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and summaries of the terms and conditions of this Agreement will bedisclosed by Liberty Global in its filings with the SEC, all as required by the rules and regulations of the SEC.32.Parties confirm that they have discussed and addressed all matters and circumstances that are relevant to the termination of theEmployment Agreement through this Agreement. Provided that the provisions of this Agreement will have been fulfilled, the Parties herebyin advance grant each other full and final discharge in respect of, and explicitly waive, any and all (further) claims, demands, causes ofaction, rights and/or entitlements they (may) have pursuant to the Employment Agreement and/or the termination thereof, including anyclaims, demands, causes of action, rights and/or entitlements the Executive has or may have against the Company’s executives/directorsand/or against (executives/directors of) affiliates of the Company, albeit with the exception of any claims the Company may have (a) inrespect of damage to the Company equipment and/or the Company lease-car and (b) in respect of any breach by the Executive of anyrestrictive covenants that will remain in force.33.By signing this Agreement, the Executive expressly declares that (a) the Executive has been given time and opportunity to duly reviewand consider this Agreement and its terms, and to obtain expert advice, (b) the Executive has a good and thorough understanding of thesubstance and consequences of the Agreement, and (c) the Executive agrees to the substance and consequences of the Agreement. TheExecutive further confirms that he has not concealed any facts and/or circumstances that could reasonably be considered to be importantfor the Company in view of this Agreement.34.Pursuant to article 7:670b Dutch Civil Code, the Executive is entitled to rescind this Agreement, without stating any reason, by means of awritten statement addressed to Liberty Global’s Chief People Officer at ablair@libertyglobal.com with a copy to Liberty Global’s GeneralCounsel at bhall@libertyglobal.com, within 14 days calculated as fromthe date this Agreement has been signed by the Executive. Notwithstanding the foregoing entitlement to rescind this Agreement, and tothe extent relevant in deviation from any relevant provisions in the Dutch Civil Code, the Parties hereby waive their respective rights torescind this Agreement or have this Agreement rescinded, irrespective of the nature of the breach of contract (tekortkoming in denakoming).35.In the event that a court deems any provision of this Agreement to be null and void or otherwise non-binding, the other provisions of thisAgreement shall remain in full force and effect, and the Parties will renegotiate the provision that has been found non-binding with a viewto match the terms of this Agreement.36.This Agreement is to be considered a settlement agreement pursuant to articles 7:900 and subsequent of the Dutch Civil Code.37.This Agreement is exclusively governed by Dutch law, with the exception of the provisions relating to Equity, which shall be consideredgoverned by the laws of the State of Colorado (USA) or the laws of England and Wales as the case may be.Thus signed in Schiphol-Rijk: on 15 January 2019:Liberty Global B.V., Executive:duly represented by:/s/ Bryan H. Hall /s/ Diederik Karsten___________________ ______________________Bryan H. Hall Diederik KarstenAttorney in-Fact Exhibit 21Liberty Global plc SubsidiariesDecember 31, 2018NameCountryLiberty Global Services GmbHAustriaCoditel Brabant SPRLBelgiumNextel NVBelgiumNextel Telecom Solutions NVBelgiumTelelinQ NVBelgiumTelelinQ D&F NVBelgiumTelenet BVBABelgiumTelenet Finance BVBABelgiumTelenet Group NV/SABelgiumTelenet Group Holding N.V.BelgiumTelenet Retail BVBABelgiumTelenet Tecteo Bidco NVBelgiumTelenet Vlaanderen NVBelgiumThe Park Entertainment NVBelgiumUPC Ceska Republica SroCzech RepublicUPC Infrastructure s.r.o.Czech RepublicUPC Real Estate s.r.o.Czech RepublicUPC Broadband France S.A.S.FranceUPC Broadband France SNCFranceArena Sport Rechte und Marketing GmbHGermanyUnitymedia BW GmbHGermanyUnitymedia Finanz-Service GmbHGermanyUnitymedia GmbHGermanyUnitymedia Hessen GmbH & Co. KGGermanyUnitymedia Hessen Verwaltungs GmbHGermanyUnitymedia Management GmbHGermanyUnitymedia NRW GmbHGermanyUnitymedia Service GmbHGermanyUnitymedia Smart Sourcing GmbHGermanyUPC Magyarorszag KftHungaryCasey Cablevision LimitedIrelandChannel 6 Broadcasting LimitedIrelandCullen Broadcasting LimitedIrelandImminus (Ireland) LimitedIrelandKish Media LimitedIrelandLGI DTH IrelandIrelandP.B.N. Holdings LtdIrelandTullamore Beta LimitedIrelandTV3 Television Network LimitedIrelandTVThree Enterprises LimitedIreland1NameCountryTVThree Sales LimitedIrelandUlana Business Management LtdIrelandUPC Broadband Ireland LtdIrelandVirgin Media Ireland LtdIrelandCoditel S.ár.l.LuxembourgFinance Center Telenet SàrlLuxembourgLiberty Property Holdco I SarlLuxembourgLiberty Property Holdco II SarlLuxembourgTelenet Finance Luxembourg Notes SàrlLuxembourgTelenet International Finance SàrlLuxembourgTelenet Luxembourg Finance Center SàrlLuxembourgTelenet Solutions Luxemburg NVLuxembourgUPC DTH Leasing SàrlLuxembourgUPC DTH SàrlLuxembourgUPC DTH Slovakia SàrlLuxembourgLiberty Global Holding Company LimitedMaltaLiberty Global Insurance Company LimitedMaltaBinan Investments B.V.NetherlandsLabesa Holding B.V.NetherlandsLGCI Holdco I BVNetherlandsLGI Mobile BVNetherlandsLGI Ventures B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global CE Holding B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global CEE Group Holding BVNetherlandsLiberty Global Communication Services BVNetherlandsLiberty Global Content Investments BVNetherlandsLiberty Global Europe Financing B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global Europe HoldCo 2 B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global Europe Holding B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global Europe Holding II B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global Europe Holding III B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global Europe Investments B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global Europe Management B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global Holding B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global Management BVNetherlandsLiberty Global Services B.V.NetherlandsLiberty Global Ventures Group Holding BVNetherlandsLiberty Global Ventures Holding BVNetherlandsUPC Broadband B.V.NetherlandsUPC Broadband Holding B.V.NetherlandsUPC CEE Holding BVNetherlandsUPC CHAT Holding B.V.NetherlandsUPC Direct Programming II B.V.NetherlandsUPC DTH Holding BVNetherlandsUPC France Holding B.V.Netherlands2NameCountryUPC Germany Holding B.V.NetherlandsUPC Holding B.V.NetherlandsUPC Holding II B.V.NetherlandsUPC Poland Holding B.V.NetherlandsUPC Slovakia Group Holding BVNetherlandsUPC Slovakia Holding I BVNetherlandsUPC Slovakia Holding II BVNetherlandsUPC Switzerland Holding BVNetherlandsUPC Poland Property SP zooPolandUPC Polska Sp. z o.oPolandFocus Sat Romania S.A.RomaniaUPC External Services S.R.L.RomaniaUPC Romania S.A.RomaniaUPC Services S.R.L.RomaniaUPC Broadband Slovakia sroSlovak RepublicSitel SASwitzerlandTeledistal SASwitzerlandTelelavaux SASwitzerlandUPC Schweiz GmbHSwitzerlandVideo 2000 SASwitzerlandAvon Cable Investments LimitedUK-England & WalesBCMV LimitedUK-England & WalesBirmingham Cable Corporation LimitedUK-England & WalesBirmingham Cable LimitedUK-England & WalesBitbuzz UK LimitedUK-England & WalesBlue Yonder Workwise LimitedUK-England & WalesCable Internet LimitedUK-England & WalesCable London LimitedUK-England & WalesCable on Demand LimitedUK-England & WalesCableTel Herts and Beds LimitedUK-England & WalesCableTel Surrey and Hampshire LimitedUK-England & WalesCableTel West Riding LimitedUK-England & WalesCatalyst NewCo 1 LimitedUK-England & WalesCatalyst NewCo 3 LimitedUK-England & WalesCrystal Palace Radio LimitedUK-England & WalesDiamond Cable Communications LimitedUK-England & WalesEurobell (Holdings) LimitedUK-England & WalesFilegale LimitedUK-England & WalesFlextech (1992) LimitedUK-England & WalesFlextech Broadband LimitedUK-England & WalesFlextech Interactive LimitedUK-England & WalesFlextech LimitedUK-England & WalesGeneral Cable LimitedUK-England & WalesGeneral Cable Programming LimitedUK-England & WalesGlobal Handset Finco LtdUK-England & WalesLGCI HoldCo III LtdUK-England & Wales3NameCountryLGCI Holdings LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Broadband Germany Holding II LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Broadband Germany Holding LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Broadband Holding LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Broadband I LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Broadband II LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Content Investments Holding LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Content Investments LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Europe 2 LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Europe LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Finance I (UK) LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Finance II (UK) LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Incorporated LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Technology LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Ventures Group LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Global Ventures Holding LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Property Co I LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Property Co II LimitedUK-England & WalesLiberty Property Holdco III LimitedUK-England & WalesMatchco LimitedUK-England & Walesntl (Aylesbury and Chiltern) LimitedUK-England & Walesntl (B) LimitedUK-England & Walesntl (BMC Plan) Pension Trustees LimitedUK-England & Walesntl (Broadland) LimitedUK-England & Walesntl (CWC) Corporation LimitedUK-England & Walesntl (CWC) LimitedUK-England & Walesntl (South East) LimitedUK-England & Walesntl (V)UK-England & Walesntl Business LimitedUK-England & Walesntl CableComms BoltonUK-England & Walesntl CableComms BromleyUK-England & Walesntl CableComms CheshireUK-England & Walesntl CableComms DerbyUK-England & Walesntl CableComms East LancashireUK-England & Walesntl CableComms Greater ManchesterUK-England & Walesntl CableComms Group LimitedUK-England & Walesntl CableComms Holdings No 1 LimitedUK-England & Walesntl CableComms Holdings No 2 LimitedUK-England & Walesntl CableComms SolentUK-England & Walesntl CableComms SurreyUK-England & Walesntl CableComms SussexUK-England & Walesntl CableComms WessexUK-England & Walesntl CableComms WirralUK-England & Walesntl Cambridge LimitedUK-England & Walesntl Communications Services LimitedUK-England & Walesntl Glasgow Holdings LimitedUK-England & Wales4NameCountryntl KirkleesUK-England & Walesntl Kirklees Holdings LimitedUK-England & Walesntl Manchester Cablevision Holding CompanyUK-England & Walesntl Midlands LimitedUK-England & Walesntl National Networks LimitedUK-England & Walesntl Pension Trustees LimitedUK-England & WalesNTL Pension Trustees II LimitedUK-England & Walesntl Rectangle LimitedUK-England & Walesntl South Central LimitedUK-England & Walesntl Telecom Services LimitedUK-England & Walesntl Trustees LimitedUK-England & Walesntl UK Telephone and Cable TV Holding Company LimitedUK-England & Walesntl Victoria LimitedUK-England & Walesntl Wirral Telephone and Cable TV CompanyUK-England & WalesSheffield Cable Communications LimitedUK-England & WalesSmallworld Cable LimitedUK-England & WalesSmashedatom LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications (Cotswolds) LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications (London South) LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications (Midlands and North West) LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications (North East) LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications (North East) PartnershipUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications (South East) LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications (South Thames Estuary) LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications (South West) LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications (Tyneside) LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications Cable LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications Holdco LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications Holdings LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Communications Networks LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest LimitedUK-England & WalesTelewest Workwise LimitedUK-England & WalesThe Yorkshire Cable Group LimitedUK-England & WalesTheseus No. 1 LimitedUK-England & WalesTheseus No. 2 LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Business LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Communications LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Employee Medical Trust LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Finance plcUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Finco LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Investment Holdings LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Investments LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Mobile Finance LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Operations LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Payments LimitedUK-England & Wales5NameCountryVirgin Media PCHC II LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media PCHC LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Secretaries LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Secured Finance plcUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Senior Investments LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Senior Secured Notes Issuer plcUK-England & WalesVirgin Media SFA Finance LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Media Wholesale LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Mobile Group (UK) LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Mobile Holdings (UK) LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Mobile Telecoms LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin Net LimitedUK-England & WalesVirgin WiFi LimitedUK-England & WalesVM Ireland Group LimitedUK-England & WalesVM Transfers (No 4) LimitedUK-England & WalesVM Transfers (No 5) LimitedUK-England & WalesVMFH LimitedUK-England & WalesVMIH Sub LimitedUK-England & WalesVMWH LimitedUK-England & WalesWindsor Television LimitedUK-England & WalesX-TANT LimitedUK-England & WalesYorkshire Cable Communications LimitedUK-England & WalesCableTel Northern Ireland LimitedUK-Northern IrelandCableTel Scotland LimitedUK-Scotlandntl GlasgowUK-ScotlandTelewest Communications (Cumbernauld) LimitedUK-ScotlandTelewest Communications (Dumbarton) LimitedUK-ScotlandTelewest Communications (Dundee & Perth) LimitedUK-ScotlandTelewest Communications (Falkirk) LimitedUK-ScotlandTelewest Communications (Glenrothes) LimitedUK-ScotlandTelewest Communications (Motherwell) LimitedUK-ScotlandTelewest Communications (Scotland Holdings) LimitedUK-ScotlandTelewest Communications (Scotland) LimitedUK-ScotlandLGI Technology Holdings Inc.USA-ColoradoLiberty Global Management, LLCUSA-ColoradoLiberty Global Services, LLCUSA-ColoradoTCI US West Cable Communications GroupUSA-ColoradoTyneside Cable Limited PartnershipUSA-ColoradoUIM Aircraft, LLCUSA-ColoradoUnited Cable (London South) Limited PartnershipUSA-ColoradoVirgin Media Finance Holdings Inc.USA-ColoradoVirgin Media Group LLCUSA-ColoradoVirgin Media Inc.USA-ColoradoAssociated SMR, Inc.USA-DelawareLGI International LLCUSA-DelawareLGI Slovakia Holdings Inc.USA-Delaware6NameCountryLGI Ventures Management, Inc.USA-DelawareLiberty Global Japan, LLCUSA-DelawareLiberty Global, Inc.USA-DelawareLiberty Japan MC, LLCUSA-DelawareLiberty Programming Japan, LLCUSA-DelawareLiberty Spectrum Inc.USA-DelawareNTL (Triangle) LLCUSA-DelawareNTL CableComms Group LLCUSA-DelawareTelenet Financing USD LLCUSA-DelawareUnitedGlobalCom LLCUSA-DelawareUnitymedia Finance LLCUSA-DelawareUPC Financing PartnershipUSA-DelawareVirgin Media Bristol LLCUSA-Delaware7Exhibit 23.1Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmThe Board of Directors Liberty Global plc:We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements (Nos. 333‑189220, 333-189222, 333-189223, 333-189224, 333-194578, 333-194581, 333-205542, and 333-205543) on Form S-8 of Liberty Global plc of our reports dated February 27, 2019, with respect to the consolidated balancesheets of Liberty Global plc and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive earnings(loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules Iand II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, whichreports appear in the December 31, 2018 annual report on Form 10‑K of Liberty Global plc.Our report dated February 27, 2019, on the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2018, includes an explanatory paragraph related to theCompany’s change in method of accounting for revenue from contracts with customers in 2018 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No.2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers./s/ KPMG LLPDenver, ColoradoFebruary 27, 2019Exhibit 31.1CERTIFICATIONI, Michael T. Fries, certify that:1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Liberty Global plc;2.Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to makethe statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisannual report;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all materialrespects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have:a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others withinthose entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions aboutthe effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this annual report based on suchevaluation; andd)Disclosed in this annual report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant'smost recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonablylikely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; andb)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internalcontrol over financial reporting.Date: February 27, 2019 /s/ Michael T. Fries Michael T. Fries President and Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2CERTIFICATIONI, Charles H.R. Bracken, certify that:1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Liberty Global plc;2.Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to makethe statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisannual report;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all materialrespects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have:a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others withinthose entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions aboutthe effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this annual report based on suchevaluation; andd)Disclosed in this annual report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant'smost recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonablylikely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; andb)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internalcontrol over financial reporting.Date: February 27, 2019/s/ Charles H.R. Bracken Charles H.R. Bracken Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer  Exhibit 32CertificationPursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002(Subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code)Pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), each ofthe undersigned officers of Liberty Global plc (the "Company"), does hereby certify, to such officer's knowledge, that:The Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the "Form 10-K") of the Company fully complies with the requirements ofsection 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and information contained in the Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, thefinancial condition and results of operations of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and for the years ended December 31, 2018,2017 and 2016.Dated:February 27, 2019 /s/ Michael T. Fries Michael T. Fries President and Chief Executive Officer Dated:February 27, 2019 /s/ Charles H.R. Bracken Charles H.R. Bracken Executive Vice President and Chief Financial OfficerThe foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of section 1350,chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Form 10-K or as a separate disclosure document.

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