LivePerson
Annual Report 2022

Plain-text annual report

About LivePerson LivePerson (NASDAQ: LPSN) is the global leader in enterprise conversations. Hundreds of the world’s leading brands use our Conversational Cloud platform to engage with millions of consumers. For consumers, AI-powered conversations make it natural and easy to buy products and resolve questions in the channels they use every day: messaging, social media, email, voice, and more. Every person is unique, and our technology makes it possible for companies to treat their audiences that way at scale. For brands, our platform and AI help businesses of any size deliver and automate more meaningful, natural-feeling conversations. We power nearly a billion conversational interactions every month, providing a uniquely rich data set and safety tools to unlock the power of Conversational AI for better business outcomes. LivePerson is headquartered in New York City and has adopted an employee-centric workforce model that does not rely on traditional offices, allowing our employees to work from anywhere. Our employees are located in about 20 countries across the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa and Asia-Pacific. Total revenue (in millions) $130.2 $132.6 $129.6 $122.5 Q1 2022 Q2 2022 Q3 2022 Q4 2022 Trailing-twelve-months average revenue per user (in thousands) $645K $660K $675K $680K Q1 2022 Q2 2022 Q3 2022 Q4 2022 about 1,200 employees globally employees located across about 20 countries Safe Harbor Statement Statements in this report about LivePerson that are not historical facts are forward- looking statements based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about LivePerson and our industry and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual future events or results to differ materially from such statements. Any such forward-looking statements, including but not limited to financial guidance, are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. It is routine for our internal projections and expectations to change as the year or each quarter in the year progresses, and therefore it should be clearly understood that the internal projections and beliefs upon which we base our expectations may change. Although these expectations may change, we are under no obligation to inform you if they do. Actual events or results may differ materially from those contained in the projections or forward-looking statements. Readers are referred to the reports and documents filed by us from time to time with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Annual Report on Form 10-K provided herewith, for a discussion of risks and other important factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the projections or the forward-looking statements. We do not undertake any obligation to revise these forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances. Dear Fellow Stockholders, In any large and evolving market, change is never far away. Several years ago, we foresaw that asynchronous messaging and AI-powered automation would provide a superior customer experience to synchronous chat in every possible way. We embraced the coming change, replatformed, and emerged stronger than before. Since last year’s annual report, LivePerson once again committed to change: from restructuring and shuttering unprofitable business lines to refreshing the board and transitioning the CEO. To put the magnitude of those changes into perspective, from Q1 2022 to Q1 2023, we shuttered or divested 6 non-core lines of business and reduced our cost structure by approximately $200 million, or 36%, on an annualized basis. By embracing those changes and remaining adaptable, we have reduced uncertainty and sharpened our focus on a return to LivePerson’s core competencies – those that have led the world’s largest consumer-facing brands to trust our platform as foundational for their customer service and conversational AI strategies. LivePerson’s platform was built on the premise that the same asynchronous and persistent messaging experience we enjoy with friends and family should be available for interacting with the world’s largest brands. Relative to dialing a 1-800 number and wasting time on hold, messaging ensures a superior customer experience by giving back more of life’s most precious commodity: time. Despite the power of that value proposition, an estimated 70% of customer service conversations are still trapped in the legacy voice channel. Considering the current market exuberance surrounding generative AI (GAI), many seem to think that GAI is the key to rapidly unlocking the remaining voice interactions. While we believe that GAI will accelerate the disruption of the contact center, and we have been investing accordingly, unraveling decades of legacy voice infrastructure and synchronous agent operations is a complex process that cannot be accomplished by today’s GAI point solutions alone. Our return to core competencies reflects that brands continue to choose LivePerson to shift voice interactions to messaging and AI-powered automation because of our (1) enterprise-ready platform, (2) extensive voice-of-the-customer dataset, (3) omnichannel analytics, (4) managed services for digital transformation, and (5) GAI content guardrails and model feedback that leverage hundreds of thousands of humans in the loop. Because of these platform strengths, and the demonstrable return on investment they unlock for our customers, shifting legacy voice interactions to messaging and AI-powered automation continues to be the most compelling market opportunity for LivePerson. To provide a few supporting data points, consider that several of our top 100 customers have recently shifted 50% or more of their voice volume to messaging and automation, saving millions while simultaneously increasing agent efficiency and improving customer experience. We are especially excited by 2 of these top 100 customers, who eliminated voice entirely and reduced operating costs by up to 40%. While a few examples do not make a trend, we believe there is a thin wall separating today’s platform volume and the growth potential implied by capturing even a modest fraction of the customer service interactions still in the legacy voice channel. To accelerate our strategy, we recently launched VoiceAI, which meaningfully enhanced our ability to shift legacy voice interactions into AI-powered automation – regardless of the channel. While messaging remains the preferred channel, VoiceAI enabled, for the first time, the deployment of our tried-and-tested AI solutions directly in the voice channel. Given its GAI capabilities and integration across our digital ecosystem, VoiceAI is well-positioned to replace legacy interactive voice response systems. Indeed, with the highest rate of usage for a new product in recent years, we expect VoiceAI to accelerate the rate at which our platform captures legacy voice interactions. I am confident that our renewed focus and return to core competencies will translate to a return to profitable growth and I am excited to execute this strategy in partnership with LivePerson’s talented and committed people. Sincerely, John Collins Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer jcollins@liveperson.com Select LivePerson Customers HSBC provides customers a secure, seam- less way to perform day-to-day banking transactions over messaging through LivePerson’s Conversational Cloud. “AI-powered messaging creates an easy, secure connection to our service center, where clients dip in and out of the conversation at their own pace and avoid call wait times. Whether accessing our relief programs or managing a wide range of day- to-day banking, our skilled conversational banking team is ready to help.” The RealReal uses LivePerson’s Conversational Cloud and AI to create customer experiences fit for luxury consignment. “Our clients are looking for sophisticated, intuitive, and frictionless experiences that help them contribute to a more sustainable future and become part of our community building the circular economy. With LivePerson’s managed services team, we’ve built a hands-on partnership to design, launch, and continually optimize our AI- supported customer experience organization.” Katie Jenkins Head of Direct Banking • HSBC Holly Carroll Vice President, Client Services • The RealReal Global cycling leader, Specialized, sells to more than 25 distinct markets. Using LivePerson’s pay-as-you-go framework to enable Conversational AI worldwide is the best fit for the brand. “Today, our CSAT score for messaging interactions with retailers and riders is 93% and growing. As we continue to roll out LivePerson’s solutions across multiple languages, channels, and markets, pay-as- you-go provides us with the flexibility we need to strategically scale up AI for our business with a trusted partner.” With LivePerson’s Conversational Cloud, Virgin Media O2 orchestrates more than 100 accurate, fast, and effective bots that work together with human agents to deliver a seamless, connected experience. “With LivePerson, we maintain consistency in our customer engagement model, regardless of the channel that the customer enters in and with zero deterioration across those platforms because, ultimately, the whole idea is to meet customers where they are, not where we want them to be. And successful delivery hinges on the ability to augment our human customer service agents with AI and automation.” Andrew McGuigan Global Leader, Rider Care • Specialized Chris Huggins Head of Conversational Commerce • Virgin Media O2 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition Period from _____ to _____ Commission File Number 000-30141 LIVEPERSON, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 13-3861628 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 530 7th Ave, Floor M1 New York, New York (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 10018 (Zip Code) (212) 609-4200 (Registrant’s telephone Number, including area Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share LPSN The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large Accelerated Filer Non-accelerated Filer ☒ ☐ Accelerated Filer Smaller Reporting Company Emerging Growth Company ☐ ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2022 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $986,850,184 (computed by reference to the last reported sale price on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on that date). The registrant does not have any non-voting common stock outstanding. On March 10, 2023, 75,870,887 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding. The information called for by Part III will be incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, or will be included in an amendment to this Form 10-K. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE LIVEPERSON, INC. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures PART II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Consolidated Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections PART III Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary Signatures PART IV Page 1 10 47 47 47 48 49 50 50 68 70 117 117 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 122 122 123 Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 9C. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Item 16. i The following are explanations of some of the industry and general terms we use in this report: 2024 Notes – The Company’s $230.0 million 0.750% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 issued in 2019. 2026 Notes – The Company’s $517.5 million 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 issued in 2020. ASC – FASB Accounting Standards Codification. AI – Artificial Intelligence. APAC – Asia-Pacific. API – Application programming interface. ARPU – Average revenue per user. COVID-19 – Global novel coronavirus disease. DEI – Diversity, equity, and inclusion. EMEA – Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. ESPP – Employee Stock Purchase Plan. E.U. – European Union. Experts – Independent service providers. FaaS – Function as a Service. FASB – Financial Accounting Standards Board. GAAP – Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. IT – Information technology. IVRs – Interactive voice response systems. Nasdaq – Nasdaq Global Select Market. NIS – New Israeli Shekel. NLU – Natural language understanding. PCI – Payment Card Industry. R&D – Research and development. ROI – Return on investment. SaaS – Software-as-a service. SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission. SMB – Small business sector. SMS – Short messaging service. TASE – Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. The Notes – Collectively, the 2024 Notes and the 2026 Notes. U.K. – United Kingdom. U.S. – United States of America. Users – Individual consumers. ii CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K about LivePerson, Inc. (“LivePerson”) that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about LivePerson and our industry. Our expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections are expressed in good faith, and we believe there is a reasonable basis for them, but we cannot assure you that our expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections will be realized. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding future business, future results of operations or financial condition (including based on examinations of historical operating trends) and management strategies. Many of these statements are found in the “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” and variations of such words or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. However, not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual future events or results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements we make in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include those set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors.” It is routine for our internal projections and expectations to change as the year or each quarter in the year progresses, and therefore it should be clearly understood that the internal projections and beliefs upon which we base our expectations may change prior to the end of each quarter or the year. Although these expectations may change, we are under no obligation to inform you if they do. Our policy is generally to provide our expectations only once per quarter, and not to update that information until the next quarter. We do not undertake any obligation to revise forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances. All forward- looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. iii [This page intentionally left blank.] Item 1. Business PART I Overview Consumers have made mobile devices the center of their digital lives, and they have made digital conversational experiences the center of communication with friends, family and peers. LivePerson, Inc. (“LivePerson”, the “Company”, “we” or “our”) is a global leader in AI-powered customer conversations. Since 1998, LivePerson has enabled billions of meaningful connections between consumers and our customers. These speech or text conversations harness human agents, bots and AI to power convenient, personalized and content-rich journeys across the entire consumer lifecycle, and across consumer platforms. AI has accelerated our capability to leverage those prior conversations to enhance the consumer experience and to improve results for our customers. The Conversational Cloud, our enterprise-class cloud-based platform, enables businesses to have conversations with millions of consumers as personally as they would with a single consumer. The Conversational Cloud powers conversations across each of a brand’s primary digital channels, including mobile apps, mobile and desktop web browsers, SMS, social media, and third-party consumer messaging platforms. Brands can also use the Conversational Cloud to message consumers when they dial a 1-800 number instead of forcing them to navigate IVRs and wait on hold. Similarly, the Conversational Cloud can ingest traditional emails and convert them into messaging conversations, or embed messaging conversations directly into web advertisements, rather than redirect consumers to static website landing pages. Agents can manage all conversations with consumers through a single console interface, regardless of where the conversations originated. LivePerson’s robust, cloud-based suite of rich messaging, real-time chat, AI and automation offerings features consumer and agent facing bots, intelligent routing and capacity mapping, real-time intent detection and analysis, queue prioritization, customer sentiment, analytics and reporting, content delivery, PCI compliance, co-browsing, and a sophisticated proactive targeting engine. An extensible API stack facilitates a lower cost of ownership by facilitating robust integration into back-end systems, as well as enabling developers to build their own programs and services on top of the platform. LivePerson’s Conversational AI platform enables what we call “the tango” of humans, AI and bots, whereby human agents act as bot managers, overseeing AI-powered conversations and seamlessly stepping into the flow when a personal touch is needed. Agents become ultra-efficient, leveraging the AI engine to serve up relevant content, define next-best actions and take over repetitive transactional work so that the agent can focus on relationship building. By seamlessly integrating messaging with our proprietary Conversational AI, as well as third-party bots, the Conversational Cloud offers brands a comprehensive approach to scaling automations across their millions of customer conversations. Complementing our proprietary messaging and Conversational AI offerings are teams of technical, solutions and consulting professionals that have developed deep domain expertise in the implementation and optimization of conversational services across industries and messaging endpoints. LivePerson’s products, coupled with our domain knowledge, industry expertise and professional services, have been proven to maximize the impact of Conversational AI and deliver measurable return on investment for our customers. Certain of our customers have achieved the following advantages from our offerings: • • • the ability for each agent to manage as many as 40 messaging conversations at a time, as compared to one at a time for a voice agent and two to four at a time for a good chat agent. Adding AI and bots provides even greater scale to the number of conversations managed; labor efficiency gains of at least two times that of voice agents, effectively cutting labor costs by at least 50%; improving the overall customer experience, thereby fueling customer satisfaction score increases of up to 20 percentage points, and enhancing retention and loyalty; • more convenient, personalized and content-rich conversations that increase sales conversion by up to 20%, increase average order value and reduce abandonment; • more satisfied contact center agents, thereby reducing agent churn by up to 50%; • • a valued connection with consumers via mobile devices, either through native applications, websites, text messages, or third-party messaging platforms; and leveraged spending that drives visitor traffic by increasing visitor conversions. 1 As a “cloud computing” or SaaS provider, LivePerson provides solutions on a hosted basis. This model offers significant benefits over premise-based software, including lower up-front costs, faster implementation, lower total cost of ownership, scalability, cost predictability, and simplified upgrades. Organizations that adopt a fully-hosted, multi-tenant architecture that is maintained by LivePerson eliminate the majority of the time, server infrastructure costs, and IT resources required to implement, maintain, and support traditional on-premise software. Hundreds of the world’s biggest brands, including HSBC, Virgin Media, and Burberry use our conversational solutions to orchestrate humans and AI, at scale, and create a convenient and personalized relationship with their customers. LivePerson’s consumer services offering is an online marketplace that connects Experts who provide information and knowledge for a fee via mobile and online messaging with Users. Users seek assistance and advice in various categories including personal counseling and coaching, computers and programming, education and tutoring, spirituality and religion, and other topics. LivePerson was incorporated in the State of Delaware in November 1995 and the LivePerson service was introduced in November 1998. The Company completed an initial public offering in April 2000 and is currently traded on the Nasdaq and the TASE. LivePerson is headquartered in New York City. Market Opportunity LivePerson’s proprietary messaging and Conversational AI enable consumers and businesses to use natural language over conversational interfaces such as voice, messaging apps, a brand’s own website and apps, and social platforms, in order to get answers to questions, make purchases and resolve customer care inquiries. Our view is that once a consumer has established their favorite brands as contacts in their preferred messaging app, they will be less likely to contact that brand by other means. Instead, they will simply select the contact, open up the thread with their entire history with the brand, and then renew the conversation. As a result, we anticipate that the billions of dollars previously invested by brands across these legacy channels will be increasingly allocated to experiences powered by AI platforms. Historically, brands have predominantly promoted calling their 1-800 number or using email as the primary means of contact with consumers. We believe that moving these calls to messaging represents the largest portion of what we estimate is a $60 billion go-to-market opportunity. We estimate that nearly half of this market opportunity is tied to service, and the other half tied to sales, marketing, social and brick and mortar use cases. LivePerson believes that AI and automation are the foundation for transforming the conversational experience, disrupting how agents operate and how brands engage with consumers. With AI at the center of the solution and by harnessing data from all primary channels, including voice, messaging, chat, and human agents, LivePerson is in a unique position to provide the best conversational experiences for consumers. Deep voice integrations with CRM, service, and IT systems allows us to deliver a unified agent experience through a single pane of glass. We believe that consumer traffic and digital spending will increasingly shift away from websites and mobile apps to conversational engagements. We think that websites and e-commerce have not lived up to the expectations of businesses and that consumers are likewise frustrated with the navigational experience and the challenges of getting questions answered on websites. In fact, decades after the invention of the internet, e-commerce still only accounts for approximately 15% of total retail sales and, in the U.S., Amazon.com accounts for approximately 40% of this share. We believe that LivePerson’s proprietary messaging and Conversational AI offerings provide a superior alternative to websites, 800 numbers and branded apps. We conclude that consumers will increasingly opt to connect with brands through their preferred messaging channels, such as Apple Business Chat, WhatsApp, SMS, Messenger, or Twitter, rather than clutter their mobile devices, waste storage, and potentially impact cell phone performance by downloading a multitude of individual apps. Our strategy is to continue to enhance the Conversational AI engine and related products, by leveraging our global R&D footprint and substantial library of mobile and online conversational data, with the aim of increasing agent efficiency, decreasing customer care costs, improving the customer experience and increasing customer lifetime value. Strategy 2 The key elements of LivePerson’s business solutions strategy include: Increase messaging volumes by developing a broad ecosystem, expanding customer use cases, and focusing on AI and automation. Our strategy is to drive higher messaging volumes by going both wide across messaging endpoints, deep across consumer use cases, and focusing on AI and automation as the means to deliver powerful scale. In order to drive broad messaging adoption, it is imperative that the Conversational Cloud integrates to all of the messaging apps that consumers prefer to use for communication and addresses all key use cases. For example, if a consumer is an avid WhatsApp user, and a brand only offers SMS as a messaging option, that consumer may be reluctant to try messaging the brand. Therefore, a key strategy of ours has been to build one of the industry’s broadest ecosystems of messaging endpoints and use cases. In June 2016, we launched with In-App messaging. In 2017, we introduced Facebook Messenger, SMS, Web messaging and IVR deflection integrations. In 2018, we added Apple Business Chat, Google Rich Business Messenger, Line, WhatsApp, Alexa, Google Home, Google Ad Lingo and Twitter. In 2019, we added email, allowing brands to manage emails through the same console they use for messaging, and to convert legacy emails into messaging conversations. We also added social monitoring and conversational tools for Twitter and Facebook, and introduced proactive messaging, allowing brands to transform traditional one-way notifications such as flight cancellations or phone plan overage alerts into two-way conversations. Finally, we connected to Facebook and WhatsApp digital advertisements, enabling consumers to initiate messaging conversations for marketing and customer care directly within the advertisement. In 2020, we added Instagram and Google’s Business Messages, allowing brands to bring customer-initiated conversations into the Conversational Cloud directly from Instagram, Google Search, and Google Maps. In 2021, we acquired Callinize, Inc. (dba Tenfold) (“Tenfold”), which allows our brands to bring the LivePerson Conversational Cloud into other applications, starting with Salesforce and expanding into other leading CRM and Helpdesk platforms. The ability to power conversational experiences beyond our own workspace opens up further messaging volumes and workflows for LivePerson to participate in. We made good progress on these integrations in 2022. LivePerson makes the management of all these disparate channels seamless to the brand. AI-based intelligent routing, queuing and prioritization software orchestrates these conversations at scale, regardless of which messaging endpoint they originated from, so that human and bot agents can engage with all customers through just one console. Our Conversational AI leadership and the increase in adoption have influenced LivePerson’s enterprise and mid- market revenue retention rate, (the trailing-twelve-month change in total revenue from existing customers after upsells, downsells and attrition) which was within our target range of 105% to 115% for 2022. The benefit can also be seen in LivePerson’s ARPU for our enterprise and mid-market customers, which increased approximately 11% in 2022 to $680,000 from approximately $610,000 in 2021. We believe these ARPU show that LivePerson’s strategy to drive messaging adoption has successfully influenced our revenue growth by taking share from legacy communication channels. Attract the industry’s best AI, machine learning and conversational talent. We believe that AI and machine learning are critical to successfully scaling and exploiting our data advantage. LivePerson also expanded its development talent base in Germany, and added key development talent through the acquisitions of BotCentral in Mountain View, California; Tenfold in Austin, Texas; e-bot7 GmbH (“e-bot7”) in Munich, Germany; VoiceBase, Inc. (“VoiceBase”) in San Francisco, California; and WildHealth, Inc. (“WildHealth”) in Lexington, Kentucky. Strengthen our position in both existing and new industries. We plan to continue to develop our market position by increasing our customer base, and expanding within our installed base. We plan to continue to focus primarily on key target markets: consumer/retail, telecommunications, financial services, travel/hospitality, technology and automotive within both our enterprise and mid-market sectors, as well as the SMB sector. Leverage our open architecture to integrate with other systems and support partners and developers. In addition to developing our own applications, we continue to cultivate a partner eco-system capable of offering additional applications and services to our customers. We integrate into third-party messaging endpoints including SMS, Facebook Messenger, Apple Business Chat, Google Rich Business Messenger, Line, WhatsApp, Alexa, Google Home, WeChat, Google Ad Lingo, Google Search, Google Maps, Instagram and Twitter, multiple IVR vendors, and dozens of branded apps. 3 We have opened up access to our platform and our products with APIs and software development kits that enable customers and third parties to develop on top of our platform. Customers and partners can utilize these APIs to build our capabilities into their own applications and to enhance our applications with their services. In 2019, we launched LivePerson Functions, a serverless FaaS integration which enables brands to develop custom behaviors within LivePerson’s conversational platform to easily and rapidly tailor conversation flows to their specific needs. In 2022, we launched our partnership with Celonis to embed VoiceBase analytics and Celonis conversation mining into an application capable of analyzing omni-channel conversational data to enable operational improvements and automate the customer journey. Expand sales partnerships to broaden our presence and accelerate sales cycles. We are focused on broadening our market reach and accelerating sales cycles by partnering with systems integrators, technology providers, business process outsourcers, value added resellers and other sales partners. We formalized a relationship with IBM Global Business Services in 2017 and Accenture in 2018. In 2019, we announced strategic partnerships with TTEC, a leading BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) company focused on customer experience, and DMI, a digital transformation company, to redefine the customer experience with digital engagement, messaging, and AI-driven automation. In 2020, a digital services and consulting company joined LivePerson’s network with a first-of-its-kind 360 degree partnership focusing not only on capturing the global rising demand for conversational commerce and building a personalized experience for customers, but also driving the transformation for internal corporate messaging and the employee experience through Conversational AI. In 2021, we announced strategic integration partnerships with Google Cloud, Adobe and Medallia to help brands make contact center agents more efficient and effective, and empower and enrich the management of customer and employee experience through the power of AI. Our network also expanded with the Tech Mahindra partnership to help brands deliver personalized conversational experiences to consumers at scale. In 2022, we partnered with Afiniti and Celonis to help brands improve customer engagement and analytics, deepened our partnership with Cisco to strengthen our CRM capabilities, and began a strategic co-selling partnership with CBA to drive sales in the Asia-Pacific region. Evaluate strategic alliances and acquisitions when appropriate. In July 2021, we acquired German conversational AI company e-bot7, which propels our self-service capabilities and continued growth across Europe. In October 2021, we acquired VoiceBase, a leader in real-time speech recognition and conversational analytics; and Tenfold, an advanced customer engagement platform for integrating communication systems with leading CRM and support services. In February 2022, we acquired WildHealth, which leverages advanced machine learning to combine DNA analysis, biometrics, microbiome testing and phenotypic data to provide people with a blueprint for truly optimized health and a maximized health span. Once fully integrated, we expect these acquisitions to allow LivePerson to deliver our AI and automation capabilities, insights, and integration as a single integrated product offering across channels including voice and messaging. Business solutions offerings Products and Services The Conversational Cloud. The Conversational Cloud, LivePerson’s enterprise-class, cloud-based platform, enables businesses and consumers to connect through conversational interfaces, such as in-app and mobile messaging, while leveraging bots and AI to increase efficiency. The platform, which is marketed primarily to managers of digital and customer care, as well as e-commerce, marketing, and contact center executives, combines sophisticated mobile and online engagement technology with robust business intelligence and big data to produce compelling, measurable results by intelligently engaging consumers based on a real-time understanding of consumer needs. Rich, contextually aware targeting, actionable insights and personalized experiences, empower businesses to get the most out of their existing online, mobile and social platforms. Potential benefits of the Conversational Cloud include increased agent efficiency, decreased customer care costs, improved customer experiences, higher conversion rates and increased customer lifetime value. The Conversational Cloud enables the combination of real time on-site data and off-site behavioral data, with a broad set of historical and operational data. Proprietary analytics utilize this data to target end users with compelling engagement options at any step in the conversion funnel and throughout the customer lifecycle. The platform enables customers to maximize online revenue opportunities, improve conversion rates and reduce shopping cart abandonment by proactively engaging the right visitor, using the right channel, at the right time. Our solution identifies segments of website visitors who demonstrate the highest propensity to convert, and engages them in real-time with relevant content and offers, helping to generate incremental sales. The platform also reduces costs in the contact center relative to voice, by identifying consumers who may be struggling with their self-serve experience, and proactively connecting them to a live consumer care specialist via messaging, who can manage several conversations at once. This comprehensive solution blends a proven value-based 4 methodology with an active rules-based engagement engine and deep domain expertise to increase first contact resolution, improve consumer satisfaction, and reduce attrition rates. LivePerson’s Conversational AI. LivePerson’s Conversational AI, announced in December 2018, operates as the brains behind new LivePerson AI-based products, and was developed using our conversational data set of millions of brand-to- consumer interactions. LivePerson’s Conversational AI was custom designed for the Conversational Space, enabling what we call “the tango” of humans, AI and bots, whereby human agents act as bot managers, overseeing AI-powered conversations and seamlessly stepping into the flow when a personal touch is needed. Through the Conversational Cloud, agents become ultra- efficient, leveraging the AI engine to serve up relevant content, define next-best actions and take over repetitive transactional work so that the agent can focus on relationship building. By seamlessly integrating the Conversational Cloud with our proprietary AI, as well as third-party bots, the platform provides businesses with a comprehensive view of all AI-based and human-based conversations from a single console. Some of the first products developed on LivePerson’s Conversational AI engine include: • • • • • Conversation Builder, which non-technical staff such as contact center agents use to design high-quality automated conversations. The conversations are not built from scratch. Conversation Builder creates the initial versions by mining a brand’s existing conversation transcripts. Prebuilt industry templates are also available, providing the dialogue and integrations necessary for common use cases such as billing. Conversation Manager, a console that suggests automated responses and next best actions to contact center agents, who edit and select from them. Edits and selections dynamically improve the responses and next best actions. When the content reaches a brand-set accuracy threshold, it can be offered to consumers without human intervention. Conversation Manager also includes sentiment monitoring to alert contact center agents to conversations that require their attention. Designed for use in large contact centers, Conversation Manager sends these requests to agents who have the capacity and appropriate skills to respond. A major retail brand that adopted this approach in its sales operation increased agent productivity up to 220% within 12 weeks of launch. Conversation Analytics, dashboards and reporting which take the true voice of the customer - their direct discussions with a brand, spoken in their natural language - and turn it into actionable sales and service intelligence. A major wireless provider using early versions of Conversation Analytics reported the product identifies the root cause of service issues faster than monitoring software, enabling the provider to accelerate the fix and reduce inbound customer inquiries. A leading hospitality firm used Conversation Analytics to identify and add new, top-selling items to its menu selection. Intent Manager, a real-time intent recognition and classification engine that analyzes consumer intentions at every turn of the conversation. Intent Manager is powered by LivePerson’s proprietary natural language understanding capabilities and machine learning algorithms, which are grounded in over 20+ years of conversational data and more than one billion messaging transcripts across a variety of industries. Intent Manager is currently being used by top brands to gain real-time insights and take action to improve customer service, marketing, and sales automation. Performance Optimizer, a measurement tool to help brands to measure and manage the health of their conversational operations in a single self-service dashboard. Performance Optimizer measures critical metrics for conversational experiences and uses AI to automatically assess performance, provide actionable insights, and deliver executive reporting. Professional Services The mission of our Professional Services team is to help customers optimize the performance of our products in order to drive incremental value through their mobile and online sales and/or service channel(s). This talented group utilizes their deep domain expertise and years of hands-on experience to provide customers with detailed analyses and measurements of their LivePerson deployment that drive strategies and decisions on how to optimize mobile and online messaging, real-time chat, and bot and AI integration. Deliverables of the team include scorecards that measure and chart performance trends, analyses and recommendations for conversational design, web design and process improvement, transcript reviews to discover both voice of the consumer insight and agent improvement opportunities, custom training of call center agents and management, and ongoing management of messaging programs to ensure alignment with current business practices and objectives. The team’s value- added methodology and approach to guiding customers towards messaging channels and human/bot agent optimization is an important component of the LivePerson offering, and gives our customers a competitive advantage in the digital world. 5 WildHealth In the first quarter of 2022, we acquired WildHealth, which leverages advanced machine learning to combine DNA analysis, biometrics, microbiome testing and phenotypic data to provide people with a blueprint for truly optimized health and a maximized health span. The acquisition is part of the Company’s strategy to pursue the adoption of its technology-driven offerings in the healthcare space by combining a rich healthcare data platform with Conversational AI to enable B2B healthcare brands to scale and personalize patient engagement. e-Bot7 In the third quarter of 2021, we acquired German conversational AI company e-bot7. We expect the acquisition to empower brands of all sizes to quickly launch AI-powered messaging experiences — as well as its continued growth in Europe. We believe that combining e-bot7’s simple, easy-to-use technology with LivePerson’s world-class NLU, global organization, and vast customer base will accelerate the speed at which brands can deploy and train AI-powered conversations. Tenfold In the fourth quarter of 2021, we acquired Tenfold, a customer experience integration platform that enables enterprises to modernize customer experience tools without having to replace legacy systems. Tenfold helps transform voice networks and contact center providers without impacting day-to-day operations. Its customers include brands such as Wayfair, TransAmerica, and Sixt. We intend to maintain Tenfold’s business operations while integrating and leveraging Tenfold’s technology platform with our proprietary messaging and Conversational AI offerings. With Tenfold, LivePerson messaging becomes available to agents anywhere — embedded in a CRM, on the agent’s desktop, or in the brand’s own integrated systems. Once fully integrated, as a voice platform-agnostic, blended system, we expect the offering also to provide enhanced flexibility for brands to work with any voice vendor and complement LivePerson messaging without impacting agent experience and productivity. VoiceBase In the fourth quarter of 2021, we acquired VoiceBase, a voice analytics platform for the enterprise, built on advanced speech recognition technology, that transforms voice and messaging conversations into easily interpreted data and actionable insights. It works with leading brands such as GrubHub, Twilio, Delta Dental, UserTesting, and Slice, and has out-of-the-box integrations with leading telephony and contact-center systems including RingCentral, Genesys, NICE CXone, Avaya, Twilio, and now LivePerson. We intend to maintain VoiceBase’s business operations while integrating and leveraging VoiceBase’s technology with our proprietary messaging and Conversational AI offerings. Once fully integrated, we anticipate that VoiceBase’s capabilities with LivePerson’s Conversational AI will give brands enhanced visibility into customer intents, sentiments, frustrations, and successes from 100% of conversations across messaging and voice, as well as third-party voice, telephony, or contact center systems. These insights make it easier to improve customer experience, uncover sales opportunities and increase revenue, and understand agent productivity and utilization. Consumer services offering Our consumer services offering is an online marketplace that connects Experts who provide information and knowledge for a fee via mobile and online messaging with Users. Users seek assistance and advice in various categories including personal counseling and coaching, computers and programming, education and tutoring, spirituality and religion, and other topics. The business comprising our consumer services offering has been classified as assets held for sale as of December 31, 2022. See Note 20 – Assets Held for Sale in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Customers More than 18,000 customers have deployed our business solutions, including Fortune 500 companies, dedicated internet businesses, a broad range of online merchants, as well as numerous SMBs, automotive dealers, universities, libraries, government agencies and not-for-profit organizations. Our solutions benefit organizations of all sizes conducting business or communicating with consumers through mobile and online messaging and chat. We plan to continue to focus on key target markets: consumer/retail, telecommunications, financial services, travel/hospitality, technology, healthcare, and automotive, within the U.S. and Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region. No single customer accounted for or exceeded 10% of our total revenue for 2022, 2021, or 2020. 6 Sales and Marketing Sales. Our mobile and online messaging solutions are targeted at business executives whose primary responsibility is optimization of customer care, sales and marketing, or optimizing a consumer’s journey across the brand’s digital properties. Our solutions enable organizations to provide effective customer service, sales and marketing by deflecting costly phone calls and emails to the more cost efficient mobile and online messaging channel. We focus on the value that our solutions deliver in the form of increased agent efficiency, reduced contact center costs, increased customer satisfaction, improved customer lifetime value, maximized digital consumer acquisition, and optimized website and mobile business outcomes. Within the business solutions segment we have aligned our field organization to address the different sales strategies of our target markets: Enterprise and large mid-market. We target enterprises which have thousands of agents in their contact centers and collectively connect with billions of consumers each year. We leverage thought leadership and related events to showcase our strength in messaging and AI, and highlight existing reference customers who share their successes on our platform and how they achieved positive ROIs. Increasingly, we are working with large third-party system integrators, technology providers and business process outsourcers to supplement our direct sales effort. Small business and small mid-market. We target small business and small mid-market customers with a mix of direct, online self-service, and third-party partner channels. Our customer acquisition strategy centers on leveraging customer word-of- mouth, our leading brand name, online marketing and partnerships. We also leverage marketing programs and partner resources to promote increased usage and product adoption within these customers. Indirect Sales. Resources within our organization are focused on developing partnerships to generate revenues via referral partnerships and indirect sales through channel partners. By maximizing market coverage via partners who provide lead referrals and complementary products and services, we believe this channel supports revenue opportunities without incurring the costs associated with traditional direct sales. Our acquisition of Tenfold has accelerated our ability to integrate with legacy customer systems as well as competing or complementary customer service solutions. Customer Support. Our Professional Services group provides deployment support and ongoing business consulting to enterprise and mid-market customers and maintains involvement throughout the engagement lifecycle. All LivePerson customers have access to 24/7 help desk services through messaging, chat, and technical support ticketing. Marketing. We have a global team, spread across key geographies that is focused on marketing our brand, products and services to executives responsible for the digital channel, the consumer experience, marketing, sales, IT, and consumer service operations of their organization. Our main focus is on the consumer/retail, telecommunications, financial services, travel/hospitality, technology, healthcare, and automotive industries. Our marketing strategy encompasses a strategic communications approach that integrates public relations, social media, and analyst/influencer relations. Communications seek to highlight key customer success stories, and promote executive thought leadership via contributed content, speaking opportunities and press interviews, to raise LivePerson’s profile and reinforce our position as an industry leader. Competition The markets for AI-enhanced customer interaction, mobile and online business messaging, and digital engagement technology are intensely competitive, rapidly changing and characterized by aggressive marketing, pricing pressure, evolving industry standards, rapid technology developments, and frequent new product introductions. We believe that most contact center technology vendors incorrectly view messaging as simply a feature or channel. They are content with building integrations to a messaging endpoint and offering messaging as just another product in their suite. LivePerson believes that messaging and AI are the foundation for conversational experiences, which transform how agents operate and how brands engage with consumers across service, sales, marketing, and brick and mortar. Brands must adapt their contact centers to an asynchronous messaging environment and leverage a combination of human agents, bots and AI to achieve scale and efficiencies. 7 We believe that our differentiated approach to the Conversational Space, combined with our unique technology and expertise, has established the Company as a market leader, with an ability to deliver superior returns on investment: • • • • The Conversational Cloud, LivePerson’s enterprise-class, automation-first, cloud-based platform, was designed for AI-assisted and human-powered messaging in mobile and online channels. The platform offers best-in-class security and scalability, offers the broadest ecosystem of messaging endpoints, is designed for ease of use, and features an AI engine custom built for the Conversational Space, intent recognition, robust real-time reporting, role-based real-time analytics, predictive intelligence, and innovations in customer satisfaction and connection measurement. Additionally, the Conversational Cloud is an open platform with pre-built, enterprise-grade integrations into back-end systems as well as the ability to work across NLU providers. The platform has expanded to power conversations across a broad spectrum of channels and use cases, from traditional sales and customer service, to marketing, social, email, advertising and brick and mortar. The Company believes it has a significant advantage in the form of a data moat built on hundreds of millions of conversations across industries, geographies and use cases that is feeding the machine learning engines that power intent understanding. LivePerson has deep domain expertise across verticals and messaging endpoints, a global footprint, referenceable enterprise brands and a team of technical, solutions and consulting professionals to assist customers along their transformational journeys. We are positioned as an authority in the Conversational Space. We believe this focus on technological innovation, expertise and enterprise-class capabilities is positioning LivePerson as a leader in the Conversational Space. We have current and potential competition from providers of messaging and digital engagement solutions that enable companies to engage and connect with their consumer customers, as well as technology providers that offer customer relationship management and contact center solutions. We have current and potential competitors in many different industries, including: • • • • • technology or service providers offering or powering competing digital engagement, contact center, communications, or customer relationship management solutions such as eGain, Genesys, Nuance, Oracle, Salesforce.com, and Twilio; service providers that offer basic messaging products or services with limited functionality free of charge or at significantly reduced entry level prices; social media, social listening, messaging, artificial intelligence, bots, e-commerce, and/or data and data analytics companies, such as Facebook, Google, and WeChat, which may leverage their existing or future capabilities and consumer relationships to offer competing business-to-business solutions; customers that develop and manage their messaging solutions in-house; and large players in the AI space, such as Google, Amazon, Microsoft and OpenAI 8 Four key technological features distinguish the LivePerson services: Technology • LivePerson’s powerful Conversational AI is enhanced by over 20 years of proprietary, verbatim conversation data that the company has accumulated helping thousands of clients, including the world’s largest brands, message with consumers at scale. Unlike other AIs, which are applied to wide-ranging and unrelated use cases, LivePerson’s AI has been built specifically to power conversations between brands and consumers, giving it the edge in understanding consumer intents and the resolutions that best satisfy them. • We support our customers through a secure, scalable server infrastructure. Currently, in North America, our primary servers are hosted in a fully-secured, top-tier, third-party server center located in the Mid-Atlantic United States, and are supported by a top-tier backup server facility located in the Western United States. In Europe, our primary servers are hosted in a fully-secured, top-tier, third-party server center located in the United Kingdom and are supported by a top-tier backup server facility located in The Netherlands. In the Asia Pacific region, our primary and backup servers are hosted in fully-secured, top-tier, third-party server centers located in Australia. Nearly all of our larger customers outside of the United States are hosted within our U.K.- and Australia-based facilities. By managing our servers directly, we maintain greater flexibility and control over the production environment allowing us to be responsive to customer needs and to continue to provide a superior level of service. Utilizing advanced network infrastructure and protocols, our network, hardware and software are designed to accommodate our customers’ demand for secure, high-quality 24/7 service, including during peak times such as the holiday shopping season. Beginning in 2020, we began projects to migrate some or all of our infrastructure to the public cloud. • • As a hosted service, we are able to add additional capacity and new features quickly and efficiently. This has enabled us to provide these benefits simultaneously to our entire customer base. In addition, it allows us to maintain a relatively short development and implementation cycle. As a SaaS provider, we focus on the development of tightly integrated software design and network architecture. We dedicate significant resources to designing our software and network architecture based on the fundamental principles of security, reliability and scalability. Network Architecture and Security. Our network is scalable; we do not need to add new hardware or network capacity for each new LivePerson customer. Our backup server infrastructure housed at separate locations provides our primary hosting facilities with effective disaster recovery capability. We comply with security standards such as SOC2 (System and Organization Controls) and PCI. For increased security, through a multi-layered approach, we use advanced firewall architecture and industry-leading encryption standards and employ third-party experts to further validate our systems’ security. We also enable our customers to further encrypt their sensitive data using more advanced encryption algorithms. Government Regulation We and our customers are subject to a number of laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, including laws related to conducting business on the internet and on mobile devices, such as laws regarding data privacy, data protection, information security, cybersecurity, restrictions, or technological requirements regarding the collection, use, storage, protection, disposal transfer, or other processing of consumer data, content, consumer protection, internet (or net) neutrality, advertising, electronic contracts, taxation, provision of online payment services (including credit card processing), and intellectual property rights, which are continuously evolving and developing. Intellectual Property and Proprietary Rights We own a portfolio of patents and patent applications in the United States and internationally and regularly file patent applications to protect intellectual property that we believe is important to our business. As of December 31, 2022, we have 207 patents issued in the U.S. and abroad, and 241 patents pending. We had 36 patents awarded in the U.S. during 2022, and added 25 global patents. Our patents cover Conversational AI and insights, messaging across various consumer platforms, behavioral analytics and personalization, and agent effectiveness and call center operations. 9 We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trade secret, trademark and other common law protections in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality requirements and contractual provisions, to protect our proprietary technology, processes and other intellectual property. Human Capital Management As a leading provider of conversational solutions, we are at the forefront of a consumer-led shift to Conversational AI, and our Conversational Cloud is setting the industry standard for this future. As of December 31, 2022, we had 1,301 full-time employees worldwide, located in more than 13 countries. Of these, 731 were located in the Americas, 454 in EMEA, and 116 in APAC. Although we have statutory employee representation obligations in certain countries, our U.S. employees are not covered by collective bargaining arrangements. We believe we have good relations with our employees. For 2022, our key human capital management efforts focused on the following: Talent Acquisition and Development. We place a high priority on attracting, recruiting, developing and retaining diverse global talent. As a company, we are focused on benefits and programs that support our employees across the entire employee lifecycle, from recruitment and onboarding, to well-being, learning and development. Our recruiting processes are designed to ensure that we bring on employees who are aligned to our values and culture, and we follow a comprehensive process in order to solicit multiple perspectives and eliminate bias. In 2020, we launched a four-week seminar-style cohort program to ensure LivePerson employees understand the foundation of AI and how AI is transforming industries and society. Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. DEI is core to our global strategy. We believe that diverse and inclusive teams foster innovation, creativity and productivity. We have invested resources in this area for some time, and intend to continue to enhance and improve our efforts. In 2021, we hired a dedicated leader to focus on our global diversity recruiting practices. We also began working with two diversity recruiting platforms, intentionally diversified our interview panels, and recalibrated our job description templates to focus more heavily on inclusivity. We also invested in a series of recruiting events in the U.S. and EMEA to help us connect underrepresented talent to open positions. We are committed to fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace that celebrates different perspectives, cultures, and experiences. We regularly measure the representation of women and minority groups in the Company, including in leadership and technical positions, and will continue our ongoing efforts to increase hiring of employees from these groups. We are committed to equal pay for equal work. As part of that commitment, we run a pay equity analysis when we conduct our annual compensation assessments and when we grant equity. Website Access to Reports We make available, free of charge, on our website (www.liveperson.com), our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and our current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished it to, the SEC. The Company’s website address provided above is not intended to function as a hyperlink, and the information on the Company’s website is not and should not be considered part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. Item 1A. Risk Factors The following are certain of the important risk factors that could cause, or contribute to causing, our actual operating results to differ materially from those indicated, expected, or suggested by forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or presented elsewhere by management from time to time. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not presently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial, could also materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, prospects, and/or the price of our outstanding securities. 10 Summary of Risk Factors The following is a summary of the principal risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, prospects, and/or the price of our outstanding securities, and make an investment in our securities speculative or risky. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below. • • • • Our business depends significantly on our ability to retain our key personnel, attract new personnel, and manage attrition. Supporting our existing and growing customer base could strain our personnel resources and infrastructure, and if we are unable to scale our operations and increase productivity, we may not be able to successfully implement our business plan. The success of our business depends on retention of existing customers and their purchase of additional services, and attracting new customers and new consumer users of our consumer services. Our expansion into new products, services, and technologies could subject us to additional risks. • Major public health issues, and specifically the pandemic caused by the spread of COVID-19, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, prospects, and/or the price of our outstanding securities. If we do not successfully integrate past or potential future acquisitions, we may not realize the expected business or financial benefits and our business could be adversely impacted. • • • • • Capital needs necessary to execute our business strategy could increase substantially and we may not be able to secure additional financing to execute this strategy. Our sales cycles can be lengthy, and the timing of sales can be difficult to predict, which may cause our operating results to vary significantly. Delays in our implementation cycles could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. If the sale of Kasamba is completed, we will no longer be engaged in the consumer segment of our business and our future results of operations will be dependent solely on our business segment. • We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not properly • • • • • • • • • remediated, could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our quarterly revenue and operating results may fluctuate significantly, which may cause a substantial decline in the trading price of our securities. In the past we have experienced losses, we had an accumulated deficit of $692.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and we may incur losses in the future. The non-payment or late payment of amounts due to us from a significant number of customers may negatively impact our financial condition or make it difficult to forecast our revenues accurately. Because we recognize revenue from subscriptions for our service over the term of the subscription, declines in business may not be immediately reflected in our operating results. If we are unable to develop and maintain successful relationships with partners, service partners, social media, and other third-party consumer messaging platforms and endpoints, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected. If we are unable to effectively operate on mobile devices, our business could be adversely affected. The markets in which we participate are highly competitive, and we may lose customers and revenue if we are not able to innovate or effectively compete. Downturns in the global economic environment or in particular industries in which our sales are concentrated may adversely affect our business and results of operations. Failures or security breaches in our services or systems, those of our third-party service providers, or in the websites of our customers, including those resulting from cyber-attacks, security vulnerabilities, defects, or errors, could harm our business. • We may be liable if third parties access or misappropriate confidential or personal data from our systems or services. 11 • We provide service level commitments to certain customers. If we do not meet these contractual commitments, we could be obligated to provide credits or refunds or face contract terminations, which could adversely affect our revenue and harm our reputation. • • Failure to license necessary third-party software for use in our products and services, or failure to successfully integrate third-party software, could cause delays or reductions in our sales, or errors or failures of our service. Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection, and increased public scrutiny of privacy and security issues could result in increased government regulation, industry standards, and other legal obligations that could adversely affect our business. • We may be subject to governmental export controls and economic sanctions regulations that could impair our ability to compete in international markets due to licensing requirements and could subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws. • • • • • • Industry-specific regulation is evolving and unfavorable industry-specific laws, regulations, or interpretive positions could harm our business. Future regulation of the internet or mobile devices may slow our growth, resulting in decreased demand for our services and increased costs of doing business. Our products and services may infringe upon intellectual property rights of third parties and any infringement could require us to incur substantial costs and may distract our management. Our business and prospects would suffer if we are unable to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights. Issues in the use of AI in our product offerings may result in reputational harm or liability. Our results of operations may be adversely impacted due to our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. • We may be unsuccessful in expanding our operations internationally and/or into direct-to-consumer services due to additional regulatory requirements, tax liabilities, currency exchange rate fluctuations, and other risks, which could adversely affect our results of operations. • • • • Our operations may expose us to greater than anticipated income, non-income, and transactional tax liabilities, which could harm our financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. Political, economic, and military conditions in Israel could negatively impact our Israeli operations. Servicing our debt may require a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our indebtedness. • We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Notes in cash or to repurchase the Notes upon a fundamental change, and any future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Notes. Provisions in the indentures for the Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to you. • • • • • • • • • The conditional conversion feature of the Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results. The capped call transactions may affect the value of the Notes and our common stock. Our stock price has been, and may continue to be, highly volatile, which could reduce the value of your investment and subject us to litigation. Our common stock is traded on more than one market and this may result in price variations. If our officers, directors and largest stockholders choose to act together, they may be able to significantly influence our management and operations, acting in their own best interest and not necessarily those of our other stockholders. Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock may negatively affect our stock price. Provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable. 12 Risks Related to Operating our Business Our business depends significantly on our ability to retain our key personnel, attract new personnel, and manage attrition. Our success depends largely on the continued services of our senior management team. The loss of one or more members of senior management could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We are also substantially dependent on the continued service of other key personnel, including key sales executives responsible for revenue generation and key development personnel accountable for product and service innovation and timely development and delivery of upgrades and enhancements to our existing products and services. Changes to senior management and key employees could also lead to additional unplanned losses of key employees. The loss of key employees could seriously harm our ability to release new products and services and upgrade existing products and services on a timely basis, and put us at a competitive disadvantage. In the technology industry, there is substantial competition for key personnel, including skilled engineers, sales executives and operations personnel. We may not be able to successfully recruit, integrate and retain qualified personnel in the future, which could impact our ability to innovate and deliver new or updated products to our customers, which could harm our business. Among other things, our decision to shift to a remote working environment following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic may make it harder for us to recruit and retain our personnel. If our retention and recruitment efforts are ineffective, employee turnover could increase and our ability to provide services to our customers would be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, the requirement to expense stock options may discourage us from granting the size or type of stock option awards that job candidates may require in order to join our company. We expect to evaluate our needs and the performance of our staff on a periodic basis and may choose to make adjustments in the future. If the size of our staff is significantly reduced, either by our choice or otherwise, it may become more difficult for us to manage existing, or establish new, relationships with customers and other counterparties, or to expand and improve our service offerings. It may also become more difficult for us to implement changes to our business plan or to respond promptly to opportunities in the marketplace. Further, it may become more difficult for us to devote personnel resources necessary to maintain or improve existing systems, including our financial and managerial controls, billing systems, reporting systems and procedures. Thus, any significant amount of staff attrition could cause our business and financial results to suffer. Supporting our existing and growing customer base could strain our personnel resources and infrastructure, and if we are unable to scale our operations and increase productivity, we may not be able to successfully implement our business plan. We continue to experience significant growth in our customer base and personnel, which has placed a strain on our management, administrative, operational and financial infrastructure. We anticipate that additional investments in our internal infrastructure, data center capacity, research, customer support and development, and real estate spending will be required to scale our operations and increase productivity, to address the needs of our customers, to further develop and enhance our services, to expand into new geographic areas, and to scale with our overall growth. We may also need to make additional investments with third party outsourcing providers, such as our announced plans to work with a digital services and consulting company to move our technology infrastructure to the public cloud. The additional investments we are making will increase our cost base, which will make it more difficult for us to offset any future revenue shortfalls by reducing expenses in the short term, and there is no guarantee that they will be successful or meet our customers’ needs. We regularly upgrade or replace our various software systems. If the implementations of these new applications are delayed, or if we encounter unforeseen problems with our new systems or in migrating away from our existing applications and systems, our operations and our ability to manage our business could be negatively impacted. Our success will depend in part upon the ability of our senior management to manage our projected growth effectively. To do so, we must continue to increase the productivity of our existing employees and to hire, train and manage new employees as needed. To manage the expected domestic and international growth of our operations and personnel, we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, our reporting systems and procedures, and our utilization of real estate. If we fail to successfully scale our operations and increase productivity, we may be unable to execute our business plan and the market price of our securities could decline. The success of our business depends on retention of existing customers and their purchase of additional services, and attracting new customers and new consumer users of our consumer services. 13 Our customers typically subscribe for our services for a twelve-month term and may have no obligation to renew their subscription after expiration of the twelve-month term. In some cases, our agreements are terminable or may terminate upon 30 to 90 days’ notice without penalty. If a significant number of our customers, or any one customer to whom we provide a significant amount of services, were to terminate services, reduce the amount of services purchased, or fail to purchase additional services, our results of operations may be negatively and materially affected. Dissatisfaction with the nature or quality of our services as well as reductions in our customers’ spending levels or declines in customer activity as a result of general economic conditions or uncertainty in financial markets, could also lead customers to terminate our service. We depend on monthly fees and interaction-based fees from our services for substantially all of our revenue. As part of our strategy, we are increasingly offering customers subscriptions with interaction-based fees. While this interaction-based fee model has demonstrated success in our business to date, it could potentially produce greater variability in our revenue as revenue in this model is impacted by the number of interactions that our customers generate through use of our products. Because of the historically small amount of services sold in initial orders, we depend significantly on the growth of our customer base and sales to new customers and sales of additional services to our existing customers. The success of our consumer offerings similarly depends on our ability to attract and retain new customers. Our revenue could decline unless we are able to obtain additional customers or alternate revenue sources. Our Gainshare program offers contingent pricing and if we are unsuccessful at achieving customer objectives, the program could result in operating losses. The Company has developed Gainshare, a fully managed solution where LivePerson provides messaging and AI automation technology as well as the labor, automation, and end-to-end program management. Gainshare pricing is contingent on the degree to which a customer achieves its financial objectives, such as increased revenue or reduced operating costs. If we are unsuccessful in achieving these objectives for our customers (including as a result of broader market events, such as inflation and recessionary pressures, decreased consumer confidence, normalization of pandemic-specific shopping trends and returns to physical, in-store shopping experiences), it will reduce the revenue that we recognize from Gainshare and could result in our operating the program at a financial loss, which could have a materially adverse impact on our financial results. Our expansion into new products, services, and technologies could subject us to additional risks. We have invested and expect to continue to expand in new products, services, and technologies. We may have limited or no experience in new market segments that we enter or new services that we decide to offer, and customers may not choose to buy or use our service offerings. These offerings, which can present new and difficult technology challenges, may subject us to claims if customers of these offerings experience service disruptions or failures or other quality issues. Our newer activities may involve significant risks and uncertainties, including diversion of resources and management attention from current operations, as well as, in certain circumstances, the use of alternative investment, governance, or revenue strategies that may fail to adequately align incentives across our business or otherwise accomplish our objectives. In addition, new and evolving products, services, and technologies, including those that use AI, machine learning, and blockchain, can raise ethical, technological, legal, regulatory, and other challenges, which may negatively affect our business and demand for our products and services. In addition, profitability, if any, in our newer activities may not meet our expectations, and we may not be successful enough in these newer activities to recoup our investments in them. Failure to realize the benefits of amounts we invest in new technologies, products, or services could result in the value of those investments being written down or written off. Major public health issues, and specifically the pandemic caused by the spread of COVID-19, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, prospects, and/or the price of our outstanding securities. Our results of operations could in the future be materially adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We closely monitor developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic to assess its impact on our business. While still evolving, the COVID-19 pandemic (including the emergence and spread of more transmissible variants) has created significant economic disruption, and financial volatility and uncertainty both in the U.S. and around the world. Although vaccines believed to be highly effective at preventing hospitalization from COVID-19 continue to be produced and distributed, it is not possible to predict the longer term-effects that the COVID-19 pandemic could have on our business, including after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows or prospects will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and that we may not be able to accurately predict, including the duration and severity of the pandemic; governmental, business and individual actions that 14 have been and continue to be taken in response to the pandemic; the rate of vaccine adoption, the effectiveness of global vaccine distribution efforts and vaccine efficacy; the impact of the pandemic on economic activity and actions taken in response; the effect on our clients and client demand for our services and solutions, including the potential lengthening of the sales cycle; our ability to sell and provide our services and solutions, including through global customer summits (which were held virtually in 2020 and 2021); the ability of our clients to pay for our services and solutions; travel restrictions and working from home; and any closures of our and our clients’ offices and facilities. Clients may also slow down decision making, delay planned work, seek to terminate existing agreements and/or delay payment terms. While we have implemented risk management and contingency plans and taken preventive measures and other precautions, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business is uncertain. In 2020, due to health concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic, we vacated our physical offices around the world, and transitioned to a work-from- anywhere model. While we have been able to operate effectively from remote locations, the long-term impact of such work arrangements remains unknown. For example, such remote work arrangements may increase the risk of cyber incidents or data breaches and may present workplace culture challenges. Furthermore, we have incurred expenses associated with the early termination of various leases at our office locations around the world. We also outsource certain critical business activities to third parties and plan to continue to increasingly do so. As a result, we rely upon the successful implementation and execution of the business continuity and repopulation planning of such entities in the current environment. While we closely monitor the business continuity activities of these third parties, successful implementation and execution of their business continuity and repopulation strategies are largely outside our control. If one or more of the third parties to whom we outsource certain critical business activities experience operational failures as a result of the impacts from the spread of COVID-19, or claim that they cannot perform due to a force majeure, it may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. While governmental and non-governmental organizations are engaging in efforts to combat the spread and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and related public health issues, these measures may not be effective. We also cannot predict how legal and regulatory responses to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic and related public health issues will impact our business. Such events or conditions could result in additional regulation or restrictions affecting the conduct of our business in the future. Any of these events or other currently unforeseen consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, or of other pandemics, epidemics or similar widespread public health concerns, could cause or contribute to the risks and uncertainties enumerated in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, prospects and/or the price of our outstanding securities. If we do not successfully integrate past or potential future acquisitions, we may not realize the expected business or financial benefits and our business could be adversely impacted. As part of our business strategy, we have made and may continue to make acquisitions to add complementary businesses, products, technologies, revenue and intellectual property rights. In October 2018, we acquired AdvantageTec, Inc., a leading provider of texting solutions for service departments of automotive dealerships that helps enable the conversational experience across the entire dealership, including variable and fixed operations. In September 2018, we acquired the employees and technology assets of Conversable, Inc. a SaaS based AI powered conversational platform. In January 2018, we acquired the employees and technology assets of BotCentral, Inc., a Silicon Valley based startup which has created a number of bot solutions for major brands in banking, insurance, and travel, running on LivePerson’s conversational platform. In July 2021, we acquired German conversational AI company e-bot7. In October 2021, we acquired VoiceBase, a leader in real-time speech recognition and conversational analytics; and Tenfold, an advanced customer engagement platform for integrating communication systems with leading CRM and support services. In February 2022, we acquired WildHealth, which leverages advanced machine learning to combine DNA analysis, biometrics, microbiome testing and phenotypic data in an effort to provide people with a blueprint for optimized health. Acquisitions and investments involve numerous risks to us, including: • • • potential failure to achieve the expected benefits of the combination or acquisition; inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition or investment cost; difficulties in integrating operations, technologies, products, and personnel; 15 • • • • • • diversion of financial and management resources from efforts related to existing operations; risks of entering new markets in which we have little or no experience or where competitors may have stronger market positions; potential loss of our existing key employees or key employees of the company we acquire; inability to maintain relationships with customers and partners of the acquired business; potential unknown liabilities associated with the acquired businesses; and the tax effects of any such acquisitions. These difficulties could disrupt our ongoing business, expose us to unexpected costs, distract our management and employees, increase our expenses, and adversely affect our results of operations. Furthermore, we may incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any future acquisitions. The issuance of equity securities could be dilutive to our existing stockholders. If we do not effectively implement our plans to migrate our technology infrastructure to the public cloud, our operations could be significantly disrupted. We have announced plans to migrate our technology infrastructure to the public cloud. This initiative is a major undertaking as we migrate and reconfigure our current system processes, transactions, data and controls to a new cloud-based platform. It could have a significant impact on our business processes, financial reporting, information systems and internal controls. As we implement the transition of our technology infrastructure to the public cloud, we may need to divert resources away from other important business operations, including management attention. While we plan to implement business contingency and other plans to facilitate continuous internet access, sustained or concurrent service denials or similar failures could limit our ability to provide our customers access to cloud-based services or otherwise operate our business. Additionally, we may experience issues with customer migration, as many of our customers may not migrate to cloud-based technologies on a timely basis or at all or may choose not to utilize our products and services during and after our transition to cloud-based technologies, which could negatively impact our revenue. Additionally, we may experience difficulties as we manage these changes and transition our technology infrastructure to the public cloud, including loss or corruption of data, interruptions in service and downtime, increased cyber threats and activity, delayed financial reporting, unanticipated expenses including increased costs of implementation and of conducting business, and lost revenue. Although we plan to conduct design validations and user testing, these may cause delays in transacting our business due to system challenges, limitations in functionality, inadequate management or process deficiencies in the development and use of our systems. Difficulties in implementing or an inability to effectively implement our migration plans could disrupt our operations and harm our business. As we increase our reliance on public cloud infrastructure, our products and services will become increasingly reliant on continued access to, and the continued stability, reliability, and flexibility of third-party public cloud services. We have limited control over the public cloud operations and facilities on which we plan to host our technology infrastructure. Any changes in third-party service levels or any disruptions or delays from errors, defects, hacking incidents, security breaches, computer viruses, DDoS attacks, bad acts or performance problems could harm our reputation, damage our customers’ businesses, and harm our business. Our public cloud providers are also vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, war, public health crises, such as COVID-19, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures and similar events. Although our transition and migration to the public cloud may increase our risk of liability and cause us to incur significant technical, legal or other costs, we may have limited remedies against third- party providers in connection with such liabilities. Additionally, our public cloud providers may not be able to effectively manage existing traffic levels or increased demand in capacity requirements, especially to cover peak levels or spikes in traffic, and as a result, our customers may experience delays in accessing our solutions or encounter slower performance in our solutions, which could significantly harm the operations of our customers. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenue, cause us to issue credits to customers, subject us to potential liability, and cause customers to terminate their subscriptions or harm our renewal rates. Finally, we may in the future be unable to secure additional cloud hosting capacity on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If any of our public cloud providers increases pricing terms, terminates or seeks to terminate our contractual relationship or changes or interprets their terms of service or policies in a manner that is unfavorable, we may be required to transfer to another provider and may incur significant costs and experience service interruptions. 16 Capital needs necessary to execute our business strategy could increase substantially and we may not be able to secure additional financing to execute this strategy. To the extent that we require additional funds to support our operations or the expansion of our business, or to pay for acquisitions, we may need to sell additional equity, issue debt or convertible securities, or obtain credit facilities through financial institutions. In the past, we have obtained financing principally through the sale of preferred stock, common stock, warrants, and convertible notes. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of debt or preferred equity securities, these securities could have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to holders of common stock, and could have terms that impose restrictions on our operations. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of additional equity or convertible securities, our stockholders could suffer dilution. We cannot assure you that additional funding, if required, will be available to us in amounts or on terms acceptable to us. If sufficient funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, our ability to fund any potential expansion, take advantage of acquisition opportunities, develop or enhance our services or products, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures would be significantly limited. Those limitations would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. Our sales cycles can be lengthy, and the timing of sales can be difficult to predict, which may cause our operating results to vary significantly. The sales cycle for our products can be several months or more and varies substantially from customer to customer, particularly for sales to enterprise customers. Because we sell complex, integrated solutions, it can take many months to close sales as customers evaluate our product offering against available alternatives and define their requirements. We are often required to expend substantial time, effort, and money educating potential customers about the value of our offerings. The increasingly complex needs of our customers can contribute to a longer sales cycle. Additionally, our quarterly sales have historically reflected an uneven pattern in which a disproportionate percentage of a quarter’s total sales occur in the last month, weeks and days of each quarter. These patterns make prediction of revenue especially difficult and uncertain and increase the risk of unanticipated variations in our results of operations. As a result, we are not always able to precisely predict the quarter in which expected sales will occur. In addition, historically a large portion of our revenue has derived from large orders from large clients. Consequently, delays in the closing of sales, especially from large clients, could have a material impact on the timing of revenue and results of operations. Delays in our implementation cycles could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Certain of our products require some implementation services, including but not limited to, training our customers. As an open platform, we also work with other third parties on implementing a variety of integrations into our platform. We have historically experienced a lag between signing a customer contract and recognizing revenue from that customer. Although this lag has typically ranged from 30 to 90 days, it may take more time between contract signing and recognizing revenue in certain situations. If we experience delays in implementation or do not meet project milestones in a timely manner, we could be obligated to devote more customer support, engineering and other resources to a particular project. If new or existing customers cancel or have difficulty deploying our products or require significant amounts of our professional services, support, or customized features, revenue recognition could be canceled or delayed and our costs could increase, which could negatively impact our operating results. If the sale of Kasamba is completed, we will no longer be engaged in the consumer segment of our business and our future results of operations will be dependent solely on our business segment. The business of Kasamba, Inc. (“Kasamba”) and its associated assets and liabilities represent the entire consumer segment of our business, which generated approximately 7% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, and approximately 8% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Accordingly, if the sale of Kasamba is completed, our future financial results will be dependent solely on our business segment. We may also reduce our opportunities with respect to certain markets, consumer products or revenue streams, as well as our ability to compete in such markets and product categories. We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not properly remediated, could adversely affect our business and results of operations. 17 As described in Item 9A, Controls and Procedures, we have identified certain control deficiencies that in the aggregate constitute a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. Such control deficiencies were identified in connection with the Company’s previously disclosed review of certain transactions related to its subsidiary WildHealth, which was acquired in February 2022, and primarily include a combination of ineffective operation of controls and inadequate controls related to: formal review, approval, and evaluation of non-core, complex transactions as well as engagement with government agencies; segregation of duties between accounting and contracting approval functions for non-core, complex transactions; and formal review, approval and evaluation of manual journal entries. As further described in Item 9A, Controls and Procedures, the identified control deficiencies are already in the process of being remediated, primarily through the development and implementation of new controls and enhanced procedures for formal review, approval, and evaluation of non-core, complex transactions as well as engagement with government agencies, enhanced accounting staff, enhanced procedures for segregation of duties between accounting and contracting approval functions for non-core, complex transactions, and additional procedures and information technology systems for formal review, approval and evaluation of manual journal entries. However, we cannot guarantee that the measures we have taken to date, and actions we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to the material weakness or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. Implementing any further changes to our internal controls may distract our officers and employees and entail material costs to implement new processes and/or modify our existing processes. Moreover, these changes do not guarantee that we will be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could harm our business. In addition, investors’ perceptions that our internal controls are inadequate or that we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis may harm the price of our common stock. Our services are subject to payment-related risks. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs and lower our profit margins. We rely on third parties to provide payment processing services, including the processing of credit cards and debit cards and it could disrupt our business if these companies become unwilling or unable to provide these services to us. We are also subject to payment card association operating rules, certification requirements and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted in such a way as to make compliance infeasible. If we fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and lose our ability to accept credit and debit card payments from our customers or facilitate other types of online payments, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected. Through our consumer-facing platform, we facilitate online transactions between individual service providers who provide online advice and information to consumers. In connection with these services, we accept payments using a variety of methods, such as credit card, debit card and PayPal. These payments are subject to “chargebacks” when consumers dispute payments they have made to us. Chargebacks can occur whether or not services were properly provided. Susceptibility to chargebacks puts a portion of our revenue at risk. We take measures to manage our risk relative to chargebacks and to recoup properly charged fees, however, if we are unable to successfully manage this risk our business and operating results could be adversely affected. As we offer new payment options to our users, we may be subject to additional regulations, compliance requirements, and fraud. We are also subject to a number of other laws and regulations relating to money laundering, international money transfers, privacy and information security, and electronic fund transfers. If we were found to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties or forced to cease our payments services business. We may experience difficulties integrating e-bot7, VoiceBase, Tenfold and WildHealth, and may not realize expected business or financial benefits and our business could be adversely impacted. In the third quarter of 2021, we acquired e-bot7, a Conversational AI company. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we acquired VoiceBase, a leader in real time speech recognition and conversational analytics and Tenfold, an advanced customer engagement platform for integrating communication systems with leading CRM and support systems. In the first quarter of 2022, we acquired WildHealth, which leverages advanced machine learning to combine DNA analysis, biometrics, microbiome testing and phenotypic data to provide people with a blueprint for truly optimized health and a maximized health span. We intend to maintain the business operations of each of these companies while integrating and leveraging e-bot7’s self-service capabilities, Tenfold’s technology platform, VoiceBase’s technology and WildHealth’s data platform with our proprietary messaging and Conversational AI offerings. However, acquiring and integrating a technology company presents unique risks 18 including difficulties in adapting and developing new software technologies and systems protocols, increased software integration expenses, and incompatibility of acquired technologies in addition to the risks discussed under “If we do not successfully integrate past or potential future acquisitions, we may not realize the expected business or financial benefits and our business could be adversely impacted.” Our business of facilitating at-home rapid-testing solutions poses substantial risks. In the recent past, our subsidiaries Bella Health and WildHealth have offered COVID-19 testing solutions. This business poses certain risks, including our lack of experience operating in the healthcare industry and elevated risks related to compliance with federal, state, and local laws, rules and regulations pertaining to the healthcare and diagnostic testing industry. In addition, due to reduced demand for COVID-19 testing, the revenue generated from this service has decreased and is expected to cease entirely. Our expansion into digital healthcare poses substantial new risks to which we have not previously been exposed. The digital healthcare market is new and unproven, and it may not sustain high levels of demand, consumer acceptance and market adoption. Our success in digital healthcare will depend on the willingness of consumers to use our solutions. Negative publicity about our solutions, or digital healthcare generally could limit market acceptance of our solutions. Similarly, concerns or negative publicity regarding patient confidentiality and privacy in the context of digital healthcare could limit market acceptance of our healthcare offerings. If any of these events occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our success is dependent upon our continued ability to maintain a network of qualified digital healthcare providers that leverage our technology offerings. The failure to maintain or to secure new providers may result in a loss of or inability to grow our revenue base and higher costs. Other risks include our lack of experience operating in the healthcare industry and elevated risks relating to compliance with certain U.S. federal, state, and local healthcare laws, regulations, and rules in the heavily-regulated healthcare industry, including: state laws relating to the licensure of medical professionals; state laws regulating telehealth and online healthcare services; state laws that prohibit general business corporations from practicing medicine, controlling physicians’ medical decisions, or engaging in certain practices, such as splitting fees with physicians; federal and state law provisions relating to anti-kickback, self-referral, fraud and false claims; provisions of, and regulations relating to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended, and its accompanying regulations (“HIPAA”), including provisions relating to criminal healthcare fraud and the confidentiality and security of individually identifiable health information; and federal and state laws relating to the provision of services by non-physician clinical providers (such as physician assistants or nurses); and exposure to liability, which may include liabilities for failure to comply with healthcare laws, regulations, and rules for which we may not have sufficient insurance or indemnification rights. In addition, we have in some instances begun to accept payments from third party payors, including, among others, private insurance companies and government payors (such as Medicaid or Medicaid), which has created additional compliance obligations, including: federal laws that prohibit entities from submitting fraudulent or false claims to Medicare, Medicaid, or other government programs; federal laws that prohibit the receipt of any form of remuneration in return for the referral of patients for items and services covered, in whole or in part, by federal healthcare programs; federal laws prohibiting physicians from referring Medicare or Medicaid patients to an entity for the provision of certain “designated health services” if the physician (or a member of the physician’s immediate family) has a direct or indirect financial relationship with the entity; federal laws relating to failure to disclose or refund overpayments by a government payor; federal and state laws that prohibit healthcare providers from billing and receiving payment from Medicare or Medicaid for services, unless the services are medically necessary; and federal laws that impose civil administrative sanctions for, among other violations, inappropriate billing of services to federally funded healthcare programs, or employing individuals who are excluded from participation in federally funded healthcare programs. Accordingly, to the extent they are applicable as and if we continue to grow in the digital healthcare space, we must monitor our compliance with applicable healthcare laws, regulations, and rules in every jurisdiction in which we operate, on an ongoing basis, and we cannot provide assurance that our activities and arrangements, if challenged, will be found to be in compliance. Even if our activities and arrangements are found to be in compliance, investigations can be time- and resource- consuming and can divert management’s attention from the business. Any such investigation or settlement could increase our costs or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business. Achieving and sustaining compliance with these laws may prove 19 costly. Compliance may require obtaining appropriate licenses or certificates, increasing our security measures and expending additional resources to monitor developments in applicable rules and ensure compliance. We also may become subject to medical liability claims, which could cause us to incur significant expenses and may require us to pay significant damages if not covered by insurance. Additionally, it is possible that the laws, regulations and rules governing the provision of healthcare services may change significantly in the future. Any new or changed healthcare laws, regulations or rules or any review of our business by judicial, law enforcement, regulatory or accreditation authorities or any successful medical liability claim could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our reputation depends, in part, on factors which are partially or entirely outside of our control. Our services typically appear under the LivePerson brand or as a LivePerson-branded icon on our customers’ websites. The customer service operators and Experts who respond to the inquiries of our customers’ users are employees or agents of our customers or independent consultants rather than employees of LivePerson. As a result, we are not able to control the actions of these operators or Experts and the impression that such operator or Expert leaves the user with whom they interact. A user may not know that the operator or Expert is not a LivePerson employee. If a user were to have a negative experience in a LivePerson-powered real-time dialogue, it is possible that this experience could be attributed to us, which could diminish our brand and harm our business. Additionally, we believe the success of our business services is aided by the prominent placement of the chat icon on a customer’s website, over which we also have no control. We are subject to risks related to corporate and social responsibility and reputation. Many factors influence our reputation including the perception held by our customers, business partners and other key stakeholders. Businesses face increasing scrutiny related to environmental, social and governance activities. We risk damage to our reputation if we fail to act responsibly in a number of areas, such as diversity and inclusion, sustainability and social responsibility. Any harm to our reputation could impact employee engagement and retention, our corporate culture and the willingness of customers and our partners to do business with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows. Risks Related to our Financial Condition and Operating Results Our quarterly revenue and operating results may fluctuate significantly, which may cause a substantial decline in the trading price of our securities. We have in the past incurred, and may in the future incur, losses and experience negative cash flows, either or both of which may be significant and may cause our quarterly revenue and operating results to fluctuate significantly. These fluctuations may result from a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Some of the important factors that may cause our revenue and operating results to fluctuate include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • our ability to attract and retain new customers; our ability to retain and increase sales to existing customers; demand from customers and consumers for our services; our ability to innovate and provide new services to current and future customers; our ability to continue to add artificial intelligence, machine learning, and automation into our services; the introduction of new services by us or our competitors; our ability to avoid and/or manage service interruptions, disruptions, or security incidents; changes in our pricing models or policies or in those of our competitors; our ability to maintain and add integrations with third-party consumer messaging platforms and endpoints; continued adoption by companies of mobile and cloud-based messaging solutions; investments in growing our sales and marketing programs; continued adoption by Experts and Users of web-based advice services; exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; and 20 • the amount and timing of capital expenditures and other costs related to operation and expansion of our business, including those related to acquisitions. Our revenue and operating results may also fluctuate significantly in the future due to the following factors that are entirely outside of our control: • • • new laws, regulations, or regulatory or law enforcement initiatives; economic conditions specific to the web, mobile technology, electronic commerce, and cloud computing; consequences of unexpected geopolitical events, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, outbreaks of contagious disease (e.g., COVID-19), or climate change; and general, regional, and/or global economic and political conditions. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely upon these comparisons or our past results as indicators of our future performance. Due to the foregoing factors, it is possible that our operating results in one or more future quarters may fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors or below any guidance we may provide to the market. If this occurs, the trading price of our securities could decline significantly. In the past we have experienced losses, we had an accumulated deficit of $692.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and we may incur losses in the future. We have in the past incurred, and we may in the future incur, losses and experience negative cash flow, either or both of which may be significant. We recorded a net loss of $225.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and as of December 31, 2022, our accumulated deficit was approximately $692.4 million. We cannot assure you that we can sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. Failure to maintain profitability may materially and adversely affect the market price of our securities. The non-payment or late payment of amounts due to us from a significant number of customers may negatively impact our financial condition or make it difficult to forecast our revenues accurately. During 2022, we increased our allowance for doubtful accounts from $6.3 million to approximately $9.2 million. During 2021, we increased our allowance for doubtful accounts from $5.3 million to approximately $6.3 million. We base our allowance for doubtful accounts on specifically identified credit risks of customers, historical trends, and other information that we believe to be reasonable. A large proportion of receivables are due from larger corporate customers that typically have longer payment cycles. We adjust our allowance for doubtful accounts when accounts previously reserved have been collected. As a result of increasingly long payment cycles, we have faced increased difficulty in predicting our operating results for any given period, and have experienced significant unanticipated fluctuations in our revenues from period to period. Any failure to achieve anticipated revenues in a period could cause the market price of our securities to decline. There are inherent limitations on the effectiveness of our controls. We do not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that resource constraints exist, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate due to changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures. If our controls become inadequate, we could fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, our reputation may be adversely affected, our business and operating results could be harmed, and the market price of our securities could decline. With the recent volatility in the capital markets, there is a risk that we could suffer a loss of principal in our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments and suffer a reduction in our interest income or in our return on investments. 21 As of December 31, 2022, we had $391.8 million in cash and cash equivalents. We regularly invest excess funds from our cash and cash equivalents in short-term money market funds. We currently hold no mortgaged-backed or auction rate securities. However, some of our investments are subject to general credit, liquidity, market, and interest rate risks, which may be exacerbated by any ongoing uncertainty in the United States and global credit markets. In the future, these market risks associated with our investment portfolio may harm the results of our operations, liquidity and financial condition. Although we believe we have chosen a portfolio reasonably designed to preserve our existing cash position, it may not adequately protect the value of our investments. Furthermore, this more cautious portfolio is unlikely to provide us with any significant interest income in the near term. Because we recognize revenue from subscriptions for our service over the term of the subscription, declines in business may not be immediately reflected in our operating results. We generally recognize revenue from customers ratably over the terms of their subscription agreements, which are typically 12 or more months. As a result, much of the revenue we report in each quarter is the result of subscription agreements entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscriptions or cancellations of existing subscriptions in any one quarter may not be reflected in our revenue results for that quarter. Any such decline, however, could negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, because revenue from new customers and additional revenue from existing customers is generally recognized over the applicable subscription term, rather than immediately. If our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings. Under GAAP, we review our amortizable intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicated that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We review our goodwill for impairment at least annually and when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable include a decline in stock price and market capitalization, reduced future cash flow estimates, and slower growth rates in our industry. Based on our annual review for 2022, we determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units is less than their carrying amount. However, future assessments may yield a different result, and from time to time, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets is determined, resulting in a negative impact on our results of operations. Risks Related to Industry Dynamics and Competition If we are unable to develop and maintain successful relationships with partners, service partners, social media, and other third-party consumer messaging platforms and endpoints, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected. We believe that continued growth for companies in our industry depends, in part, on enabling brands to connect with consumers across consumers’ preferred conversational interfaces and messaging endpoints, such as SMS, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Apple Business Chat, Google Rich Business Messenger, Line and Alexa. In order to grow our business, we have identified and developed, and maintain, strategic relationships with many key technology partners. As part of our growth strategy, we plan to further develop partnerships and specific solution areas with additional technology partners. We typically rely on our strategic partners and third-party service providers to supplement our own subject matter expertise and to leverage industry best practice, provide enhanced products and services, and reduce costs. If we fail to establish these relationships in a timely and cost-effective manner or at all, if these strategic partners or third-party service providers fail to provide the services expected, or if we lose any or all of our current relationships, then our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected. Replacing a strategic relationship could also take a long period of time and result in increased expenses. Additionally, even if we are successful at developing these relationships, but there are problems or issues with the integrations, or our ability to scale and onboard our customers onto new endpoints, our reputation, and ability to grow our business may be adversely affected. We have announced plans to migrate our technology infrastructure to the public cloud, and may in the future be unable to secure additional cloud hosting capacity on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If any of our public cloud providers increases pricing terms, terminates or seeks to terminate our contractual relationship, establishes more favorable relationships 22 with our competitors, or changes or interprets their terms of service or policies in a manner that is unfavorable with respect to us, we may be required to transfer to another provider and may incur significant costs and experience service interruptions. If we are unable to effectively operate on mobile devices, our business could be adversely affected. The number of people who access the internet and complete transactions over the internet through devices other than desktop computers, including smartphones, handheld tablets, and mobile phones, has increased dramatically in the past few years and is projected to continue to increase. To address these developments, we continue to extend our products and services to support messaging on mobile phone and tablet applications belonging to our company and our customers. If the mobile solutions we have developed do not meet our customers’ needs or the needs of their website visitors, or are not widely adopted by our customers and consumers, we may fail to retain existing customers and we may have difficulty attracting new customers. Such solutions may also create new risks related to privacy and security, which could subject us to investigations, litigation, or reputational harm. If we are unable to rapidly innovate and grow mobile revenue, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our financial performance and ability to continue to grow overall revenue may be negatively affected. Additionally, our mobile phone and tablet applications and those of our customers depend on their interoperability with popular mobile operating systems, networks, and standards that we and they do not control, such as Android and iOS operating systems, and any changes in such systems and terms of service that degrade the functionality of our solutions or give preferential treatment to competitive products could adversely affect our revenue. We may not be successful in developing products that operate effectively with these technologies, systems, networks, or standards. As new devices and platforms are continually being released, it is difficult to predict the challenges we may encounter in developing versions of our solutions for use on these alternative devices. The markets in which we participate are highly competitive, and we may lose customers and revenue if we are not able to innovate or effectively compete. The markets for mobile and online business messaging and digital engagement and AI technology are intensely competitive, rapidly changing, and characterized by aggressive marketing, pricing pressure, evolving industry standards, rapid technology developments, and frequent new product introductions. We believe that competition will continue to increase as our current competitors increase the sophistication of their offerings and as new participants enter the market, which may cause additional pressure. If we are unable to accurately anticipate technology developments and continue to innovate in the markets in which we compete and develop successful integrations with third-party consumer messaging platforms, AI providers, and endpoints, or our competitors are more successful than us at developing compelling new products, services, and integrations, or at attracting and retaining customers, we may lose revenue and market share and our operating results could be adversely affected. We have current and potential competition from providers of messaging and digital engagement solutions that enable companies to engage and connect with their consumer customers, as well as technology providers that offer customer relationship management and contact center solutions. We have current and potential competitors in many different industries, including: • • • • technology or service providers offering or powering competing digital engagement, contact center, communications, or customer relationship management solutions, such as eGain, Genesys, Nuance, Oracle, Salesforce.com and Twilio; service providers that offer basic messaging products or services with limited functionality free of charge or at significantly reduced entry level prices; social media, social listening, messaging, artificial intelligence, bots, e-commerce, and/or data and data analytics companies, such as Facebook, Google and WeChat, which may leverage their existing or future capabilities and consumer relationships to offer competing B2B solutions; and customers that develop and manage their messaging solutions in-house. In addition, many of our current and potential competitors have substantial competitive advantages, such as greater brand recognition, significantly larger financial, marketing, and resource and development budgets, access to larger customer and/or consumer bases, larger and more established marketing and distribution relationships, and/or more diverse product and service offerings. As a result, these competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to any change in the general market acceptance of messaging services or any new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, pricing 23 strategies, or customer requirements. Also, because of these advantages, potential customers may select a competitor’s products and services, even if our services are more effective. For all of these reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current and future competitors. We may be unable to respond to the rapid technological change and changing customer preferences in the online sales, marketing, customer service, and/or online consumer services industries and this may harm our business. If we are unable, for technological, legal, financial, or other reasons, to adapt in a timely manner to changing market conditions in the online sales, marketing, customer service, and/or e-commerce industry or our customers’ or consumers’ requirements or preferences, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected. Online business is characterized by rapid technological change. In addition, the market for online sales, marketing, customer service, and expert advice solutions is relatively new. Sudden changes in customer and consumer requirements and preferences, frequent new product and service introductions embodying new technologies, and the emergence of new industry and regulatory standards and practices such as but not limited to data privacy and security standards, could render the LivePerson services and our proprietary technology and systems obsolete. The rapid evolution of these products and services will require that we continually improve the performance, features and reliability of our services. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to: • • • enhance the features and performance of our services; develop and offer new services that are valuable to companies doing business online as well as consumers; and respond to technological advances and emerging industry and regulatory standards and practices in a cost- effective and timely manner. If any of our new services, including upgrades to our current services, do not meet our customers’ or consumers’ expectations, we could lose customers and our business may be harmed. Updating our technology may require significant additional capital expenditures and could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If new services require us to grow rapidly, this could place a significant strain on our managerial, operational, technical and financial resources. In order to manage our growth, we could be required to implement new or upgraded operating and financial systems, procedures and controls. Our failure to expand our operations in an efficient manner could cause our expenses to grow, our revenue to decline or grow more slowly than expected and could otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Downturns in the global economic environment or in particular industries in which our sales are concentrated may adversely affect our business and results of operations. The U.S. and other global economies have experienced in the past and could in the future experience economic downturn that affects all sectors of the economy, particularly in the financial services and retail industries, resulting in declines in economic growth and consumer confidence, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. Further, there is increased uncertainty regarding social, political, immigration and trade policies in the U.S., which could impact our global operations and our business. Global credit and financial markets have in the past experienced extreme disruptions, including diminished liquidity and credit availability and rapid fluctuations in market valuations. Our business has been affected by these conditions in the past and could be similarly impacted in the future by any downturn in global economic conditions. Our business is, and will continue to be, dependent on sales to customers in the telecommunications, financial services, retail, automotive, real estate and technology industries. A downturn in one or more of these industries could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In the event that industry conditions deteriorate in one or more of these industries, we could experience, among other things, cancellation or non-renewal of existing contracts, reduced demand for our products and reduced sales. It could be difficult to predict the timing, strength or duration of any economic slowdown or subsequent economic recovery, either relating to the global economic environment or to the particular industries in which our sales are concentrated, which, in turn, could make it more challenging for us to forecast our operating results, make business decisions and identify risks that may adversely affect our business, sources and uses of cash, financial condition and results of operations. Weak economic conditions may also cause our customers to experience difficulty in supporting their current operations and implementing their business plans. Our customers may reduce their spending on our services, may not be able to 24 discharge their payment and other obligations to us, may experience difficulty raising capital, or may elect to scale back the resources they devote to customer service and/or sales and marketing technology, including services such as ours. Economic conditions may also lead consumers and businesses to postpone spending, which may cause our customers to decrease or delay their purchases of our products and services. If economic conditions deteriorate for us or our customers, we could be required to record charges relating to restructuring costs or the impairment of assets, may not be able to collect receivables on a timely basis, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Risks Related to Security Vulnerabilities and Service Reliability Failures or security breaches in our services or systems, those of our third-party service providers, or in the websites of our customers, including those resulting from cyber-attacks, security vulnerabilities, defects, or errors, could harm our business. Our products and services involve the storage and transmission of proprietary information and personal data related to our customers and their users, as well as experts and consumers, and theft and security breaches expose us to a risk of loss of such information and data, improper use and disclosure thereof, litigation, regulatory investigation, and potential liability. We experience cyber-attacks of varying degrees on a regular basis. Our security measures may also be breached due to employee or other error, intentional malfeasance and other third-party acts, and system errors or vulnerabilities, including vulnerabilities of our third-party service providers, or customers, or otherwise. We have announced plans to move our technology infrastructure to the public cloud, which will require us to rely on third-party cloud providers to maintain appropriate safeguards. Additionally, following the COVID-19 pandemic, we have elected to maintain a globally distributed, substantially remote workforce. Remote working arrangements may potentially further increase the risk of cyber incidents or data breaches. Any such breach or unauthorized access, or attempts by outside parties to fraudulently induce employees, users, vendors, or customers to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or data of our customers, users, experts, or consumers, including, but not limited to, individual personal information and financial credit or debit card data that is protected by law or contract, could result in significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, and a loss of confidence in the security of our products and services that could potentially have an adverse effect on our business. While we continue to expand our focus on this issue and are taking measures to safeguard our products and services from cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities in desktop computers, mobile phones, smartphones and handheld devices, cyber- attacks, and other security incidents continue to evolve in sophistication and frequency. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems, are constantly evolving in sophisticated ways to avoid detection and often are not recognized until launched against a target, it may be difficult or impossible for us to anticipate or identify these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. And while technological advancements enable more data and processes, such as mobile computing and mobile payments, they also increase the risk that cyber-attacks and other security incidents will occur. Additionally, the global threat of cyber-attacks has increased in response to the Russia-Ukraine War. A significant cyber-attack, or a security incident of any magnitude that is profiled in the media, involving our, our third- party service providers’ or our customers’ systems, could result in material harm to our brand and reputation, our ability to deliver our services or retain customers, and expose us to lawsuits, regulatory investigations, and significant damages, fines or penalties. In addition, our customers may authorize third-party access to their customer data located in our cloud environment. Because we do not control the transmissions to customer-authorized third parties, or the processing of such data by customer authorized third parties, we cannot ensure the integrity or security of such transmissions or processing. Because our services are responsible for critical communication between our customers and consumers, any security failures, defects or errors in our components, materials or software or those used by our customers could have an adverse impact on us, on our customers and on the end users of their websites and applications. Such adverse impact could include a decrease in demand for our services, damage to our reputation and to our customer relationships, legal exposure, and other financial liability or harm to our business. We may be liable if third parties access or misappropriate confidential or personal data from our systems or services. The dialogue transcripts of the text-based chats, email interactions and other interactions between our customers and their users may include information, such as personal contact and demographic information. Although we employ and continually test and update our security measures to protect this information from unauthorized access, it is still possible that our security measures could be breached and such a breach could result in unauthorized access to our customers’ data or our data, including our intellectual property and other confidential business information. Because the techniques employed by hackers to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and are becoming more sophisticated in circumventing security measures and avoiding detection, we may be unable to anticipate all techniques or to implement 25 adequate preventative measures. Any security breach could result in disclosure of our trade secrets or disclosure of confidential customer, supplier or employee data. If third parties were able to penetrate our network security or otherwise misappropriate personal data relating to our customers’ users or the text of customer service inquiries, our competitive position may be harmed and we could be subject to liability. In the event of a security incident, we could be required to comply with a myriad of breach notification laws at the state, federal and international level, which may cause business disruption and extensive notification costs, and could lead to penalties, government investigations and lawsuits for compliance failures. We may as a result of a security incident be deemed out of compliance with U.S. federal and state laws, international laws, or contractual commitments, and we may be subject to government investigations, lawsuits, fines, criminal penalties, statutory damages, and other costs to respond to breach or security incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We may incur significant costs to protect against the threat of security breaches or to mitigate the harm and alleviate problems caused by such breaches. While we currently maintain insurance coverage that may cover certain cyber security risks, such insurance coverage is subject to certain exclusions and exceptions and may be insufficient to cover all losses. Furthermore, certain software and services that we use to operate our business are hosted and/or operated by third parties or integrated with our systems. For example, as we expand our use of cloud-based services, we will increasingly rely on third-party cloud providers to maintain appropriate safeguards to protect confidential or personal data we receive. While we intend to conduct due diligence on these cloud providers with respect to their security and business controls, we may not have the visibility to effectively monitor the implementation and efficacy of these controls. If third-party services were to be interrupted or their security breached, our business operations could be similarly disrupted and we could be exposed to liability and costly investigations or litigation. The need to properly secure, and securely transmit and store, confidential information online has historically been a significant barrier to e-commerce and online communications, and will become increasingly highlighted as a consumer and regulatory focus and concern. Any publicized compromise of security could deter people from using online services such as the ones we offer or from using them to conduct transactions, which involve transmitting confidential information. Because our success depends on the general acceptance and reputation of our services and electronic commerce, we may incur significant costs to protect against the threat of security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by these breaches. We provide service level commitments to certain customers. If we do not meet these contractual commitments, we could be obligated to provide credits or refunds or face contract terminations, which could adversely affect our revenue and harm our reputation. As is common for many cloud service providers, we offer service level commitments in certain of our customer contracts, primarily related to uptime of our service. If we are unable to meet the stated service level commitments or suffer periods of downtime that exceed the periods allowed under our customer contracts, whether due to downtime caused by us or our third-party service providers, which has occurred on several occasions in the past and could occur in the future (including in connection with the migration of our technology infrastructure to the public cloud), we may be contractually obligated to provide these customers with service credits and/or pay financial penalties, which could significantly impact our revenue. In addition, even if our contracts provide otherwise, these customers may attempt to terminate or reduce their contracts, which has occurred from time to time, and/or pursue other legal remedies. Recurring or extended service outages could also cause damage to our reputation and result in substantial customer dissatisfaction or loss, which could adversely affect our current and future revenue and operating results. We are dependent on technology systems and third-party content that are beyond our control. The success of our services depends in part on our customers’ online services as well as the internet and mobile connectivity of consumers, both of which are outside of our control. As a result, it may be difficult to identify the source of problems if they occur. In the past, we have experienced problems related to connectivity, which has resulted in slower than normal response times to user messaging requests and interruptions in service. Our services rely both on the internet and on our connectivity vendors for data transmission. Therefore, even when connectivity problems are not caused by our services, our customers or their consumers may attribute the problem to us. This could diminish our brand and harm our business, divert the attention of our technical personnel from our product development efforts or cause significant customer relations problems. In addition, we rely in part on third-party service providers and other third parties for various services, including, but not limited to, internet connectivity, network infrastructure hosting, security and maintenance, and software and hardware from a variety of vendors. These providers may experience problems that result in slower than normal response times and/or interruptions in service. If we are unable to continue utilizing the third-party services that support our web hosting and 26 infrastructure or if our services experience interruptions or delays due to existing third-party service providers or transition to new third-party service providers, our reputation and business could be harmed, and we may be exposed to legal and reputational risk, and significant remediation costs. We also rely on the security of our third-party service providers to protect our proprietary information and information of our customers and their end users. Information technology system failures, including a breach of our or our third-party service providers’ data security, could disrupt our ability to function in the normal course of business by potentially causing, among other things, an unintentional disclosure of customer information or loss of information. Additionally, despite our security procedures or those of our third-party service providers, information systems may be vulnerable to threats such as computer hacking, ransomware, cyber-terrorism or other unauthorized attempts by third parties to access, obtain, modify or delete our or our customers’ data. Any such breach could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and our reputation as a provider of business collaboration and communications solutions and could subject us to significant penalties and negative publicity, as well as government investigations and claims for damages or injunctive relief under state, federal and foreign laws or contractual agreements. We also depend on third parties for hardware and software, and our consumer services depend on third parties for content. Such products and content could contain defects or inaccurate information. Problems arising from our use of such hardware or software or third-party content could require us to incur significant costs or divert the attention of our technical or other personnel from our product development efforts or to manage issues related to content. To the extent any such problems require us to replace such hardware or software we may not be able to do so on acceptable terms, if at all. We depend on the continued viability of the infrastructure of the internet. To the extent that the internet continues to experience growth in the number of users and frequency of use by consumers resulting in increased bandwidth demands, we cannot assure you that the infrastructure for the internet will be able to support the demands placed upon it. The internet has experienced outages and delays as a result of damage to portions of its infrastructure. Outages or delays could adversely affect online sites, email and the level of traffic on the internet. The internet is also subject to continued and ongoing cyber-attacks and related conduct, which affect all online businesses. We also depend on internet service providers that provide our customers and internet users with access to the LivePerson services. In the past, users have experienced difficulties due to system failures unrelated to our service. In addition, the internet could lose its viability due to delays in the adoption of new standards and protocols required to handle increased levels of internet activity. Insufficient availability of telecommunications services to support the internet also could result in slower response times and negatively impact use of the internet generally, and our customers’ sites (including their use of the Conversational Cloud) in particular. If the infrastructure of the internet does not effectively support the growth of the internet, we may not maintain profitability and our business, results of operations, and financial condition will suffer. Technological or other defects could disrupt or negatively impact our services, which could harm our business and reputation. We face risks related to the technological capabilities of our services. We expect the number of interactions between our customers’ operators and consumers over our system to increase significantly as we expand our customer base. Our network hardware and software may not be able to accommodate this additional volume. Additionally, we must continually upgrade our software to improve the features and functionality of our services in order to be competitive in our markets. If future versions of our software contain undetected errors, our business could be harmed. If third-party content is flawed, our business could be harmed. As a result of software upgrades at LivePerson, our customer sites have, from time to time, experienced slower than normal response times and interruptions in service. If we experience system failures or degraded response times, our reputation and brand could be harmed. We may also experience technical problems in the process of installing and initiating the LivePerson services on new web hosting services, including in connection with our plans to migrate our technology infrastructure to the public cloud. These problems, if not remedied, could harm our business. Our services also depend on complex software which may contain defects, particularly when we introduce new versions onto our servers. We may not discover software defects that affect our new or current services or enhancements until after they are deployed. It is possible that, despite testing by us, defects may occur in the software. These defects could result in: • • • damage to our reputation; lost sales; contract terminations; 27 • • • loss of market share; delays in or loss of market acceptance of our products; and unexpected expenses and diversion of resources to remedy errors. Our products are complex, and errors, failures, or “bugs” may be difficult to correct. Our products are complex, integrating hardware, software and elements of a customers’ existing infrastructure. Despite quality assurance testing conducted prior to the release of our products our software may contain “bugs” that are difficult to detect and fix. Any such issues could interfere with the expected operation of a solution, which might negatively impact customer satisfaction, reduce sales opportunities or affect gross margins. Depending upon the size and scope of any such issue, remediation may have a negative impact on our business. Our inability to cure an application or product defect, should one occur, could result in the failure of an application or product line, damage to our reputation, litigation, and/or product reengineering expenses. Our insurance may not cover or may be insufficient to cover expenses associated with such events. Failure to license necessary third-party software for use in our products and services, or failure to successfully integrate third-party software, could cause delays or reductions in our sales, or errors or failures of our service. We license third-party software that we plan to incorporate into our products and services. In the future, we might need to license other software to enhance our products and meet evolving customer requirements. These licenses may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Some of this technology could be difficult to replace once integrated. The loss of, or inability to obtain, these licenses could result in delays or reductions of our products and services until we identify, license and integrate or develop equivalent software, and new licenses could require us to pay higher royalties. If we are unable to successfully license and integrate third-party technology, we could experience a reduction in functionality and/or errors or failures of our products, which may reduce demand for our products and services. Third-party licenses may expose us to increased risks, including risks associated with the integration of new technology, the impact of new technology integration on our existing technology, open-source software disclosure requirements, the diversion of resources from the development of our own proprietary technology, and our inability to generate revenue from new technology sufficient to offset associated acquisition and maintenance costs. Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fires, floods, and other natural catastrophic events and to interruption by man-made problems such as terrorism or cyber-attacks. Although we intend to migrate our technology infrastructure to the public cloud, a substantial majority of our computer and communications infrastructure is running in our private cloud on hardware that is located at a limited number of facilities in the United States, Europe, and Australia. Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, other acts of nature, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, acts of war, human errors, break-ins, state-sponsored or other cyber-attacks or failures, pandemics or other public health crises, or similar events. For example, a significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or flood, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition, and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. In addition, acts of terrorism could cause disruptions in our business or the economy as a whole. Our headquarters are located in New York City and we have a significant employee presence located in Israel, each of which regions has experienced acts of terrorism in the past. Our servers may also be vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins, cyber- attacks, such as coordinated denial-of-service attacks or ransomware, or other failures, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems, which could lead to interruptions, delays, loss of critical data or the unauthorized disclosure of confidential customer data. Although we have implemented security measures and disaster recovery capabilities, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer from business interruption, or unavailability or loss of data, as a result of any such events. As we rely heavily on our servers, computer and communications systems and the internet to conduct our business and provide high quality service to our customers, such disruptions could negatively impact our ability to run our business, result in loss of existing or potential customers and increased expenses, and/or have an adverse effect on our reputation and the reputation of our products and services, any of which would adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. 28 Risks Related to Regulatory and Data Privacy Issues Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection, and increased public scrutiny of privacy and security issues could result in increased government regulation, industry standards, and other legal obligations that could adversely affect our business. We collect, process, store, and use personal data and other information generated during mobile and online messaging between brands and consumers and between experts and consumers. We post our privacy policies and practices on our websites and we also often include privacy commitments in our contracts. Our business is subject to numerous federal, state and international laws and regulations regarding privacy, data protection, personal information, security, data collection, storage, use and transfer, and the use of cookies and similar tracking technologies. To the extent that additional legislation regarding user privacy is enacted, such as legislation governing the collection and use of information regarding internet or mobile users through the use of cookies or similar technologies, the effectiveness of our services could be impaired by restricting us from collecting or using information that may be valuable to our customers and/or exposing us to lawsuits or regulatory investigations. The foregoing could have a material adverse effect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. U.S. and international privacy laws and regulations are evolving and changing, subject to differing interpretations, may be costly to comply with, and may be inconsistent among countries and jurisdictions or conflict with other rules. As we expand our operations in these countries, our liability exposure and the complexity and cost of compliance with data and privacy requirements will likely increase. Any failure by us to comply with our posted privacy policies, applicable federal, state or international laws and regulations relating to data privacy and data protection, or the privacy commitments contained in our contracts, could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities, customers, consumers, watchdog groups or others, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals and enactments could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Laws and practices regarding handling and use of personal and other information by companies have come under increased public scrutiny, and governmental entities, consumer agencies and consumer advocacy groups have called for, and in many instances, enacted increased regulation and changes in industry practices. For example, the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) imposes significantly greater compliance burdens on companies that control or process personal data of users primarily located in the E.U. and, for noncompliance, provides for considerable fines up to the higher of 20 million Euros or 4% of global annual revenue. European regulators have issued numerous fines pursuant to the GDPR. The GDPR also imposes certain technological requirements that may, from time to time, require us to make changes to our services to enable LivePerson and/or our customers to meet legal requirements and may impact how data protection is addressed in our customer and vendor agreements. Ensuring compliance with the GDPR is an ongoing commitment that involves substantial costs, and it is possible that despite our efforts, governmental authorities or third parties will assert that our services or business practices fail to comply. We also must require vendors that process personal data to take on additional privacy and security obligations, and some may refuse, causing us to incur potential disruption and expense related to our business processes. If our policies and practices, or those of our vendors, are, or are perceived to be, insufficient, we could be subject to enforcement actions or investigations by Data Protection Authorities (including in the E.U.) or lawsuits by private parties, and our business could be negatively impacted. The E.U. has also released a proposed Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications (“e-Privacy Regulation”) to replace the E.U.’s Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive (“e-Privacy Directive”) to, among other things, better align with the GDPR, to amend the current e-Privacy Directive’s rules on the use of cookies and other tracking technologies, and to harmonize across current E.U. member state e-privacy data protection laws. Compliance with changes in laws and regulations related to privacy may require significant cost, limit the use and adoption of our services, and require material changes in our business practices that result in reduced revenue. Noncompliance could result in material fines and penalties, litigation, regulatory investigation and/or governmental orders requiring us to change our data practices, which could damage our reputation and harm our business. Additionally, as web and mobile commerce continues to evolve, regulation by federal, state and foreign governments or agencies in the areas of data privacy and data security is likely to increase. For instance, recent legal developments in Europe have created complexity and regulatory compliance uncertainty regarding certain transfers of personal information from the European Economic Area (the “EEA”) to the United States and certain other third countries. For example, on July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) invalidated the E.U.-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework (the “E.U.-U.S. Privacy Shield”) under which personal information could be transferred from the EEA to U.S. entities who had self-certified under the 29 Privacy Shield program. Similarly, on September 8, 2020, the Swiss Data Protection Authority announced in a position statement that it no longer considers the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield adequate for the purpose of transferring personal data from Switzerland to the United States. While the CJEU upheld the adequacy of E.U.-specified standard contractual clauses (“SCCs”) as an adequate personal information transfer mechanism, it made clear that reliance on them alone is not sufficient and that their use must be assessed on a case-by-case basis taking into account the surveillance laws in and the right of individuals afforded by, the destination country. The CJEU went on to state that, if the competent supervisory authority believes that the SCCs cannot be complied with in the destination country and the required level of protection cannot be secured by other means, such supervisory authority is under an obligation to suspend or prohibit that transfer unless the data exporter has already done so itself. Ongoing legal challenges in the E.U. to the mechanisms allowing companies to transfer personal data from the EEA to certain other jurisdictions, including the U.S., following the CJEU’s decision may result in further limitations on the ability to transfer data across borders, particularly if governments are unable or unwilling to reach new or maintain existing agreements that permit cross-border data transfers. On January 31, 2020, the U.K. withdrew its membership from the E.U., which is commonly referred to as “Brexit.” As a result, we became subject to the GDPR as incorporated into UK law through the Data Protection Act of 2018 (“U.K. GDPR”). The relationship between the U.K. and the E.U. in relation to certain aspects of data protection law remains unclear, however, and it is unclear how U.K. data protection laws and regulations will develop in the medium to longer term, including how data transfers to and from the U.K. will be regulated in the long term. Any changes to these laws may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses to comply. Although the European Commission adopted an adequacy decision for the U.K. on June 28, 2021, allowing the continued flow of personal data from the EEA to the United Kingdom, this decision will automatically expire four years after its entry into force, will be regularly reviewed going forward and may be revoked if the U.K. diverges from its current adequate data protection laws following its exit from the E.U. We rely on a mixture of mechanisms to govern the transfer of personal data from our E.U. and U.K. business to the U.S. and are continuing to evaluate what additional mechanisms may be required to establish adequate safeguards for the cross- border transfer of personal data. The European Commission updated the SCCs on June 4, 2021, and additional regulatory guidance has been released that seeks to impose additional obligations on companies choosing to rely on the SCCs. Parties transferring personal data from the EEA to third countries with “inadequate data protection” such as the U.S. had until December 27, 2022 to update any existing agreements. The new SCCs apply only to the transfer of data outside of the EEA and not the U.K., which issued its own form of agreement and an addendum to the E.U. SCCs (the “U.K. SCCs”), in March 2022 for transfers of data from the U.K. Compliance with the SCCs and the U.K. SCCs may require us to implement additional safeguards to further enhance the security of data transferred out of the EEA and the U.K., which could increase our compliance costs, expose us to further regulatory scrutiny and liability, and adversely affect our business. If we are unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services and could adversely affect our financial results, and, until the legal uncertainties regarding how to legally continue transfers pursuant to the SCCs and other mechanisms are settled, we will continue to face uncertainty as to whether our efforts to comply with our obligations under the GDPR and U.K. GDPR will be sufficient. Failure to comply with existing or new rules may result in significant penalties or orders to stop the alleged noncompliant activity. In addition to the changing regulatory landscape in the E.U. and the U.K., in June 2018, the State of California legislature passed the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”), which gave California residents new data privacy rights, allowed consumers to opt out of certain data sharing with third parties, and provided a new private cause of action for data breaches. The CCPA contained certain exemptions for personal information of employees and job applicants, and personal information collected in a “business-to-business” context, each of which expired as of January 1, 2023, expanding compliance obligations under the CCPA. Moreover, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which took effect on January 1, 2023 (with a lookback to January 1, 2022), significantly expanded the CCPA, to include, among other changes, additional obligations such as data minimization and storage limitations; formation of a dedicated privacy regulator in California, the California Privacy Protection Agency, to implement and enforce the law; additional rights for consumers, such as correction of personal information and additional opt-out rights with respect to a new category of “sensitive information.” The CCPA marked the beginning of a trend toward more stringent state data privacy legislation in the United States, which may result in significant costs to our business, damage our reputation, require us to amend our business practices, and could adversely affect our business, especially to the extent the specific requirements vary from those and other existing laws. For example, Virginia’s Consumer Data Protection Act took effect on January 1, 2023, and Colorado, Utah, and Connecticut have adopted new state data protection laws, which are set to take effect later in 2023. Many similar laws have been proposed at the federal and state level; accordingly, we also may be subject to additional compliance obligations as such legislation is considered and adopted, which may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial costs and expenses to comply. 30 In addition to government activity, privacy advocacy and other industry groups have established and may continue to establish new self-regulatory standards that may place additional burdens on us. If our privacy practices are deemed unacceptable by watchdog groups or privacy advocates, such groups may take measures that harm our business by, for example, disparaging our reputation and our business, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, privacy concerns may cause consumers to avoid online sites that collect various forms of data or to resist providing the data necessary to allow our customers to use our services effectively. Even the perception of data security and data privacy concerns, whether or not valid, could inhibit sales and market acceptance of our products and services. Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and foreign laws, and existing, new and developing regulatory or other legal requirements could subject us to claims or materially impact our business. We and our customers are subject to a number of laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, including laws related to conducting business on the internet or mobile devices, such as laws regarding data privacy, data protection, information security, cybersecurity, restrictions or technological requirements regarding the collection, use, storage, protection, transfer or other processing of consumer data, content, consumer protection, internet (or net) neutrality, advertising, electronic contracts, taxation, provision of online payment services (including credit card processing), and intellectual property rights, which are continuously evolving and developing. Because our services are accessible worldwide, certain foreign jurisdictions may claim that we are required to comply with their laws, even if we do not have a local entity, employees or infrastructure. Foreign data protection, privacy, and other laws and regulations may often be more restrictive than those in the United States. The scope and interpretation of the laws and other obligations that apply to us, including those related to user privacy and data security, are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly laws and obligations outside the U.S. There is a risk that these laws may be interpreted and applied differently in any given jurisdiction in a manner that is not consistent with our current practices, which could cause us to incur substantial cost and could negatively impact our brand, reputation and business. Businesses using our products and services may collect data from their users. Various federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies impose laws regarding collection, use, storage, retention, disposal, transfer or other processing of data from website visitors. We offer our customers a variety of data security procedures and practices, such as encryption for data at rest and masking algorithms for sensitive data prior to transfer to our database, in an effort to protect information. Changes to applicable laws and how they are interpreted relating to privacy and data security could significantly increase the cost to us and our customers of regulatory compliance and could negatively impact our business. For instance, some states in the U.S. have enacted legislation designed to protect consumer privacy by prohibiting the distribution of “spyware” over the internet. Such legislation typically focuses on restricting the proliferation of software that, when installed on an end user’s computer, is used to intentionally and deceptively take control of the end user’s machine. We do not believe that the data monitoring methods that we employ constitute “spyware” or are prohibited by applicable laws. However, federal, state and foreign laws and regulations, many of which can be enforced by government entities or private parties, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant changes in application and interpretation. If, for example, the scope of the previously mentioned “spyware” legislation were changed to include web analytics, such legislation could apply to the technology we use and potentially restrict our ability to conduct our business. Similarly, some U.S. courts have interpreted certain two-party consent wiretap statutes, such as the California Invasion of Privacy Act, to require the collection of prior consent from consumers who engage in a dialogue with chatbots. If the scope of such laws or newly enacted legislation were interpreted to apply to our services, we and/or our customers may be required to obtain the express consent of web visitors in order for our technology to perform its intended functions. Requirements that a website must first obtain consent from its web visitors before using our technology could reduce the amount and value of the services we provide to customers, which might impede sales and/or cause some existing customers to discontinue using our services or could subject us to fines and/or proceedings by governmental agencies, regulatory bodies, and/or private litigation, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. There has been an increased focus on laws and regulations related to artificial intelligence, including the current U.S. presidential administration, the U.S. Congress, and U.S. regulators, which cover, among other things, algorithm accountability and transparency. The European Commission has also released its draft proposed regulations (i.e., the EU AI Act) that would establish requirements for the provision and use of products that leverage artificial intelligence, machine learning, and similar technologies, including chatbots. The EU Act is expected to be adopted by Parliament in 2023, taking effect in 2024 or 2025. Additionally, other countries are considering legal frameworks on artificial intelligence, which is a trend that may increase now that the European Commission has proposed the EU AI Act. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such requirements could have an adverse impact on our business. 31 Further, various federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies are highly focused on consumer protection initiatives, particularly in light of the increase in new technologies and services that incorporate or use bots, artificial intelligence and/or machine learning. For example, the California B.O.T. Act came into effect in July 2019 and requires that companies using bots on platforms with more than 10 million unique monthly visitors from the U.S. use clear and conspicuous disclosure to inform consumers that they are not speaking to a human. Similar bills have been introduced from time to time at the state and federal level in recent years. Further, use of artificial intelligence and machine learning may be subject to laws and evolving regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, controlling for, among other things, data bias, and antidiscrimination. For example, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) enforces consumer protection laws such as Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair and deceptive practices, including use of biased algorithms in AI. The European Commission also recently published its proposal for a regulation implementing harmonized rules on AI and amending certain union legislative acts. The proposed regulation would impose additional restrictions and obligations on providers of AI systems, including increasing transparency so consumers know they are interacting with an AI system, requiring human oversight in AI, and prohibiting certain practices of AI that could lead to physical or psychological harm. Given the increased focus by the FTC and other regulators on the use of AI, it is possible that additional laws, regulations, and standards related to AI may be introduced in the future. Regulation in this area could impact how businesses use our products and services to interact with consumers and how we provide our services to our customers. AI tools can also present unique technological and legal challenges, such as the possibility of insufficient data sets, or (as stated above) data sets that contain biased information, which can negatively impact the decisions, predictions or analyses that AI applications produce. Deficiencies such as these could cause us reputational harm and subject us to legal liability, including claims of product liability, breach of warranty, or negligence. The scope of these laws and regulations is rapidly evolving, subject to differing interpretations, may be inconsistent among jurisdictions, or conflict with other rules and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. We also expect that there will continue to be new laws, regulations, and industry standards concerning artificial intelligence and machine learning proposed and enacted in various jurisdictions. In addition, regulatory authorities and governments around the world are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning privacy, collection and use of website visitor data, data storage, data protection, the “right to be forgotten,” content regulation, cybersecurity, government access to personal information, online advertising, email and other categories of electronic spam, and other matters that may be applicable to our business. Compliance with these laws may require substantial investment or may be technologically challenging for us. For example, some jurisdictions, including in the United States, are considering whether the collection of anonymous data may invade the privacy of website visitors. If laws or regulations are enacted that limit data collection or use practices related to anonymous data, we and/or our customers may be required to obtain the express consent of web visitors in order for our technology to perform certain basic functions that are based on the collection and use of technical data. Requirements that a website must first obtain consent from its web visitors before using our technology could reduce the amount and value of the services we provide to customers, which might impede sales and/or cause some existing customers to discontinue using our services. It is also likely that, as our business grows and evolves, an increasing portion of our business shifts to mobile, and our solutions are offered and used in a greater number of countries, we will become subject to laws and regulations in additional jurisdictions. We may need to expend considerable effort and resources to develop new product features and/or procedures to comply with any such legal requirements. It is difficult to predict how existing laws will apply to our business and what new laws and legal obligations we may become subject to. If we are not able to comply with these laws or other legal obligations, or if we become liable under them, we may be forced to implement material changes to our business practices, delay release of new and enhanced services and expend substantial resources, which would negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any increased attention focused on liability issues, or as a result of regulatory fines or lawsuits, could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business and operating results. We monitor pending legislation and regulatory initiatives to ascertain relevance, analyze impact and develop strategic direction surrounding regulatory trends and developments. Due to shifting economic and political conditions, tax policies or rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change. A range of other proposed or existing laws and new interpretations of existing laws could have an impact on our business. For example: Government agencies and regulators have reviewed, are reviewing and will continue to review, the personal data handling practices of companies doing business online, including privacy and security policies and practices. This review may result in new laws or the promulgation of new regulations or guidelines that may apply to our products and services. For example, the State of California and other states have passed laws relating to disclosure of companies’ practices with regard to 32 Do-Not-Track signals from internet browsers, the ability to delete information of minors, and new data breach notification requirements. Outside the E.U. and the U.S., a number of countries have adopted or are considering privacy laws and regulations that may result in significant greater compliance burdens. Existing and proposed laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity and monitoring of online behavioral data, such as proposed “Do Not Track” regulations, regulations aimed at restricting certain targeted advertising practices and collection and use of data from mobile devices, new and existing tools that allow consumers to block online advertising and other content, and other proposed online privacy legislation could potentially apply to some of our current or planned products and services. Existing and proposed laws and regulations related to email and other categories of electronic spam could impact the delivery of commercial email and other electronic communications by us or on behalf of customers using our services. The FTC in particular has aggressively investigated and brought enforcement actions against companies that fail to comply with their privacy or data security commitments to consumers, or fail to comply with regulations or statutes such as the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act. Any investigation or review of our practices may require us to make changes to our products and policies, which could harm our business. Currently there are many proposals by lawmakers and industry groups in this area, both in the United States and overseas, which address the collection, maintenance and use of personal information, web browsing and geolocation data, and establish data security and breach notification requirements. Further, regulators and industry groups have also released self-regulatory principles and guidelines for various data privacy and security practices. Given that this is an evolving and unsettled area of regulation, the imposition of any new significant restrictions or technological requirements could have a negative impact on our business. Various governmental bodies and many customers and businesses are increasingly focused on environmental, social and governance issues, which has in the past resulted, and may in the future continue to result, in the adoption of new laws and regulations and changing buying practices. If we fail to keep pace with these developments, our reputation and results of operations could be adversely impacted. We might unintentionally violate such laws now or in the future; such laws or their interpretation or application may be modified; and new laws may be enacted in the future. Any such developments could subject us to legal liability exposure, and harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We may be subject to governmental export controls and economic sanctions regulations that could impair our ability to compete in international markets due to licensing requirements and could subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws. Certain of our products and services may be subject to export control and economic sanctions regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. Exports of our products and the provision of our services must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including: the possible loss of export privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers; and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers. Obtaining the necessary authorizations, including any required license, for a particular deployment may be time-consuming, is not guaranteed and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. In addition, changes in our products or services, or changes in applicable export or economic sanctions regulations may create delays in the introduction and deployment of our products and services in international markets, or, in some cases, prevent the export of our products or provision of our services to certain countries or end users. Any change in export or economic sanctions regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could also result in decreased use of our products and services, or in our decreased ability to export our products or provide our services to existing or prospective customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our products and services or limitation on our ability to export our products and provide our services could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Further, we incorporate encryption technology into certain of our products. Various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our customers’ ability to import our products into those countries. Encryption products and the underlying technology may also be subject to export control restrictions. Governmental regulation of encryption technology and regulation of exports of encryption products, or our failure to obtain required approval for our products, when applicable, could harm our international sales and adversely affect our revenue. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export of our products and provision of our services, including with respect to new releases of our products and services, may create delays in the introduction of our products and services in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products and using our services throughout 33 their globally-distributed systems or, in some cases, prevent the export of our products or provision of our services to some countries altogether. Industry-specific regulation is evolving and unfavorable industry-specific laws, regulations, or interpretive positions could harm our business. Our customers and potential customers do business in a variety of industries, including financial services, the public sector, healthcare and telecommunications. Regulators of various industries have adopted and may in the future adopt regulations or interpretive positions regarding the use of cloud computing and other outsourced services. The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, industry-specific laws, regulations and interpretive positions may limit our customers’ use and adoption of our services and reduce overall demand. For example, some financial services regulators have imposed guidelines for use of cloud computing services that mandate specific controls or that require financial services providers to obtain regulatory approval prior to outsourcing certain functions. If we are unable to comply with these guidelines or controls, or if our customers are unable to obtain regulatory approval to use our service where required, our business may be harmed and we may be unable to conduct business with customers in such industries. In addition, an inability to satisfy the standards of certain third-party certification bodies that our customers may expect, such as the PCI Data Security Standards, may have an adverse impact on our business. If we are unable in the future to achieve or maintain these industry-specific certifications or comply with other similar requirements or standards that are relevant to our customers, our business and our revenue may be adversely impacted. In some cases, industry-specific laws, regulations or interpretive positions may also apply directly to us as a service provider. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such requirements could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. In addition, we may become subject to additional regulatory and compliance burdens as we expand our product offerings into new conversational businesses. For example, we recently launched a new conversational banking initiative. While we are relying on the banking license of a third party and certain of their compliance programs for this initiative, if we or our partner fail to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations, fail to successfully manage our regulatory or compliance obligations, or fail to obtain and maintain required licenses, we could be subject to fines and/or proceedings by governmental agencies, regulatory bodies, and/or private litigation, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Future regulation of the internet or mobile devices may slow our growth, resulting in decreased demand for our services and increased costs of doing business. State, federal and foreign regulators could adopt laws and regulations that impose additional burdens on companies that conduct business online or that adversely affect the growth or use of the internet or mobile commerce. For example, these laws and regulations could discourage communication by e-mail or other web-based communications, particularly targeted e- mail of the type facilitated by our services, which could reduce demand for our services. Laws or regulations that affect the use of the internet or mobile devices, including but not limited to laws affecting net neutrality could also decrease demand for our services and increase our costs. Some jurisdictions have adopted regulations prohibiting certain forms of discrimination by internet access providers; however, substantial uncertainty exists in the U.S. and elsewhere. For example, in the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission repealed net neutrality rules effective June 11, 2018, which could lead internet access providers to restrict, block, degrade or charge for access to our products and services, while California, among other states, have passed legislation that seeks to reestablish net neutrality. Further, regulatory focus on data privacy, data security and consumer protection continues to expand on a worldwide basis and is becoming more complex, which will increase the risks to our business on reputational, operational, and compliance bases. The continued growth and development of the market for online services may prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection laws or laws that will inhibit the use of internet-based or mobile-based communications or the information contained in these communications or the ways in which information may be collected, stored, used and transferred in the course of providing services. For example, in the United States, the CAN-SPAM Act regulates the transmission and content of commercial emails, and, among other things, obligates the sending of such emails to provide recipients with the ability to opt- out or unsubscribe and other requirements; and the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act regulates the ability of certain online services to collect or use certain categories of information from children under age 13 absent parental consent. The adoption of any additional laws or regulations, or changes to existing laws or regulations, may decrease the expansion of the internet or smartphone usage. A decline in the growth of the internet or smartphone usage, particularly as it relates to online 34 communication, could decrease demand for our services and increase our costs of doing business, or otherwise harm our business. Any new legislation or regulations, application of laws and regulations from jurisdictions whose laws do not currently apply to our business, or application of existing laws and regulations to the internet, mobile and other online services could increase our costs and harm our growth. We anticipate potentially making investments in, and potentially holding, creating or managing blockchain-based assets, including cryptocurrency or other digital tokens and development of blockchain-based decentralized applications (“DApps”), which may subject us to exchange risk and additional tax and regulatory requirements. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we updated our investment policy to provide us with more flexibility to further diversify and maximize returns on our cash that is not required to maintain adequate operating liquidity. Under this policy, we may invest a portion of such cash in investment instruments related to cryptocurrencies and other blockchain-based assets through a subsidiary, which would contract with providers to invest in funds and/or directly hold blockchain-based, assets including cryptocurrencies such as USD Coin, in order to engage in investment strategies such as yield farming, which involves lending or staking cryptocurrencies to generate returns in the form of transaction fees or interest. The laws surrounding cryptocurrency and blockchain-based assets are uncertain and evolving. Cryptocurrencies are not considered legal tender or backed by any government, and any cryptocurrencies we may hold or related investments we may experience price volatility, technological glitches and various law enforcement and regulatory interventions. The use of cryptocurrency is currently limited both in the U.S. and around the world, and the widespread acceptance and adoption of cryptocurrencies as a store of value or means of payment for goods and services is uncertain. The application of securities laws and other regulations to cryptocurrency and blockchain-based assets is unclear, and it is possible that regulators in the U.S. or other jurisdictions may create new regulations or interpret laws in a manner that adversely affect the price of blockchain-based assets, restrict our future ability to invest in or hold blockchain-based assets and subject us to additional regulatory requirements, including laws governing payments, financial services, virtual currency, anti-money laundering, counter- terrorism financing, trade sanctions, privacy and data protection, tax, consumer protection, environmental protection and competition. Further, the use and development of cryptocurrency has been prohibited or effectively prohibited in some countries. If we fail to comply with regulations or prohibitions applicable to us, we could face regulatory or other enforcement actions and potential fines and other consequences. If any regulatory authority asserts that we require a license or other regulatory approval to conduct business involving cryptocurrencies or other blockchain-based assets, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. If we accept and hold cryptocurrency in the future, we may have exchange rate risk on the cryptocurrencies we hold as well as the risks that regulatory or other developments may adversely affect their value. We may choose not to hedge, or may be unable to fully hedge, our exposure to cryptocurrencies and other blockchain-based assets and may at times be unable to convert them to U.S. dollars. If we hold cryptocurrency and its value decreases relative to our acquisition price, our financial condition may be harmed. Moreover, cryptocurrency and blockchain-based assets are currently considered indefinite-lived intangible assets under applicable accounting rules, meaning that any decrease in the asset’s fair value below our carrying value for such asset at any time subsequent to its acquisition will require us to recognize impairment charges, whereas we may make no upward revisions for any market price increases until a sale, which may adversely affect our operating results in any period in which such impairment occurs. Moreover, there is no guarantee that future changes in GAAP will not require us to change the way we account for cryptocurrency held by us. As intangible assets that may lack centralized issuers or governing bodies, cryptocurrencies’ and blockchain-based assets’ lack of a physical form, their reliance on technology for their creation, existence and transactional validation and their decentralization may subject their integrity to the threat of security breaches, cyber-attacks or other malicious activities, as well as human errors or computer malfunctions that may result in the loss or destruction of private keys needed to access such assets. As cryptocurrencies and blockchain-based assets have no physical existence beyond the record of transactions on a blockchain, a variety of technical factors related to blockchain technologies could also impact the price of cryptocurrencies and the stability of our investments. For example, malicious attacks by cryptocurrency miners, inadequate mining fees to incentivize validation of transactions, hard “forks” of individual blockchains into multiple blockchains, and advances in digital computing, algebraic geometry, and quantum computing could undercut the integrity of blockchain technologies and negatively affect the price of cryptocurrencies and the stability of our investments. While we intend to take all reasonable measures to secure any digital assets, if such threats are realized or the measures or controls we or our counterparties create or implement to secure our digital 35 assets fail, it could result in a partial or total misappropriation or loss of our digital assets, and our financial condition and operating results may be harmed. Finally, blockchain is an emerging technology that offers new capabilities which are not fully proven through sustained widespread use in the marketplace. Furthermore, the creation and use of blockchain technology and DApps in new industries will be subject to potential technical, legal and regulatory constraints. There is no warranty that blockchain-based assets and DApps will be uninterrupted or error-free and there is an inherent risk that the software, network, blockchain-based assets and related technologies and theories could contain undiscovered technical flaws or weaknesses, the cryptographic security measures that authenticate transactions and the distributed ledger could be compromised, and breakdowns could cause the partial or complete inability to use or loss of blockchain-based assets or DApps. Global or local climate change and natural resource conservation regulations or requirements could adversely impact our business. The long-term effects of climate change on the global economy and the cloud and SaaS industry remain unknown. Changes in weather where we operate may increase the costs of powering and cooling computer hardware we use to develop software and provide cloud-based services. In response to concerns about global climate change, governments may adopt new regulations affecting the use of fossil fuels or requiring the use of alternative fuel sources. Our server infrastructure consumes significant energy resources, including those generated by the burning of fossil fuels. Our customers, investors and other stakeholders may require us to take steps to demonstrate that we are taking ecologically responsible measures in operating our business. The costs and any expenses we may incur to make our network more energy-efficient and comply with any new regulations could negatively impact our operating results. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or other requirements imposed on us could result in material fines and penalties, litigation, regulatory investigation and/or governmental orders requiring us to change our data practices, which could damage our reputation and harm our business. Risks Related to our Intellectual Property Our products and services may infringe upon intellectual property rights of third parties and any infringement could require us to incur substantial costs and may distract our management. We have had patent and other infringement lawsuits filed against us claiming that certain of our products and services infringe third party intellectual property rights, and we are subject to the future risk of additional third-party claims alleging infringement against us or against our customers for use of our products and services. Many of our customer and partner contracts, including certain suppliers, contain indemnification obligations requiring us to indemnify our customers from certain claims against them or arising from the use of our services. Substantial litigation regarding intellectual property rights exists in the software industry. In the ordinary course of our business, our services and/or our customers’ use of our services may be increasingly subject to third-party infringement claims as claims by non-practicing entities become more prevalent and the number of competitors in our industry segment grows and the functionality of services in different industry segments overlaps. Some of our competitors in the market for digital engagement technology, and/or web and mobile based consumer-facing services or other third parties may have filed or may intend to file patent applications covering aspects of their technology and have asserted and may in the future assert claims against us. Any claims alleging infringement of third-party intellectual property rights could require us to spend significant amounts in litigation (even if the claim is invalid), distract management from other tasks of operating our business, pay substantial damage awards, prevent us from selling our products, delay delivery of our services, require the development of non-infringing software, technology, business processes, systems or other intellectual property (none of which might be successful), or limit our ability to use the intellectual property that is the subject of any of these claims, unless we enter into license agreements with the third parties (which may be costly, unavailable on commercially reasonable terms, or not available at all). Therefore, any such claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Our business and prospects would suffer if we are unable to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights. Our success and ability to compete depend, in part, upon the protection of our intellectual property rights relating to the technology underlying our services. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trade secret, trademark and other common law protections in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality requirements and contractual provisions, to protect our proprietary technology, processes and other intellectual property. We own a portfolio of patents and 36 patent applications in the U.S. and internationally and regularly file patent applications to protect intellectual property that we believe is important to our business, including intellectual property related to digital engagement technology, and/or web and mobile based consumer-facing services. We believe the duration of our patents is adequate relative to the expected lives of our products and services. We pursue the registration of our domain names, trademarks and trade names in the U.S. and in certain locations outside the U.S. We also own copyrights, including in our software, publications and other documents authored by us. These intellectual property rights are important to our business and marketing efforts. We seek to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on federal, state, and common law rights, including registration, or otherwise in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, as well as contractual restrictions. However, we believe that factors such as the technological and creative skills of our personnel, new service developments, frequent enhancements and reliable maintenance are more essential to establishing and maintaining a competitive advantage. Others may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our technology. We enter into confidentiality and other written agreements (including invention assignment agreements) with our employees, consultants, customers, potential customers, strategic partners, and other third parties, and through these and other written agreements, we attempt to control access to and distribution of our software, documentation and other proprietary information. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties may, in an unauthorized manner, attempt to use, copy or otherwise obtain and market or distribute our intellectual property rights or technology or otherwise develop a service with the same functionality as our services. Policing unauthorized use of our services and intellectual property rights is difficult, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our technology or intellectual property rights, particularly in foreign countries where we do business, where our services are sold or used, where the laws may not protect proprietary rights as fully as do the laws of the U.S. or where enforcement of laws protecting proprietary rights is not common or effective. The duration of the protection afforded to our intellectual property depends on the type of property in question, the laws and regulations of the relevant jurisdiction and the terms of its license agreements with others. With respect to our trademarks and trade names, trademark laws and rights are generally territorial in scope and limited to those countries where a mark has been registered or protected. While trademark registrations may generally be maintained in effect for as long as the mark is in use in the respective jurisdictions, there may be occasions where a mark or title is not registrable or protectable or cannot be used in a particular country. In addition, a trademark registration may be canceled or invalidated if challenged by others based on certain use requirements or other limited grounds. The duration of property rights in trademarks, service marks and trade names in the U.S., whether registered or not, is predicated on our continued use. It is possible that: • • • • any issued patent or patents issued in the future may not be broad enough to protect our intellectual property rights; any issued patent or any patents issued in the future could be successfully challenged by one or more third parties, which could result in our loss of the right to prevent others from exploiting the inventions claimed in the patents; current and future competitors may independently develop similar technologies, duplicate our services or design around any patents we may have; and effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which we do business, where our services are sold or used, where the laws may not protect proprietary rights as fully as do the laws of the United States or where enforcement of laws protecting proprietary rights is not common or effective. Further, to the extent that the invention described in any U.S. patent was made public prior to the filing of the patent application, we may not be able to obtain patent protection in certain countries. We also rely upon copyright, trade secret, trademark and other common law in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect our proprietary technology, processes and other intellectual property. Any steps we might take may not be adequate to protect against infringement and misappropriation of our intellectual property by third parties. Similarly, third parties may be able to independently develop similar or superior technology, processes or other intellectual property. Third parties may register marks that are confusingly similar to the trademarks or services marks that we have used in the U.S. and our failure to monitor foreign registrations or mark usage may impact out rights in certain trademarks or services marks. Policing unauthorized use of our services and intellectual property rights is difficult, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our technology or intellectual property rights, particularly in foreign countries where we do business, where our services are sold or used, where the laws may not protect proprietary rights as fully as do the laws of the U.S. or where enforcement of laws protecting proprietary rights is not common or effective. The unauthorized reproduction or other misappropriation of our intellectual property rights could enable third parties to benefit from our 37 technology without paying us for it. If this occurs, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, disputes concerning the ownership or rights to use intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming to litigate, may distract management from operating our business and may result in our loss of significant rights. Issues in the use of AI in our product offerings may result in reputational harm or liability. We have built, and expect to continue to build, AI into many of our product offerings and we expect this element of our business to grow. We envision a future in which AI operating in our devices, applications and the cloud helps our customers be more productive in their business activities and interactions with consumers. As with many disruptive innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its adoption, and therefore our business. AI algorithms and models may be flawed. Datasets may be insufficient or contain biased information. Inappropriate or controversial data practices by us or others could impair the acceptance of AI solutions. These deficiencies could undermine the decisions, predictions, or analysis AI applications produce, subjecting us to competitive harm, legal liability, and brand or reputational harm. Social and ethical issues relating to the use of new and evolving uses of AI that we may offer may result in reputational harm and liability and may cause us to incur additional research and development costs to resolve such issues. If we enable or offer AI solutions that are controversial because of their impact on human rights, privacy, employment, or other social issues, we may experience a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows. Potential government regulation related to AI use and ethics may also increase the burden and cost of research and development in this area, and failure to properly remediate AI usage or ethics issues may cause public confidence in AI to be undermined, which could slow adoption of AI in our offerings. The rapid evolution of AI will require the application of resources to develop, test and maintain our products and services to help ensure that AI is implemented ethically in order to minimize unintended, harmful impact. We may be subject to legal liability and/or negative publicity for the services provided to consumers via our technology platforms. Our technology platforms enable representatives of our customers as well as individual service providers to communicate with consumers and other persons seeking information or advice on the web or via mobile devices. The law relating to the liability of online platform providers such as us for the activities of users of their online platforms is often challenged in the U.S. and internationally. We may be unable to prevent users of our technology platforms from providing negligent, unlawful or inappropriate advice, information or content via our technology platforms, or from behaving in an unlawful manner, and we may be subject to allegations of civil or criminal liability for negligent, fraudulent, unlawful or inappropriate activities carried out by users of our technology platforms. Claims could be made against online services companies under both U.S. and foreign law, such as fraud, defamation, libel, invasion of privacy, negligence, data breach, copyright or trademark infringement, or other theories based on the nature and content of the materials disseminated by users of our technology platforms. In addition, domestic and foreign legislation has been proposed that could prohibit or impose liability for the transmission over the internet of certain types of information. Our defense of any of these actions could be costly and involve significant time and attention of our management and other resources. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) is intended, among other things, to reduce the liability of online service providers for transmitting or storing materials that infringe copyrights of others or referring, listing or linking to third party web properties that include materials that infringe copyrights of others. Additionally, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”), is intended to provide statutory protections to online service providers who host or distribute third party content. A safe harbor for copyright infringement is also available under the DMCA to certain online service providers that provide specific services, if the providers take certain affirmative steps as set forth in the DMCA. There are various Congressional efforts to restrict the scope of the protections from liability for service providers in certain circumstances. Important questions regarding the safe harbor under the DMCA and the CDA have yet to be litigated, and we cannot guarantee that we will meet the safe harbor requirements of the DMCA or of the CDA. If we are not covered by a safe harbor, for any reason, we could be exposed to claims, which could be costly and time-consuming to defend. Our consumer service allows consumers to provide feedback regarding service providers. Although all such feedback is generated by users and not by us, claims of defamation or other injury could be made against us for content posted on our websites. Our liability for such claims may be higher in jurisdictions outside the United States where laws governing internet or mobile transactions are unsettled. 38 If we become liable for information provided by our users and carried via our service in any jurisdiction in which we operate, we could be directly harmed, and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of these lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business. In addition, negative publicity and user sentiment generated as a result of fraudulent or deceptive conduct by users of our technology platforms could damage our reputation, reduce our ability to attract new users or retain our current users, and diminish the value of our brand. In the future, we may be required to spend substantial resources to take additional protective measures or discontinue certain service offerings, either of which could harm our business. Any costs incurred as a result of potential liability relating to the sale of unlawful services or the unlawful sale of services could harm our business. In addition to legislation and regulations relating to privacy and data security and collection, we may be subject to consumer protection laws that are enforced by regulators such as the FTC and private parties and include statutes that regulate the collection and use of information for marketing purposes. Any new legislation or regulations regarding the internet, mobile devices, software sales or export and/or the cloud or SaaS industry, and/or the application of existing laws and regulations to the internet, mobile devices, software sales or export and/or the cloud or SaaS industry, could create new legal or regulatory burdens on our business that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additionally, as we operate outside the U.S., the international regulatory environment relating to the internet, mobile devices, software sales or export, and/or the SaaS industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Risks Related to our International Operations and Tax Issues Our results of operations may be adversely impacted due to our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. We conduct business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar in Europe, Australia, Japan and Israel. As we continue to expand our international operations we become more exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. For example, the New Israeli Shekel, British Pound, Euro, Australian Dollar, and Japanese Yen have all recently experienced declines in value in relation to the U.S. dollar. Further, as geopolitical volatility around the world increases, there is increasing risk of the imposition of exchange or price controls, or other restrictions on the conversion of foreign currencies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. As a result of the expanding size and scope of our international operations, our currency rate fluctuation risk associated with the exchange rate movement of the U.S. dollar has increased. Since we conduct business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar but report our financial results in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in currency exchange rates could adversely affect our results of operations. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we experienced a foreign currency exchange impact of approximately (2.3)% percent, or approximately $(11.6) million if held in constant currency, to our revenue. Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies could materially affect our revenue, cost of revenue and operating expenses, and result in foreign currency transaction gains and losses. We may seek to enter into hedging transactions in the future or to use financial instruments, such as derivative financial instruments, to mitigate risk, but we may be unable to enter into them successfully, on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, these programs rely on our ability to forecast accurately and could expose us to additional risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict whether or not we will incur foreign exchange losses in the future. To the extent the international component of our revenues grows, our results of operations will become more sensitive to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Economic conditions and regulatory changes caused by the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union could negatively impact our business. On January 31, 2020, the U.K. withdrew its membership from the E.U., which is commonly referred to as “Brexit.” Pursuant to the withdrawal arrangements entered into between the U.K. and the E.U. in connection with Brexit, the U.K. was no longer a part of the E.U. at the end of the transition period on December 31, 2020. While the U.K. has for the most part chosen to retain existing E.U. law and on December 24, 2020 the U.K. and E.U. agreed to a trade and cooperation agreement which took provisional effect from January 1, 2020, the longer term economic, legal, political and social implications for the U.K. and the E.U. remain unclear and may lead to ongoing political, regulatory and economic uncertainty and periods of exacerbated 39 volatility in both the U.K. and in wider European markets for some time. Such uncertainty may have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate in the U.K. and the E.U. Brexit has resulted in significant volatility in global stock market and currency exchange rate fluctuations that resulted in strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies in which we conduct business and global economic uncertainty. The continuing uncertainty may cause our customers to closely monitor their costs and reduce their spending budgets. This could negatively impact our business, including affecting our relationships with our existing and future customers, suppliers and employees. Further volatility in exchange rates resulting from Brexit is expected to continue in the short term as a result of Brexit. We translate sales and other results denominated in foreign currency into U.S. dollars for our financial statements. During periods of a strengthening dollar, our reported international sales and earnings could be reduced because foreign currencies may translate into fewer U.S. dollars. The longer term economic, legal, political and social implications of Brexit could potentially disrupt the markets we serve and the tax jurisdictions in which we operate and adversely change tax benefits or liabilities in these or other jurisdictions. They may also impact how we deliver our products and services to customers in the U.K. and in the E.U., which may cause us to lose customers, suppliers and/or employees and could result in increased operating expenses. In addition, Brexit could lead to further legal uncertainty and potentially divergent laws and regulations, as well as other adverse effects that we are unable to anticipate. Any of these effects of Brexit, among others, could negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. We may be unsuccessful in expanding our operations internationally and/or into direct-to-consumer services due to additional regulatory requirements, tax liabilities, currency exchange rate fluctuations, and other risks, which could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition to our operations in the U.S., we have operations in Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latin America, Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, and the U.K. We have also continued to invest in global messaging initiatives and in acquisitions. Our ability to continue to expand into international markets and in the online consumer market involves various risks, including the possibility that returns on such investments will not be achieved in the near future, or ever, and the difficulty of competing in markets with which we are unfamiliar. Our international operations and direct-to-consumer services may also fail due to other risks inherent in foreign and/or online consumer operations, including: • • • • • • • • • • varied, unfamiliar, unclear and changing legal and regulatory restrictions, including different legal and regulatory standards applicable to internet or mobile services, communications, privacy, and data protection; difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations; differing intellectual property laws that may not provide sufficient protection for our intellectual property; adverse tax consequences or additional tax liabilities; difficulty in addressing country-specific business requirements and regulations, for instance, data privacy laws; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; strains on financial and other systems to properly administer value-added tax (“VAT”) and other taxes; different consumer preferences and requirements in specific international markets; international legal, compliance, political, regulatory or systemic restrictions, or other international governmental scrutiny, applicable to United States companies with sales and operations in foreign countries, including, but not limited to, possible compliance issues involving the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and similar laws in other jurisdictions; and local instability and shifting political, economic, and military conditions including armed conflict and terrorist activity. In addition, we rely in part on third-party service providers with international operations. For example, we rely on a third-party service provider that utilizes approximately 100 engineers based in Ukraine for a portion of our engineering and 40 software development initiatives. If this third party’s operations were disrupted or discontinued due to local instability or political, economic or military conditions or cyber-attacks, then our ability to provide services to some of our current customers and the development of new products or enhancement of existing products could be delayed, and our results of operations could be adversely affected. Our current and any future international expansion plans will require management attention and resources and may be unsuccessful. We may find it impossible or prohibitively expensive to continue expand internationally or we may be unsuccessful in our attempt to do so, and our results of operations could be adversely impacted. In addition, violations of any foreign laws or regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and damage to our reputation. Our operations may expose us to greater than anticipated income, non-income, and transactional tax liabilities, which could harm our financial condition and results of operations. There is heightened scrutiny by fiscal authorities in many jurisdictions on the potential taxation of e-commerce businesses. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) has issued guidelines, referred to as the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project, to its member-nations aimed at encouraging broad-based legislative initiatives intended to prevent perceived base erosion transactions and income shifting in a tax-advantaged manner. Further, for the past several years, the OECD has had a specific focus on the taxation implications of e-commerce business, generally referred by the OECD as the “digital economy.” In the fourth quarter of 2019, the OECD released details on its proposed approach which would, among other changes, create a new right to tax certain “digital economy” income not necessarily based on traditional nexus concepts nor on the “arm’s length principle.” At this point, there is a lack of consensus among the key members, particularly the United States, with the latest OECD proposal. The United States has expressed that it would generally support a solution along the lines proposed by the OECD only if the solution was in the form of a “safe-harbor” rather than a mandatory requirement. A failure to reach full consensus on an executable plan within the tight time frame under which the OECD is operating could result in individual jurisdictions legislating digital tax provisions in an uncoordinated and unilateral manner, and further result in greater or even double taxation that companies may not have sufficient means to remedy. For example, a number of jurisdictions, including the U.K., France and Italy, have already adopted or have formally proposed legislation that would affect the taxation of certain e-commerce businesses based on differing criteria and metrics. Efforts to alleviate this increased tax burden will increase the cost of structuring and compliance as well as the cost of doing business internationally. Any changes to the taxation of our international activities may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and adversely impact our financial position and results of operations. Further, the prospective taxation by multiple jurisdictions of e-commerce businesses could subject us to exposure to withholding, sales, VAT and/or other transaction taxes on our past and future transactions in such jurisdictions where we currently or in the future may be required to report taxable transactions. A successful assertion by any jurisdiction that we failed to pay such withholding, sales, VAT or other transaction taxes, or the imposition of new laws requiring the registration for, collection of, and payment of such taxes, could result in substantial tax liabilities related to past, current and future sales, create increased administrative burdens and costs, discourage customers from purchasing content from us, or otherwise substantially harm our business and results of operations. We are currently subject to and in the future may become subject to additional compliance requirements for certain of these taxes. Changes in our exposure to withholding, sales, VAT and/or other transaction taxes could have an adverse impact on our financial condition in the future. In addition, an increasing number of states have considered or adopted laws that attempt to impose tax collection obligations on out-of-state companies. In June 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States issued its decision in the matter of South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. This decision effectively reversed the 25-year-old “physical presence doctrine” previously established by the Supreme Court in Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, which required a minimum level of physical presence within a state before the state could impose an obligation to register and remit sales tax on revenue derived within that state. This decision may significantly increase the effort, resources and costs associated with the sales tax collection and compliance burden. Since the decision, a number of states have enacted sales tax enabling legislation which has had the effect of significantly expanding the liability of e-commerce companies to register, collect and remit state sales taxes from customers. A successful assertion by one or more states requiring us to collect taxes where we presently do not do so, or to collect more taxes in a jurisdiction in which we currently do collect some taxes, could result in substantial tax liabilities, including taxes on past sales, as well as penalties and interest. The imposition by state governments or local governments of sales tax collection obligations on out-of-state sellers could also create additional administrative burdens for us, put us at a competitive disadvantage if they do not impose similar obligations on our competitors, and decrease our future sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. 41 Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. As of December 31, 2022, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of approximately $532.6 million which are available to offset future federal taxable income. In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50- percentage-point cumulative change (by value) in the equity ownership of certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period) is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs to offset post-change taxable income. Under Section 382 of the Code, our existing NOLs may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, and if we undergo an ownership change in the future, our ability to utilize NOLs could be further limited by Section 382 of the Code, or as a result of a corresponding provision of state law. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. The use of NOLs from acquired businesses may also be limited under Section 382. Federal NOLs generated in taxable years ending on or before December 31, 2017, are eligible to be carried forward for up to 20 tax years (and carried back up to two tax years) following their incurrence. Federal NOLs generated in taxable years ending after December 31, 2017, are eligible to be carried forward indefinitely, but generally may only offset up to 80% of federal taxable income earned in a taxable year. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $58.2 million of our approximately $532.6 million of federal NOLs were generated in taxable years ending on or before December 31, 2017. If our ability to utilize federal NOLs were limited by Section 382 of the Code, it could result in NOLs generated on or before December 31, 2017, expiring unused. Our ability to utilize our NOLs is conditioned upon our maintaining profitability in the future and generating U.S. federal taxable income. As a result of a change in the treatment of research and development expenses during the period ending December 31, 2022, the Company is required to capitalize and amortize amounts previously deducted currently. This is resulting in U.S. taxable income that is allowing the Company to utilize its pre-2018 NOLs. The capitalized research and development costs will give rise to future deductions that could result in new NOLs being generated, which NOLs would be eligible to be carried forward indefinitely but would only be able to offset up to 80% of federal taxable income earned in a taxable year. Political, economic, and military conditions in Israel could negatively impact our Israeli operations. A substantial portion of our product development staff, help desk and online sales support operations are located in Israel. As of December 31, 2022, we had 171 full-time employees in Israel. Although substantially all of our sales to date have been made to customers outside Israel, we are directly influenced by the political, economic and military conditions affecting Israel. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries, Hamas (an Islamist militia and political group that controls the Gaza Strip), Hezbollah (an Islamist militia and political group based in Lebanon) and other armed groups. Furthermore, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and may be developing nuclear weapons. In addition, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subject to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition or the expansion of our business. A campaign of boycotts, divestment, and sanctions has been undertaken against Israel, which could also adversely affect our business. Actual or perceived political instability in Israel or any negative changes in the political environment, may individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Israeli economy and, in turn, our business, financial condition and results of operations. Parties with whom we do business may sometimes decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements. Further, shifting economic and political conditions in the U.S. and in other countries may result in changes in how the U.S. and other countries conduct business and other relations with Israel, which may have an adverse impact on our Israeli operations and a material adverse impact on our business. Our commercial insurance may not cover losses that could occur as a result of events associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Armed conflicts or political instability in the region could negatively affect our business and could harm our results of operations. 42 Continued hostilities between Israel and its neighbors and any future armed conflict, terrorist activity or political instability in the region could adversely affect our operations in Israel and adversely affect the market price of our securities. In addition, escalation of tensions or violence might require more widespread military reserve service by some of our Israeli employees and might result in a significant downturn in the economic or financial condition of Israel, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations in Israel and our business. Risks Related to our Outstanding Convertible Notes Servicing our debt may require a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our indebtedness. In March 2019, we issued $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 in a private placement. The interest rate on the 2024 Notes is fixed at 0.75% per annum and is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year. In December 2020, we issued $517.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 in a private placement. The 2026 Notes do not bear any regular interest payments. These obligations will need to be refinanced on or prior to their maturity. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our Notes or any additional future indebtedness depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional debt financing or equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our current or any future indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations. In addition, any of our future debt agreements may contain restrictive covenants that may prohibit us from adopting any of these alternatives. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of our debt. We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Notes in cash or to repurchase the Notes upon a fundamental change, and any future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Notes. Holders of the Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change before the maturity date at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we are required to make cash payments in respect of the Notes being converted. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of Notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to Notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of Notes may be limited by law, regulatory authority, or any agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture or to pay any cash upon conversions of Notes as required by the indenture would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under the indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing any future indebtedness. If the payment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of Notes. Provisions in the indentures for the Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to you. If a fundamental change occurs prior to the maturity date of the Notes, the holders of the Notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes. In addition, if a make-whole fundamental change occurs prior the maturity date of the Notes, we will in some cases be required to increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. Furthermore, the indentures for the Notes prohibit us from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Notes. These and other provisions in the indentures governing the Notes could deter or prevent a third party from acquiring us even when the acquisition may be favorable to you. 43 The conditional conversion feature of the Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Notes is triggered, holders of the Notes will be entitled to convert their Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders of Notes do not elect to convert their Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital. The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results. Under ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the Notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the issuer’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the Notes is that the equity component, net of issuance costs, is required to be included in the additional paid-in capital section of stockholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet at the issuance date and the value of the equity component is treated as original issue discount for purposes of accounting for the liability component of the Notes. As a result, we are required to record a greater amount of non-cash interest expense in current periods presented as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the Notes to their face amount over the term of the Notes. We will report larger net losses (or lower net income) in our financial results because ASC 470-20 requires interest to include both the current period’s amortization of the debt discount and the instrument’s non-convertible coupon interest rate, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results, the trading price of our common stock and the trading price of the Notes. In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, ASC Subtopic 470-20 “Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options” and ASC Subtopic 815-40 “Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity” that changes the accounting for the convertible debt instruments described above. Under the new standard, an entity may no longer separately account for the liability and equity components of convertible debt instruments. Additionally, the treasury stock method for calculating earnings per share will no longer be allowed for convertible debt instruments the principal amount of which may be settled using shares. Rather, the “if-converted” method may be required. Application of the “if converted” method may reduce our reported diluted earnings per share. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2022, using the modified retrospective standard. As a result, the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes are accounted for as a single liability and we use the “if-converted” method of calculating diluted earnings per share. See Note 8 – Convertible Senior Notes, Net and Capped Call Transactions and Note 1 – Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. We cannot be sure whether other changes may be made to the accounting standards related to the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes, or otherwise, that could have an adverse impact on our financial statements. The capped call transactions may affect the value of the Notes and our common stock. In connection with the transaction in which we issued the Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certain option counterparties. The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted Notes, as the case may be, upon any conversion of Notes, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. The option counterparties or their respective affiliates are expected to modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock, the Notes or other of our securities or instruments (if any), in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of Notes or following any earlier conversion or any repurchase of Notes by us on any fundamental change repurchase date or otherwise). This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock or the Notes, which could affect a holder’s ability to convert the Notes and, to the extent the activity occurs during any observation period related to a conversion of Notes, it could affect the amount and value of the consideration that a holder will receive upon conversion of such Notes. 44 The potential effect, if any, of these transactions and activities on the market price of our common stock or the Notes will depend in part on market conditions and cannot be ascertained at this time. Any of these activities could adversely affect the value of our common stock and the value of the Notes (and as a result, the amount and value of the consideration that a holder would receive upon the conversion of any Notes) and, under certain circumstances, a holder’s ability to convert his or her Notes. We do not make any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any potential effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of our common stock or the Notes. In addition, we do not make any representation that the option counterparties or their respective affiliates will engage in these transactions or that these transactions, once commenced, will not be discontinued without notice. We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the capped call transactions. The option counterparties to the capped call transactions are financial institutions, and we are subject to the risk that any or all of them may default under the capped calls. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties is not secured by any collateral. Global economic conditions have in the recent past resulted in, and may again result in, the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings, with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under our transactions with that option counterparty. Our exposure depends on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will be correlated to an increase in the market price and in the volatility of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by an option counterparty, we may suffer more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of the option counterparties. Risks Related to our Common Stock Our stock price has been, and may continue to be, highly volatile, which could reduce the value of your investment and subject us to litigation. The price of our common stock has fluctuated significantly in the past and may continue to be highly volatile, with extreme price and volume fluctuations. Our trading price could fluctuate substantially in the future, including in response to the following factors, some of which are beyond our control: • • • • • • • • • • • quarterly variations in our operating results or those of our competitors; earnings announcements that are not in line with analyst expectations; changes in recommendations or financial estimates by securities analysts; announcements or rumors about mergers or strategic acquisitions by us or by our competitors; announcements about customer additions and cancellations or failure to complete significant sales; changes in market valuations of companies that investors believe are comparable to us; additions or departures of key personnel; our exposure, or perceptions or misperceptions of our exposure to cryptocurrencies; consequences of unexpected geopolitical events, natural disasters, acts of war or climate change; pandemics, epidemics or similar widespread public health concerns; and general economic, political and market conditions, such as recessions, political unrest or terrorist attacks, or in the specific locations where we operate, such as the United States, Israel and the United Kingdom. In addition, extreme price and volume fluctuations in the stock markets generally, and in the markets for technology companies in particular, could cause the market price for our common stock to decline. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been the subject of securities class action litigation. We may in the future be the target of similar litigation, which could result in substantial costs and distract management’s attention and resources. Our common stock is traded on more than one market and this may result in price variations. 45 Our common stock is currently traded on the Nasdaq and the TASE. Trading in our common stock on these markets takes place in different currencies (U.S. dollars on the Nasdaq and New Israeli Shekels on the TASE) and at different times (due to different time zones, trading days and public holidays in the United States and Israel). The trading prices of our common stock on these two markets may differ due to these and other factors. Any decrease in the trading price of our common stock on one of these markets could cause a decrease in the trading price of our common stock on the other market. Differences in trading prices on the two markets could negatively impact our trading price. If our officers, directors, and largest stockholders choose to act together, they may be able to significantly influence our management and operations, acting in their own best interest and not necessarily those of our other stockholders. As of February 20, 2023, our executive officers, directors and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding common stock and their affiliates in the aggregate beneficially owned approximately 46.4% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, these stockholders, acting together, have the ability to significantly influence all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. Our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders could also delay or prevent a change in control. The interests of this group of stockholders may not always coincide with LivePerson’s interests or the interests of other stockholders, and they may act in a manner that advances their best interests and not necessarily those of our other stockholders. Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock may negatively affect our stock price. If we or our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock, including shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and warrants, or upon the conversion of the Notes, in the public market, or if the market perceives that these sales might occur, the market price of our common stock could fall. These sales also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. No prediction can be made as to the effect, if any, that market sales of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock. Provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay, or prevent a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable. Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control or changes in our management that stockholders may deem advantageous. These provisions include the following: • • • • • Our board of directors is divided into three classes, with each class serving three-year staggered terms, which prevents stockholders from electing an entirely new board of directors at any annual meeting; Vacancies on our board of directors may only be filled by a vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum; Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation prohibits cumulative voting in the election of directors or any other matters. This limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates; Our stockholders may only act at a duly called annual or special meeting and may not act by written consent; Stockholders must provide advance notice to nominate individuals for election to our board of directors or to propose other matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting; • We require supermajority voting by stockholders to amend certain provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and to amend our amended and restated bylaws; and • Our amended and restated bylaws expressly authorize a supermajority of the board of directors to amend our amended and restated bylaws. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless certain conditions are met. This anti-takeover provision defenses could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. 46 We cannot assure our stockholders that any stock repurchase programs will be fully consummated or will enhance long- term stockholder value, and stock repurchases could increase the volatility of the price of our common stock and will diminish our cash reserves. Repurchases pursuant to any stock repurchase program that we may enter could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. The existence of a stock repurchase program could also cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Additionally, repurchases under a stock repurchase program would diminish our cash reserves, which could impact our ability to pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions and could result in lower overall returns on our cash balances. There can be no assurance that any stock repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased shares of stock. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties LivePerson’s corporate headquarters are located in New York City, NY and we maintain a globally distributed, remote workforce. In 2020, the Company vacated its physical offices around the world, and transitioned to an “employee-centric” workforce model, leveraging its expertise in AI and asynchronous communication to support operations, culture and productivity in this new environment. This decision resulted in the significant reduction of the real estate space we lease and the removal of the associated right-of-use assets. In 2021, the Company reoccupied some of its leased space to provide its employees with the option of working in an office space environment. As of December 31, 2022, we have data centers in the United States, Europe, and Australia pursuant to various lease agreements. We believe that our current facilities properties are in good condition and are adequate to meet our current needs. If required, we believe that we will be able to obtain suitable additional space on commercially reasonable terms. Item 3. Legal Proceedings [24]7 Litigation The Company filed an intellectual property suit (the “Company IP Suit”) against [24]7 Customer, Inc. (“[24]7”) on March 6, 2014 seeking damages on the grounds that [24]7 reverse engineered and misappropriated the Company’s technology and misused the Company’s business information. On June 22, 2015 and December 7, 2015, [24]7 filed separate countersuits (together, the “Countersuits”) against the Company in the Northern District of California (the “Court”) alleging patent infringement. Trial with respect to the Company IP Suit occurred on May 24, 2021 and the jury awarded approximately $30.3 million in favor of the Company. The Company and [24]7 subsequently reached agreement on the terms of a permanent injunction, and that additional costs were owed to the Company in the amount of $0.4 million. On July 28, 2022, the Court granted the Company’s motion for interest, awarding an additional approximately $4.3 million. 24[7] appealed the judgment in favor of the Company with respect to the Company IP Suit in August 2022. In addition, further litigation between the parties to adjudicate the Countersuits had been set for late 2023, and another trial with respect to the Company’s remaining trade secret claims against [24]7 was set for early 2024. On February 20, 2023, the Company and [24]7 entered into a binding Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) detailing the terms for settlement and resolution of all litigation matters between the parties. The terms of the resolution are confidential, and provide for an up front settlement as well as entry into a commercial agreement between the parties. All litigation matters between the parties are stayed pending final documentation of the resolution as set forth in the binding MOU, following dismissal of all litigation matters between the parties with prejudice is expected. COVID-Related Matters As has been widely reported, there is heightened scrutiny by the federal government across many programs related to COVID-19 that were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary WildHealth were each previously engaged in the delivery of products and services related to COVID-19 testing, and have been subsequently subject to governmental inquiries with respect to those COVID-19 related products and services, including inquires by Medicare, the Department of Justice and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“governmental agencies”). 47 In November 2022, a professional corporation managed by WildHealth received notice that Medicare reimbursements for its services rendered under a Medicare demonstration program related to COVID-19 testing (the “Program”) were suspended pending further review. Subsequently, WildHealth has received and is responding to inquiries from additional governmental agencies with respect to its participation in the Program. The Company previously provided other products and services related to COVID-19 testing and accompanying software. Those COVID-19 related products and services have also been the subject of inquiry and pending review by governmental agencies. The Company and WildHealth have discontinued all products and services related to COVID-19, and have responded to and intend to continue to cooperate with governmental inquiries related to their previous engagement in COVID-19 related product and service offerings. General From time to time, the Company is involved in or subject to legal, administrative, and regulatory proceedings, claims, demands, and investigations arising in the ordinary course of business, including direct claims brought by or against the Company with respect to intellectual property, contracts, employment and other matters, as well as claims brought against the Company’s customers for whom the Company has a contractual indemnification obligation. The Company accrues for a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and the determination as to whether a loss is reasonably estimable. In addition, in the event the Company determines that a loss is not probable, but is reasonably possible, and it becomes possible to develop what the Company believes to be a reasonable range of possible loss, then the Company will include disclosure related to such matter as appropriate and in compliance with ASC 450. The accruals or estimates, if any, resulting from the foregoing analysis, are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. To the extent there is a reasonable possibility that the losses could exceed the amounts already accrued, the Company will, as applicable, adjust the accrual in the period the determination is made, disclose an estimate of the additional loss or range of loss, indicate that the estimate is immaterial with respect to its financial statements as a whole or, if the amount of such adjustment cannot be reasonably estimated, disclose that an estimate cannot be made. From time to time, third parties assert claims against the Company regarding intellectual property rights, privacy issues, and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business. In addition, in the ordinary course of business, the Company is also subject to periodic threats of lawsuits, investigations and claims. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. Although the Company cannot be certain of the outcome of any litigation or the disposition of any claims, nor the amount of damages and exposure, if any, that the Company could incur, the Company currently believes that the final disposition of all existing matters will not have a material adverse effect on results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 48 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Price Range of Common Stock. The principal United States market on which our common stock is traded is the Nasdaq under the symbol LPSN. Our shares of common stock are also traded on the TASE under the symbol LPSN TA. Holders. As of March 10, 2023, there were approximately 195 holders of record of our common stock. Dividends. We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock since our inception. We intend to retain earnings, if any, to finance the operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. A summary of the Company’s repurchase activity for the three months ended December 31, 2022 is as follows: Period Oct 1, 2022 - Oct 31, 2022 Nov 1, 2022 - Nov 30, 2022 Dec 1, 2022 - Dec 31, 2022 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid per Share — $ 19,830 — 19,830 — 11.17 — (1) In November 2022, the Company repurchased 19,830 vested shares from its CFO. Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs — $ — — — — — — 49 Stock Performance Graph. The graph depicted below compares the annual percentage changes in LivePerson’s cumulative total stockholder return with the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Index and the Standard & Poor’s Information Technology Index. ___________________________ (1) The graph covers the period from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2022. (2) The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market close on December 31, 2017 in LivePerson’s Common Stock, in the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Index and in the Standard & Poor’s Information Technology Index, and that all dividends were reinvested. No cash dividends have been declared on LivePerson’s Common Stock. (3) Stockholder returns over the indicated period should not be considered indicative of future stockholder returns. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of our previous or future filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that might incorporate by reference this Annual Report on Form 10-K or future filings made by the Company under those statutes, the Stock Performance Graph above is not deemed filed with the SEC, is not deemed soliciting material and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of those prior filings or into any future filings made by us under those statutes, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate such information by reference into a previous or future filing, or specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material, in each case under those statutes. Item 6. [Reserved] 50 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations General You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this report, particularly in “Risk Factors.” Overview Consumers have made mobile devices the center of their digital lives, and they have made digital conversational experiences the center of communication with friends, family and peers. LivePerson is a global leader in AI-powered customer conversations. Since 1998, LivePerson has enabled billions of meaningful connections between consumers and our customers. These speech or text conversations harness human agents, bots and AI to power convenient, personalized and content-rich journeys across the entire consumer lifecycle, and across consumer platforms. AI has accelerated our capability to leverage those prior conversations to enhance the consumer experience and to improve results for our customers. The Conversational Cloud, our enterprise-class cloud-based platform, enables businesses to have conversations with millions of consumers as personally as they would with a single consumer. The Conversational Cloud powers conversations across each of a brand’s primary digital channels, including mobile apps, mobile and desktop web browsers, SMS, social media, and third-party consumer messaging platforms. Brands can also use the Conversational Cloud to message consumers when they dial a 1-800 number instead of forcing them to navigate IVRs and wait on hold. Similarly, the Conversational Cloud can ingest traditional emails and convert them into messaging conversations, or embed messaging conversations directly into web advertisements, rather than redirect consumers to static website landing pages. Agents can manage all conversations with consumers through a single console interface, regardless of where the conversations originated. LivePerson’s robust, cloud-based suite of rich messaging, real-time chat, AI and automation offerings features consumer and agent facing bots, intelligent routing and capacity mapping, real-time intent detection and analysis, queue prioritization, customer sentiment, analytics and reporting, content delivery, PCI compliance, co-browsing, and a sophisticated proactive targeting engine. An extensible API stack facilitates a lower cost of ownership by facilitating robust integration into back-end systems, as well as enabling developers to build their own programs and services on top of the platform. LivePerson’s Conversational AI platform enables what we call “the tango” of humans, AI and bots, whereby human agents act as bot managers, overseeing AI-powered conversations and seamlessly stepping into the flow when a personal touch is needed. Agents become ultra-efficient, leveraging the AI engine to serve up relevant content, define next-best actions and take over repetitive transactional work, so that the agent can focus on relationship building. By seamlessly integrating messaging with our proprietary Conversational AI, as well as third-party bots, the Conversational Cloud offers brands a comprehensive approach to scaling automations across their millions of customer conversations. Complementing our proprietary messaging and Conversational AI offerings are teams of technical, solutions and consulting professionals that have developed deep domain expertise in the implementation and optimization of conversational services across industries and messaging endpoints. LivePerson’s products, coupled with our domain knowledge, industry expertise and professional services, have been proven to maximize the impact of Conversational AI and deliver measurable return on investment for our customers. Certain of our customers have achieved the following advantages from our offerings: • • • the ability for each agent to manage as many as 40 messaging conversations at a time, as compared to one at a time for a voice agent and two to four at a time for a good chat agent. Adding AI and bots provides even greater scale to the number of conversations managed; labor efficiency gains of at least two times that of voice agents, effectively cutting labor costs by at least 50%; improving the overall customer experience, thereby fueling customer satisfaction score increases of up to 20 percentage points, and enhancing retention and loyalty; • more convenient, personalized and content-rich conversations that increase sales conversion by up to 20%, increase average order value and reduce abandonment; • more satisfied contact center agents, thereby reducing agent churn by up to 50%; 51 • • a valued connection with consumers via mobile devices, either through native applications, websites, text messages, or third-party messaging platforms; and leveraged spending that drives visitor traffic by increasing visitor conversions. As a “cloud computing” or SaaS provider, LivePerson provides solutions on a hosted basis. This model offers significant benefits over premise-based software, including lower up-front costs, faster implementation, lower total cost of ownership, scalability, cost predictability, and simplified upgrades. Organizations that adopt a fully-hosted, multi-tenant architecture that is maintained by LivePerson eliminate the majority of the time, server infrastructure costs, and IT resources required to implement, maintain, and support traditional on-premise software. Hundreds of the world’s biggest brands, including HSBC, Virgin Media, and Burberry use our conversational solutions to orchestrate humans and AI, at scale, and create a convenient personalized relationship with their customers. LivePerson was incorporated in the State of Delaware in November 1995 and the LivePerson service was introduced in November 1998. The Company completed an initial public offering in April 2000 and is currently traded on the Nasdaq and the TASE. LivePerson is headquartered in New York City. The key elements of LivePerson’s business solutions strategy include: Increase messaging volumes by developing a broad ecosystem, expanding customer use cases, and focusing on AI and automation. Our strategy is to drive higher messaging volumes by going both wide across messaging endpoints, deep across consumer use cases, and focusing on AI and automation as the means to deliver powerful scale. In order to drive broad messaging adoption, it is imperative that the Conversational Cloud integrates to all of the messaging apps that consumers prefer to use for communication and addresses all key use cases. For example, if a consumer is an avid WhatsApp user, and a brand only offers SMS as a messaging option, that consumer may be reluctant to try messaging the brand. Therefore, a key strategy of ours has been to build one of the industry’s broadest ecosystems of messaging endpoints and use cases. In June 2016, we launched with In-App messaging. In 2017, we introduced Facebook Messenger, SMS, Web messaging and IVR deflection integrations. In 2018, we added Apple Business Chat, Google Rich Business Messenger, Line, WhatsApp, Alexa, Google Home, Google Ad Lingo and Twitter. In 2019, we added email, allowing brands to manage emails through the same console they use for messaging, and to convert legacy emails into messaging conversations. We also added social monitoring and conversational tools for Twitter and Facebook, and introduced proactive messaging, allowing brands to transform traditional one-way notifications such as flight cancellations or phone plan overage alerts into two-way conversations. Finally, we connected to Facebook and WhatsApp digital advertisements, enabling consumers to initiate messaging conversations for marketing and customer care directly within the advertisement. In 2020, we added Instagram and Google’s Business Messages, allowing brands to bring customer-initiated conversations into the Conversational Cloud directly from Instagram, Google Search, and Google Maps. In 2021, we acquired Tenfold, which allows our brands to bring the LivePerson Conversational Cloud into other applications, starting with Salesforce and expanding into other leading CRM and Helpdesk platforms. The ability to power conversational experiences beyond our own workspace opens up further messaging volumes and workflows for LivePerson to participate in. We made good progress on these integrations in 2022. LivePerson makes the management of all these disparate channels seamless to the brand. AI-based intelligent routing, queuing and prioritization software orchestrates these conversations at scale, regardless of which messaging endpoint they originated from, so that human and bot agents can engage with all customers through just one console. Our Conversational AI leadership and the increase in adoption have influenced LivePerson’s enterprise and mid-market revenue retention rate, (the trailing-twelve-month change in total revenue from existing customers after upsells, downsells and attrition) which was within our target range of 105% to 115% for 2022. The benefit can also be seen in LivePerson’s ARPU for our enterprise and mid-market customers, which increased approximately 11% in 2022 to $680,000 from approximately $610,000 in 2021. We expect to provide the revenue retention rate on the basis of recurring revenue (rather than total revenue) going forward as we believe this metric will be more useful to analyze revenue growth. Attract the industry’s best AI, machine learning and conversational talent. We believe that AI and machine learning are critical to successfully scaling and exploiting our data advantage. LivePerson also expanded its development talent base in 52 Germany, and added key development talent through the acquisitions of BotCentral in Mountain View, California; Tenfold in Austin, Texas; e-bot7 in Munich, Germany; VoiceBase in San Francisco, California; and WildHealth in Lexington, Kentucky. Strengthen our position in both existing and new industries. We plan to continue to develop our market position by increasing our customer base, and expanding within our installed base. We plan to continue to focus primarily on key target markets: consumer/retail, telecommunications, financial services, travel/hospitality, technology and automotive within both our enterprise and mid-market sectors, as well as the SMB sector. Leverage our open architecture to integrate with other systems and support partners and developers. In addition to developing our own applications, we continue to cultivate a partner eco-system capable of offering additional applications and services to our customers. We integrate into third-party messaging endpoints including SMS, Facebook Messenger, Apple Business Chat, Google Rich Business Messenger, Line, WhatsApp, Alexa, Google Home, WeChat, Google Ad Lingo, Google Search, Google Maps, Instagram and Twitter, multiple IVR vendors, and dozens of branded apps. We have opened up access to our platform and our products with APIs and software development kits that allow customers and third parties to develop on top of our platform. Customers and partners can utilize these APIs to build our capabilities into their own applications and to enhance our applications with their services. In 2019, we launched LivePerson Functions, a serverless FaaS integration which enables brands to develop custom behaviors within LivePerson’s conversational platform to easily and rapidly tailor conversation flows to their specific needs. In 2022, we launched our partnership with Celonis to embed VoiceBase analytics and Celonis conversation mining into an application capable of analyzing omni-channel conversational data to enable operational improvements and automate the customer journey. Expand sales partnerships to broaden our presence and accelerate sales cycles. We are focused on broadening our market reach and accelerating sales cycles by partnering with systems integrators, technology providers, business process outsourcers, value added resellers and other sales partners. We formalized a relationship with IBM Global Business Services in 2017 and Accenture in 2018. In 2019, we announced strategic partnerships with TTEC, a leading BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) company focused on customer experience, and DMI, a digital transformation company, to redefine the customer experience with digital engagement, messaging, and AI-driven automation. In 2020, a digital services and consulting company joined LivePerson’s network with a first-of-its-kind 360-degree partnership focusing not only on capturing the global rising demand for conversational commerce and building a personalized experience for customers, but also driving the transformation for internal corporate messaging and the employee experience through Conversational AI. In 2021, we announced strategic integration partnerships with Google Cloud, Adobe and Medallia to help brands make contact center agents more efficient and effective, and empower and enrich the management of customer and employee experience through the power of AI. Our network also expanded with the Tech Mahindra partnership to help brands deliver personalized conversational experiences to consumers at scale. In 2022, we partnered with Afiniti and Celonis to help brands improve customer engagement and analytics, deepened our partnership with Cisco to strengthen our CRM capabilities, and began a strategic co-selling partnership with CBA to drive sales in the Asia-Pacific region. Evaluate strategic alliances and acquisitions when appropriate. In July 2021, we acquired German conversational AI company e-bot7, which propels our self-service capabilities and continued growth across Europe. In October 2021, we acquired VoiceBase, a leader in real-time speech recognition and conversational analytics; and Tenfold, an advanced customer engagement platform for integrating communication systems with leading CRM and support services. In February 2022, we acquired WildHealth, which leverages advanced machine learning to combine DNA analysis, biometrics, microbiome testing and phenotypic data to provide people with a blueprint for truly optimized health and a maximized health span. Once fully integrated, we expect these acquisitions to allow LivePerson to deliver our AI and automation capabilities, insights, and integration as a single integrated product offering across channels including voice and messaging. Key Metrics Financial overview of the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to the comparable periods in 2021 is as follows: • Revenue decreased 1% and increased 10% to $122.5 million and $514.8 million in the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, respectively, from $123.8 million and $469.6 million in the comparable periods in 2021. 53 • • • • • • Revenue from our Business segment decreased 1% and increased 11% to $113.0 million and $477.7 million in the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, respectively, from $114.1 million and $431.9 million in the comparable periods in 2021. Gross profit margin decreased to 62% in the three months ended December 31, 2022 from 64% in the comparable period in 2021. Gross profit margin decreased to 64% in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 from 67% in the comparable period in 2021. Cost and expenses decreased 5% and increased 31% to $161.4 million and $736.7 million in the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, respectively, from $169.1 million and $562.9 million in the comparable periods in 2021. Net loss decreased to $41.7 million and increased to $225.7 million in the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, respectively, from net loss of $49.9 million and $125.0 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2021, respectively. Trailing-twelve-month average revenue per enterprise and mid-market customer was approximately $680,000 in 2022, as compared to approximately $610,000 in 2021. Revenue retention rate for enterprise and mid-market customers on Conversational Cloud was within our target range of 105% to 115% in 2022 and 2021. Adjusted EBITDA (Loss) and Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we have disclosed adjusted EBITDA (loss) and adjusted operating (loss) income, which are non-GAAP financial measures. The tables below present a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA (loss) and adjusted operating (loss) income to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. We have included adjusted EBITDA (loss) and adjusted operating (loss) income in this Annual Report on Form 10-K because these are key measures used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends, to prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short and long-term operational plans. In particular, the exclusion of certain expenses in calculating adjusted EBITDA (loss) and adjusted operating (loss) income can provide a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our core business. Additionally, adjusted EBITDA (loss) is a key financial measure used by the compensation committee of our board of directors in connection with the payment of bonuses to our executive officers. Accordingly, we believe that adjusted EBITDA (loss) and adjusted operating (loss) income provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors. Our use of adjusted EBITDA (loss) has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are: • • • • • • • • although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and adjusted EBITDA (loss) does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements; adjusted EBITDA (loss) does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs; adjusted EBITDA (loss) does not consider the impact of acquisition related costs; adjusted EBITDA (loss) does not consider the impact of stock-based compensation expense; adjusted EBITDA (loss) does not consider the impact of restructuring costs; adjusted EBITDA (loss) does not consider the impact of certain other costs; adjusted EBITDA (loss) does not reflect tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us; and other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate adjusted EBITDA (loss) differently, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure. 54 Because of these limitations, you should consider adjusted EBITDA (loss) alongside other financial performance measures, including various pre-tax GAAP loss and our other GAAP results. The following table presents a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA (loss) for each of the periods indicated: 2022 2021 2019 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2020 (In thousands) Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA: GAAP net loss Amortization of purchased intangibles and finance leases Stock-based compensation expense Contingent earn-out adjustments Restructuring costs (1) Depreciation Other litigation, consulting and other employee costs (2) Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Acquisition costs Interest expense (income), net Other expense (income), net (3) Adjusted EBITDA (loss) $ $ (225,747) $ 22,112 109,638 (8,516) 19,967 32,284 17,212 1,727 4,492 352 10,300 (16,179) $ (124,974) $ 9,327 69,656 132 3,397 27,423 6,665 (2,404) 5,808 37,406 (3,294) 29,142 $ (107,594) $ 3,552 65,946 263 29,420 22,826 5,375 2,466 — 14,334 1,343 37,931 $ (96,071) $ 2,932 44,105 — 2,043 16,366 7,974 2,845 — 7,407 (1,213) (13,612) $ (25,032) 2,813 14,841 — 4,468 14,188 5,928 858 555 (22) 493 19,090 —————————————— (1) Includes severance costs and other compensation related costs of $19.5 million and lease restructuring costs of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Includes severance costs and other compensation related costs of $2.7 million and lease restructuring costs of $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Includes lease restructuring costs of $24.3 million and severance and other compensation related costs of $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Includes severance and associated costs of $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Includes severance costs of $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. (2) Includes litigation costs of $11.0 million, employee benefit costs of $1.6 million, consulting costs of $2.2 million, employee-related costs of $2.1 million and reserve for sales and use tax liability of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Includes litigation costs of $4.1 million, employee benefit costs of $0.5 million, consulting costs of $2.4 million, and a reversal of reserve for sales and use tax liability of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Includes other litigation costs of $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Includes other litigation costs of $4.4 million relating to the Company’s intellectual property lawsuit against [24]7 Customer, Inc., consulting costs of $3.2 million, and fair value earn-out adjustment of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Includes litigation costs of $4.1 million, consulting costs of $1.3 million, executive recruitment costs of $0.3 million, and executive relocation costs of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. (3) Includes $0.2 million of other income related to the settlement of leases offset by $7.7 million of costs related to elimination entries for our Equity Method Investment in Claire Holdings, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2022. Includes $3.5 million of other income related to the settlement of leases for the year ended December 31, 2021. The remaining amount of other expense (income) is attributable to currency rate fluctuations. Our use of adjusted operating (loss) income has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are: • • • • • although amortization is a non-cash charge, the assets being amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and adjusted operating (loss) income does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements; adjusted operating (loss) income does not consider the impact of acquisition related costs; adjusted operating (loss) income does not consider the impact of restructuring costs; adjusted operating (loss) income does not consider the impact of other costs; and other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate adjusted operating (loss) income differently, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure. 55 Because of these limitations, you should consider adjusted operating (loss) income alongside other financial performance measures, including various pre-tax GAAP loss and our other GAAP results. The following table presents a reconciliation of adjusted operating (loss) income for each of the periods indicated: 2022 2021 2019 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2020 (In thousands) Reconciliation of Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes Amortization of purchased intangibles and finance leases Stock-based compensation expense Restructuring costs (1) Other litigation, consulting and other employee costs (2) Contingent earn-out adjustments Acquisition costs Interest expense (income), net Other expense (income), net (3) Adjusted operating (loss) income $ $ (224,020) $ 22,112 109,638 19,967 17,212 (8,516) 4,492 352 10,300 (48,463) $ (127,378) $ 9,327 69,656 3,397 6,665 132 5,808 37,406 (3,294) 1,719 $ (105,128) $ 3,552 65,946 29,420 5,375 263 — 14,334 1,343 15,105 $ (93,226) $ 2,932 44,105 2,043 7,974 — — 7,407 (1,213) (29,978) $ (24,174) 2,813 14,841 4,468 5,928 — 555 (22) 493 4,902 —————————————— (1) Includes severance costs and other compensation related costs of $19.5 million and lease restructuring costs of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Includes severance costs and other compensation related costs of $2.7 million and lease restructuring costs of $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Includes lease restructuring costs of $24.3 million and severance and other compensation related costs of $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Includes severance and associated costs of $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Includes severance costs of $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. (2) Includes litigation costs of $11.0 million, employee benefit costs of $1.6 million, consulting costs of $2.2 million, employee-related costs of $2.1 million, and reserve for sales and use tax liability of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Includes litigation costs of $4.1 million, employee benefit costs of $0.5 million, consulting costs of $2.4 million, and a reversal of reserve for sales and use tax liability of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Includes other litigation costs of $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Includes other litigation costs of $4.4 million relating to the Company’s intellectual property lawsuit against [24]7 Customer, Inc., consulting costs of $3.2 million, and fair value earn-out adjustment of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Includes litigation costs of $4.1 million, consulting costs of $1.3 million, executive recruitment costs of $0.3 million, and executive relocation costs of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. (3) Includes $0.2 million of other income related to the settlement of leases offset by $7.7 million of costs related to elimination entries for our Equity Method Investment for the year ended December 31, 2022. Includes $3.5 million of other income related to the settlement of leases for the year ended December 31, 2021. The remaining amount of other expense (income) is attributable to currency rate fluctuations. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. As such, we are required to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that management believes are reasonable based upon the information available. We base these estimates on our historical experience, future expectations and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for our judgments that may not be readily apparent from other sources. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with revenue recognition, depreciation, stock-based compensation expense, accounts receivable, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, income taxes and legal contingencies have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. We evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results could differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions, and any differences could be material. For further information on our significant accounting policies, see Note 1 – Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Revenue Recognition The majority of our revenue is generated from hosted service revenues, which is inclusive of our platform usage pricing model, and related professional services from the sale of our services. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. A large proportion of our revenue from new customers comes from large corporations. These companies typically have more significant implementation requirements and more stringent data security standards. Such customers also 56 have more sophisticated data analysis and performance reporting requirements, and are likely to engage our professional services organization to provide such analysis and reporting on a recurring basis. We determine revenue recognition through the following steps: • • • • • identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; identification of the performance obligations in the contract; determination of the transaction price; allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation. Total revenue of $514.8 million, $469.6 million, and $366.6 million was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. We defer all incremental commission costs to obtain the contract (contract acquisition costs). The contract acquisition costs consist of prepaid sales commissions and have balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 of $43.8 million and $40.7 million, respectively. We amortize these costs over the related period of benefit using the expected life of the customer contract, which we determine to be three to five years, consistent with the transfer to the customer of the services to which the asset relates. We classify contract acquisition costs as long-term unless they have an original amortization period of one year or less. Hosted Services - Business Revenue Hosted services - Business revenue is reported at the amount that reflects the ultimate consideration expected to be received and primarily consist of fees that provide customers access to the Conversational Cloud. We have determined such access represents a stand-ready service provided continually throughout the contract term. As such, control and satisfaction of this stand-ready performance obligation is deemed to occur over time. We recognize this revenue over time on a ratable basis over the contract term, beginning on the date that access to the Conversational Cloud platform is made available to the customer. The passage of time is deemed to be the most faithful depiction of the transfer of control of the services as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit provided by our performance. Subscription contracts are generally one year or longer in length, billed monthly, quarterly or annually in advance. Additionally, for certain of our larger customers, we may provide call center labor through an arrangement with one or more of several qualified vendors. For most of these customers, we pass the fee we incur with the labor provider and its fee for the hosted services through to our customers in the form of a fixed fee for each order placed via our online engagement solutions. For these Gainshare arrangements, we act as a principal in a transaction if we control the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. Revenue attributable to our monthly hosted Business services accounted for 73% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 78% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Professional Services Revenue Professional Services revenue primarily consists of fees for deployment and optimization services, as well as training delivered on an on-demand basis which is deemed to represent a distinct stand-ready performance obligation and is recognized at a point in time. Professional Services revenue is reported at the amount that reflects the ultimate consideration we expect to receive in exchange for such services. Control for the majority of our Professional Services contracts passes over time to the customer and is recognized ratably over the contracted period, as the passage of time is deemed to be the most faithful depiction of the transfer of control. For certain deployment services, which are not deemed to represent a distinct performance obligation, revenue will be recognized in the same manner as the fee for access to the Conversational Cloud platform, and as such will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term. For services billed on a fixed price basis, revenue is recognized over time based on the proportion performed using time and materials as the measure of progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. Our Professional Services contracts are generally one year or longer in length, billed monthly, quarterly or annually in advance. There is no significant variable consideration related to these arrangements. Revenue attributable to Professional Services accounted for 20% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 14% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. 57 Hosted Services - Consumer Revenue For revenue from our Consumer segment generated from online transactions between Experts and Users, revenue is recognized at an amount net of Expert fees primarily because the Expert is the primary obligor. We do not act as a principal in a transaction since we do not control the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. Additionally, we perform as an agent without any risk of loss for collection, and we are not involved in selecting the Expert or establishing the Expert’s fee. We collect a fee from the consumer and retain a portion of the fee, and then remit the balance to the Expert. Revenue from these transactions is recognized at the point in time when the transaction is complete and no significant performance obligations remain. Revenue from our Consumer segment accounted for approximately 7% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 8% for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The business comprising our consumer services offering has been classified as assets held for sale as of December 31, 2022. See Note 20 – Assets Held for Sale in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Remaining Performance Obligation As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate amount of the total transaction price allocated in contracts with original duration of one year or greater to the remaining performance obligations was $397.3 million. Approximately 88% of our remaining performance obligations is expected to be recognized during the next 24 months, with the balance recognized thereafter. The aggregate balance of unsatisfied performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, and does not include contract amounts that are cancellable by the customer, amounts associated with optional renewal periods, and any amounts related to performance obligations, which are billed and recognized as they are delivered. We have elected the optional exemption, which allows for the exclusion of the amounts for remaining performance obligations that are part of contracts with an original expected duration of less than one year. Such remaining performance obligations represent unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations pursuant to ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations Some of our contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, we account for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. We determine the standalone selling prices based on our overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including the value of our contracts, the cloud applications sold, and the number and types of users within our contracts. Deferred Revenues We record deferred revenues when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance. The decrease of $14.2 million in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2022 is primarily driven by cash payments received or due in advance of satisfying our performance obligations, partially offset by approximately $98.3 million of revenues recognized that were included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2021. Stock-Based Compensation We follow ASC 718-10, “Stock Compensation,” which addresses the accounting for transactions in which an entity exchanges its equity instruments for goods or services, with a primary focus on transactions in which an entity obtains employee services in share-based payment transactions. ASC 718-10 requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award (with limited exceptions). Incremental compensation costs arising from subsequent modifications of awards after the grant date must be recognized. Our forfeiture rate assumptions, which estimate the share-based awards that will ultimately vest, requires judgment, and to the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from our current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period of change and could be materially different from share-based compensation expense recorded in prior periods. 58 For the year ended December 31, 2022, we opted to settle cash awards related to bonus entirely in cash. We accrued approximately $10.4 million for cash awards related to bonus, and recorded a corresponding expense which is included as a component of our operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we accrued approximately $18.4 million for cash awards related to bonuses to be settled in shares of our stock and recorded a corresponding expense, which is included as a component of stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $18.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.5 years. As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $109.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock units. That cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average period of approximately 2.7 years. Accounts Receivable We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition (except for customers who purchase the LivePerson services by credit card via internet download) and have established an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of customers, historical trends and other information that we believe to be reasonable, although they may change in the future. If there is a deterioration of a customer’s credit worthiness or actual write-offs are higher than our historical experience, our estimates of recoverability for these receivables could be adversely affected. Although our large number of customers limits our concentration of credit risk, if we experience a significant write-off from one of our large customers, it could have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial statements. No single customer accounted for or exceeded 10% of our total revenue for 2022, 2021 or 2020. During 2022, we increased our allowance for doubtful accounts from approximately $6.3 million to approximately $9.2 million. A large proportion of receivables are due from larger corporate customers that typically have longer payment cycles. Accounts receivable is presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts and sales reserve of $9.2 million and $5.4 million as of December 31, 2022, respectively, and $6.3 million and $4.1 million as of December 31, 2021, respectively. An allowance for doubtful accounts is established for losses expected to be incurred on accounts receivable balances. Judgment is required in the estimation of the allowance and we evaluate the collectability of our accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. If we become aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, a specific allowance is recorded to reduce the net receivable to the amount reasonably believed to be collectible from the customer. For all other customers, we use an aging schedule and recognize allowances for doubtful accounts based on the creditworthiness of the debtor, the age and status of outstanding receivables, the current business environment and our historical collection experience adjusted for current expectations for the customer or industry. Accounts receivable are written off against the allowance for uncollectible accounts when we determine amounts are no longer collectible. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired in a business combination. During 2022, we added $15.5 million to goodwill with the acquisition of WildHealth. The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in the third quarter, and more frequently whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value in accordance with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” In performing the goodwill impairment test, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine the existence of impairment. If the qualitative factors indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit more likely than not exceeds its fair value, the Company proceeds to a quantitative test to measure the existence and amount, if any, of goodwill impairment. The Company may also choose to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative test. In performing the quantitative test, impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its assessed fair value. The Company determines the fair value using the income and market approaches. Under the income approach, the fair value of a reporting unit is the present value of its future cash flows as viewed from the eyes of a hypothetical market participant in an orderly transaction. These future cash flows are derived from expectations of revenue, expenses, tax deductions and credits, working capital flows, capital expenditures, and other projected sources and uses of cash, as applicable. Value indications are developed by discounting expected cash flows to their present value using a discount rate commensurate with the risks associated with the reporting unit subject to testing. Under the market 59 approach, the Company uses market multiples derived from comparable companies based on measures salient to investors in those companies. No goodwill impairment charges have been recorded for any period presented. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The carrying amounts of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, lease right-of-use assets, capitalized internal-use software, costs to obtain customer contracts, and acquired intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable or that the useful lives are shorter than originally estimated. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows the asset is expected to generate over its remaining life. If the asset is considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset. If the useful life is shorter than originally estimated, we amortize the remaining carrying value over the new shorter useful life. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences are expected to become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The Company recorded a valuation allowance against its U.S. and Germany deferred tax assets as it considered its cumulative loss in recent years as a significant piece of negative evidence. Since valuation allowances are evaluated on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis, we believe that the deferred tax assets related to LivePerson Australia Holdings Pty. Ltd., LivePerson (UK) Limited, Kasamba Inc., LivePerson Japan and LivePerson Ltd. (Israel) are more likely than not to be realized as these jurisdictions have positive cumulative pre-tax book income after adjusting for permanent and one-time items. During the year ended December 31, 2022, there was an increase in the valuation recorded of $80.5 million. On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) into law. The IRA establishes a 15% corporate minimum tax effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022, and imposes a 1% excise tax on the repurchase after December 31, 2022 of stock by publicly traded corporations. We currently do not expect the tax-related provisions of the IRA to have a material impact on our financial results. Legal Contingencies We are subject to legal proceedings and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. Periodically, we evaluate the status of each legal matter and assess our potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any legal proceeding or litigation is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we accrue a liability for the estimated loss. Significant judgment is required to determine the probability of a loss and whether the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. The outcome of any proceeding is not determinable in advance. As a result, the assessment of a potential liability and the amount of accruals recorded are based only on the information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to the legal proceeding or litigation, and may revise our estimates. Any revisions could have a material effect on our results of operations. See Note 15 – Legal Matters in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our legal proceedings and litigation. Recently Issued Accounting Standards See Note 1 – Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a full description of recently issued accounting standards. 60 Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements See Note 1 – Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a full description of recently adopted accounting pronouncements. Results of Operations We are organized into two operating segments for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing performance. The Business segment enables brands to leverage the Conversational Cloud’s sophisticated intelligence engine to connect with consumers through an integrated suite of mobile and online business messaging technologies. The Consumer segment facilitates online transactions between Experts and Users seeking information and knowledge for a fee via mobile and online messaging. The business comprising our consumer services offering has been classified as assets held for sale as of December 31, 2022. See Note 20 – Assets Held for Sale in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Revenue The following tables set forth our results of operations for the years presented and as a percentage of our revenues for those periods. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results. Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 2020 % Change (Dollars in thousands) Revenue by Segment: Business Consumer Total $ $ 477,658 $ 431,929 11 % $ 431,929 $ 336,856 37,142 37,695 (1) % 37,695 29,764 514,800 $ 469,624 10 % $ 469,624 $ 366,620 28 % 27 % 28 % Business revenue increased by 11% to $477.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $431.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase in Business revenue is driven primarily by increases in hosted services of approximately $11.1 million and an increase in Professional Services of approximately $34.6 million. The build out of the Claire Holdings, Inc. (“Claire”) joint venture platform was the primary driver for the increase in Professional Services revenue. Increase in hosted services is primarily related to the acquisitions of e-bot7, Tenfold and VoiceBase, partially offset by a decrease in revenue that is variable based on interactions and usage of approximately $21.7 million. Business revenue increased by 28% to $431.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $336.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase in Business revenue is primarily attributable to an increase in hosted services of approximately $77.6 million and an increase in Professional Services of approximately $17.4 million. Included in hosted services is an increase in revenue that is variable based on interactions and usage of approximately $37.6 million. The increase in Business revenue was driven by both existing and new customers as we continue to generate greater demand for our Conversational Commerce software and Gainshare solutions. We are powering Conversational AI, automation and messaging strategies across a growing number of use cases from care and sales, to marketing, social, conversational advertising, and brick and mortar. Our ARPU for our enterprise and mid-market customers was approximately $680,000 in 2022, as compared to approximately $610,000 in 2021. Similarly, we are seeing strong revenue retention rates. Revenue retention rate for enterprise and mid-market customers on Conversational Cloud was within our target range of 105% to 115% in 2022 and 2021. Consumer revenue decreased by 1% to $37.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $37.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decline in consumer revenue correlates with our lower spend in sales and marketing, which resulted a direct impact on revenue. Consumer revenue increased by 27% to $37.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $29.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This improvement was driven by an increasingly effective user value and higher demand by consumers to engage with experts and advisors through conversational messaging channels. 61 Cost of Revenue - Business Cost of revenue - business consists of compensation costs relating to employees who provide customer service to our customers, compensation costs relating to our network support staff, outside labor provider costs, the cost of supporting our server and network infrastructure, and allocated occupancy costs and related overhead. Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 2020 % Change (Dollars in thousands) Cost of revenue - business $ 179,295 $ 149,983 20 % $ 149,983 $ 99,394 51% Percentage of total revenue Headcount (at period end) 35 % 285 32 % 280 2 % 32 % 280 27 % 245 14% Cost of revenue increased by 20% to $179.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $150.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase in expense is primarily attributable to an increase in salary and related employee expenses of approximately $11.4 million, an increase in contingent compensation of approximately $3.3 million in conjunction with acquisitions, an increase in amortization expense of approximately $11.2 million primarily driven by the acquisitions of e-bot7, Tenfold and VoiceBase, and an increase business services and outsourced subcontracted labor of approximately $3.5 million. Cost of revenue increased by 51% to $150.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $99.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase in expense is primarily attributable to an increase in business services and outsourced subcontracted labor of approximately $30.5 million driven by Health and Gainshare services, which power Conversational Commerce programs on behalf of customers. We also recognized an increase in expenses for backup server facilities of approximately $11.2 million, in salary and employee related expenses of approximately $3.0 million, and in amortization expense of approximately $5.4 million. Cost of Revenue - Consumer Cost of revenue - consumer consists of compensation costs relating to employees who provide customer service to Experts and Users, compensation costs relating to our network support staff, the cost of supporting our server and network infrastructure, credit card and transaction processing fees and related costs, and allocated occupancy costs and related overhead. Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 2020 % Change (Dollars in thousands) Cost of revenue - consumer $ 5,404 $ 6,897 (22) % $ 6,897 $ 6,874 — % Percentage of total revenue Headcount (at period end) 1 % 15 1 % 15 — % 1 % 15 2 % 21 (29) % Cost of revenue - consumer decreased by 22% to $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease is primarily attributable to a decrease in salary and related employee expenses of approximately $0.5 million, a decrease in business services and outsourced subcontracted labor of approximately $0.3 million, a decrease in software expenses of approximately $0.3 million, and a decrease of $0.4 million related to other expenses. Cost of revenue - consumer remained flat at $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. 62 Sales and Marketing - Business Our Sales and marketing - business expenses consist of compensation and related expenses for sales and marketing personnel, as well as advertising, marketing events, public relations, trade show exhibit expenses and allocated occupancy costs and related overhead. Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 2020 % Change (Dollars in thousands) Sales and marketing - business $ 187,932 $ 139,866 34 % $ 139,866 $ 128,752 Percentage of total revenue Headcount (at period end) 37 % 384 30 % 460 (17) % 30 % 460 35 % 309 9 % 49 % Sales and marketing - business expenses increased by 34% to $187.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $139.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This is primarily related to an increase in salary and employee related expenses of approximately $38.4 million, an increase in marketing events, advertising, and public relations of approximately $3.3 million an increase in contingent compensation of approximately $1.8 million in conjunction with acquisitions, an increase of restructuring costs of approximately $1.6 million and an increase in software expense of approximately $1.4 million, with the remaining net increase related to several other sales and marketing business expenses. Sales and marketing - business expenses increased by 9% to $139.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $128.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This is primarily related to an increase in salary and employee related expenses of approximately $7.7 million, an increase in marketing events, advertising, and public relations of approximately $6.6 million, and an increase in depreciation expense of approximately $0.2 million, partially offset by a decrease in business services and outsourcing subcontracted labor of approximately $3.4 million. Sales and Marketing - Consumer Our Sales and marketing - consumer expenses consist of compensation and related expenses for marketing personnel, as well as online promotion, public relations, and allocated occupancy costs and related overhead. Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 2020 % Change (Dollars in thousands) Sales and marketing - consumer $ 26,095 $ 25,555 2 % $ 25,555 $ 21,021 22 % Percentage of total revenue Headcount (at period end) 5 % 15 5 % 17 (12) % 5 % 17 6 % 19 (11) % Sales and marketing - consumer expenses increased by 2% to $26.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $25.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase is primarily attributable to an increase in marketing expenses of approximately $1.1 million and an increase in software expenses of approximately $0.1 million partially offset by a decrease in outsourcing subcontracted labor of approximately $0.4 million and a decrease in salary and employee related expenses of approximately $0.3 million. Sales and marketing - consumers expenses increased by 22% to $25.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $21.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase is primarily attributable to an increase in marketing expense of approximately $4.2 million, an increase in outsourcing subcontracted labor of approximately $0.2 million, and an increase in salary and employee related expenses of approximately $0.2 million. 63 General and Administrative Our general and administrative expenses consist of compensation and related expenses for executive, accounting, legal, human resources and administrative personnel, professional fees and other general corporate expenses. Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 2020 % Change (Dollars in thousands) General and administrative $ 120,625 $ 76,757 57 % $ 76,757 $ 60,557 Percentage of total revenue Headcount (at period end) 23 % 134 16 % 166 (19) % 16 % 166 17 % 140 27 % 19 % General and administrative expenses increased by 57% to $120.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $76.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This is primarily related to an increase in contingent compensation of approximately $30.5 million in conjunction with acquisitions, an increase in salary and employee related expenses of approximately $3.2 million, an increase in restructuring and other one-time expenses of $6.1 million, an increase in outsourcing subcontracted labor of approximately $3.3 million and net $0.8 million increase of several other general and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by 27% to $76.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $60.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This is primarily related to an increase in business services and outsourced labor of approximately $7.1 million, an increase in acquisition related costs of approximately $5.8 million, an increase in one time charges of $3.9 million, an increase in salary and employee related expenses of approximately $0.2 million, and an increase in amortization of approximately $0.4 million. These increases were offset in part by a decrease in facilities of approximately $1.1 million and depreciation expense of approximately $0.1 million. Product Development Our product development expenses consist of compensation and related expenses for product development personnel as well as allocated occupancy costs and related overhead and outsourced labor and expenses for testing new versions of our software. Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 2020 % Change (Dollars in thousands) Product development $ 193,688 $ 158,390 22 % $ 158,390 $ 108,414 Percentage of total revenue Headcount (at period end) 38 % 468 34 % 602 (22) % 34 % 602 30 % 467 46 % 29 % Product development costs increased by 22% to $193.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $158.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This is primarily related to an increase in contingent compensation of approximately $13.7 million in conjunction with acquisitions, an increase in salaries and employee related expenses of approximately$5.4 million, an increase in business services and outsourcing subcontracted labor of approximately $5.4 million, an increase in backup server facilities of approximately $5.9 million related to costs supporting our backup servers and an increase in depreciation expense of approximately $5.0 million. We continued to make investments in public cloud migration, and in enhancing and expanding new features of the Conversational Cloud, including Voice. Product development costs increased by 46% to $158.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $108.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This is primarily related to an increase in salaries and employee related expenses of approximately $34.4 million, in business services and outsourcing subcontracted labor of approximately $7.6 million, in backup server facilities of approximately $3.5 million related to costs supporting our backup servers and in depreciation expense of approximately $4.4 million. We continued to make investments in public cloud migration, and in enhancing and expanding new features of the Conversational Cloud, including Voice. Also, we continued to invest in bringing more data scientists and machine learning engineers to focus on Conversational Al. 64 We continue to invest in new product development efforts to expand the capability of the Conversational Cloud. In accordance with ASC 350-40, “Internal-Use Software”, as new projects are initiated that provide functionality to the Conversational Cloud platform, the associated development and employee costs will be capitalized. Upon completion, the project costs will be depreciated over five years. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, $39.2 million, $36.1 million, and $33.9 million was capitalized, respectively. Restructuring Costs Restructuring costs consist of reprioritizing and reallocating resources to focus on areas believed to show high growth potential. Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 2020 % Change (Dollars in thousands) Restructuring Costs $ 19,967 $ 3,397 488 % $ 3,397 $ 29,420 (89) % Percentage of total revenue 4 % 1 % 1 % 8 % Restructuring costs increased by 488% to $20.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase is attributable primarily as a result of an increase in restructuring costs related to severance and other compensation costs. During the second quarter of 2022, we began a restructuring initiative to realign our cost structure to better reflect significant product and business model innovation and changes over the past year due to acquisitions and factors outside our control. As part of the restructuring initiative, we reoriented our global product and engineering organization for greater efficiency and focus, and reallocated some spending to increase our investment in customer success and go-to-market initiatives. We believe these initiatives will better align resources to provide further operating flexibility and position the business for long-term success. Restructuring costs decreased by 89% to $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $29.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This decrease is attributable primarily as a result of a decrease in restructuring costs related to lease abandonment recorded in 2020. In 2020, we went through a re-evaluation of our real estate needs. Following this re-evaluation, we significantly reduced the real estate space we lease, resulting in the removal of the associated right-of-use assets. Furthermore, this resulted in various one-time expenses in connection with the abandonment of the majority of our leased facilities. The lease restructuring costs noted below are a result of this transition to an employee-centric model. Amortization of Purchased Intangibles Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 (Dollars in thousands) 2020 % Change Amortization of purchased intangibles Percentage of total revenue $ 3,678 $ 2,045 80 % $ 2,045 $ 1,639 25 % 1 % — % — % — % Amortization expense for purchased intangibles increased by 80% to $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and increased by 25% to $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The year over year variance is primarily attributable to amortization of patents and customer relationships as well as the intangible assets acquired in the three acquisitions that occurred in 2021. Amortization expense, inclusive of purchased intangibles and finance leases, in the amount of $18.4 million, $7.3 million, and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, is included in cost of revenue. The increase from 2021 to 2022 was due to one acquisition that occurred in 2022. The increase from 2020 to 2021 was due to three acquisitions that occurred in 2021. See Note 9 – Acquisitions in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a full description of the acquisitions. 65 Other Expense, net Other expense, net consists of interest income on cash and cash equivalents, investment income, and financial (expense) income which is a result of currency rate fluctuations associated with exchange rate movement of the U.S. dollar against the New Israeli Shekel, British Pound, Euro, Australian dollar, and Japanese Yen. Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 (Dollars in thousands) 2020 % Change Interest expense, net Other (expense) income, net Other expense, net $ $ (352) $ (37,406) (99) % $ (37,406) $ (14,334) (1,784) 3,294 (154) % 3,294 (1,343) (2,136) $ (34,112) (94) % $ (34,112) $ (15,677) 161 % 345 % 118 % Other expense, net decreased by $32.0 million to an expense of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from an expense of $34.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in interest expense due to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 and the elimination of the debt discount that was previously being amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of 2024 Notes and the 2026 Notes, a gain related to the fair value adjustment for earn-outs recorded in the three months ended September 30, 2022, partially offset by the loss in equity earnings related to the launch of Claire, a joint venture, during the year ended December 31, 2022. Other expense, net increased by $18.4 million to an expense of $34.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from an expense of $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in interest expense attributable to the 2024 Notes and the 2026 Notes, partially offset by interest income on cash and cash equivalents and financial income which is attributable to currency rate fluctuations. Provision For (Benefit From) Income Taxes Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change 2021 (Dollars in thousands) 2020 % Change Provision for (benefit from) income taxes $ 1,727 $ (2,404) (172) % $ (2,404) $ 2,466 (198) % We had a tax provision for income taxes of $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and a tax benefit for income taxes of $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our consolidated effective tax rate was impacted by the statutory income tax rates applicable to each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. During 2022, we recorded a benefit of $1.6 million for a release of valuation allowance on certain LivePerson, Inc. net operating losses in connection with the acquisition of WildHealth. The increase in tax expense is primarily due to a change in the amount of valuation allowance recognized related to acquisitions. The total tax expense associated with non-US jurisdictions is relatively consistent between periods. We had a tax benefit from income taxes of $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and a provision for income taxes of $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Our consolidated effective tax rate was impacted by the statutory income tax rates applicable to each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. During 2021, we recorded a benefit of $3.2 million for a release of valuation allowance on certain LivePerson, Inc. net operating losses in connection with the acquisitions of Tenfold and VoiceBase. The decrease in tax expense is primarily due to these factors. 66 Liquidity and Capital Resources The following describes the Company’s cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (In thousands) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data: Cash flows (used in) provided by operating activities $ (62,101) $ 3,247 $ 33,605 Cash flows used in investing activities Cash flows provided by financing activities (56,860) (140,249) 1,618 11,843 (43,476) 483,843 As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $391.8 million in cash and cash equivalents, a decrease of approximately $130.1 million from December 31, 2021. The decrease is primarily attributable to our continued investments in the Company’s joint ventures, capital expenditures, and overall restructuring costs to support long-term growth in our Conversational Cloud offerings. Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net cash used in operating activities was $62.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. Our net loss was $225.7 million, which includes the effect of non-cash expenses related to stock-based compensation expense, change in fair value of contingent consideration, depreciation, amortization of purchased intangibles, finance leases, and convertible debt issuance costs, gain on settlement of lease, and the provision for doubtful accounts, as well as increases in accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, contract acquisition costs, other assets, and decreases in deferred revenue and operating lease liabilities. This was partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and other liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2021. Our net loss was $125.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which includes the effect of non-cash expenses related to stock- based compensation expense, amortization of purchased intangibles and finance leases, depreciation, and provision for doubtful accounts, and gain on settlement of lease, as well as increases accrued expenses and deferred revenue. This was partially offset by increases in accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and decrease in operating lease liability. Cash Flows from Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities was $56.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 which was driven primarily by purchases of property and equipment, including capitalized software, payments for the WildHealth acquisition, net of cash acquired, acquisition costs related to goodwill for the purchase of WildHealth, and cash infusion into the Claire joint venture. Net cash used in investing activities was $140.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 due primarily to the acquisition costs related to goodwill for the purchase of e-bot7, VoiceBase, and Tenfold, the purchase of fixed assets for our co- location facilities, capitalization of internally developed software, and the repayment of the indebtedness acquired with e-bot7, VoiceBase and Tenfold. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 driven primarily by proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with the exercise of stock options by employees, partially offset by principal payments for financing leases and the repurchase of common stock. Net cash provided by financing activities was $11.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 due primarily to the proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with the exercise of stock options by employees, partially offset by principal payments for financing leases. We have incurred significant expenses to develop our technology and services, to hire employees in our customer service and sales and marketing departments, and for the amortization of purchased intangible assets, as well as acquisition costs and non-cash compensation costs. Historically, we have incurred net losses and negative cash flows for various quarterly and annual periods since our inception, including during numerous quarters and annual periods in the past several years. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $692.4 million. 67 Our principal sources of liquidity are the net proceeds from the issuance of our convertible senior notes, after deducting purchaser discounts and debt issuance costs paid by us, issuance of common stock in connection with the exercise of options, and payments received from customers using our products. We anticipate that our current cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to satisfy our working capital and capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. However, we cannot assure you that we will not require additional funds prior to such time, and we would then seek to sell additional equity or debt securities through public financings, or seek alternative sources of financing. We cannot assure you that additional funding will be available on favorable terms, when needed, if at all. If we are unable to obtain any necessary additional financing, we may be required to further reduce the scope of our planned sales and marketing and product development efforts, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. In addition, we may require additional funds in order to fund more rapid expansion, to develop new or enhanced services or products, or to invest in or acquire complementary businesses, technologies, services or products. The Company may from time to time, subject to board authorization and any applicable restrictions under contracts to which it may be or become a party, depending upon market conditions and the Company’s financing needs, use available funds to refinance or repurchase its outstanding debt or equity securities in privately negotiated or open market transactions, by tender offer or otherwise, in compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations, at prices and on terms the Company deems appropriate (which, in the case of debt securities, may be below par) and subject to the Company’s cash requirements for other purposes and other factors management deems relevant. We do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. Capital Expenditures Total capital expenditures in 2022 were approximately $48.5 million, primarily related to software capitalization and to the continued expansion of our co-location facilities. Our total capital expenditures are not currently expected to exceed $40.3 million in 2023. We anticipate that our current cash and cash equivalents and cash from operations will be sufficient to fund these capital expenditures. Indemnifications We enter into service and license agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to some of these agreements, we agree to indemnify certain customers from and against certain types of claims and losses suffered or incurred by them as a result of using our products. We also have agreements whereby our executive officers and directors are indemnified for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was serving, at our request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, we have a directors and officers insurance policy that reduces our exposure and enables us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. As a result of our insurance policy coverage, we believe the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. Currently, we have no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2022. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Foreign Currency Exchange Risks Our Israeli operations have currency rate fluctuation risk associated with the exchange rate movement of the U.S. dollar against the NIS. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the U.S. dollar appreciated as compared to the NIS by an average of 4.6% as compared to December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, expenses generated by our Israeli operations totaled approximately $59.9 million. Based on our exposure to NIS exchange rate fluctuation against a dollar as of December 31, 2022, a 1% increase or decrease in the value of the NIS would increase or decrease our income before income taxes by approximately $0.6 million. 68 We actively monitor the movement of the U.S. dollar against the NIS, British Pound, Euro, Australian dollar, and Japanese Yen and have considered the use of financial instruments, including but not limited to derivative financial instruments, which could mitigate such risk. If we determine that our risk of exposure materially exceeds the potential cost of derivative financial instruments, we may in the future enter into these types of arrangements. The functional currency of our wholly- owned Israeli subsidiaries, LivePerson Ltd. and Kasamba Inc., is the U.S. dollar; the functional currency of our operations in the United Kingdom is the British Pound; the functional currency of our operations in the Netherlands, Germany, France and Italy is the Euro; the functional currency of our operations in Australia is the Australian dollar; and the functional currency of our operations in Japan is the Japanese Yen. Collection Risks Our accounts receivable are subject, in the normal course of business, to collection risks. We regularly assess these risks and have established policies and business practices to protect against the adverse effects of collection risks. During 2022, we increased our allowance for doubtful accounts from approximately $6.3 million to approximately $9.2 million. During 2021, we increased our allowance for doubtful accounts from approximately $5.3 million to approximately $6.3 million. A large proportion of receivables are due from larger corporate customers that typically have longer payment cycles. We base our allowance for doubtful accounts on specifically identified credit risks of customers, historical trends and other information that we believe to be reasonable. Receivables are written-off and charged against the applicable recorded allowance when we have exhausted collection efforts without success. We adjust our allowance for doubtful accounts when accounts previously reserved have been collected. An allowance for doubtful accounts is established for losses expected to be incurred on accounts receivable balances. Judgment is required in the estimation of the allowance and we evaluate the collectability of our accounts receivable and contract assets based on a combination of factors. If we become aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, a specific allowance is recorded to reduce the net receivable to the amount reasonably believed to be collectible from the customer. For all other customers, we use an aging schedule and recognize allowances for doubtful accounts based on the creditworthiness of the debtor, the age and status of outstanding receivables, the current business environment and our historical collection experience adjusted for current expectations for the customer or industry. Accounts receivable are written off against the allowance for uncollectible accounts when we determine amounts are no longer collectible. Interest Rate Risk Our investments consist of cash and cash equivalents. Therefore, changes in market interest rates do not affect in any material respect the value of the investments as recorded by us. Inflation Risk We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial conditions or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. 69 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data LIVEPERSON, INC. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 243) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page 71 73 74 75 76 77 78 70 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders LivePerson, Inc. New York, New York Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of LivePerson, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated March 16, 2023 expressed an adverse opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of this critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Business Combinations – Accounting for Earnouts As described in Note 9 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, in February 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of WildHealth, Inc. (“WildHealth”) for $22.3 million paid at closing, plus additional earnout payments to equity holders of WildHealth of up to $120 million payable upon the achievement of certain financial milestones. The Company has accounted for the earnouts as a compensation arrangement. 71 We identified the accounting for the earnouts as part of purchase price or compensation as a critical audit matter. The principal considerations for our determination included the subjectivity and significant management judgment required to determine if the earn-outs represented contingent consideration or compensation given the terms of the agreements. Auditing management’s assessment of the substance of the earnout arrangement and evaluating the appropriateness of the classification of such payments involved a high degree of auditor judgment. The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included: • • Testing the operating effectiveness of the controls over business combinations, including controls over identification, recognition and disclosure of contingent payments. Reading and analyzing the executed purchase agreement and specific agreements with certain equity holders of WildHealth to understand the provisions of the earnouts, including evaluating the substance and classification of such contingent payments. /s/ BDO USA, LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005. New York, New York March 16, 2023 72 LIVEPERSON, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS Current assets: ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $9,239 and $6,338 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively Prepaid expenses and other current assets Assets held for sale (Note 20) Total current assets Operating lease right-of-use assets (Note 10) Property and equipment, net (Note 6) Contract acquisition costs Intangible assets, net (Note 5) Goodwill (Note 5) Deferred tax assets Investment in joint venture (Note 17) Other assets Total assets Current liabilities: LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Accounts payable Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (Note 7) Deferred revenue (Note 2) Operating lease liabilities (Note 10) Liabilities associated with assets held for sale (Note 20) Total current liabilities Deferred revenue, net of current portion (Note 2) Convertible senior notes, net (Note 8) Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion (Note 10) Deferred tax liabilities Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.001 par value - 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued Common stock, $0.001 par value - 200,000,000 shares authorized; 78,350,984 and 74,980,546 shares issued, and 75,584,911 and 72,234,303 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively Treasury stock, at cost; 2,766,073 and 2,746,243 shares as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 73 December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ 391,781 $ 521,846 $ $ 86,537 24,164 30,984 533,466 1,604 126,499 43,804 78,103 296,214 4,423 2,264 2,563 1,088,940 $ 25,303 $ 131,440 84,494 2,160 10,357 253,754 174 737,423 682 2,550 26,269 1,020,852 — 78 93,804 20,626 — 636,276 1,977 124,726 40,675 85,554 291,215 5,034 — 1,199 1,186,656 16,942 104,297 98,808 3,380 — 223,427 54 574,238 2,733 2,049 34,718 837,219 — 75 (3) 771,052 (692,362) (10,677) 68,088 1,088,940 $ (3) 871,788 (516,859) (5,564) 349,437 1,186,656 $ LIVEPERSON, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Revenue Costs and expenses: (1) (2) Cost of revenue (3) Sales and marketing General and administrative Product development Restructuring costs Amortization of purchased intangible assets Total costs and expenses Loss from operations Other expense, net: Interest expense, net Other (expense) income, net Total other expense, net Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Net loss Net loss per share of common stock: Basic Diluted Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share: Basic Diluted (1) Amounts include stock-based compensation expense, as follows: Cost of revenue Sales and marketing General and administrative Product development (2) Amounts include depreciation expense, as follows: Cost of revenue Sales and marketing General and administrative Product development Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (In thousands, except share and per share amounts) $ 514,800 $ 469,624 $ 366,620 184,699 214,027 120,625 193,688 19,967 3,678 736,684 156,880 165,421 76,757 158,390 3,397 2,045 562,890 (221,884) (93,266) (352) (1,784) (2,136) (37,406) 3,294 (34,112) 106,268 149,773 60,557 108,414 29,420 1,639 456,071 (89,451) (14,334) (1,343) (15,677) (224,020) (127,378) (105,128) 1,727 (225,747) $ (2,404) (124,974) $ 2,466 (107,594) (3.03) $ (3.03) $ (1.80) $ (1.80) $ (1.63) (1.63) $ $ $ 74,509,404 74,509,404 69,606,105 69,606,105 65,888,450 65,888,450 $ 9,933 $ 6,497 $ 19,575 40,690 39,440 16,942 15,487 30,730 6,511 16,106 15,772 27,557 $ 9,763 $ 10,186 $ 10,082 2,451 452 19,618 2,448 160 14,629 2,268 239 10,237 (3) Amounts include amortization of purchased intangibles and finance leases, as follows: Cost of revenue $ 18,434 $ 7,282 $ 1,913 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 74 LIVEPERSON, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS Net loss Other comprehensive (loss) income: Foreign currency translation adjustment Comprehensive loss Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) $ (225,747) $ (124,974) $ (107,594) (5,113) (230,860) $ (5,644) (130,618) $ 4,604 (102,990) $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 75 LIVEPERSON, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Common Stock Treasury Stock Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Equity (In thousands, except share data) Balance at December 31, 2019 66,543,073 $ 67 (2,709,830) $ (3) $ 436,557 $ (283,562) $ (4,524) $ 148,535 Common stock issued upon exercise of stock options Common stock issued upon vesting of restricted stock units Common stock as earnout payment in connection with AdvantageTec, Inc. Stock-based compensation Bonus cash payment settled in shares of the Company’s common stock ASU 2016-13 (Topic 326) adjustment Common stock issued under Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) Equity component of convertible senior notes Equity component of convertible senior notes issuance costs Purchase of capped call option Net loss Other comprehensive loss Balance at December 31, 2020 Common stock issued upon exercise of stock options Common stock issued upon vesting of restricted stock units Stock-based compensation Bonus cash payment settled in shares of the Company’s common stock Common stock repurchase Issuance of common stock in connection with acquisitions Common stock issued under ESPP Net loss Other comprehensive income Balance at December 31, 2021 Cumulative adjustment due to adoption of ASU 2020-06 Common stock issued upon exercise of stock options Common stock issued upon vesting of restricted stock units Stock-based compensation Bonus cash payment settled in shares of the Company’s common stock Common stock repurchase Issuance of common stock in connection with acquisitions Common stock issued under ESPP Net loss Other comprehensive loss Balance at December 31, 2022 1,683,315 915,827 1 1 — — 21,353 — — — 11,508 — — — 991,905 — 1 — — — — — — — — — 293 36,132 24,656 — 118,637 — — — 4,002 — — — — 162,534 — — — — — (729) — — — — — — — — — — 70 — — — — — — — — (3,797) (46,058) — — (2,709,830) $ (3) $ 635,672 $ — — (107,594) — (391,885) $ 70,264,265 $ 864,227 1 — — 11,700 1,058,361 — 1 — — — — — 538,000 30,344 1 — — (36,413) — — (1) 58,422 33,502 (709) — — — — — — — — — — — 21,354 1 293 36,132 24,657 (729) — 4,002 — 162,534 — — — 4,604 (3,797) (46,058) (107,594) 4,604 80 $ 243,934 — — — — — 11,701 — 58,422 33,503 (709) 2,130,213 95,136 — — 74,980,546 $ 2 — — — 75 — — — — — — — — 128,793 4,409 — — (2,746,243) $ (3) $ 871,788 $ — — (124,974) — (516,859) $ 128,795 — 4,409 — (124,974) — (5,644) (5,644) (5,564) $ 349,437 — — — — (209,651) 50,244 — (159,407) (1) 68,630 17,299 (222) 17,636 4,246 — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,327 — 68,630 17,300 (222) — — (225,747) — (692,362) $ — 17,637 — 4,246 — (225,747) (5,113) (5,113) (10,677) $ 68,088 272,770 — — — 1,327 1,204,430 — 1 — — — — — 735,519 — 1 — — (19,830) — — 837,965 319,754 — — 1 — — — 78 — — — — — — — — 78,350,984 $ (2,766,073) $ (3) $ 771,052 $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 76 LIVEPERSON, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: Stock-based compensation expense Depreciation Loss on disposal Amortization of purchased intangible assets and finance leases Amortization of debt issuance costs Accretion of debt discount on convertible senior notes Change in fair value of contingent consideration Allowance for credit losses Gain on settlement of leases Deferred income taxes Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Contract acquisition costs noncurrent Other assets Accounts payable Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Deferred revenue Operating lease liabilities Other liabilities Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property and equipment, including capitalized software Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired Purchases of intangible assets Repayment of debt acquired in acquisition Investment in joint venture Net cash used in investing activities FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Principal payments for financing leases Repurchase of common stock Proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with the exercise of options and ESPP Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes Payment of issuance costs in connection with convertible senior notes Purchase of capped call option Net cash provided by financing activities Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash including cash classified within current assets held for sale Less: cash classified within current assets held for sale Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - beginning of year Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) $ (225,747) $ (124,974) $ (107,594) 109,638 32,284 — 22,112 3,778 — (8,516) 5,644 (242) (1,161) (38) (5,979) (6,370) (153) 12,050 7,485 (12,341) (2,638) 8,093 (62,101) (48,486) (3,430) (2,680) — (2,264) (56,860) (3,734) (221) 5,573 — — — 1,618 (3,981) 69,656 27,423 — 9,327 2,499 33,309 — 4,879 (3,483) (6,239) (17,309) (3,178) (1,876) 547 801 8,626 7,774 (4,590) 55 3,247 (45,703) (70,759) (2,610) (21,177) — (140,249) (3,554) (709) 16,110 (4) — — 11,843 (5,461) (121,324) (10,011) 523,532 (130,620) — 654,152 65,946 22,826 5,147 3,552 1,340 11,564 (263) 3,211 — 579 6,371 23 (6,463) (37) (733) 22,931 (3,118) 8,276 47 33,605 (41,641) — (1,835) — — (43,476) (1,154) — 25,355 517,500 (11,800) (46,058) 483,843 3,657 477,629 — 176,523 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - end of year $ 392,197 $ 523,532 $ 654,152 77 4,651 1,931 — 1,638 — 10,818 293 24,657 — — — — — — — — Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to consolidated balance sheets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash in prepaid expenses and other current assets Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash Supplemental disclosure of other cash flow information: Cash paid for income taxes Cash paid for interest Non-cash investing and financing activities: $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) 391,781 $ 521,846 $ 654,152 416 1,686 — 392,197 $ 523,532 $ 654,152 3,237 $ 582 $ 1,932 2,090 Increase in convertible senior notes, net upon adoption of ASU 2020-06 (Note 1) $ (159,407) $ — $ Purchase of property and equipment in accounts payable Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities Issuance of common shares as earn-out payment associated with business acquisitions 1,022 — — — 470 2,125 — — Issuance of shares of common stock to settle cash awards 17,300 33,503 Non-cash financing activities related to the e-bot7 acquisition in July 2021: Issuance of 351,462 shares of common stock Fair value of contingent earn-out in connection with e-bot7 transaction Non-cash financing activities related to the Tenfold acquisition in November 2021: Issuance of 698,219 shares of common stock Fair value of contingent earn-out in connection with Tenfold transaction Non-cash financing activities related to the VoiceBase acquisition in November 2021: Issuance of 1,080,532 shares of common stock Fair value of contingent earn-out in connection with VoiceBase transaction Non-cash financing activities related to the WildHealth acquisition in February 2022: Issuance of 776,825 shares of common stock Fair value of contingent earn-out associated with WildHealth transaction — 7,362 — 6,558 16,067 17,675 42,234 20,012 6,170 41,224 6,946 67,557 16,714 — — See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 78 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Consumers have made mobile devices the center of their digital lives, and they have made digital conversational experiences the center of communication with friends, family and peers. LivePerson, Inc. (“LivePerson”, the “Company”, “we” or “our”) is a global leader in AI-powered customer conversations. Since 1998, LivePerson has enabled billions of meaningful connections between consumers and our customers. These speech or text conversations harness human agents, bots and AI to power convenient, personalized and content-rich journeys across the entire consumer lifecycle, and across consumer platforms. AI has accelerated our capability to leverage those prior conversations to enhance the consumer experience and to improve results for our customers. The Conversational Cloud, our enterprise-class cloud-based platform, enables businesses to have conversations with millions of consumers as personally as they would with a single consumer. The Conversational Cloud powers conversations across each of a brand’s primary digital channels, including mobile apps, mobile and desktop web browsers, SMS, social media, and third-party consumer messaging platforms. Brands can also use the Conversational Cloud to message consumers when they dial a 1-800 number instead of forcing them to navigate IVRs and wait on hold. Similarly, the Conversational Cloud can ingest traditional emails and convert them into messaging conversations, or embed messaging conversations directly into web advertisements, rather than redirect consumers to static website landing pages. Agents can manage all conversations with consumers through a single console interface, regardless of where the conversations originated. LivePerson’s robust, cloud-based suite of rich messaging, real-time chat, AI and automation offerings features consumer and agent facing bots, intelligent routing and capacity mapping, real-time intent detection and analysis, queue prioritization, customer sentiment, analytics and reporting, content delivery, PCI compliance, co-browsing and a sophisticated proactive targeting engine. An extensible API stack facilitates a lower cost of ownership by facilitating robust integration into back-end systems, as well as enabling developers to build their own programs and services on top of the platform. LivePerson’s Conversational AI platform enables what we call “the tango” of humans, AI and bots, whereby human agents act as bot managers, overseeing AI-powered conversations and seamlessly stepping into the flow when a personal touch is needed. Agents become ultra-efficient, leveraging the AI engine to serve up relevant content, define next-best actions and take over repetitive transactional work so that the agent can focus on relationship building. By seamlessly integrating messaging with our proprietary Conversational AI, as well as third-party bots, the Conversational Cloud offers brands a comprehensive approach to scaling automations across their millions of customer conversations. Complementing the Company’s proprietary messaging and Conversational AI offerings are teams of technical, solutions and consulting professionals that have developed deep domain expertise in the implementation and optimization of conversational services across industries and messaging endpoints. LivePerson’s products, coupled with our domain knowledge, industry expertise and professional services, have been proven to maximize the impact of Conversational AI and deliver measurable return on investment for our customers. LivePerson was incorporated in the State of Delaware in November 1995 and the LivePerson service was introduced in November 1998. The Company completed an initial public offering in April 2000 and is currently traded on the Nasdaq and the TASE. LivePerson is headquartered in New York City. LivePerson has adopted an “employee-centric” workforce model that does not rely on traditional offices. During the second quarter of 2021, the Company decided to reoccupy some of its leased space to provide its employees with the option of working in an office space environment. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements reflect the operations of LivePerson and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Equity Method Investment The Company utilizes the equity method to account for investments when it possesses the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the operating and financial policies of the investee. The ability to exercise significant influence is presumed when an investor possesses more than 20.0% of the voting interests of the investee, and conversely, the ability to exercise significant influence is presumed not to exist when an investor possesses 20% or less of the voting interests of the investee. These presumptions may be overcome based on specific facts and circumstances that demonstrate an ability to exercise significant influence is restricted or demonstrate an ability to exercise significant influence notwithstanding a smaller voting interest, such as with the Company’s 19.2% equity method investment in Claire Holdings, Inc. (“Claire”), due to the 79 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Company’s seat on the entity’s board of directors which provides the Company the ability to exert significant influence. In applying the equity method, the Company records the investment at cost and subsequently increases or decreases the carrying amount of the investment by its proportionate share of the net earnings or losses. The Company records dividends or other equity distributions as reductions in the carrying value of the investment. The Company assesses the carrying value of equity method investment on a periodic basis to see if there has been a decline in carrying value that is not temporary. When deciding whether a decline in carrying value is more than temporary, a number of factors are considered, including the investee’s financial condition and business prospects, as well as the Company’s investment intentions. Variable Interest Entities The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of LivePerson, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and each variable interest entity (“VIE”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company evaluates whether an entity in which it has a variable interest is considered a variable interest entity. VIEs are generally entities that have either a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or whose equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (i.e., ability to make significant decisions through voting rights and a right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity or an obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity). Under the provisions of ASC 810, “Consolidation”, an entity consolidates a VIE if it is determined to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The primary beneficiary has both (a) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, and (b) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company periodically reassesses whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE. See Note 18 – Variable Interest Entities for the Company’s assessment of VIEs. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include: • • • • • • • revenue recognition; stock-based compensation expense; accounts receivable; valuation of goodwill; valuation of intangible assets; income taxes; and legal contingencies. As of the date of issuance of the financial statements, the Company is not aware of any material specific events or circumstances that would require it to update its estimates, judgments, or to revise the carrying values of its assets or liabilities. These estimates may change, as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates and any such differences may be material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable which approximate fair value at December 31, 2022 because of the short- term nature of these instruments. The Company invests its cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions that it believes are of high quality, and the Company performs periodic evaluations of these instruments and the relative credit standings of the 80 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS institutions with which it invests. At certain times, the Company’s cash balances with any one financial institution may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. The Company believes it mitigates its risk by depositing its cash balances with high credit, quality financial institutions. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition (except for customers who purchase the LivePerson services by credit card via internet download) and has established an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of customers, historical trends and other information. Concentration of credit risk is limited due to the Company’s large number of customers. No single customer accounted for or exceeded 10% of revenue for 2022, 2021, or 2020. Foreign Currency Translation The Company’s operations are conducted in various countries around the world and the financial statements of its foreign subsidiaries are reported in the applicable foreign currencies (functional currencies). Financial information is translated from the applicable functional currency to the U.S. dollar (the reporting currency) for inclusion in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Income, expenses, and cash flows are translated at weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal period, and assets and liabilities are translated at fiscal period-end exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are included as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity. Foreign exchange transaction gain or losses are included in other (expense) income, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents, which primarily consist of money market funds, are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Accounts Receivable, Net Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts monthly. Past due balances over 90 days and over a specified amount are reviewed individually for collectability. All other balances are reviewed on a pooled basis. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company does not have any off- balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers. The activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows: Balance, beginning of period Additions charged to costs and expenses Deductions/write-offs ASU 2016-13 (Topic 326) adjustment Balance, end of period Property and Equipment Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) $ 6,338 $ 5,344 $ 5,644 4,879 3,070 3,211 (2,743) (3,885) (1,666) — — $ 9,239 $ 6,338 $ 729 5,344 Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation, and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, generally three to five years for equipment and software. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Depreciation expense, which includes amortization of internal use software totaled $32.3 million, $27.4 million, and $22.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. 81 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Internal-Use Software Development Costs In accordance with ASC 350-40, “Internal-Use Software”, the Company capitalizes its costs to develop its internal use software when preliminary development efforts are successfully completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used as intended. These costs are included in property and equipment in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the related asset, which approximates five years. Costs incurred prior to meeting these criteria, together with costs incurred for training and maintenance, are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalized internal-use software costs of $39.2 million, $36.1 million, and $33.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired in a business combination. During 2022, the Company recorded $15.5 million of goodwill with the acquisition of WildHealth. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company has determined that it operates as three reporting units and has selected September 30 as the date to perform its annual impairment test. In the valuation of goodwill, management must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows to be derived from the Company’s business. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to record impairment for these assets. The Company has the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. However, the Company may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative impairment tests. The impairment test involves comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. A goodwill impairment will be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value. The impairment is limited to the carrying amount of goodwill. No goodwill impairment charges have been recorded for any period presented. Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values, and reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360-10-35, “Accounting for Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.” Acquired intangible assets consist of identifiable intangible assets, primarily developed technology and customer relationships, resulting from our acquisitions. Intangible assets are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition. Business Combinations Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method and accordingly, the assets acquired (including identified intangible assets), the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquired business are recorded at their acquisition date fair values. The Company’s acquisition model typically provides for an initial payment at closing and for future additional contingent purchase price obligations. Contingent purchase price obligations are recorded as deferred acquisition consideration on the balance sheet at the acquisition date fair value and are remeasured at each reporting period. Changes in such estimated values are recorded in the results of operations. For further information, see Note 9 – Acquisitions. For each acquisition, the Company undertakes a detailed review to identify intangible assets and a valuation is performed for all such identified assets. The Company uses several market participant measurements to determine estimated value. This approach includes consideration of similar and recent transactions, as well as utilizing discounted expected cash flow methodologies. A substantial portion of the intangible asset value that the Company acquires is the specialized know-how of the workforce, which is treated as part of goodwill and is not required to be valued separately. The majority of the value of the identifiable intangible assets acquired is derived from customer relationships, including the related customer contracts, as well as trade names. In executing the Company’s overall acquisition strategy, one of the primary drivers in identifying and executing a specific transaction is the existence of, or the ability to, expand the existing client relationships. The expected benefits of the Company’s acquisitions are typically shared across multiple agencies and regions. 82 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Divestitures The Company classifies long-lived assets and liabilities to be disposed of as held for sale in the period in which they are available for immediate sale in their present condition and the sale is probable and expected to be completed within one year. The Company initially measures assets and liabilities held for sale at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. When the divestiture represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the disposal is presented as a discontinued operation. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The carrying amounts of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, lease right-of-use assets, capitalized internal-use software, costs to obtain customer contracts, and acquired intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable or that the useful lives are shorter than originally estimated. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows the asset is expected to generate over its remaining life. If the asset is considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset. If the useful life is shorter than originally estimated, we amortize the remaining carrying value over the new shorter useful life. No long-lived asset impairment charges have been recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Advertising The Company expenses the cost of advertising and promoting its services as incurred in the sales and marketing expense on the consolidated statement of operations. Such costs totaled approximately $45.5 million, $41.2 million, and $29.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation In accordance with ASC 718-10, “Stock Compensation”, the Company measures stock based awards at fair value and recognizes compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to its employees and directors, including employee stock options. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes valuation model. This model requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions including, among other things, estimates regarding the length of time an employee will retain vested stock options before exercising them, the estimated volatility of its common stock price and the number of options that will be forfeited prior to vesting. The fair value is then recognized on a straight line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally three to four years. Changes in these estimates and assumptions can materially affect the determination of the fair value of the stock-based compensation and consequently, the related amount recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. Deferred Rent The Company records rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. The difference between the rent expense recognized for financial reporting purposes and the actual payments made in accordance with the lease agreement is recognized as deferred rent liability included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in results of operations in the period that the tax change occurs. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets in the jurisdiction from which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. We include interest accrued on the underpayment of income taxes in interest expense and penalties, if any, related to 83 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS unrecognized tax benefits in general and administrative expenses. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Comprehensive Loss In accordance with ASC 220, “Comprehensive Income”, the Company reports by major components and as a single total, the change in its net assets during the period from non-owner sources. Comprehensive loss consists of net loss and Accumulated other comprehensive loss, which includes certain changes in equity that are excluded from net loss. The Company’s comprehensive loss for all periods presented is related to the effect of foreign currency translation. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In June 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions: to clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of a unit of account of the equity security, and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. The amendments also require the following disclosures for equity securities subject to the contractual sale restrictions: 1. The fair value of equity securities subject to the contractual sale restrictions reflected on the balance sheet. 2. The nature and remaining duration of the restriction(s). 3. The circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restriction(s). This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those financial years. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2022-03 to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments by eliminating existing accounting models that require separation of a cash conversion or beneficial conversion feature from the host contract. Accordingly, a convertible debt instrument will be accounted as a single liability measured at its amortized cost and a convertible preferred stock will be accounted as a single equity instrument measured at its historical cost, as long as no other embedded features require bifurcation as derivatives and the convertible debt was not issued at a substantial premium. The ASU also makes targeted improvements to the disclosure requirements for convertible instruments and earnings per share guidance. The new guidance modifies how particular convertible instruments and certain contracts that may be settled in cash or shares impact the diluted EPS computation. The Company adopted the updated guidance as of January 1, 2022, using a modified retrospective method with a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the adoption date. Comparative periods are not adjusted. As a result, the Company recognized a $50.2 million decrease to accumulated deficit, a $209.7 million decrease to additional paid-in capital, and a $159.4 million increase to convertible senior notes, net, in connection with the adoption of ASU 2020-06. The required use of the if-converted method did not impact the diluted net loss per share as the Company was in a net loss position. See Note 8 – Convertible Senior Notes, Net and Capped Call Transactions for a description of the convertible senior notes, net on the consolidated balance sheet. With the exception of the new standards discussed above, there have been no other recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the year ended December 31, 2022, that are of significance or potential significance to the Company. Note 2. Revenue Recognition 84 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The majority of the Company’s revenue is generated from hosted service revenues, which is inclusive of its platform usage pricing model, and related professional services from the sale of the LivePerson services. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: • • • • • identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; identification of the performance obligations in the contract; determination of the transaction price; allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Total revenue of $514.8 million, $469.6 million, and $366.6 million was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Under ASC 606, the Company defers all incremental commission costs (“contract acquisition costs”) to obtain the contract. The contract acquisition costs, which are comprised of prepaid sales commissions, have balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021 of $43.8 million and $40.7 million, respectively. The Company amortizes these costs over the related period of benefit using the customer expected life that the Company determined to be three to five years which is consistent with the transfer to the customer of the services to which the asset relates. The Company classifies contract acquisition costs as long- term unless they have an original amortization period of one year or less. Hosted Services - Business Revenue Hosted services - Business revenue is reported at the amount that reflects the ultimate consideration expected to be received and primarily consist of fees that provide customers access to the Conversational Cloud, the Company’s enterprise- class, cloud-based platform. The Company has determined such access represents a stand-ready service provided continually throughout the contract term. As such, control and satisfaction of this stand-ready performance obligation is deemed to occur over time. The Company recognizes this revenue over time on a ratable basis over the contract term, beginning on the date that access to the Conversational Cloud platform is made available to the customer. The passage of time is deemed to be the most faithful depiction of the transfer of control of the services as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit provided by the Company’s performance. Subscription contracts are generally one year or longer in length, billed monthly, quarterly or annually in advance. There is no significant variable consideration related to these arrangements. Additionally, for certain of the Company’s larger customers, the Company may provide call center labor through an arrangement with one or more of several qualified vendors. For most of these customers, the Company passes the fee it incurs with the labor provider and its fee for the hosted services through to its customers in the form of a fixed fee for each order placed via the Company’s online engagement solutions. For these Gainshare arrangements in accordance with ASC 606, “Principal Agent Considerations”, the Company acts as a principal in a transaction if it controls the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. Professional Services Revenue Professional Services revenue primarily consists of fees for deployment and optimization services, as well as training delivered on an on-demand basis which is deemed to represent a distinct stand-ready performance obligation and is recognized at a point in time. Professional Services revenue is reported at the amount that reflects the ultimate consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for such services. Control for the majority of the Company’s Professional Services contracts passes over time to the customer and is recognized ratably over the contracted period, as the passage of time is deemed to be the most faithful depiction of the transfer of control. For certain deployment services, which are not deemed to represent a distinct performance obligation, revenue will be recognized in the same manner as the fee for access to the Conversational Cloud platform, and as such will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term. For services billed on a fixed price basis, revenue is recognized over time based on the proportion performed using time and materials as the measure of progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. Our Professional Services contracts are generally one year or longer in length, billed, monthly, quarterly or annually in advance. There is no significant variable consideration related to these arrangements. 85 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Remaining Performance Obligation As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate amount of the total transaction price allocated in contracts with original duration of one year or greater to the remaining performance obligations was $397.3 million. Approximately 88% of the Company’s remaining performance obligations is expected to be recognized during the next 24 months, with the balance recognized thereafter. The aggregate balance of unsatisfied performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, and does not include contract amounts that are cancellable by the customer, amounts associated with optional renewal periods, and any amounts related to performance obligations, which are billed and recognized as they are delivered. The Company has elected the optional exemption, which allows for the exclusion of the amounts for remaining performance obligations that are part of contracts with an original expected duration of less than one year. Such remaining performance obligations represent unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligation pursuant to ASC 606. Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations Some of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company determines the standalone selling prices based on its overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including the value of its contracts, the cloud applications sold, and the number and types of users within its contracts. Hosted Services- Consumer Revenue For revenue from the Company’s Consumer segment generated from online transactions between Experts and Users, revenue is recognized at an amount net of Expert fees in accordance with ASC 606, “Principal Agent Considerations”, due primarily to the fact that the Expert is the primary obligor. Additionally, the Company performs as an agent without any risk of loss for collection, and is not involved in selecting the Expert or establishing the Expert’s fee. The Company collects a fee from the consumer and retains a portion of the fee, and then remits the balance to the Expert. Revenue from these transactions is recognized at the point in time when the transaction is complete and no significant performance obligations remain. Deferred Revenues The Company records deferred revenues when cash payments are received or due in advance of its performance. The decrease of $14.2 million in the deferred revenue balance as of the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily driven by cash payments received or due in advance of satisfying performance obligations, partially offset by approximately $98.3 million of revenues recognized that were included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2021. The following table presents deferred revenue by revenue source: Hosted services – Business Hosted services – Consumer (1) Professional services – Business Total deferred revenue - current Professional services – Business Total deferred revenue - non-current December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ $ $ $ 83,561 $ — 933 84,494 $ 174 $ 174 $ 94,107 870 3,831 98,808 54 54 (1) $0.8 million was reclassified to liabilities held for sale related to the planned divestiture of Kasamba, Inc. See Note 20 – Assets Held for Sale for further details. 86 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Disaggregated Revenue The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by revenue source: Revenue: Hosted services – Business Hosted services – Consumer Professional services – Business Total revenue Revenue by Geographic Location Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) $ 375,325 $ 364,231 $ 37,142 102,333 514,800 $ 37,695 67,698 469,624 $ $ 286,588 29,764 50,268 366,620 The Company is domiciled in the United States and has international operations around the globe. The following table presents the Company’s revenues attributable to domestic and foreign operations for the periods presented: United States Other Americas (1) Total Americas EMEA (2) APAC Total revenue —————————————— (1) Canada, Latin America, and South America. Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) 350,349 $ 12,708 363,057 74,298 77,445 514,800 $ 306,700 $ 18,128 324,828 91,227 53,569 469,624 $ $ $ 230,557 13,420 243,977 83,326 39,317 366,620 (2) Includes revenue from the United Kingdom of $55.3 million, $56.7 million, and $53.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. and from the Netherlands of $6.6 million, $4.8 million, and $3.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Information about Contract Balances Amounts collected in advance of services being provided are accounted for as deferred revenue. Nearly all of the Company’s deferred revenue balance is related to Hosted services - Business revenue. In some arrangements, the Company allows customers to pay for access to the Conversational Cloud over the term of the software license. The Company refers to these as subscription transactions. Amounts recognized as revenue in excess of amounts billed are recorded as unbilled receivables. Unbilled receivables, anticipated to be invoiced in the next twelve months, are included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheet. The opening and closing balances of the Company’s accounts receivable, unbilled receivables, and deferred revenues are as follows: 87 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Accounts Receivable Unbilled Receivable Contract Acquisition Costs (Non- current) (In thousands) Deferred Revenue (Current) Deferred Revenue (Non-current) Opening balance as of December 31, 2020 $ Increase (decrease), net Balance as of December 31, 2021 Increase (decrease), net Ending balance as of December 31, 2022 $ $ 61,801 $ 7,458 69,259 $ (15,791) 53,468 $ 18,622 $ 5,923 24,545 $ 8,524 33,069 $ 41,021 $ (346) 40,675 $ 3,129 43,804 $ 88,848 $ 9,960 98,808 $ (14,314) 84,494 $ 409 (355) 54 120 174 Note 3. Net Loss Per Share Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution for common stock equivalents and is computed by dividing net income or loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. All options, warrants, or other potentially dilutive instruments issued for nominal consideration are required to be included in the calculation of basic and diluted net income attributable to common stockholders. Diluted EPS is calculated using the “if-converted” method. The “if-converted” method is only assumed in periods where such application would be dilutive. In applying the “if-converted” method for diluted net income per share, the Company would assume conversion of the 2024 Notes at a ratio of 25.9182 shares of its common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2024 Notes. The Company would assume conversion of the 2026 Notes at a ratio of 13.2933 shares of its common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2026 Notes. Assumed converted shares of the Company’s common stock are weighted for the period the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes (collectively, the “Notes”) were outstanding. The shares of common stock underlying the conversion option of the Notes were not included in the calculation of diluted income per share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. See Note 8 – Convertible Senior Notes, Net and Capped Call Transactions for a description of the Notes. Basic and diluted earnings per common share are calculated for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, were as follows: Net loss (in thousands) Weighted average number of shares outstanding, basic and diluted Net loss per share, basic and diluted Year Ended December 31, 2021 (124,974) $ 2022 (225,747) $ 74,509,404 69,606,105 (3.03) $ (1.80) $ $ $ 2020 (107,594) 65,888,450 (1.63) The anti-dilutive securities excluded from the shares used to calculate diluted net loss per share are as follows: Shares subject to outstanding common stock options and employee stock purchase plan Restricted stock units Fair Value of Earnouts Conversion option of the 2024 Notes Conversion option of the 2026 Notes December 31, 2022 4,459,324 5,234,733 12,049,211 5,961,186 6,879,283 34,583,737 2021 4,782,487 3,732,013 1,150,504 5,961,186 6,879,283 22,505,473 Note 4. Segment Information The Company accounts for its segment information in accordance with the provisions of ASC 280-10, “Segment Reporting.” ASC 280-10 establishes annual and interim reporting standards for operating segments of a company. ASC 280-10 88 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS requires disclosures of selected segment-related financial information about products, major customers, and geographic areas based on the Company’s internal accounting methods. The Company is organized into two operating segments for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing performance. The Business segment enables brands to leverage the Conversational Cloud’s sophisticated intelligence engine to connect with consumers through an integrated suite of mobile and online business messaging technologies. The Consumer segment facilitates online transactions between Experts and Users seeking information and knowledge for a fee via mobile and online messaging. Both segments currently generate their revenue primarily in the United States. The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, evaluates performance, makes operating decisions, and allocates resources based on the operating income of each segment. The reporting segments follow the same accounting policies used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements which are described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The Company allocates cost of revenue, sales and marketing and amortization of purchased intangibles to the segments, but it does not allocate product development expenses, general and administrative expenses, restructuring costs and income tax expense because management does not use this information to measure performance of the operating segments. There are currently no inter-segment sales. Summarized financial information by segment for the periods presented, based on the Company’s internal financial reporting system utilized by the Company’s CODM, follows: Revenue: Hosted services – Business Hosted services – Consumer Professional services – Business Total revenue Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Amortization of purchased intangibles Unallocated corporate expenses Operating income (loss) Revenue: Hosted services – Business Hosted services – Consumer Professional services – Business Total revenue Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Amortization of purchased intangibles Unallocated corporate expenses Operating income (loss) Year Ended December 31, 2022 Business Consumer Corporate Consolidated (In thousands) 375,325 $ — 102,333 477,658 179,295 187,932 3,678 — 106,753 $ — $ 37,142 — 37,142 5,404 26,095 — — 5,643 $ — $ — — — — — — 334,280 (334,280) $ 375,325 37,142 102,333 514,800 184,699 214,027 3,678 334,280 (221,884) Year Ended December 31, 2021 Business Consumer Corporate Consolidated (In thousands) 364,231 $ — 67,698 431,929 149,983 139,866 2,045 — 140,035 $ — $ 37,695 — 37,695 6,897 25,555 — — 5,243 $ — $ — — — — — — 238,544 (238,544) $ 364,231 37,695 67,698 469,624 156,880 165,421 2,045 238,544 (93,266) $ $ $ $ 89 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Revenue: Hosted services – Business Hosted services – Consumer Professional services – Business Total revenue Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Amortization of purchased intangibles Unallocated corporate expenses Operating income (loss) Geographic Information Year Ended December 31, 2020 Business Consumer Corporate Consolidated (In thousands) $ $ 286,588 $ — 50,268 336,856 99,394 128,752 1,639 — 107,071 $ — $ 29,764 — 29,764 6,874 21,021 — — 1,869 $ — $ — — — — — — 198,391 (198,391) $ 286,588 29,764 50,268 366,620 106,268 149,773 1,639 198,391 (89,451) The Company is domiciled in the United States and has international operations around the globe. The following table presents the Company’s long-lived assets by geographic region as of the dates presented: United States Germany Israel Australia Netherlands Other (1) Total long-lived assets —————————————— (1) United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy, Spain, Canada, and Singapore Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net Goodwill December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ $ 476,040 $ 46,323 4,064 12,057 3,470 13,520 555,474 $ 444,318 52,342 20,754 12,771 4,566 15,629 550,380 The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the periods presented are as follows: Balance as of December 31, 2021 Adjustments to goodwill: Acquisitions Foreign exchange adjustments Goodwill reclassified to assets held for sale Balance as of December 31, 2022 Business Consumer Total (In thousands) $ 283,191 $ 8,024 $ 291,215 15,511 (2,488) — 296,214 $ — — (8,024) — 15,511 (2,488) (8,024) 296,214 90 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS During the third quarter of each year, the Company evaluates goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company uses qualitative factors in accordance with ASC 820 - Fair Value Measurement to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a goodwill impairment test. No impairment was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Intangible Assets, Net Intangible assets, net are summarized as follows (for details about the intangible assets acquired see Note 9 – Acquisitions): Amortizing intangible assets: Technology Customer relationships Patents Trademarks Trade names Other Total Amortizing intangible assets: Technology Customer relationships Patents Trademarks Trade names Other Total December 31, 2022 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount (In thousands) Weighted Average Amortization Period (In years) 97,454 $ 31,987 11,088 1,044 1,378 979 143,930 $ (45,907) $ (17,392) (1,419) (364) (402) (343) (65,827) $ 51,547 14,595 9,669 680 976 636 78,103 5.0 10.0 12.8 5.0 2.8 4.1 December 31, 2021 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount (In thousands) Weighted Average Amortization Period (In years) 90,626 $ 32,162 7,988 1,474 460 314 133,024 $ (30,757) $ (15,164) (1,137) (135) (43) (234) (47,470) $ 59,869 16,998 6,851 1,339 417 80 85,554 5.1 10.0 11.8 5.0 2.1 2.2 $ $ $ $ 91 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Amortization expense is calculated over the estimated useful life of the asset. Aggregate amortization expense for intangible assets was $18.4 million, $5.6 million, and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, and a portion of this amortization was included in cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2022, estimated annual amortization expense for the next five years and thereafter is as follows: 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Total Estimated Amortization Expense (In thousands) $ $ 17,954 16,030 15,631 12,942 1,331 14,215 78,103 Note 6. Property and Equipment, Net The following table presents the detail of property and equipment as of the dates presented: Computer equipment and software Internal-use software development costs Finance lease right-of-use assets Furniture, equipment and building improvements Property and equipment, at cost Less accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net (1) Less assets held for sale (Note 20) Property and equipment, net December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ $ 128,206 $ 161,633 3,083 506 293,428 (155,706) 137,722 (11,223) 126,499 $ 120,685 122,479 6,797 258 250,219 (125,493) 124,726 — — (1) As of December 31, 2022, property and equipment, net includes Assets held for sale of $11.2 million, which consists of the Company’s consumer segment, as further described in Note 20 – Assets Held for Sale. In accordance with its policy, the Company reviews the estimated useful lives of its fixed assets on an ongoing basis. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was approximately $39.2 million and $36.1 million, respectively, of internal-use software development costs related to projects currently still in development, which are, therefore, not yet subject to amortization. Aggregate depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment was $32.3 million, $27.4 million, and $22.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. 92 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities The following table presents the detail of accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of the dates presented: Professional services, consulting and other vendor fees Payroll and other employee related costs Short-term contingent earn-out Sales commissions Financing lease liability (Note 10) Unrecognized tax benefits Restructuring (Note 14) Taxes other than income tax Other Accrued expenses and other current liabilities December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) 51,067 $ 19,182 47,819 4,402 2,569 2,196 803 1,148 2,254 131,440 $ 58,811 29,855 — 4,269 3,738 2,424 1,694 918 2,588 104,297 $ $ Note 8. Convertible Senior Notes, Net and Capped Call Transactions Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 and Capped Calls In March 2019, the Company issued $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 0.750% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 in a private placement, which amount includes $30.0 million aggregate principal amount of such 2024 Notes issued pursuant to the exercise in full by the initial purchasers of their option to purchase additional 2024 Notes. Interest on the 2024 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on September 1, 2019. The 2024 Notes will mature on March 1, 2024, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted pursuant to their terms. The total net proceeds from the offering of the 2024 Notes, after deducting debt issuance costs, paid, or payable by the Company, was approximately $221.4 million. Each $1,000 in principal amount of the 2024 Notes is initially convertible into 25.9182 shares of the Company’s common stock par value $0.001, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $38.58 per share. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2024 Notes in connection with such a corporate event. The 2024 Notes are not redeemable prior to the maturity date of the 2024 Notes and no sinking fund is provided for the 2024 Notes. If the Company undergoes a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the 2024 Notes) prior to the maturity date, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2024 Notes in principal amounts of $1,000 or a multiple thereof at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. 93 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Holders of the 2024 Notes may convert their 2024 Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding November 1, 2023, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2019 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the 2024 Notes on each applicable trading day as determined by the Company; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the “trading price” (as defined in the indenture governing the 2024 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of 2024 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for the 2024 Notes on each such trading day; or (3) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after November 1, 2023, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2024 Notes at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of its common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the conditions allowing holders of the 2024 Notes to convert were not met. The 2024 Notes are senior unsecured obligations and will rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the 2024 Notes; equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future liabilities that are not so subordinated; effectively subordinated to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of current or future subsidiaries of the Company. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2022, the Company separated the 2024 Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar debt instrument that did not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was $52.9 million and was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the 2024 Notes. The equity component was not remeasured as long as it continued to meet the conditions for equity classification. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, or the debt discount, was amortized to interest expense at an effective interest rate over the contractual term of the 2024 Notes. This accounting treatment no longer applies under ASU 2020-06. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2022, the Company allocated the total amount of issuance costs incurred of approximately $8.6 million to the liability and equity components of the 2024 Notes based on the proportion of the proceeds allocated to the debt and equity components. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component were approximately $6.6 million, were recorded as an additional debt discount and were amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual term of the 2024 Notes. Issuance costs attributable to the equity component were approximately $2.0 million and recorded as a reduction of additional paid in capital in stockholders’ equity. This accounting treatment no longer applies under ASU 2020-06. In accounting for the 2024 Notes after the adoption of ASU 2020-06, the 2024 Notes are accounted for as a single liability, and the carrying amount of the 2024 Notes is $227.9 million as of December 31, 2022, consisting of principal of $230.0 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $2.1 million. The 2024 Notes were classified as long term liabilities as of December 31, 2022. The remaining term over which the 2024 Notes’ debt issuance costs will be amortized is 1.2 years. The effective interest rate on the debt was 1.53% for the year ended December 31, 2022. In connection with the offering of the 2024 Notes, the Company entered into privately-negotiated capped call option transactions with certain counterparties (the “2024 capped calls”). The 2024 capped calls each have an initial strike price of approximately $38.58 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2024 Notes. The 2024 capped calls have initial cap prices of $57.16 per share, subject to certain adjustment events. The 2024 capped calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 5.96 million shares of common stock. The 2024 capped calls are generally intended to reduce or offset the potential dilution to the common stock upon any conversion of the 2024 Notes with such reduction or offset, as the case may be, subject to a cap based on the cap price. The 2024 capped calls expire on March 1, 2024, subject to earlier exercise. The 2024 capped calls are subject to either adjustment or termination upon the occurrence of specified extraordinary events affecting the Company, including a merger event, a tender offer, and a nationalization, insolvency or delisting involving the Company. In addition, the 2024 capped calls are subject to certain specified additional 94 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS disruption events that may give rise to a termination of the 2024 capped calls, including changes in law, failure to deliver, and hedging disruptions. The 2024 capped calls are recorded in stockholders’ equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The net cost of $23.2 million incurred to purchase the 2024 capped calls was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 and Capped Calls In December 2020, the Company issued $517.5 million aggregate principal amount of its 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 in a private placement, which amount includes $67.5 million aggregate principal amount of such Notes issued pursuant to the exercise in full by the initial purchasers of their option to purchase additional 2026 Notes. The 2026 Notes will mature on December 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted pursuant to their terms. The total net proceeds from the offering of the 2026 Notes, after deducting debt issuance costs, paid or payable by the Company, was approximately $505.3 million. Each $1,000 in principal amount of the 2026 Notes is initially convertible into 13.2933 shares of the Company’s common stock par value $0.001, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $75.23 per share. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid special interest. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2026 Notes in connection with such a corporate event. The 2026 Notes are not redeemable prior to the maturity date of the 2026 Notes and no sinking fund is provided for the 2026 Notes. If the Company undergoes a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes) prior to the maturity date, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2026 Notes in principal amounts of $1,000 or a multiple thereof at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. Holders of the 2026 Notes may convert their 2026 Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding August 15, 2026, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2021 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the 2026 Notes on each applicable trading day as determined by the Company; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the “trading price” (as defined in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of 2026 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for the 2026 Notes on each such trading day; (3) with respect to any 2026 Notes that the Company calls for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after August 15, 2026, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2026 Notes at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the conditions allowing holders of the 2026 Notes to convert were not met. The 2026 Notes are senior unsecured obligations and will rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the 2026 Notes; equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future liabilities that are not so subordinated; effectively subordinated to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of current or future subsidiaries of the Company. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2022, the Company separated the 2026 Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar debt instrument that did not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was $162.5 million and was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par 95 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS value of the 2026 Notes. The equity component was not remeasured as long as it continued to meet the conditions for equity classification. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, or the debt discount, was amortized to interest expense at an effective interest rate over the contractual term of the 2026 Notes. This accounting treatment no longer applies under ASU 2020-06. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2022, the Company allocated the total amount of issuance costs incurred of approximately $12.2 million to the liability and equity components of the 2026 Notes based on the proportion of the proceeds allocated to the debt and equity components. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component were approximately $8.5 million, were recorded as an additional debt discount and are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual term of the 2026 Notes. Issuance costs attributable to the equity component were approximately $3.7 million and recorded as a reduction of additional paid in capital in stockholders’ equity. This accounting treatment no longer applies under ASU 2020-06. In accounting for the 2026 Notes after the adoption of ASU 2020-06, the 2026 Notes are accounted for as a single liability, and the carrying amount of the 2026 Notes is $509.5 million as of December 31, 2022, consisting of principal of $517.5 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $8.0 million. The 2026 Notes were classified as long term liabilities as of December 31, 2022. The remaining term over which the 2026 Notes’ debt issuance costs will be amortized is 3.9 years. The effective interest rate on the debt was 0.40% for the year ended December 31, 2022. In connection with the offering of the 2026 Notes, the Company entered into privately-negotiated capped call option transactions with certain counterparties (the “2026 capped calls”). The 2026 capped calls each have an initial strike price of approximately $75.23 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2026 Notes. The 2026 capped calls have initial cap prices of $105.58 per share, subject to certain adjustment events. The 2026 capped calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 6.88 million shares of common stock. The 2026 capped calls are generally intended to reduce or offset the potential dilution to the common stock upon any conversion of the 2026 Notes with such reduction or offset, as the case may be, subject to a cap based on the cap price. The 2026 capped calls expire on December 15, 2026, subject to earlier exercise. The 2026 capped calls are subject to either adjustment or termination upon the occurrence of specified extraordinary events affecting the Company, including a merger event, a tender offer, and a nationalization, insolvency or delisting involving the Company. In addition, the 2026 capped calls are subject to certain specified additional disruption events that may give rise to a termination of the 2026 capped calls, including changes in law, failure to deliver, and hedging disruptions. The 2026 capped calls are recorded in stockholders’ equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The net cost of $46.1 million incurred to purchase the 2026 capped calls was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The net carrying amount of the liability component of the Notes as of December 31, 2022 (post-ASU 2020-06 adoption) and as of December 31, 2021 (pre-ASU 2020-06 adoption) was as follows: Principal Unamortized discount Unamortized issuance costs Net carrying amount December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ $ 747,500 $ — (10,077) 737,423 $ 747,500 (162,960) (10,302) 574,238 The net carrying amount of the equity component of the Notes as of December 31, 2022 (post-ASU 2020-06 adoption) and as of December 31, 2021 (pre-ASU 2020-06 adoption) was as follows: Proceeds allocated to the conversion options (debt discount) Issuance costs Net carrying amount 96 December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ $ — $ — — $ 215,434 (5,783) 209,651 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following table sets forth the interest expense recognized related to the Notes: Contractual interest expense Amortization of issuance costs Amortization of debt discount Total interest expense Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) $ $ 1,725 $ 3,778 — 5,503 $ 1,725 $ 2,499 33,309 37,533 $ 1,725 1,340 11,564 14,629 Interest expense of $5.5 million, $37.5 million, and $14.6 million is reflected as a component of interest expense, net in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Note 9. Acquisitions WildHealth In February 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the equity of WildHealth, Inc. (“WildHealth”), which leverages advanced machine learning to combine DNA analysis, biometrics, microbiome testing and phenotypic data to provide people with a blueprint for truly optimized health and a maximized health span, for a total purchase price of $22.3 million. The purchase price consisted of approximately $4.6 million in cash and $17.7 million in shares of common stock of the Company. As part of the purchase price, the Company issued 776,825 common shares that had a total fair value of $20.8 million based on the closing market price of $26.81 on the acquisition date of February 7, 2022. This acquisition is part of the Company’s strategy to accelerate its technology-driven healthcare offerings by combining a rich healthcare data platform with Conversational AI to enable B2B healthcare brands to scale and personalize patient engagement. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. In connection with the acquisition, the Company entered into stock forfeiture agreements with certain employees of WildHealth, under which a portion of the purchase price will be subject to vesting conditions based on continuing employment post acquisition. The Company has allocated the purchase consideration subject to the stock forfeiture agreements between pre and post combination periods. Former stockholders of WildHealth have the right to receive in the aggregate up to an additional $120.0 million earn- out (to be settled in the Company’s equity or cash at the Company’s election, but with the cash election restricted to 18.0 percent of the total earn-out) based upon satisfaction of certain financial milestones over the period from October 31, 2022 through December 31, 2025. The Company has accounted for the earn-out as a compensation arrangement in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation,” pursuant to which such earn-out payments are liability classified to be recognized over the requisite service periods. For the earn-outs, the Company accrued $42.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, which is reflected as a component of Other liabilities and accrued expenses and Other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and as a component of stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The purchase price allocation resulted in approximately $15.5 million of goodwill and $8.3 million of intangible assets. WildHealth is part of the Business Segment and is a separate reporting unit. Goodwill is primarily attributed to synergies from future expected economic benefits, including enhanced revenue growth from expanded capabilities. The goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes. The intangible assets are being amortized over their expected period of benefit. A deferred tax liability for the identified intangibles has been recorded for $1.6 million. The Company recorded an indemnification asset of $1.2 million relating to a pre-acquisition liability assumed. The following table summarizes the fair value amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date: 97 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Assets acquired: Cash Other current assets Fixed assets Intangible assets Other assets Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed: Current liabilities assumed Deferred tax liabilities Other liabilities assumed Total liabilities assumed Net assets acquired Total acquisition consideration Goodwill WildHealth Acquisition (In thousands) $ $ $ $ 1,353 382 248 8,300 1,037 11,320 (1,463) (1,603) (1,500) (4,566) 6,754 22,265 15,511 Other current assets acquired in connection with the acquisition consisted primarily of accounts receivable and other short term assets. Current liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition consisted primarily of accounts payable, deferred revenue and other short term liabilities. The following summarizes the intangible assets acquired by category: Amortizing intangible assets: Developed technology Trade name Fellowship content Total amortizing intangible assets Fair Value (In thousands) Useful life (In years) $ $ 7,100 600 600 8,300 5.0 5.0 5.0 The Company applied a multi-period excess earnings method of the income approach to estimate the fair values of the intangible assets acquired. The intangible assets acquired in the business acquisition were developed technology, trade name, and fellowship content for the fair value of $8.3 million, determined based on the estimated fair value of expected after-tax cash flows attributable to annual recurring revenue from customers. The Company applied various estimates and assumptions with respect to forecasted revenue growth rates, the revenue attributable to the existing customers over time and the discount rate. The fair values assigned to the other tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of the business combination were based on management’s estimates and assumptions. The Company began amortizing the intangible assets on the date of acquisition over a period of five years based on expected future cash flow. The amortization expense is recorded to amortization of purchased intangibles in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company incurred $2.0 million in acquisition costs related to the WildHealth transaction that was expensed in the period incurred, of which $0.4 million was expensed for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, and is included in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Pro Forma Financial Information The following unaudited pro forma information presents the combined results of operations as if the acquisition of WildHealth had been completed as of the beginning of the Company’s fiscal year 2021. The unaudited pro forma results include adjustments primarily related to the amortization of intangible assets and the inclusion of acquisition costs as of the earliest period presented. 98 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The unaudited pro forma results do not reflect any cost saving synergies from operating efficiencies, or the effect of the incremental costs incurred from integrating this company. For pro forma purposes, 2022 earnings were adjusted to exclude acquisition-related costs, and 2021 earnings were adjusted to include these costs. Accordingly, these unaudited pro forma results are presented for informational purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations of the combined company would have been if the acquisition had occurred at the beginning of the period presented, nor are they indicative of future results of operations. The unaudited pro forma financial information was as follows: Revenue Net Loss December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ $ 515,035 $ 472,626 (224,773) $ (132,994) The amount of revenue and net loss of the WildHealth acquisition included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations from the acquisition date to December 31, 2022 was $9.9 million and $23.4 million, respectively. e-Bot7 In July 2021, the Company acquired e-bot7 GmbH (“e-bot7”), a Conversational AI company based in Germany for a purchase price of $50.7 million. This acquisition is accounted for as a part of the Company’s Business segment. This transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The purchase price consisted of approximately $24.3 million in cash, $20.2 million in shares of common stock of the Company, and potential earn-out consideration of up to $8.8 million in common stock of the Company, which is based on achieving certain objectives and milestones and is included as part of the purchase price. The current fair value of the earn-out is $8.3 million. Also as part of the transaction, there is a potential earn-out consideration of up to $4.4 million payable in common stock of the Company that is being treated as compensation expense throughout the earning period. The earn-out consideration cannot exceed the maximum base earn-out consideration of $3.9 million. The base earn-out payment consists of the revenue earn-out payment only. The fair value of the revenue earn-out consideration is approximately $1.0 million of the current fair value of the earn-out of $8.3 million. The Company incurred $1.5 million in acquisition costs for this transaction that were expensed in the year ended December 31, 2021, and were included in General and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company incurred $0.04 million in acquisition costs related to the e-bot7 transaction that was expensed for the year ended December 31, 2022 and is included in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The purchase price allocation resulted in approximately $45.1 million of goodwill and $7.7 million of intangible assets. The goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes. The intangible assets are being amortized over their expected period of benefit. A deferred tax liability for the identified intangibles has been recorded. Tenfold In October 2021, the Company acquired Callinize Inc., dba Tenfold (“Tenfold”), a leading customer experience integration platform operating in the United States. Tenfold was built to integrate the world’s leading communication service providers with the leading CRM and support systems. The purchase price was $112.2 million. This acquisition is accounted for as a part of the Company’s Business segment. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The purchase price consisted of approximately $56.9 million in cash, $42.0 million in shares of common stock of the Company, potential earn-out consideration of up to $6.9 million in common stock of the Company, which is based on achieving certain objectives and milestones and is included as part of the purchase price, and replacement options of $6.4 million, which means an option granted by LivePerson to purchase its common stock granted under the Callinize Inc. dba Tenfold 2015 Stock Plan, as amended most recently as of June 26, 2019 (the “Tenfold Stock Plan”), whether vested or unvested. The current fair value of the earn-out 99 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS is $7.2 million, of which $2.0 million payable in common stock of the Company is being treated as compensation expense over the earning period. The earn-out consideration cannot exceed the maximum earn-out consideration of $14.3 million. As part of the acquisition, the Company also assumed the Tenfold Stock Plan and the outstanding vested and unvested options to purchase shares of common stock of Tenfold thereunder, and such options become exercisable to purchase shares of LivePerson’s common stock, subject to appropriate adjustments to the number of shares and the exercise price of each such option. In connection with the above, the Company registered 60,082,513 vested shares and 42,964,711 unvested shares under the Tenfold Stock Plan. We estimated the fair value of the aforementioned vested and unvested options at the completion of the acquisition at $31.5 million. Of the total consideration, $13.5 million was allocated to the purchase price (with $7.1 million of this paid in cash instead of shares), $4.0 million was related to earn-outs and escrow that were held back, $2.4 million was accelerated and expensed immediately following the closing, and $11.6 million was allocated to future services and will be expensed over the remaining requisite service periods of approximately four years on a straight-line basis. The estimated fair value of the stock options was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The share conversion ratio of 0.0055 was applied to convert Tenfold’s outstanding stock awards into shares of LivePerson’s common stock. The purchase price allocation resulted in approximately $71.8 million of goodwill and $41.2 million of intangible assets. The goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes. The intangible assets are being amortized over their expected period of benefit. A deferred tax liability for the identified intangibles has been recorded. VoiceBase In October 2021, the Company acquired VoiceBase, Inc. (“VoiceBase”), a leader in real-time speech recognition and voice analytics platform operating in the United States for a purchase price of $111.4 million. This acquisition is accounted for as a part of the Company’s Business segment. This transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The purchase price consisted of approximately $17.1 million in cash, $63.8 million in shares of common stock of the Company, a management retention plan (“MIP”) of $9.3 million to be paid in shares of common stock of the Company, potential earn-out consideration of up to $16.7 million in common stock of the Company, which is based on achieving certain objectives and milestones and is included as part of the purchase price, and replacement options of $4.5 million, which means an option granted by LivePerson to purchase its common stock granted under the VoiceBase, Inc. 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “VoiceBase Stock Plan”), whether vested or unvested. The current fair value of the earn-out is $17.3 million, of which $6.0 million payable in common stock of the Company is being treated as compensation expense over the earning period. The earn-out consideration cannot exceed the maximum earn-out consideration of $29.5 million. The MIP is a retention plan for the VoiceBase employees payable in two installments; 50% after the Company shares are registered with the SEC and 50% after January 1, 2022, but no later than March 16, 2022. These payments were made in 2022, in accordance with the agreement. As part of the acquisition, the Company also assumed the VoiceBase Stock Plan and the outstanding vested and unvested options to purchase shares of common stock of VoiceBase thereunder, and such options become exercisable to purchase shares of LivePerson’s common stock, subject to appropriate adjustments to the number of shares and the exercise price of each such option. In connection with the above, the Company registered 16,322,217 vested shares and 5,167,530 unvested shares under the VoiceBase Stock Plan. We estimated fair value of the aforementioned vested and unvested options at the completion of the acquisition at $5.9 million. Of the total consideration, $4.5 million was allocated to the purchase price, $0.8 million was accelerated and expensed immediately following the closing, and $0.7 million was allocated to future services and will be expensed over the remaining requisite service periods. Vesting schedules vary based on the VoiceBase Stock Plan. The estimated fair value of the stock options was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The share conversion ratio of 0.0091 was applied to convert VoiceBase’s outstanding stock awards into shares of LivePerson’s common stock. The purchase price allocation resulted in approximately $81.3 million of goodwill and $28.8 million of intangible assets. The goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes. The intangible assets are being amortized over their expected period of benefit. A deferred tax liability for the identified intangibles has been recorded. 100 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 10. Leases The Company has operating and finance leases for its corporate offices and other service agreements. Our leases have remaining lease terms of less than one to four years, some of which include options to extend. For leases with a lease term greater than 12 months, right-of-use assets (“ROU assets”) and lease liabilities are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at the commencement date based on the present value of the remaining fixed lease payments and includes only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of commencement. In connection with the leases, the Company recognized operating lease right-of-use assets of $1.6 million and $2.0 million and an aggregate lease liability of $2.8 million and $6.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. On July 13, 2020, the Company announced its decision to transition to an employee-centric model under which employees will work remotely rather than in traditional offices. In connection with this decision, the Company abandoned 14 leases in its global portfolio of office leases during 2020. As a result, the Company recognized accelerated amortization to fully reduce the carrying value of the associated right-of-use assets between the decision date and the cease use date. During the second quarter of 2021, the Company decided to reoccupy some of its leased space to provide its employees with the option of working in an office space environment. There were no changes to the accounting for the lease liabilities associated with the leased office spaces. During 2022, the Company had a $0.2 million gain resulting from the settlement of leases, compared to a $3.5 million gain for 2021. As of December 31, 2022, due to a dispute in connection with one of the leases in Israel, the Company was required to pledge cash as collateral security to be maintained at an Israeli bank. The collateral security would remain in control of the bank, to be available in order to satisfy outstanding obligations under the lease contracts. Accordingly, the Company had cash at an Israeli bank of approximately $0.2 million at December 31, 2022 and approximately $1.5 million at December 31, 2021, which is recorded as restricted cash in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. In the third quarter of 2021, the Company entered into a new lease in Australia and was required to pledge $0.2 million in cash as collateral security, which is also recorded as restricted cash in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company continues to actively assess its global lease portfolio. However, any additional de-recognition of right- of-use assets and incurrence of various one-time expenses in connection with early termination of additional leases are not expected to be material to its financial condition or results of operations. Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the periods listed are as follows: Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows for operating leases Operating cash flows for finance leases Financing cash flows for finance leases The components of lease costs for the periods listed are as follows: Finance lease cost Amortization of right-of-use assets Interest Operating lease cost Total lease cost 101 Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) 4,885 $ 196 3,734 2,927 $ 362 3,554 4,901 88 1,154 Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) 3,690 $ 196 11,332 15,218 $ 3,718 $ 362 8,912 12,992 $ 772 88 12,649 13,509 $ $ $ LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term: Operating leases Finance leases Weighted Average Discount Rate: Operating leases Finance leases Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows: Assets Operating ROU assets Finance ROU assets Liabilities Current liabilities: Operating lease liability Finance lease liability Non-current liabilities: Operating lease liability Finance lease liability Classification on the Consolidated Balance Sheet Operating lease ROU assets Property and equipment, net Operating lease liability Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Operating lease liability, net of current portion Other liabilities December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 1.5 years 1.1 years 2.5 years 2.0 years 7 % 4 % 7 % 4 % December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (In thousands) $ $ 1,604 $ 3,083 1,977 6,797 2,160 $ 2,569 682 191 3,380 3,738 2,733 2,780 Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating and finance leases (with an initial or remaining lease term in excess of one year) are as follows: Year Ending December 31, 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Total minimum lease payments Less: present value adjustment Present value of lease liabilities December 31, 2022 Operating Leases Finance Leases (In thousands) $ $ 2,320 $ 346 330 137 — — 3,133 (291) 2,842 $ 2,615 115 86 — — — 2,816 (56) 2,760 Rental expense for operating leases and other service agreements was approximately $15.2 million, $13.0 million and $13.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Note 11. Fair Value Measurements 102 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The Company measures its cash equivalents at fair value based on an expected exit price as defined by the authoritative guidance on fair value measurements, which represents the amount that would be received on the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability, as the case may be, in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value may be based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis whereby inputs, used in valuation techniques, are assigned a hierarchical level. The following are the hierarchical levels of inputs to measure fair value: • • • Level 1: Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2: Inputs reflect: quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities; or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflecting the Company’s assumptions incorporated in valuation techniques used to determine fair value. These assumptions are required to be consistent with market participant assumptions that are reasonably available. Financial Assets and Liabilities The carrying amount of cash, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to their short- term nature. The Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by level, within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, are summarized as follows: Assets: Cash equivalents: Money market funds Total assets Liabilities: Earn-outs treated as contingent consideration Earn-outs treated as liability awards Total liabilities Assets: Cash equivalents: Money market funds Total assets Liabilities: Contingent earn-out Total liabilities December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (In thousands) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 308,295 $ 308,295 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 308,295 308,295 — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 20,722 $ 51,499 $ 72,221 $ 20,722 51,499 72,221 December 31, 2021 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (In thousands) 416,178 $ 416,178 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 416,178 416,178 — $ — $ — $ — $ 29,686 $ 29,686 $ 29,686 29,686 In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible as well as considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of 103 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS fair value. Observable or market inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions based on the best information available. The Company’s money market funds are measured at fair value on a recurring basis based on quoted market prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s contingent earn-out liability is measured at fair value on a recurring basis and is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. On a nonrecurring basis, the Company uses fair value measures when analyzing asset impairment. Long-lived tangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If it is determined such indicators are present and the review indicates that the assets will not be fully recoverable, based on undiscounted estimated cash flows over the remaining amortization periods, their carrying values are reduced to estimated fair value. The Company uses an income approach and inputs that constitute Level 3. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes, as further described in Note 8 – Convertible Senior Notes, Net and Capped Call Transactions above, was approximately $512.9 million. Management determines the fair value by utilizing an independent valuation specialist using the antithetic variable technique and is considered a Level 2 fair value measurement. The changes in fair value of the Level 3 liabilities are as follows: Balance, Beginning of year Additions in the period Change in fair value of contingent consideration Change in fair value of liability awards Payments Balance, End of year December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ $ 29,830 61,920 (8,516) (11,013) — 72,221 $ — 29,830 — 132 (132) 29,830 Certain former stakeholders of the Company’s acquisitions are eligible to receive additional cash or share considerations based on the attainment of certain operating metrics in the periods subsequent to the acquisitions of e-bot7, Tenfold and VoiceBase. These earn-out arrangements are accounted for as either contingent considerations arrangements or compensation arrangements. Contingent considerations are fair valued using significant inputs that are not observable in the market. The earn-outs determined to be compensatory are remeasured each reporting period based on whether the performance targets are probable of being achieved and recognized over the related service periods. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $49.3 million as a component of stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $2.2 million as a component of stock based compensation expense. Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies Employee Benefit Plans The Company has a 401(k) defined contribution plan covering all eligible employees. The Company’s 401(k) policy is a Safe Harbor Plan, whereby the Company matches 100% of the first 3% of eligible compensation and 50% of the next 2% of eligible compensation. Furthermore, the match is immediately vested. Total Company matching contributions were $5.4 million, $3.7 million, and $3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Letters of Credit As of December 31, 2022, the Company had letters of credit totaling $0.7 million outstanding as a security deposit for the due performance by the Company of the terms and conditions of a supply contract. 104 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Indemnifications The Company enters into service and license agreements in its ordinary course of business. Pursuant to some of these agreements, the Company agrees to indemnify certain customers from and against certain types of claims and losses suffered or incurred by them as a result of using the Company’s products. The Company also has agreements whereby its executive officers and directors are indemnified for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was serving, at the Company’s request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has a directors and officers insurance policy that reduces its exposure and enables the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. As a result of its insurance policy coverage, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. The Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Non-Income Related Taxes The Company is in the process of finalizing its sales tax liability analysis for states in which it has economic nexus. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company determined it was probable the Company would be subject to sales tax liabilities plus applicable interest in these states and has estimated the potential exposure to range between $2.5 million to $6.3 million. The Company determined that its best estimate of what would be reasonably expected for the Company to settle the potential exposure was $2.5 million and accordingly, the Company accrued this amount with a corresponding charge to earnings as of March 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2022, there is a $1.1 million accrual balance for sales tax liabilities. The decrease in the balance of this accrual is primarily due to payments made for the sales tax liabilities. Note 13. Stockholders’ Equity Common Stock As December 31, 2022, there were 200,000,000 shares of common stock authorized, and 78,350,984 and 75,584,911 shares issued and outstanding, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, there were 200,000,000 shares of common stock authorized, and 74,980,546 and 72,234,303 shares issued and outstanding, respectively. The par value for the common stock is $0.001 per share. Preferred Stock As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized, and zero shares issued and outstanding. The par value for the preferred stock is $0.001 per share. 105 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Stock-Based Compensation The Company’s stock-based compensation generally includes stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance-vesting restricted stock units (“PRSUs”), and purchases under the Company’s 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs is based on the market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant and the related expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period. The stock-based compensation expense related to PRSUs is estimated at the grant date based on the expectation that performance goals will be achieved at the stated target level. The amount of compensation cost recognized depends on the relative satisfaction of the performance condition based on performance to date. Stock Option Plans The Company’s 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the “2019 Plan”), became effective on April 11, 2019. The 2019 Plan allows the Company to grant incentive stock options and RSUs to its employees and directors to participate in the Company’s future performance through stock-based awards at the discretion of the board of directors. On April 19, 2021, the Company’s board of directors amended the plan and authorized 5,000,000 new shares for issuance. The number of shares authorized for issuance is 40,067,744 shares in the aggregate. Options to acquire common stock granted thereunder have ten-year terms. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 1.2 million shares of common stock remained available for issuance (taking into account all option exercises and other equity award settlements through December 31, 2022). Employee Stock Purchase Plan There are 1,000,000 shares authorized and reserved for issuance under the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 0.4 million shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (taking into account all share purchases through December 31, 2022). Inducement Plan There are 6,159,009 shares of common stock authorized and reserved for issuance under the Inducement Plan. On February 9, 2022, the Company’s board of directors amended the plan and authorized 2,790,961 new shares for issuance. As of December 31, 2022, 0.9 million shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the Inducement Plan (taking into account all option exercises and other equity award settlements through December 31, 2022). 106 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Stock Option Activity A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and weighted average exercise prices follows: Balance outstanding at December 31, 2019 Granted Exercised Cancelled or expired Balance outstanding at December 31, 2020 Options vested and expected to vest Options exercisable at December 31, 2020 Balance outstanding at December 31, 2020 Granted Exercised Cancelled or expired Balance outstanding at December 31, 2021 Options vested and expected to vest Options exercisable at December 31, 2021 Balance outstanding at December 31, 2021 Granted Exercised Cancelled or expired Balance outstanding at December 31, 2022 Options vested and expected to vest Options exercisable at December 31, 2022 Stock Option Activity Options (In thousands) Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (In years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands) 5,799 $ 737 (1,683) (521) 4,332 $ 1,470 $ 2,280 $ 4,332 $ 1,705 (863) (392) 4,782 $ 1,419 $ 2,564 $ 4,782 $ 993 (264) (1,052) 4,459 $ 1,047 $ 2,758 $ 16.57 31.21 12.69 23.27 19.78 23.88 14.80 19.78 48.24 13.55 32.94 27.52 36.41 17.87 27.52 20.34 5.07 41.56 24.25 29.80 21.26 7.04 8.44 5.65 $ $ $ 183,825 56,382 108,128 6.77 8.61 5.05 $ $ $ 62,300 11,387 46,932 6.08 8.06 4.94 $ $ $ 1,327 242 986 The total fair value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $11.3 million and $6.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $18.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.5 years. The per share weighted average fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $10.20, $28.68, and $13.84, respectively. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions for the periods presented: Dividend yield Risk-free interest rate Expected life (in years) Historical volatility Year Ended December 31, 2022 —% 2021 —% 2020 —% 1.62% – 4.20% 0.46% – 1.33% 0.26% – 0.66% 5 5 5 53.87% – 64.13% 53.51% – 54.55% 46.50% – 53.91% 107 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS A description of the methods used in the significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock-based-based compensation awards follows: • • • • Dividend yield – The Company uses 0% as it has never issued dividends and does not anticipate issuing dividends in the near term. Risk-free interest rate – The Company uses the market yield on U.S. Treasury securities at five years with constant maturity, representing the current expected life of stock options in years. Expected life – The Company uses historical data to estimate the expected life of a stock option. Historical volatility – The Company uses a trailing five year from grant date to determine volatility. Restricted Stock Unit and Performance-Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Activity A summary of the Company’s RSUs and PRSUs activity and weighted average exercise prices follows: Restricted Stock Unit Activity Number of Shares (In thousands) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (Per Share) Aggregate Fair Value (In thousands) Balance outstanding at December 31, 2019 3,049 $ 24.73 $ 112,848 Awarded Released Forfeited 2,530 (1,906) (723) 26.51 23.40 25.19 Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2020 2,950 $ 27.00 $ 183,781 Balance outstanding at December 31, 2020 2,950 $ 27.00 $ 183,781 Awarded Released Forfeited 3,066 (1,596) (688) Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2021 3,732 $ 43.63 $ 133,308 Balance outstanding at December 31, 2021 3,732 $ 43.63 $ 133,308 Awarded Released Forfeited Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2022 Expected to vest 4,927 (1,938) (1,486) 5,235 $ 3,280 $ 25.42 $ 25.87 $ 53,080 33,260 RSUs granted to employees generally vest over a three to four-year period, or upon achievement of certain performance conditions. As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to nonvested RSUs and PRSUs was approximately $109.1 million and the weighted-average remaining vesting period was 2.7 years. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company opted to settle cash awards related to the bonus entirely in cash. The Company accrued approximately $10.4 million for cash awards related to bonus, and recorded a corresponding expense which is included as a component of operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company accrued approximately $18.4 million for cash awards related to bonuses to be settled in shares of the Company’s stock and recorded a corresponding expense, which is included as a component of stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and cash flows was $109.6 million, $69.7 million, and $65.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. 108 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 14. Restructuring During the second quarter of 2022, LivePerson began a restructuring initiative to realign the Company’s cost structure to better reflect significant product and business model innovation and changes over the past year due to acquisitions and factors outside the control of the Company. As part of the restructuring initiative, the Company reoriented its global product and engineering organization for greater efficiency and focus, and reallocated some spending to increase its investment in customer success and go-to-market initiatives. The Company believes these initiatives will better align resources to provide further operating flexibility and position the business for long-term success. In connection with the restructuring initiatives, the Company recognized restructuring costs of $19.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, which is included in restructuring costs in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The majority of these costs relate to the Company’s Business segment. Such costs primarily include severance and other compensation costs. In 2020, the Company went through a re-evaluation of its real estate needs. Following this re-evaluation, commencing in July 2020, the Company significantly reduced the real estate space it leases, resulting in the removal of the associated right- of-use assets. Furthermore, this resulted in various one-time expenses in connection with the abandonment of the majority of the Company’s leased facilities. The lease restructuring costs noted below are a result of this transition to an employee-centric model. The following table presents the detail of the liability for the Company’s restructuring charges, which is included within accrued expenses and other current liabilities within the accompanying consolidated balance sheet, for the periods presented: Balance at January 1 Lease restructuring costs Severance and other associated costs Cash payments Balance at December 31 December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ $ 1,694 $ 442 19,525 (20,858) 803 $ 4,732 724 2,673 (6,435) 1,694 The following table presents the detail of expenses for the Company’s restructuring charges for the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (In thousands) $ $ — $ — 442 442 — $ — 724 724 19,525 19,967 $ 2,673 3,397 $ 13,938 5,147 5,245 24,330 5,090 29,420 Lease restructuring costs: ROU assets write down Abandonment of property and equipment Other lease restructuring costs Total lease restructuring costs Severance and other associated costs Total restructuring costs Note 15. Legal Matters 109 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS [24]7 Litigation The Company filed an intellectual property suit (the “Company IP Suit”) against [24]7 Customer, Inc. (“[24]7”) on March 6, 2014 seeking damages on the grounds that [24]7 reverse engineered and misappropriated the Company’s technology and misused the Company’s business information. On June 22, 2015 and December 7, 2015, [24]7 filed separate countersuits (together, the “Countersuits”) against the Company in the Northern District of California (the “Court”) alleging patent infringement. Trial with respect to the Company IP Suit occurred on May 24, 2021 and the jury awarded approximately $30.3 million in favor of the Company. The Company and [24]7 subsequently reached agreement on the terms of a permanent injunction, and that additional costs were owed to the Company in the amount of $0.4 million. On July 28, 2022, the Court granted the Company’s motion for interest, awarding an additional approximately $4.3 million. 24[7] appealed the judgment in favor of the Company with respect to the Company IP Suit in August 2022. In addition, further litigation between the parties to adjudicate the Countersuits had been set for late 2023, and another trial with respect to the Company’s remaining trade secret claims against [24]7 was set for early 2024. On February 20, 2023, the Company and [24]7 entered into a binding Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) detailing the terms for settlement and resolution of all litigation matters between the parties. The terms of the resolution are confidential, and provide for an up front settlement as well as entry into a commercial agreement between the parties. All litigation matters between the parties are stayed pending final documentation of the resolution as set forth in the binding MOU, following dismissal of all litigation matters between the parties with prejudice is expected. COVID-Related Matters As has been widely reported, there is heightened scrutiny by the federal government across many programs related to COVID-19 that were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary WildHealth were each previously engaged in the delivery of products and services related to COVID-19 testing, and have been subsequently subject to governmental inquiries with respect to those COVID-19 related products and services, including inquires by Medicare, the Department of Justice and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“governmental agencies”). In November 2022, a professional corporation managed by WildHealth received notice that Medicare reimbursements for its services rendered under a Medicare demonstration program related to COVID-19 testing (the “Program”) were suspended pending further review. Subsequently, WildHealth has received and is responding to inquiries from additional governmental agencies with respect to its participation in the Program. The Company previously provided other products and services related to COVID-19 testing and accompanying software. Those COVID-19 related products and services have also been the subject of inquiry and pending review by governmental agencies. The Company and WildHealth have discontinued all products and services related to COVID-19, and have responded to and intend to continue to cooperate with governmental inquiries related to their previous engagement in COVID-19 related product and service offerings. General From time to time, the Company is involved in or subject to legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings, claims, demands, and investigations arising in the ordinary course of business, including direct claims brought by or against the Company with respect to intellectual property, contracts, employment and other matters, as well as claims brought against the Company’s customers for whom the Company has a contractual indemnification obligation. The Company accrues for a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and the determination as to whether a loss is reasonably estimable. In addition, in the event the Company determines that a loss is not probable, but is reasonably possible, and it becomes possible to develop what the Company believes to be a reasonable range of possible loss, then the Company will include disclosure related to such matter as appropriate and in compliance with ASC 450. The accruals or estimates, if any, resulting from the foregoing analysis, are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. To the extent there is a reasonable possibility that the losses could exceed the amounts already accrued, the Company will, as applicable, adjust the accrual in the period the determination is made, disclose an estimate of the additional loss or range of loss, indicate that the estimate is immaterial with respect to its financial statements as a whole or, if the amount of such adjustment cannot be 110 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS reasonably estimated, disclose that an estimate cannot be made. From time to time, third parties assert claims against the Company regarding intellectual property rights, privacy issues, and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business. Note 16. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences are expected to become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The Company includes interest accrued on the underpayment of income taxes in interest expense and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in general and administrative expenses. The Company recorded a valuation allowance against its U.S. and Germany deferred tax assets as it considered its cumulative loss in recent years as a significant piece of negative evidence. Since valuation allowances are evaluated on a jurisdiction basis, the Company believes that the deferred tax assets related to LivePerson Australia Holdings Pty. Ltd., LivePerson (UK) Limited, Kasamba Inc., LivePerson Japan and LivePerson Ltd. are more likely than not to be realized as these jurisdictions have positive cumulative pre-tax book income after adjusting for permanent and one-time items. During the year ended December 31, 2022, there was an increase in the valuation allowance recorded of $80.5 million. The Company had a valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 of $187.5 million, $107.1 million, and $55.4 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase in the valuation allowance in the amount of $38.8 million was recorded as an expense, an additional increase of $0.5 million was recorded to goodwill against acquired federal and state net operating losses and due to the adoption of ASU 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, the Company recorded an increase of the valuation allowance to other comprehensive income of $41.2 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase in the valuation allowance in the amount of $34.3 million was recorded as an expense and an additional increase of $17.4 million was recorded to goodwill against acquired federal and state net operating losses. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), the Company’s use of its federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards may be limited if the Company experiences an ownership change, as defined in Section 382 of the Code. The use of NOLs from acquired businesses may also be limited under Section 382. Such an annual limitation could result in the expiration of the NOL carryforwards before utilization. Corresponding provisions of state law may limit the Company’s ability to utilize NOL carryforwards for state tax purposes. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $532.6 million of federal NOL carryforwards available to offset future taxable income. Included in this amount is $0.8 million of federal NOL carryovers from the Company’s acquisition of Proficient in 2006, $49.4 million of federal NOL carryovers from the Company’s acquisition of Tenfold in 2021, $64.9 million of federal NOL carryovers from the Company’s acquisition of VoiceBase in 2021 and $2.0 million of federal NOL carryovers from the Company’s acquisition of WildHealth in 2022. Approximately $58.2 million of these federal NOL carryforwards were generated in taxable years ending on or before December 31, 2017 and will expire in various years through 2037. Federal NOL carryforwards generated in taxable years ending after December 31, 2017, do not expire, but generally may only offset up to 80% of federal taxable income earned in a taxable year. 111 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The domestic and foreign components of income (loss) before provision for (benefit from) income taxes consist of the following: United States Israel United Kingdom Netherlands Australia Germany Other (1) Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (In thousands) (220,060) $ 1,464 1,428 2,514 533 (10,400) 501 (224,020) $ (128,210) $ 1,414 1,145 3,629 755 (6,450) 339 (127,378) $ $ $ (113,689) 2,214 536 3,398 1,663 243 507 (105,128) —————————————— (1) Includes Bulgaria, Canada, France, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Singapore, and Spain No additional provision has been made for U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of its wholly-owned Israeli subsidiary, LivePerson Ltd., as such earnings have been taxed in the U.S. and accumulated earnings of the Company’s other foreign subsidiaries are immaterial through December 31, 2022. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes consists of the following: Current income taxes: U.S. Federal State and local Foreign Total current income taxes Deferred income taxes: U.S. Federal State and local Foreign Total deferred income taxes Total provision for (benefit from) income taxes Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (In thousands) $ $ — $ 431 2,458 2,889 (22) $ 159 3,698 3,835 (1,153) 79 (88) (1,162) 1,727 $ (2,908) 20 (3,351) (6,239) (2,404) $ (581) 59 2,408 1,886 (151) 459 272 580 2,466 112 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The difference between the total income taxes computed at the federal statutory rate and the provision for income taxes consists of the following: Federal statutory rate State taxes, net of federal benefit Non-deductible expenses – stock based compensation Non-deductible expenses – earn-out Non-deductible excess compensation Foreign taxes Valuation allowance Stock based compensation – excess tax benefit / (tax deficiency) Other Total provision Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 21.00 % 2.89 % (1.30) % (3.96) % (0.14) % (0.15) % (17.33) % (2.12) % 0.33 % (0.78) % 21.00 % 4.83 % (1.73) % — % (2.30) % (0.86) % (26.92) % 6.58 % 1.29 % 1.89 % 21.00 % 4.82 % (1.21) % — % (5.52) % (3.98) % (30.87) % 9.93 % 3.48 % (2.35) % The effects of temporary differences and federal NOL carryforwards that give rise to significant portions of federal deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of the dates presented: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards Foreign tax credit R&D tax credit Original issue discount Interest Operating lease liability Accounts payable and accrued expenses Non-cash compensation R&D capitalization Allowance for doubtful accounts Total deferred tax assets Less valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Property and equipment Intangibles amortization Goodwill amortization and contingent earn-out adjustments Convertible notes issuance Outside basis difference in subsidiary stock Operating lease right-of-use asset Total deferred tax liabilities $ 141,011 $ 1,222 1,761 9,515 2,665 760 7,270 17,271 39,182 5,091 225,748 (187,525) 38,223 (15,105) (13,142) (7,012) — (567) (524) (36,350) Net deferred tax assets $ 1,873 $ 141,930 1,222 1,761 13,530 4,188 3,145 7,010 13,591 — 1,280 187,657 (107,061) 80,596 (12,586) (15,361) (6,165) (41,666) — (1,833) (77,611) 2,985 We have income tax NOL carryforwards related to federal, Australian, and German income tax carryforwards of $532.6 million, $1.9 million, and $19.3 million, respectively. The Australian and German NOLs can be carried forward indefinitely. For the federal NOLs, $474.5 million can be carried forward indefinitely, $0.8 million will expire between 2023 113 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS and 2026, and $57.3 million will expire between 2030 and 2037. We have $380.5 million of state NOLs, of which $78.4 million can be carried forward indefinitely and $302.1 million expire between 2023 and 2042. ASC 740-10 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements in accordance with other provisions contained within this guidance. This topic prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate audit settlement. The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $2.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and $2.9 million as of December 31, 2021, respectively. Accrued interest and penalties included in the Company’s liability related to unrecognized tax benefits and recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities were immaterial at December 31, 2022 and 2021. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Unrecognized tax benefits balance at January 1 Increase due to business combinations Gross decrease for tax positions of prior years Gross increase for tax positions of current years Decrease due to settlement Uncertain tax basis classified as held-for-sale liabilities Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31 Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) 2020 $ $ 2,917 $ — — 205 — (401) 2,721 $ 3,615 $ 488 — 376 (1,562) — 2,917 $ 2,053 — (438) 2,984 (984) — 3,615 The tax years subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions include the years 2016 and forward for U.S. states and New York City, the years 2017 and forward for U.S. Federal, and the years 2015 and forward for certain foreign jurisdictions. Tax Legislation On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law. The IRA imposes a number of significant changes, including, among other things, a 15% minimum tax on the book income of certain corporations and a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks by U.S. public companies. Only limited guidance has been issued to date with respect to these changes. The Company does not currently expect the tax-related provisions of the IRA to have a material impact on its financial results. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act was signed into law making several changes to the Code. The changes include, but are not limited to: increasing the limitation on the amount of deductible interest expense, allowing companies to carryback certain net operating losses, and increasing the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that corporations can use to offset taxable income. As a result of the CARES Act, the Company filed refund claims relating to prior years totaling $0.6 million. A statutory rate change in the United Kingdom was enacted as of the balance sheet date ending December 31, 2021. Effective April 1, 2023, the tax rate will increase from 19% to 25%. The Company assessed and concluded the impact of the rate change is immaterial to its deferred taxes. Note 17. Equity Method Investment On February 13, 2022, the Company and Pasaca Capital Inc. (“Pasaca”) entered into a joint venture agreement (the “JV Agreement”) to form Claire, a joint venture to build, create, and administer a marketplace for health and well-being diagnostic testing. Claire is intended to operate an app store-like platform to make medical testing and accessing results easier and more informative. Claire is being developed with the goal of creating a single place to shop for testing services from numerous testing providers, including Claire-branded tests and at-home tests. Pursuant to the terms of the JV Agreement, the Company agreed to contribute a total of $19.0 million over a five-year period in exchange for a 19.2% ownership interest in Claire. Pasaca agreed to contribute $80.0 million to Claire over a five-year period in exchange for an 80.8% ownership interest 114 LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS in Claire. As of December 31, 2022, $9.1 million remained to be contributed to Claire by the Company under the terms of the JV Agreement. The Company accounts for its 19.2% interest in Claire using the equity method of accounting. The Company recorded its ownership percentage of losses of Claire in Other (expense) income, net for $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s equity method investment was $2.3 million and was included in Investment in joint venture on the consolidated balance sheet. Note 18. Variable Interest Entities The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with ASC 810, which provides for the consolidation of variable interest entities (“VIEs”) of which the Company is the primary beneficiary. In February 2022, the Company acquired WildHealth as well as certain variable interests that WildHealth has in four Professional Corporations (“PCs”). The PCs are owned by a medical practitioner in accordance with certain state laws which restrict the corporate practice of medicine and require medical practitioners to own such entities. WildHealth provides management and other services to the PCs in exchange for a management fee and provides financial support to the PCs through a revolving credit arrangement. WildHealth also has separate agreements with the equity holder of the PCs where it may acquire and assign such equity interests for certain PCs. The agreement entitles WildHealth to control rights sufficient to require the Company to consolidate the balance sheet and results of operations of the PCs as VIEs. The Company determined that the PCs are VIEs as WildHealth is the primary beneficiary of the PCs. The assets, liabilities, revenues, and operating results of the VIEs after elimination of intercompany transactions were not material as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. Note 19. Related Parties Related parties are defined as entities related to the Company’s directors or main shareholders as well as equity method affiliates. The Company provides services to Claire, an equity method affiliate (refer to Note 17 – Equity Method Investment for additional information on the equity method affiliate), in exchange for fees through certain transition service agreements and commercial arrangements. In accordance with the agreement between the Company and Claire, the Company will be developing the Claire platform, host the platform in LivePerson’s cloud and perform professional services to support the development and hosting of the Claire platform. These services and the stated prices are set forth in the agreement. These agreements facilitate the operations of the newly formed company by allowing Claire to operate independently prior to establishing stand-alone back-office systems across its organization. In connection with the JV Agreement, the Company entered into a transition services agreement with Claire, under which, the Company agreed to provide custom software development and managed services (Professional Services) in exchange for fees governed by the terms and conditions set forth in the Build-Out Services Agreement (the “Build-Out Services Agreement). The related fees are based on a percentage of completion of work as of January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2023. The Company also entered into commercial arrangements with Claire, which provide access to the Company’s Conversational Cloud Platform as hosting services and professional services in exchange for fees governed by the terms and conditions set forth in the Master Service Agreement (the “MSA”). In accordance with guidance under ASC 606, Claire is considered a customer of the Company and is expected to utilize its Conversational Cloud software and services in a manner similar to that of the Company’s customer base. Usage-based fees are invoiced in the aggregate in equal upfront quarterly installments beginning on January 1, 2023 and continuing through December 31, 2026. Contract terms may be extended by mutual written agreement of the parties but cannot be terminated earlier except as set forth in the Build-Out Services Agreement or MSA, as applicable. Revenues for the services provided to related parties included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations were $38.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Total unbilled invoices and account receivables were $4.8 million and $1.4 million as of December 31, 2022, respectively, and were included in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. 115 Note 20. Assets Held for Sale LIVEPERSON, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a non-binding Letter of Intent with a strategic buyer to sell Kasamba, Inc. (“Kasamba”). The transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2023. The business and its associated net assets and liabilities, which represent the Company’s entire Consumer segment, met the criteria for classification as held for sale in accordance with ASC Subtopic 360-10. As such, the net assets and liabilities associated with the transaction were measured at the lower of fair value less costs to sell or the carrying value, and are separately presented in current assets and current liabilities as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022 and depreciation of long-lived assets ceased. Pursuant to ASC 205-20, the planned divestiture did not meet the criteria for presentation as a discontinued operation. The major classes of assets and liabilities held for sale as of December 31, 2022, were as follows: Assets Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Prepaid expenses and other current assets Property and equipment, net Goodwill Deferred tax assets Total assets held for sale Liabilities Accounts payable Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Deferred revenue Total liabilities related to assets held for sale December 31, 2022 $ $ $ $ 10,011 180 825 11,223 8,024 721 30,984 4,463 5,122 772 10,357 116 Note 21. Subsequent Events On February 20, 2023, the Company and [24]7 entered into a binding Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) detailing the terms for settlement and resolution of all litigation matters between the parties. The terms of the resolution are confidential, and provide for an up front settlement as well as entry into a commercial agreement between the parties. All litigation matters between the parties are stayed pending final documentation of the resolution as set forth in the binding MOU, following dismissal of all litigation matters between the parties with prejudice is expected. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Not applicable. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures,” as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2022. Disclosure controls and procedures ensure that the information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed and summarized within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, due to certain control deficiencies which aggregated to a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as further described below, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2022. After giving full consideration to this material weakness, and the additional analyses and other procedures our management performed to ensure that the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K were prepared in accordance with GAAP, our management has concluded that the material weakness did not result in any material misstatements to our previously issued financial statements, nor in the financial statements included in this Form 10-K. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate “internal control over financial reporting,” as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the framework established in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013),” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). As a result of its review, management identified deficiencies in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 that in the aggregate constitute a material weakness as further discussed below. As a result, our management concluded that as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective. The control deficiencies, which in aggregate constitute a material weakness, were identified in connection with the Company’s previously disclosed review of certain transactions related to its subsidiary WildHealth, which was acquired in February 2022, and primarily include a combination of ineffective operation of controls and inadequate controls related to: formal review, approval, and evaluation of non-core, complex transactions as well as engagement with government agencies; segregation of duties between accounting and contracting approval functions for non-core, complex transactions; and formal review, approval and evaluation of manual journal entries. Remediation Plan Our management is committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment. In response to the material weakness discussed above, management, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, has dedicated substantial attention and resources to improve our internal controls. The identified control deficiencies are already in the process of being remediated, primarily through the development and implementation of new controls and enhanced procedures 117 for formal review, approval, and evaluation of non-core, complex transactions as well as engagement with government agencies, enhanced accounting staff, enhanced procedures for segregation of duties between accounting and contracting approval functions for non-core, complex transactions, and additional procedures and information technology systems for formal review, approval and evaluation of manual journal entries. While the foregoing measures are intended to effectively remediate the material weakness described above, it is possible that additional or amended remediation steps will be necessary. As such, the Company will continue to evaluate and implement its remediation plan, and its management may decide to take additional measures to address the control deficiencies that led to the material weakness or modify the remediation steps described above. The material weakness cannot be considered fully remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively, and we cannot at this time estimate how long it will take to successfully remediate the material weakness. Until the material weakness is remediated, the Company plans to continue to perform procedures to help ensure that its consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which appears in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In accordance with guidance issued by the SEC, companies are permitted to exclude acquisitions from their first assessment of internal control over financial reporting for the first fiscal year in which the acquisition occurred. Our evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 did not include the internal controls of WildHealth as this business was acquired in February 2022, as discussed in Note 9 – Acquisitions to the consolidated financial statements. This acquisition represented less than 1% of total assets excluding goodwill and intangibles, net, 2% of total revenue, and 10% of total net loss of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. Limitations of the Effectiveness of Internal Control A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the internal control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations of any internal control system, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, have been detected. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 identified in connection with the evaluation thereof by our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. After December 31, 2022, the Company began the remediation steps described above. 118 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders LivePerson, Inc. New York, New York Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited LivePerson’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria. We do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management’s statements referring to any corrective actions taken by the Company after the date of management’s assessment. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as “the financial statements”) and our report dated March 16, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness has been identified by management regarding certain transactions related to its subsidiary WildHealth, which was acquired in February 2022, and primarily include a combination of ineffective operation of controls and inadequate controls related to: formal review, approval, and evaluation of non-core, complex transactions as well as engagement with government agencies; segregation of duties between accounting and contracting approval functions for non-core, complex transactions; and formal review, approval and evaluation of manual journal entries. This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2022 financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated March 16, 2023 on those financial statements. As indicated in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of WildHealth, which was acquired on February 7, 2022, and which was included in the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended. This acquisition constituted less than 1% of total assets as of December 31, 2022, and 2% and 10% of revenues and net loss, respectively, for the year then ended. Management did not assess the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of WildHeath because of the timing of 119 the acquisition which was completed on February 7, 2022. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of WildHealth. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ BDO USA, LLP New York, New York March 16, 2023 120 Item 9B. Other Information John D. Collins, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, will serve as the Company’s principal accounting officer effective as of March 16, 2023 (the “Effective Date”) and remains the Company’s principal financial officer. Mr. Collins’ age and biographical information are set forth on page 6 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2022, in the section entitled “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance,” and such biographical information is hereby incorporated by reference into this Item. The terms of Mr. Collins’ employment agreement with the Company, which are not changed by his assumption of the role of principal accounting officer, are set forth in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 15, 2022, and such information is hereby incorporated by reference into this Item. Mr. Collins replaced Norman M. Osumi as the Company’s principal accounting officer as of the Effective Date. Mr. Osumi remains employed with the Company. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no changes to the procedures by which stockholders may recommend nominees to our Board of Directors since our last disclosure of such procedures, which appeared in the definitive proxy statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, who is our principal executive officer, and other senior financial officers. Our Code of Ethics is available at: www.liveperson.com under “Investor Relations / Corporate Governance.” The Company’s website address provided above is not intended to function as a hyperlink, and the information on the Company’s website is not and should not be considered part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein. The Company will post on this website any amendments to our Code of Ethics. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 121 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PART IV The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: 1. Financial Statements. Incorporated by reference to the index of consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2. Financial Statements Schedules. None. 3. Exhibits. Incorporated by reference to the Exhibit Index immediately following the signature pages to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 122 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on March 16, 2023. SIGNATURES LIVEPERSON, INC. By: /s/ Robert P. LoCascio Name: Robert P. LoCascio Title: Chief Executive Officer POWER OF ATTORNEY Each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Robert P. LoCascio and John D. Collins, and each or any of them, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, each acting alone, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any or all amendments or supplements (including post-effective amendments) to this report, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 16, 2023. 123 Signature Title(s) /s/ Robert P. LoCascio Robert P. LoCascio Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ John D. Collins John D. Collins /s/ Bruce Hansen Bruce Hansen /s/ Kevin C. Lavan Kevin C. Lavan /s/ Jill Layfield Jill Layfield /s/ James Miller James Miller /s/ Fred Mossler Fred Mossler /s/ Vanessa Pegueros Vanessa Pegueros /s/ William G. Wesemann William G. Wesemann /s/ Yael Zheng Yael Zheng Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 124 Number Description EXHIBIT INDEX 3.1(a) 3.1(b) 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 10.1(a)* 10.1(b)* 10.1(c)* 10.1(d)* 10.2* 10.3* 10.4* 10.5* 10.6* Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to the Exhibit 3.1(a) to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2000 and filed March 30, 2001 (File No. 000-30141)) Certificate of Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation effective as of November 12, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to LivePerson’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on November 13, 2019 (File No. 333-234676)) Second Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2000 and filed on March 30, 2011 (File No. 000-30141)) Specimen common stock certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to LivePerson’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (Registration No. 333-96689)) Second Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2000, by and among LivePerson, the several persons and entities named on the signature pages thereto as Investors, and Robert LoCascio (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to LivePerson’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (Registration No. 333-96689)) Indenture, dated as of March 4, 2019, by and between LivePerson, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to LivePerson’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 5, 2019 (File No. 000-30141)) Form of 0.750% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (included within the Indenture filed as Exhibit 4.3 hereto) Description of the Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and filed on March 8, 2021 (File No. 000-30131)) Indenture, dated as of December 4, 2020, by and between LivePerson, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to LivePerson’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on December 10, 2020 (File No. 000-30141)) Form of 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (included within the Indenture filed as Exhibit 4.6 hereto) 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to LivePerson’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on June 9, 2009) 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (amended and restated as of June 7, 2012) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to LivePerson’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2012 (File No. 000-30141)) Forms of Grant Agreements under the 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to LivePerson’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2011 (File No. 000-30141)) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed on March 15, 2018 (File No. 000-30141)) Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into with Executive Officers and Directors of LivePerson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 and filed March 13, 2012) Agreement between LivePerson and Monica L. Greenberg, dated as of October 25, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 and filed March 13, 2012) Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to LivePerson’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 28, 2011) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Robert LoCascio (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed on March 15, 2018 (File No. 000-30141)) Inducement Plan dated January 19, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed on March 15, 2018 (File No. 000-30141)) 125 10.7* 10.8* 10.9 10.10 10.11* 10.12* 10.13* 10.14* 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18* 10.19* 10.20* 10.21* 21.1 23.1 24.1 31.1 Amended Employment Agreement between LivePerson and Robert LoCascio, dated as of December 27, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed on March 15, 2018 (File No. 000-30141)) Long Term Incentive Plan dated July 31, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to LivePerson’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 filed on August 6, 2018 (File No. 000-30141)) Form of Capped Call Transaction Confirmation relating to the 0.750% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to LivePerson’s Form 8-K filed on March 5, 2019 (000-30141)) Form of Additional Capped Call Transaction Confirmation relating to the 0.750% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to LivePerson’s Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2019 (000-30141)) Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement, by and between LivePerson, Inc. and Robert P. LoCascio, dated as of February 21, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to LivePerson’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed on May 7, 2019 (File No.000-30141)) 2009 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, by and between LivePerson, Inc. and Robert P. LoCascio, dated as of February 21, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to LivePerson’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed on May 7,2019 (File No. 000-30141)) LivePerson, Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to LivePerson’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on August 14, 2020 (File No. 333-245808)) LivePerson, Inc. 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to LivePerson’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on November 13, 2019 (File No. 333-234676)) Form of Base Capped Call Transaction Confirmation relating to the 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to LivePerson’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on December 10, 2020 (File No. 000-30141)) Form of Additional Capped Call Transaction Confirmation relating to the 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to LivePerson’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on December 10, 2020 (File No. 000-30141)) Agreement, dated as of July 20, 2022, by and among LivePerson, Inc. and the Starboard parties set forth on the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to LivePerson’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 21, 2022 (File No. 000-30141)) Letter between LivePerson and John D. Collins, dated as of August 9, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to LivePerson’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 8, 2022 (File No. 000-30141)) Offer Letter between LivePerson and Norman Osumi, dated as of January 25, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to LivePerson’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed on May 2, 2022 (File No. 00030141)) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan Form of Option Agreement under the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan Subsidiaries of the Registrant Consent of BDO USA, LLP, an Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Power of Attorney, pursuant to which amendments to this report may be filed (included on the signature page contained in Part IV of this Annual Report on Form 10-K) Certification by principal executive officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 126 31.2 32.1** 32.2** 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE 104 Certification by principal financial officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Inline XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL) * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement ** The certifications furnished as Exhibit 32.1 and Exhibit 32.2 accompany the Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed “filed” by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. 127 [This page intentionally left blank.] [This page intentionally left blank.] [This page intentionally left blank.] Board of Directors Jill Layfield Board Chair, Chief Executive Officer of James Michelle Jewelry Bruce Hansen Former Chairman and CEO of ID Analytics Kevin C. Lavan Chief Financial Officer of Autoclear LLC Jim Miller Former Chief Technology Officer of Wayfair, Inc. Fred Mossler Independent Consultant Vanessa Pegueros Former Chief Trust & Security Officer of Onelogin, Inc. William G. Wesemann Independent Consultant Yael Zheng Former Chief Marketing Officer of Bill Holdings, Inc. Executive Officers John Collins Interim Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer Alex Kroman Executive Vice President, Product & Technology Monica L. Greenberg Executive Vice President, Public Policy & General Counsel Jeffrey Ford Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer Stockholder Information Corporate Headquarters LivePerson, Inc. 530 7th Ave, Floor M1, New York, NY 10018 Counsel Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP One New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004 Investor Relations Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 are available free of charge, upon request to: Investor Relations, LivePerson, Inc., 530 7th Ave, Floor M1, New York, NY 10018 You may view and download all our filings from the SEC’s online database by following this link: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1102993 Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm BDO USA, LLP 100 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Transfer Agent Equiniti Trust Company 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219 Stock Listings Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under the symbol “LPSN” Company Information on the Web Current information about LivePerson, press releases and investor information are available on our website at www.liveperson.com Our values guide our continued, holistic growth— as individuals, teams, and as a global organization. OUR FOUR VALUES Dream big Help others Pursue expertise Own it LPSN ©2023 LivePerson, Inc. All rights reserved. 

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