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Asbury Automotive GroupLITHIA MOTORS INC FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 02/26/16 for the Period Ending 12/31/15 Address Telephone CIK Symbol SIC Code Industry 150 NORTH BARTLETT STREET MEDFORD, OR 97501 541-776-6401 0001023128 LAD 5500 - Retail-Auto Dealers & Gasoline Stations Auto Vehicles, Parts & Service Retailers Sector Consumer Cyclicals Fiscal Year 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2016, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D. C. 20549FORM 10-K___________________[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THESECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the Fiscal Year Ended: December 31, 2015OR [ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THESECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number: 001 - 14733 LITHIA MOTORS, INC.(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Oregon 93-0572810(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 150 N. Bartlett Street, Medford, Oregon 97501(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) 541-776-6401(Registrant’s telephone number including area code)Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registeredClass A common stock, without par value New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None(Title of Class)___________________ Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Yes [X] No[ ] Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act: [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during thepreceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for thepast 90 days: Yes [X] No [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to besubmitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that theregistrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [ ] Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best ofRegistrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K, or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [X] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitionof “accelerated filer,” “large accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer [X] Accelerated filer [ ] Non-accelerated filer [ ] (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [ ] No [ X ] The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $2,686,645,000 computed byreference to the last sales price ($113.16) as reported by the New York Stock Exchange for the Registrant’s Class A common stock, as of the last business day ofthe Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2015). The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common stock as of February 26, 2016 was: Class A: 23,176,372 shares and Class B: 2,542,231 shares. Documents Incorporated by ReferenceThe Registrant has incorporated into Part III of Form 10-K, by reference, portions of its Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. LITHIA MOTORS, INC.2015 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORTTABLE OF CONTENTS Page PART I Item 1.Business2 Item 1A.Risk Factors10 Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments24 Item 2.Properties25 Item 3.Legal Proceedings25 Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosure25 PART II Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities26 Item 6.Selected Financial Data29 Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations31 Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk63 Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data64 Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure64 Item 9A.Controls and Procedures64 Item 9B.Other Information64 PART III Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance65 Item 11.Executive Compensation65 Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters65 Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence65 Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services65 PART IV Item 15.Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules66 Signatures69 1 PART I Item 1. Business Forward-Looking StatementsCertain statements in this Annual Report, including in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition andResults of Operations” and “Business” constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.Generally, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “project”, “outlook,” “target”, “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “seek,” “expect,” “plan,”“intend,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “likely,” “goal,” “strategy,” “future,” “maintain,” and “continue” or the negative ofthese terms or other comparable terms. Examples of forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K include, among others, statements we make regarding: •Future market conditions; •Expected operating results, such as improved store performance; maintaining incremental throughput between 45% and 50%; continued improvement ofselling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses as a percentage of gross profit and all projections; •Anticipated continued success and growth of DCH Auto Group (“DCH”); •Anticipated ability to capture additional market share; •Anticipated ability to find accretive acquisitions; •Expected revenues from acquired stores; •Anticipated additions of dealership locations to our portfolio in the future; •Anticipated availability of liquidity from our unfinanced operating real estate; •Anticipated levels of capital expenditures in the future; and •Our strategies for customer retention, growth, market position, financial results and risk management. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and situations that may cause our actual results tomaterially differ from the results expressed or implied by these statements. Some of those important factors are discussed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors, and inPart II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and, from time to time, in our other filings we make withthe Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events that depend on circumstances that may or may not occur inthe future. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it ismade. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement. OverviewWe are a leading operator of automotive franchises and a retailer of new and used vehicles and related services. As of February 26, 2016, we offered 31 brands ofnew vehicles and all brands of used vehicles in 139 stores in the United States and online at Lithia.com and DCHauto.com. We sell new and used cars andreplacement parts; provide vehicle maintenance, warranty, paint and repair services; arrange related financing; and sell service contracts, vehicle protectionproducts and credit insurance. Our dealerships are located across the United States. We seek domestic, import and luxury franchises in cities ranging from mid-sized regional markets tometropolitan markets. We evaluate all brands for expansion opportunities provided the market is large enough to support adequate new vehicle sales to justify therequired capital investment. 2 The following table sets forth information about stores that were part of our continuing operations as of December 31, 2015: State Number ofStores Percent of2015 Revenue California 31 21.6%Oregon 24 16.7 Texas 16 15.0 New Jersey 10 14.6 Montana 11 6.0 Alaska 9 5.4 Washington 9 5.2 Nevada 4 3.0 New York 3 2.9 Idaho 4 2.9 Iowa 7 2.8 Hawaii 4 1.5 North Dakota 3 1.5 New Mexico 2 0.9 Total 137 100.0% Business Strategy and OperationsOur mission statement is: “Driven by our employees and preferred by our customers, Lithia is the leading automotive retailer in each of our markets.” We offercustomers convenient personalized service combined with the large company advantages of selection, competitive pricing and broad access to financing andwarranties. We strive for diversification in our products, services, brands and geographic locations to manage market risk and to maintain profitability. We havedeveloped a centralized support structure to reduce store level administrative functions. This allows store personnel to focus on providing a positive customerexperience. With our management information systems and centrally-performed administrative functions, we seek to gain economies of scale from our dealershipnetwork. We offer a variety of luxury, import and domestic new vehicle brands and models, reducing our dependence on any one manufacturer and our susceptibility tochanging consumer preferences. Encompassing economy and luxury cars, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), crossovers, minivans and trucks, we believe our brand mixis well-suited to what customers demand in the markets we serve. Our new vehicle unit mix of 54% import, 33% domestic and 13% luxury compares to the nationalmarket mix of 48%, 45% and 7%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015. We have centralized many administrative functions to streamline store level operations. Accounts payable, accounts receivable, credit and collections, accountingand taxes, payroll and benefits, information technology, legal, human resources, personnel development, treasury, cash management, advertising and marketing areall centralized at our corporate headquarters. The reduction of administrative functions at our stores allows our local managers to focus on customer-facingopportunities to generate increased revenues and gross profit. Our operations are supported by our dedicated training and personnel development program, whichshares best practices across our dealership network and seeks to develop our store management talent. Operations are structured to promote an entrepreneurial environment at the dealership level. Each store’s general manager and department managers, withassistance from regional and corporate management, are responsible for developing retail plans that perform in their stores. They are the leaders in drivingdealership operations, personnel development, manufacturer relationships, store culture and financial performance. 3 During 2015, we focused on the following areas to achieve our mission: •increasing revenues in all business lines; •capturing a greater percentage of overall new vehicle sales in our local markets; •capitalizing on a used vehicle market that is approximately three times larger than the new vehicle market by increasing sales of manufacturer certifiedpre-owned used vehicles; late model, lower-mileage vehicles; and value autos, which are older, higher mileage vehicles; •growing our service, body and parts revenues as units in operation increase; •leveraging our cost structure; •diversifying our franchise mix through acquisitions; •integrating acquired stores to achieve targeted returns; •increasing our return to investors through dividends and strategic share buy backs; •investing in our existing stores to increase profits; and •paying down debt to prepare for future expansion opportunities. We believe we can leverage our cost structure as revenues increase and we integrate acquired stores. In 2015, we purchased six stores and one franchise and openedone new store. We expect these acquisitions to add over $270 million in annual revenues. Our acquisition targets typically have higher SG&A expenses as apercentage of gross profit than our existing store base. We target SG&A as a percentage of gross profit in the upper 60% range and monitor how efficiently we leverage our cost structure by evaluating throughput.Throughput is calculated as the percentage of incremental gross profit dollars we retain after deducting increases in SG&A expense. For the years ended December31, 2015 and 2014, our incremental throughput was 29.6% and 29.4%, respectively. Adjusting for non-core items, our adjusted throughput in 2015 and 2014 was31.5% and 30.5%, respectively. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for additional information. Throughput contributions for newly opened or acquired stores are on a “first dollar” basis for the first twelve months of operations and typically reduce overallthroughput. In the first year of operation, a store’s throughput is equal to the inverse of its SG&A as a percentage of gross profit. For example, a store whichachieves SG&A as a percentage of gross profit of 70% will have throughput of 30% in the first year of operation. As noted above, we acquired six stores, one franchise and opened one new store in 2015, in addition to acquiring 35 stores and opening one new store in 2014.Adjusting to exclude these locations and other non-core adjustments, our throughput contribution on a same store basis was 51% and 43% for the years endedDecember 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We continue to target a same store throughput contribution of 45% to 50% in 2016. We continuously evaluate our portfolio of franchises to balance our brand mix, minimize exposure to any one franchise and achieve financial returns. In the pastthree years we acquired or opened 51 stores. Additionally, we divest stores that are not meeting our financial return requirements or other performanceexpectations. Divestiture activity generated $23.6 million during the past three years as we sold three stores. 4 New VehiclesIn 2015, we sold 137,486 new vehicles, generating 23.8% of our gross profit for the year. New vehicle sales have the potential to create incremental future profitopportunities through certain manufacturer incentive programs, resale of used vehicles acquired through trade-in, arranging of third-party financing, vehicle serviceand insurance contracts, and future service and repair work. In 2015, we represented 31 domestic and import brands ranging from economy to luxury cars, SUVs, crossovers, minivans and light trucks. Manufacturer Percent of2015 NewVehicleRevenue Percent of2015 NewVehicle GrossProfit Chrysler, Jeep, Dodge, Ram, Alfa Romeo 20.6% 17.1% Honda, Acura 18.4 20.5 Toyota, Scion 16.3 15.0 Chevrolet, Cadillac, GMC, Buick 11.2 12.2 BMW, MINI 9.0 10.2 Subaru 5.6 3.2 Ford, Lincoln 5.4 5.2 Volkswagen, Audi 3.3 3.8 Nissan 2.9 3.8 Mercedes, smart 2.5 3.5 Hyundai 1.6 2.4 Lexus 1.4 1.5 Kia 1.0 0.8 Porsche 0.3 0.5 Mazda 0.2 0.3 Fiat 0.1 —*Mitsubishi 0.1 —*Volvo 0.1 —*Total 100.0% 100.0% * Less than 0.1% We purchase our new car inventory directly from manufacturers, who generally allocate new vehicles to stores based on availability, monthly sales and marketarea. Accordingly, we rely on the manufacturers to provide us with vehicles that meet consumer demand at suitable locations, with appropriate quantities andprices. However, if high demand vehicles, or vehicles with certain option configurations are in short supply, we exchange vehicles with other automotive retailersand between our own stores to accommodate customer demand and to balance inventory. Used VehiclesAt each new vehicle store, we also sell used vehicles. In 2015, we sold 99,109 retail used vehicles, which generated 20.5% of our gross profit. Our used vehicle operations give us an opportunity to: •generate sales to customers unable or unwilling to purchase a new vehicle; •generate sales of vehicle brands other than the store’s new vehicle franchise(s); •increase vehicle sales by aggressively pursuing customer trade-ins; and •increase finance and insurance revenues and service and parts sales. We classify our used vehicles in three categories: manufacturer certified pre-owned used vehicles ("CPO"); late model, lower-mileage vehicles ("Core Product")and higher mileage, older vehicles "(Value Autos"). We offer CPO vehicles at most of our franchised dealerships. These vehicles undergo additional reconditioningand receive an extended OEM-provided warranty. Core Product are reconditioned and offer a Lithia certified warranty. Value Autos undergo a safety check and alesser degree of reconditioning and are offered to customers who desire a less expensive vehicle or a lower monthly payment. 5 We acquire our used vehicles through customer trade-ins, purchases from non-Lithia stores, independent vehicle wholesalers and private parties, and at closedauctions. Our near-term goal for used vehicles is to retail an average of 75 units per store per month. As of December 31, 2015, our stores sold an annualized average of 62retail used units per month. We believe used vehicle sales represent a significant area for organic growth. As new vehicle sales growth rates return to averagehistorical levels and we continue our focus on growing used retail sales, we believe our long-term target is achievable. Wholesale transactions result from vehicles we have acquired via trade-in from customers or vehicles we have attempted to sell via retail that we elect to dispose ofdue to inventory age or other factors. As part of our used vehicle strategy, we have concentrated on directing more lower-priced, older vehicles to retail sale ratherthan wholesale disposal. Vehicle Financing, Service Contracts and Other ProductsAs part of the vehicle sales process, we assist in arranging customer financing options as well as offering extended warranties, insurance contracts and vehicle andtheft protection products. The sale of these items generated 24.1% of our gross profit in 2015. We believe that arranging financing is an important part of our ability to sell vehicles and related products and services. Our sales personnel and finance andinsurance managers receive training in securing customer financing and possess extensive knowledge of available financing alternatives. We attempt to arrangefinancing for every vehicle we sell and we offer customers financing on a “same day” basis, giving us an advantage, particularly over smaller competitors who donot generate enough sales to attract our breadth of finance sources. We earn a commission on each finance, service and insurance contract we write and subsequently sell to a third-party. We normally arrange financing forcustomers by selling the contracts to outside sources on a non-recourse basis to avoid the risk of default. We arranged financing on 77% of the vehicles we sold during 2015. Our presence in multiple markets and changes in technology surrounding the credit applicationprocess have allowed us to utilize a larger network of lenders across a broader geographic area. Additionally, we continue to see the availability of consumer creditexpand with lenders increasing the loan-to-value amount available to most customers. These shifts afford us the opportunity to sell additional or morecomprehensive products, while remaining within a loan-to-value framework acceptable to our lenders. We also market third-party extended warranty contracts, insurance contracts and vehicle and theft protection products to our customers. These products andservices yield higher profit margins than vehicle sales and contribute significantly to our profitability. Extended warranty and service contracts for vehicles providecoverage for certain repairs beyond the duration or scope of the manufacturer’s warranty. We believe the sale of extended warranties, service contracts and vehicleand theft protection products increases our service and parts business. Additionally, these products build a customer base for future repair work at our locations. When customers finance an automobile purchase, we offer them life, accident and disability insurance coverage, as well as guaranteed auto protection coverage thatprovides protection from loss incurred by the difference in the amount owed and the amount received under a comprehensive insurance claim. We receive acommission on each policy sold. We offer a lifetime lube, oil and filter (“LOF”) service, which, in 2015, was purchased by 25% of our total new and used vehicle buyers. This service, wherecustomers prepay for their LOF services, helps us retain customers by building customer loyalty and provides opportunities for selling additional routinemaintenance items and generating repeat service business. In 2015, we sold an average of $56 of additional maintenance on each lifetime LOF service weperformed. 6 Service, Body and PartsIn 2015, our service, body and parts operations generated 31% of our gross profit. Our service, body and parts operations are an integral part of establishingcustomer loyalty and contribute significantly to our overall revenue and profits. We provide parts and service for the new vehicle brands sold by our stores, as wellas service and repair most other makes and models. The service and parts business provides important repeat revenues to our stores, which we seek to grow organically. Customer pay revenues represent sales forvehicle maintenance, service performed on vehicles that have fallen outside the manufacturer warranty period, repairs not covered by a manufacturer warranty, ormaintenance and service on other makes and models. We believe increasing our product and service offerings for customers differentiates us from independentrepair shops and dealerships with less scale. Our service and parts revenues benefit from the increases we have seen in new vehicle sales over the last few years asthere are a greater number of late model vehicles in operation, which tend to visit franchised dealership locations more frequently than older vehicles due to themanufacturer warranty period. Additionally, certain franchises provide routine maintenance, such as oil changes, for two to four years after a vehicle is sold, whichprovides for future warranty work. We focus on growing our customer pay business and market our parts and service products by notifying owners when their vehicles are due for periodic service.This encourages preventive maintenance rather than post-breakdown repairs. The number of customers who purchase our lifetime LOF service helps to improvecustomer loyalty and provides opportunities for repeat parts and service business. Revenues from the service and parts departments are particularly important during economic downturns, when owners tend to repair their existing vehicles ratherthan buy new vehicles. This partially mitigates the effects of a drop in new vehicle sales that may occur in a recessionary economic environment. We believe body shops provide an attractive opportunity to grow our business, and we continue to evaluate potential locations to expand. We currently operate 17collision repair centers: five in Texas; four in Oregon; two each in Idaho and Washington; and one each in Alaska, Montana, Iowa and Nevada. SegmentsWe report three business segments: Domestic, Import and Luxury. For certain financial information by segment, see Notes 1 and 19 of Notes to ConsolidatedFinancial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. MarketingWe believe that stores with strong local identities and customer loyalty are critical to our success. We want our customers’ experiences to be so satisfying that weearn their business for life. In conjunction with our manufacturer partners, we utilize an owner marketing strategy consisting of database analysis, email, traditionalmail and phone contact to anticipate, listen and respond to customer needs. To increase awareness and traffic at our stores, we use a combination of traditional, digital and social media to reach potential customers. Total advertisingexpense, net of manufacturer credits, was $69.9 million in 2015, $46.7 million in 2014 and $39.6 million in 2013. In 2015, approximately 35% of those funds werespent in traditional media and 65% were spent in digital and owner communications and other media outlets. In all of our communications, we seek to convey thepromise of a positive customer experience, competitive pricing and wide selection. Certain advertising and marketing expenditures are offset by manufacturer cooperative programs which require us to submit requests for reimbursement tomanufacturers for qualifying advertising expenditures. These advertising credits are not tied to specific vehicles and are earned as qualifying expenses are incurred.These reimbursements are recognized as a reduction of advertising expense. Manufacturer cooperative advertising credits were $19.8 million in 2015, $16.3 millionin 2014 and $11.8 million in 2013. Many people now shop online before visiting our stores. We maintain websites for all of our stores and corporate sites ( Lithia.com and DCHAuto.com ) togenerate customer leads for our stores. Our websites enable our customers to: •locate our stores and identify the new vehicle brands sold at each store; •search new and pre-owned vehicle inventory; •view current pricing and specials; 7 •calculate payments for purchase or lease; •obtain a value for their vehicle to trade or sell to us; •submit credit applications; •shop for and order manufacturers’ vehicle parts; •schedule service appointments; and •provide feedback about their experience. We also maintain mobile versions of our websites and a mobile application in anticipation of greater adoption of mobile technology. Mobile traffic now accountsfor 35% of our web traffic and all of the sites utilize responsive technology to enhance mobile and tablet usage. We post our inventory on major new and used vehicle listing services (cars.com, autotrader.com, kbb.com, edmunds.com, eBay, craigslist, etc.) to reach onlineshoppers. We also employ search engine optimization, search engine marketing and online display advertising (including re-targeting) to reach more onlineprospects. Social influence marketing represents a cost-effective method to enhance our corporate reputation and our stores’ reputations, and increase vehicle sales andservice. We deploy tools and training to our employees in ways that will help us listen to our customers and create more advocates for Lithia. We also encourage our stores to give back to their local communities through financial and non-financial participation in local charities and events. ThroughLithia4Kids and DCH Teen Safe Driving Foundation, our initiatives to increase employee volunteerism and community involvement, we focus the impact of ourcontributions on projects that support opportunities and the safety and development of young people. Franchise AgreementsEach of our stores operates under a separate agreement (“Franchise Agreement”) with the manufacturer of the new vehicle brand it sells. Typical automobile Franchise Agreements specify the locations within a designated market area at which the store may sell vehicles and related products andperform approved services. The designation of such areas and the allocation of new vehicles among stores are at the discretion of the manufacturer. FranchiseAgreements do not, however, guarantee exclusivity within a specified territory. A Franchise Agreement may impose requirements on the store with respect to: •facilities and equipment; •inventories of vehicles and parts; •minimum working capital; •training of personnel; and •performance standards for market share and customer satisfaction. Each manufacturer closely monitors compliance with these requirements and requires each store to submit monthly financial statements. Franchise Agreementsalso grant a store the right to use and display manufacturers’ trademarks, service marks and designs in the manner approved by each manufacturer. We have determined the useful life of a Franchise Agreement is indefinite, even though certain Franchise Agreements are renewed after one to six years. In ourexperience, agreements are routinely renewed without substantial cost and there are legal remedies to help prevent termination. Certain Franchise Agreements haveno termination date. In addition, state franchise laws protect franchised automotive retailers. Under certain laws, a manufacturer may not terminate or fail to renewa franchise without good cause or prevent any reasonable changes in the capital structure or financing of a store. The typical Franchise Agreement provides for early termination or non-renewal by the manufacturer upon: •a change of management or ownership without manufacturer consent; •insolvency or bankruptcy of the dealer; •death or incapacity of the dealer/manager; •conviction of a dealer/manager or owner of certain crimes; •misrepresentation of certain sales or inventory information by the store, dealer/manager or owner to the manufacturer; •failure to adequately operate the store; 8 •failure to maintain any license, permit or authorization required for the conduct of business; •poor market share; or •low customer satisfaction index scores. Franchise Agreements generally provide for prior written notice before a franchise may be terminated under most circumstances. We also sign master frameworkagreements with most manufacturers that impose additional requirements. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” CompetitionThe retail automotive business is highly competitive. Currently, there are approximately 17,800 dealers in the United States, many of whom are independent storesmanaged by individuals, families or small retail groups. We compete primarily with other automotive retailers, both publicly- and privately-held. Vehicle manufacturers have designated specific marketing and sales areas within which only one dealer of a vehicle brand may operate. In addition, our FranchiseAgreements typically limit our ability to acquire multiple dealerships of a given brand within a particular market area. Certain state franchise laws also restrict usfrom relocating our dealerships, or establishing new dealerships of a particular brand, within any area that is served by another dealer with the same brand. To theextent that a market has multiple dealers of a particular brand, as certain markets we operate in do, we are subject to significant intra-brand competition. We are larger and have more financial resources than most private automotive retailers with which we currently compete in the majority of our regional markets.We compete directly with retailers with similar or greater resources in markets such as metropolitan New York, the greater Los Angeles area, Seattle, Washington;Spokane, Washington; Anchorage, Alaska; Portland, Oregon and the San Francisco Bay Area, California. If we enter other new markets, we may face competitorsthat are larger or have access to greater financial resources. We do not have any cost advantage in purchasing new vehicles from manufacturers. We rely onadvertising and merchandising, pricing, our customer guarantees and sales model, our sales expertise, service reputation and the location of our stores to sell newvehicles. Regulation Automotive and Other Laws and RegulationsWe operate in a highly regulated industry. A number of state and federal laws and regulations affect our business. In every state in which we operate, we mustobtain various licenses to operate our businesses, including dealer, sales and finance and insurance licenses issued by state regulatory authorities. Numerous lawsand regulations govern our business, including those relating to our sales, operations, financing, insurance, advertising and employment practices. These laws andregulations include state franchise laws and regulations, consumer protection laws, privacy laws, escheatment laws, anti-money laundering laws and federal andstate wage-hour, anti-discrimination and other employment practices laws. Our financing activities with customers are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations. In recent years, there has been an increase in activityrelated to oversight of consumer lending by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), which has broad regulatory powers. The CFPB does not have directauthority over automotive dealers; however, its regulation of larger automotive finance companies and other financial institutions could affect our financingactivities. Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law may be asserted against us or our stores by individuals, a class of individuals, or governmentalentities. These claims may expose us to significant damages or other penalties, including revocation or suspension of our licenses to conduct store operations andfines. The vehicles we sell are subject to rules and regulations of various federal and state regulatory agencies. Environmental, Health, and Safety Laws and RegulationsOur operations involve the use, handling, storage and contracting for recycling and/or disposal of materials such as motor oil and filters, transmission fluids,antifreeze, refrigerants, paints, thinners, batteries, cleaning products, lubricants, degreasing agents, tires and fuel. Consequently, our business is subject to acomplex variety of federal, state and local requirements that regulate the environment and public health and safety. 9 Most of our stores use above ground storage tanks, and, to a lesser extent, underground storage tanks, primarily for petroleum-based products. Storage tanks aresubject to periodic testing, containment, upgrading and removal under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and its state law counterparts. Clean-up orother remedial action may be necessary in the event of leaks or other discharges from storage tanks or other sources. In addition, water quality protection programsunder the federal Water Pollution Control Act (commonly known as the Clean Water Act), the Safe Drinking Water Act and comparable state and local programsgovern certain discharges from our operations. Similarly, certain air emissions from operations, such as auto body painting, may be subject to the federal Clean AirAct and related state and local laws. Health and safety standards promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the United StatesDepartment of Labor and related state agencies also apply. Certain stores may become a party to proceedings under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, or CERCLA, typically inconnection with materials that were sent to former recycling, treatment and/or disposal facilities owned and operated by independent businesses. The remediationor clean-up of facilities where the release of a regulated hazardous substance occurred is required under CERCLA and other laws. We incur certain costs to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the ordinary course of our business. We do not anticipate, however,that the costs of such compliance will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition, although suchoutcome is possible given the nature of our operations and the extensive environmental, public health and safety regulatory framework. We may become aware ofminor contamination at certain of our facilities, and we conduct investigations and remediation at properties as needed. In certain cases, the current or priorproperty owner may conduct the investigation and/or remediation or we have been indemnified by either the current or prior property owner for suchcontamination. We do not currently expect to incur significant costs for the remediation. However, no assurances can be given that material environmentalcommitments or contingencies will not arise in the future, or that they do not already exist but are unknown to us. EmployeesAs of December 31, 2015, we employed approximately 9,574 persons on a full-time equivalent basis. Seasonality and Quarterly FluctuationsHistorically, our sales have been lower in the first and fourth quarters of each year due to consumer purchasing patterns during the holiday season, inclementweather in certain of our markets and the reduced number of business days during the holiday season. As a result, financial performance is expected to be lowerduring the first and fourth quarters than during the second and third quarters of each fiscal year. More recently, our franchise diversification and cost control effortshave moderated the significance of our seasonality. We believe that interest rates, levels of consumer debt, consumer confidence and manufacturer sales incentives,as well as general economic conditions, also contribute to fluctuations in sales and operating results. Available Information and NYSE ComplianceWe file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). You may inspect and copy our reports, proxy statements, and other information filed with the SEC at the SEC’sPublic Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the Public ReferenceRoom. The SEC maintains an Internet Web site at http://www.sec.gov where you may access copies of our SEC filings. We also make available free of charge, onour website at www.lithiainvestorrelations.com, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendmentsto those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed electronically withthe SEC. The information found on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You may also obtain copies of these reports by contacting InvestorRelations at 877-331-3084. Item 1A. Risk Factors You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. The risks described below are not the only ones facing ourcompany. Additional risks not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our business operations. Risks related to our business Our business will be harmed if overall consumer demand suffers from a severe or sustained downturn. Our business is heavily dependent on consumer demand and preferences. A downturn in overall levels of consumer spending may materially and adversely affectour revenues. Retail vehicle sales are cyclical and historically have experienced periodic downturns characterized by oversupply and weak demand. These cyclesare often dependent on general economic conditions and consumer confidence, as well as the level of discretionary personal income and credit availability.Economic conditions may be anemic for an extended period of time, or deteriorate in the future. This would have a material adverse effect on our retail business,particularly sales of new and used automobiles. 10 Our operations are geographically concentrated and our business may be adversely affected by unfavorable conditions in our local markets, even if thoseconditions are not prominent nationally. Our performance is subject to local economic, competitive and other conditions prevailing in our various geographic areas. Our dealerships are currently located inlimited markets in 15 states, with sales in the top three states accounting for approximately 53% of our revenue in 2015. Our results of operations, therefore, dependsubstantially on general economic conditions, consumer spending levels and other factors in those markets and could be materially adversely affected to the extentthese markets experience sustained economic downturns regardless of improvements in the U.S. economy overall. Natural disasters and adverse weather conditions can disrupt our business. Our dealerships are concentrated in states and regions in the U.S., including California and Texas, in which actual or threatened natural disasters and severeweather events (such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods, landslides and wind or hail storms) or other extraordinary events have in the past, and may in thefuture, disrupt our dealership operations. A disruption in our operations may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and cashflows. In addition to business interruption, the automotive retailing business is subject to substantial risk of property loss due to the significant concentration ofproperty at dealership locations. In addition, the automotive manufacturing supply chain spans the globe. As such, supply chain disruptions resulting from natural disasters and adverse weatherevents may affect the flow of inventory or parts to us or our manufacturing partners. Such disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our business,financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Increasing competition among automotive retailers reduces our profit margins on vehicle sales and related businesses. Further, the use of the Internet in thecar purchasing process could materially adversely affect us. Automobile retailing is a highly competitive business. Our competitors include publicly- and privately-owned dealerships, of which certain competitors are largerand have greater financial and marketing resources than we have. Many of our competitors sell the same or similar makes of new and used vehicles that we offer inour markets at competitive prices. We do not have any cost advantage in purchasing new vehicles from manufacturers due to the volume of purchases or otherwise. Our finance and insurance business and other related businesses, which have higher margins than sales of new and used vehicles, are subject to strong competitionfrom various financial institutions and others. The Internet has become a significant part of the sales process in our industry. Customers are using the Internet to compare pricing for vehicles and related financeand insurance services, which may further reduce margins for new and used vehicles and profits for related finance and insurance services. If Internet new vehiclesales are allowed to be conducted without the involvement of franchised dealers, our business could be materially adversely affected. In addition, other franchisegroups have aligned themselves with services offered on the Internet or are investing heavily in the development of their own Internet capabilities, which couldmaterially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our Franchise Agreements do not grant us the exclusive right to sell a manufacturer’s product within a given geographic area. Our revenues or profitability couldbe materially adversely affected if any of our manufacturers award franchises to others in the same markets where we operate or if existing franchised dealersincrease their market share in our markets. In addition, we may face increasingly significant competition as we strive to gain market share through acquisitions or otherwise. Our operating margins maydecline over time as we expand into markets where we do not have a leading position. 11 Increasing fuel prices change consumer demand. Significant increases in fuel prices can be expected to reduce vehicle sales. Historically, in times of rapid increase in crude oil and fuel prices, sales of vehicles have dropped, particularly in the short term, as the economy slows, consumerconfidence wanes and fuel costs become more prominent to the consumer’s buying decision. In sustained periods of higher fuel costs, consumers who do purchasevehicles tend to prefer smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles (which typically have lower margins) or hybrid vehicles (which can be in limited supply during theseperiods). Additionally, a significant portion of our new vehicle revenue and gross profit is derived from domestic manufacturers. These manufacturers have historically solda higher percentage of trucks and SUVs than import or luxury brands. They may, therefore, experience a more significant decline in sales in the event that fuelprices increase. A decline of available financing in the lending market has adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, our vehicle sales volume. A significant portion of vehicle buyers finance their purchases of automobiles. Sub-prime lenders have historically provided financing for consumers who, for avariety of reasons, including poor credit histories and lack of down payment, do not have access to more traditional finance sources. If lenders tighten their creditstandards or there is a decline in the availability of credit in the lending market, the ability of these consumers to purchase vehicles could be limited, which couldhave a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Adverse conditions affecting one or more key manufacturers may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We depend on our manufacturers to provide a supply of vehicles which supports expected sales levels. If manufacturers are unable to supply the needed level ofvehicles, our financial performance may be adversely impacted. We are subject to a concentration of risk in the event of financial distress, including potential reorganization or bankruptcy, of a major vehicle manufacturer. Wepurchase substantially all of our new vehicles from various manufacturers or distributors at the prevailing prices available to all franchised dealers. Our salesvolume could be materially adversely impacted by the manufacturers’ or distributors’ inability to supply our stores with an adequate supply of vehicles. In the event of a manufacturer or distributor bankruptcy, we could be held liable for damages related to product liability claims, intellectual property suits or otherlegal actions. These legal actions are typically directed towards the vehicle manufacturer and it is customary for manufacturers to indemnify us from exposurerelated to any judgments associated with the claims. However, if damages could not be collected from the manufacturer or distributor, we could be named inlawsuits and judgments could be levied against us. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully address the risks described above or those of the current economic circumstances and salesenvironment. Our success depends in large part upon the overall demand for the particular lines of vehicles that each of our stores sell and the ability of the manufacturersto continue to deliver high quality, defect-free vehicles. Demand for our primary manufacturers’ vehicles, as well as the financial condition, management, marketing, production and distribution capabilities of thesemanufacturers, can significantly affect our business. Events that adversely affect a manufacturer’s ability to timely deliver new vehicles may adversely affect us byreducing our supply of popular new vehicles and leading to lower sales in our stores during those periods than would otherwise occur. We depend on ourmanufacturers to deliver high-quality, defect-free vehicles. If manufacturers experience quality issues, our financial performance may be adversely impacted. Inaddition, the discontinuance of a particular brand could negatively impact our revenues and profitability. 12 Many new manufacturers are entering the automotive industry. New companies have raised capital to produce fully electric vehicles or to license batterytechnology to existing manufacturers. Tesla has demonstrated the ability to successfully introduce electric vehicles to the marketplace. Foreign manufacturers fromChina and India are producing significant volumes of new vehicles and are entering the U.S. and selecting partners to distribute their products. Because theautomotive market in the U.S. is mature and the overall level of new vehicle sales may not increase in the coming years, the success of new competitors will likelybe at the expense of other, established brands. This could have a material adverse impact on our success in the future. Vehicle manufacturers would be adversely affected by economic downturns or recessions, adverse fluctuations in currency exchange rates, significant declines inthe sales of their new vehicles, increases in interest rates, declines in their credit ratings, port closures, labor strikes or similar disruptions (including within theirmajor suppliers), supply shortages or rising raw material costs, rising employee benefit costs, adverse publicity that may reduce consumer demand for theirproducts, product defects, vehicle recall campaigns, litigation, poor product mix or unappealing vehicle design, or other adverse events. These and other risks couldmaterially adversely affect any manufacturer and limit its ability to profitably design, market, produce or distribute new vehicles, which, in turn, could materiallyadversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In February 2015, for example, Honda and other manufacturers announcedthey would curtail car production in North America due to parts shortages caused by port closures and work slowdowns on the West Coast; if these continue and amaterially lower number of Hondas are manufactured, our supply and sales of Hondas may materially decrease. Additionally, federal and certain state laws mandate minimum levels of vehicle fuel economy and establish emission standards. These levels and standards could beincreased in the future, including the required use of renewable energy sources. Such laws often increase the costs of new vehicles, which would be expected toreduce demand. Further, changes in these laws could result in fewer vehicles available for sale by manufacturers unwilling or unable to comply with the higherstandards. Adverse conditions resulting from issues related to Volkswagen vehicle emissions may negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial conditionand cash flows. In September 2015, Volkswagen and related entities admitted utilizing software in certain diesel engine vehicles to detect when they were being emissions testedand to temporarily change performance to improve results. According to Automotive News, approximately 11 million vehicles built between 2009 and 2015 areaffected and will be recalled and Volkswagen is potentially facing lawsuits and significant penalties from regulators worldwide. The current and future impact onVolkswagen’s operations, consumer reputation and future vehicle demand is unclear, as is the effect on our business for the Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche brands.Lithia currently operates five Volkswagen, three Audi and one Porsche stores, and approximately 3% of 2015 and 2014 new vehicle unit sales were within thesebrands. Changes in demand for Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche vehicles could significantly affect our business from those brands. Certain of the Company’s relatedentities that operate its Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche stores have been named as defendants or otherwise served in certain putative class actions filed byautomobile owners against dealerships selling these brands. The Company has tendered defense of these cases to the manufacturers, and the manufacturers havehonored their contractual defense and indemnity obligations to date. If manufacturers or distributors discontinue or change sales incentives, warranties and other promotional programs, our business, results of operations,financial condition and cash flows may be materially adversely affected. We depend upon the manufacturers and distributors for sales incentives, warranties and other programs that are intended to promote new vehicle sales orsupplement dealer income. Manufacturers and distributors routinely make changes to their incentive programs. Key incentive programs include: •customer rebates; •dealer incentives on new vehicles; •special financing rates on certified, pre-owned cars; and •below-market financing on new vehicles and special leasing terms. Our financial condition could be materially adversely impacted by a discontinuation or change in our manufacturers’ or distributors’ incentive programs. Inaddition, certain manufacturers use a dealership’s manufacturer-determined customer satisfaction index, or “CSI”, score as a factor governing participation inincentive programs. To the extent we do not meet minimum score requirements, we may be precluded from receiving certain incentives, which could materiallyadversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. 13 The ability of our stores to make new vehicle sales depends in large part upon the manufacturers and, therefore, any disruption or change in our relationshipscould impact our business. We depend on the manufacturers to provide us with a desirable mix of new vehicles. The most popular vehicles usually produce the highest profit margins and arefrequently in short supply. If we cannot obtain sufficient quantities of the most popular models, our profitability may be adversely affected. Sales of less desirablemodels may reduce our profit margins. Each of our stores operates pursuant to a Franchise Agreement with each of the respective manufacturers for which it serves as franchisee. Each of our stores mayobtain new vehicles from manufacturers, service vehicles, sell new vehicles, and display vehicle manufacturers’ brand only to the extent permitted under theseagreements. As a result of the terms of our Franchise Agreements, manufacturers exert significant control over the day-to-day operations at our stores. Suchagreements contain provisions for termination or non-renewal for a variety of causes, including service retention, facility compliance, customer satisfaction andsales and financial performance. From time to time, certain of our stores have failed to comply with certain provisions of their franchise agreements, and we cannotensure that our stores will be able to comply with these provisions in the future. Our Franchise Agreements expire at various times, and there can be no assurances that we will be able to renew these agreements on a timely basis or on acceptableterms or at all. Actions taken by a manufacturer to exploit its bargaining position in negotiating the terms of renewals of franchise agreements or otherwise couldalso have a material adverse effect on our revenues and profitability. If a manufacturer terminates or fails to renew one or more of our significant franchiseagreements or a large number of our franchise agreements, such action could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financialcondition and cash flows. Our Franchise Agreements also specify that, except in certain situations, we cannot operate a franchise by another manufacturer in the same building as themanufacturer’s franchised store. This may require us to build new facilities at a significant cost. Moreover, our manufacturers generally require that the store meetdefined image standards. These commitments could require us to make significant capital expenditures. Our Franchise Agreements do not give us the exclusive right to a given geographic area. Manufacturers may be able to establish new franchises or relocate existingfranchises, subject to applicable state franchise laws. The establishment of or relocation of franchises in our markets could have a material adverse effect on thebusiness, financial condition and results of operations of our stores in the market in which the action is taken. Manufacturer stock ownership requirements and restrictions may impair our ability to maintain or renew franchise agreements or issue additional equity. Certain of our Franchise Agreements prohibit transfers of ownership interests of a store or, in some cases, the ownership interests of the store’s indirect parentcompanies, including the Company. Agreements with various manufacturers, including, among others, Honda/Acura, Hyundai, Mazda, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, Subaru, Toyota, Ford/Lincoln, GM, and Nissan, provide that, under certain circumstances, we may lose a franchise and/or be forced to sell one or morestores or their assets if there occurs a prohibited transfer of ownership interests (in some cases not defined or defined ambiguously) or a person or entity acquires anownership interest in us above a specified level (ranging from 20% to 50% depending on the particular manufacturer’s restrictions and falling as low as 5% ifanother vehicle manufacturer or distributor is the entity acquiring the ownership interest) without the approval of the manufacturer. Transactions in our stock by ourstockholders or prospective stockholders, including transactions in our Class B common stock, are generally outside of our control and may result in thetermination or non-renewal of one or more of our franchises, may result in a forced sale of one or more of our stores or their assets at a price below fair marketvalue or may impair our ability to negotiate new franchise agreements for dealerships we desire to acquire in the future, which may have a material adverse effecton our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. These restrictions may also prevent or deter a prospective acquirer from acquiring controlof us or otherwise adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock or limit our ability to restructure our debt obligations. If state dealer laws are repealed or weakened, our dealerships will be more susceptible to termination, non-renewal or renegotiation of their franchiseagreements. Additionally, federal bankruptcy law can override protections afforded under state dealer laws. State dealer laws generally provide that a manufacturer may not terminate or refuse to renew a franchise agreement unless it has first provided the dealer withwritten notice setting forth good cause and stating the grounds for termination or non-renewal. Certain state dealer laws allow dealers to file protests or petitions orattempt to comply with the manufacturer’s criteria within the notice period to avoid the termination or non-renewal. If dealer laws are repealed in the states wherewe operate, manufacturers may be able to terminate our franchises without providing advance notice, an opportunity to cure or a showing of good cause. Withoutthe protection of state dealer laws, it may also be more difficult to renew our franchise agreements upon expiration or on terms acceptable to us. 14 In addition, these laws restrict the ability of automobile manufacturers to directly enter the retail market in the future. If manufacturers obtain the ability to directlyretail vehicles and do so in our markets, such competition could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cashflows. As evidenced by the bankruptcy proceedings of both Chrysler and GM in 2009, state dealer laws do not afford continued protection from manufacturer terminationsor non-renewal of franchise agreements. No assurances can be given that a manufacturer will not seek protection under bankruptcy laws, or that, in this event, theywill not seek to terminate franchise rights held by us. Import product restrictions, currency valuations, and foreign trade risks may impair our ability to sell foreign vehicles or parts profitably. A significant portion of the vehicles we sell, as well as certain major components of such vehicles, are manufactured outside the U.S. As a result, our operations aresubject to customary risks of importing merchandise, including import duties, exchange rates, trade restrictions, work stoppages, transportation costs, natural orman-made disasters, and general political and socio-economic conditions in other countries. The U.S. or the countries from which our products are imported, may,from time to time, impose new quotas, duties, tariffs or other restrictions, or adjust presently prevailing quotas, duties or tariffs, which may affect our operationsand our ability to purchase imported vehicles and/or parts at reasonable prices. Fluctuations of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies in the future may result inan increase in costs to us and in the retail price of such vehicles or parts, which could discourage consumers from purchasing such vehicles and adversely impactour profitability. Environmental, health or safety regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows orcause us to incur significant expenditures. We are subject to various federal, state and local environmental, health and safety regulations that govern items such as the generation, storage, handling, use,treatment, recycling, transportation, disposal and remediation of hazardous material and the emission and discharge of hazardous material into the environment.Under certain environmental regulations or pursuant to signed private contracts, we could be held responsible for all of the costs relating to any contamination atour present, or our previously owned, facilities, and at third party waste disposal sites. We are aware of minor contamination at certain of our facilities, and weroutinely conduct investigations and/or remediation at certain properties. The current level of contamination is such that we do not expect to incur significant costsfor the remediation. In certain cases, the current or prior property owner is conducting the investigation and/or remediation or we have been indemnified by eitherthe current or prior property owner for such contamination. There can be no assurance that these owners will remediate, or continue to remediate, these propertiesor pay, or continue to pay, pursuant to these indemnities. We are also required to obtain permits from governmental authorities for certain operations. If we violateor fail to fully comply with these regulations or permits, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators. Environmental, health and safety regulations are becoming increasingly stringent. There can be no assurance that the cost of compliance with these regulations willnot result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Further, no assurances can be given that additional environmental, healthor safety matters will not arise or new conditions or facts will not develop in the future at our currently or formerly owned or operated facilities, or at sites that wemay acquire in the future, which will require us to incur significant expenditures. With the breadth of our operations and volume of consumer and financing transactions, compliance with the many applicable federal and state laws andregulations cannot be assured. New regulations are enacted on an ongoing basis. Claims may arise out of actual or alleged violations of these various laws andregulations which may be asserted against us through class actions or by governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations and proceedings. Fines,judgments and administrative sanctions can be severe. We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations in the 15 states in which we operate. New laws and regulations are enacted on an ongoing basis. Withthe number of stores we operate, the number of personnel we employ and the large volume of transactions we handle, it is likely that technical mistakes will bemade. These regulations affect our profitability and require ongoing training. Current practices in stores may become prohibited. We are responsible for ensuringthat continued compliance with laws is maintained. If there are unauthorized activities, the state and federal authorities have the power to impose civil penalties andsanctions, suspend or withdraw dealer licenses or take other actions. These actions could materially impair our activities or our ability to acquire new stores in thosestates where violations occurred. Further, private causes of action on behalf of individuals or a class of individuals could result in significant damages or injunctiverelief. 15 We may be involved in legal proceedings arising from the conduct of our business, including litigation with customers, employee-related lawsuits, class actions,purported class actions and actions brought by governmental authorities. Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law may be asserted against us or anyof our dealers by individuals, either individually or through class actions, or by governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations and proceedings. Suchactions may expose us to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief, criminal and civil fines and penalties and damage our reputationand sales. Governmental regulations related to fuel economy standards and greenhouse gases may have an adverse impact on the ability of vehicle manufacturers to cost-effectively produce vehicles or design vehicles desired by customers. These regulations may also impact our ability to sell these vehicles at affordable prices. Federal regulations around fuel economy standards and “greenhouse gas” emissions have continued to increase. New requirements may adversely affect anymanufacturer’s ability to profitably design, market, produce and distribute vehicles that comply with such regulations. We could be adversely impacted in ourability to market and sell these vehicles at affordable prices and in our ability to finance these inventories. These regulations could have a material adverse effect onour business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Government regulations, compliance costs and tax policies may adversely affect our business, and the failure to comply could have a material adverse effect onour results of operations. We are, and expect to continue to be, subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws and regulations, including local licensing requirements. These lawsregulate the conduct of our business, including: •motor vehicle and retail installment sales practices; •leasing; •sales of finance, insurance and vehicle protection products; •consumer credit; •deceptive trade practices; •consumer protection; •consumer privacy; •money laundering; •advertising; •land use and zoning; •health and safety; and •employment practices. In every state where we operate, we must obtain certain licenses issued by state authorities to operate our businesses, including dealer, sales, finance and insurance-related licenses. State laws also regulate our advertising, operating, financing, employment and sales practices. Other laws and regulations include state franchiselaws and regulations and laws and regulations applicable to new and used automobile dealers. In some states, some of our practices must be approved by regulatoryagencies which have broad discretion. The enactment of new laws and regulations that materially impair or restrict our sales, finance and insurance or otheroperations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. Our financing activities are subject to federal truth-in-lending, consumer leasing and equal credit opportunity laws and regulations, as well as state and local motorvehicle finance laws, installment finance laws, insurance laws, usury laws and other installment sales laws and regulations. Some states regulate finance,documentation and administrative fees that may be charged in connection with vehicle sales. Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law may beasserted against us or our dealerships by individuals or governmental entities and may expose us to significant damages or other penalties, including revocation orsuspension of our licenses to conduct dealership operations and fines. In recent years, private plaintiffs and state attorneys general in the United States haveincreased their scrutiny of advertising, sales, and finance and insurance activities in the sale and leasing of motor vehicles. These activities have led many lenders tolimit the amounts that may be charged to customers as fee income for these activities. If these or similar activities were to significantly restrict our ability togenerate revenue from arranging financing for our customers, we could be adversely affected. 16 The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), which has broad regulatorypowers. Although the CFPB may not exercise its authority over an automotive dealer that is predominantly engaged in the sale and servicing of motor vehicles, theleasing and servicing of motor vehicles, or both, the Dodd-Frank Act and future regulatory actions by this bureau could lead to additional, indirect regulation ofautomotive dealers through its regulation of automotive finance companies and other financial institutions, and it could affect our arrangements with lendingsources. In March 2013, the CFPB issued a bulletin suggesting that auto dealers who arrange credit through outside parties may be participating in a credit decision suchthat they are subject to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, including its anti-discrimination provisions. In particular, the CFPB highlighted that the payment to adealer of the excess of the interest rate the dealer negotiates with the customer over the rate at which the lender is willing to provide financing may encouragepricing disparities on the basis of race, national origin, or potentially other prohibited bases. This bulletin may affect the willingness of outsider lenders to continuethese practices, and heightened focus on these arrangements may affect our relationships and agreements, including our indemnification obligations, with lenders.The level of commissions paid by lenders to us for arranging financing may change due to this bulletin. These factors could adversely affect our business. The vehicles we sell are also subject to the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, Federal Motor Vehicle SafetyStandards promulgated by the United States Department of Transportation and various state motor vehicle regulatory agencies. The imported automobiles wepurchase are subject to U.S. customs duties and, in the ordinary course of our business, we may, from time to time, be subject to claims for duties, penalties,liquidated damages or other charges. Our marketing and disclosure regarding the sale and servicing of vehicles is regulated by federal, state and local agencies including the Federal Trade Commission("FTC") and state Attorneys General. For example, in January 2016, we settled FTC allegations that we did not adequately disclose information about used vehicleswith open safety recalls. Under the settlement, we did not make any payments or admit wrong-doing, but we did agree to make specified disclosures on our websiteand to provide that disclosure to certain customers who had previously purchased a used vehicle from us. If we or any of our employees at any individual dealership violate or are alleged to violate laws and regulations applicable to them or protecting consumersgenerally, we could be subject to individual claims or consumer class actions, administrative, civil or criminal investigations or actions and adverse publicity. Suchactions could expose us to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief and criminal and civil fines and penalties, including suspensionor revocation of our licenses and franchises to conduct dealership operations. Likewise, employees and former employees are protected by a variety of employment-related laws and regulations relating to, among other things, wages anddiscrimination. Allegations of a violation could subject us to individual claims or consumer class actions, administrative investigations or adverse publicity. Suchactions could expose us to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief and civil fines and penalties, and damage our reputation andsales. Environmental laws and regulations govern, among other things, discharges into the air and water, storage of petroleum substances and chemicals, the handling anddisposal of wastes and remediation of contamination arising from spills and releases. In addition, we may also have liability in connection with materials that weresent to third-party recycling, treatment and/or disposal facilities under federal and state statutes. These federal and state statutes impose liability for investigationand remediation of contamination without regard to fault or the legality of the conduct that contributed to the contamination. Similar to many of our competitors,we have incurred and expect to continue to incur capital and operating expenditures and other costs in complying with such federal and state statutes. In addition,we may be subject to broad liabilities arising out of contamination at our currently and formerly owned or operated facilities, at locations to which hazardoussubstances were transported from such facilities, and at such locations related to entities formerly affiliated with us. Although for some such potential liabilities webelieve we are entitled to indemnification from other entities, we cannot assure you that such entities will view their obligations as we do or will be able or willingto satisfy them. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or significant additional expenditures required to maintain compliance therewith, may havea material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. 17 A significant judgment against us, the loss of a significant license or permit or the imposition of a significant fine could have a material adverse effect on ourbusiness, financial condition and future prospects. We further expect that, from time to time, new laws and regulations, particularly in the labor, employment,environmental and consumer protection areas will be enacted, and compliance with such laws, or penalties for failure to comply, could significantly increase ourcosts. We are subject to tax liabilities imposed by the jurisdictions where we operate, which may vary significantly and are subject to change. Among others, these taxesinclude income taxes, property taxes, indirect taxes (excise/duty, sales/use and gross receipts taxes), payroll taxes, franchise taxes, withholding taxes and advalorem taxes. These taxes may disproportionately affect us, compared to other businesses and our competitors. We may not be able to pass these taxes on toconsumers in all cases and remain competitive. For example, a proposed initiative in Oregon would impose a minimum tax on gross receipts of C Corporations thatcannot be offset by tax credits. Such a tax would have a disproportionate effect on us because certain of our competitors who are not C Corporations would not besubject to this tax. New tax laws and regulations and changes in existing tax laws and regulations could materially and adversely affect our financial results. Breaches in our data security systems or in systems used by our vendor partners, including cyber-attacks or unauthorized data distribution by employees oraffiliated vendors, could disrupt our operations or result in the loss or misuse of customers’ proprietary information. Our information technology systems are important to operating our business efficiently. We employ information technology systems, including websites, that allowfor the secure storage and transmission of customers’ proprietary information. The failure of our information technology systems to perform as we anticipate coulddisrupt our business and could expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, litigation and potential liability. In addition, our customers have an expectation that we will adequately protect their information from cyber-attack or other security breaches. A significant breachof customer, employee or other data could attract a substantial amount of media attention, damage our customer relationships and reputation and result in lost sales,fines, or lawsuits. Our information technology systems, and those of our vendors, may be vulnerable to data protection breaches and cyber-attacks beyond our control and we may nothave the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent rapidly evolving types of cyber-attacks. There are numerous opportunities for a data-securitybreach, including cyber-security breaches, burglary, lost or misplaced data, scams, misappropriation of data by employees, vendors or unaffiliated third parties,computer viruses, human errors, programming errors, vandalism, and other events. We invest in security technology to protect our data and business processesagainst many of these risks. We also purchase insurance to mitigate the potential financial impact of many of these risks. Despite these precautions, we cannotassure that a breach will not occur and any breach or attack could have a negative impact on our operations or business reputation. Our ability to increase revenues through acquisitions depends on our ability to acquire and successfully integrate additional stores. GeneralThe U.S. automobile industry is considered a mature industry in which minimal growth is expected in unit sales of new vehicles. Accordingly, a principalcomponent of our growth in sales is to make acquisitions in our existing markets and in new geographic markets. To complete the acquisition of additional stores,we need to successfully address each of the following challenges. ManufacturersWe are required to obtain consent from the applicable manufacturer prior to the acquisition of a franchised store. In determining whether to approve an acquisition,a manufacturer considers many factors, including our financial condition, ownership structure, the number of stores currently owned and our performance withthose stores. Obtaining manufacturer approval of acquisitions also takes a significant amount of time, typically 60 to 90 days. In the past, we have been denied theability to purchase stores due to the performance of our stores. We cannot assure you that manufacturers will approve future acquisitions timely, if at all, whichcould significantly impair the execution of our acquisition strategy. 18 Most major manufacturers have now established limitations or guidelines on the: •number of such manufacturers’ stores that may be acquired by a single owner; •number of stores that may be acquired in any market or region; •percentage of market share that may be controlled by one automotive retailer group; •ownership of stores in contiguous markets; •performance requirements for existing stores; and •frequency of acquisitions. In addition, such manufacturers generally require that no other manufacturers’ brands be sold from the same store location, and many manufacturers have sitecontrol agreements in place that limit our ability to change the use of the facility without their approval. A manufacturer also considers our past performance as measured by the Minimum Sales Responsibility (“MSR”) scores, CSI scores and Sales Satisfaction Index(“SSI”) scores at our existing stores. At any point in time, certain stores may have scores below the manufacturers’ sales zone averages or have achieved salesbelow the targets manufacturers have set. Our failure to maintain satisfactory scores and to achieve market share performance goals could restrict our ability tocomplete future store acquisitions. Acquisition RisksWe will face risks commonly encountered with growth through acquisitions. These risks include, without limitation: •failing to assimilate the operations and personnel of acquired dealerships; •straining our existing systems, procedures, structures and personnel; •failing to achieve predicted sales levels; •incurring significantly higher capital expenditures and operating expenses, which could substantially limit our operating or financial flexibility; •entering new, unfamiliar markets; •encountering undiscovered liabilities and operational difficulties at acquired dealerships; •disrupting our ongoing business; •diverting our management resources; •failing to maintain uniform standards, controls and policies; •impairing relationships with employees, manufacturers and customers as a result of changes in management; •incurring increased expenses for accounting and computer systems, as well as integration difficulties; •failing to obtain a manufacturer’s consent to the acquisition of one or more of its dealership franchises or renew the franchise agreement on termsacceptable to us; •incorrectly valuing entities to be acquired; and •Incurring additional facility renovation costs or other expenses required by the manufacturer. In addition, we may not adequately anticipate all of the demands that growth will impose on our systems, procedures and structures. Consummation and CompetitionWe may not be able to complete future acquisitions at acceptable prices and terms or identify suitable candidates. In addition, increased competition in the futurefor acquisition candidates could result in fewer acquisition opportunities for us and higher acquisition prices. The magnitude, timing, pricing and nature of futureacquisitions will depend upon various factors, including: •the availability of suitable acquisition candidates; •competition with other dealer groups for suitable acquisitions; •the negotiation of acceptable terms with the seller and with the manufacturer; •our financial capabilities and ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms; •our stock price; •our ability to maintain required financial covenant levels after the acquisition; and •the availability of skilled employees to manage the acquired businesses. 19 Operating and Financial ConditionAlthough we conduct what we believe to be a prudent level of investigation, an unavoidable level of risk remains regarding the actual operating condition ofacquired stores and we may not have an accurate understanding of each acquired store’s financial condition and performance. Similarly, most of the dealerships weacquire do not have financial statements audited or prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We may not have an accurateunderstanding of the historical financial condition and performance of our acquired businesses. Until we assume control of the business, we may not be able toascertain the actual value or understand the potential liabilities of the acquired businesses and their earnings potential. These risks may not be adequately mitigatedby the indemnification obligations we negotiated with sellers. Limitations on Our Capital ResourcesWe make a substantial capital investment when we acquire dealerships. Limitations on our capital resources would restrict our ability to complete new acquisitionsor could limit our operating or financial flexibility. We finance acquisitions activity with cash flows from our operations, borrowings under our credit arrangements, proceeds from mortgage financing and theissuance of shares of Class A common stock. The size of our acquisition activity in recent years magnifies risks associated with debt service obligations. Theserisks include potential lower earnings per share, our inability to pay dividends and potential negative impacts to the debt covenants we negotiated under our creditagreement. If we fail to meet the covenants in our credit facility, or if some other event occurs that results in a default or an acceleration of our repayment obligations under ourcredit agreements, we may not be able to refinance our debt on terms acceptable to us or at all. We may not be able to obtain financing in the future due to themarket price of our Class A common stock and overall market conditions. Additionally, a substantial amount of assets of our dealerships are pledged to secure theindebtedness under our credit facility and our other floor plan financing indebtedness. These pledges may limit our ability to borrow from other sources in order tofund our acquisitions. We are subject to substantial risk of loss under our various self-insurance programs including property and casualty, open lot vehicle coverage, workers’compensation and employee medical coverage. Our insurance does not fully cover all of our operational risks, and changes in the cost of insurance or theavailability of insurance could materially increase our insurance costs or result in a decrease in our insurance coverage. We have a significant concentration of our property values at each dealership location, including vehicle and parts inventories and our facilities. Natural disastersand severe weather events (such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods, landslides and wind or hail storms) or other extraordinary events subject us to propertyloss and business interruption. Illegal or unethical conduct by employees, customers, vendors and unaffiliated third parties can also impact our business. Otherpotential liabilities arising out of our operations may involve claims by employees, customers or third parties for personal injury or property damage and potentialfines and penalties in connection with alleged violations of regulatory requirements. Under our self-insurance programs, we retain various levels of aggregate loss limits, per claim deductibles and claims-handling expenses. Costs in excess of theseretained risks may be insured under various contracts with third-party insurance carriers. As of December 31, 2015, we had total reserve amounts associated withthese programs of $25.9 million. The level of risk we retain may change in the future as insurance market conditions or other factors affecting the economics of our insurance purchasing change.The operation of automobile dealerships is subject to a broad variety of risks. In certain instances, our insurance may not fully cover an insured loss depending onthe magnitude and nature of the claim. Accordingly, we cannot assure that we will not be exposed to uninsured or underinsured losses that could have a materialadverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Additionally, changes in the cost of insurance or the availability of insurancein the future could substantially increase our costs to maintain our current level of coverage or could cause us to reduce our insurance coverage and increase theportion of our risks that we self-insure. Indefinite-lived intangible assets, which consist of goodwill and franchise value, comprise a meaningful portion of our total assets ($370.9 million, or 11.5% ofour total assets, at December 31, 2015). We must assess our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, which may result in a non-cashwrite-down of franchise rights or goodwill. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are subject to impairment assessments at least annually (or more frequently when events or circumstances indicate that animpairment may have occurred) by applying a fair-value based test. Our principal intangible assets are goodwill and our rights under our Franchise Agreementswith vehicle manufacturers. The risk of impairment charges associated with goodwill and franchise value increase if there are declines in our market capitalization,profitability, or cash flows; if losses are suffered at particular stores; if a manufacturer files for bankruptcy or if stores are closed. Impairment charges result in non-cash write-downs of the affected store's franchise value or goodwill. Furthermore, impairment charges could have an adverse impact on our ability to satisfy thefinancial ratios or other covenants under our debt agreements and could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial conditionand cash flows. 20 Our indebtedness and lease obligations could materially adversely affect our financial health, limit our ability to finance future acquisitions and capitalexpenditures and prevent us from fulfilling our financial obligations. Much of our debt has a variable interest rate component that may significantly increaseour interest costs in a rising rate environment. Our indebtedness and lease obligations could have important consequences to us, including the following: •limitations on our ability to make acquisitions; •impaired ability to obtain additional financing for acquisitions, capital expenditures, working capital or general corporate purposes; •reduced funds available for our operations and other purposes, as a larger portion of our cash flow from operations would be dedicated to the payment ofprincipal and interest on our indebtedness; and •exposure to the risk of increasing interest rates as certain borrowings are, and will continue to be, at variable rates of interest. In addition, our loan agreements contain covenants that limit our discretion with respect to business matters, including incurring additional debt, acquisition activityor disposing of assets. Other covenants are financial in nature, including current ratio, fixed charge coverage and leverage ratio calculations. A breach of any ofthese covenants could result in a default under the applicable agreement. In addition, a default under one agreement could result in a default and acceleration of ourrepayment obligations under the other agreements under the cross-default provisions in such other agreements. Certain debt agreements contain subjective acceleration clauses based on a lender deeming itself insecure or if a “material adverse change” in our business hasoccurred. If these clauses are implicated, and the lender declares that an event of default has occurred, the outstanding indebtedness would likely be immediatelydue and owing. If these events were to occur, we may not be able to pay our debts or borrow sufficient funds to refinance them. Even if new financing were available, it may not beon terms acceptable to us. As a result of this risk, we could be forced to take actions that we otherwise would not take, or not take actions that we otherwise mighttake, in order to comply with these agreements. Additionally, our real estate debt generally has a five to ten-year term, after which the debt needs to be renewed or replaced. A decline in the appraised value of realestate or a reduction in the loan-to-value lending ratios for new or renewed real estate loans could result in our inability to renew maturing real estate loans at thedebt level existing at maturity, or on terms acceptable to us, requiring us to find replacement lenders or to refinance at lower loan amounts. As of December 31, 2015, including the effect of interest rate swaps, approximately 84% of our total debt was variable rate. The majority of our variable rate debtis indexed to the one-month LIBOR rate. The current interest rate environment is at historically low levels, and interest rates will likely increase in the future. In theevent interest rates increase, our borrowing costs may increase substantially. Additionally, fixed rate debt that matures may be renewed at interest rates significantlyhigher than current levels. As a result, this could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We may not be able to satisfy our debt obligations upon the occurrence of a change in control or another event of default under our credit agreement. Upon the occurrence of a change in control or another event of default as defined in our credit agreement, the agent under the credit agreement will have the rightto declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable and to terminate the availability of future advances to us. There can be no assurance that wewould have sufficient resources available to satisfy all of our obligations under the credit agreement in the event of a change in control or fundamental change. Inthe event we were unable to satisfy these obligations, it could have a material adverse impact on our business and our common stock holders. A “change in control”as defined in our credit agreement includes, among other events, Lithia Holding Company, L.L.C. and Mr. Sidney DeBoer or Bryan DeBoer (or certain successorsacceptable to the agent and the required lenders) ceasing to directly own more than 51% of the voting power of our capital stock ordinarily having the right to voteat an election of directors. 21 A decline in our credit rating or a general disruption in the credit markets could negatively impact our liquidity and ability to conduct our operations. A deterioration of our credit rating, or a general disruption in the credit markets, could limit our ability to obtain credit on favorable terms. In addition, in the recentpast, global financial markets and economic conditions have been disruptive and volatile, and continue to be uncertain. These issues, along with significant write-offs in the financial services sector, the re-pricing of certain credit risks and continued uncertain economic conditions in certain industries and sectors may make itmore difficult for us to obtain funding at any given time. Our inability to access necessary or desirable funding, or to enter into certain related transactions, at times and at costs deemed appropriate by us, could have anegative impact on our liquidity and our ability to conduct our operations. We currently maintain a credit facility with a syndicate of banks and manufacturer finance companies. However, if any of the financial institutions that haveextended credit commitments to us is adversely affected by continued uncertain conditions in the U.S. and international capital markets, they may become unableor unwilling to fulfill their obligations to us, which also could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and our ability to conduct our operations. We may not be able to utilize certain income tax benefits. Our ability to utilize the income tax benefits and credits generated by our equity investments intended to generate new market tax credits (NMTC) depends oncompliance with NMTC program requirements, which we do not control. Our ability to utilize NMTC, and other deferred tax assets, also depends on our generatingsufficient taxable income from operations in the future. The inability to utilize the income tax benefits could have a material adverse impact on our business, resultsof operations, financial condition and cash flows. We have a significant relationship with a third-party warranty insurer and administrator. This third-party is the obligor of service warranty policies sold to ourcustomers. Additionally, we have agreements in place that allow for future income based on the claims experience on policies sold to our customers. We sell service warranty policies to our customers issued by a third-party obligor. We receive additional fee income if actual claims are less than the amountsreserved for anticipated claims and the costs of administration and administrator profit. A decline in the financial health of the third-party insurer could jeopardize the claims reserves held by the administrator, and prevent us from collecting theexperience payments anticipated to be earned in future years. While the amount we receive varies annually, the loss of this income could negatively impact ourbusiness, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Further, the inability of the insurer to honor service warranty claims would likely result inreputational risk to us and might result in claims to cover any default by the insurer. The loss of key personnel or the failure to attract additional qualified management personnel could adversely affect our operations and growth. Our success depends to a significant degree on the efforts and abilities of our senior management, particularly Bryan B. DeBoer, our Director, President and ChiefExecutive Officer, and Christopher S. Holzshu, our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Further, we have identified Bryan B. DeBoer in most of ourstore franchise agreements as the individual who controls the franchises and upon whose financial resources and management expertise the manufacturers may relywhen awarding or approving the transfer of any franchise. If we lose these key personnel, our business may suffer. In addition, as we expand, we will need to hire additional managers and other employees. The market for qualified employees in the industry and in the regions inwhich we operate, particularly for general managers and sales and service personnel, is highly competitive and may subject us to increased labor costs duringperiods of low unemployment. The loss of the services of key employees or the inability to attract additional qualified managers could have a material adverseeffect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, the lack of qualified managers or other employees employed bypotential acquisition candidates may limit our ability to consummate future acquisitions. 22 The sole voting control of our company is currently held by Sidney B. DeBoer, who may have interests different from our other shareholders. Further,1.8 million shares of the 2.5 million shares of our Class B common stock held by Lithia Holding Company, LLC (“Lithia Holding”) are pledged to secureindebtedness of Lithia Holding. The failure to repay the indebtedness could result in the sale of such shares and the loss of such control, which may violateagreements with certain manufacturers. Sidney B. DeBoer, our Founder and Executive Chairman, is the sole managing member of Lithia Holdings, which holds all of the outstanding shares of our Class Bcommon stock. A holder of Class B common stock is entitled to ten votes for each share held, while a holder of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote pershare held. On most matters, the Class A and Class B common stock vote together as a single class. As of February 26, 2016, Lithia Holding controlled, and Mr.DeBoer had the authority to vote, approximately 52% of the aggregate number of votes eligible to be cast by shareholders for the election of directors and mostother shareholder actions. In addition, Mr. DeBoer may prevent a change in control and make certain transactions more difficult or impossible. The interests of Mr.DeBoer may not always coincide with our interests as a company or the interests of other shareholders. Accordingly, Mr. DeBoer could cause us to enter intotransactions or agreements that other shareholders would not approve or make decisions with which other shareholders may disagree. Lithia Holding has pledged 1.8 million shares of our Class B common stock to secure a loan from U.S. Bank National Association. If Lithia Holding is unable torepay the loan, the bank could foreclose on the Class B common stock, which would result in the automatic conversion of such shares to Class A common stockand a change in control. If this change is not consented to by the manufacturers, we would have a technical violation under most of the dealer sales and serviceagreements held by us. In addition, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline if the bank foreclosed on the pledged stock and subsequently soldsuch stock in the open market. Our business is seasonal, and events occurring during seasons in which revenues are typically higher may disproportionately affect our results of operationsand financial condition. Historically, our sales have been lower during the first quarter of each year due to consumer purchasing patterns during the holiday season and inclement weatherin certain of our markets. More recently our franchise diversification and cost controls have moderated this seasonality. However, if conditions occur during theother quarters that weaken automotive sales, such as severe weather in the geographic areas in which our dealerships operate, war, high fuel costs, depressedeconomic conditions including unemployment or weakened consumer confidence or similar adverse conditions, our revenues for the year may bedisproportionately adversely affected. Our internal control over financial reporting may not be effective. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement or difficulty in implementing required new or improved controls, ourbusiness and results of operations could be harmed, the results of operations we report could be subject to adjustments, we could incur remediation costs, we couldfail to be able to provide reasonable assurance as to our financial results or the effectiveness of our internal controls, or fail to meet our reporting obligations underSEC regulations and the terms of our debt agreements on a timely basis and there could be a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Risks related to investing in our Class A common stock Future sales of our Class A common stock in the public market could adversely impact the market price of our Class A common stock. As of February 26, 2016, we had 1,949,583 shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under our equity plans (including our employee stock purchaseplan). As of February 26, 2016, a total of 446,361 shares related to outstanding restricted stock units. In addition, we had 2,542,231 shares of Class B commonstock outstanding convertible into 2,542,231 shares of Class A common stock. 23 In the future, we may issue additional shares of our Class A common stock to raise capital or effect acquisitions. We cannot predict the size of future sales orissuance or the effect, if any, they may have on the market price of our Class A common stock. The sale of substantial amounts of Class A common stock, or theperception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale ofadditional equity securities, or to sell equity at a price acceptable to us. Volatility in the market price and trading volume of our Class A common stock could adversely impact the value of the shares of our Class A common stock. The stock market in recent years has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operatingperformance of companies like ours. These broad market factors may materially reduce the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our operatingperformance. The market price of our Class A common stock, which has experienced large price and volume fluctuations over the last five years, could continue tofluctuate significantly for many reasons, including in response to the risks described herein or for reasons unrelated to our operations, such as: •reports by industry analysts; •changes in financial estimates by securities analysts or us, or our inability to meet or exceed securities analysts’, investors’ or our own estimates orexpectations; •actual or anticipated sales of common stock by existing shareholders or us; •capital commitments; •additions or departures of key personnel; •developments in our business or in our industry; •a prolonged downturn in our industry; •general market conditions, such as interest or foreign exchange rates, commodity and equity prices, availability of credit, asset valuations and volatility; •changes in global financial and economic markets; •armed conflict, war or terrorism; •regulatory changes affecting our industry generally or our business and operations in particular; •changes in market valuations of other companies in our industry; •the operating and securities price performance of companies that investors consider to be comparable to us; and •announcements of strategic developments, acquisitions and other material events by us, our competitors or our suppliers. Oregon law and our Restated Articles of Incorporation may impede or discourage a takeover, which could impair the market price of our Class A commonstock. We are an Oregon corporation, and certain provisions of Oregon law and our Restated Articles of Incorporation may have anti-takeover effects. These provisionscould delay, defer or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that a shareholder might consider to be in his or her best interest. These provisions may also affectattempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by shareholders, and may make removal of the incumbent management anddirectors more difficult, which, under certain circumstances, could reduce the market price of our Class A common stock. Our issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect holders of Class A common stock. Our Board of Directors is authorized to issue a series of preferred stock without any action on the part of our holders of Class A common stock. Our Board ofDirectors also has the power, without shareholder approval, to set the terms of any such series of preferred stock that may be issued, including voting powers,preferences over our Class A common stock with respect to dividends or if we voluntarily or involuntarily dissolve or distribute our assets, and other terms. If weissue preferred stock in the future that has preference over our Class A common stock with respect to the payment of dividends or upon our liquidation, dissolutionor winding up, or if we issue preferred stock with voting rights that dilute the voting power of our Class A common stock, the rights of holders of our Class Acommon stock or the price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected. Item 1B . Unresolved Staff Comments None. 24 Item 2 . Properties Our stores and other facilities consist primarily of automobile showrooms, display lots, service facilities, collision repair and paint shops, supply facilities,automobile storage lots, parking lots and offices located in the states listed under the caption Overview in Item 1. We believe our facilities are currently adequatefor our needs and are in good repair. Some of our facilities do not currently meet manufacturer image or size requirements and we are actively working to find amutually acceptable outcome in terms of timing and overall cost. We own our corporate headquarters in Medford, Oregon, a corporate building in South Amboy,New Jersey and certain other properties used in operations. Certain of these properties are mortgaged. We also lease certain properties, providing future flexibilityto relocate our retail stores as demographics, economics, traffic patterns or sales methods change. Most leases provide us the option to renew the lease for one ormore lease extension periods. We also hold certain vacant dealerships and undeveloped land for future expansion. Item 3. Legal Proceedings We are party to numerous legal proceedings arising in the normal course of our business. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of legal proceedingsarising in the normal course of business will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows, we cannotpredict this with certainty. Stein LitigationOn December 14, 2015, Shiva Y. Stein, a Lithia shareholder, filed derivative claims on behalf of Lithia Motors, Inc. ("Lithia") against its Board of Directors, alsolisting Lithia as a nominal defendant. The case, Stein v. DeBoer, et al. , Case No. 15CV33696, is pending in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon for MarionCounty. Ms. Stein’s claims relate to the adoption of a transition agreement between Lithia and Sidney B. DeBoer, as disclosed in a Current Report on Form 8-Kfiled September 16, 2015. Ms. Stein alleges that Lithia's directors breached their fiduciary duties of loyalty and due care, and wasted corporate assets when theyapproved the agreement with Mr. DeBoer. Ms. Stein also alleges a claim against Sidney B. DeBoer, asserting that he has been unjustly enriched by the agreement.Ms. Stein is seeking relief in the amount of damages allegedly sustained by Lithia as a result of the alleged breaches of fiduciary duty and alleged corporate waste,disgorgement and imposition of a constructive trust on all property and profits Sidney B. DeBoer received as a result of the alleged wrongful conduct, and an awardof the costs and disbursements of the lawsuit, including reasonable attorneys fees, costs, and expenses. The Board and Mr. DeBoer are defending themselvesagainst Ms. Stein’s allegations. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of this legal proceeding will have a material adverse effect on our business, resultsof operations, financial condition, or cash flows, we cannot predict this with certainty. Jessos LitigationOn February 12, 2016, Marty A. Jessos, a Lithia shareholder, filed derivative claims on behalf of Lithia against its Board of Directors, also listing Lithia as anominal defendant. The case, Jessos v. DeBoer, et al. , is pending in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon for Multnomah County. Mr. Jessos’ claims are verysimilar to those made by Shiva Y. Stein in the Stein Litigation described above, relating to the adoption of the transition agreement between Lithia and Sidney B.DeBoer. Mr. Jessos alleges that Lithia's directors breached their fiduciary duties of loyalty and due care, and wasted corporate assets, when they approved theagreement with Sidney B. DeBoer. Mr. Jessos also alleges a claim against Sidney B. DeBoer, asserting that he has been unjustly enriched by the agreement. Mr.Jessos is seeking relief in the amount of damages allegedly sustained by Lithia as a result of the alleged breaches of fiduciary duty and alleged corporate waste,disgorgement and imposition of a constructive trust on all property and profits Sidney B. DeBoer received as a result of the alleged wrongful conduct, and an awardof the costs and disbursements of the lawsuit, including reasonable attorneys fees, costs, and expenses. The Board and Mr. DeBoer are defending themselvesagainst Mr. Jessos’s allegations. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of this legal proceeding will have a material adverse effect on our business,results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows, we cannot predict this with certainty. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure Not applicable. 25 PART II Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Stock Prices and DividendsOur Class A common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol LAD. The following table presents the high and low sale prices for ourClass A common stock, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange Composite Tape for each of the quarters in 2014 and 2015: 2014 High Low First quarter $69.68 $53.57 Second quarter 94.31 64.37 Third quarter 97.20 75.21 Fourth quarter 90.44 63.05 2015 First quarter $100.25 $79.84 Second quarter 117.14 95.98 Third quarter 122.01 98.29 Fourth quarter 126.56 102.01 The number of shareholders of record and approximate number of beneficial holders of Class A common stock as of February 26, 2016 was 560 and 33,655,respectively. All shares of Lithia’s Class B common stock are held by Lithia Holding Company, LLC. Sidney B. DeBoer Trust U.T.A.D. January 30, 1997 (Trust)is the manager of Lithia Holding Company, L.L.C., and Sidney DeBoer, as the trustee of the Trust, has the authority to vote all of the issued and outstanding sharesof our Class B common stock. Dividends declared on our Class A and Class B common stock during 2013, 2014 and 2015 were as follows: Quarter declared: Dividendamount pershare Total amount ofdividend (inthousands) 2013 First quarter $— $— Second quarter 0.13 3,356 Third quarter 0.13 3,363 Fourth quarter 0.13 3,366 2014 First quarter $0.13 $3,378 Second quarter 0.16 4,179 Third quarter 0.16 4,174 Fourth quarter 0.16 4,198 2015 First quarter $0.16 $4,216 Second quarter 0.20 5,266 Third quarter 0.20 5,257 Fourth quarter 0.20 5,246 (1) We declared and paid a dividend payment of $2.6 million in December 2012 in lieu of the dividend typically declared and paid in March of the following year. Equity Compensation Plan InformationInformation regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is included in Item 12. 26(1) Repurchases of Equity SecuritiesWe made the following repurchases of our common stock during the fourth quarter of 2015: Totalnumber ofsharespurchased Averageprice paidper share Total numberofsharespurchasedas part ofpubliclyannounced plan Maximumnumber ofsharesthat may yet bepurchasedunderthe plan October 1 – October 31 21,953 $110.58 21,900 1,313,487 November 1 – November 30 20,000 119.66 20,000 1,293,487 December 1 – December 31 22,000 114.97 22,000 1,271,487 Total 63,953 114.93 63,900 (1)In 2011 and 2012, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to a total of 3,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock. Through December 31,2015, we have repurchased 1,728,513 shares at an average price of $41.34 per share. This authority to repurchase shares does not have an expiration date or amaximum aggregate dollar amount for repurchases.(2)Includes 53 shares repurchased in association with tax withholdings on the vesting of RSUs. 27(1)(2) Stock Performance GraphThe following line-graph shows the annual percentage change in the cumulative total returns for the past five years on an assumed $100 initial investment andreinvestment of dividends, on (a) Lithia Motors, Inc.’s Class A common stock; (b) the Russell 2000; and (c) an auto peer group index composed of PenskeAutomotive Group, AutoNation, Sonic Automotive, Group 1 Automotive and Asbury Automotive Group, the only other comparable publicly traded automobiledealerships in the United States as of December 31, 2015. The peer group index utilizes the same methods of presentation and assumptions for the total returncalculation as does Lithia Motors and the Russell 2000. All companies in the peer group index are weighted in accordance with their market capitalizations. BasePeriod Indexed Returns for the Year Ended Company/Index 12/31/2010 12/31/2011 12/31/2012 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 Lithia Motors, Inc. $100.00 $155.25 $270.85 $505.77 $636.78 $789.09 Auto Peer Group 100.00 123.72 153.90 208.39 248.06 227.67 Russell 2000 100.00 95.82 111.53 154.83 162.41 155.24 28 Item 6. Selected Financial Data You should read the Selected Financial Data in conjunction with Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results ofOperations,” our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto and other financial information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (In thousands, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Revenues: New vehicle $4,552,301 $3,077,670 $2,256,598 $1,847,603 $1,391,375 Used vehicle retail 1,927,016 1,362,481 1,032,224 833,484 678,571 Used vehicle wholesale 261,530 195,699 158,235 139,237 128,329 Finance and insurance 283,018 190,381 139,007 112,234 84,130 Service, body and parts 738,990 512,124 383,483 347,703 315,958 Fleet and other 101,397 51,971 36,202 36,226 34,383 Total revenues $7,864.252 $5,390,326 $4,005,749 $3,316,487 $2,632,746 Gross Profit: New vehicle $280,370 $198,184 $151,118 $134,447 $107,150 Used vehicle retail 241,249 179,253 150,858 121,721 98,214 Used vehicle wholesale 4,457 3,646 2,711 1,414 597 Finance and insurance 283,018 190,381 139,007 112,234 84,130 Service, body and parts 363,921 249,736 185,570 168,070 152,220 Fleet and other 2,619 2,122 1,689 1,414 2,973 Total gross profit $1,175,634 $823,322 $630,953 $539,300 $445,284 Operating income $302,735 $231,899 $183,518 $148,369 $110,818 Income from continuing operations before income taxes $262,704 $210,495 $165,788 $128,457 $88,270 Income from continuing operations $182,999 $135,540 $105,214 $79,395 $55,210 Basic income per share from continuing operations $6.96 $5.19 $4.08 $3.09 $2.10 Basic income per share from discontinued operations — 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.14 Basic net income per share $6.96 $5.31 $4.11 $3.13 $2.24 Shares used in basic per share 26,290 26,121 25,805 25,696 26,230 Diluted income per share from continuing operations $6.91 $5.14 $4.02 $3.03 $2.07 Diluted income per share from discontinued operations — 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.14 Diluted net income per share $6.91 $5.26 $4.05 $3.07 $2.21 Shares used in diluted per share 26,490 26,382 26,191 26,170 26,664 Cash dividends declared per common share $0.76 $0.61 $0.39 $0.47 $0.26 29(1)(1)(1)(2) (In thousands) As of December 31, Consolidated Balance Sheets Data: 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Working capital $288,040 $172,909 $209,038 $211,905 $191,607 Inventories 1,470,987 1,249,659 859,019 723,326 506,484 Total assets 3,227,299 2,880,932 1,725,121 1,492,702 1,146,133 Floor plan notes payable 1,313,955 1,178,679 713,855 581,584 343,940 Long-term debt, including current maturities 645,354 640,978 252,554 295,058 286,874 Total stockholders’ equity 828,164 673,105 534,722 428,101 367,121 (1)Includes $20.1 million, $1.9 million, $0.1 million and $1.4 million of non-cash charges related to asset impairments for the years ended 2015, 2014, 2012 and2011, respectively. No non-cash charges related to asset impairments were recorded in 2013. See Notes 1, 4 and 18 of Notes to Consolidated FinancialStatements for additional information.(2)In November 2012, we paid dividends of $2.5 million that had been declared in October 2012. An additional dividend payment of $2.6 million was declaredand paid in December 2012 in lieu of the dividend typically declared and paid in March of the following year. 30 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations You should read the following discussion in conjunction with Item 1. “Business,” Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notesthereto. OverviewWe are a leading operator of automotive franchises and a retailer of new and used vehicles and related services. As of February 26, 2016, we offered 31 brands ofnew vehicles and all brands of used vehicles in 139 stores in the United States and online at Lithia.com and DCHauto.com . We sell new and used cars andreplacement parts; provide vehicle maintenance, warranty, paint and repair services; arrange related financing; and sell service contracts, vehicle protectionproducts and credit insurance. We believe that the fragmented nature of the automotive dealership sector provides us with the opportunity to achieve growth through consolidation. In 2015, thetop ten automotive retailers represented 7% of the stores in the United States. Our dealerships are located across the United States. We seek domestic, import andluxury franchises in cities ranging from mid-sized regional markets to metropolitan markets. We evaluate all brands for expansion opportunities provided themarket is large enough to support adequate new vehicle sales to justify the required capital investment. Our acquisition strategy has been to acquire dealerships atprices that meet our internal investment targets and, through the application of our centralized operating structure, leverage costs and improve store profitability.We believe our disciplined approach and the current economic environment provides us with attractive acquisition opportunities. We also believe that we can continue to improve operations at our existing stores. By promoting entrepreneurial leadership within our general and departmentmanagers, we strive for continuous improvement to drive sales and capture market share in our local markets. Our goal is to retail an average of 75 used vehiclesper store per month and we believe we can make additional improvements in our used vehicle sales performance by offering lower-priced value vehicles andselling brands other than the new vehicle franchise at each location. Our service, body and parts operations provide important repeat business for our stores. Wecontinue to grow this business through increased marketing efforts, competitive pricing on routine maintenance items and diverse commodity product offerings. In2015, we continued to experience organic growth and profitability through increasing market share and maintaining a lean cost structure, while adding significantrevenue to our base through acquisitions. As sales volume increases and we gain leverage in our cost structure, we anticipate targeting SG&A as a percentage of gross profit in the upper 60% range. As wefocus on maintaining discipline in controlling costs, in 2015 we continue to target maintaining, on a same store basis, between 45% and 50% of each incrementalgross profit dollar after deducting SG&A expense. Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make certain estimates, judgments andassumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and reported amounts of revenues andexpenses at the date of the financial statements. Certain accounting policies require us to make difficult and subjective judgments on matters that are inherentlyuncertain. The following accounting policies involve critical accounting estimates because they are particularly dependent on assumptions made by management.While we have made our best estimates based on facts and circumstances available to us at the time, different estimates could have been used in the current period.Changes in the accounting estimates we used are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, which may have a material impact on the presentation of ourfinancial condition and results of operations. Our most critical accounting estimates include those related to goodwill and franchise value, long-lived assets, deferred taxes, equity-method investment associatedwith new markets tax credits, service contracts and other insurance contracts, and lifetime lube, oil and filter contracts, self-insurance programs and valuation ofaccounts receivable. We also have other key accounting policies for expense accruals and revenue recognition. However, these policies either do not meet thedefinition of critical accounting estimates described above or are not currently material items in our financial statements. We review our estimates, judgments andassumptions periodically and reflect the effects of revisions in the period that they are deemed to be necessary. We believe that these estimates are reasonable.However, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. 31 Goodwill and Franchise ValueWe are required to test our goodwill and franchise value for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if conditions indicate that an impairment may haveoccurred. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. Our reporting units are individual retail automotive franchises as this is the level at whichdiscrete financial information is available and for which operating results are regularly reviewed by our chief operating decision maker to allocate resources andassess performance. We have the option to qualitatively or quantitatively assess goodwill for impairment and, in 2015, evaluated our goodwill using a quantitativeassessment process. We test goodwill for impairment using the Adjusted Present Value method (“APV”) to estimate the fair value of our reporting unit. Under theAPV method, future cash flows are based on recently prepared budget forecasts and business plans and are used to estimate the future economic benefits that thereporting unit will generate. An estimate of the appropriate discount rate is utilized to convert the future economic benefits to their present value equivalent. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is a two-step process. The first step identifies potential impairments by comparing the calculated fair value of a reportingunit with its book value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying amount, goodwill is not impaired and the second step is not necessary. If thecarrying value exceeds the fair value, the second step includes determining the implied fair value in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized in abusiness combination is determined. The implied fair value of goodwill is then compared with the carrying amount to determine if an impairment loss should berecorded. We also may use a market approach to determine whether or not the carrying amount of our goodwill is impaired. These market data points include our acquisitionand divestiture experience and third-party broker estimates. As of December 31, 2015, we had $213.2 million of goodwill on our balance sheet associated with 133 reporting units. The first step of our annual goodwillimpairment analysis, which we perform as of October 1 of each year, did not result in an indication of impairment in 2015, 2014 or 2013. We have determined the appropriate unit of accounting for testing franchise rights for impairment is on an individual store basis. We have the option toqualitatively or quantitatively assess indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. In 2015, we evaluated our indefinite-lived intangible assets using aquantitative assessment process. We estimate the fair value of our franchise rights primarily using the Multi-Period Excess Earnings (“MPEE”) model. Theforecasted cash flows used in the MPEE model contain inherent uncertainties, including significant estimates and assumptions related to growth rates, margins,general operating expenses, and cost of capital. We use primarily internally-developed forecasts and business plans to estimate the future cash flows that eachfranchise will generate. We have determined that only certain cash flows of the store are directly attributable to the franchise rights. We estimate the appropriateinterest rate to discount future cash flows to their present value equivalent taking into consideration factors such as a risk-free rate, a peer group average beta, anequity risk premium and a small stock risk premium. We also may use a market approach to determine the fair value of our franchise rights. These market data points include our acquisition and divestiture experienceand third-party broker estimates. As of December 31, 2015, we had $157.7 million of franchise value on our balance sheet associated with 95 stores. No individual store accounted for more than 5%of our total franchise value as of December 31, 2015. Our impairment testing of franchise value did not indicate any impairment in 2015, 2014 or 2013. We are subject to financial statement risk to the extent that our goodwill or franchise rights become impaired due to decreases in the fair value. A future decline inperformance, decreases in projected growth rates or margin assumptions or changes in discount rates could result in a potential impairment, which could have amaterial adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations. Furthermore, if a manufacturer becomes insolvent, we may be required to record apartial or total impairment on the franchise value or goodwill related to that manufacturer. No individual manufacturer accounted for more than 19% of our totalfranchise value and goodwill as of December 31, 2015. See Notes 1 and 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Long-Lived AssetsWe estimate the depreciable lives of our property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, and review each asset group for impairment when events orcircumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. We determined an asset group is comprised of the long-lived assets used in theoperations of an individual store. 32 We determine a triggering event has occurred by reviewing store forecasted and historical financial performance. An asset group is evaluated for recoverability if ithas an operating loss in the current year and two of the prior three years. Additionally, we may judgmentally evaluate an asset group if its financial performanceindicates it may not support the carrying amount of the long-lived assets. If a store meets these criteria, we estimate the projected undiscounted cash flows for eachasset group based on internally developed forecasts. If the undiscounted cash flows are lower than the carrying value of the asset group, we determine the fair valueof the asset group based on additional market data, including recent experience in selling similar assets. We hold certain property for future development or investment purposes. If a triggering event is deemed to have occurred, we evaluate the property for impairmentby comparing its estimated fair value based on listing price less costs to sell and other market data, including similar property that is for sale or has been recentlysold, to the current carrying value. If the carrying value is more than the estimated fair value, an impairment is recorded. Although we believe our property and equipment and assets held and used are appropriately valued, the assumptions and estimates used may change and we may berequired to record impairment charges to reduce the value of these assets. A future decline in store performance, decrease in projected growth rates or changes inother operating assumptions could result in an impairment of long-lived asset groups, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial position andresults of operations. In 2015, we recorded $3.6 million of impairment charges associated with certain properties and equipment. As the expected future use of these facilities changed,the long-lived assets were tested for recoverability and were determined to have a carrying value exceeding their fair value. We did not record any impairments related to long-lived assets in 2014 or 2013. See Notes 1 and 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Deferred TaxesAs of December 31, 2015, we had deferred tax assets of $90.3 million, net of valuation allowance of $5.4 million, and deferred tax liabilities of $143.5 million. Theprincipal components of our deferred tax assets are related to goodwill, allowances and accruals, capital loss carryforwards, deferred revenue and cancellationreserves. The principal components of our deferred tax liabilities are related to depreciation on property and equipment, inventories and goodwill. We consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assetsis dependent upon future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We consider the scheduled reversal ofdeferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carryback and carryforward periods), projected future taxable income, and tax-planning strategies inmaking this assessment. Based upon the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, and our projections of future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets aredeductible, we believe it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefits of the unreserved deductible differences. As of December 31, 2015, we had a $5.4 million valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. This valuation allowance is mainly associated with lossesfrom the sale of corporate entities. As these amounts are characterized as capital losses, we evaluated the availability of projected capital gains and determined thatit is unlikely these amounts will be fully utilized. If we are unable to meet the projected taxable income levels utilized in our analysis, and depending on theavailability of feasible tax planning strategies, we might record an additional valuation allowance on a portion or all of our deferred tax assets in the future. Equity-Method Investment Associated with New Markets Tax CreditsAs of December 31, 2015, we had a $22.3 million equity investment in a limited liability company managed by U.S. Bancorp Community DevelopmentCorporation. This investment generates new market tax credits under the New Markets Tax Credit Program (“NMTC Program”). The NMTC Program wasestablished by Congress in 2000 to spur new or increased investments into operating businesses and real estate projects located in low-income communities. We areobligated to make $49.8 million of contributions to the entity over a two-year period ending October 2016, $26.9 million of which had been paid as of December31, 2015. 33 While U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation exercises management control over the limited liability company, due to the economic interest we holdin the entity, we determined the appropriate accounting for our ownership portion of the entity was under the equity method of accounting. The equity-methodinvestment generates operating losses on a quarterly basis and, accordingly, we are required to assess the investment for other than temporary impairment on aquarterly basis. In 2015, we recorded asset impairments totaling $16.5 million. We also recorded non-cash interest expense related to the discounted fair value of future equitycontributions of $0.7 million, a $6.9 million charge to other income, net for our portion of the investment’s operating losses and a tax benefit of $30.8 million. See Notes 1, 12 and 18 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Service Contracts and Other Insurance ContractsWe receive commissions from the sale of vehicle service contracts and certain other insurance contracts. The contracts are sold through unrelated third parties, butwe may be charged back for a portion of the commissions in the event of early termination of the contracts by customers. We sell these contracts on a straightcommission basis; in addition, we participate in future underwriting profit pursuant to retrospective commission arrangements, which are recognized as incomeupon receipt. We record commissions at the time of sale of the vehicles, net of an estimated liability for future charge-backs. We have established a reserve for estimated futurecharge-backs based on an analysis of historical charge-backs in conjunction with estimated lives of the applicable contracts. If future cancellations are differentthan expected, we could have additional expense related to the cancellations in future periods, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial positionand results of operations. At December 31, 2015, the reserve for future cancellations totaled $35.0 million and is included in accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities on ourConsolidated Balance Sheets. A 10% increase in expected cancellations would result in an additional reserve of $3.5 million. Lifetime Lube, Oil and Filter ContractsWe retain the obligation for lifetime lube, oil and filter service contracts sold to our customers and assumed the liability of certain existing lifetime, lube, oil andfilter contracts. Payments we receive upon sale of the lifetime oil contracts are deferred and recognized in revenue over the expected life of the service agreement tobest match the expected timing of the costs to be incurred to perform the service. We estimate the timing and amount of future costs for claims and cancellationsrelated to our lifetime lube, oil and filter contracts using historical experience rates and estimated future costs. If our estimates of future costs to perform under the contracts exceed the existing deferred revenue, we would record a reserve for the additional expected cost. Theestimate of future costs to perform under the contract are mainly dependent on our estimated number of oil changes to be performed over a vehicle’s life and ourassumptions about future costs expected to be incurred. Significant increases to either of these assumptions could have a material adverse impact on our financialposition and results of operations. At December 31, 2015, the deferred revenue related to these self-insured contracts was $80.2 million. Self-Insurance ProgramsWe self-insure a portion of our property and casualty insurance, vehicle open lot coverage, medical insurance and workers’ compensation insurance. We engagethird-parties to assist in estimating the loss exposure related to the self-retained portion of the risk associated with these insurances. Additionally, we analyze ourhistorical loss and claims trends associated with these programs. The maximum exposure on any single claim under our property and casualty insurance, medicalinsurance and workers’ compensation insurance is $1 million. There is no limit on our exposure to wind and hail storms for our vehicle open lot coverage.Although we believe we have sufficient insurance, exposure to uninsured or underinsured losses may result in the recognition of additional charges, which couldhave a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations. At December 31, 2015, we had liabilities associated with these programs of $25.9 million recorded as a component of accrued liabilities and other long-termliabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. 34 Results of Continuing OperationsFor the year ended December 31, 2015, we reported income from continuing operations, net of tax, of $183.0 million, or $6.91 per diluted share. For the yearsended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we reported income from continuing operations, net of tax, of $135.5 million, or $5.14 per diluted share, and $105.2 million,or $4.02 per diluted share, respectively. Discontinued OperationsIn the third quarter of 2014, we early-adopted guidance that redefined discontinued operations. As a result, we determined that individual stores that met the criteriafor held for sale after our adoption date would no longer qualify for classification as discontinued operations. We had previously reclassified a store’s operations todiscontinued operations in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, on a comparable basis for all periods presented, provided we did not expect to have anysignificant continuing involvement in the store’s operations after its disposal. We did not have any income from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2015. We realized income from discontinued operations, net of incometax expense, of $3.2 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. See Notes 1 and 15 of Notes to Consolidated FinancialStatements for additional information. Key Performance MetricsCertain key performance metrics for revenue and gross profit were as follows (dollars in thousands): 2015 Revenues Percent ofTotalRevenues Gross Profit Gross ProfitMargin Percent ofTotalGross Profit New vehicle $4,552,301 57.9% $280,370 6.2% 23.8%Used vehicle retail 1,927,016 24.5 241,249 12.5 20.5 Used vehicle wholesale 261,530 3.3 4,457 1.7 0.4 Finance and insurance 283,018 3.6 283,018 100.0 24.1 Service, body and parts 738,990 9.4 363,921 49.2 31.0 Fleet and other 101,397 1.3 2,619 2.6 0.2 $7,864,252 100.0% $1,175,634 14.9% 100.0% 2014 Revenues Percent ofTotalRevenues Gross Profit Gross ProfitMargin Percent ofTotalGross Profit New vehicle $3,077,670 57.1% $198,184 6.4% 24.1%Used vehicle retail 1,362,481 25.3 179,253 13.2 21.8 Used vehicle wholesale 195,699 3.6 3,646 1.9 0.4 Finance and insurance(1) 190,381 3.5 190,381 100.0 23.1 Service, body and parts 512,124 9.5 249,736 48.8 30.3 Fleet and other 51,971 1.0 2,122 4.1 0.3 $5,390,326 100.0% $823,322 15.3% 100.0% 2013 Revenues Percent ofTotalRevenues Gross Profit Gross ProfitMargin Percent ofTotalGross Profit New vehicle $2,256,598 56.3% $151,118 6.7% 24.0%Used vehicle retail 1,032,224 25.8 150,858 14.6 23.9 Used vehicle wholesale 158,235 3.9 2,711 1.7 0.4 Finance and insurance(1) 139,007 3.5 139,007 100.0 22.0 Service, body and parts 383,483 9.6 185,570 48.4 29.4 Fleet and other 36,202 0.9 1,689 4.7 0.3 $4,005,749 100.0% $630,953 15.8% 100.0% (1)Commissions reported net of anticipated cancellations. 35(1) Same Store Operating DataIn 2014, we acquired 35 stores and opened one store primarily in the second half of the year. As a result, we experienced significant growth in 2015 compared to2014. We believe that same store comparisons are an important indicator of our financial performance. Same store measures demonstrate our ability to growrevenues in our existing locations. Therefore, we have integrated same store measures into the discussion below. Same store measures reflect results for stores that were operating in each comparison period, and only include the months when operations occurred in bothperiods. For example, a store acquired in August 2014 would be included in same store operating data beginning in September 2015, after its first completecomparable month of operation. The operating results for the same store comparisons would include results for that store from September through December ofeach year. New Vehicle Revenue and Gross Profit Year EndedDecember 31, Increase %Increase (Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) 2015 2014 (Decrease) (Decrease) Reported Revenue $4,552,301 $3,077,670 $1,474,631 47.9%Gross profit $280,370 $198,184 $82,186 41.5 Gross margin 6.2% 6.4% (20)bps Retail units sold 137,486 91,104 46,382 50.9 Average selling price per retail unit $33,111 $33,782 $(671) (2.0)Average gross profit per retail unit $2,039 $2,175 $(136) (6.3) Same store Revenue $3,327,450 $3,056,366 $271,084 8.9%Gross profit $205,802 $196,354 $9,448 4.8 Gross margin 6.2% 6.4% (20)bps Retail units sold 96,556 90,352 6,204 6.9 Average selling price per retail unit $34,461 $33,827 $634 1.9 Average gross profit per retail unit $2,131 $2,173 $(42) (1.9) Year EndedDecember 31, Increase %Increase (Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) 2014 2013 (Decrease) (Decrease) Reported Revenue $3,077,670 $2,256,598 $821,072 36.4%Gross profit $198,184 $151,118 $47,066 31.1 Gross margin 6.4% 6.7% (30)bps Retail units sold 91,104 66,857 24,247 36.3 Average selling price per retail unit $33,782 $33,753 $29 0.1 Average gross profit per retail unit $2,175 $2,260 $(85) (3.8) Same store Revenue $2,485,516 $2,230,064 $255,452 11.5%Gross profit $162,073 $148,774 $13,299 8.9 Gross margin 6.5% 6.7% (20)bps Retail units sold 71,563 65,890 5,673 8.6 Average selling price per retail unit $34,732 $33,845 $887 2.6 Average gross profit per retail unit $2,265 $2,258 $7 0.3 (1) A basis point is equal to 1/100 of one percent. 36th New vehicle sales increased in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily driven by the acquisition of 27 stores from the DCH Auto Group in the fourth quarter of 2014. Ona same store basis, new vehicle sales increased 8.9% primarily due to unit volume growth of 6.9% in 2015 compared to 2014. Acquisitions also drove new vehicle sales increases in 2014 compared to 2013. On a same store basis, new vehicle sales improved 11.5% in 2014 compared to2013, primarily due to volume growth as year-over-year same store unit volume increased 8.6% in 2014. In both comparative periods, our stores have focused on capturing more sales in their respective market areas and improving their overall market share.Additionally, on a unit basis, national new vehicle sales levels increased approximately 6% in 2015 compared to 2014 and 6% in 2014 compared to 2013. Same store unit sales increased in all categories as follows: 2015compared to2014 2014compared to2013 National growthin 2015 comparedto 2014 Domestic brand same store unit sales growth 9.6% 8.7% 5.8%Import brand same store unit sales growth 5.9 7.0 5.6 Luxury brand same store unit sales growth 0.7 10.2 6.7 Overall 6.9 8.2 5.8 Our unit volume growth rate for 2015 was higher than the national average for our domestic and import stores as our store personnel aggressively sought toincrease market share within our markets. Our luxury stores lagged the national average in 2015, primarily because store leaders at our BMW and Mercedeslocations chose to avoid significant discounting on sales prices to achieve incremental sales at the expense of gross profit dollars. We continue to focus onincreasing our share of overall new vehicle sales within our markets. Recovery in some of our specific markets behaved differently than the national average in both 2015 and 2014. Certain of our markets saw an increase in localmarket sales volumes exceeding the national average, while others continued to lag behind the national average due to differing levels of economic recovery indifferent parts of the country, including economic activity and regional employment levels recovering at different rates. At the end of 2015, we believe only two of the markets we operate in remain below the pre-recessionary normalized annual vehicle registration levels experiencedin 2006, our baseline year. In addition to the increases in unit volume, increases in average selling prices of 1.9% and 2.6%, respectively, in 2015 compared to 2014 and in 2014 compared to2013, contributed to the overall increases in same store new vehicle revenue. Most of these increases are a function of an annual increase in manufacturer suggestedretail price over the manufacturers' invoice cost of vehicles, with the remainder driven by a shift in mix towards more truck and SUV sales, which typically have ahigher average selling price than other vehicle types. New vehicle gross profit increased 41.5% in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily driven by the acquisition of the DCH Auto Group in the fourth quarter of 2014. Ona same store basis, new vehicle gross profit increased 4.8% in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily due to increased volume, partially offset by decreased gross profitper unit and lower gross margins. On a same store basis, the average gross profit per new retail unit decreased $42, or 1.9%, in 2015 compared to 2014. Consumers are increasingly aware of ourwholesale cost of vehicles and average transaction prices for new vehicle sales due to the proliferation of third-party providers providing this information over theinternet. As a result, the average gross profit realized on new vehicle sales has been under pressure for the last several years across the automobile industry. Inaddition, we have aggressively pursued market share to continue to capture incremental new vehicle sales transactions. We believe our volume-based strategycreates additional used vehicle trade-in opportunities, finance and insurance sales and future service work, which will generate incremental business in futureperiods that will offset the lower new vehicle gross profit per unit that has occurred as a result of this strategy. New vehicle gross profit increased 31.1% in 2014 compared to 2013. On a same store basis, gross profit increased 8.9% in 2014 compared to 2013. These increaseswere primarily due to a greater number of vehicles sold. New vehicle unit sales improved throughout 2014 compared to 2013 primarily due to an overall marketrecovery. Additionally, similar to 2015, we increased our share of vehicle sales in several of our markets in 2014. 37 Used Vehicle Retail Revenue and Gross Profit Year EndedDecember 31, Increase %Increase (Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) 2015 2014 (Decrease) (Decrease) Reported Retail revenue $1,927,016 $1,362,481 $564,535 41.4%Retail gross profit $241,249 $179,253 $61,996 34.6 Retail gross margin 12.5% 13.2% (70)bps Retail units sold 99,109 71,674 27,435 38.3 Average selling price per retail unit $19,443 $19,009 $434 2.3 Average gross profit per retail unit $2,434 $2,501 $(67) (2.7) Same store Retail revenue $1,528,803 $1,350,813 $177,990 13.2%Retail gross profit $197,380 $177,999 $19,381 10.9 Retail gross margin 12.9% 13.2% (30)bps Retail units sold 77,552 70,967 6,585 9.3 Average selling price per retail unit $19,713 $19,034 $679 3.6 Average gross profit per retail unit $2,545 $2,508 $37 1.5 Year EndedDecember 31, Increase %Increase (Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) 2014 2013 (Decrease) (Decrease) Reported Retail revenue $1,362,481 $1,032,224 $330,257 32.0%Retail gross profit $179,253 $150,858 $28,395 18.8 Retail gross margin 13.2% 14.6% (140)bps Retail units sold 71,674 57,061 14,613 25.6 Average selling price per retail unit $19,009 $18,090 $919 5.1 Average gross profit per retail unit $2,501 $2,644 $(143) (5.4) Same store Retail revenue $1,171,100 $1,016,632 $154,468 15.2%Retail gross profit $157,242 $148,680 $8,562 5.8 Retail gross margin 13.4% 14.6% (120)bps Retail units sold 60,940 56,113 4,827 8.6 Average selling price per retail unit $19,217 $18,118 $1,099 6.1 Average gross profit per retail unit $2,580 $2,650 $(70) (2.6) Used vehicle retail sales are a strategic focus for organic growth. We offer three categories of used vehicles: manufacturer CPO vehicles; Core Vehicles, or late-model vehicles with lower mileage; and Value Autos, or older vehicles with over 80,000 miles. Additionally, our volume-based strategy for new vehicle salesincreases the organic opportunity to convert vehicles acquired via trade to retail used vehicle sales. Same store sales increased in all three categories of used vehicles as follows: 2015 compared to2014 2014 compared to2013 Certified pre-owned vehicles 16.9% 24.5%Core vehicles 12.4 11.8 Value autos 8.9 8.5 Overall 13.2 14.6 38 The same store sales increases in 2015 compared to 2014 and in 2014 compared to 2013 were a result of increased unit sales and increased average selling pricesper unit as our mix shifted toward higher-priced certified pre-owned and core vehicles and away from value autos. This mix shift was primarily due to the increasednumber of off-lease vehicles as a result of increased new vehicle leasing since 2010. Because the average new vehicle lease is approximately 30 months, the supplyof late model used vehicles is increasing. On average, in 2015 and 2014, each of our stores sold 62 and 56 retail used vehicle units per month, respectively. We continue to target increasing sales to 75 unitsper store per month. Used retail vehicle gross profit increased 34.6% in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily driven by the acquisition of the DCH Auto Group in the fourth quarter of2014. On a same store basis, gross profit increased 10.9% in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily due to increased unit volume and increased gross profit per unit,partially offset by slight margin declines. The unit volume growth was driven by a mix shift toward certified pre-owned and core vehicles, which have higheraverage selling prices, but lower gross margins than value autos. Used retail vehicle gross profit dollars increased 18.8% in 2014 compared to 2013. On a same store basis, gross profit increased 5.8% in 2014 compared to 2013.These increases were primarily due to volume growth, partially offset by decreases in the average gross profit per unit sold. The volume growth was driven by alarger number of late-model vehicles being available in the marketplace compared to the prior few years. Vehicle production levels were cut significantly in the2009 and 2010 model years, and as production increased in subsequent years, a greater number of vehicles are available due to the natural trade cycle and morelease returns. Similar to new vehicle sales, we focus on gross profit dollars earned per unit, not on gross margin, in evaluating our sales performance. Gross profitper unit was lower in 2014 than in 2013 primarily due to shift in mix to more late-model vehicles due to the increase in supply noted above. These vehicles aremore homogenous in nature and typically are more commoditized relative to older cars that have a wider variety of mileage and condition, allowing more grossprofit to be earned per vehicle due to their unique nature. Used Vehicle Wholesale Revenue and Gross Profit Year EndedDecember 31, Increase %Increase (Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) 2015 2014 (Decrease) (Decrease) Reported Wholesale revenue $261,530 $195,699 $65,831 33.6%Wholesale gross profit $4,457 $3,646 $811 22.2 Wholesale gross margin 1.7% 1.9% (20)bps Wholesale units sold 38,167 27,918 10,249 36.7 Average selling price per wholesale unit $6,852 $7,010 $(158) (2.3)Average gross profit per retail unit $117 $131 $(14) (10.7) Same store Wholesale revenue $210,468 $194,926 $15,542 8.0%Wholesale gross profit $4,022 $3,782 $240 6.3 Wholesale gross margin 1.9% 1.9% —bps Wholesale units sold 28,613 27,696 917 3.3 Average selling price per wholesale unit $7,356 $7,038 $318 4.5 Average gross profit per retail unit $141 $137 $4 2.9 39 Year EndedDecember 31, Increase %Increase (Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) 2014 2013 (Decrease) (Decrease) Reported Wholesale revenue $195,699 $158,235 $37,464 23.7%Wholesale gross profit $3,646 $2,711 $935 34.5 Wholesale gross margin 1.9% 1.7% 20bps Wholesale units sold 27,918 22,086 5,832 26.4 Average selling price per wholesale unit $7,010 $7,164 $(154) (2.1)Average gross profit per retail unit $131 $123 $8 6.5 Same store Wholesale revenue $171,813 $157,329 $14,484 9.2%Wholesale gross profit $3,864 $2,860 $1,004 35.1 Wholesale gross margin 2.2% 1.8% 40bps Wholesale units sold 23,360 21,894 1,466 6.7 Average selling price per wholesale unit $7,355 $7,186 $169 2.4 Average gross profit per retail unit $165 $131 $34 26.0 Wholesale transactions are vehicles we have purchased from customers or vehicles we have attempted to sell via retail that we elect to dispose of due to inventoryage or other factors. Wholesale vehicles are typically sold at or near inventory cost and do not comprise a meaningful component of our gross profit. Finance and Insurance Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Reported Revenue $283,018 $190,381 $92,637 48.7%Average finance and insurance per retail unit 1,196 1,170 26 2.2 Same store Revenue $216,590 $188,913 $27,677 14.7%Average finance and insurance per retail unit 1,244 1,171 73 6.2 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Reported Revenue $190,381 $139,007 $51,374 37.0%Average finance and insurance per retail unit 1,170 1,122 48 4.3 Same store Revenue $159,971 $137,211 $22,760 16.6%Average finance and insurance per retail unit 1,207 1,125 82 7.3 The increase in finance and insurance revenue in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to higher unit volume as a result of the acquisition of the DCH AutoGroup in the fourth quarter of 2014. On a same store basis, the increase was due to higher unit volume sales and an increase in the average finance and insurancerevenue earned per unit. The increase in finance and insurance sales in 2014 compared to 2013 was driven by increased vehicle sales volume and higher average selling prices per retailunit. 40 Trends in penetration rates for total new and used retail vehicles sold are detailed below: 2015 2014 2013 Finance and insurance 77% 78% 78%Service contracts 42 43 42 Lifetime lube, oil and filter contracts 25 35 36 Penetration rates have been consistent for finance and insurance and service contracts in all three years. Penetration rates in lifetime lube, oil and filter contractsdecreased in 2015 compared to prior years because we only began to offer this product at stores acquired as part of the DCH Auto Group in the second half of2015, diluting the average across our entire store base. Penetration rates, excluding the DCH stores, remained relatively consistent. We believe the availability of credit is one of the key indicators of our ability to retail automobiles, as we arrange financing on almost 80% of the vehicles we selland believe a significant amount of the vehicles we do not arrange financing for are financed elsewhere. To evaluate the availability of credit, we categorize ourcustomers based on their Fair, Isaac and Company (FICO) credit score. The distribution by credit score for the customers we arranged financing for was as follows: FICO Score Range 2015 2014 2013 Prime 680 and above 70.0% 70.3% 70.3%Non-prime 620-679 18.4 18.1 18.4 Sub-prime 619 or less 11.6 11.6 11.3 We continued to see the availability of consumer credit expand in 2015 compared to 2014 and in 2014 compared to 2013. Service, Body and Parts Revenue and Gross Profit Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Reported Customer pay $414,063 $285,337 $128,726 45.1%Warranty 165,902 96,308 69,594 72.3 Wholesale parts 111,557 87,519 24,038 27.5 Body shop 47,468 42,960 4,508 10.5 Total service, body and parts $738,990 $512,124 $226,866 44.3 Service, body and parts gross profit $363,921 $249,736 $114,185 45.7%Service, body and parts gross margin 49.2% 48.8% 40bps Same store Customer pay $305,130 $282,996 $22,134 7.8%Warranty 120,042 95,794 24,248 25.3 Wholesale parts 90,898 86,871 4,027 4.6 Body shop 44,647 42,924 1,723 4.0 Total service, body and parts $560,717 $508,585 $52,132 10.3 Service, body and parts gross profit $274,855 $247,900 $26,955 10.9%Service, body and parts gross margin 49.0% 48.7% 30bps 41 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Reported Customer pay $285,337 $214,173 $71,164 33.2%Warranty 96,308 62,580 33,728 53.9 Wholesale parts 87,519 70,655 16,864 23.9 Body shop 42,960 36,075 6,885 19.1 Total service, body and parts $512,124 $383,483 $128,641 33.5 Service, body and parts gross profit $249,736 $185,570 $64,166 34.6%Service, body and parts gross margin 48.8% 48.4% 40bps Same store Customer pay $233,086 $213,754 $19,332 9.0%Warranty 76,925 62,448 14,477 23.2 Wholesale parts 76,116 70,451 5,665 8.0 Body shop 39,849 36,075 3,774 10.5 Total service, body and parts $425,976 $382,728 $43,248 11.3 Service, body and parts gross profit $206,939 $185,268 $21,671 11.7%Service, body and parts gross margin 48.6% 48.4% 20bps Our service, body and parts sales grew in all areas in 2015 compared to 2014 and in 2014 compared to 2013. There are more late-model units in operation as newvehicle sales volumes have been increasing annually since 2010. We believe this increase in units in operation will benefit our service, body and parts sales in thecoming years as more late-model vehicles age, necessitating repairs and maintenance. We focus on retaining customers by offering competitively priced routine maintenance and through our marketing efforts. We increased our same store customerpay business 7.8% in 2015 compared to 2014 and by 9.0% in 2014 compared to 2013. Same store warranty sales increased 25.3% in 2015 compared to 2014 and 23.2% in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to significant vehicle recalls acrossmultiple manufacturers. Additionally, we continue to see increases in warranty sales due to the growing number of units in operation. Routine maintenance, such asoil changes, offered by certain brands, including BMW, Toyota and General Motors, for two to four years after a vehicle is sold, provides for future work asconsumers return to the franchised dealer for this maintenance item. Increases in same-store warranty work by segment were as follows: 2015 compared to2014 2014 compared to2013 Domestic 27.4% 42.3%Import 26.4 7.1 Luxury 20.9 12.9 Same store wholesale parts grew 4.6% and 8.0%, respectively, in 2015 compared to 2014 and in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to targeting independentrepair shops, competing new vehicle dealers and wholesale accounts to expand parts sales to other repair shops. Same store body shop grew 4.0% and 10.5%, respectively, in 2015 compared to 2014 and in 2014 compared to 2013. The increase in 2015 compared to 2014 wasprimarily due to increased productivity and pricing increases tied to CPI. The increase in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily due to obtaining additional directrepair relationships with insurance companies and certain personnel changes that increased productivity and volume. 42 Same store service, body and parts gross profit increased 10.9% and 11.7%, respectively, in 2015 compared to 2014 and in 2014 compared to 2013. The growth ingross profit in 2015 compared to 2014 outpaced our revenue growth due to improvements in gross margin. Our gross margin improvement was driven by a shift inmix as the growth in warranty, which has a relatively higher gross margin, outpaced customer pay, wholesale parts and body shop growth compared to 2014. Webelieve the increase in 2014 compared to 2013 was in line with our same store revenue growth. Our same store gross margins were consistent in 2014 compared to2013 as margin pressures in our body shop sales were outpaced by the growth in our warranty sales. SegmentsCertain financial information by segment is as follows: Year EndedDecember 31, Increase %Increase (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 (Decrease) (Decrease) Revenues: Domestic $3,034,849 $2,566,473 $468,376 18.2%Import 3,334,983 1,893,034 1,441,949 76.2 Luxury 1,490,632 926,856 563,776 60.8 7,860,464 5,386,363 2,474,101 45.9 Corporate and other 3,788 3,963 (175) (4.4) $7,864,252 $5,390,326 $2,473,926 45.9 Year EndedDecember 31, Increase % Increase (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 (Decrease) (Decrease) Revenues: Domestic $2,566,473 $2,145,478 $420,995 19.6%Import 1,893,034 1,225,800 667,234 54.4 Luxury 926,856 629,521 297,335 47.2 5,386,363 4,000,799 1,385,564 34.6 Corporate and other 3,963 4,950 (987) (19.9) $5,390,326 $4,005,749 $1,384,577 34.6 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Segment income*: Domestic $115,525 $96,888 $18,637 19.2%Import 98,371 50,870 47,501 93.4 Luxury 36,391 25,448 10,943 43.0 250,287 173,206 77,081 44.5 Corporate and other 74,514 71,195 3,319 4.7 Depreciation and amortization (41,600) (26,363) 15,237 57.8 Other interest expense (19,491) (10,742) 8,749 81.4 Other (expense) income, net (1,006) 3,199 NM NM Income from continuing operations before income taxes $262,704 $210,495 $52,209 24.8 NM - Not meaningful 43 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Segment income*: Domestic $96,888 $84,500 $12,388 14.7%Import 50,870 40,264 10,606 26.3 Luxury 25,448 16,133 9,315 57.7 173,206 140,897 32,309 22.9 Corporate and other 71,195 50,283 20,912 41.6 Depreciation and amortization (26,363) (20,035) 6,328 31.6 Other interest expense (10,742) (8,350) 2,392 28.6 Other (expense) income, net 3,199 2,993 206 6.9 Income from continuing operations before income taxes $210,495 $165,788 $44,707 27.0 *Segment income for each reportable segment is defined as Income from continuing operations before income taxes, depreciation and amortization, other interestexpense and other (expense) income, net. Year EndedDecember 31, % 2015 2014 Increase Increase Retail new vehicle unit sales: Domestic 44,926 39,006 5,920 15.2%Import 75,245 41,722 33,523 80.3 Luxury 17,556 10,570 6,986 66.1 137,727 91,298 46,429 50.9 Allocated to management (241) (194) 47 24.2 137,486 91,104 46,382 50.9 Year EndedDecember 31, % 2014 2013 Increase Increase Retail new vehicle unit sales: Domestic 39,006 33,895 5,111 15.1%Import 41,722 26,030 15,692 60.3 Luxury 10,570 7,037 3,533 50.2 91,298 66,962 24,336 36.3 Allocated to management (194) (105) 89 84.8 91,104 66,857 24,247 36.3 DomesticA summary of financial information for our Domestic segment follows: Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Revenue $3,034,849 $2,566,473 $468,376 18.2%Segment income $115,525 $96,888 $18,637 19.2 Retail new vehicle unit sales 44,926 39,006 5,920 15.2 44 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Revenue $2,566,473 $2,145,478 $420,995 19.6%Segment income $96,888 $84,500 $12,388 14.7 Retail new vehicle unit sales 39,006 33,895 5,111 15.1 Improvement in our Domestic segment revenue in 2015 compared to 2014 resulted from increases in retail new and used unit sales, increases in new and usedvehicle selling prices, an increase in finance and insurance as a function of greater retail vehicle unit volume and improved service body and parts sales. Theseincreases were driven by an improving economic environment, new product introductions from manufacturers, enhanced availability of late model used vehiclesand better operational execution within our stores. Chrysler, which represented 53% of our domestic segment revenue in 2015, increased its U.S. market share 20bps to 12.8% in 2015 compared to 12.6% in 2014. Segment retail new vehicle unit sales increased 15.2% in 2015 compared to 2014, as same store new unit salesincreased 9.6%, with the remaining increase primarily a function of two stores acquired in 2015. Our Domestic segment income increased 19.2% in 2015 compared to 2014. This growth exceeded both the growth in revenue and retail new vehicle unit salesprimarily as a result of a volume-based retail vehicle strategy, while managing SG&A expenses. Improvement in our Domestic operating results in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily a result of the improvements in all revenue categories as discussed above,overall improvements in the economy and growth in overall market share by Chrysler, which represented 54% of our Domestic segment revenue in 2014. Chryslermarket share increased to 12.6% in 2014, compared to 11.5% in 2013. ImportA summary of financial information for our Import segment follows: Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Revenue $3,334,983 $1,893,034 $1,441,949 76.2%Segment income $98,371 $50,870 $47,501 93.4 Retail new vehicle unit sales 75,245 41,722 33,523 80.3 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Revenue $1,893,034 $1,225,800 $667,234 54.4%Segment income $50,870 $40,264 $10,606 26.3 Retail new vehicle unit sales 41,722 26,030 15,692 60.3 The increase in our Import segment revenue in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily a result of the acquisition of the DCH Auto Group in October 2014. Of the 27stores acquired in the DCH Auto Group acquisition, 17 of the locations were import brands, which generated over 90% of their revenues. Our segment income increased 93.4% in 2015 compared to 2014 mainly due to our acquisition activity. This growth exceeded the growth in revenue as weintegrated the DCH Auto Group into our existing cost structure, which is more efficient than DCH's historical structure. Import segment income, as a percentage ofrevenue, improved 20 basis points to 2.9% for 2015 compared to 2014. Improvements in our Import operating results in 2014 compared to 2013 were primarily a result of the improvements in all revenue categories as discussed above,overall improvements in the economy and a strategic focus to diversify our dependence on Domestic brands through the acquisition of Import branded stores. Weadded a total of 21 import locations in 2014, including the 17 locations acquired as part of the DCH Auto Group. 45 LuxuryA summary of financial information for our Luxury segment follows: Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Revenue $1,490,632 $926,856 $563,776 60.8%Segment income $36,391 $25,448 $10,943 43.0 Retail new vehicle unit sales 17,556 10,570 6,986 66.1 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Revenue $926,856 $629,521 $297,335 47.2%Segment income $25,448 $16,133 $9,315 57.7 Retail new vehicle unit sales 10,570 7,037 3,533 50.2 Our Luxury segment revenue increased in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily as a result of the acquisition of the DCH Auto Group, which included nine luxurystores in metropolitan markets, which typically are higher volume stores than our historical markets. Our Luxury segment income increased in 2015 compared to 2014; however, the growth was lower than both the growth in revenue and retail new vehicle unit salesprimarily as a result of lower gross margins. The DCH Auto Group stores use a high-volume, low-margin strategy and face more competition because the stores arein high-density metropolitan locations. Additionally, the DCH Auto Group has less efficient SG&A expense control than we have historically had, which resultedin lower total Luxury segment income as a percentage of revenue due to the averaging of the cost structures. Improvements in our Luxury operating results in 2014 compared to 2013 were primarily a result of the improvements in all revenue categories described above,overall improvements in the economy and a strategic focus to diversify our dependence on Domestic brands through the acquisition of Luxury branded stores. Weadded six luxury locations in 2014. See Note 19 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information. Corporate and OtherRevenue attributable to Corporate and other includes the results of operations of our stand-alone collision center offset by certain unallocated reserve andelimination adjustments related to vehicle sales. Year EndedDecember 31, Increase %Increase (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 (Decrease) (Decrease) Revenue $3,788 $3,963 $(175) (4.4)%Segment income $74,514 $71,195 $3,319 4.7 Year EndedDecember 31, Increase %Increase (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 (Decrease) (Decrease) Revenue $3,963 $4,950 $(987) (19.9)%Segment income $71,195 $50,283 $20,912 41.6 The decreases in Corporate and other revenues in 2015 compared to 2014 and in 2014 compared to 2013 were primarily a result of changes to certain unallocatedreserves. 46 Segment income attributable to Corporate and other includes amounts associated with the operating income from our stand-alone body shop and certain internalcorporate expense allocations that reduce reportable segment income but increase Corporate and other income. These internal corporate expense allocations areused to increase comparability of our dealerships and reflect the capital burden a stand-alone dealership would experience. Examples of these internal allocationsinclude internal rent expense, internal floor plan financing charges, and internal fees charged to offset employees within our corporate headquarters who performcertain dealership functions. The increase in Corporate and other segment income in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily related to reduced expense associated with certain insurance reserveadjustments and increased internal corporate expense allocations offset by an $18.3 million charge associated with a transition agreement. See Note 16 of Notes toConsolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding the transition agreement. The increase in Corporate and other segment income in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily due to increased internal corporate expense allocations for the capitalburden of higher inventory levels. Asset Impairment ChargesAsset impairments recorded as a component of continuing operations consist of the following (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Equity-method investment $16,521 $1,853 $— Long-lived assets 3,603 — — Asset impairments of our equity-method investment are associated with our investment in a limited liability company that participates in the NMTC Program. Weevaluated this equity-method investment at the end of each reporting period and identified indications of loss resulting from other than temporary declines in value.As a result, we recorded impairments of $16.5 million and $1.9 million, respectively, in 2015 and 2014. In 2015, we recorded $3.6 million of impairment charges associated with certain properties and equipment. As the expected future use of these facilities andequipment changed, the long-lived assets were tested for recoverability and were determined to have a carrying value exceeding their fair value. See Notes 1, 4, 12 and 18 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) ExpenseSG&A includes salaries and related personnel expenses, advertising (net of manufacturer cooperative advertising credits), rent, facility costs, and other generalcorporate expenses. Year EndedDecember 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase % Increase Personnel $556,719 $374,757 $181,962 48.6%Advertising 69,599 46,652 22,947 49.2 Rent 23,817 17,230 6,587 38.2 Facility costs 39,738 33,762 5,976 17.7 Other 121,302 90,806 30,496 33.6 Total SG&A $811,175 $563,207 $247,968 44.0 Year EndedDecember 31, Increase As a % of gross profit 2015 2014 (Decrease) Personnel 47.4% 45.5% 190bpsAdvertising 5.9 5.7 20 Rent 2.0 2.1 (10)Facility costs 3.4 4.1 (70)Other 10.3 11.0 (70)Total SG&A 69.0% 68.4% 60bps 47 Year EndedDecember 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase % Increase Personnel $374,757 $278,497 $96,260 34.6%Advertising 46,652 39,598 7,054 17.8 Rent 17,230 13,962 3,268 23.4 Facility costs 33,762 24,443 9,319 38.1 Other 90,806 70,900 19,906 28.1 Total SG&A $563,207 $427,400 $135,807 31.8 Year EndedDecember 31, Increase As a % of gross profit 2014 2013 (Decrease) Personnel 45.5% 44.1% 140bpsAdvertising 5.7 6.3 (60)Rent 2.1 2.2 (10)Facility costs 4.1 3.9 20 Other 11.0 11.2 (20)Total SG&A 68.4% 67.7% 70bps SG&A increased $248.0 million in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily driven by increased variable cost associated with increased sales volume and store count.Additionally, SG&A in 2015 was increased due to an $18.3 million charge associated with a transition agreement, offset by a $5.9 million gain associated with thesale of two stores and adjustments to insurance reserves. SG&A in 2014 included a non-core charge of $1.9 million related to the acquisition of DCH Auto Group,as well as non-core charges totaling $3.9 million related to an increase to a reserve associated with a lawsuit filed in 2006 and settled in 2013, a loss reserve for ahailstorm in Texas and a reserve for a contract assumed in an acquisition. SG&A increased $135.8 million in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to increased variable costs associated with increased sales volume and store count. Asnoted above, SG&A in 2014 included total non-core charges of $5.8 million. SG&A in 2013 included a $6.2 million expense associated with a non-core legalreserve related to the settlement of a claim filed in 2006, offset by a $2.5 million non-core gain on the sale of property. SG&A adjusted for non-core charges was as follows (in thousands): Year EndedDecember 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase % Increase Personnel $538,422 $374,758 $163,664 43.7%Advertising 69,599 46,652 22,947 49.2 Rent 23,817 17,230 6,587 38.2 Facility costs 45,656 33,763 11,893 35.2 Other 121,304 85,008 36,296 42.7 Total SG&A $798,798 $557,411 $241,387 43.3 Year EndedDecember 31, Increase As a % of gross profit 2015 2014 (Decrease) Personnel 45.8% 45.5% 30bpsAdvertising 5.9 5.7 20 Rent 2.0 2.1 (10)Facility costs 3.9 4.1 (20)Other 10.3 10.3 — Total SG&A 67.9% 67.7% 20bps 48 Year EndedDecember 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase % Increase Personnel $374,758 $278,496 $96,262 34.6%Advertising 46,652 39,598 7,054 17.8 Rent 17,230 13,962 3,268 23.4 Facility costs 33,763 26,973 6,790 25.2 Other 85,008 64,749 20,259 31.3 Total SG&A $557,411 $423,778 $133,633 31.5 Year EndedDecember 31, Increase As a % of gross profit 2014 2013 (Decrease) Personnel 45.5% 44.1% 140bpsAdvertising 5.7 6.3 (60)Rent 2.1 2.2 (10)Facility costs 4.1 4.3 (20)Other 10.3 10.3 — Total SG&A 67.7% 67.2% 50bps See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for more details. We also measure the leverage of our cost structure by evaluating throughput, which is the incremental percentage of gross profit retained after deducting SG&A. Year EndedDecember 31, % ofChange in (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Change Gross Profit Gross profit $1,175,634 $823,322 $352,312 100.0%SG&A expense (811,175) (563,207) (247,968) (70.4)Throughput contribution $104,344 29.6% Year EndedDecember 31, % ofChange in (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Change Gross Profit Gross profit $823,322 $630,953 $192,369 100.0%SG&A expense (563,207) (427,400) (135,807) (70.6)Throughput contribution $56,562 29.4% Throughput contributions for newly opened or acquired stores reduce overall throughput because, in the first year of operation, a store’s throughput is equal to theinverse of its SG&A as a percentage of gross profit. For example, a store which achieves SG&A as a percentage of gross profit of 70% will have throughput of30% in the first year of operation. We acquired six stores and one franchise and opened one new store in 2015 and acquired 35 stores and opened one new store in 2014. Adjusting for these locationsand the non-core adjustments discussed above, we estimate our throughput contribution on a same store basis was 51% in 2015 compared to 43% in 2014. Wecontinue to target a same store throughput contribution in a range of 45% to 50%. Depreciation and AmortizationDepreciation and amortization is comprised of depreciation expense related to buildings, significant remodels or improvements, furniture, tools, equipment andsignage and amortization of certain intangible assets, including customer lists and non-compete agreements. Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Depreciation and amortization $41,600 $26,363 $15,237 57.8% 49 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Depreciation and amortization $26,363 $20,035 $6,328 31.6% The increase in depreciation and amortization in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to our acquisition activity since September 30, 2014. Additionally, wepurchased previously leased facilities, built new facilities subsequent to the acquisition of stores and invested in improvements at our facilities and replacement ofequipment. The increase in depreciation and amortization in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily due to the purchase of previously leased facilities, the addition of facilitiesdue to acquisitions, the building of new facilities subsequent to the acquisition of stores and investments in improvements at our facilities and replacement ofequipment. These investments increase the amount of depreciable assets and amortizable expenses. Capital expenditures totaled $83.2 million and $86.0 million, respectively,in 2015 and 2014. See the discussion under Liquidity and Capital Resources for additional information. Operating IncomeOperating income as a percentage of revenue, or operating margin, was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Operating margin 3.8% 4.3% 4.6% Operating margin adjusted for non-core charges 4.3% 4.4% 4.7% (1)See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for additional information. In 2015, our operating margin was affected by the integration of the DCH Auto Group, which has a lower operating efficiency than our other stores, and a charge of$18.3 million associated with a transition agreement. Adjusting for this transition agreement charge and other non-core charges, our operating margin was 4.3% in2015. We continue to focus on cost control, which allows us to leverage our cost structure in an environment of improving sales and aspire to increase ouroperating margin to our historical level. Floor Plan Interest Expense and Floor Plan AssistanceFloor plan interest expense increased $5.7 million in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily as a result of an increase in the average outstanding balances on our floorplan facilities due to our increase in vehicle sales as discussed above. Changes in the average outstanding balances on our floor plan facilities increased the expense$3.9 million and changes in the interest rates on our floor plan facilities decreased the expense $1.8 million during 2015 compared to 2014. Floor plan interest expense increased $1.5 million in 2014 compared to 2013. Changes in the average outstanding balances on our floor plan facilities increased theexpense $4.4 million, changes in the interest rates on our floor plan facilities decreased the expense $2.2 million and the maturity of three interest rate swapsdecreased the expense $0.7 million during 2014 compared to 2013. Floor plan assistance is provided by manufacturers to support store financing of new vehicle inventory. Under accounting standards, floor plan assistance isrecorded as a component of new vehicle gross profit when the specific vehicle is sold. However, because manufacturers provide this assistance to offset inventorycarrying costs, we believe a comparison of floor plan interest expense to floor plan assistance is a useful measure of the efficiency of our new vehicle sales relativeto stocking levels. 50(1) The following tables detail the carrying costs for new vehicles and include new vehicle floor plan interest net of floor plan assistance earned: Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Floor plan interest expense (new vehicles) $19,534 $13,861 $5,673 40.9%Floor plan assistance (included as an offset to cost of sales) (41,438) (28,748) 12,690 44.1 Net new vehicle carrying costs (benefit) $(21,904) $(14,887) $7,017 47.1 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Floor plan interest expense (new vehicles) $13,861 $12,373 $1,488 12.0%Floor plan assistance (included as an offset to cost of sales) (28,748) (20,967) 7,781 37.1 Net new vehicle carrying costs (benefit) $(14,887) $(8,594) $6,293 73.2 Other Interest ExpenseOther interest expense includes interest on debt incurred related to acquisitions, real estate mortgages, our used vehicle inventory financing facility and ourrevolving line of credit. Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Mortgage interest $13,295 $7,540 $5,755 76.3%Other interest 6,646 3,609 3,037 84.2 Capitalized interest (450) (407) 43 10.6 Total other interest expense $19,491 $10,742 $8,749 81.4 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Mortgage interest $7,540 $6,519 $1,021 15.7%Other interest 3,609 1,916 1,693 88.4 Capitalized interest (407) (85) 322 378.8 Total other interest expense $10,742 $8,350 $2,392 28.6 The increase in other interest expense in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to higher volumes of borrowing on our credit facility and higher mortgageinterest due to additional mortgage financings, partially offset by increased capitalized interest. The increase in other interest expense in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily due to an increase in other interest related to higher volumes of borrowing on ourcredit facility and higher mortgage interest following the financing of several locations to fund the DCH Auto Group acquisition, partially offset by increasedcapitalized interest. Other (Expense) Income, netOther (expense) income, net primarily includes interest income and the gains and losses related to equity-method investments. Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Increase Increase Other (expense) income, net $(1,006) $3,199 NM NM 51 Year EndedDecember 31, % (Dollars in thousands) 2014 2013 Increase Increase Other income, net $3,199 $2,993 $206 6.9% In 2015, we recorded other expense of $1.0 million compared to other income of $3.2 million for 2014. The increase in expense was primarily due to $6.9 millionin operating losses related to our equity-method investment with U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation recorded in 2015 compared to $1.2 million inoperating losses recorded in 2014. Adjusting for these losses, other income, net increased $1.6 million mainly associated with interest income related to our autoloan receivables. The increase in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily due to higher interest income associated with increased auto loan receivables, partially offset by operatinglosses of $1.2 million recognized related to our equity-method investment with U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation. Income Tax ProvisionOur effective income tax rate was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Effective income tax rate 30.3% 35.6% 36.5%Effective income tax rate excluding tax credits generated through our equity-methodinvestment and other non-core items 38.4% 38.6% 38.2% See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for more details. Our effective income tax rate in 2015 and 2014 was positively affected by new markets tax credits that are generated through our equity-method investment withU.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation. Our effective income tax rate in 2013 was positively affected by beneficial tax treatment associated withcertain state tax credits, capital gains and tax benefits associated with the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which was enacted at the beginning of 2013. Excluding the tax credits generated by our equity-method investment and adjusting for other non-core items, our effective income tax rate for 2015 would havebeen 38.4%, similar to the rate for 2014. Non-GAAP ReconciliationsWe believe each of the non-GAAP financial measures below improves the transparency of our disclosures, provides a meaningful presentation of our results fromthe core business operations because they exclude adjustments for items not related to our ongoing core business operations and other non-cash adjustments, andimproves the period-to-period comparability of our results from the core business operations. We use these measures in conjunction with GAAP financial measuresto assess our business, including our compliance with covenants in our credit facility and in communications with our Board of Directors concerning financialperformance. These measures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP measures. 52(1)(1) The following tables reconcile certain reported non-GAAP measures to the most comparable GAAP measure from our Consolidated Statements of Operations(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2015 Asreported Disposalgain on saleof stores Assetimpairment Equity-methodinvestment Transitionagreement Adjusted Asset impairments $20,124 $— $(3,603) $(16,521) $— $— Selling, general and administrative 811,175 5,919 — — (18,296) 798,798 Operating income (loss) 302,735 (5,919) 3,603 16,521 18,296 335,236 Other (expense) income, net (1,006) — — 6,930 — 5,924 Income (loss) from continuing operationsbefore income taxes $262,704 $(5,919) $3,603 $23,451 $18,296 $302,135 Income tax (provision) benefit (79,705) 2,309 (1,385) (30,832) (6,507) (116,120)Income (loss) from continuing operations, netof income tax $182,999 $(3,610) $2,218 $(7,381) $11,789 $186,015 Diluted income (loss) per share fromcontinuing operations $6.91 $(0.14) $0.08 $(0.28) $0.45 $7.02 Diluted share count 26,490 Year Ended December 31, 2014 Asreported Reserveadjustments Acquisitionexpenses Equity-methodinvestment Taxattributes Adjusted Asset impairments $1,853 $— $— $(1,853) $— $— Selling, general and administrative 563,207 (3,931) (1,865) — — 557,411 Income from operations 231,899 3,931 1,865 1,853 — 239,548 Other income, net 3,199 — — 1,160 — 4,359 Income from continuing operations beforeincome taxes $210,495 $3,931 $1,865 $3,013 $— $219,304 Income tax provision (74,955) (1,545) (720) (6,506) (867) (84,593)Income (loss) from continuing operations, netof income tax $135,540 $2,386 $1,145 $(3,493) $(867) $134,711 Diluted income (loss) per share fromcontinuing operations $5.14 $0.09 $0.04 $(0.13) $(0.03) $5.11 Diluted share count 26,382 53 Year Ended December 31, 2013 Asreported Disposal gain Reserveadjustments Taxattribute Adjusted Selling, general and administrative $427,400 $2,531 $(6,153) $— $423,778 Operating income (loss) 183,518 (2,531) 6,153 — 187,140 Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes $165,788 $(2,531) $6,153 $— $169,410 Income tax (provision) benefit (60,574) 968 (2,353) (2,832) (64,791)Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of income tax $105,214 $(1,563) $3,800 $(2,832) $104,619 Diluted income (loss) per share from continuing operations $4.02 $(0.06) $0.14 $(0.11) $3.99 Diluted share count 26,191 Liquidity and Capital ResourcesWe manage our liquidity and capital resources to fund our operating, investing and financing activities. We rely primarily on cash flows from operations andborrowings under our credit facilities as the main sources for liquidity. We use those funds to invest in capital expenditures, increase working capital and fulfillcontractual obligations. Remaining funds are used for acquisitions, debt retirement, cash dividends, share repurchases and general business purposes. Available SourcesBelow is a summary of our immediately available funds (in thousands): As of December 31, % 2015 2014 Increase Increase Cash and cash equivalents $45,008 $29,898 $15,110 50.5%Available credit on the credit facilities 134,120 70,391 63,729 90.5 Total current available funds 179,128 100,289 78,839 78.6 Estimated funds from unfinanced real estate 158,605 109,434 49,171 44.9 Total estimated available funds $337,733 $209,723 $128,010 61.0 Cash flows generated by operating activities and from our credit facility are our most significant sources of liquidity. We also have the ability to raise funds throughmortgaging real estate. As of December 31, 2015, our unencumbered owned operating real estate had a book value of $211.5 million. Assuming we can obtainfinancing on 75% of this value, we estimate we could have obtained additional funds of approximately $158.6 million at December 31, 2015; however, noassurances can be provided that the appraised value of these properties will match or exceed their book values or that this capital source will be available on termsacceptable to us. In addition to the above sources of liquidity, potential sources include the placement of subordinated debentures or loans, the sale of equity securities and the saleof stores or other assets. We evaluate all of these options and may select one or more of them depending on overall capital needs and the availability and cost ofcapital, although no assurances can be provided that these capital sources will be available in sufficient amounts or with terms acceptable to us. Information about our cash flows, by category, is presented in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The following table summarizes our cash flows (inthousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net cash provided by operating activities $74,209 $30,319 $32,059 Net cash used in investing activities (169,733) (736,332) (130,322)Net cash provided by financing activities 110,634 712,225 79,110 54 Operating ActivitiesCash provided by operating activities increased $43.9 million in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily as a result of increased profitability and improved tradereceivables collections, partially offset by increased inventory purchases. Borrowings from and repayments to our syndicated lending group related to our new vehicle inventory floor plan financing are presented as financing activities. Tobetter understand the impact of changes in inventory and the associated financing, we also consider our net cash provided by operating activities adjusted to includecash activity associated with our new vehicle credit facility. Adjusted net cash provided by operating activities is presented below (in thousands): Year EndedDecember 31, 2015 2014 Change Net cash provided by operating activities – as reported $74,209 $30,319 $43,890 Add: Net borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade 136,201 440,341 (304,140)Less: Borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade associated with acquired newvehicle inventory (25,642) (257,363) 231,721 Net cash provided by operating activities – adjusted $184,768 $213,297 $(28,529) Year EndedDecember 31, 2014 2013 Change Net cash provided by operating activities – as reported $30,319 $32,059 $(1,740)Add: Net borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade 440,341 128,636 311,705 Less: Borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade associated with acquired newvehicle inventory (257,363) (25,148) (232,215)Net cash provided by operating activities – adjusted $213,297 $135,547 $77,750 Inventories are the most significant component of our cash flow from operations. As of December 31, 2015, our new vehicle days supply was 67 days, or 5 dayshigher than our days supply as of December 31, 2014. Our days supply of used vehicles was 55 days as of December 31, 2015, or 2 days higher than our dayssupply as of December 31, 2014. We calculate days supply of inventory based on current inventory levels, excluding in-transit vehicles, and a 30-day historical costof sales level. We have continued to focus on managing our unit mix and maintaining an appropriate level of new and used vehicle inventory. Investing ActivitiesNet cash used in investing activities totaled $169.7 million and $736.3 million, respectively, for 2015 and 2014. Cash flows from investing activities relateprimarily to capital expenditures, acquisition and divestiture activity and sales of property and equipment. Below are highlights of significant activity related to our cash flows from investing activities (in thousands): Year EndedDecember 31, Increase(Decrease) in 2015 2014 Cash Flow Capital expenditures $(83,244) $(85,983) $2,739 Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired (71,615) (659,634) 588,019 Cash paid for other investments (28,110) (9,110) (19,000)Proceeds from sales of stores 12,966 10,617 2,349 55 Year EndedDecember 31, Increase(Decrease) in 2014 2013 Cash Flow Capital expenditures $(85,983) $(50,025) $(35,958)Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired (659,634) (81,105) (578,529)Cash paid for other investments (9,110) (3,915) (5,195)Proceeds from sales of stores 10,617 — 10,617 Capital ExpendituresBelow is a summary of our capital expenditure activities (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Post-acquisition capital improvements $32,802 $20,760 $12,170 Facilities for open points 3,338 6,700 5,640 Purchases of previously leased facilities 9,946 25,082 6,894 Existing facility improvements 20,245 19,813 13,773 Maintenance 16,913 13,628 11,548 Total capital expenditures $83,244 $85,983 $50,025 Many manufacturers provide assistance in the form of additional incentives or assistance if facilities meet manufacturer image standards and requirements. Weexpect that certain facility upgrades and remodels will generate additional manufacturer incentive payments. Also, tax laws allowing accelerated deductions forcapital expenditures reduce the overall investment needed and encourage accelerated project timelines. We expect to use a portion of our future capital expenditures to upgrade facilities that we recently acquired. This additional capital investment is contemplated inour initial evaluation of the investment return metrics applied to each acquisition and is usually associated with manufacturer image standards and requirements. If we undertake a significant capital commitment in the future, we expect to pay for the commitment out of existing cash balances, construction financing andborrowings on our credit facility. Upon completion of the projects, we believe we would have the ability to secure long-term financing and general borrowingsfrom third party lenders for 70% to 90% of the amounts expended, although no assurances can be provided that these financings will be available to us in sufficientamounts or on terms acceptable to us. We expect to make expenditures of approximately $100 million in 2016 for capital improvements at recently acquired stores, purchases of land for expansion ofexisting stores, facility image improvements, purchases of store facilities, purchases of previously leased facilities and replacement of equipment. AcquisitionsWe focus on acquiring stores at opportunistic purchase prices that meet our return thresholds and strategic objectives. We look for acquisitions that diversify ourbrand and geographic mix as we continue to evaluate our portfolio to minimize exposure to any one manufacturer and achieve financial returns. 56 We are able to subsequently floor new vehicle inventory acquired as part of an acquisition; however, the cash generated by this transaction is recorded asborrowings on floor plan notes payable, non-trade. Adjusted net cash paid for acquisitions, as well as certain other acquisition-related information is presentedbelow (dollars in thousands): Year EndedDecember 31, 2015 2014 2013 Number of stores acquired 6 35 6 Number of stores opened 1 — 1 Number of franchises added 1 1 — Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired $71,615 $659,634 $81,105 Less: Borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade associated with acquired newvehicle inventory (25,642) (257,363) (25,148)Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired – adjusted $45,973 $402,271 $55,957 We evaluate potential capital investments primarily based on targeted rates of return on assets and return on our net equity investment. Financing ActivitiesNet cash provided by (used in) financing activities, adjusted for borrowing on floor plan facilities: non-trade was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Cash provided by financing activities, as reported $110,634 $712,225 $79,110 Less: cash provided by borrowings of floor plan notes payable: non-trade (136,201) (440,341) (128,636)Cash provided by (used in) financing activities, as adjusted $(25,567) $271,884 $(49,526) Below are highlights of significant activity related to our cash flows from financing activities, excluding net borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade,which are discussed above (in thousands): Year EndedDecember 31, Decrease in 2015 2014 Cash Flow Net borrowings (repayments) on lines of credit $(36,523) $183,769 $(220,292)Principal payments on long-term debt, unscheduled (9,189) — (9,189)Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt 75,675 124,902 (49,227)Repurchases of common stock (31,548) (22,968) (8,580)Dividends paid (19,985) (15,929) (4,056) Year EndedDecember 31, Increase(Decrease) in 2014 2013 Cash Flow Net borrowings (repayments) on lines of credit $183,769 $(14,355) $198,124 Principal payments on long-term debt, unscheduled — (25,770) 25,770 Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt 124,902 4,720 120,182 Repurchases of common stock (22,968) (7,903) (15,065)Dividends paid (15,929) (10,085) (5,844) 57 Borrowing and Repayment ActivityDuring 2015, we raised net mortgage proceeds of $75.7 million, which were used to pay down $36.5 million on our line of credit, increasing availability on ourcredit facility. The remaining net mortgage proceeds were primarily used for acquisitions and capital expenditures. Our debt to total capital ratio, excluding floor plan notes payable, was 43.8% at December 31, 2015 compared to 48.8% at December 31, 2014. We partially fundedour 2014 acquisition activity, including the DCH Auto Group acquisition, with additional debt. Equity TransactionsUnder the share repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors and repurchases associated with stock compensation activity, we repurchased 306,386shares of our Class A common stock at an average price of $102.84 per share in 2015. As of December 31, 2015, we had 1.3 million shares available for repurchaseunder our share repurchase program. The authority to repurchase does not have an expiration date. In 2016 to date, we have repurchased approximately 594,123 shares at a weighted average price of $79.11 per share. As of February 26, 2016, under our existingshare repurchase authorization, approximately 677,364 shares remain available for purchase. During 2015, we paid dividends on our Class A and Class B Common Stock as follows: Dividend paid: Dividendamount pershare Total amount ofdividend (inthousands) March 2015 $0.16 $4,216 May 2015 0.20 5,266 August 2015 0.20 5,257 November 2015 0.20 5,246 We evaluate performance and make a recommendation to the Board of Directors on dividend payments on a quarterly basis. Summary of Outstanding Balances on Credit Facilities and Long-Term DebtBelow is a summary of our outstanding balances on credit facilities and long-term debt (in thousands): Outstandingas ofDecember 31, 2015 RemainingAvailableas ofDecember 31, 2015 Floor plan note payable: non-trade $1,265,872 $—(1)Floor plan notes payable 48,083 — Used vehicle inventory financing facility 171,000 436(2)Revolving lines of credit 61,246 133,684(2),(3)Real estate mortgages 387,861 — Other debt 25,247 — Total debt $1,959,309 $134,120 (1)As of December 31, 2015, we had a $1.45 billion new vehicle floor plan commitment as part of our credit facility.(2)The amount available on the credit facility is limited based on a borrowing base calculation and fluctuates monthly.(3)Available credit is based on the borrowing base amount effective as of December 31, 2015. This amount is reduced by $8.6 million for outstanding letters ofcredit. 58 Credit FacilityWe have a $1.85 billion revolving syndicated credit facility that matures in January 2021. This syndicated credit facility is comprised of 18 financial institutions,including eight manufacturer-affiliated finance companies. We may request a reallocation of any unused portion of our credit facility provided that the used vehicleinventory floor plan commitment does not exceed $250 million, the revolving financing commitment does not exceed $300 million, and the sum of thosecommitments plus the new vehicle inventory floor plan financing commitment does not exceed the total aggregate financing commitment. This credit facility maybe expanded to $2.1 billion total availability, subject to lender approval. All borrowings from, and repayments to, our lending group are presented in theConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows as financing activities. The new vehicle floor plan commitment is collateralized by our new vehicle inventory. Our used vehicle inventory financing facility is collateralized by our usedvehicle inventory that has been in stock for less than 180 days. Our revolving line of credit is secured by our outstanding receivables related to vehicle sales,unencumbered vehicle inventory, other eligible receivables, parts and accessories and equipment. We have the ability to deposit up to $50 million in cash in Principal Reduction (PR) accounts associated with our new vehicle inventory floor plan commitment.The PR accounts are recognized as offsetting credits against outstanding amounts on our new vehicle floor plan commitment and would reduce interest expenseassociated with the outstanding principal balance. As of December 31, 2015, we had no balances in our PR accounts. If the outstanding principal balance on our new vehicle inventory floor plan commitment, plus requests on any day, exceeds 95% of the loan commitment, a portionof the revolving line of credit must be reserved. The reserve amount is equal to the lesser of $15.0 million or the maximum revolving line of credit commitment lessthe outstanding balance on the line less outstanding letters of credit. The reserve amount will decrease the revolving line of credit availability and may be used torepay the new vehicle floor plan commitment balance. The interest rate on the credit facility varies based on the type of debt, with the rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.25% for new vehicle floor plan financing, one-month LIBOR plus 1.50% for used vehicle floor plan financing; and a variable interest rate on the revolving financing ranging from the one-month LIBOR plus1.25% to 2.50%, depending on our leverage ratio. The annual interest rate associated with our new vehicle floor plan commitment, excluding the effects of ourinterest rate swaps, was 1.68% at December 31, 2015. The annual interest rate associated with our used vehicle inventory financing facility and our revolving lineof credit was 1.93% and 2.18%, respectively, at December 31, 2015. Under the terms of our credit facility we are subject to financial covenants and restrictive covenants that limit or restrict our incurring additional indebtedness,making investments, selling or acquiring assets and granting security interests in our assets. Under our credit facility, we are required to maintain the ratios detailed in the following table: Debt Covenant Ratio Requirement As ofDecember 31, 2015Current ratio Not less than 1.10 to1 1.26 to1Fixed charge coverage ratio Not less than 1.20 to1 3.36 to1Leverage ratio Not more than 5.00to1 1.79 to1Funded debt restriction Not to exceed $600 million $413.4 million As of December 31, 2015, we were in compliance with all covenants. We expect to remain in compliance with the financial and restrictive covenants in our creditfacility and other debt agreements. However, no assurances can be provided that we will continue to remain in compliance with the financial and restrictivecovenants. If we do not meet the financial and restrictive covenants and are unable to remediate or cure the condition or obtain a waiver from our lenders, a breach would giverise to remedies under the agreement, the most severe of which are the termination of the agreement, acceleration of the amounts owed and the seizure and sale ofour assets comprising the collateral for the loans. A breach would also trigger cross-defaults under other debt agreements. 59 Floor Plan Notes PayableWe have floor plan agreements with manufacturer-affiliated finance companies for vehicles that are designated for use as service loaners. The variable interest rateson these floor plan notes payable commitments vary by manufacturer. At December 31, 2015, $48.1 million was outstanding on these arrangements. Borrowingsfrom, and repayments to, manufacturer-affiliated finance companies are classified as operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Real Estate Mortgages and Other DebtWe have mortgages associated with our owned real estate. Interest rates related to this debt ranged from 1.8% to 5.0% at December 31, 2015. The mortgages arepayable in various installments through October 2034. As of December 31, 2015, we had fixed interest rates on 70.0% of our outstanding mortgage debt. Our other debt includes capital leases, sellers’ notes and our equity contribution obligations associated with the new markets tax credit equity-method investment.The interest rates associated with our other debt ranged from 2.2% to 6.5% at December 31, 2015. This debt, which totaled $25.2 million at December 31, 2015, isdue in various installments through January 2024. Contractual Payment ObligationsA summary of our contractual commitments and obligations as of December 31, 2015, was as follows (in thousands): Payments Due By Period Contractual Obligation Total 2016 2017 and2018 2019 and2020 2021 andbeyond New vehicle floor plan commitment $1,265,872 $1,265,872 $— $— $— Floor plan notes payable 48,083 48,083 — — — Used vehicle inventory financing facility 171,000 — — — 171,000 Revolving lines of credit 61,246 246 61,000 Real estate debt, including interest 470,904 29,894 102,515 93,364 245,131 Other debt, including capital leases and interest 26,754 23,371 1,023 982 1,378 Charge-backs on various contracts 35,033 19,638 14,034 1,338 23 Operating leases 230,261 25,514 43,728 37,926 123,093 Self-insurance programs 25,934 10,704 9,617 3,253 2,355 Fixed rate payments on interest rate swaps 585 585 — — — $2,335,672 $1,421,172 $161,546 $133,610 $619,344 (1)Amounts for floor plan notes payable, the used vehicle inventory financing facility and the revolving line of credit do not include estimated interest payments.See Notes 1 and 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.(2)Amounts for operating lease commitments do not include sublease income, and certain operating expenses such as maintenance, insurance and real estatetaxes. See Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changesin financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. 60(1)(1)(2) Inflation and Changing PricesInflation and changing prices did not have a material impact on our revenues or income from continuing operations in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014and 2013. Selected Consolidated Quarterly Financial DataThe following tables set forth our unaudited quarterly financial data (in thousands, except per share amounts): 2015 Three Months Ended, March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 Revenues: New vehicle $1,007,816 $1,149,512 $1,227,080 $1,167,893 Used vehicle retail 462,931 488,801 505,885 469,399 Used vehicle wholesale 62,208 66,796 69,472 63,054 Finance and insurance 64,604 72,463 76,633 69,318 Service, body and parts 173,475 182,695 189,796 193,024 Fleet and other 18,144 36,680 15,979 30,594 Total revenues 1,789,178 1,996,947 2,084,845 1,993,282 Cost of sales 1,515,803 1,699,298 1,773,658 1,699,859 Gross profit 273,375 297,649 311,187 293,423 Asset impairments 4,130 6,130 4,131 5,733 Selling, general and administrative 191,618 195,610 223,728 200,219 Depreciation and amortization 9,726 10,287 10,531 11,056 Operating income 67,901 85,622 72,797 76,415 Floor plan interest expense (4,649) (4,655) (4,951) (5,279)Other interest expense (4,828) (4,972) (4,900) (4,791)Other (expense) income, net (368) (356) (307) 25 Income before income taxes 58,056 75,639 62,639 66,370 Income tax provision (17,403) (24,416) (19,248) (18,638)Net income $40,653 $51,223 $43,391 $47,732 Basic net income per share $1.55 $1.95 $1.64 $1.82 Diluted net income per share $1.53 $1.93 $1.64 $1.80 61(1) (2) 2014 Three Months Ended, March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 Revenues: New vehicle $579,522 $694,484 $732,121 $1,071,543 Used vehicle retail 301,893 310,475 340,522 409,591 Used vehicle wholesale 42,693 44,286 48,853 59,867 Finance and insurance 39,631 43,838 46,855 60,057 Service, body and parts 104,617 114,337 120,772 172,398 Fleet and other 9,750 14,382 7,988 19,851 Total revenues 1,078,106 1,221,802 1,297,111 1,793,307 Cost of sales 906,045 1,029,502 1,099,271 1,532,186 Gross profit 172,061 192,300 197,840 261,121 Asset impairments — — — 1,853 Selling, general and administrative 121,829 125,463 131,627 184,288 Depreciation and amortization 5,507 5,825 6,067 8,964 Operating income 44,725 61,012 60,146 66,016 Floor plan interest expense (2,984) (3,215) (3,127) (4,535)Other interest expense (1,974) (1,869) (2,051) (4,848)Other income, net 937 1,146 1,027 89 Income from continuing operations before income taxes 40,704 57,074 55,995 56,722 Income tax provision (16,010) (21,904) (21,458) (15,583)Income before discontinued operations 24,694 35,170 34,537 41,139 Discontinued operations, net of tax 40 3,139 — 1 Net income $24,734 $38,309 $34,537 $41,140 Basic income per share from continuing operations $0.95 $1.35 $1.32 $1.57 Basic income per share from discontinued operations — 0.12 — — Basic net income per share $0.95 $1.47 $1.32 $1.57 Diluted income per share from continuing operations $0.94 $1.34 $1.31 $1.56 Diluted income per share from discontinued operations — 0.11 — — Diluted net income per share $0.94 $1.45 $1.31 $1.56 (1) Quarterly data may not add to yearly totals due to rounding. (2) Certain reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the quarterly financial data to maintain consistency and comparability betweenperiods presented. 62 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Variable Rate DebtOur credit facility, other floor plan notes payable and certain real estate mortgages are structured as variable rate debt. The interest rates on our variable rate debtare tied to either the one-month LIBOR or the prime rate. These debt obligations, therefore, expose us to variability in interest payments due to changes in theserates. Certain floor plan debt is based on open-ended lines of credit tied to each individual store from the various manufacturer finance companies. Our variable-rate floor plan notes payable, variable rate mortgage notes payable and other credit line borrowings subject us to market risk exposure. At December31, 2015, we had $1.7 billion outstanding under such agreements at a weighted average interest rate of 1.8% per annum. A 10% increase in interest rates, or 18basis points, would increase annual interest expense by approximately $1.8 million, net of tax, based on amounts outstanding at December 31, 2015. Fixed Rate DebtThe fair value of our long-term fixed interest rate debt is subject to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair value of fixed interest rate debt will increase as interest ratesfall because we would expect to be able to refinance for a lower rate. Conversely, the fair value of fixed interest rate debt will decrease as interest rates rise. Theinterest rate changes affect the fair value but do not impact earnings or cash flows. At December 31, 2015, we had $297.5 million of long-term fixed interest rate debt outstanding and recorded on the balance sheet, with maturity dates betweenNovember 2016 and October 2034. Based on discounted cash flows using current interest rates for comparable debt, we have determined that the fair value of thislong-term fixed interest rate debt was approximately $297.0 million at December 31, 2015. Hedging StrategiesWe believe it may be prudent to limit the variability of a portion of our interest payments. Accordingly, from time to time we have entered into interest rate swapsto manage the variability of our interest rate exposure, thus leveling a portion of our interest expense in a changing rate environment. We have effectively changed the variable-rate cash flow exposure on a portion of our floor plan debt to fixed-rate cash flows by entering into receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps. Under the interest rate swaps, we receive variable interest rate payments and make fixed interest rate payments, thereby creating fixed ratefloor plan debt. We do not enter into derivative instruments for any purpose other than to manage interest rate exposure. That is, we do not engage in interest rate speculation usingderivative instruments. Typically, we designate all interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. As of December 31, 2015, we had a $25 million interest rate swap outstanding with U.S. Bank Dealer Commercial Services. This interest rate swap matures onJune 15, 2016 and has a fixed rate of 5.587% per annum. The variable rate on the interest rate swap is the one-month LIBOR rate. At December 31, 2015, the one-month LIBOR rate was 0.43% per annum, as reported in the Wall Street Journal. The fair value of our interest rate swap agreement represents the estimated receipts or payments that would be made to terminate the agreement. The amountsrelated to our cash flow hedges are recorded as deferred gains or losses in our Consolidated Balance Sheets with the offset recorded in accumulated othercomprehensive loss, net of tax. At December 31, 2015, the fair value of our interest rate swap agreement was a liability of $0.5 million. The estimated amountexpected to be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months was $0.5 million at December 31, 2015. Risk Management PoliciesWe assess interest rate cash flow risk by identifying and monitoring changes in interest rate exposures that may adversely impact expected future cash flows and byevaluating hedging opportunities. Our policy is to manage this risk through a mix of fixed rate and variable rate debt structures and interest rate swaps. We maintain risk management controls to monitor interest rate cash flow attributable to both our outstanding and forecasted debt obligations, as well as ouroffsetting hedge positions. The risk management controls include assessing the impact to future cash flows of changes in interest rates. 63 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Financial Data The financial statements and notes thereto required by this item begin on page F-1 as listed in Item 15 of Part IV of this document. Quarterly financial data for eachof the eight quarters in the two-year period ended December 31, 2015 is included in Item 7. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresOur management evaluated, with the participation and under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of ourdisclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officerand our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reportsthat we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer andour Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and that such information is recorded, processed, summarizedand reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial ReportingThere was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected or is reasonably likely tomaterially affect our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting isdesigned to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes inaccordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, we used thecriteria set forth in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In accordance with guidance issued by the SEC, companies are permitted to exclude acquisitions from their final assessment of internal controls over financialreporting during the year of the acquisition while integrating the acquired operations. Management’s evaluation of internal control over financial reporting excludesthe operations of the six dealerships acquired in 2015. These stores represent approximately 3% of consolidated total assets and less than 1% of consolidatedrevenues for the year ended December 31, 2015. Based on our assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. KPMG LLP, our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting as of December31, 2015, which is included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Item 9B. Other Information None. 64 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and, upon filing, is incorporated herein byreference. Item 11. Executive Compensation Information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and, upon filing, is incorporated herein byreference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table summarizes equity securities authorized for issuance as of December 31, 2015. Plan Category Number ofsecurities to beissued uponexercise ofoutstandingoptions, warrantsand rights (a) Weighted averageexercise price ofoutstandingoptions, warrantsand rights (b) Number ofsecuritiesremainingavailablefor future issuanceunder equitycompensation plans(excludingsecuritiesreflected in column(a)) (c) Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders 411,074 $— 1,988,570 Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders — — — Total 411,074 $— 1,988,570 (1)There is no exercise price associated with our restricted stock units.(2)Includes 1,520,910 shares available pursuant to our 2013 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan and 467,660 shares available pursuant to our EmployeeStock Purchase Plan. The additional information required by this item will be included under the caption Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management in ourProxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and, upon filing, is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and, upon filing, is incorporated herein byreference. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and, upon filing, is incorporated herein byreference. 65(2)(1) PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Financial Statements and SchedulesThe Consolidated Financial Statements, together with the reports thereon of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, are included on thepages indicated below: PageReports of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmF-1, F-2Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014F-3Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013F-4Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013F-5Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013F-6Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013F-7Notes to Consolidated Financial StatementsF-8 There are no schedules required to be filed herewith. 66 Exhibit IndexThe following exhibits are filed herewith. An asterisk (*) beside the exhibit number indicates the exhibits containing a management contract, compensatory plan orarrangement. ExhibitDescription 2.1Stock Purchase Agreement between Lithia Motors, Inc. and DCH Auto Group (USA) Limited dated June 14, 2014 (incorporated by reference to exhibit2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed October 3, 2014) 2.1.1First Amendment to Stock Purchase Agreement between Lithia Motors, Inc. and DCH Auto Group (USA) Limited effective July 15, 2014 (incorporatedby reference to exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014) 2.1.2Second Amendment to Stock Purchase Agreement between Lithia Motors, Inc. and DCH Auto Group (USA) Limited effective November 13, 2014(incorporated by reference to exhibit 2.1.2 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014) 3.1Restated Articles of Incorporation of Lithia Motors, Inc., as amended May 13, 1999 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999) 3.22013 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Lithia Motors, Inc. (incorporated by reference to exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed August 26, 2013) 10.1*2009 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Proxy Statement for its 2009 annual meeting ofshareholders filed on March 20, 2009) 10.1.1*Amendment 2014-1 to the Lithia Motors, Inc. 2009 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1.1 to the Company’s Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014) 10.2*Lithia Motors, Inc. 2013 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed May2, 2013) 10.2.1*RSU Deferral Plan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3.1 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011) 10.2.2*Amendment to RSU Deferral Plan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2.2 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014) 10.2.3*Restricted Stock Unit (RSU) Deferral Election Form (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2.3 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year endedDecember 31, 2014) 10.3*Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (2015 Performance- and Time-Vesting) (for Senior Executives) (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3.7to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014) 10.3.1*Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (2015 Long-Term Performance-Vesting) ($7.00 EPS award) (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3.8 tothe Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014) 10.3.2*Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (2015 Time-Vesting) (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3.9 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the yearended December 31, 2014) 10.3.3*Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (2016 Performance- and Time-Vesting) (for Senior Executives) 10.3.4*Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement (2015 Long-term Performance-Vesting) ($8.00 EPS award) 10.3.5*Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (2016 Time-Vesting) 10.4*Lithia Motors, Inc. 2013 Discretionary Support Services Variable Performance Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2 to theCompany’s Form 8-K filed May 2, 2013) 10.5*Form of Outside Director Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Agreement (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Form 10-Kfor the year ended December 31, 2005) 10.6Amended and Restated Loan Agreement among Lithia Motors, Inc., the subsidiaries of Lithia Motors, Inc. listed on the signature pages of theagreement or that thereafter become borrowers thereunder, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and U.S. Bank National Association(incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed October 3, 2014) 10.6.1First Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan Agreement (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarterended March 31, 2015) 67 ExhibitDescription 10.6.2Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan Agreement (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed December22, 2015) 10.7*Amended and Restated Split-Dollar Agreement (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December31, 2012) 10.8*Form of Indemnity Agreement for each Named Executive Officer (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed May 29,2009) 10.9*Form of Indemnity Agreement for each non-management Director (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed May 29,2009) 10.10*Executive Management Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.22 to theCompany’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010) 10.10.1*Form of Executive Management Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Incentive Plan – Notice of Discretionary Contribution Awardfor Sidney DeBoer (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.22.1 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010) 10.10.2*Form of Executive Management Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Incentive Plan – Notice of Discretionary Contribution Award(incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.22.2 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010) 10.11*Employment Agreement with Executive Vice President Brad Gray dated March 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2 to the Company’sForm 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012) 10.11.1*Amendment to Terms of Employment Agreement with Brad Gray dated April 30, 2013 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.23 to the Company’sForm 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013) 10.12*Brad Gray Incentive Arrangement (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015) 10.13*Transition Agreement dated September 14, 2015 between Lithia Motors, Inc. and Sidney B. DeBoer (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to theCompany’s Form 8-K filed September 17, 2015) 10.14*Director Service Agreement effective January 1, 2016 between Lithia Motors, Inc. and Sidney B. DeBoer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 tothe Company’s Form 8-K filed September 17, 2015) 10.15*Incentive Agreement effective August 1, 2014 between Lithia Motors, Inc. and Brad Gray (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’sForm 10-Q filed May 1, 2015) 10.16*Form of Employment and Change in Control Agreement dated February 4, 2016 between Lithia Motors, Inc. and Bryan DeBoer (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed February 5, 2016) 12Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges 21Subsidiaries of Lithia Motors, Inc. 23Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 31.1Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 31.2Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 32.1Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section1350. 32.2Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section1350. 101.INSXBRL Instance Document. 101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. (1)101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. (1)Substantially similar agreements exist between Lithia Motors, Inc. and each of Scott Hillier, Christopher S. Holzshu, John F. North III, George Liang, MarkDeBoer and Tom Dobry. The "Cash Change in Control Benefits" under the agreements with Mr. Mark DeBoer and Mr. Dobry provide for 12 months of basesalary rather than 24 months. 68 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf bythe undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Date: February 26, 2016LITHIA MOTORS, INC. By /s/ Bryan B. DeBoer Bryan B. DeBoer Director, President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and inthe capacities indicated on February 26, 2016: Signature Title /s/ Bryan B. DeBoer Director, President and Chief Executive Officer.(Principal Executive Officer)Bryan B. DeBoer /s/ Christopher S. Holzshu Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and SecretaryChristopher S. Holzshu /s/ John F. North III Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer(Principal Accounting Officer)John F. North III /s/ Sidney B. DeBoer Director and Executive ChairmanSidney B. DeBoer /s/ Thomas Becker DirectorThomas Becker /s/ Susan O. Cain DirectorSusan O. Cain /s/ Shau-wai Lam DirectorShau-wai Lam /s/ Kenneth E. Roberts DirectorKenneth E. Roberts /s/ William J. Young DirectorWilliam J. Young 69 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders Lithia Motors, Inc.: We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets of Lithia Motors, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the relatedConsolidated Statements of Operations, Comprehensive Income, Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, and Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year periodended December 31, 2015. These Consolidated Financial Statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express anopinion on these Consolidated Financial Statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that weplan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, ona test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used andsignificant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basisfor our opinion. In our opinion, the Consolidated Financial Statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Lithia Motors, Inc. andsubsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period endedDecember 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Lithia Motors, Inc.’s internal controlover financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee ofSponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 26, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness ofthe Company’s internal control over financial reporting. As discussed in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company has changed its method for reporting discontinued operations as of September2014. /s/ KPMG LLP Portland, OregonFebruary 26, 2016 F-1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders Lithia Motors, Inc.: We have audited Lithia Motors, Inc. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in InternalControl - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Lithia Motors, Inc.’smanagement is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control overfinancial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinionon the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we planand perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Ouraudit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluatingthe design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considerednecessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and thepreparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financialreporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactionsand dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financialstatements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance withauthorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorizedacquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance withthe policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Lithia Motors, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Lithia Motors, Inc. completed the acquisition of six stores during 2015 and, as permitted, management elected to exclude all of these acquisitions from itsassessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. The total assets of these six acquisitions represented approximately 3% ofconsolidated total assets as of December 31, 2015 and approximately 1% of consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our audit of internalcontrol over financial reporting of Lithia Motors, Inc. also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of these six acquisitions. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Consolidated Balance Sheets ofLithia Motors, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related Consolidated Statements of Operations, Comprehensive Income, Changes inStockholders’ Equity, and Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015, and our report dated February 26, 2016 expressed anunqualified opinion on those Consolidated Financial Statements. /s/ KPMG LLP Portland, OregonFebruary 26, 2016 F-2 LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands) December 31, 2015 2014 Assets Current Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $45,008 $29,898 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,243 and $2,904 308,462 295,379 Inventories, net 1,470,987 1,249,659 Other current assets 54,408 32,010 Assets held for sale — 8,563 Total Current Assets 1,878,865 1,615,509 Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $137,853 and $117,679 876,660 816,745 Goodwill 213,220 199,375 Franchise value 157,699 150,892 Other non-current assets 100,855 98,411 Total Assets $3,227,299 $2,880,932 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Current Liabilities: Floor plan notes payable $48,083 $41,047 Floor plan notes payable: non-trade 1,265,872 1,137,632 Current maturities of long-term debt 38,891 31,912 Trade payables 70,871 70,853 Accrued liabilities 167,108 153,661 Deferred income taxes — 2,603 Liabilities related to assets held for sale — 4,892 Total Current Liabilities 1,590,825 1,442,600 Long-term debt, less current maturities 606,463 609,066 Deferred revenue 66,734 54,403 Deferred income taxes 53,129 42,795 Other long-term liabilities 81,984 58,963 Total Liabilities 2,399,135 2,207,827 Stockholders' Equity: Preferred stock - no par value; authorized 15,000 shares; none outstanding — — Class A common stock - no par value; authorized 100,000 shares; issued and outstanding 23,676 and 23,671 258,410 276,058 Class B common stock - no par value; authorized 25,000 shares; issued and outstanding 2,542 and 2,562 316 319 Additional paid-in capital 38,822 29,775 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (277) (926)Retained earnings 530,893 367,879 Total Stockholders' Equity 828,164 673,105 Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity $3,227,299 $2,880,932 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-3 LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Operations (In thousands, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenues: New vehicle $4,552,301 $3,077,670 $2,256,598 Used vehicle retail 1,927,016 1,362,481 1,032,224 Used vehicle wholesale 261,530 195,699 158,235 Finance and insurance 283,018 190,381 139,007 Service, body and parts 738,990 512,124 383,483 Fleet and other 101,397 51,971 36,202 Total revenues 7,864,252 5,390,326 4,005,749 Cost of sales: New vehicle 4,271,931 2,879,486 2,105,480 Used vehicle retail 1,685,767 1,183,228 881,366 Used vehicle wholesale 257,073 192,053 155,524 Service, body and parts 375,069 262,388 197,913 Fleet and other 98,778 49,849 34,513 Total cost of sales 6,688,618 4,567,004 3,374,796 Gross profit 1,175,634 823,322 630,953 Asset impairments 20,124 1,853 — Selling, general and administrative 811,175 563,207 427,400 Depreciation and amortization 41,600 26,363 20,035 Operating income 302,735 231,899 183,518 Floor plan interest expense (19,534) (13,861) (12,373)Other interest expense (19,491) (10,742) (8,350)Other (expense) income, net (1,006) 3,199 2,993 Income from continuing operations before income taxes 262,704 210,495 165,788 Income tax provision (79,705) (74,955) (60,574)Income from continuing operations, net of income tax 182,999 135,540 105,214 Income from discontinued operations, net of income tax — 3,180 786 Net income $182,999 $138,720 $106,000 Basic income per share from continuing operations $6.96 $5.19 $4.08 Basic income per share from discontinued operations — 0.12 0.03 Basic net income per share $6.96 $5.31 $4.11 Shares used in basic per share calculations 26,290 26,121 25,805 Diluted income per share from continuing operations $6.91 $5.14 $4.02 Diluted income per share from discontinued operations — 0.12 0.03 Diluted net income per share $6.91 $5.26 $4.05 Shares used in diluted per share calculations 26,490 26,382 26,191 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-4 LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net income $182,999 $138,720 $106,000 Other comprehensive income, net of tax: Gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax expense of $399, $380 and $668 649 612 1,077 Comprehensive income $183,648 $139,332 $107,077 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-5 LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (In thousands) Common Stock Additional AccumulatedOther Total Class A Class B Paid-In Comprehensive Retained Stockholders' Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Loss Earnings Equity Balance at December 31,2012 22,916 $268,801 2,762 $343 $12,399 $(2,615) $149,173 $428,101 Net income — — — — — — 106,000 106,000 Gain on cash flow hedges, netof tax expense of $668 — — — — — 1,077 — 1,077 Issuance of stock inconnection with employeestock plans 283 5,149 — — — — — 5,149 Issuance of restricted stock toemployees 117 — — — — — — — Repurchase of Class Acommon stock (187) (7,903) — — — — — (7,903)Class B common stockconverted to Class Acommon stock 200 24 (200) (24) — — — — Compensation for stock andstock option issuances andexcess tax benefits fromoption exercises — 2,184 — — 10,199 — — 12,383 Dividends paid — — — — — — (10,085) (10,085)Balance at December 31,2013 23,329 268,255 2,562 319 22,598 (1,538) 245,088 534,722 Net income — — — — — — 138,720 138,720 Gain on cash flow hedges, netof tax expense of $380 — — — — — 612 — 612 Issuance of stock inconnection with employeestock plans 118 4,590 — — — — — 4,590 Issuance of stock inconnection with acquisitions 269 19,736 — — — — — 19,736 Issuance of restricted stock toemployees 288 — — — — — — — Repurchase of Class Acommon stock (333) (22,968) — — — — — (22,968)Compensation for stock andstock option issuances andexcess tax benefits fromoption exercises — 6,445 — — 7,177 — — 13,622 Dividends paid — — — — — — (15,929) (15,929)Balance at December 31,2014 23,671 276,058 2,562 319 29,775 (926) 367,879 673,105 Net income — — — — — — 182,999 182,999 Gain on cash flow hedges, netof tax expense of $399 — — — — — 649 — 649 Issuance of stock inconnection with employeestock plans 74 6,065 — — — — — 6,065 Issuance of restricted stock toemployees 217 — — — — — — — Repurchase of Class Acommon stock (306) (31,548) — — — — — (31,548)Class B common stockconverted to Class Acommon stock 20 3 (20) (3) — — — — Compensation for stock andstock option issuances andexcess tax benefits fromoption exercises — 7,832 — — 9,047 — — 16,879 Dividends paid — — — — — — (19,985) (19,985)Balance at December 31,2015 23,676 $258,410 2,542 $316 $38,822 $(277) $530,893 $828,164 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-6 LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income $182,999 $138,720 $106,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Asset impairments 20,124 1,853 — Depreciation and amortization 41,600 26,363 20,035 Stock-based compensation 11,871 7,436 6,565 (Gain) loss on disposal of other assets 203 271 (2,339)Gain from disposal activities (5,919) (5,744) — Deferred income taxes 12,341 13,355 14,477 Excess tax benefit from share-based payment arrangements (5,012) (6,186) (5,994)(Increase) decrease (net of acquisitions and dispositions): Trade receivables, net (13,047) (59,474) (37,370)Inventories (197,079) (76,002) (106,896)Other assets (31,620) (31,182) (5,655)Increase (decrease) (net of acquisitions and dispositions): Floor plan notes payable 7,035 (647) 5,300 Trade payables 674 (3,105) 8,480 Accrued liabilities 16,273 (13,472) 12,304 Other long-term liabilities and deferred revenue 33,766 38,133 17,152 Net cash provided by operating activities 74,209 30,319 32,059 Cash flows from investing activities: Principal payments received on notes receivable — 2,882 91 Capital expenditures (83,244) (85,983) (50,025)Proceeds from sales of assets 270 4,896 4,632 Cash paid for other investments (28,110) (9,110) (3,915)Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired (71,615) (659,634) (81,105)Proceeds from sales of stores 12,966 10,617 — Net cash used in investing activities (169,733) (736,332) (130,322) Cash flows from financing activities: Borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade, net 136,201 440,341 128,636 Borrowings on lines of credit 1,261,597 1,435,144 800,000 Repayments on lines of credit (1,298,120) (1,251,375) (814,355)Principal payments on long-term debt, scheduled (15,074) (8,666) (7,100)Principal payments on long-term debt and capital leases, other (9,189) — (25,770)Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 75,675 124,902 4,720 Proceeds from issuance of common stock 6,065 4,590 4,973 Repurchase of common stock (31,548) (22,968) (7,903)Excess tax benefit from share-based payment arrangements 5,012 6,186 5,994 Dividends paid (19,985) (15,929) (10,085)Net cash provided by financing activities 110,634 712,225 79,110 Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 15,110 6,212 (19,153)Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 29,898 23,686 42,839 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $45,008 $29,898 $23,686 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid during the period for interest $41,098 $24,638 $21,002 Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net 86,533 63,827 42,682 Supplemental schedule of non-cash activities: Debt issued or acquired in connection with acquisitions $2,160 $55,693 $— Debt forgiven in connection with acquisitions 1,374 — — Floor plan debt acquired in connection with acquisitions — 24,686 — Floor plan debt paid in connection with store disposals 4,400 3,311 — Issuance of Class A common stock in connection with acquisitions — 19,736 — See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-7 LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (1)Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Organization and BusinessWe are a leading operator of automotive franchises and a retailer of new and used vehicles and related services. As of December 31, 2015, we offered 31brands of new vehicles and all brands of used vehicles in 137 stores in the United States and online at Lithia.com and DCHauto.com . We sell new and used carsand replacement parts; provide vehicle maintenance, warranty, paint and repair services; arrange related financing; and sell service contracts, vehicle protectionproducts and credit insurance. Our dealerships are located across the United States. We seek domestic, import and luxury franchises in cities ranging from mid-sized regional markets tometropolitan markets. We evaluate all brands for expansion opportunities provided the market is large enough to support adequate new vehicle sales to justify therequired capital investment. Basis of PresentationThe accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the results of operations, the financial position and the cash flows for Lithia Motors, Inc. andits directly and indirectly wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Cash and Cash EquivalentsCash and cash equivalents are defined as cash on hand and cash in bank accounts without restrictions. Accounts ReceivableAccounts receivable include amounts due from the following: •various lenders for the financing of vehicles sold; •customers for vehicles sold and service and parts sales; •manufacturers for factory rebates, dealer incentives and warranty reimbursement; and •insurance companies and other miscellaneous receivables. Receivables are recorded at invoice and do not bear interest until they are 60 days past due. The allowance for doubtful accounts represents an estimate ofthe amount of net losses inherent in our portfolio of accounts receivable as of the reporting date. We estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts based on ourhistorical write-off experience and consider recent delinquency trends and recovery rates. Account balances are charged against the allowance after all appropriatemeans of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The annual activity for charges and subsequent recoveries isimmaterial. See Note 2. InventoriesInventories are valued at the lower of market value or cost, using a pooled approach for vehicles and the specific identification method for parts. Certainacquired inventories are valued using the last-in first-out (LIFO) method. The LIFO reserve associated with this inventory as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 wasimmaterial. The cost of new and used vehicle inventories includes the cost of any equipment added, reconditioning and transportation. Manufacturers reimburse us for holdbacks, floor plan interest assistance and advertising assistance, which are reflected as a reduction in the carrying valueof each vehicle purchased. We recognize advertising assistance, floor plan interest assistance, holdbacks, cash incentives and other rebates received frommanufacturers that are tied to specific vehicles as a reduction to cost of sales as the related vehicles are sold. Parts are valued at lower of market value or cost using a specific identification method. Parts purchase discounts that we receive from the manufacturerare reflected as a reduction in the carrying value of the parts purchased from the manufacturer and are recognized as a reduction to cost of goods sold as the relatedinventory is sold. See Note 3. Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives on the straight-line basis. Leasehold improvements made at theinception of the lease or during the term of the lease are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the life of the improvement or the remaining term ofthe lease. F-8 The range of estimated useful lives is as follows: Buildings and improvements (in years) 5to40 Service equipment (in years) 5to15 Furniture, office equipment, signs and fixtures (in years) 3to10 The cost for maintenance, repairs and minor renewals is expensed as incurred, while significant remodels and betterments are capitalized. In addition,interest on borrowings for major capital projects, significant remodels and betterments are capitalized. Capitalized interest becomes a part of the cost of thedepreciable asset and is depreciated according to the estimated useful lives as previously stated. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, werecorded capitalized interest of $0.5 million, $0.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively. When an asset is retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any gain or loss iscredited or charged to income from continuing operations. Leased property meeting certain criteria is capitalized and the present value of the related lease payments is recorded as a liability. Amortization ofcapitalized leased assets is computed on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, unless the lease transfers title or it contains a bargain purchase option, inwhich case, it is amortized over the asset’s useful life, and is included in depreciation expense. Long-lived assets held and used by us are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may notbe recoverable. We consider several factors when evaluating whether there are indications of potential impairment related to our long-lived assets, including storeprofitability, overall macroeconomic factors and the impact of our strategic management decisions. If recoverability testing is performed, we evaluate assets to beheld and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset, including its disposition. If such assetsare considered to be impaired, the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets is recognized as a charge to income fromcontinuing operations. See Note 4. Franchise ValueWe enter into agreements (“Franchise Agreements”) with the manufacturers. Franchise value represents a right received under Franchise Agreements withmanufacturers and is identified on an individual store basis. We evaluated the useful lives of our Franchise Agreements based on the following factors: •certain of our Franchise Agreements continue indefinitely by their terms; •certain of our Franchise Agreements have limited terms, but are routinely renewed without substantial cost to us; •other than franchise terminations related to the unprecedented reorganizations of Chrysler and General Motors, and allowed by bankruptcy law, weare not aware of manufacturers terminating Franchise Agreements against the wishes of the franchise owners in the ordinary course of business. Amanufacturer may pressure a franchise owner to sell a franchise when the owner is in breach of the franchise agreement over an extended period oftime; •state dealership franchise laws typically limit the rights of the manufacturer to terminate or not renew a franchise; •we are not aware of any legislation or other factors that would materially change the retail automotive franchise system; and •as evidenced by our acquisition and disposition history, there is an active market for most automotive dealership franchises within the United States.We attribute value to the Franchise Agreements acquired with the dealerships we purchase based on the understanding and industry practice that theFranchise Agreements will be renewed indefinitely by the manufacturer. Accordingly, we have determined that our Franchise Agreements will continue to contribute to our cash flows indefinitely and, therefore, have indefinitelives. F-9 As an indefinite-lived intangible asset, franchise value is tested for impairment at least annually, and more frequently if events or circumstances indicatethe carrying value may exceed fair value. The impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets requires the comparison of estimated fair value to carryingvalue. An impairment charge is recorded to the extent the fair value is less than the carrying value. We have the option to qualitatively or quantitatively assessindefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. We evaluated our indefinite-lived intangible assets using a quantitative assessment process. We have determinedthe appropriate reporting unit for testing franchise value for impairment is each individual store. We test our franchise value for impairment on October 1 of each year. The quantitative assessment uses a multi-period excess earnings (“MPEE”) modelto estimate the fair value of our franchises. We have determined that only certain cash flows of the store are directly attributable to franchise rights. Future cashflows are based on recently prepared operating forecasts and business plans to estimate the future economic benefits that the store will generate. Operating forecastsand cash flows include estimated revenue growth rates that are calculated based on management’s forecasted sales projections and on the U.S. Department ofLabor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for historical consumer price index data. Additionally, we use a contributory asset charge to represent working capital, personalproperty and assembled workforce costs. A discount rate is utilized to convert the forecasted cash flows to their present value equivalent. The discount rate appliedto the future cash flows factors an equity market risk premium, small stock risk premium, an average peer group beta and a risk-free interest rate. See Note 5. GoodwillGoodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired which is not allocable to separately identifiable intangible assets.Other identifiable intangible assets, such as franchise rights, are separately recognized if the intangible asset is obtained through contractual or other legal right or ifthe intangible asset can be sold, transferred, licensed or exchanged. Goodwill is not amortized but tested for impairment at least annually, and more frequently if events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of thereporting unit more likely than not exceeds fair value. We have the option to qualitatively or quantitatively assess goodwill for impairment and we evaluated ourgoodwill using a quantitative assessment process. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. Our reporting units are individual stores as this is thelevel at which discrete financial information is available and for which operating results are regularly reviewed by our chief operating decision maker to allocateresources and assess performance. We test our goodwill for impairment on October 1 of each year. We used an Adjusted Present Value (“APV”) method, a fair-value based test, to indicatethe fair value of our reporting units. Under the APV method, future cash flows based on recently prepared operating forecasts and business plans are used toestimate the future economic benefits generated by the reporting unit. Operating forecasts and cash flows include estimated revenue growth rates based onmanagement’s forecasted sales projections and on U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for historical consumer price index data. A discount rate isutilized to convert the forecasted cash flows to their present value equivalent representing the indicated fair value of our reporting unit. The discount rate applied tothe future cash flows factors an equity market risk premium, small stock risk premium, an average peer group beta and a risk-free interest rate. We compare theindicated fair value of our reporting unit to our market capitalization, including consideration of a control premium. The control premium represents the estimatedamount an investor would pay to obtain a controlling interest. We believe this reconciliation is consistent with a market participant perspective. The quantitative impairment test of goodwill is a two-step process. The first step identifies potential impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of areporting unit with its book value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying amount, goodwill is not impaired and the second step is not necessary.If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, the second step includes determining the implied fair value in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized ina business combination is determined. The implied fair value of goodwill is then compared with the carrying amount of goodwill to determine if an impairment lossis necessary. See Note 5. Equity-Method InvestmentsWe own investments in certain partnerships which we account for under the equity method. These investments are included as a component of other non-current assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We determined that we lack certain characteristics to direct the operations of the businesses and, as a result, donot qualify to consolidate these investments. Activity related to our equity-method investments is recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Operations asfollows: •an other than temporary decline in fair value is reflected as an asset impairment; •our portion of the operating gains and losses is included as a component of other income, net; •the amortization related to the discounted fair value of future equity contributions is recognized over the life of the investments as non-cash interestexpense; and •tax benefits and credits are reflected as a component of income tax provision. F-10 Periodically, whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may be impaired, we evaluate the equity-method investmentsfor indications of loss resulting from an other than temporary decline. If the equity-method investment is determined to be impaired, the amount by which theinvestment basis exceeds the fair value of the investment is recognized as a charge to income from continuing operations. See Notes 12 and 18. AdvertisingWe expense production and other costs of advertising as incurred as a component of selling, general and administrative expense. Additionally,manufacturer cooperative advertising credits for qualifying, specifically-identified advertising expenditures are recognized as a reduction of advertising expense.Advertising expense and manufacturer cooperative advertising credits were as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Advertising expense, gross $89,736 $62,933 $51,404 Manufacturer cooperative advertising credits (19,801) (16,281) (11,806)Advertising expense, net $69,935 $46,652 $39,598 Contract Origination CostsContract origination commissions paid to our employees directly related to the sale of our self-insured lifetime lube, oil and filter service contracts aredeferred and charged to expense in proportion to the associated revenue to be recognized. Legal CostsWe are a party to numerous legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. We accrue for certain legal costs, including attorney fees andpotential settlement claims related to various legal proceedings that are estimable and probable. See Note 7. Stock-Based CompensationCompensation costs associated with equity instruments exchanged for employee and director services are measured at the grant date, based on the fairvalue of the award, with estimated forfeitures considered, and recognized as an expense on the straight-line basis over the individual’s requisite service period(generally the vesting period of the equity award). If there is a performance-based element to the award, the expense is recognized based on the estimatedattainment level, estimated time to achieve the attainment level and/or the vesting period. Estimates of fair value are not intended to predict actual future events orthe value ultimately realized by persons who receive equity awards. The fair value of non-vested stock awards is based on the intrinsic value on the date of grant.See Note 10. Shares to be issued upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of stock awards will come from newly issued shares. Income and Other TaxesIncome taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequencesattributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss andtax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which thosetemporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in theperiod that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferredtax assets will not be realized. When there are situations with uncertainty as to the timing of the deduction, the amount of the deduction, or the validity of the deduction, we adjust ourfinancial statements to reflect only those tax positions that are more-likely-than-not to be sustained. Positions that meet this criterion are measured using the largestbenefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized. Interest and penalties are recorded as income tax provision in the period incurred or accrued when related to anuncertain tax position. See Note 13. F-11 We account for all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction (i.e., sales, use, value-added)on a net (excluded from revenues) basis. Concentration of Risk and UncertaintiesWe purchase substantially all of our new vehicles and inventory from various manufacturers at the prevailing prices charged by auto makers to allfranchised dealers. Our overall sales could be impacted by the auto manufacturers’ inability or unwillingness to supply dealerships with an adequate supply ofpopular models. We depend on our manufacturers to provide a supply of vehicles which supports expected sales levels. In the event that manufacturers are unable tosupply the needed level of vehicles, our financial performance may be adversely impacted. We depend on our manufacturers to deliver high-quality, defect-free vehicles. In the event that manufacturers experience future quality issues, ourfinancial performance may be adversely impacted. We are subject to a concentration of risk in the event of financial distress, including potential reorganization or bankruptcy, of a major vehiclemanufacturer. Our sales volume could be materially adversely impacted by the manufacturers’ or distributors’ inability to supply the stores with an adequate supplyof vehicles. We also receive incentives and rebates from our manufacturers, including cash allowances, financing programs, discounts, holdbacks and otherincentives. These incentives are recorded as accounts receivable in our Consolidated Balance Sheets until payment is received. Our financial condition could bematerially adversely impacted by the manufacturers’ or distributors’ inability to continue to offer these incentives and rebates at substantially similar terms, or topay our outstanding receivables. We enter into Franchise Agreements with the manufacturers. The Franchise Agreements generally limit the location of the dealership and provide the automanufacturer approval rights over changes in dealership management and ownership. The auto manufacturers are also entitled to terminate the FranchiseAgreement if the dealership is in material breach of the terms. Our ability to expand operations depends, in part, on obtaining consents of the manufacturers for theacquisition of additional dealerships. See also “Goodwill” and “Franchise Value” above. We have a credit facility with a syndicate of 18 financial institutions, including eight manufacturer-affiliated finance companies. Several of these financialinstitutions also provide mortgage financing. This credit facility is the primary source of floor plan financing for our new vehicle inventory and also provides usedvehicle financing and a revolving line of credit. The term of the facility extends through January 2021. At maturity, our financial condition could be materiallyadversely impacted if lenders are unable to provide credit that has typically been extended to us or with terms unacceptable to us. Our financial condition could bematerially adversely impacted if these providers incur losses in the future or undergo funding limitations. See Note 6. We anticipate continued organic growth and growth through acquisitions. This growth will require additional credit which may be unavailable or withterms unacceptable to us. If these events were to occur, we may not be able to borrow sufficient funds to facilitate our growth. Financial Instruments, Fair Value and Market RisksThe carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, trade payables, accrued liabilities and short-term borrowings approximate fair valuebecause of the short-term nature and current market rates of these instruments. Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. These estimates aresubjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptionscould significantly affect the estimates. See Note 12. We have variable rate floor plan notes payable, mortgages and other credit line borrowings that subject us to market risk exposure. At December 31, 2015,we had $1.7 billion outstanding in variable rate debt. These borrowings had interest rates ranging from 1.49% to 3.00% per annum. An increase or decrease in theinterest rates would affect interest expense for the period accordingly. F-12 The fair value of long-term, fixed interest rate debt is subject to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair value of fixed interest rate debt will increase asinterest rates fall because we could refinance for a lower rate. Conversely, the fair value of fixed interest rate debt will decrease as interest rates rise. The interestrate changes affect the fair value, but do not impact earnings or cash flows. We monitor our fixed interest rate debt regularly, refinancing debt that is materiallyabove market rates if permitted. See Note 12. We are also subject to market risk from changing interest rates. From time to time, we reduce our exposure to this market risk by entering into interest rateswaps and designating the swaps as cash flow hedges. We are generally exposed to credit or repayment risk based on our relationship with the counterparty to thederivative financial instrument. We minimize the credit or repayment risk on our derivative instruments by entering into transactions with institutions whose creditrating is Aa or higher. See Note 11. Use of EstimatesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates andassumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes to financial statements. Changes in such estimates mayaffect amounts reported in future periods. Estimates are used in the calculation of certain reserves maintained for charge-backs on estimated cancellations of service contracts; life, accident anddisability insurance policies; finance fees from customer financing contracts and uncollectible accounts receivable. We also use estimates in the calculation of various expenses, accruals and reserves, including anticipated losses related to workers’ compensationinsurance; anticipated losses related to self-insurance components of our property and casualty and medical insurance; self-insured lifetime lube, oil and filterservice contracts; discretionary employee bonuses, the Transition Agreement with Sidney B. DeBoer, our Executive Chairman; warranties provided on certainproducts and services; legal reserves and stock-based compensation. We also make certain estimates regarding the assessment of the recoverability of long-livedassets, indefinite-lived intangible assets and deferred tax assets. We offer a limited warranty on the sale of most retail used vehicles. This warranty is based on mileage and time. We also offer a mileage and time basedwarranty on parts used in our service repair work and on tire purchases. The cost that may be incurred for these warranties is estimated at the time the relatedrevenue is recorded. A reserve for these warranty liabilities is estimated based on current sales levels, warranty experience rates and estimated costs per claim. Theannual activity for reserve increases and claims is immaterial. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the accrued warranty balance was $0.5 million and $0.4 million,respectively. Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities AssumedWe estimate the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination using various assumptions. The most significantassumptions used relate to determining the fair value of property and equipment and intangible franchise rights. We estimate the fair value of property and equipment based on a market valuation approach. We use prices and other relevant information generatedprimarily by recent market transactions involving similar or comparable assets, as well as our historical experience in divestitures, acquisitions and real estatetransactions. Additionally, we may use a cost valuation approach to value long-lived assets when a market valuation approach is unavailable. Under this approach,we determine the cost to replace the service capacity of an asset, adjusted for physical and economic obsolescence. When available, we use valuation inputs fromindependent valuation experts, such as real estate appraisers and brokers, to corroborate our estimates of fair value. We use an MPEE model to determine the fair value of intangible franchise rights as discussed above under “Franchise Value.” We use a relief-from-royalty method to determine the fair value of a trade name. Future cost savings associated with owning, rather than licensing, a tradename is estimated based on a royalty rate and management’s forecasted sales projections. The discount rate applied to the future cost savings factors an equitymarket risk premium, small stock risk premium, an average peer group beta, a risk-free interest rate and a premium for forecast risk. F-13 Revenue RecognitionRevenue from the sale of a vehicle is recognized when a contract is signed by the customer, financing has been arranged or collectability is reasonablyassured and the delivery of the vehicle to the customer is made. We do not allow the return of new or used vehicles, except where mandated by state law. Revenue from parts and service is recognized upon delivery of the parts or service to the customer. We allow for customer returns on sales of our partsinventory up to 30 days after the sale. Most parts returns generally occur within one to two weeks from the time of sale, and are not significant. Finance fees earned for notes placed with financial institutions in connection with customer vehicle financing are recognized, net of estimated charge-backs, as finance and insurance revenue upon acceptance of the credit by the financial institution and recognition of the sale of the vehicle. Insurance income from third party insurance companies for commissions earned on credit life, accident and disability insurance policies sold inconnection with the sale of a vehicle are recognized, net of anticipated cancellations, as finance and insurance revenue upon execution of the insurance contract andrecognition of the sale of the vehicle. Commissions from third party service contracts are recognized, net of anticipated cancellations, as finance and insurance revenue upon sale of thecontracts and recognition of the sale of the vehicle. We also participate in future underwriting profit, pursuant to retrospective commission arrangements, which isrecognized in income as earned. Revenue related to self-insured lifetime lube, oil and filter service contracts is deferred and recognized based on expected future claims for service. Theexpected future claims experience is evaluated periodically to ensure it remains appropriate given actual claims history. Segment ReportingWhile we have determined that each individual store is a reporting unit, we have aggregated our reporting units into three reportable segments based ontheir economic similarities: Domestic, Import and Luxury. Our Domestic segment is comprised of retail automotive franchises that sell new vehicles manufactured by Chrysler, General Motors and Ford. OurImport segment is comprised of retail automotive franchises that sell new vehicles manufactured primarily by Honda, Toyota, Subaru, Nissan and Volkswagen. OurLuxury segment is comprised of retail automotive franchises that sell new vehicles manufactured primarily by BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Lexus. The franchises ineach segment also sell used vehicles, parts and automotive services, and automotive finance and insurance products. Corporate and other revenue and income includes the results of operations of our stand-alone collision center offset by unallocated corporate overheadexpenses, such as corporate personnel costs, and certain unallocated reserve and elimination adjustments. Additionally, certain internal corporate expenseallocations increase segment income for Corporate and other while decreasing segment income for the other reportable segments. These internal corporate expenseallocations are used to increase comparability of our dealerships and reflect the capital burden a stand-alone dealership would experience. Examples of theseinternal allocations include internal rent expense, internal floor plan financing charges, and internal fees charged to offset employees within our corporateheadquarters that perform certain dealership functions. We define our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to be certain members of our executive management group. Historical and forecastedoperational performance is evaluated on a store-by-store basis and on a consolidated basis by the CODM. We derive the operating results of the segments directlyfrom our internal management reporting system. The accounting policies used to derive segment results are substantially the same as those used to determine ourconsolidated results, excepted for the internal allocation within Corporate and other discussed above. Our CODM measures the performance of each operatingsegment based on several metrics, including earnings from operations, and uses these results, in part, to evaluate the performance of, and to allocate resources to,each of the operating segments. See Note 19. F-14 (2)Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Contracts in transit $168,460 $162,785 Trade receivables 33,749 37,194 Vehicle receivables 36,470 34,876 Manufacturer receivables 59,215 56,008 Auto loan receivables 42,490 25,424 Other receivables 3,033 4,554 343,417 320,841 Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts (2,243) (2,904)Less: Long-term portion of accounts receivable, net (32,712) (22,558)Total accounts receivable, net $308,462 $295,379 Accounts receivable classifications include the following: •Contracts in transit are receivables from various lenders for the financing of vehicles that we have arranged on behalf of the customer and aretypically received within five to ten days of selling a vehicle. •Trade receivables are comprised of amounts due from customers, lenders for the commissions earned on financing and others for commissions earnedon service contracts and insurance products. •Vehicle receivables represent receivables for the portion of the vehicle sales price paid directly by the customer. •Manufacturer receivables represent amounts due from manufacturers, including holdbacks, rebates, incentives and warranty claims. •Auto loan receivables include amounts due from customers related to retail sales of vehicles and certain finance and insurance products. Interest income on auto loan receivables is recognized based on the contractual terms of each loan and is accrued until repayment, charge-off orrepossession. Direct costs associated with loan originations are capitalized and expensed as an offset to interest income when recognized on the loans. All otherreceivables are recorded at invoice and do not bear interest until they are 60 days past due. The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on our historical write-off experience and is reviewed monthly. Consideration is given to recentdelinquency trends and recovery rates. Account balances are charged against the allowance after all appropriate means of collection have been exhausted and thepotential for recovery is considered remote. The annual activity for charges and subsequent recoveries is immaterial. The long-term portion of accounts receivable was included as a component of other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. (3)Inventories The components of inventories consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 New vehicles $1,113,613 $958,876 Used vehicles 302,911 240,908 Parts and accessories 54,463 49,875 Total inventories $1,470,987 $1,249,659 The new vehicle inventory cost is generally reduced by manufacturer holdbacks and incentives, while the related floor plan notes payable are reflective ofthe gross cost of the vehicle. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the carrying value of inventory had been reduced by $13.6 million and $12.3 million,respectively, for assistance received from manufacturers as discussed in Note 1. F-15 (4)Property and Equipment Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Land $281,982 $263,328 Building and improvements 527,545 475,149 Service equipment 70,559 60,644 Furniture, office equipment, signs and fixtures 119,250 100,163 999,336 899,284 Less accumulated depreciation (137,853) (117,679) 861,483 781,605 Construction in progress 15,177 35,140 $876,660 $816,745 Long-lived Asset Impairment ChargesIn 2015, we recorded $3.6 million of impairment charges associated with certain properties and equipment. As the expected future use of these facilitiesand equipment changed, the long-lived assets were tested for recoverability and were determined to have a carrying value exceeding their fair value. (5)Goodwill and Franchise Value The following is a roll-forward of goodwill (in thousands): Domestic Import Luxury Consolidated Balance as of December 31, 2013 $22,548 $16,797 $10,166 $49,511 Additions through acquisitions 68,463 62,804 18,597 149,864 Balance as of December 31, 2014 91,011 79,601 28,763 199,375 Additions through acquisitions 6,892 5,029 2,170 14,091 Reductions through divestitures — (246) — (246)Balance as of December 31, 2015 $97,903 $84,384 $30,933 $213,220 (1)Net of accumulated impairment losses of $299.3 million recorded during the year ended December 31, 2008. The following is a roll-forward of franchise value (in thousands): Franchise Value Balance as of December 31, 2013 $71,199 Additions through acquisitions 80,233 Transfers to assets held for sale (540)Balance as of December 31, 2014 150,892 Additions through acquisitions 6,843 Reductions through divestitures (36)Balance as of December 31, 2015 $157,699 F-16(1)(1)(1) (6)Credit Facilities and Long-Term Debt Below is a summary of our outstanding balances on credit facilities and long-term debt (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 New vehicle floor plan commitment $1,265,872 $1,137,632 Floor plan notes payable 48,083 41,047 Total floor plan debt 1,313,955 1,178,679 Used vehicle inventory financing facility 171,000 134,000 Revolving lines of credit 61,246 134,769 Real estate mortgages 387,861 334,443 Other debt 25,247 37,766 Total debt $1,959,309 $1,819,657 (1)At December 31, 2014, we had an additional $4.9 million of floor plan notes payable outstanding on our new vehicle floor plan commitment recorded asliability related to assets held for sale. Credit FacilityWe have a $1.85 billion revolving syndicated credit facility that matures in January 2021. This syndicated credit facility is comprised of 18 financialinstitutions, including eight manufacturer-affiliated finance companies. As of December 31, 2015, our credit facility provides for up to $1.45 billion in new vehicleinventory floor plan financing, up to $200 million in used vehicle inventory floor plan financing and a maximum of $200 million in revolving financing for generalcorporate purposes, including acquisitions and working capital. This credit facility may be expanded to $2.1 billion total availability, subject to lender approval. We may request a reallocation of any unused portion of our credit facility provided that the used vehicle inventory floor plan commitment does not exceed$250 million, the revolving financing commitment does not exceed $300 million, and the sum of those commitments plus the new vehicle inventory floor planfinancing commitment does not exceed the total aggregate financing commitment. All borrowings from, and repayments to, our lending group are presented in theConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows as financing activities. The new vehicle floor plan commitment is collateralized by our new vehicle inventory. Our used vehicle inventory financing facility is collateralized byour used vehicle inventory that has been in stock for less than 180 days. Our revolving line of credit is secured by our outstanding receivables related to vehiclesales, unencumbered vehicle inventory, other eligible receivables, parts and accessories and equipment. We have the ability to deposit up to $50 million in cash in Principal Reduction “PR” accounts associated with our new vehicle inventory floor plancommitment. The PR accounts are recognized as offsetting credits against outstanding amounts on our new vehicle floor plan commitment and would reduceinterest expense associated with the outstanding principal balance. As of December 31, 2015, we did not have any amounts deposited in our PR accounts. If the outstanding principal balance on our new vehicle inventory floor plan commitment, plus requests on any day, exceeds 95% of the loan commitment,a portion of the revolving line of credit must be reserved. The reserve amount is equal to the lesser of $15.0 million or the maximum revolving line of creditcommitment less the outstanding balance on the line less outstanding letters of credit. The reserve amount will decrease the revolving line of credit availability andmay be used to repay the new vehicle floor plan commitment balance. The interest rate on the credit facility varies based on the type of debt, with the rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.25% for new vehicle floor plan financing,one-month LIBOR plus 1.50% for used vehicle floor plan financing; and a variable interest rate on the revolving financing ranging from the one-month LIBORplus 1.25% to 2.50%, depending on our leverage ratio. The annual interest rate associated with our new vehicle floor plan commitment, excluding the effects of ourinterest rate swaps, was 1.68% at December 31, 2015. The annual interest rate associated with our used vehicle inventory financing facility and our revolving lineof credit was 1.93% and 2.18%, respectively, at December 31, 2015. F-17(1) Under the terms of our credit facility we are subject to financial covenants and restrictive covenants that limit or restrict our incurring additionalindebtedness, making investments, selling or acquiring assets and granting security interests in our assets. As of December 31, 2015, we were in compliance withall financial covenants. The table below details our financial covenants: Debt Covenant Ratio Requirement As of December 31, 2015Current ratio Not less than 1.10to1 1.26to1Fixed charge coverage ratio Not less than 1.20to1 3.36to1Leverage ratio Not more than 5.00to1 1.79to1Funded debt restriction Not to exceed $600 million $413.4 million Floor Plan Notes PayableWe have floor plan agreements with manufacturer-affiliated finance companies for vehicles that are designated for use as service loaners. The interestrates on these floor plan notes payable commitments vary by manufacturer and are variable rates. At December 31, 2015, $48.1 million was outstanding on theseagreements at interest rates ranging up to 3.0%. Borrowings from, and repayments to, manufacturer-affiliated finance companies are classified as operatingactivities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Real Estate Mortgages and Other DebtWe have mortgages associated with our owned real estate. Interest rates related to this debt ranged from 1.8% to 5.0% at December 31, 2015. Themortgages are payable in various installments through October 2034. As of December 31, 2015, we had fixed interest rates on 70% of our outstanding mortgagedebt. Our other debt includes capital leases, sellers’ notes and our equity contribution obligations associated with the new markets tax credit equity-methodinvestment. The interest rates associated with our other debt ranged from 2.2% to 6.5% at December 31, 2015. This debt, which totaled $25.2 million at December31, 2015, is due in various installments through January 2024. Future Principal PaymentsThe schedule of future principal payments associated with real estate mortgages and other debt as of December 31, 2015 was as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2016 $38,823 2017 39,164 2018 39,547 2019 41,775 2020 32,923 Thereafter 220,876 Total principal payments $413,108 (7)Commitments and Contingencies LeasesWe lease certain facilities under non-cancelable operating and capital leases. These leases expire at various dates through 2066. Certain leasecommitments contain fixed payment increases at predetermined intervals over the life of the lease, while other lease commitments are subject to escalation clausesof an amount equal to the increase in the cost of living based on the “Consumer Price Index - U.S. Cities Average - All Items for all Urban Consumers” publishedby the U.S. Department of Labor, or a substantially equivalent regional index. Lease expense related to operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis overthe life of the lease. The minimum lease payments under our operating and capital leases after December 31, 2015 are as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2016 $25,514 2017 22,910 2018 20,818 2019 19,740 2020 18,186 Thereafter 123,093 Total minimum lease payments 230,261 Less: sublease rentals (8,723) $221,538 F-18 Rent expense, net of sublease income, for all operating leases was $23.8 million, $17.2 million and $14.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015,2014 and 2013, respectively. These amounts are included as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements ofOperations. In connection with dispositions of dealerships, we occasionally assign or sublet our interests in any real property leases associated with such dealerships tothe purchaser. We often retain responsibility for the performance of certain obligations under such leases to the extent that the assignee or sublessee does notperform. Additionally, we may remain subject to the terms of any guarantees and have correlating indemnification rights against the assignee or sublessee in theevent of non-performance, as well as certain other defenses. We may also be called upon to perform other obligations under these leases, such as environmentalremediation of the premises or repairs upon termination of the lease. We currently have no reason to believe that we will be called upon to perform any suchservices; however, there can be no assurance that any future performance required by us under these leases will not have a material adverse effect on our financialcondition or results of operations. Charge-Backs for Various ContractsWe have recorded a liability of $35.0 million as of December 31, 2015 for our estimated contractual obligations related to potential charge-backs forvehicle service contracts, lifetime oil change contracts and other various insurance contracts that are terminated early by the customer. We estimate that the charge-backs will be paid out as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2016 $19,638 2017 10,127 2018 3,907 2019 1,124 2020 214 Thereafter 23 Total $35,033 Lifetime Lube, Oil and Filter ContractsWe retain the obligation for lifetime lube, oil and filter service contracts sold to our customers and assumed the liability of certain existing lifetime lube,oil and filter contracts. These amounts are recorded as deferred revenues. At the time of sale, we defer the full sale price and recognize the revenue based on therate we expect future costs to be incurred. As of December 31, 2015, we had a deferred revenue balance of $80.2 million associated with these contracts andestimate the deferred revenue will be recognized as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2016 $16,103 2017 12,573 2018 10,053 2019 8,406 2020 7,118 Thereafter 25,940 Total $80,193 The current portion of this deferred revenue balance is recorded as a component of accrued liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We periodically evaluate the estimated future costs of these assumed contracts and record a charge if future expected claim and cancellation costs exceedthe deferred revenue to be recognized. As of December 31, 2015, we had a reserve balance of $3.4 million recorded as a component of accrued liabilities and otherlong-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The charges associated with this reserve were recognized in 2011 and earlier. Self-insurance ProgramsWe self-insure a portion of our property and casualty insurance, vehicle open lot coverage, medical insurance and workers’ compensation insurance. Thirdparties are engaged to assist in estimating the loss exposure related to the self-retained portion of the risk associated with these insurances. Additionally, we analyzeour historical loss and claims experience to estimate the loss exposure associated with these programs. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had liabilitiesassociated with these programs of $25.9 million and $23.2 million, respectively, recorded as a component of accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities in ourConsolidated Balance Sheets. F-19 LitigationWe are party to numerous legal proceedings arising in the normal course of our business. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of legalproceedings arising in the normal course of business will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows, wecannot predict this with certainty. Stein LitigationOn December 14, 2015, Shiva Y. Stein, a Lithia shareholder, filed derivative claims on behalf of Lithia against its Board of Directors, also listing Lithia asa nominal defendant. The case, Stein v. DeBoer, et al. , Case No. 15CV33696, is pending in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon for Marion County. Ms.Stein’s claims relate to the adoption of a transition agreement between Lithia and Sidney B. DeBoer, as disclosed a Current Report on Form 8-K filed September16, 2015. Ms. Stein alleges that Lithia's directors breached their fiduciary duties of loyalty and due care, and wasted corporate assets, when they approved theagreement with Mr. DeBoer. Ms. Stein also alleges a claim against Sidney B. DeBoer, asserting that he has been unjustly enriched by the agreement. Ms. Stein isseeking relief in the amount of damages allegedly sustained by Lithia as a result of the alleged breaches of fiduciary duty and alleged corporate waste,disgorgement and imposition of a constructive trust on all property and profits Sidney B. DeBoer received as a result of the alleged wrongful conduct, and an awardof the costs and disbursements of the lawsuit, including reasonable attorneys fees, costs, and expenses. The Board and Mr. DeBoer are defending themselvesagainst Ms. Stein’s allegations. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of this legal proceeding will have a material adverse effect on our business, resultsof operations, financial condition, or cash flows, we cannot predict this with certainty. (8)Stockholders’ Equity Class A and Class B Common StockThe shares of Class A common stock are not convertible into any other series or class of our securities. Each share of Class B common stock, however, isfreely convertible into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder of the Class B common stock. All shares of Class B common stock shallautomatically convert to shares of Class A common stock (on a share-for-share basis, subject to adjustment) on the earliest record date for an annual meeting of ourstockholders on which the number of shares of Class B common stock outstanding is less than 1% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding.Shares of Class B common stock may not be transferred to third parties, except for transfers to certain family members and in other limited circumstances. Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes foreach share held of record. The Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to shareholders. Repurchases of Class A Common StockIn August 2011, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 2,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock and, on July 20, 2012, ourBoard of Directors authorized the repurchase of 1,000,000 additional shares of our Class A common stock. Through December 31, 2015, we had purchasedapproximately 1.7 million shares under this program at an average price of $41.34 per share. As of December 31, 2015, 1.3 million shares remained available forpurchase pursuant to this program. These plans do not have an expiration date and we may continue to repurchase shares from time to time as conditions warrant. The following is a summary of our repurchases in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Shares repurchased pursuant to repurchase plan 228,737 226,729 127,900 Total purchase price (in thousands) $24,676 $15,990 $5,213 Average purchase price per share $107.88 $70.52 $40.76 Shares repurchased in association with tax withholdings on the exercise of stock options 77,649 106,772 59,721 F-20 DividendsWe declared and paid dividends on our Class A and Class B Common Stock as follows: Quarter declared Dividendamount perClass A andClass Bshare Total amountof dividend(in thousands) 2013 First quarter $— $— Second quarter 0.13 3,356 Third quarter 0.13 3,363 Fourth quarter 0.13 3,366 2014 First quarter $0.13 $3,378 Second quarter 0.16 4,179 Third quarter 0.16 4,174 Fourth quarter 0.16 4,198 2015 First quarter $0.16 $4,216 Second quarter 0.20 5,266 Third quarter 0.20 5,257 Fourth quarter 0.20 5,246 (1)We declared and paid a dividend payment in December 2012 in lieu of the dividend typically declared and paid in March of the following year. Reclassification From Accumulated Other Comprehensive LossThe reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss was as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Affected Line Itemin the ConsolidatedStatement of Operations Loss on cash flow hedges $(449) $(488) $(740)Floor plan interest expense Income tax benefits 174 187 283 Income tax provision Loss on cash flow hedges, net $(275) $(301) $(457) See Note 11 for more details regarding our derivative contracts. (9)401(k) Profit Sharing, Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Incentive Plans We have a defined contribution 401(k) plan and trust covering substantially all full-time employees. The annual contribution to the plan is at the discretionof our Board of Directors. Contributions of $5.3 million, $3.2 million and $2.1 million were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013,respectively. Employees may contribute to the plan if they meet certain eligibility requirements. We offer a deferred compensation and long-term incentive plan (the “LTIP”) to provide certain employees the ability to accumulate assets for retirementon a tax deferred basis. We may make discretionary contributions to the LTIP. Discretionary contributions vest between one and seven years based on theemployee’s age and position. Additionally, a participant may defer a portion of his or her compensation and receive the deferred amount upon certain events,including termination or retirement. The following is a summary related to our LTIP: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Compensation expense (in millions) $1.8 $1.9 $1.4 Total discretionary contribution (in millions) $2.2 $2.4 $2.1 Guaranteed annual return 5.25% 5.25% 5.25% As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the balance due to participants was $19.7 million and $14.2 million, respectively, and was included as a component ofother long-term liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. F-21(1) (10)Stock-Based Compensation 2009 Employee Stock Purchase PlanThe 2009 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2009 ESPP”) allows for the issuance of 1,500,000 shares of our Class A common stock. The 2009 ESPP isintended to qualify as an “Employee Stock Purchase Plan” under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and is administered by theCompensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Eligible employees are entitled to defer up to 10% of their base pay for the purchase of stock, up to $25,000 of fair market value of our Class A commonstock annually. The purchase price is equal to 85% of the fair market value at the end of the purchase period. Following is information regarding our 2009 ESPP: Year Ended December 31, 2015 Shares purchased pursuant to 2009 ESPP 71,811 Weighted average per share price of shares purchased $90.04 Weighted average per share discount from market value for shares purchased $15.89 As of December 31, 2015 Shares available for purchase pursuant to 2009 ESPP 467,660 Compensation expense related to our 2009 ESPP is calculated based on the 15% discount from the per share market price on the date of grant. 2013 Stock Incentive PlanOur 2013 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, (the “2013 Plan”) allows for the grant of a total of 3.8 million shares in the form of stock appreciation rights,qualified stock options, nonqualified stock options and shares of restricted stock to our officers, key employees, directors and consultants. The 2013 Plan isadministered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors and permits accelerated vesting of outstanding awards upon the occurrence of certainchanges in control. As of December 31, 2015, 1,520,910 shares of Class A common stock were available for future grants. As of December 31, 2015, there were nostock appreciation rights, qualified stock options or shares of restricted stock outstanding. Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)RSU grants vest over a period up to four years from the date of grant. RSU activity was as follows: RSUs Weighted averagegrant date fairvalue Balance, December 31, 2014 464,758 $36.33 Granted 171,185 88.74 Vested (216,833) 62.74 Forfeited (8,036) 57.73 Balance, December 31, 2015 411,074 59.13 We granted 34,903 time-vesting RSUs to members of our Board of Directors and employees in 2015. Each grant entitles the holder to receive shares ofour Class A common stock upon vesting. A quarter of the RSUs vest on each of the four anniversaries of the grant date for employees and vests quarterly for ourBoard of Directors, over their service period. Certain key employees were granted 85,290 performance and time-vesting RSUs in 2015. The RSUs entitled the holder to receive shares based onattaining various target levels of operational performance. Based on the levels of performance achieved in 2015, a weighted average attainment level of 72% forthese RSUs was met. These RSUs will vest over four years from the grant date. Twelve senior executives were also granted 50,992 long-term RSUs which vest based on attaining or exceeding a specified target level of adjusted netincome per share in any fiscal year ending between December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2018. The RSUs will vest on the date the target level is certified. F-22 Stock OptionsStock options become exercisable over a period of up to five years from the date of grant with expiration dates up to ten years from the date of grant and atexercise prices of not less than market value, as determined by the Board of Directors. The expiration date of options granted is six years. Stock option activity was as follows: Sharessubjectto options Weightedaverageexerciseprice Aggregateintrinsicvalue (inmillions) Weightedaverageremainingcontractualterm (in years) Balance, December 31, 2014 6,834 $6.79 $0.5 0.8 Granted — — Forfeited — — Expired (2,000) 3.23 Exercised (4,834) 8.27 Balance, December 31, 2015 — — — — Exercisable, December 31, 2015 — — — — Stock-Based CompensationAs of December 31, 2015, unrecognized stock-based compensation related to outstanding, but unvested RSUs was $10.3 million, which will berecognized over the remaining weighted average vesting period of 1.3 years. Certain information regarding our stock-based compensation was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Per share intrinsic value of non-vested stock granted $88.74 $68.99 $43.13 Weighted average per share discount for compensation expense recognized under the2009 ESPP 15.89 11.92 8.81 Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised (in millions) 0.5 3.1 8.7 Fair value of non-vested stock that vested during the period (in millions) 19.3 18.9 8.4 Stock-based compensation recognized in Consolidated Statements of Operations, as acomponent of selling, general and administrative expense (in millions) 11.9 7.4 6.6 Tax benefit recognized in Consolidated Statements of Operations (in millions) 4.2 2.6 2.3 Cash received from options exercised and shares purchased under all share-basedarrangements (in millions) 6.5 4.9 5.2 Tax deduction realized related to stock options exercised (in millions) 7.6 8.4 6.5 (11)Derivative Financial Instruments From time to time, we enter into interest rate swaps to fix a portion of our interest expense. We do not enter into derivative instruments for any purposeother than to manage interest rate exposure to fluctuations in the one-month LIBOR benchmark. That is, we do not engage in interest rate speculation usingderivative instruments. As of December 31, 2015, we had a $25 million interest rate swap outstanding with U.S. Bank Dealer Commercial Services. This interest rate swapmatures on June 15, 2016 and has a fixed rate of 5.587% per annum. The variable rate on the interest rate swap is the one-month LIBOR rate. At December 31,2015, the one-month LIBOR rate was 0.43% per annum, as reported in the Wall Street Journal. Typically, we designate all interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges and, accordingly, we record the change in fair value for the effective portion of theseinterest rate swaps in comprehensive income rather than net income until the underlying hedged transaction affects net income. If a swap is no longer designated asa cash flow hedge and the forecasted transaction remains probable or reasonably possible of occurring, the gain or loss recorded in accumulated othercomprehensive loss is recognized in income as the forecasted transaction occurs. If the forecasted transaction is probable of not occurring, the gain or loss recordedin accumulated other comprehensive loss is recognized in income immediately. See Note 12. F-23 The estimated amount that we expect to reclassify from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income within the next twelve months is $0.5million at December 31, 2015. The fair value of our derivative instruments was included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows (in thousands): Balance Sheet Information Fair Value of Liability Derivatives Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments Location in BalanceSheet December 31,2015 Interest Rate Swap Contract Accrued liabilities $532 Other long-term liabilities — $532 Balance Sheet Information Fair Value of Liability Derivatives Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments Location in BalanceSheet December 31,2014 Interest Rate Swap Contract Accrued liabilities $1,194 Other long-term liabilities 556 $1,750 The effect of derivative instruments in our Consolidated Statements of Operations was as follows (in thousands): Derivatives in Cash FlowHedging Relationships Amount ofgainrecognized inAccumulated OCI(effectiveportion) Location oflossreclassifiedfromAccumulatedOCI intoIncome(effectiveportion) Amount oflossreclassifiedfromAccumulatedOCI intoIncome(effectiveportion) Location oflossrecognized inIncome onderivative(ineffectiveportion andamountexcludedfromeffectivenesstesting) Amount oflossrecognized inIncome onderivative(ineffectiveportion andamountexcludedfromeffectivenesstesting) For the Year Ended December 31,2015 Interest rate swap contract $599 Floor plan interestexpense $(449)Floor plan interestexpense $(758)For the Year Ended December 31,2014 Interest rate swap contract $505 Floor plan interestexpense $(488)Floor plan interestexpense $(732)For the Year Ended December 31,2013 Interest rate swap contracts $1,005 Floor plan interestexpense $(740)Floor plan interestexpense $(1,235) (12)Fair Value Measurements Factors used in determining the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities are summarized into three broad categories: •Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical securities; •Level 2 - other significant observable inputs, including quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment spreads, credit risk; and •Level 3 - significant unobservable inputs, including our own assumptions in determining fair value. F-24 The inputs or methodology used for valuing financial assets and liabilities are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in them. We use the income approach to determine the fair value of our interest rate swap using observable Level 2 market expectations at each measurement dateand an income approach to convert estimated future cash flows to a single present value amount (discounted) assuming that participants are motivated, but notcompelled, to transact. Level 2 inputs for the swap valuation are limited to quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets (specifically futurescontracts on LIBOR for the first two years) and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (specifically LIBOR cash and swap ratesand credit risk at commonly quoted intervals). Mid-market pricing is used as a practical expedient for fair value measurements. Key inputs, including the cash ratesfor very short term borrowings, futures rates for up to two years and LIBOR swap rates beyond the derivative maturity, are used to predict future reset rates todiscount those future cash flows to present value at the measurement date. Inputs are collected from Bloomberg on the last market day of the period and used to determine the rate applied to discount the future cash flows. Thevaluation of the interest rate swap also takes into consideration estimates of our own, as well as the counterparty’s, risk of non-performance under the contract. SeeNote 8 and 11 for more details regarding our derivative contracts. We estimate the value of our equity-method investment, which is recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, based on a market valuation approach.We use prices and other relevant information generated primarily by recent market transactions involving similar or comparable assets. Because these valuationscontain unobservable inputs, we classified the measurement of fair value of our equity-method investment as Level 3. We estimate the value of other long-lived assets that are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring based on a market valuation approach. We use pricesand other relevant information generated primarily by recent market transactions involving similar or comparable assets, as well as our historical experience indivestitures, acquisitions and real estate transactions. Additionally, we may use a cost valuation approach to value long-lived assets when a market valuationapproach is unavailable. Under this approach, we determine the cost to replace the service capacity of an asset, adjusted for physical and economic obsolescence.When available, we use valuation inputs from independent valuation experts, such as real estate appraisers and brokers, to corroborate our estimates of fair value.Real estate appraisers’ and brokers’ valuations are typically developed using one or more valuation techniques including market, income and replacement costapproaches. Because these valuations contain unobservable inputs, we classified the measurement of fair value of long-lived assets as Level 3. There were no changes to our valuation techniques during the year ended December 31, 2015. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair ValueFollowing are the disclosures related to our assets and (liabilities) that are measured at fair value (in thousands): Fair Value at December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured on a recurring basis: Derivative contract, net $— $532 $— Measured on a non-recurring basis: Equity-method investment $— $— $22,284 Long-lived assets held and used: Certain buildings and improvements — — 6,559 Fair Value at December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured on a recurring basis: Derivative contract, net $— $1,750 $— Measured on a non-recurring basis: Equity-method investment $— $— $33,282 See Note 11 for more details regarding our derivative contracts. F-25 Based on operating losses recognized by the equity-method investment, we determined that an impairment of our investment had occurred.Accordingly, we performed a fair value calculation for this investment and determined that a $16.5 million and $1.9 million impairment, respectively, wasrequired to be recorded as asset impairments in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. SeeNote 18. Fair Value Disclosures for Financial Assets and LiabilitiesWe have fixed rate debt and calculate the estimated fair value of our fixed rate debt using a discounted cash flow methodology. Using estimated currentinterest rates based on a similar risk profile and duration (Level 2), the fixed cash flows are discounted and summed to compute the fair value of the debt. As ofDecember 31, 2015, this debt had maturity dates between November 2016 and October 2034. A summary of the aggregate carrying values and fair values of ourlong-term fixed interest rate debt is as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Carrying value $297,463 $257,780 Fair value 296,961 270,781 We believe the carrying value of our variable rate debt approximates fair value. (13)Income Taxes Income Tax ProvisionIncome tax provision from continuing operations was as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Current: Federal $58,408 $56,342 $46,727 State 14,572 7,944 5,539 72,980 64,286 52,266 Deferred: Federal 6,046 10,433 9,010 State 679 236 (702) 6,725 10,669 8,308 Total $79,705 $74,955 $60,574 At December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had income taxes receivable of $23.8 million and $5.6 million, respectively, included as a component of othercurrent assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The reconciliation between amounts computed using the federal income tax rate of 35% and our income tax provision from continuing operations isshown in the following tabulation (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Federal tax provision at statutory rate $91,947 $73,673 $58,026 State taxes, net of federal income tax benefit 9,357 6,526 3,141 Equity investment basis difference 11,048 1,422 — Non-deductible items 882 1,766 1,010 Permanent differences related to the employee stock purchase program 156 68 55 Net change in valuation allowance (3,303) (4,121) (554)General business credits (29,093) (4,002) (440)Other (1,289) (377) (664)Income tax provision $79,705 $74,955 $60,574 F-26 Deferred TaxesIndividually significant components of the deferred tax assets and (liabilities) are presented below (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Deferred tax assets: Deferred revenue and cancellation reserves $39,323 $31,539 Allowances and accruals, including state tax carryforward amounts 43,185 29,198 Interest on derivatives 206 678 Goodwill 2,581 2,668 Capital loss carryforward 10,414 10,711 Valuation allowance (5,360) (8,663)Total deferred tax assets 90,349 66,131 Deferred tax liabilities: Inventories (21,313) (19,356)Goodwill (31,258) (21,320)Property and equipment, principally due to differences in depreciation (84,355) (67,271)Prepaid expenses and other (6,552) (3,582)Total deferred tax liabilities (143,478) (111,529)Total $(53,129) $(45,398) We consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferredtax assets is dependent upon future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We consider the scheduled reversalof deferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carryback and carryforward periods), projected future taxable income and tax-planning strategies inmaking this assessment. As of December 31, 2015, we had a $5.4 million valuation allowance recorded associated with our deferred tax assets. The majority of this allowance isassociated with capital losses from the sale of corporate entities in prior years. The valuation allowance decreased $3.3 million in the current year primarily as aresult of our equity investment in a partnership with U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation. See also Note 18. As of December 31, 2015, we evaluated the availability of projected capital gains and determined that it continues to be unlikely the remaining capital losscarryforward would be fully utilized. We will continue to evaluate if it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefits of these deductible differences.However, additional valuation allowance amounts could be recorded in the future if estimates of taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced. At December 31, 2015, we had a number of state tax NOL carryforward amounts totaling approximately $2.0 million, tax effected, with expiration datesthrough 2035. We believe that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain state NOL carryforward amounts will not be realized. In recognition of thisrisk, we have provided a valuation allowance of $2.0 million on the deferred tax assets relating to these state NOL carryforwards. Additionally, we have $2.2million, tax effected, in state tax credit carryforwards with expiration dates through 2025. We believe it is more likely than not that the benefits from these state taxcredit carryforwards will be realized. We early adopted the guidance, ASU No. 2015-17, “Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (Topic 740)”, which simplifies the accounting fordeferred taxes in a classified statement of financial position and requires all deferred taxes to be presented as non-current. Adoption of this guidance resulted in areclassification of our net current deferred tax liability to the net non-current deferred tax liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015. Noprior periods were retrospectively adjusted. F-27 Unrecognized Tax BenefitsThe following is a reconciliation of our unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands): Balance, December 31, 2013 $— Acquired with acquisition 1,495 Balance, December 31, 2014 1,495 Decrease related to tax positions taken - prior year (464)Balance, December 31, 2015 $1,031 The unrecognized tax benefits recorded were acquired as part of the acquisition of DCH. We recorded a tax indemnification asset related to theunrecognized tax benefit as we determined the amount would be recoverable from the seller. Because we anticipate settlements and resulting cash payments relatedto the unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months, these amounts are included as a component of accrued liabilities in our Consolidated BalanceSheets. We did not have any activity during 2013 related to unrecognized tax benefits. Open tax years at December 31, 2015 included the following: Federal 2012-2015 18 states 2011-2015 (14)Acquisitions In 2015, we completed the following acquisitions: •On May 14, 2015, we acquired a smart franchise from Smart Center of Omaha. •On July 31, 2015, we acquired Bitterroot Ford in Missoula, Montana. •On August 20, 2015, we acquired Acura of Honolulu in Honolulu, Hawaii. •On September 28, 2015, we acquired Bennett Motors in Great Falls, Montana. •On October 12, 2015, we acquired Crown Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Fiat in Concord, California. •On December 17, 2015, we acquired Barton Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Alfa Fiat in Spokane, Washington. Revenue and operating income contributed by the 2015 acquisitions subsequent to the date of acquisition were as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 Revenue $45,891 Operating income 23 In 2014, we completed the following acquisitions: •On January 31, 2014, we acquired Island Honda in Kahului, Hawaii. •On February 3, 2014, we acquired Stockton Volkswagen in Stockton, California. •On March 5, 2014, we acquired Honolulu Buick GMC Cadillac and Honolulu Volkswagen in Honolulu, Hawaii. •On April 1, 2014, we acquired Corpus Christi Ford in Corpus Christi, Texas. •On June 11, 2014, we acquired Beaverton GMC Buick and Portland Cadillac in Portland, Oregon. •On July 28, 2014, we acquired Bellingham GMC Buick in Bellingham, Washington. •On October 1, 2014, we completed the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the capital stock of DCH, which includes 27 storeslocated in New York, New Jersey and California. •On October 6, 2014, we acquired Harris Nissan in Clovis, California. All acquisitions were accounted for as business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. The results of operations of the acquired storesare included in our Consolidated Financial Statements from the date of acquisition. F-28 The following table summarizes the consideration paid in cash and equity securities for our acquisitions and the amount of identified assets acquired andliabilities assumed as of the acquisition date (in thousands): Consideration paid for year ended December 31, 2015 DCH All otheracquisitions Total2014 Cash paid, net of cash acquired $71,615 $569,995 $89,639 $659,634 Forgiven outstanding note receivable 1,374 — — — Equity securities issued — 19,736 — 19,736 $72,989 $589,731 $89,639 $679,370 Assets acquired and liabilities assumed for year ended December 31, 2015 DCH All otheracquisitions Total2014 Trade receivables, net $36 $63,888 $— $63,888 Inventories 34,374 265,378 48,662 314,040 Franchise value 6,843 72,856 7,377 80,233 Property and equipment 22,118 256,122 17,395 273,517 Other assets 224 20,313 531 20,844 Floor plan notes payable — (24,686) — (24,686)Debt and capital lease obligations (2,160) (52,532) (3,161) (55,693)Deferred taxes, net — (49,651) — (49,651)Other liabilities (2,537) (92,863) (123) (92,986) 58,898 458,825 70,681 529,506 Goodwill 14,091 130,906 18,958 149,864 $72,989 $589,731 $89,639 $679,370 We account for franchise value as an indefinite-lived intangible asset. We expect $14.1 million of the goodwill recognized in 2015 to be deductible for taxpurposes. In 2014, we recorded $1.9 million in acquisition expenses as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statementsof Operations. We did not have any material acquisition-related expenses in 2015 or 2013. The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information as if the acquisitions had occurred on January 1 of the previous year (inthousands, except for per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Revenue $7,999,256 $7,333,480 Income from continuing operations, net of tax 182,131 147,975 Basic income per share from continuing operations, net of tax 6.93 5.66 Diluted income per share from continuing operations, net of tax 6.88 5.61 These amounts have been calculated by applying our accounting policies and estimates. The results of the acquired stores have been adjusted to reflect thefollowing: depreciation on a straight-line basis over the expected lives for property, plant and equipment; accounting for inventory on a specific identificationmethod; and recognition of interest expense for real estate financing related to stores where we purchased the facility. No nonrecurring pro forma adjustmentsdirectly attributable to the acquisitions are included in the reported pro forma revenues and earnings. (15)Discontinued Operations and Assets and Related Liabilities Held for Sale We classify an asset group as held for sale if the location has been sold, we have ceased operations at that location or the store meets the criteria requiredby U.S. generally accepted accounting standards as follows: •our management team, possessing the necessary authority, commits to a plan to sell the store; •the store is available for immediate sale in its present condition; •an active program to locate buyers and other actions that are required to sell the store are initiated; •a market for the store exists and we believe its sale is likely within one year; •active marketing of the store commences at a price that is reasonable in relation to the estimated fair market value; and •our management team believes it is unlikely changes will be made to the plan or the plan to dispose of the store will be withdrawn. F-29 In April 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an accounting standard update that amended the accounting guidance related todiscontinued operations. This amendment defines discontinued operations as a component or group of components that is disposed of or is classified as held forsale and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results. We early adopted this guidance in September2014 and, as a result, determined that individual stores which met the criteria for held for sale after our adoption date would no longer qualify for classification asdiscontinued operations. We had previously reclassified a store’s operations to discontinued operations in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, on acomparable basis for all periods presented, provided we did not expect to have any significant continuing involvement in the store’s operations after its disposal. On May 1, 2014, we completed the sale of one store which had been classified as held for sale since October 2012. This store’s operations have beenreclassified to discontinued operations in our Consolidated Statement of Operations, on a comparable basis for all periods presented. As of December 31, 2014, we had two stores classified as held for sale. We did not have any stores classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2015.Assets held for sale included the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Inventories $— $6,284 Property, plant and equipment — 1,739 Intangible assets — 540 $— $8,563 Liabilities related to assets held for sale included the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Floor plan notes payable $— $4,892 Actual floor plan interest expense for a store classified as discontinued operations is directly related to the store’s new vehicles. Interest expense related toour used vehicle inventory financing and revolving line of credit is allocated based on the working capital level of the store. Interest expense included as acomponent of discontinued operations was as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Floor plan interest $— $32 $117 Other interest — 8 21 Total interest $— $40 $138 Certain financial information related to discontinued operations was as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenue $— $12,569 $38,978 Pre-tax gain (loss) from discontinued operations $— $(467) $1,310 Net gain on disposal activities — 5,744 — 5,277 1,310 Income tax expense — (2,097) (524)Income from discontinued operations, net of income tax expense $— $3,180 $786 Goodwill and other intangible assets disposed of $— $211 $— The net gain on disposal activities in 2014 included a $6.8 million gain related to the disposal of goodwill and other intangible assets. (16)Related Party Transactions Transition AgreementIn September 2015, we entered into a transition agreement with Sidney B. DeBoer, our Executive Chairman, which provides him certain benefits until hisdeath. The agreement has an effective date of January 1, 2016 with the initial payment of these benefits beginning in the third quarter of 2016. F-30 We recorded a charge of $18.3 million in 2015 as a component of selling, general and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statement of Operationsrelated to the present value of estimated future payments due pursuant to this agreement. We believe that this estimate is reasonable; however, actual cash flowscould differ materially. We will periodically evaluate whether significant changes in our assumptions have occurred and record an adjustment if future expectedcash flows are significantly different than the reserve recorded. As of December 31, 2015, the balance associated with this agreement was $18.3 million and was included as a component of accrued liabilities and otherlong-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Sale of LandIn the fourth quarter of 2013, we completed the sale of land in Medford, Oregon to Dick Heimann for $4.2 million. Mr. Heimann relocated stores hepurchased from us in 2012 to this location. We determined the fair value of the land based on a third party appraisal for the property. The sale resulted in a gain of$2.5 million, recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. (17)Net Income Per Share of Class A and Class B Common Stock We compute net income per share of Class A and Class B common stock using the two-class method. Under this method, basic net income per share iscomputed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period excluding unvested common shares subject to repurchase orcancellation. Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares and, if dilutive, potential common shares outstandingduring the period. Potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and unvested restricted sharessubject to repurchase or cancellation. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and other grants is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of thetreasury stock method. The computation of the diluted net income per share of Class A common stock assumes the conversion of Class B common stock, while thediluted net income per share of Class B common stock does not assume the conversion of those shares. Except with respect to voting and transfer rights, the rights of the holders of our Class A and Class B common stock are identical. Our Restated Articles ofIncorporation require that the Class A and Class B common stock must share equally in any dividends, liquidation proceeds or other distribution with respect to ourcommon stock and the Articles of Incorporation can only be amended by a vote of the stockholders. Additionally, Oregon law provides that amendments to ourArticles of Incorporation, which would have the effect of adversely altering the rights, powers or preferences of a given class of stock, must be approved by theclass of stock adversely affected by the proposed amendment. As a result, the undistributed earnings for each year are allocated based on the contractualparticipation rights of the Class A and Class B common shares as if the earnings for the year had been distributed. Because the liquidation and dividend rights areidentical, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis. F-31 Following is a reconciliation of the income from continuing operations and weighted average shares used for our basic earnings per share (“EPS”) anddiluted EPS (in thousands, except per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Basic EPS Class A Class B Class A Class B Class A Class B Numerator: Income from continuing operationsapplicable to common stockholders $165,172 $17,827 $122,246 $13,294 $94,532 $10,682 Distributed income applicable to commonstockholders (18,038) (1,947) (14,367) (1,562) (9,061) (1,024)Basic undistributed income from continuingoperations applicable to commonstockholders $147,134 $15,880 $107,879 $11,732 $85,471 $9,658 Denominator: Weighted average number of shares out-standing used to calculate basic income pershare 23,729 2,561 23,559 2,562 23,185 2,620 Basic income from continuing operations pershare applicable to common stockholders $6.96 $6.96 $5.19 $5.19 $4.08 $4.08 Basic distributed income per share applicableto common stockholders (0.76) (0.76) (0.61) (61) (0.39) (0.39)Basic undistributed income from continuingoperations per share applicable to commonstockholders $6.20 $6.20 $4.58 $4.58 $3.69 $3.69 F-32 Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Diluted EPS Class A Class B Class A Class B Class A Class B Numerator: Distributed income applicable to commonstockholders $18,038 $1,947 $14,367 $1,562 $9,061 $1,024 Reallocation of distributed income as a resultof conversion of dilutive stock options 15 (15) 15 (15) 15 (15)Reallocation of distributed income due toconversion of Class B to Class A 1,932 — 1,547 — 1,009 — Diluted distributed income applicable tocommon stockholders $19,985 $1,932 $15,929 $1,547 $10,085 $1,009 Undistributed income from continuingoperations applicable to commonstockholders $147,134 $15,880 $107,879 $11,732 $85,471 $9,658 Reallocation of undistributed income as aresult of conversion of dilutive stock options 120 (120) 116 (116) 142 (142)Reallocation of undistributed income due toconversion of Class B to Class A 15,760 — 11,616 — 9,516 — Diluted undistributed income from continuingoperations applicable to commonstockholders $163,014 $15,760 $119,611 $11,616 $95,129 $9,516 Denominator: Weighted average number of sharesoutstanding used to calculate basic incomeper share 23,729 2,561 23,559 2,562 23,185 2,620 Weighted average number of shares fromstock options 200 — 261 — 386 — Conversion of Class B to Class A 2,561 — 2,562 — 2,620 — Weighted average number of sharesoutstanding used to calculate diluted incomeper share 26,490 2,561 26,382 2,562 26,191 2,620 Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Diluted EPS Class A Class B Class A Class B Class A Class B Diluted income from continuing operationsper share available to common stockholders $6.91 $6.91 $5.14 $5.14 $4.02 $4.02 Diluted distributed income from continuingoperations per share applicable to commonstockholders (0.76) (0.76) (0.61) (0.61) (0.39) (0.39)Diluted undistributed income from continuingoperations per share applicable to commonstockholders $6.15 $6.15 $4.53 $4.53 $3.63 $3.63 Antidilutive Securities: Shares issuable pursuant to stock options notincluded since they were antidilutive 16 — 13 — 16 — F-33 (18)Equity-Method Investment In October 2014, we acquired a 99.9% membership interest in a limited liability company managed by U.S. Bancorp Community DevelopmentCorporation with an initial equity contribution of $4.1 million. We made additional equity contributions to the entity of $22.8 million in 2015. We are obligated tomake $49.8 million of total contributions to the entity over a two-year period ending October 2016, $26.9 million of which had been made as of December 31,2015. This investment generates new markets tax credits under the New Markets Tax Credit Program (“NMTC Program”). The NMTC Program was establishedby Congress in 2000 to spur new or increased investments into operating businesses and real estate projects located in low-income communities. While U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation exercises management control over the limited liability company, due to the economic interestwe hold in the entity, we determined our ownership portion of the entity was appropriately accounted for using the equity method. The following amounts related to this equity-method investment were recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Carrying value, recorded as a component of other non-current assets $22,284 $33,282 Present value of obligation associated with future equity contributions, recorded as a componentof accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities 22,511 32,177 The following amounts related to this equity-method investment were recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Asset impairments to write investment down to fair value $16,521 $1,853 $— Our portion of the partnership’s operating losses 6,929 1,160 — Non-cash interest expense related to the amortization of the discounted fair value of futureequity contributions 674 152 — Tax benefits and credits generated 30,832 6,506 — F-34 (19)Segments Certain financial information on a segment basis is as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenues: Domestic $3,034,849 $2,566,473 $2,145,478 Import 3,334,983 1,893,034 1,225,800 Luxury 1,490,632 926,856 629,521 7,860,464 5,386,363 4,000,799 Corporate and other 3,788 3,963 4,950 $7,864,252 $5,390,326 $4,005,749 Segment income*: Domestic $115,525 $96,888 $84,500 Import 98,371 50,870 40,264 Luxury 36,391 25,448 16,133 250,287 173,206 140,897 Corporate and other 74,514 71,195 50,283 Depreciation and amortization (41,600) (26,363) (20,035)Other interest expense (19,491) (10,742) (8,350)Other (expense) income, net (1,006) 3,199 2,993 Income from continuing operations before income taxes $262,704 $210,495 $165,788 *Segment income for each of the segments is defined as Income from continuing operations before income taxes, depreciation and amortization, other interestexpense and other (expense) income, net. Floor plan interest expense: Domestic $20,970 $17,852 $15,223 Import 15,051 9,439 6,475 Luxury 9,096 5,098 3,931 45,117 32,389 25,629 Corporate and other (25,583) (18,528) (13,256) $19,534 $13,861 $12,373 December 31, 2015 2014 Total assets: Domestic $985,374 $829,721 Import 725,011 698,015 Luxury 475,305 405,222 Corporate and other 1,041,609 947,974 $3,227,299 $2,880,932 (20)Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued accounting standards update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which amends the accountingguidance related to revenues. This amendment will replace most of the existing revenue recognition guidance when it becomes effective. The new standard, asamended in July 2015, is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and entities are allowed to adopt the standard as early as annual periodsbeginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. Weare evaluating the effect this amendment will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and believe the financial impact is not material.We have not yet selected a transition method. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, “Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (Topic 330).” ASU 2015-11 simplifies the accounting for thevaluation of all inventory not accounted for using the last-in, first-out method by prescribing inventory be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. ASU2015-11 is effective for public companies' annual periods, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016 on a prospectivebasis. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2015-11 to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cashflows. F-35 In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16, “Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments.” This guidance eliminated therequirement for retrospective adjustments to financial statements for measurement-period adjustments that occur after a business combination is consummated.ASU 2015-16 is effective for public companies' annual periods, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015 on aprospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2015-16 to have any effect on our financial position, results of operations orcash flows. (21)Subsequent Events Common Stock DividendOn February 22, 2016, our Board of Directors approved a dividend of $0.20 per share on our Class A and Class B common stock related to our fourthquarter 2015 financial results. The dividend will total approximately $5.1 million and will be paid on March 25, 2016 to shareholders of record on March 11, 2016. Repurchases of Class A Common StockIn 2016 to date, we have repurchased approximately 594,123 shares at a weighted average price of $79.11 per share. As of February 26, 2016, under ourexisting share repurchase authorization, approximately 677,364 shares remain available for purchase. AcquisitionsOn January 26, 2016, we acquired the inventory, equipment and intangible assets of Riverside Subaru in Riverside, California. We paid $3.6 million incash for this acquisition. On February 1, 2016, we acquired the inventory, equipment and intangible assets of Ira Toyota / Scion of Milford, Massachusetts. We paid $6.5 million incash for this acquisition. Litigation On February 12, 2016, Marty A. Jessos, a Lithia shareholder, filed derivative claims on behalf of Lithia against its Board of Directors, also listing Lithiaas a nominal defendant. The case, Jessos v. DeBoer, et al. , is pending in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon for Multnomah County. Mr. Jessos’ claims arevery similar to those made by Shiva Y. Stein in the Stein Litigation described in Note 7, relating to the adoption of the transition agreement between Lithia andSidney B. DeBoer. Mr. Jessos alleges that Lithia's directors breached their fiduciary duties of loyalty and due care, and wasted corporate assets, when theyapproved the agreement with Sidney B. DeBoer. Mr. Jessos also alleges a claim against Sidney B. DeBoer, asserting that he has been unjustly enriched by theagreement. Mr. Jessos is seeking relief in the amount of damages allegedly sustained by Lithia as a result of the alleged breaches of fiduciary duty and allegedcorporate waste, disgorgement and imposition of a constructive trust on all property and profits Sidney B. DeBoer received as a result of the alleged wrongfulconduct, and an award of the costs and disbursements of the lawsuit, including reasonable attorneys fees, costs, and expenses. The Board and Mr. DeBoer aredefending themselves against Mr. Jessos’s allegations. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of this legal proceeding will have a material adverse effecton our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows, we cannot predict this with certainty. F-36Exhibit 10.3.3 (Senior Executives, 2016 Performance- and Time-vesting) LITHIA MOTORS, INC.RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT(2016 Performance- and Time-vesting) This Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (“ Agreement ”) is entered into pursuant to the 2013 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (the “ Plan ”)adopted by the Board of Directors and shareholders of Lithia Motors, Inc., an Oregon corporation (the “ Company ”), as amended from time to time. Unlessotherwise defined herein, capitalized terms in this Agreement have the meanings given to them in the Plan. Any inconsistency between this Agreement and theterms and conditions of the Plan will be resolved in favor of the Plan. Compensation paid pursuant to this Agreement is intended to qualify as performance-basedcompensation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “ Code ”). “Recipient” [ ] Number of Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)[ ] “Date of Grant”[_______________], 20[___] 1 .GRANT OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AWARD 1.1 The Grant. The Company hereby awards to Recipient, and Recipient hereby accepts, the RSUs specified above on the terms and conditions setforth in this Agreement and the Plan (the “ Award ”). Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of Class A Common Stock of the Company (a “ Share ”)on an applicable Settlement Date, as defined in Section 1.3 of this Agreement, subject to the terms of this Agreement and the Plan. 1.2 Forfeiture; Vesting; Clawback . The RSUs are subject to forfeiture in accordance with the performance criteria specified in Section 1.2(a) of thisAgreement. Any RSUs not forfeited will vest according to the schedule set forth in Section 1.2(b) of this Agreement. The RSUs, the Shares issued upon vesting ofthe RSUs and any proceeds received upon the sale of the Shares are subject to recovery by the Company as specified in Section 1.2(c) of this Agreement. (a) Forfeiture . (i) The RSUs are subject to forfeiture based on the Company’s 2016 pro forma earnings per share, calculated as specified in Section 1.2(a)(iii)of this Agreement (the “ 2016 Pro Forma EPS ”). The number of RSUs that will be forfeited is determined according to the highest earnings per share thresholdset forth on the table below (each, an “ EPS Threshold ”) that the 2016 Pro Forma EPS meets or exceeds. The table below specifies the applicable percentage ofRSUs that will be retained (the “ Earned RSUs ”), subject to adjustment as provided in Section 1.2(a)(ii), at the specified EPS Threshold. When the Committeecertifies the number of Earned RSUs as provided in Section 1.2(a)(iii), all RSUs that are not Earned RSUs will be forfeited. EPS ThresholdPercentage of Earned RSUs$ 7.72 (highest)100.0%$ 7.5395.0%$ 7.3590.0%$ 7.1785.0%$ 6.9880.0%$ 0.0150.0%$ 0.00 or negative 2016 Pro FormaEPS (lowest)0.0% (Senior Executives, 2016 Performance- and Time-vesting) (ii) If the 2016 Pro Forma EPS is at least $6.98 and falls between the EPS Thresholds specified in the table above, the percentage of EarnedRSUs will be determined on a pro-rata basis and the number of Earned RSUs will be rounded to the nearest whole RSU. If the 2016 Pro Forma EPS is positive butless than $6.98, the percentage of Earned RSUs will not exceed 50.0%. Example 1: If the 2016 Pro Forma EPS is $7.26, the percentage of Earned RSUs would be 85.0% plus an additional percentage calculated asfollows: (a) the amount by which 2016 Pro Forma EPS exceeds the highest applicable EPS Threshold multiplied by (b) a fraction, (i) thenumerator of which is 5.0% and the (ii) denominator of which is the difference between the highest applicable EPS Threshold and the next-highest EPS Threshold that was exceeded (in this example, $7.35 - $7.17 = $0.18): $0.09 (5.0%/$0.18) = 2.5% The resulting percentage of Earned RSUs correlating to an EPS of $7.26 would be 87.5%. If the Award were 1,000 RSUs, the numberof Earned RSUs would be 87.5% of 1,000, or 875 RSUs. The number of forfeited RSUs would be 1,000 minus 875, or 125. TheEarned RSUs would be subject to the vesting according to the schedule specified in Section 1.2(b) of this Agreement. (iii) The 2016 Pro Forma EPS will be calculated by deducting from the Company’s consolidated diluted income (loss) per share, as set forth inthe audited consolidated statement of income for the Company and its subsidiaries for the 2016 fiscal year, non-operational transactions or disposal activities, forexample: i.asset impairment and disposal gain; ii.gains or losses on the sale of real estate or stores; iii.gains or losses on equity investment; iv.reserves for real estate leases, Company-owned service contracts (e.g., lifetime oil), and legal matters; and v.related income tax adjustments for any of the above. As soon as practicable, the Director of Internal Audit of the Company shall calculate the 2016 Pro Forma EPS, and shall submit those calculations to theCommittee. At or prior to the regularly scheduled meeting of the Committee held in the first fiscal quarter of 2017, the Committee shall certify in writing (whichmay consist of approved minutes of the meeting) the 2016 Pro Forma EPS and the number of Earned RSUs. Unless otherwise required under this Agreement, noShares or other amounts shall be delivered or paid unless the Committee certifies the 2016 Pro Forma EPS and the number of Earned RSUs. The Committee mayreduce the amount of the compensation payable upon the attainment of the performance goals based on such factors as it deems appropriate, including subjectivefactors. 2 (Senior Executives, 2016 Performance- and Time-vesting) (b) Vesting . Subject to the continued employment of Recipient with the Company or any Subsidiary, (i) 25% of the Earned RSUs shall vest on the datethat the Committee certifies the number of Earned RSUs and (ii) the remaining Earned RSUs shall vest on the dates set forth in the table below (each, a “ VestingDate ”). The number of Shares to which Recipient is entitled on each Vesting Date shall be rounded up to the nearest whole Share (except for the last Vesting Date,on which all remaining RSUs shall vest). Vesting DateVesting ofAwardJanuary 1, 201825%January 1, 201925%January 1, 202025% Example 2: If there are 875 Earned RSUs, and the Committee certifies the number of Earned RSUs on February 1, 2017, the Earned RSUswould vest and entitle Recipient to receive Shares, subject to continued employment, as follows. Vesting DateVesting ofAwardShares February 1, 201725%219 January 1, 201825%219 January 1, 201925%219 January 1, 202025%218 (c) Clawback . If the Company’s financial statements are restated at any time within three years after the Committee certifies the number of EarnedRSUs under Section 1.2(a)(iii) of this Agreement, the 2016 Pro Forma EPS shall be recalculated (the resulting number, the “ Recalculated 2016 Pro Forma EPS”) based on the restated financial statements. If, based on the Company’s restated financial statements, the Recalculated 2016 Pro Forma EPS is less than the 2016Pro Forma EPS that the Committee previously certified, (i) any Earned RSUs subject to vesting shall be adjusted to reflect the number of RSUs that would havebeen Earned RSUs based on the Recalculated 2016 Pro Forma EPS and (ii) Recipient shall repay to the Company (1) a number of Shares calculated by subtractingthe number of Shares Recipient should have received based on the Recalculated 2016 Pro Forma EPS from the number of Shares Recipient received under thisAward (the “ Excess Shares ”) and (2) any dividend paid on the Excess Shares (the “ Excess Dividends ”). If any Excess Shares are sold by Recipient before theCompany’s demand for repayment (including any Shares withheld for taxes under Section 4 of this Agreement), in lieu of repaying the Company the Excess Sharesthat were sold Recipient shall repay to the Company 100% of the proceeds of such sale or sales. The Committee may, in its sole discretion, reduce the amount to berepaid by Recipient to take into account the tax consequences of such repayment for Recipient. No additional RSUs shall be deemed Earned RSUs based onRecalculated 2016 Pro Forma EPS. If any portion of the Excess Shares and Excess Dividends was deferred under the RSU Deferral Plan effective January 1, 2012 (the “ Deferral Plan ”),that portion shall be recovered by canceling the amounts so deferred under the Deferral Plan and any dividends or other earnings credited under the Deferral Planwith respect to such cancelled amounts. The Company may seek direct repayment from Recipient of any Excess Shares, Excess Dividends and proceeds not sorecovered and may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, offset such amounts against any compensation or other amounts owed by the Company to Recipient.In particular, such amounts may be recovered by offset against the after-tax proceeds of deferred compensation payouts under the Company’s DeferredCompensation Plan, the Company’s Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan at the times such deferred compensation payouts occur under the terms of thoseplans. Amounts that remain unpaid for more than 60 days after demand by the Company shall accrue interest at the rate used from time to time for crediting interestunder the Deferred Compensation Plan. 3 (Senior Executives, 2016 Performance- and Time-vesting) 1.3 Settlement of Earned RSUs. There is no obligation for the Company to make payments or distributions with respect to RSUs except, subject to theterms and conditions of this Agreement, the issuance of Shares to settle vested RSUs after the applicable Vesting Date . The Company’s issuance of one Share foreach vested Earned RSU (“ Settlement ”) may be subject to such conditions, restrictions and contingencies as the Committee shall determine. Unless receipt of theShares is validly deferred pursuant to the Deferral Plan, and except as otherwise provided in any Amended Employment and Change in Control Agreement betweenthe Company and Recipient (as the same may be amended and/or restated from time to time), Earned RSUs shall be settled as soon as practicable after theapplicable Vesting Date (each date of Settlement, a “ Settlement Date ”), but in no event later than March 15 of the calendar year following the calendar year inwhich the Vesting Date occurs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the payment dates set forth in this Section 1.3 have been specified for the purpose of complyingwith the short-term deferral exception under Code Section 409A, and to the extent payments are made during the periods permitted under Code Section 409A(including applicable periods before or after the specified payment dates set forth in this Section 1.3), the Company shall be deemed to have satisfied its obligationsunder the Plan and shall be deemed not to be in breach of its payment obligations hereunder . 1.4 Termination of Recipient’s Employment. (a) Voluntary or Involuntary Termination . Except as otherwise provided in this Section 1.4, if Recipient’s employment with the Company or anySubsidiary terminates as a result of a voluntary or involuntary termination, all outstanding unvested RSUs (whether or not determined to be Earned RSUs) shallimmediately be forfeited. Recipient shall not be treated as terminating employment if Recipient is on an approved leave of absence. (b) Death . If Recipient’s employment with the Company or any Subsidiary terminates as a result of Recipient’s death that occurs on or after January 1,2017, Recipient shall become vested in a prorated number of Earned RSUs. The prorated portion of the Earned RSUs that is vested as of Recipient’s death shall bethe total number of Earned RSUs multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which shall be the number of full months elapsed from the Date of Grant through thedate of Recipient’s death, and the denominator of which shall be 48. The Vesting Date for additional RSUs vesting under this Section 1.4(b) shall be the date ofRecipient’s death. Payment upon death shall be the total number of shares vested as a result of this Section 1.4(b), reduced by the number of Shares previouslydelivered to Recipient. (c) Disability . If Recipient becomes Disabled while employed by the Company or a Subsidiary, Earned RSUs shall continue to vest as scheduled inSection 1.2 of this Agreement for so long as Recipient remains Disabled. If Recipient dies while Disabled, Section 1.4(b) of this Agreement shall apply. (d) Qualified Retirement . If Recipient terminates employment due to a Qualified Retirement that occurs on or after January 1, 2017, Recipient shallbecome vested in a prorated number of Earned RSUs. A “ Qualified Retirement ” means Recipient voluntarily terminates employment on or after Recipientattains age 65 and has at least four complete years of employment with the Company or a Subsidiary. The prorated portion of the Earned RSUs that is vested as ofRecipient’s Qualified Retirement shall be the total number of Earned RSUs multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which shall be the number of full monthselapsed from the Date of Grant through the date of Recipient’s Qualified Retirement, and the denominator of which shall be 48. The Vesting Date for additionalRSUs vesting under this Section 1.4(d) shall be the date of Recipient’s Qualified Retirement. Payment upon Qualified Retirement shall be the total number ofshares vested as a result of this Section 1.4(d), reduced by the number of Shares previously delivered to Recipient. 4 (Senior Executives, 2016 Performance- and Time-vesting) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, in no event will any Settlement occur prior to the applicable Vesting Date (i.e., the Vesting Date setforth in Section 1.2 unless the Vesting Date is earlier pursuant to Section 1.4 as a result of Recipient’s death or Qualified Retirement). 2. REPRESENTATIONS AND COVENANTS OF RECIPIENT 2.1 No Representations by or on Behalf of the Company. Recipient is not relying on any representation, warranty or statement made by theCompany or any agent, employee or officer, director, shareholder or other controlling person of the Company regarding the RSUs or this Agreement. 2.2 Tax Considerations. The Company has advised Recipient to seek Recipient’s own tax and financial advice with regard to the federal and state taxconsiderations resulting from Recipient’s receipt of the Award, the vesting of the Award and Recipient’s receipt of the Shares upon Settlement of the vested portionof the Award. Recipient understands that the Company, to the extent required by law, will report to appropriate taxing authorities the payment to Recipient ofcompensation income upon the grant, vesting and/or Settlement of RSUs under the Award and Recipient shall be solely responsible for the payment of all federaland state taxes resulting from such grant, vesting and/or Settlement. 2.3 Agreement to Enter into Lock-Up Agreement with an Underwriter. Recipient understands and agrees that whenever the Company undertakes afirmly underwritten public offering of its securities, Recipient will, if requested to do so by the managing underwriter in such offering, enter into an agreement notto sell or dispose of any securities of the Company owned or controlled by Recipient, including any of the RSUs or the Shares, provided that such restriction willnot extend beyond 12 months from the effective date of the registration statement filed in connection with such offering. 3. GENERAL RESTRICTIONS OF TRANSFERS OF RSUS 3.1 No Transfers of RSUs. Recipient agrees for himself or herself and his or her executors, administrators and other successors in interest that none ofthe RSUs, nor any interest therein, may be voluntarily or involuntarily sold, transferred, assigned, donated, pledged, hypothecated or otherwise disposed of,gratuitously or for consideration. 3.2 Award Adjustments. The number of RSUs granted under this Award shall, at the discretion of the Committee, be subject to adjustment under thePlan in the event the outstanding shares of Common Stock are hereafter increased, decreased, changed into or exchanged for a different number or kind of shares ofCommon Stock or for other securities of the Company or of another corporation, by reason of any reorganization, merger, consolidation, reclassification, stock splitup, combination of shares of Common Stock, or dividend payable in shares of Common Stock or other securities of the Company. If Recipient receives anyadditional RSUs pursuant to the Plan, such additional (or other) RSUs shall be deemed granted hereunder and shall be subject to the same restrictions andobligations on the RSUs as originally granted as imposed by this Agreement. 3.3 Invalid Transfers. Any disposition of the RSUs other than in strict compliance with the provisions of this Agreement shall be void. 5 (Senior Executives, 2016 Performance- and Time-vesting) 4. PAYMENT OF TAX WITHHOLDING AMOUNTS . To the extent the Company is responsible for withholding income taxes, Recipient must pay tothe Company or make adequate provision for the payment of all Tax Withholding. If any RSUs are scheduled to vest during a period in which trading is notpermitted under the Company’s insider trading policy, to satisfy the Tax Withholding requirement, Recipient irrevocably elects to settle the Tax Withholdingobligation by the Company withholding a number of Shares otherwise deliverable upon vesting having a market value sufficient to satisfy the statutory minimumtax withholding of Recipient. If the Company later determines that additional Tax Withholding was or has become required beyond any amount paid or providedfor by Recipient, Recipient will pay such additional amount to the Company immediately upon demand by the Company. If Recipient fails to pay the amountdemanded, the Company may withhold that amount from other amounts payable by the Company to Recipient. 5. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 5.1 Amendment and Modification. Except as otherwise provided by the Plan, this Agreement may be amended, modified and supplemented only bywritten agreement of all of the parties hereto. 5.2 Assignment. This Agreement and all of the provisions hereof shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respectivesuccessors and permitted assigns, but neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, interests or obligations hereunder shall be assigned by Recipient without theprior written consent of the Company. 5.3 Governing Law. To the extent not preempted by federal law, this Agreement and the rights and obligations of the parties hereunder shall begoverned by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of Oregon applicable to the construction and enforcement of contracts wholly executedin Oregon by residents of Oregon and wholly performed in Oregon. Any action or proceeding brought by any party hereto shall be brought only in a state or federalcourt of competent jurisdiction located in the County of Multnomah in the State of Oregon and all parties hereto hereby submit to the in personal jurisdiction ofsuch court for purposes of any such action or procedure. 5.4 Arbitration . The parties agree to submit any dispute arising under this Agreement to final, binding, private arbitration in Portland, Oregon. Thisincludes not only disputes about the meaning or performance of this Agreement, but disputes about its negotiation, drafting or execution. The dispute will bedetermined by a single arbitrator in accordance with the then-existing rules of arbitration procedure of Multnomah County, Oregon Circuit Court, except that thereshall be no right of de novo review in Circuit Court and the arbitrator may charge his or her standard arbitration fees rather than the fees prescribed in theMultnomah County Circuit Court arbitration procedures. The proceeding will be commenced by the filing of a civil complaint in Multnomah County Circuit Courtand a simultaneous request for transfer to arbitration. The parties expressly agree that they may choose an arbitrator who is not on the list provided by theMultnomah County Circuit Court Arbitration Department, but if they are unable to agree upon the single arbitrator within 10 days of receipt of the ArbitrationDepartment list, they will ask the Arbitration Department to make the selection for them. The arbitrator will have full authority to determine all issues, includingarbitrability; to award any remedy, including permanent injunctive relief; and to determine any request for costs and expenses in accordance with Section 5.5 of thisAgreement. The arbitrator’s award may be reduced to final judgment in Multnomah County Circuit Court. The complaining party shall bear the arbitrationexpenses and may seek their recovery if it prevails. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, an aggrieved party may seek a temporary restrainingorder or preliminary injunction in Multnomah County Circuit Court to preserve the status quo during the arbitration proceeding. 5.5 Attorney Fees . If any suit, action or proceeding is instituted in connection with any controversy arising out of this Agreement or the enforcementof any right hereunder, the prevailing party will be entitled to recover, in addition to costs, such sums as the court or arbitrator may adjudge reasonable as attorneyfees, including fees on any appeal. 5.6 Headings. The headings of the sections and subsections of this Agreement are inserted for convenience only and shall not constitute a part hereof. 6 (Senior Executives, 2016 Performance- and Time-vesting) 5.7 Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the Plan embody the entire agreement and understanding of the parties hereto in respect of the subjectmatter contained herein and supersedes all prior written or oral communications or agreements all of which are merged herein. There are no restrictions, promises,warranties, covenants or undertakings, other than those expressly set forth or referred to herein. 5.8 No Waiver. No waiver of any provision of this Agreement or any rights or obligations of any party hereunder shall be effective, except pursuant toa written instrument signed by the party or parties waiving compliance, and any such waiver shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the specificpurpose stated in such writing. 5.9 Severability of Provisions. In the event that any provision hereof is found invalid or unenforceable pursuant to judicial decree or decision, theremainder of this Agreement shall remain valid and enforceable according to its terms. 5.10 Incorporation by Reference, Etc. The provisions of the Plan are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Except as otherwise set forth herein,this Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the provisions of the Plan and any interpretations, amendments, rules and regulations promulgated by theCommittee from time to time pursuant to the Plan. The Committee shall have the final authority to interpret and construe the Plan and this Agreement and to makeany and all determinations under them, and its decision shall be final, binding and conclusive upon Recipient and his or her legal representative in respect to anyquestions arising under the Plan or this Agreement. 5.11 Notices. All notices or other communications pursuant to this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed duly given if delivered personallyor by courier service, or if mailed by certified mail, return receipt requested, prepaid and addressed to the Company executive offices to the attention of theCorporate Secretary, or if to Recipient, to the address maintained by the personnel department, or such other address as such party shall have furnished to the otherparty in writing. 5.12 Acceptance of Agreement. Unless Recipient notifies the Corporate Secretary in writing within 14 days after the Date of Grant that Recipient doesnot wish to accept this Agreement, Recipient will be deemed to have accepted this Agreement and will be bound by the terms of this Agreement and the Plan. 5.13 No Right of Employment. Nothing contained in the Plan or this Agreement shall be construed as giving Recipient any right to be retained, in anyposition, as an employee of the Company or any Subsidiary. [ Remainder of this page left blank intentionally .] 7 (Senior Executives, 2016 Performance- and Time-vesting) Recipient and the Company have executed this Agreement effective as of the Date of Grant. RECIPIENT Signature Type or Print Name: Social Security Number: COMPANYLITHIA MOTORS, INC. By: Name: Title: * Please take the time to read and understand this Agreement. If you have any specific questions or do not fully understand any of the provisions, pleasecontact Larissa McAlister in writing. 8Exhibit 10.3.4 (Executives, 2015 Long-term Performance-vesting; $8.00 EPS Award) LITHIA MOTORS, INC.RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT(2015 Long-term Performance-vesting) ($8.00 EPS Award) This Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (“ Agreement ”) is entered into pursuant to the 2013 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (the “ Plan ”)adopted by the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Lithia Motors, Inc., an Oregon corporation (the “ Company ”), as amended from time to time. Unlessotherwise defined herein, capitalized terms in this Agreement have the meanings given to them in the Plan. Any inconsistency between this Agreement and theterms and conditions of the Plan will be resolved in favor of the Plan. Compensation paid pursuant to this Agreement is intended to qualify as performance-basedcompensation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “ Code ”). “Recipient” [ ] Number of Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)[ ] “Date of Grant”[_______________], 20[___] 1 .GRANT OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AWARD 1.1 The Grant. The Company hereby awards to Recipient and Recipient accepts the RSUs specified above on the terms and conditions set forth inthis Agreement and the Plan (the “ Award ”). Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of Class A Common Stock of the Company (a “ Share ”) on theSettlement Date (as defined in Section 1.4 of this Agreement), subject to the terms of this Agreement and the Plan. 1.2 Forfeiture; Vesting . (a) Forfeiture. The RSUs are subject to forfeiture in accordance with the performance criteria specified in Section 1.2(b) of this Agreement.On March 15, 2019, any RSUs that are not vested will be forfeited. (b) Vesting. Subject to the continued employment of Recipient with the Company or any Subsidiary, the RSUs shall vest, and no longer besubject to forfeiture, on the date that the Committee certifies that the Company’s Pro Forma EPS (as defined in Section 1.2(c)) for the Company’s most recentlycompleted fiscal year met or exceeded $8.00 (the “ EPS Threshold ”). (c) Calculation of Pro Forma EPS . “ Pro Forma EPS ” means the Company’s consolidated diluted income (loss) per share, as set forth inthe audited consolidated statement of income for the Company and its subsidiaries for the fiscal year, excluding non-operational transactions or disposal activities,for example: i.asset impairment and disposal gain; ii.gains or losses on the sale of real estate or stores; iii.gains or losses on equity investment; and iv.reserves for real estate leases, Company-owned service contracts (e.g., lifetime oil), and legal matters; and v.related income tax adjustments. (Executives, 2015 Long-term Performance-vesting; $8.00 EPS Award) As soon as practicable after each fiscal year, the Director of Internal Audit of the Company shall calculate the Pro Forma EPS, and shall submit thosecalculations to the Committee. At or prior to the regularly scheduled meeting of the Committee held in the first fiscal quarter, the Committee shall certify in writing(which may consist of approved minutes of the meeting) the Pro Forma EPS attained for the prior fiscal year. No Shares or other amounts shall be delivered or paidunless the Committee certifies the Pro Forma EPS. The Committee may reduce the amount of the compensation payable upon the attainment of the performancegoals based on such factors as it deems appropriate, including subjective factors. 1.3 Clawback. If the Company’s financial statements are restated within three years after it is determined that the EPS Threshold has been met orexceeded, the EPS for the applicable period shall be recalculated (the resulting number, the “ Recalculated EPS ”) based on the Company’s restated financialstatements. If the Recalculated EPS is less than the EPS calculated before the Company’s financial statements were restated, Recipient shall repay to the Company(a) the number of Shares calculated by subtracting the number of Shares Recipient would have received based on the Recalculated EPS from the number of SharesRecipient received (the “ Excess Shares ”) and (b) any dividend paid on the Excess Shares (the “ Excess Dividends ”). If any Excess Shares are sold by Recipientbefore the Company’s demand for repayment (including any Shares withheld for taxes under Section 4 of this Agreement), in lieu of repaying the Company theExcess Shares that were sold Recipient shall repay to the Company 100% of the proceeds of such sale or sales. The Committee may, in its sole discretion, reducethe amount to be repaid by Recipient to take into account the tax consequences of such repayment for Recipient. If any portion of the Excess Shares and Excess Dividends was deferred under the RSU Deferral Plan effective January 1, 2012 (the “ Deferral Plan ”),that portion shall be recovered by canceling the amounts so deferred under the Deferral Plan and any dividends or other earnings credited under the Deferral Planwith respect to such cancelled amounts. The Company may seek direct repayment from Recipient of any Excess Shares, Excess Dividends and proceeds not sorecovered and may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, offset such amounts against any compensation or other amounts owed by the Company to Recipient.In particular, such amounts may be recovered by offset against the after-tax proceeds of deferred compensation payouts under the Company’s DeferredCompensation Plan or the Company’s Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan at the times such deferred compensation payouts occur under the terms of thoseplans. Amounts that remain unpaid for more than 60 days after demand by the Company shall accrue interest at the rate used from time to time for crediting interestunder the Deferred Compensation Plan. 1.4 Settlement of RSUs. There is no obligation for the Company to make payments or distributions with respect to RSUs except, subject to the termsand conditions of this Agreement, the issuance of Shares to settle vested RSUs after the applicable Vesting Date. The Company’s issuance of one Share for eachvested RSU (“ Settlement ”) may be subject to such conditions, restrictions and contingencies as the Committee shall determine. Unless receipt of the Shares isvalidly deferred pursuant to the Deferral Plan, and except as otherwise provided in any Amended Employment and Change in Control Agreement between theCompany and Recipient (as the same may be amended and/or restated from time to time), RSUs shall be settled as soon as practicable after they have vested (thedate of Settlement, the “ Settlement Date ”), but in no event later than March 15 of the calendar year following the calendar year in which the RSUs vested.Notwithstanding the foregoing, the payment dates set forth in this Section 1.4 have been specified for the purpose of complying with the short-term deferralexception under Code Section 409A, and to the extent payments are made during the periods permitted under Code Section 409A (including applicable periodsbefore or after the specified payment dates set forth in this Section 1.4), the Company shall be deemed to have satisfied its obligations under the Plan and shall bedeemed not to be in breach of its payment obligations hereunder. 2 (Executives, 2015 Long-term Performance-vesting; $8.00 EPS Award) 1.5 Termination of Recipient’s Employment; Extended Leave of Absence. If Recipient’s employment is terminated for any reason, including avoluntary or involuntary termination, or upon Recipient’s death, Disability or retirement, any unvested RSUs will be forfeited. If Recipient is on unpaid leave formore than six months, any unvested RSUs will be forfeited. 2. REPRESENTATIONS AND COVENANTS OF RECIPIENT 2.1 No Representations by or on Behalf of the Company. Recipient is not relying on any representation, warranty or statement made by theCompany or any agent, employee or officer, director, shareholder or other controlling person of the Company regarding the RSUs or this Agreement. 2.2 Tax Considerations. The Company has advised Recipient to seek Recipient’s own tax and financial advice with regard to the federal and state taxconsiderations resulting from Recipient’s receipt of the Award, vesting of the Award and Recipient’s receipt of the Shares upon Settlement of the vested portion ofthe Award. Recipient understands that the Company, to the extent required by law, will report to appropriate taxing authorities the payment to Recipient ofcompensation income upon the grant, vesting and/or Settlement of RSUs under the Award and Recipient shall be solely responsible for the payment of all federaland state taxes resulting from such grant, vesting and/or Settlement. 2.3 Agreement to Enter into Lock-Up Agreement with an Underwriter. Recipient understands and agrees that whenever the Company undertakes afirmly underwritten public offering of its securities, Recipient will, if requested to do so by the managing underwriter in such offering, enter into an agreement notto sell or dispose of any securities of the Company owned or controlled by Recipient, including any of the RSUs or the Shares, provided that such restriction willnot extend beyond 12 months from the effective date of the registration statement filed in connection with such offering. 3. GENERAL RESTRICTIONS OF TRANSFERS OF RSUS 3.1 No Transfers of RSUs. Recipient agrees for himself or herself and his or her executors, administrators and other successors in interest that none ofthe RSUs, nor any interest therein, may be voluntarily or involuntarily sold, transferred, assigned, donated, pledged, hypothecated or otherwise disposed of,gratuitously or for consideration. 3.2 Award Adjustments. The number of RSUs granted under this Award shall, at the discretion of the Committee, be subject to adjustment under thePlan in the event the outstanding shares of Common Stock are hereafter increased, decreased, changed into or exchanged for a different number or kind of shares ofCommon Stock or for other securities of the Company or of another corporation, by reason of any reorganization, merger, consolidation, reclassification, stock splitup, combination of shares of Common Stock, or dividend payable in shares of Common Stock or other securities of the Company. If Recipient receives anyadditional RSUs pursuant to the Plan, such additional (or other) RSUs shall be deemed granted hereunder and shall be subject to the same restrictions andobligations on the RSUs as originally granted as imposed by this Agreement. 3.3 Invalid Transfers. Any disposition of the RSUs other than in strict compliance with the provisions of this Agreement shall be void. 3 (Executives, 2015 Long-term Performance-vesting; $8.00 EPS Award) 4. PAYMENT OF TAX WITHHOLDING AMOUNTS. To the extent the Company is responsible for withholding income taxes, Recipient must pay tothe Company or make adequate provision for the payment of all Tax Withholding. If any RSUs are scheduled to vest during a period in which trading is notpermitted under the Company’s insider trading policy, to satisfy the Tax Withholding requirement, Recipient irrevocably elects to settle the Tax Withholdingobligation by the Company withholding a number of Shares otherwise deliverable upon vesting having a market value sufficient to satisfy the statutory minimumtax withholding of Recipient. If the Company later determines that additional Tax Withholding was or has become required beyond any amount paid or providedfor by Recipient, Recipient will pay such additional amount to the Company immediately upon demand by the Company. If Recipient fails to pay the amountdemanded, the Company may withhold that amount from other amounts payable by the Company to Recipient. 5. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 5.1 Amendment and Modification. Except as otherwise provided by the Plan, this Agreement may be amended, modified and supplemented only bywritten agreement of all of the parties hereto. 5.2 Assignment. This Agreement and all of the provisions hereof shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respectivesuccessors and permitted assigns, but neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, interests or obligations hereunder shall be assigned by Recipient without theprior written consent of the Company. 5.3 Governing Law. To the extent not preempted by federal law, this Agreement and the rights and obligations of the parties hereunder shall begoverned by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of Oregon applicable to the construction and enforcement of contracts wholly executedin Oregon by residents of Oregon and wholly performed in Oregon. Any action or proceeding brought by any party hereto shall be brought only in a state or federalcourt of competent jurisdiction located in the County of Multnomah in the State of Oregon and all parties hereto hereby submit to the in personal jurisdiction ofsuch court for purposes of any such action or procedure. 5.4 Arbitration . The parties agree to submit any dispute arising under this Agreement to final, binding, private arbitration in Portland, Oregon. Thisincludes not only disputes about the meaning or performance of this Agreement, but disputes about its negotiation, drafting, or execution. The dispute will bedetermined by a single arbitrator in accordance with the then-existing rules of arbitration procedure of Multnomah County, Oregon Circuit Court, except that thereshall be no right of de novo review in Circuit Court and the arbitrator may charge his or her standard arbitration fees rather than the fees prescribed in theMultnomah County Circuit Court arbitration procedures. The proceeding will be commenced by the filing of a civil complaint in Multnomah County Circuit Courtand a simultaneous request for transfer to arbitration. The parties expressly agree that they may choose an arbitrator who is not on the list provided by theMultnomah County Circuit Court Arbitration Department, but if they are unable to agree upon the single arbitrator within ten days of receipt of the ArbitrationDepartment list, they will ask the Arbitration Department to make the selection for them. The arbitrator will have full authority to determine all issues, includingarbitrability; to award any remedy, including permanent injunctive relief; and to determine any request for costs and expenses in accordance with Section 5.5 of thisAgreement. The arbitrator’s award may be reduced to final judgment in Multnomah County Circuit Court. The complaining party shall bear the arbitrationexpenses and may seek their recovery if it prevails. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, an aggrieved party may seek a temporary restrainingorder or preliminary injunction in Multnomah County Circuit Court to preserve the status quo during the arbitration proceeding. 5.5 Attorney Fees . If any suit, action, or proceeding is instituted in connection with any controversy arising out of this Agreement or the enforcementof any right hereunder, the prevailing party will be entitled to recover, in addition to costs, such sums as the court or arbitrator may adjudge reasonable as attorneyfees, including fees on any appeal. 4 (Executives, 2015 Long-term Performance-vesting; $8.00 EPS Award) 5.6 Headings. The headings of the sections and subsections of this Agreement are inserted for convenience only and shall not constitute a part hereof. 5.7 Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the Plan embody the entire agreement and understanding of the parties hereto in respect of the subjectmatter contained herein and supersedes all prior written or oral communications or agreements all of which are merged herein. There are no restrictions, promises,warranties, covenants, or undertakings, other than those expressly set forth or referred to herein. 5.8 No Waiver. No waiver of any provision of this Agreement or any rights or obligations of any party hereunder shall be effective, except pursuant toa written instrument signed by the party or parties waiving compliance, and any such waiver shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the specificpurpose stated in such writing. 5.9 Severability of Provisions. In the event that any provision hereof is found invalid or unenforceable pursuant to judicial decree or decision, theremainder of this Agreement shall remain valid and enforceable according to its terms. 5.10 Incorporation by Reference, Etc. The provisions of the Plan are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Except as otherwise set forth herein,this Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the provisions of the Plan and any interpretations, amendments, rules and regulations promulgated by theCommittee from time to time pursuant to the Plan. The Committee shall have the final authority to interpret and construe the Plan and this Agreement and to makeany and all determinations under them, and its decision shall be final, binding and conclusive upon Recipient and his or her legal representative in respect to anyquestions arising under the Plan or this Agreement. 5.11 Notices. All notices or other communications pursuant to this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed duly given if delivered personallyor by courier service, or if mailed by certified mail, return receipt requested, prepaid and addressed to the Company executive offices to the attention of theCorporate Secretary, or if to Recipient, to the address maintained by the personnel department, or such other address as such party shall have furnished to the otherparty in writing. 5.12 Acceptance of Agreement. Unless Recipient notifies the Corporate Secretary in writing within 14 days after the Date of Grant that Recipient doesnot wish to accept this Agreement, Recipient will be deemed to have accepted this Agreement and will be bound by the terms of this Agreement and the Plan. 5.13 No Right of Employment. Nothing contained in the Plan or this Agreement shall be construed as giving Recipient any right to be retained, in anyposition, as an employee of the Company or any Subsidiary. [ Remainder of this page left blank intentionally .] 5 (Executives, 2015 Long-term Performance-vesting; $8.00 EPS Award) Recipient and the Company have executed this Agreement effective as of the Date of Grant. RECIPIENT Signature Type or Print Name: Social Security Number: COMPANYLITHIA MOTORS, INC. By: Name: Title: * Please take the time to read and understand this Agreement. If you have any specific questions or do not fully understand any of the provisions, pleasecontact Chris Holzshu in writing. 6Exhibit 10.3.5 (Non-executives, 2016 Time-vesting) LITHIA MOTORS, INC.RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT(2016 Time-vesting) This Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (“ Agreement ”) is entered into pursuant to the 2013 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (the “ Plan ”)adopted by the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Lithia Motors, Inc., an Oregon corporation (the “ Company ”), as amended from time to time. Unlessotherwise defined herein, capitalized terms in this Agreement have the meanings given to them in the Plan. Any inconsistency between this Agreement and theterms and conditions of the Plan will be resolved in favor of the Plan. “Recipient” [ ] Number of Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)[ ] “Date of Grant”[_______________], 20[___] 1 .GRANT OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AWARD 1.1 The Grant. The Company hereby awards to Recipient, and Recipient hereby accepts, the RSUs specified above on the terms and conditions setforth in this Agreement and the Plan (the “ Award ”). Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of Class A Common Stock of the Company (a “ Share ”)on an applicable Settlement Date, as defined in Section 1.3 of this Agreement, subject to the terms of this Agreement and the Plan. 1.2 Vesting . Subject to the continued employment of Recipient with the Company or any Subsidiary, the RSUs (rounded to the nearest whole RSU)shall vest on the dates set forth in the table below (each, a “ Vesting Date ”). Vesting DateVesting ofAwardVested RSUsJanuary 1, 201725%[___]January 1, 201825%[___]January 1, 201925%[___]January 1, 202025%[___] 1.3 Settlement of RSUs. There is no obligation for the Company to make payments or distributions with respect to RSUs except for the issuance ofShares to settle vested RSUs after the applicable Vesting Date. The Company’s issuance of one Share for each vested RSU (“ Settlement ”) may be subject to suchconditions, restrictions and contingencies as the Committee shall determine. Unless receipt of the Shares is validly deferred pursuant to the RSU Deferral Planeffective January 1, 2012, RSUs shall be settled as soon as practicable after the applicable Vesting Date (each date of Settlement, a “ Settlement Date ”), but in noevent later than March 15 of the calendar year following the calendar year in which the Vesting Date occurs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the payment dates setforth in this Section 1.3 have been specified for the purpose of complying with the short-term deferral exception under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Codeof 1986, and to the extent payments are made during the periods permitted under Section 409A (including applicable periods before or after the specified paymentdates set forth in this Section 1.3), the Company shall be deemed to have satisfied its obligations under the Plan and shall be deemed not to be in breach of itspayment obligations hereunder . (Non-executives, 2016 Time-vesting) 1.4 Termination of Recipient’s Employment. (a) Voluntary or Involuntary Termination. Except as otherwise provided in this Section 1.4, if Recipient’s employment with the Company or anySubsidiary terminates as a result of a voluntary or involuntary termination, all outstanding unvested RSUs shall immediately be forfeited. Recipient shall not betreated as terminating employment if Recipient is on an approved leave of absence. (b) Death. If Recipient’s employment with the Company or any Subsidiary terminates as a result of Recipient’s death that occurs on or after January 1,2017, Recipient shall become vested in a prorated number of RSUs. The prorated portion of the RSUs that is vested as of Recipient’s death shall be the totalnumber of RSUs multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which shall be the number of full months elapsed from the Date of Grant through the date of Recipient’sdeath, and the denominator of which shall be 48. The Vesting Date for additional RSUs vesting under this Section 1.4(b) shall be the date of Recipient’s death.Payment upon death shall be the total number of shares vested as a result of this Section 1.4(b), reduced by the number of Shares previously delivered to Recipient. (c) Disability. If Recipient becomes Disabled while employed by the Company or a Subsidiary, RSUs shall continue to vest as scheduled in Section 1.2of this Agreement for so long as Recipient remains Disabled. If Recipient dies while Disabled, Section 1.4(b) of this Agreement shall apply. (d) Qualified Retirement. If Recipient terminates employment due to a Qualified Retirement that occurs on or after January 1, 2017, Recipient shallbecome vested in a prorated number of RSUs. A “ Qualified Retirement ” means Recipient voluntarily terminates employment on or after Recipient attains age 65and has at least four complete years of employment with the Company or a Subsidiary. The prorated portion of the RSUs that is vested as of Recipient’s QualifiedRetirement shall be the total number of RSUs multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which shall be the number of full months elapsed from the Date of Grantthrough the date of Recipient’s Qualified Retirement, and the denominator of which shall be 48. The Vesting Date for additional RSUs vesting under this Section1.4(d) shall be the date of Recipient’s Qualified Retirement. Payment upon Qualified Retirement shall be the total number of shares vested as a result of thisSection 1.4(d), reduced by the number of Shares previously delivered to Recipient. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, in no event will any Settlement occur prior to the applicable Vesting Date (i.e., the Vesting Date setforth in Section 1.2 unless the Vesting Date is earlier pursuant to Section 1.4 as a result of Recipient’s death or Qualified Retirement). 2.REPRESENTATIONS AND COVENANTS OF RECIPIENT 2.1 No Representations by or on Behalf of the Company. Recipient is not relying on any representation, warranty or statement made by theCompany or any agent, employee or officer, director, shareholder or other controlling person of the Company regarding the RSUs or this Agreement. 2.2 Tax Considerations. The Company has advised Recipient to seek Recipient’s own tax and financial advice with regard to the federal and state taxconsiderations resulting from Recipient’s receipt of the Award and Recipient’s receipt of the Shares upon Settlement of the vested portion of the Award. Recipientunderstands that the Company, to the extent required by law, will report to appropriate taxing authorities the payment to Recipient of compensation income uponthe Settlement of RSUs under the Award and Recipient shall be solely responsible for the payment of all federal and state taxes resulting from such Settlement. 2 (Non-executives, 2016 Time-vesting) 2.3 Agreement to Enter into Lock-Up Agreement with an Underwriter. Recipient understands and agrees that whenever the Company undertakes afirmly underwritten public offering of its securities, Recipient will, if requested to do so by the managing underwriter in such offering, enter into an agreement notto sell or dispose of any securities of the Company owned or controlled by Recipient, including any of the RSUs or the Shares, provided that such restriction willnot extend beyond 12 months from the effective date of the registration statement filed in connection with such offering. 3.GENERAL RESTRICTIONS OF TRANSFERS OF UNVESTED RSUS 3.1 No Transfers of Unvested RSUs. Recipient agrees for himself or herself and his or her executors, administrators and other successors in interestthat none of the RSUs, nor any interest therein, may be voluntarily or involuntarily sold, transferred, assigned, donated, pledged, hypothecated or otherwisedisposed of, gratuitously or for consideration prior to their vesting in accordance with this Agreement. 3.2 Award Adjustments. The number of RSUs granted under this Award shall, at the discretion of the Committee, be subject to adjustment under thePlan in the event the outstanding shares of Common Stock are hereafter increased, decreased, changed into or exchanged for a different number or kind of shares ofCommon Stock or for other securities of the Company or of another corporation, by reason of any reorganization, merger, consolidation, reclassification, stock splitup, combination of shares of Common Stock, or dividend payable in shares of Common Stock or other securities of the Company. If Recipient receives anyadditional RSUs pursuant to the Plan, such additional (or other) RSUs shall be deemed granted hereunder and shall be subject to the same restrictions andobligations on the RSUs as originally granted as imposed by this Agreement. 3.3 Invalid Transfers. Any disposition of the RSUs other than in strict compliance with the provisions of this Agreement shall be void. 4. PAYMENT OF TAX WITHHOLDING AMOUNTS. To the extent the Company is responsible for withholding income taxes, upon the vesting of theAward Recipient must pay to the Company or make adequate provision for the payment of all Tax Withholding. If any RSUs are scheduled to vest during a periodin which trading is not permitted under the Company’s insider trading policy, to satisfy the Tax Withholding requirement, Recipient irrevocably elects to settle theTax Withholding obligation by the Company withholding a number of Shares otherwise deliverable upon vesting having a market value sufficient to satisfy thestatutory minimum tax withholding of Recipient. If the Company later determines that additional Tax Withholding was or has become required beyond any amountpaid or provided for by Recipient, Recipient will pay such additional amount to the Company immediately upon demand by the Company. If Recipient fails to paythe amount demanded, the Company may withhold that amount from other amounts payable by the Company to Recipient. 5. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 5.1 Amendment and Modification. Except as otherwise provided by the Plan, this Agreement may be amended, modified and supplemented onlyby written agreement of all of the parties hereto. 5.2 Assignment. This Agreement and all of the provisions hereof shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respectivesuccessors and permitted assigns, but neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, interests or obligations hereunder shall be assigned by Recipient without theprior written consent of the Company. 3 (Non-executives, 2016 Time-vesting) 5.3 Governing Law. To the extent not preempted by federal law, this Agreement and the rights and obligations of the parties hereunder shall begoverned by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of Oregon applicable to the construction and enforcement of contracts wholly executedin Oregon by residents of Oregon and wholly performed in Oregon. Any action or proceeding brought by any party hereto shall be brought only in a state or federalcourt of competent jurisdiction located in the County of Multnomah in the State of Oregon and all parties hereto hereby submit to the in personal jurisdiction ofsuch court for purposes of any such action or procedure. 5.4 Arbitration . The parties agree to submit any dispute arising under this Agreement to final, binding, private arbitration in Portland, Oregon. Thisincludes not only disputes about the meaning or performance of this Agreement, but disputes about its negotiation, drafting, or execution. The dispute will bedetermined by a single arbitrator in accordance with the then-existing rules of arbitration procedure of Multnomah County, Oregon Circuit Court, except that thereshall be no right of de novo review in Circuit Court and the arbitrator may charge his or her standard arbitration fees rather than the fees prescribed in theMultnomah County Circuit Court arbitration procedures. The proceeding will be commenced by the filing of a civil complaint in Multnomah County Circuit Courtand a simultaneous request for transfer to arbitration. The parties expressly agree that they may choose an arbitrator who is not on the list provided by theMultnomah County Circuit Court Arbitration Department, but if they are unable to agree upon the single arbitrator within ten days of receipt of the ArbitrationDepartment list, they will ask the Arbitration Department to make the selection for them. The arbitrator will have full authority to determine all issues, includingarbitrability; to award any remedy, including permanent injunctive relief; and to determine any request for costs and expenses in accordance with Section 5.5 of thisAgreement. The arbitrator’s award may be reduced to final judgment in Multnomah County Circuit Court. The complaining party shall bear the arbitrationexpenses and may seek their recovery if it prevails. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, an aggrieved party may seek a temporary restrainingorder or preliminary injunction in Multnomah County Circuit Court to preserve the status quo during the arbitration proceeding. 5.5 Attorney Fees . If any suit, action, or proceeding is instituted in connection with any controversy arising out of this Agreement or the enforcementof any right hereunder, the prevailing party will be entitled to recover, in addition to costs, such sums as the court or arbitrator may adjudge reasonable as attorneyfees, including fees on any appeal. 5.6 Headings. The headings of the sections and subsections of this Agreement are inserted for convenience only and shall not constitute a part hereof. 5.7 Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the Plan embody the entire agreement and understanding of the parties hereto in respect of the subjectmatter contained herein and supersedes all prior written or oral communications or agreements all of which are merged herein. There are no restrictions, promises,warranties, covenants, or undertakings, other than those expressly set forth or referred to herein. 5.8 No Waiver. No waiver of any provision of this Agreement or any rights or obligations of any party hereunder shall be effective, except pursuant toa written instrument signed by the party or parties waiving compliance, and any such waiver shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the specificpurpose stated in such writing. 5.9 Severability of Provisions. In the event that any provision hereof is found invalid or unenforceable pursuant to judicial decree or decision, theremainder of this Agreement shall remain valid and enforceable according to its terms. 4 (Non-executives, 2016 Time-vesting) 5.10 Incorporation by Reference, Etc. The provisions of the Plan are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Except as otherwise set forth herein,this Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the provisions of the Plan and any interpretations, amendments, rules and regulations promulgated by theCommittee from time to time pursuant to the Plan. The Committee shall have the final authority to interpret and construe the Plan and this Agreement and to makeany and all determinations under them, and its decision shall be final, binding and conclusive upon Recipient and his or her legal representative in respect to anyquestions arising under the Plan or this Agreement. 5.11 Notices. All notices or other communications pursuant to this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed duly given if delivered personallyor by courier service, or if mailed by certified mail, return receipt requested, prepaid and addressed to the Company executive offices to the attention of theCorporate Secretary, or if to Recipient, to the address maintained by the personnel department, or such other address as such party shall have furnished to the otherparty in writing. 5.12 Acceptance of Agreement. Unless Recipient notifies the Corporate Secretary in writing within 14 days after the Date of Grant that Recipient doesnot wish to accept this Agreement, Recipient will be deemed to have accepted this Agreement and will be bound by the terms of this Agreement and the Plan. 5.13 No Right of Employment. Nothing contained in the Plan or this Agreement shall be construed as giving Recipient any right to be retained, in anyposition, as an employee of the Company or any Subsidiary. [ Remainder of this page left blank intentionally .] 5 (Non-executives, 2016 Time-vesting) Recipient and the Company have executed this Agreement effective as of the Grant Date. RECIPIENT Signature Type or Print Name: Social Security Number: COMPANYLITHIA MOTORS, INC. By: Chris Holzshu, CFO * Please take the time to read and understand this Agreement. If you have any specific questions or do not fully understand any of the provisions, pleasecontact Larissa McAlister in writing. EXHIBIT 12 RATIO OF EARNINGS TO COMBINED FIXED CHARGES The following table shows the ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges for us and our consolidated subsidiaries for the dates indicated. (Dollars in Thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Earnings Income from continuing operations before income taxes $262,704 $210,495 $165,788 $128,457 $88,270 Fixed charges 46,413 29,797 25,820 27,381 26,866 Amortization of capitalized interest 297 287 280 276 270 Capitalized interest (450) (407) (85) (294) (163)Total earnings 308,964 240,172 191,803 155,820 115,243 Fixed Charges Floor plan interest expense 19,534 13,861 12,373 12,816 10,364 Other interest expense 19,491 10,742 8,350 9,621 12,878 Capitalized interest costs 450 407 85 294 163 Interest component of rent expense 6,938 4,787 5,012 4,650 3,461 Total fixed charges 46,413 29,797 25,820 27,381 26,866 Ratio of earnings to fixed charges 6.7x 8.1x 7.4x 5.7x 4.3x (1) Other interest expense includes amortization of debt issuance costs For purposes of these ratios, “earnings” consist of income from continuing operations before income taxes and fixed charges, and “fixed charges” consist of interestexpense on indebtedness and the interest component of rental expense, and amortization of debt discount and issuance expenses. We did not have any preferred stock outstanding for the periods presented above, and therefore the ratios of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stockdividends would be the same as the ratios of earnings to combined fixed charges presented above. (1)EXHIBIT 21LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES(as of December 31, 2015) NAME OF ENTITYSTATE OFORIGINASSUMED BUSINESS NAME(S) (if different than entity name)Lithia Imports of Anchorage, Inc.AlaskaLithia Hyundai of Anchorage Lithia Kia of Anchorage Lithia Anchorage Auto BodyLithia NA, Inc.AlaskaBMW of Anchorage MINI of AnchorageLithia of Anchorage, Inc.AlaskaLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Anchorage Lithia Value AutosLithia of Fairbanks, Inc.AlaskaChevrolet Buick GMC of FairbanksLithia of South Central AK, Inc.AlaskaChevrolet of South Anchorage Chevrolet of WasillaLithia of Wasilla, LLCAlaskaLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram of WasillaDCH (Oxnard) Inc.CaliforniaDCH Honda of OxnardHonda of OxnardSupercraft Auto Body & PaintDCH Used Car SuperstoreDCH CA LLCCaliforniaDCH Acura of TemeculaDCH Acura TemeculaDCH California Investments LLCCalifornia DCH California Motors Inc.CaliforniaDCH Toyota of OxnardToyota of OxnardDCH Scion of OxnardDCH Del Norte, INC.CaliforniaDCH Lexus of OxnardLexus of OxnardDCH Lexus of Santa BarbaraDCH Korean Imports LLCCaliforniaDCH Kia of TemeculaDCH Lemon Grove Inc.California DCH Mission Valley LLCCaliforniaDCH Honda of Mission ValleyDCH Oxnard 1521 Imports Inc.CaliforniaDCH Audi of OxnardAudi of OxnardDCH Riverside-C, Inc.CaliforniaDCH Chevrolet of RiversideDCH Riverside-S, Inc.CaliforniaDCH Subaru of RiversideDCH Simi Valley Inc.CaliforniaDCH Toyota of Simi ValleyToyota of Simi ValleyDCH Scion of Simi ValleyDCH Temecula Imports LLCCaliforniaDCH Honda of TemeculaDCH Honda TemeculaDCH Temecula Motors LLCCaliforniaDCH Chrysler Jeep Dodge of TemeculaDCH Chrysler Jeep of TemeculaDCH Dodge of TemeculaDCH Temecula Motors II, Inc.CaliforniaDCH FIAT of TemeculaDCH Torrance Imports Inc.CaliforniaDCH Toyota of TorranceDCH Scion of TorranceTorrance ToyotaTorrance ScionToyota Scion Downey Motors Inc . California Lithia CIMR, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Chevrolet of ReddingLithia FMF, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Ford of Fresno Lithia Ford Lincoln of FresnoLithia Fresno, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Subaru of Fresno Fresno MitsubishiLithia JEF, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Hyundai of FresnoLithia MMF, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Mazda of Fresno Lithia Suzuki of FresnoLithia NC, Inc.CaliforniaNissan of ClovisLithia NF, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Nissan of FresnoLithia of Concord I, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of ConcordLithia of Concord II, Inc.CaliforniaLithia FIAT of ConcordLithia of Eureka, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of EurekaLithia of Lodi, Inc.CaliforniaLodi Toyota Lodi ScionLithia of Santa Rosa, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Santa RosaLithia of Stockton, Inc.CaliforniaNissan of Stockton, Kia of StocktonLithia of Stockton-V, Inc.CaliforniaVolkswagen of StocktonLithia of Walnut Creek, Inc.CaliforniaDiablo Subaru of Walnut CreekLithia Sea P, Inc.CaliforniaPorsche of MontereyLithia Seaside, Inc.CaliforniaBMW of MontereyLithia TR, Inc.CaliforniaLithia Toyota of Redding Lithia Scion of ReddingLithia VF, Inc.CaliforniaVolvo of FresnoLLL Sales CO LLCCaliforniaDCH Gardena HondaGardena HondaGardena Honda, a DCH CompanyAll-Savers Auto Sales & LeasingTustin Motors Inc.CaliforniaHonda AcuraDCH Tustin AcuraTustin AcuraDah Chong Hong CA Trading LLCDelaware DCH Auto Group (USA) Inc.Delaware DCH Delaware LLCDelaware DCH Holdings LLCDelaware DCH LI Motors LLCDelaware DCH Mamaroneck LLCDelawareDCH Toyota CityDCH Scion CityDCH NJ Team Member Services CorporationDelaware DCH North America Inc.Delaware DCH NY Imports LLCDelaware DCH NY Motors LLCDelawareDCH Wappingers Falls ToyotaDCH Wappingers Falls Auto GroupDCH Wappingers Falls ScionDCH TL Holdings LLCDelaware Page 2 of 7 DCH TL NY Holdings LLCDelaware Lithia of Honolulu-A, Inc.HawaiiAcura of HonoluluLithia of Honolulu-BGMCC, LLCHawaiiHonolulu Buick GMCHonolulu Buick GMC CadillacHonolulu CadillacLithia of Honolulu-V, LLCHawaiiHonolulu VolkswagenLithia of Maui-H, LLCHawaiiIsland HondaLithia CCTF, Inc.IdahoChevrolet of Twin FallsLithia Ford of Boise, Inc.IdahoLithia Ford of Boise Lithia Ford Lincoln of Boise Auto Credit of Idaho Lithia Body & Paint of BoiseLithia of Pocatello, Inc.IdahoLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Pocatello Lithia Hyundai of Pocatello Lithia Dodge Trucks of PocatelloLithia of TF, Inc.IdahoLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Twin FallsLithia AcDM, Inc.IowaAcura of JohnstonLithia HDM, Inc.IowaHonda of AmesLithia MBDM, Inc.IowaMercedes Benz of Des Moines European Motorcars Des MoinesLithia NDM, Inc.IowaLithia Nissan of AmesLithia of Des Moines, Inc.IowaBMW of Des Moines European Motorcars Des MoinesLithia Body and Paint of Des MoinesLithia VAuDM, Inc.IowaAudi Des Moines Lithia Volkswagen of Des MoinesAssured Used Cars & TrucksLithia Audi of Des MoinesMilford DCH, Inc.MassachusettsDCH Toyota of MilfordLithia BCRGF, Inc.MontanaBudget Rent A Car of Great Falls MontanaLithia CDH, Inc.MontanaLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of HelenaLithia HGF, Inc.MontanaHonda of Great FallsLithia LBGGF, Inc.MontanaLithia Buick GMC of Great FallsLithia LHGF, Inc.MontanaLithia Hyundai of Great FallsLithia LSGF, Inc.MontanaLithia Subaru of Great FallsLithia of Billings II LLCMontanaLithia Toyota of Billings Lithia Scion of BillingsLithia of Billings, Inc.MontanaLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of BillingsLithia of Great Falls, Inc.MontanaLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Great FallsLithia of Helena, Inc.MontanaChevrolet of HelenaLithia of Missoula II LLCMontanaLithia Toyota of Missoula Lithia Scion of MissoulaLithia of Missoula, Inc.MontanaLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Missoula Lithia Auto Center of MissoulaLithia of Missoula III, Inc.MontanaLithia Ford of MissoulaLithia Reno Sub-Hyun, Inc.NevadaLithia Reno Subaru Lithia Body & PaintLithia SALMIR, Inc.NevadaLithia Volkswagen of Reno Lithia Hyundai of Reno Lithia Chrysler Jeep of Reno Page 3 of 7 797 Valley Street, LLCNew Jersey Dah Chong Hong Trading CorporationNew Jersey Daron Motors LLCNew JerseyDCH Academy HondaAcademy HondaDCH Bloomfield LLCNew JerseyDCH Bloomfield BMWDCH Essex BMWEssex BMWBMW of BloomfieldParkway BMWDCH DMS NJ, LLCNew Jersey DCH Essex Inc. fka DCH-Millburn Inc. (fka DCH EssexLLC)New JerseyDCH AudiDCH Maplewood AudiDCH Millburn AudiEssex MotorsMillburn AudiDCH Financial NJ, LLCNew Jersey DCH Freehold LLCNew JerseyFreehold ToyotaDCH Freehold ToyotaDCH Freehold ScionDCH Freehold-M, LLCNew JerseyMercedes Benz of FreeholdDCH Freehold-V, LLCNew JerseyDCH Volkswagen of FreeholdDCH Investments Inc. (New Jersey)New Jersey DCH Leasing CorporationNew Jersey DCH Management Services Inc.New Jersey DCH Monmouth LLCNew JerseyBMW of FreeholdDCH Montclair LLCNew JerseyMontclair AcuraDCH Montclair AcuraDCH Motors LLCNew JerseyKay HondaDCH MotorsDCH Kay HondaDCH Pre-Owned Sales and Service Center LLCNew Jersey DCH Support Services, LLCNew Jersey DCH Union LLCNew JerseyDCH Volkswagen of UnionDCH Urban Renewal LLCNew Jersey Freehold Nissan LLCNew JerseyDCH Freehold NissanFreehold NissanMontclair Development Limited Liability CompanyNew Jersey Paramus World Motors LLCNew JerseyDCH Paramus HondaParamus HondaCrown LeasingSharlene Realty LLCNew JerseyDCH Brunswick ToyotaDCH Brunswick ScionDCH Collision CenterLDLC, LLCNew MexicoLithia Dodge of Las CrucesLithia CJDSF, Inc.New MexicoLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Santa FeDCH Investments, Inc. (New York)New York Page 4 of 7 DCH Management Inc.New York DCH Nanuet LLCNew YorkDCH Honda of NanuetLithia ND Acquisition Corp. #1North DakotaLithia Ford Lincoln of Grand ForksLithia ND Acquisition Corp. #3North DakotaLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Grand ForksLithia ND Acquisition Corp. #4North DakotaLithia Toyota of Grand Forks Lithia Scion of Grand Forks Lithia Toyota Scion of Grand ForksCadillac of Portland Lloyd Center, LLCOregonCadillac of PortlandHutchins Eugene Nissan, Inc.OregonLithia Nissan of EugeneHutchins Imported Motors, Inc.OregonLithia Toyota of Springfield Lithia Scion of Springfield Lithia Toyota Scion of SpringfieldLAD Advertising, Inc.OregonLAD Advertising LAD Printing The Print Shop at the Commons The Print ShopLBMP, LLCOregonBMW PortlandLFKF, LLCOregonLithia Ford of Klamath FallsLGPAC, Inc.OregonLithia’s Grants Pass Auto CenterXpress LubeLithia Aircraft, Inc.Oregon Lithia Auto Services, Inc.OregonLithia Body & Paint Assured Dealer ServicesLithia BNM, Inc.Oregon Lithia Community Development Company, Inc.Oregon Lithia DE, Inc.OregonLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of EugeneLithia DM, Inc.OregonLithia Dodge Lithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge Xpress LubeLithia Financial CorporationOregonLithia LeasingLithia HPI, Inc.Oregon Lithia Klamath, Inc.OregonLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Klamath Falls Lithia Toyota of Klamath Falls Lithia Scion of Klamath Falls Lithia Klamath Falls Auto CenterLithia Body and Paint of Klamath FallsLithia Medford Hon, Inc.OregonLithia HondaLithia Motors Support Services, Inc.OregonLithia’s LAD Travel ServiceLithia MTLM, Inc.OregonLithia Toyota Lithia Scion Lithia Toyota ScionLithia of Bend #1, LLCOregonBend HondaLithia of Bend #2, LLCOregonChevrolet Cadillac of BendLithia Body & Paint of BendLithia of Eugene, LLCOregonLithia FIAT of EugeneLithia of Milwaukie, Inc.OregonLithia Chevrolet on McLoughlinLithia of Portland, LLCOregonBuick GMC of PortlandLithia of Roseburg, Inc.OregonLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Roseburg Lithia Roseburg Auto Center Page 5 of 7 Lithia Real Estate, Inc.Oregon Lithia Rose-FT, Inc.OregonLithia Ford Lincoln of RoseburgAssured Dealer Services of RoseburgLithia SOC, Inc.OregonLithia Subaru of Oregon CityLMBB, LLCOregonMercedes-Benz of BeavertonLMBP, LLCOregonMercedes-Benz of PortlandSmart Center of PortlandLMOP, LLCOregonMINI of PortlandLSTAR, LLCOregon Medford Insurance, LLCOregon RFA Holdings, LLCOregon Salem-B, LLCOregonBMW of SalemSalem-H, LLCOregonHonda of SalemSalem-V, LLCOregonVolkswagen of SalemSouthern Cascades Finance CorporationOregon Lithia Automotive, Inc.South Dakota Lithia Bryan Texas, Inc.TexasLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Bryan College StationLithia CJDO, Inc.TexasAll American Chrysler Jeep Dodge of OdessaLithia CJDSA, Inc.TexasAll American Chrysler Jeep Dodge of San AngeloAll American AutoplexLithia CM, Inc.TexasAll American Chevrolet of MidlandLithia CO, Inc.TexasAll American Chevrolet of OdessaLithia CSA, Inc.TexasAll American Chevrolet of San AngeloLithia DMID, Inc.TexasAll American Chrysler Jeep Dodge of MidlandLithia FBCS, LLCTexasAlfa Romeo FIAT of Bryan College StationLithia FLCC, LLCTexasAccess Ford Lincoln of Corpus ChristiLithia HMID, Inc.TexasLithia Hyundai of OdessaLithia NSA, Inc.TexasHonda of San Angelo All American AutoplexLithia of Abilene, Inc.TexasHonda of AbileneLithia of Clear Lake, LLCTexasSubaru of Clear LakeLithia of Corpus Christi, Inc.TexasLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Corpus ChristiLithia Dodge of Corpus ChristiLithia of Killeen, LLCTexasAll American Chevrolet of KilleenLithia of Midland, Inc.TexasHonda of MidlandLithia TA, Inc.TexasLithia Toyota of Abilene Lithia Scion of AbileneLithia TO, Inc.TexasLithia Toyota of Odessa Lithia Scion of OdessaCamp Automotive, Inc.WashingtonCamp BMW Camp Chevrolet Subaru of Spokane Camp CadillacLithia Dodge of Tri-Cities, Inc.WashingtonLithia Chrysler Jeep Dodge of Tri-Cities Page 6 of 7 Lithia of Bellingham, LLCWashingtonChevrolet Cadillac of BellinghamChambers Chevrolet Cadillac of BellinghamChevrolet Buick GMC Cadillac of BellinghamLithia of Seattle, Inc.WashingtonBMW SeattleLithia of Spokane, Inc.WashingtonMercedes Benz of SpokaneLithia of Spokane II, Inc.WashingtonLithia Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of SpokaneLithia of Spokane III, Inc.WashingtonLithia Alfa Romeo Fiat of SpokaneLithia Downtown Body and Paint Page 7 of 7EXHIBIT 23 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm T he Board of Directors Lithia Motors, Inc.: We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement (Nos. 333-190192, 333-43593, 333-69169, 333-156410, 333-39092, 333-61802, 333-106686, 333-116839, 333-116840, 333-135350, 333-161590 and 333-168737) on Forms S-8 of Lithia Motors, Inc. of our reports dated February 26, 2016, withrespect to the Consolidated Balance Sheets of Lithia Motors, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related Consolidated Statements ofOperations, Comprehensive Income, Changes in Stockholders’ Equity and Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015, andthe effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, which reports appear in the December 31, 2015 annual report on Form 10-Kof Lithia Motors, Inc. Our report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 contains an explanatory paragraph that states that the grosspercentage of total assets and revenues from six acquisitions excluded from management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financialreporting as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 is approximately 3% and 1% of Lithia Motors, Inc.'s consolidated total assets and revenues, respectively.Our audit of internal control over financial reporting also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of these six acquisitions. Our report refers to a change to the Company’s method for reporting discontinued operations. /s/ KPMG LLP Portland, Oregon February 26 , 2016 EXHIBIT 31.1CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERPURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR RULE 15d-14(a)OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 I, Bryan B. DeBoer, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Lithia Motors, Inc.;2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statementsmade, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financialcondition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange ActRules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant andhave: (a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure thatmaterial information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularlyduring the period in which this report is being prepared; (b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, toprovide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordancewith generally accepted accounting principles; (c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness ofthe disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscalquarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, theregistrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’sauditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely toadversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control overfinancial reporting. Date: February 26, 2016 /s/ Bryan B. DeBoerBryan B. DeBoerPresident and Chief Executive OfficerLithia Motors, Inc. EXHIBIT 31.2 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERPURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR RULE 15d-14(a)OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 I, Christopher S. Holzshu, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Lithia Motors, Inc.;2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statementsmade, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financialcondition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange ActRules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant andhave: (a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure thatmaterial information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularlyduring the period in which this report is being prepared; (b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, toprovide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordancewith generally accepted accounting principles; (c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of thedisclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscalquarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, theregistrant's internal control over financial reporting; and5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant'sauditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely toadversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control overfinancial reporting. Date: February 26, 2016 /s/ Christopher S. HolzshuChristopher S. HolzshuSenior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and SecretaryLithia Motors, Inc. EXHIBIT 32.1 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERPURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(b) OR RULE 15d-14(b)OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 AND 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 In connection with the Annual Report of Lithia Motors, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Bryan B. DeBoer, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Bryan B. DeBoerBryan B. DeBoerPresident and Chief Executive OfficerLithia Motors, Inc.February 26, 2016 EXHIBIT 32.2 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERPURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(b) OR RULE 15d-14(b)OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 AND 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 In connection with the Annual Report of Lithia Motors, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Christopher S. Holzshu, Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of the Company,certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Christopher S. HolzshuChristopher S. HolzshuSenior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and SecretaryLithia Motors, Inc.February 26, 2016
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