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Genuine Parts CompanyUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 ________________________________________ FORM 10-K ________________________________________ (Mark One) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _______ to _______ Commission File Number: 000-50404 ________________________________________ LKQ CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) ________________________________________ Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 500 West Madison Street, Suite 2800, Chicago, IL (Address of principal executive offices) 36-4215970 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 60661 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (312) 621-1950 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, par value $.01 per share Name of each exchange on which registered NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None ________________________________________ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Emerging growth company (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company Accelerated filer If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No As of June 30, 2018, the aggregate market value of common stock outstanding held by stockholders who were not affiliates (as defined by regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission) of the registrant was approximately $10.1 billion (based on the closing sale price on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on such date). The number of outstanding shares of the registrant's common stock as of February 22, 2019 was 314,775,176. Those sections or portions of the registrant's proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 6, 2019, described in Part III hereof, are incorporated by reference in this report. Documents Incorporated by Reference SPECIAL NOTE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS PART I Statements and information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and are made pursuant to the “safe harbor” provisions of such Act. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our outlook, guidance, expectations, beliefs, hopes, intentions and strategies. Words such as "may," "will," "plan," "should," "expect," "anticipate," "believe," "if," "estimate," "intend," "project" and similar words or expressions are used to identify these forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors including those identified below. All forward-looking statements are based on information available to us at the time the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual events or results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from the results predicted or implied by our forward-looking statements include the following (not necessarily in order of importance): • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • changes in economic and political activity in the U.S. and other countries in which we are located or do business, including the U.K. withdrawal from the European Union (also known as Brexit), and the impact of these changes on our businesses, the demand for our products and our ability to obtain financing for operations; increasing competition in the automotive parts industry (including the potential competitive advantage to original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") with "connected car" technology); fluctuations in the pricing of new OEM replacement products; changes in the level of acceptance and promotion of alternative automotive parts by insurance companies and vehicle repairers; changes to our business relationships with insurance companies or changes by insurance companies to their business practices relating to the use of our products; our ability to identify sufficient acquisition candidates at reasonable prices to maintain our growth objectives; our ability to integrate, realize expected synergies, and successfully operate acquired companies and any companies acquired in the future, and the risks associated with these companies; the implementation of a border tax or tariff on imports and the negative impact on our business due to the amount of inventory we import; restrictions or prohibitions on selling certain aftermarket products through enforcement by OEMs of intellectual property rights; restrictions or prohibitions on importing certain aftermarket products by border enforcement agencies based on, among other things, intellectual property infringement claims; variations in the number of vehicles manufactured and sold, vehicle accident rates, miles driven, and the age profile of vehicles in accidents; the increase of accident avoidance systems being installed in vehicles; the potential loss of sales of certain mechanical parts due to the rise of electric vehicle sales; fluctuations in the prices of fuel, scrap metal and other commodities; changes in laws or regulations affecting our business; higher costs and the resulting potential inability to service our customers to the extent that our suppliers decide to discontinue business relationships with us; price increases, interruptions or disruptions to the supply of vehicle parts from aftermarket suppliers and vehicles from salvage auctions; changes in the demand for our products and the supply of our inventory due to severity of weather and seasonality of weather patterns; 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the risks associated with operating in foreign jurisdictions, including foreign laws and economic and political instabilities; declines in the values of our assets; additional unionization efforts, new collective bargaining agreements, and work stoppages; our ability to develop and implement the operational and financial systems needed to manage our operations; interruptions, outages or breaches of our operational systems, security systems, or infrastructure as a result of attacks on, or malfunctions of, our systems; costs of complying with laws relating to the security of personal information; product liability claims by the end users of our products or claims by other parties who we have promised to indemnify for product liability matters; costs associated with recalls of the products we sell; potential losses of our right to operate at key locations if we are not able to negotiate lease renewals; inaccuracies in the data relating to our industry published by independent sources upon which we rely; currency fluctuations in the U.S. dollar, pound sterling and euro versus other currencies; our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms to finance our growth; our ability to satisfy our debt obligations and to operate within the limitations imposed by financing arrangements; changes to applicable U.S. and foreign tax laws, changes to interpretations of tax laws, and changes in our mix of earnings among the jurisdictions in which we operate; and disruptions to the management and operations of our business and the uncertainties caused by activist investors. Other matters set forth in this Annual Report may also cause our actual results to differ materially from our forward- looking statements, including the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A of this Annual Report. Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge through our website (www.lkqcorp.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. 4 ITEM 1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW LKQ Corporation ("LKQ" or the "Company") is a global distributor of vehicle products, including replacement parts, components, and systems used in the repair and maintenance of vehicles and specialty products and accessories to improve the performance, functionality and appearance of vehicles. Buyers of vehicle replacement products have the option to purchase from primarily five sources: new products produced by original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs"); new products produced by companies other than the OEMs, which are referred to as aftermarket products; recycled products obtained from salvage vehicles; used products that have been refurbished; and used products that have been remanufactured. Collectively, we refer to these four sources that are not new OEM products as alternative parts. We distribute a variety of products to collision and mechanical repair shops, including aftermarket collision and mechanical products; recycled collision and mechanical products; refurbished collision products such as wheels, bumper covers and lights; and remanufactured engines and transmissions. We are a leading provider of alternative vehicle collision replacement products and alternative vehicle mechanical replacement products, with our sales, processing, and distribution facilities reaching most major markets in the United States and Canada. We are also a leading provider of alternative vehicle replacement and maintenance products in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Benelux region (Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg), Italy, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, and various other European countries. In addition to our wholesale operations, we operate self service retail facilities across the U.S. that sell recycled automotive products from end-of-life vehicles. We are also a leading distributor of specialty vehicle aftermarket equipment and accessories reaching most major markets in the U.S. and Canada. We are organized into four operating segments: Wholesale - North America, Europe, Specialty, and Self Service. We aggregate our Wholesale - North America and Self Service operating segments into one reportable segment, North America, resulting in three reportable segments: North America, Europe and Specialty. See Note 16, "Segment and Geographic Information" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for financial information by reportable segment and by geographic region. HISTORY We were initially formed in 1998 through the combination of a number of wholesale recycled products businesses located in Florida, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin. We subsequently expanded through internal development and approximately 270 acquisitions of aftermarket, recycled, refurbished, and remanufactured product suppliers and manufacturers; self service retail businesses; and specialty vehicle aftermarket equipment and accessories suppliers. Our most significant acquisitions include: • • • • • • 2007 acquisition of Keystone Automotive Industries, Inc., which, at the time of acquisition, was the leading domestic distributor of aftermarket products, including collision replacement products, paint products, refurbished steel bumpers, bumper covers and alloy wheels. 2011 acquisition of Euro Car Parts Holdings Limited ("ECP"), a vehicle mechanical aftermarket parts distribution company operating in the United Kingdom. This acquisition served as our entry into the European automotive aftermarket business, from which we have expanded our European footprint through organic growth and subsequent acquisitions. 2013 acquisition of Sator Beheer B.V. ("Sator"), a vehicle mechanical aftermarket parts distribution company based in the Netherlands, with operations in the Netherlands, Belgium and Northern France. This acquisition allowed us to further expand our geographic presence into continental Europe. 2014 acquisition of Keystone Automotive Holdings, Inc. (“Keystone Specialty”), which expanded our product offering and increased our addressable market to include specialty vehicle aftermarket equipment and accessories. 2016 acquisition of Rhiag-Inter Auto Parts Italia S.r.l. (“Rhiag”), a distributor of aftermarket spare parts for passenger cars and commercial vehicles in Italy, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Poland and Spain. This acquisition expanded our geographic presence in continental Europe. 2018 acquisition of Stahlgruber GmbH (“Stahlgruber”), a wholesale distributor of aftermarket spare parts for passenger cars, tools, capital equipment and accessories with operations in Germany, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia with further sales to Switzerland. This acquisition expanded our geographic presence in continental Europe and serves as an additional strategic hub for our European operations. Further information regarding our recent acquisitions is included in Note 2, "Business Combinations" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 5 STRATEGY Our mission is to be the leading global value-added distributor of vehicle parts and accessories by offering our customers the most comprehensive, available and cost-effective selection of part solutions while building strong partnerships with our employees and the communities in which we operate. We have four primary pillars of a strategy to build economic value: growth through diversified product offerings; growth through geographic expansion; adaptation to evolving technology; and rationalization of our asset base to enhance margins and return on capital. We believe our supply network, with a broad inventory of quality alternative collision and mechanical repair products and specialty vehicle aftermarket products, high fulfillment rates, and superior customer service, provides us with a competitive advantage. To execute our strategy, we are focused on a number of key areas, including: • Extensive distribution network. We have invested significant capital to develop a network of alternative and specialty vehicle parts facilities across our operating segments. Additionally, our ability to move inventory throughout our distribution networks increases the availability of our products and helps us to fill a relatively high percentage of our customers’ requests. In order to expand our distribution network, we will continue to seek to enter new markets and to improve penetration through both organic development and acquisitions. We will continue to seek opportunities to leverage the distribution network by delivering more parts through our existing network. We believe our North America segment has the largest distribution network of alternative vehicle parts and accessories for the automotive collision repair market in North America. In our Europe segment, we are implementing a similar strategy to our North America operations by establishing a Pan-European distribution network. We currently have operations in 24 different European countries, which we believe represents the broadest and largest footprint in the aftermarket industry in Europe. On a global basis, we have approximately 1,700 locations as part of our distribution network. • Broad product offering. The breadth and depth of our inventory across all of our operating segments reinforces our ability to provide a “one-stop” solution for our customers’ alternative vehicle replacement, maintenance, and specialty vehicle product needs. • High fulfillment rates. We manage local inventory levels to improve delivery and maximize customer service. Improving local order fulfillment rates reduces transfer costs and delivery times, and improves customer satisfaction. • Strong business relationships. We have developed business relationships with key constituents, including customers, automobile insurance companies, suppliers and other industry participants in North America, Europe, and Asia. • Acquisitions. The primary objective of our acquisitions is to expand our presence to new or adjacent geographic markets and to expand into other product lines and businesses that may benefit from our operating strengths, in each case with the aim of increasing the size of our addressable market. When we identify potential acquisitions, we attempt to target companies with a leading market presence, an experienced management team and workforce that provide a fit with our existing operations, and strong cash flows. After completing an acquisition, we focus on integrating the company with our existing business to provide additional value to the combined entity through cost savings and synergies, such as logistics cost synergies resulting from integration with our existing distribution network, administrative cost savings, shared procurement, and cross-selling opportunities. • Technology driven business processes. We focus on technology development as a way to support our competitive advantage. We believe that we can more cost effectively leverage our data to make better business decisions than our smaller competitors. • Adaptation to evolving technology in the automotive industry. We are committed to monitoring and adapting our business to the technological changes in the automotive industry. We have recently established a strategy and innovation team that will help us to be more forward-looking and to assess the potential opportunities and risks associated with several areas including, but not limited to, e-commerce, accident avoidance systems, vehicle connectivity, autonomous vehicles, electric vehicles and ride-sharing trends. NORTH AMERICA SEGMENT Our North America segment is composed of wholesale operations, which consists of aftermarket and salvage operations, self service retail operations, and aviation operations. Wholesale Operations Inventory Our wholesale operations in North America sell five product types (aftermarket, recycled, remanufactured, refurbished and, to a lesser extent, OEM parts) to professional collision and mechanical automobile repair businesses. Our principal aftermarket product types consist of those most frequently damaged in collisions, including bumper covers, automotive body 6 panels, lights and automotive glass products such as windshields. Platinum Plus is our exclusive product line offered under the Keystone brand of aftermarket products. Certain of our products are certified by independent organizations such as the Certified Automotive Parts Association (“CAPA”) and NSF International (“NSF”). CAPA and NSF are associations that evaluate the quality of aftermarket collision replacement products compared to OEM collision replacement products. We also developed a product line called "Value Line" for more value conscious, often self-pay, consumers. Our salvage products include both mechanical and collision parts, including engines; transmissions; door assemblies; sheet metal products such as trunk lids, fenders and hoods; lights; and bumper assemblies. The aftermarket products we distribute are purchased from independent manufacturers and distributors located primarily in North America and Asia, principally Taiwan. In 2018, approximately 39% of our aftermarket purchases were made from our top 4 vendors, with our largest vendor providing approximately 15% of our annual inventory purchases. We believe we are one of the largest customers of each of these suppliers. Outside of this group, no other supplier provided more than 5% of our supply of aftermarket products in 2018. We purchased approximately 47% of our aftermarket products in 2018 directly from manufacturers in Taiwan and other Asian countries. Approximately 50% of our aftermarket products were purchased from vendors located in the U.S.; however, we believe the majority of these products were manufactured in Taiwan, Mexico or other foreign countries. Within our wholesale operations, we focus our procurement on products that are in the most demand, based on a number of factors such as historical sales records of vehicles by model and year, customer requests, and projections of future supply and demand trends. Because lead times may be 40 days or more on imported aftermarket products, sales volumes and in-stock inventory are important factors in the procurement process. In our aftermarket operations, we use a third party enterprise management system and other third party software packages to leverage the centralized data and information that a single system provides, such as a data warehouse to conduct enhanced analytics and reporting, an integrated budgeting system, an electronic data interchange tool, and E-commerce tools to enhance our online business-to-business initiatives - OrderKeystone.com and Keyless. We procure recycled products for our wholesale operations by acquiring total loss vehicles, typically sold at regional salvage auctions, and then dismantling and inventorying the parts. The availability and pricing of the salvage vehicles we procure for our wholesale recycled products operations may be impacted by a variety of factors, including the production level of new vehicles and the percentage of damaged vehicles declared total losses. Our bidding specialists are equipped with a proprietary software application that allows them to compare the vehicles at salvage auctions against our current inventory levels, historical demand, and recent average selling prices to arrive at an estimated maximum bid. Our wholesale recycled product locations in North America operate an internally-developed, proprietary enterprise management system called LKQX. We believe that the use of a single system across all of our wholesale recycled product operations helps facilitate the sales process; allows for continued implementation of standard operating procedures; and yields improved training efficiency, employee transferability, access to our national inventory database, management reporting and data storage. The system also supports an electronic exchange process for identifying and locating parts at other select recyclers and facilitates brokered sales to fill customer orders for items not in stock. Scrap and Other Materials Our salvage operations generate scrap metal and other materials that we sell to metals recyclers. Vehicles that have been dismantled for recycled products and "crush only" end-of-life vehicles acquired from other companies are typically crushed using equipment on site. In other cases, we will hire mobile crushing equipment to crush the vehicles before they are transported to shredders and scrap metal processors. Damaged and unusable wheel cores are melted in our aluminum furnace and sold to consumers of aluminum ingot and sow for the production of various automotive products, including wheels. We also extract and sell the precious metals contained in certain of our recycled parts such as catalytic converters. Customers We sell our products to wholesale customers that include collision and mechanical repair shops and new and used car dealerships, as well as to retail customers. The majority of these customers tend to be individually-owned small businesses, although the number of independent and dealer-operated collision repair facilities has declined over the last decade, as regional or national multiple-location operators have increased their geographic presence through consolidation. Automobile insurance companies affect the demand for our collision products; while insurance companies do not pay for our products directly, they ultimately pay for the repair costs of insured vehicles in excess of any deductible amount. As a result, insurance companies often influence the types of products used in a repair. The use of our products instead of OEM products provides a direct benefit to insurance companies by lowering the cost of repairs, decreasing the time required to return the repaired vehicle to the customer, and providing a replacement product that is of high quality and comparable performance to the part replaced. 7 Our sales personnel are encouraged to promote LKQ to customers as a “one-stop shop” by offering comparable options from our other product lines if the desired part is not in stock. To support these efforts, we have provided our sales staff with access to both recycled and aftermarket sales systems to encourage cross selling. To better serve our customers, we take a consolidated approach to the electronic sale of wholesale products in our North America segment. A full suite of e-commerce services is available to approved partners that helps us improve order accuracy, reduce return rate and better fit our customer workflow. Using these services in coordination with our partners, products can be searched, priced and ordered without leaving the customers' own operating systems. Distribution We have a distribution network of warehouses and cross dock facilities, which allows us to develop and maintain our service levels with local repair shops while providing fulfillment rates that are made possible by our nationwide presence. Our delivery fleet utilizes a third party software provider to optimize delivery routes, and to track the progress of delivery vehicles throughout their runs. Our local presence allows us to provide daily deliveries as required by our customers, using drivers who routinely deliver to the same customers. Our sales force and local delivery drivers develop and maintain critical personal relationships with the local repair shops that benefit from access to our wide selection of products, which we are able to offer as a result of our regional inventory network. We operate a delivery fleet of medium-sized trucks and smaller trucks and vans, which deliver multiple product types on the same delivery routes to help minimize distribution costs and improve customer service. Competition We consider all suppliers of vehicle collision and mechanical products to be competitors, including aftermarket suppliers, recycling businesses, refurbishing operations, parts remanufacturers, OEMs and internet-based suppliers. We compete with alternative parts distributors on the basis of our nationwide distribution system, our product lines and inventory availability, customer service, our relationships with insurance companies, and to a lesser extent, price; we compete with OEMs primarily on the basis of price and, to a lesser extent, on service and product quality. We do not consider retail chains that focus on the do-it-yourself market to be our direct competitors since many of our wholesale product sales are influenced by insurance companies, who ultimately pay for the repair costs of insured vehicles in excess of any deductible amount, rather than the end user, and there is limited overlap in the products that we sell. Self Service Operations Our self service retail operations, most of which operate under the name “LKQ Pick Your Part,” allow consumers to come directly to the yard to pick parts off of salvage vehicles. In addition to revenue from the sale of parts, core, and scrap, we charge a nominal admission fee to access the property. Inventory We acquire inventory for our self service retail product operations from a variety of sources, including but not limited to towing companies, vehicle auctions, the general public, municipality sales, insurance carriers, and charitable organizations. We typically procure salvage vehicles for our self service retail product operations that are generally older and of lower price than the salvage vehicles we purchase for our wholesale recycled product operations. Vehicles are delivered to our locations by the seller, or we arrange for transportation. Once on our property, minimal labor is required to process the vehicle other than removing the battery, fluids, refrigerants, catalytic converters and hazardous materials. The extracted fluids are stored in bulk and subsequently sold to recyclers. Vehicles are then placed in the yard for customers to remove parts. In our self service business, availability of a specific part will depend on which vehicles are currently at the site and to what extent parts may have been previously sold. We usually keep a vehicle at our facility for 30 to 120 days, depending on the capacity of the yard and size of the market, before it is crushed and sold to scrap metal processors. Scrap and Other Materials Our self service operations generate scrap metal, alloys and other materials that we sell to recyclers. Vehicles that we no longer make available to the public and "crush only" vehicles acquired from other companies, including OEMs, are typically crushed using equipment on site. Damaged and unusable wheel cores are melted in our aluminum furnace and sold to consumers of aluminum ingot and sow for the production of various automotive products, including wheels. We also extract and sell the precious metals contained in certain of our recycled parts such as catalytic converters. Customers The customers of our self service yards are frequently do-it-yourself mechanics, small independent repair shops servicing older vehicles, auto rebuilders, and resellers. The scrap from the vehicle hulks, when not processed by us, is sold to metals recyclers, with whom we may also compete when procuring salvage vehicles for our operations. 8 Competition There are competitors operating self service businesses in all of the markets in which we operate. In some markets, there are numerous competitors, often operating in close proximity to our operations. We try to differentiate our business by the quality of the inventory and the size and cleanliness of the property. We also differentiate our business from our competitors through our app, which allows customers to receive daily push notifications when cars they are interested in are placed into their favorite yards. In addition to allowing customers to see our available inventory, the app also allows customers to input search parameters such as the specific part they are searching for, and the year, make, and model of the vehicle, in an effort to expand the number of cars that might be available to pull parts from. We do not consider retail chains that focus on the do-it- yourself market to be our direct competitors, as there is limited overlap in the products that we sell. Aviation Operations Our aviation operations specialize in the sale of recycled aviation parts, including aircraft structural components and spare parts, complete engines, engine components, and whole airplanes to regional Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul providers, aircraft operators, fixed-base operators, corporate customers, and other aviation dealers and distributors around the globe. Our aviation business is located in the U.S., with sales representation in Mexico and the U.K. Our aviation business comprises approximately 1% of our North America segment revenue. EUROPE SEGMENT Our Europe segment was built on four key acquisitions: ECP (2011), Sator (2013), Rhiag (2016) and Stahlgruber (2018). Additionally, in 2014 we expanded our European segment to include wholesale recycling operations through our acquisition of a business with salvage and vehicle repair facilities in Sweden and Norway, and in 2016, we acquired an equity investment in Mekonomen AB ("Mekonomen"), the leading independent car parts and service chain in the Nordic region of Europe. Mekonomen is independent of our existing European operations, but we are exploring areas where the companies can work together in a mutually beneficial manner, primarily related to procurement. Our European strategy is to target platform acquisitions to cover broad markets initially, then integrate these businesses with our other operations and subsequently expand our footprint in these regions through new branch openings and smaller tuck-in acquisitions with the goal of eventually attaining continent-wide coverage. Our acquisitions provide a platform to capitalize on the large and fragmented aftermarket mechanical replacement parts market in Europe, and allow for potential cost savings from the leveraging of our combined purchasing power given the significant overlap in suppliers and product mix. We have acquired many smaller businesses within the regions we operate and over time, we anticipate further integration of our European operations as we optimize purchasing, warehousing, cataloging, logistics and back-office functions, and align our private label brands across the segment. Inventory Our inventory is primarily composed of mechanical aftermarket parts for the repair of vehicles 3 to 15 years old. Our top selling products include brake pads, discs and sensors, clutches, electrical products such as spark plugs and batteries, steering and suspension products, filters, and oil and automotive fluids. In addition to mechanical aftermarket parts, we also sell collision parts in our Europe segment, although these sales represent less than 2% of total Europe segment revenue. In 2018, our top two suppliers represented 12% of our aftermarket inventory purchases, with our top supplier representing approximately 7% of our purchases. No other suppliers comprised more than 5% of our purchases during 2018. The aftermarket products we distribute are purchased from vendors located primarily in the U.K. and continental Europe. In 2018, we purchased 93% of our products from companies in Europe. The remaining 7% of our 2018 purchases were sourced from vendors located primarily in China or Taiwan, some of which also supply collision parts for our Wholesale - North America operations. In 2018, 66%, 22%, 6%, and 3% of our total inventory purchases were made in Euros, Pounds Sterling, U.S. Dollars and Czech Koruna, respectively. Our aftermarket operations in Europe use various information technology (“IT”) systems. Our systems are complex, and are designed to do a variety of tasks (depending on the market), including: manage customer orders and inventory movement, optimize our warehouse and logistics, and financial reporting. Certain of our IT systems can interface with our repair shop customers' respective IT systems, which enables them to identify the part required for the repair. In 2018, as part of our strategy to create an integrated European company, we initiated a multi-year program to develop a European wide ERP system, which will reduce the number of IT systems we operate. In our Nordic operations, we purchase severely damaged or totaled vehicles from insurance companies, which are transferred to our dismantling facilities or sold to other third party dismantlers. Customers We primarily operate a two-step (i.e. direct sales to customers) distribution model in Europe, although certain of our operations, such as Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, and Hungary, operate wholly or partially a three-step (i.e. 9 sales to distributors who in turn sell to customers) distribution model. In our two-step operations, we sell the majority of our products to commercial customers primarily consisting of professional repairers, including both independent mechanical repair shops and collision repair shops. In our three-step operations, we sell products to wholesale distributors or jobbers. In addition to our sales to repair shops and wholesale distributors, we generate a portion of our revenue through sales to retail customers from e-commerce platforms and from counter sales at the branch locations. Distribution Our European operations employ a distribution model in which inventory is stored at national or international distribution centers or regional hubs, with fast moving product stored at branch locations (where we operate a two-step distribution model). The large distribution centers regularly re-stock the smaller branches and hubs and hold slower moving items allowing us high fulfillment rates. Product is moved through the distribution network on our vans or via common carrier. Competition We view all suppliers of replacement repair products as our competitors, including other alternative parts suppliers and OEMs and their dealer networks. We face significant competition in many markets where even smaller competitors can compete on price and service and the OEM’s compete via ties to, and brand loyalty of, the consumer while also remaining competitive on price, service and availability. We believe we have been able to distinguish ourselves from other alternative parts suppliers primarily through our distribution network, efficient stock management systems and proprietary technology, which allows us to deliver our products quickly, as well as through our product lines and inventory availability, pricing, and service. SPECIALTY SEGMENT Our Specialty operating segment was formed in 2014 with our acquisition of Keystone Specialty, a leading distributor and marketer of specialty vehicle aftermarket products and accessories in North America. Our Specialty operations reach most major markets in the U.S. and Canada and serve the following six product segments: RV; truck and off-road; towing; speed and performance; wheels, tires and performance handling; and miscellaneous accessories. In 2017, we acquired Warn Industries, Inc. ("Warn"), a leading designer, manufacturer and marketer of high performance vehicle equipment and accessories. The acquisition of Warn expanded our presence in the specialty market and creates viable points of entry into related markets. Inventory The specialty vehicle aftermarket equipment and accessories we distribute and raw materials for products we manufacture are purchased from suppliers located primarily in the U.S., Canada, and China. Our top selling products are RV appliances & air conditioners, towing hitches, truck bed covers, vehicle protection products, cargo management products, and wheels, tires & suspension products. Specialty aftermarket suppliers are typically small to medium-sized, independent businesses that focus on a narrow product or market niche. Due to the highly fragmented supplier base for specialty vehicle aftermarket products, we have limited supplier concentration. In 2018, approximately 14% of our specialty vehicle aftermarket purchases were made from our top two suppliers, with our largest supplier providing approximately 9% of our annual inventory purchases. No other suppliers comprised more than 5% of our purchases during 2018. With our 2017 acquisition of Warn, we have internal manufacturing capabilities to source aftermarket winches, hoists, and bumpers. Most of our Specialty operations utilize an internally developed inventory management and order entry system that interfaces with third party software systems for accounting, transaction processing, data analytics, and reporting. Customers Overall, the specialty vehicle aftermarket parts and accessories market serves a fragmented customer base composed of RV and specialty automotive dealers, installers, jobbers, builders, parts chains, and mail-order businesses. Our customers are principally small, independent businesses. These customers depend on us to provide a broad range of products, rapid delivery, marketing support and technical assistance. In addition to traditional customers, in recent years we have increased sales to several large parts and accessory online retailers. Our Specialty segment also operates retail stores in northeast Pennsylvania. We promote our products to customers through marketing programs, which include: (i) catalogs, advertising, sponsorships and promotional activities, (ii) product level marketing and merchandising support, and (iii) online and digital marketing initiatives. Our national footprint allows us to stage trade shows across the U.S., which provide an opportunity to improve sales through the showcasing of new and innovative products from our vendors to our customers. Online sales of our Specialty products take place primarily through our ekeystone.com and viantp.com sites and mobile app. These sites provide customers (i) the ability to match products with the make and model of vehicle thus allowing the customer to order the right part, (ii) product information (e.g. pictures, attributes) available for review and (iii) the convenience of searching inventory availability and ordering the product on the site. Additionally, the site can provide sales opportunities by suggesting other parts to purchase based on an inquiry submitted by the customer. 10 Distribution Our Specialty segment operations employ a hub-and-spoke distribution model which enables us to transport products from our primary distribution centers to our non-inventory stocking cross docks, a majority of which are co-located with our North America wholesale operations and provide distribution points to key regional markets and synergies with our existing infrastructure. We believe this provides added value to our customers through a broader product offering and more efficient distribution process. We use our delivery routes to provide delivery and returns of our products directly to and from our customers in all 48 continental U.S. states and 9 Canadian provinces, and we ship globally to customers in other countries. Our delivery fleet utilizes a third party software provider to optimize delivery routes, and to track the progress of delivery vehicles throughout their runs. Competition Industry participants have a variety of supply choices. Vendors can deliver products to market via warehouse distributors and mail order catalog businesses, or directly to retailers and/or consumers. We view all suppliers of specialty vehicle aftermarket equipment and accessories as our competitors. We believe we have been able to distinguish ourselves from other specialty vehicle aftermarket parts and equipment suppliers primarily through our broad product selection, which encompasses both popular and hard-to-find products, our national distribution network, and efficient inventory management systems, as well as through our service. We compete on the basis of product breadth and depth, rapid and dependable delivery, marketing initiatives, support services, and price. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY We own and have the right to use various intellectual property, including intellectual property acquired as a result of past acquisitions. In addition to trade names, trademarks and patents, we also have technology-based intellectual property that has been both internally developed and obtained through license agreements and acquisitions. We do not believe that our business is materially dependent on any single item of intellectual property, or any single group of related intellectual property, owned or licensed, nor would the expiration of any particular item or related group of intellectual property, or the termination of any particular intellectual property license agreement materially affect our business. EMPLOYEES As of December 31, 2018, we employed approximately 51,000 persons, of which approximately 22,500 were employed in North America and approximately 28,500 were employed outside of North America. Of our employees in North America, approximately 1,200 were represented by unions. Outside of North America, we have government-mandated collective bargaining agreements and union contracts in certain countries, particularly in Europe where many of our employees are represented by unions and/or works councils. We consider our employee relations to be good. FACILITIES As of December 31, 2018, our operations included approximately 1,700 facilities, most of which are leased. Of our total facilities, approximately 550 facilities were located in the U.S. and approximately 1,150 facilities were located in 24 other countries. Many of our locations stock multiple product types or serve more than one function. Our global headquarters are located at 500 West Madison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60661. Our North American headquarters, in Nashville, Tennessee, performs certain centralized functions for our North American operations, including accounting, procurement, and information systems support. In 2018, we expanded the size of our North American headquarters via construction of a new 100,000 square foot facility in Nashville. Our European operations are distributed throughout Europe with some main offices in Tamworth, England; in Schiedam, and Amsterdam, the Netherlands; in Milan, Italy; in Prague, Czech Republic; and in Poing, Germany. In addition to these offices, we have two national distribution centers in Tamworth totaling 1,000,000 and 500,000 square feet, respectively, which house inventory to supply the hubs and branches of our U.K. and Republic of Ireland operations, and one international distribution center in Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany which supplies our recently acquired Stahlgruber’s operations in Germany, Austria, Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. Our Specialty operations maintain primary procurement, accounting and finance functions in Exeter, Pennsylvania. Certain back-office support functions for our segments are performed in Bangalore, India. Additionally, we operate an aftermarket parts warehouse in Taiwan to aggregate inventory for shipment to our locations in North America. REGULATION Our operations and properties are subject to laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment in the U.S. and the other countries in which we operate. See the risk factor “We are subject to environmental regulations and incur costs relating to environmental matters” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding the effects of environmental laws and regulations on us. 11 We may be affected by tariffs and other import laws and restrictions because we import into the U.S. a significant number of products for sale and distribution. See the risk factors “If significant tariffs or other restrictions are placed on products or materials we import or any related counter-measures are taken by countries to which we export products, our revenue and results of operations may be materially harmed” and “Intellectual property claims relating to aftermarket products could adversely affect our business” in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding importation risks. Our business processes and operations are subject to laws and regulations relating to privacy and data protection. See the risk factor “The costs of complying with the requirements of laws pertaining to the privacy and security of personal information and the potential liability associated with the failure to comply with such laws could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations” in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information about privacy and data protection risks. Some jurisdictions have enacted laws to restrict or prohibit the sale of alternative vehicle parts. See the risk factor “Existing or new laws and regulations may prohibit, restrict or burden the sale of aftermarket, recycled, refurbished or remanufactured products” in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information concerning regulatory restrictions on the sale of our products. We have thousands of employees located in the U.S. and many other countries and are subject to labor and employment laws in numerous jurisdictions. See the risk factor “Our business may be adversely affected by union activities and labor and employment laws” in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding these labor and employment risks. SEASONALITY Our operating results are subject to quarterly variations based on a variety of factors, influenced primarily by seasonal changes in weather patterns. During the winter months, we tend to have higher demand for our vehicle replacement products because there are more weather related repairs. Our specialty vehicle operations typically generate greater revenue and earnings in the second quarter, when vehicle owners tend to install this equipment, and lower revenue and earnings in the fourth quarter, when the number of RV trips tends to decline as a result of the winter weather. Our aftermarket glass operations typically generate greater revenue and earnings in the second and third quarters, when the demand for automotive replacement glass increases after the winter weather. 12 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Risks Relating to Our Business Our operating results and financial condition have been and could continue to be adversely affected by the economic and political conditions in the U.S. and elsewhere. Changes in economic and political conditions in the U.S., Europe and other countries in which we are located or do business could have a material effect on our company. Changes in such conditions have, in some periods, resulted in fewer miles driven, fewer accident claims, and a reduction of vehicle repairs, all of which could negatively affect our business. The number and types of new vehicles produced and sold by manufacturers affects our business. A decrease in the number of vehicles on the road results in a decrease in repairs. Our sales are also impacted by changes to the economic health of vehicle owners. The economic health of vehicle owners is affected by many factors, including, among others, general business conditions, interest rates, inflation, consumer debt levels, the availability of consumer credit, taxation, fuel prices, unemployment trends and other matters that influence consumer confidence and spending. Many of these factors are outside of our control. If any of these conditions worsen, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be adversely affected. In addition, economic conditions, including decreased access to credit, may result in financial difficulties leading to restructurings, bankruptcies, liquidations and other unfavorable events for our customers, suppliers, logistics and other service providers and financial institutions that are counterparties to our credit facilities and hedge transactions. These unfavorable events affecting our business partners could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We have a substantial business presence in Europe, including a significant presence in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland (“ROI”). In June 2016, voters in the U.K. decided by referendum to withdraw from the European Union (also known as Brexit). The precise timing and impacts of this action on our businesses in the U.K. and other parts of Europe are unknown at this time. Since the vote, we have seen fluctuations in exchange rates leading to cost pressures and unfavorable translation effects on our sterling denominated earnings. Depending upon how the details of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the European Union are negotiated and implemented, our European businesses could be adversely affected as a result of further fluctuations in exchange rates, disruptions to access to markets by U.K. and ROI companies, interruptions of the movement of goods and services between countries, a decrease of economic activity in Europe, and political or social unrest. The U.K.’s withdrawal from the European Union is scheduled to occur on March 29, 2019. The U.K. and the European Union have been attempting to negotiate the terms of the withdrawal but have not been able to reach an agreement. Unless there is an agreed extension or cancellation of the withdrawal, the withdrawal will occur on March 29, 2019. If no negotiated withdrawal agreement is reached, businesses (including ours) will likely experience greater disruptions and risks than would occur compared with a negotiated withdrawal. We face intense competition from local, national, international, and internet-based vehicle products providers, and this competition could negatively affect our business. The vehicle replacement products industry and vehicle accessory parts industry are highly competitive and are served by numerous suppliers of OEM, recycled, aftermarket, refurbished and remanufactured products. Within each of these categories of suppliers, there are local owner-operated companies, larger regional suppliers, national and international providers, and internet-based suppliers and distributors. Providers of vehicle replacement and accessory products that have traditionally sold only certain categories of such products may decide to expand their product offerings into other categories of vehicle products, which may further increase competition. Some of our current and potential competitors may have more operational expertise; greater financial, technical, manufacturing, distribution, and other resources; longer operating histories; lower cost structures; and better relationships in the insurance and vehicle repair industries or with consumers, than we do. In certain regions of the U.S., local vehicle recycling companies have formed cooperative efforts to compete in the wholesale recycled products industry. Similarly, in Europe, some local companies are part of cooperative efforts to compete in the aftermarket parts industry. As a result of these factors, our competitors may be able to provide products that we are unable to supply, provide their products at lower costs, or supply products to customers that we are unable to serve. We believe that a majority of collision parts by dollar amount are supplied by OEMs, with the balance being supplied by distributors of alternative aftermarket, recycled, refurbished and remanufactured collision parts like us. The OEMs are therefore able to exert pricing pressure in the marketplace. We compete with the OEMs primarily on price and to a lesser extent on service and quality. From time to time, the OEMs have implemented programs seeking to increase their market share in the collision repair parts industry. For example, they have reduced prices on specific products to match the lower prices of alternative products and introduced other rebate programs that may disrupt our sales. The growth of these programs or the introduction of new ones could have a material adverse impact on our business. 13 In addition, vehicles are being equipped with systems that transmit data to the OEMs wirelessly regarding, among other items, accident incidents, maintenance requirements, location of the vehicle, identification of the closest dealership, and other statistics about the vehicle and its driving history. To the extent that this data is not shared with alternative suppliers, the OEMs will have an advantage with respect to such matters as contacting the vehicle driver, recommending repairs and maintenance, and directing the vehicle owner to an affiliated dealership. We rely upon our customers and insurance companies to promote the usage of alternative parts. Our success depends, in part, on the acceptance and promotion of alternative parts usage by automotive insurance companies and vehicle repair facilities. There can be no assurance that current levels of alternative parts usage will be maintained or will increase in the future. We rely on business relationships with insurance companies. These insurance companies encourage vehicle repair facilities to use products we provide. The business relationships include in some cases participation in aftermarket quality and service assurance programs that may result in a higher usage of our aftermarket products than would be the case without the programs. Our arrangements with these companies may be terminated by them at any time, including in connection with their own business concerns relating to the offering, availability, standards or operations of the aftermarket quality and service assurance programs. We rely on these relationships for sales to some collision repair shops, and a termination of these relationships may result in a loss of sales, which could adversely affect our results of operations. In an Illinois lawsuit involving State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company ("Avery v. State Farm"), a jury decided in October 1999 that State Farm breached certain insurance contracts with its policyholders by using non-OEM replacement products to repair damaged vehicles when use of such products did not restore the vehicle to its "pre-loss condition." The jury found that State Farm misled its customers by not disclosing the use of non-OEM replacement products and the alleged inferiority of those products. The jury assessed damages against State Farm of $456 million, and the judge assessed an additional $730 million of disgorgement and punitive damages for violations of the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act. In April 2001, the Illinois Appellate Court upheld the verdict but reduced the damage award by $130 million because of duplicative damage awards. On August 18, 2005, the Illinois Supreme Court reversed the awards made by the circuit court and found, among other things, that the plaintiffs had failed to establish any breach of contract by State Farm. The U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal of this case. As a result of this case, some insurance companies reduced or eliminated their use of aftermarket products. Our financial results could be adversely affected if insurance companies modified or terminated the arrangements pursuant to which repair shops buy aftermarket or recycled products from us due to a fear of similar claims. In addition, to the extent that the collision repair industry continues to consolidate, the buying power of collision repair shop customers may further increase, putting additional pressure on our financial returns. We may not be able to successfully acquire new businesses or integrate acquisitions, which could cause our growth and profitability objectives to suffer. We may not be able to successfully complete potential strategic acquisitions if we cannot reach agreement on acceptable terms, if we do not obtain required antitrust or other regulatory approvals, or for other reasons. Moreover, we may not be able to identify a sufficient number of acquisition candidates at reasonable prices to maintain our inorganic growth objectives, and/or be able to successfully integrate acquisitions. If we buy a company or a division of a company, we may experience difficulty integrating that company's or division's personnel and operations, which could negatively affect our operating results. In addition: • • • the key personnel of the acquired company may decide not to work for us; customers of the acquired company may decide not to purchase products from us; suppliers of the acquired company may decide not to sell products to us; • we may experience business disruptions as a result of information technology systems conversions; • we may experience additional financial and accounting challenges and complexities in areas such as tax planning, treasury management, and financial reporting; • we may be held liable for environmental, tax or other risks and liabilities as a result of our acquisitions, some of which we may not have discovered during our due diligence; • we may intentionally assume the liabilities of the companies we acquire, which could result in material adverse effects on our business; • our existing business may be disrupted or receive insufficient management attention; 14 • we may not be able to realize the cost savings or other financial benefits we anticipated, either in the amount or in the time frame that we expect; and • we may incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any future acquisition, the issuance of which could involve the imposition of restrictive covenants or be dilutive to our existing stockholders. Intellectual property claims relating to aftermarket products could adversely affect our business. OEMs and others have attempted to use claims of intellectual property infringement against manufacturers and distributors of aftermarket products to restrict or eliminate the sale of aftermarket products that are the subject of the claims. The OEMs have brought such claims in federal court and with the U.S. International Trade Commission. U.S. Customs and Border Protection have used claims of intellectual property infringement to seize certain of our aftermarket parts as we attempted to import them into the U.S. To the extent OEMs and other manufacturers obtain design patents and trademarks and are successful in asserting infringement of these patents and trademarks and defending their validity, we could be restricted or prohibited from selling certain aftermarket products, which could have an adverse effect on our business. We will likely incur significant expenses investigating and defending intellectual property infringement claims. In addition, aftermarket products certifying organizations may revoke the certification of parts that are the subject of the claims. Lack of certification may negatively impact us because many major insurance companies recommend or require the use of aftermarket products only if they have been certified by an independent certifying organization. In December 2005 and May 2008, Ford Global Technologies, LLC filed complaints with the International Trade Commission against us and others alleging that certain aftermarket products imported into the U.S. infringed on Ford design patents. The parties settled these matters in April 2009 pursuant to a patent license arrangement that is currently scheduled to expire in March 2020. In January 2014, Chrysler Group, LLC filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court in the Eastern District of Michigan contending that certain aftermarket parts we sell infringe Chrysler design patents. The parties settled this matter in June 2014 pursuant to a patent license arrangement that expires in June 2019. In the event that these license arrangements, or other similar license arrangements with OEMs, are terminated or we are unable to agree upon renewal terms, we may be subject to costs and uncertainties of litigation as well as restrictions on our ability to sell aftermarket parts that replicate parts covered by design patents. If the number of vehicles involved in accidents declines or the number of cars being repaired declines, or the mix of the types of vehicles in the overall vehicle population changes, our business could suffer. Our business depends on vehicle accidents, mechanical failures and routine maintenance for both the demand for repairs using our products and the supply of recycled, remanufactured and refurbished parts. To the extent that a relatively higher percentage of damaged vehicles are declared total losses, there will be less demand for our products to repair such vehicles. In addition, our business is impacted by factors which influence the number and/or severity of accidents and mechanical failures including, but not limited to, the number of vehicles on the road, the number of miles driven, the ages of drivers, the occurrence and severity of certain weather conditions, the congestion of traffic, drivers distracted by electronic equipment, the use of alcohol or drugs by drivers, the usage rate and effectiveness of accident avoidance systems in new vehicles, the reliability of new OEM parts, and the condition of roadways. For example, an increase in the acceptance of ride- sharing could reduce the number of vehicles on the road. Additionally, an increase in fuel prices may cause the number of vehicles on the road, the number of miles driven, and the need for mechanical repairs and maintenance to decline, as motorists seek alternative transportation options. Mild weather conditions, particularly during winter months, tend to result in a decrease in vehicle accidents. Moreover, legislation banning the use of handheld cellular telephones or other electronic devices while driving could lead to a decline in accidents. Systems designed to minimize accident frequency and severity are becoming more prevalent and more technologically sophisticated. To the extent OEMs install or are mandated by law to install accident avoidance systems in their vehicles, the number and severity of accidents could decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. The average number of new vehicles sold annually has fluctuated from year-to-year. Periods of decreased sales could result in a reduction in the number of vehicles on the road and consequently fewer vehicles involved in accidents or in need of mechanical repair or maintenance. Substantial further declines in automotive sales in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition. In addition, if vehicle population trends result in a disproportionately high number of older vehicles on the road, insurance companies may find it uneconomical to repair such vehicles or there could be less costly repairs. If vehicle population trends result in a disproportionately high number of newer vehicles on the road, the demand generally for mechanical repairs and maintenance would likely decline due to the newer, longer-lasting parts in the vehicle population and mechanical failures being covered by OEM warranties for the first years of a vehicle's life. Moreover, alternative collision and mechanical parts are less likely to be used on newer vehicles. Our Specialty segment depends on sales of pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles, crossover utility vehicles, high performance vehicles and 15 recreational vehicles; any reduction in the number of such vehicles in operation will adversely affect demand for our Specialty products. Electric vehicles do not have traditional engines, transmissions, and certain related parts. Engines and transmissions represent some of our largest revenue generating SKUs in North America, and parts for engines and transmissions represent a significant amount of the revenue of our European operations. Thus, an increase in electric vehicles as a percentage of vehicles sold will have a negative impact on our sales of engines, transmissions, and other related parts. Fluctuations in the prices of metals and other commodities could adversely affect our financial results. Our recycling operations generate scrap metal and other metals that we sell. After we dismantle a salvage vehicle for wholesale parts and after vehicles have been processed in our self service retail business, the remaining vehicle hulks are sold to scrap processors and other remaining metals are sold to processors and brokers of metals. In addition, we receive "crush only" vehicles from other companies, including OEMs, which we dismantle and which generate scrap metal and other metals. The prices of scrap and other metals have historically fluctuated, sometimes significantly, due to market factors. In addition, buyers may stop purchasing metals entirely due to excess supply. To the extent that the prices of metals decrease materially or buyers stop purchasing metals, our revenue from such sales will suffer and a write-down of our inventory value could be required. For example, China has recently imposed a ban on the importation of 32 types of solid waste allegedly in an effort to reduce environmental pollution. This ban includes certain metals that we sell and will likely have the effect of reducing the prices of such products. The cost of our wholesale recycled and our self service retail inventory purchases will change as a result of fluctuating scrap metal and other metals prices. In a period of falling metal prices, there can be no assurance that our inventory purchasing cost will decrease the same amount or at the same rate as the scrap metal and other metals prices decline, and there may be a delay between the scrap metal and other metals price reductions and any inventory cost reductions. The prices of steel, aluminum, and plastics are components of the cost to manufacture products for our aftermarket business. If the prices of commodities rise and result in higher costs to us for products we sell, we may not be able to pass these higher costs on to our customers. Existing or new laws and regulations may prohibit, restrict or burden the sale of aftermarket, recycled, refurbished or remanufactured products. Most states have passed laws that prohibit or limit the use of aftermarket products in collision repair work. These laws include requirements relating to consumer disclosure, vehicle owner’s consent regarding the use of aftermarket products in the repair process, and the requirement to have aftermarket products certified by an independent testing organization. Additional legislation of this kind may be introduced in the future. If additional laws prohibiting or restricting the use of aftermarket products are passed, it could have an adverse impact on our aftermarket products business. Certain organizations test the quality and safety of vehicle replacement products. If these organizations decide not to test a particular vehicle product, or in the event that such organizations decide that a particular vehicle product does not meet applicable quality or safety standards, we may decide to discontinue sales of such product or insurance companies may decide to discontinue authorization of repairs using such product. Such events could adversely affect our business. Some jurisdictions have enacted laws prohibiting or severely restricting the sale of certain recycled products that we provide, such as airbags. In addition, laws relating to the regulation of parts affecting vehicle emissions, such as California’s Proposition 65, may impact the ability of our Specialty segment to sell certain accessory products. These and other jurisdictions could enact similar laws or could prohibit or severely restrict the sale of additional recycled products. The passage of legislation with prohibitions or restrictions that are more severe than current laws could have a material adverse impact on our business. Additionally, Congress could enact federal legislation restricting the use of aftermarket or recycled automotive products used in the course of vehicle repairs. The Federal Trade Commission has issued guides that regulate the use of certain terms such as “rebuilt” or “remanufactured” in connection with the sale of automotive parts. Restrictions on the products we are able to sell and on the marketing of such products could decrease our revenue and have an adverse effect on our business and operations. In 1992, Congress enacted the Anti-Car Theft Act to deter trafficking in stolen vehicles. The purpose of the law is to implement an electronic system to track and monitor vehicle identification numbers and major automotive parts. In January 2009, the U.S. Department of Justice implemented the portion of the system to track and monitor vehicle identification numbers. The portion of the system that would track and monitor major automotive parts would require various entities, including automotive parts recyclers like us, to inspect salvage vehicles for the purpose of collecting the part number for any "covered major part." The Department of Justice has not promulgated rules on this portion of the system, and therefore there has been no progress on the implementation of the system to track and monitor major automotive parts. However, if this system is fully implemented, the requirement to collect the information would place substantial burdens on vehicle recyclers, including us, that otherwise would not normally exist. It would place similar burdens on repair shops, which may discourage the use by 16 such shops of recycled products. There is no pending initiative to implement the parts registration from a law enforcement point of view. However, there is a risk that a heightened legislative concern over safety of parts might precipitate an effort to push for the implementation of such rules. An adverse change in our relationships with our suppliers or a disruption to our supply of inventory could increase our expenses and impede our ability to serve our customers. Our North American business is dependent on a relatively small number of suppliers of aftermarket products, a large portion of which are sourced from Taiwan. Our European business also acquires product from Asian sources. We incur substantial freight costs to import parts from our suppliers, many of which are located in Asia. If the cost of freight rose, we might not be able to pass the cost increases on to our customers. Furthermore, although alternative suppliers exist for substantially all aftermarket products distributed by us, the loss of any one supplier could have a material adverse effect on us until alternative suppliers are located and have commenced manufacturing and providing the relevant products. In addition, we are subject to disruptions from work stoppages and other labor disputes at port facilities through which we import our inventory. We also face the risk that our suppliers could attempt to circumvent us and sell their product directly to our customers. Moreover, our operations are subject to the customary risks of doing business abroad, including, among other things, natural disasters, transportation costs and delays, political instability, currency fluctuations and the imposition of tariffs, import and export controls and other non-tariff barriers (including changes in the allocation of quotas), as well as the uncertainty regarding future relations between China, Japan and Taiwan. For example, U.S. Customs and Border Protection have used claims of intellectual property infringement to seize certain of our aftermarket parts as we attempted to import them into the U.S. Because a substantial volume of our sales involves products manufactured from sheet metal, we can be adversely impacted if sheet metal becomes unavailable or is only available at higher prices, which we may not be able to pass on to our customers. Additionally, as OEMs convert to raw materials other than steel, it may be more difficult or expensive to source aftermarket parts made with such materials and it may be more difficult for repair shops to work with such materials in the repair process. Most of our salvage and a portion of our self service inventory is obtained from vehicles offered at salvage auctions operated by several companies that own auction facilities in numerous locations across the U.S. We do not typically have contracts with the auction companies. According to industry analysts, a small number of companies control a large percentage of the salvage auction market in the U.S. If an auction company prohibited us from participating in its auctions, began competing with us, or significantly raised its fees, our business could be adversely affected through higher costs or the resulting potential inability to service our customers. Moreover, we face competition in the purchase of vehicles from direct competitors, rebuilders, exporters and other bidders. To the extent that the number of bidders increases, it may have the effect of increasing our cost of goods sold for wholesale recycled products. Some states regulate bidders to help ensure that salvage vehicles are purchased for legal purposes by qualified buyers. Auction companies have been actively seeking to reduce, circumvent or eliminate these regulations, which would further increase the number of bidders. In addition, there is a limited supply of salvage vehicles in the U.S. As we grow and our demand for salvage vehicles increases, the costs of these incremental vehicles could be higher. In some states, when a vehicle is deemed a total loss, a salvage title is issued. Whether states issue salvage titles is important to the supply of inventory for the vehicle recycling industry because an increase in vehicles that qualify as salvage vehicles provides greater availability and typically lowers the price of such vehicles. Currently, these titling issues are a matter of state law. In 1992, the U.S. Congress commissioned an advisory committee to study problems relating to vehicle titling, registration, and salvage. Since then, legislation has been introduced seeking to establish national uniform requirements in this area, including a uniform definition of a salvage vehicle. The vehicle recycling industry will generally favor a uniform definition, since it will avoid inconsistencies across state lines, and will generally favor a definition that expands the number of damaged vehicles that qualify as salvage. However, certain interest groups, including repair shops and some insurance associations, may oppose this type of legislation. National legislation has not yet been enacted in this area, and there can be no assurance that such legislation will be enacted in the future. We also acquire inventory directly from insurance companies, OEMs, and others. To the extent that these suppliers decide to discontinue these arrangements, our business could be adversely affected through higher costs or the resulting potential inability to service our customers. In Europe, we acquire products from a wide variety of suppliers. As vehicle technology changes, some parts will become more complex and the design or technology of those parts may be covered by patents or other rights that make it difficult for aftermarket suppliers to produce for sale to companies such as ours. The complexity of the parts may include software or other technical aspects that make it difficult to identify what is wrong with the vehicle. More complex parts may be difficult to repair and may require expensive or difficult to obtain software updates, limiting our ability to compete with the OEMs. 17 Our annual and quarterly performance may fluctuate. Our revenue, cost of goods sold, and operating results have fluctuated on a quarterly and annual basis in the past and can be expected to continue to fluctuate in the future as a result of a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Future factors that may affect our operating results include, but are not limited to, those listed in the Special Note on Forward- Looking Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additionally, the number of selling days can fluctuate each quarter causing volatility in revenue and net income. Accordingly, our results of operations may not be indicative of future performance. These fluctuations in our operating results may cause our results to fall below our published financial guidance and the expectations of public markets, which could cause our stock price or the value of our debt instruments to decline. Our key management personnel are important to successfully manage our business and achieve our objectives. Our future success depends in large part upon the leadership and performance of our executive management team and key employees at the operating level. If we lose the services of one or more of our executive officers or key employees, or if one or more of them decides to join a competitor or otherwise compete directly or indirectly with us, we may not be able to successfully manage our business or achieve our business objectives. If we lose the services of any of our key employees at the operating or regional level, we may not be able to replace them with similarly qualified personnel, which could harm our business. In addition, to the extent wage inflation occurs in jurisdictions in which we operate, we may not be able to retain key employees or we may experience increased costs. We operate in foreign jurisdictions, which exposes us to foreign exchange and other risks. We have operations in North America, Europe and Taiwan, and we may expand our operations in the countries in which we do business and into other countries. Our foreign operations expose us to additional risks associated with international business, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition, including import and export requirements and compliance with anti-corruption laws, such as the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. We also incur costs in currencies other than our functional currencies in some of the countries in which we operate. We are thus subject to foreign exchange exposure to the extent that we operate in different currencies, as well as exposure to foreign tax and other foreign and domestic laws. In addition, certain countries in which we operate have a higher level of political instability and criminal activity than the U.S. that could affect our operations and the ability to maintain our supply of products. If we determine that our goodwill or other intangible assets have become impaired, we may incur significant charges to our pre-tax income. Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair market value of net assets acquired in business combinations. In the future, our goodwill and intangible assets may increase as a result of acquisitions. Goodwill is reviewed at least annually for impairment. Impairment may result from, among other things, deterioration in the performance of acquired businesses, deterioration of expected future cash flows or performance, increases in our cost of capital, adverse market conditions, and adverse changes in applicable laws or regulations, including modifications that restrict the activities of the acquired business. As of December 31, 2018, our total goodwill subject to future impairment testing was $4.4 billion. For further discussion of our annual impairment test, see "Goodwill Impairment" in the Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates section of Item 7 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except for indefinite-lived intangibles, we amortize other intangible assets over the assigned useful lives, each of which is based upon the expected period to be benefited. We review indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We review finite-lived intangible assets for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. In the event conditions change that affect our ability to realize the underlying cash flows associated with our intangible assets, we may record an impairment charge. As of December 31, 2018, the value of our other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, was $929 million. Our business may be adversely affected by union activities and labor and employment laws. Certain of our employees are represented by labor unions and other employee representative bodies and work under collective bargaining or similar agreements, which are subject to periodic renegotiation. From time to time, there have been efforts to organize additional portions of our workforce and those efforts can be expected to continue. In addition, legislators and government agencies could adopt new regulations, or interpret existing regulations in a manner, that could make it significantly easier for unionization efforts to be successful. Also, we may in the future be subject to strikes or work stoppages, union and works council campaigns, and other labor disruptions and disputes. Additional unionization efforts, new collective bargaining or similar agreements, and work stoppages could materially increase our costs and reduce revenue and could limit our flexibility in terms of work schedules, reductions in force and other operational matters. 18 We also are subject to laws and regulations that govern such matters as minimum wage, overtime and other working conditions. Some of these laws are technical in nature and could be subject to interpretation by government agencies and courts different than our interpretations. Efforts to comply with existing laws, changes to such laws and newly-enacted laws may increase our labor costs and limit our flexibility. If we were found not to be in compliance with such laws, we could be subject to fines, penalties and liabilities to our employees or government agencies. In addition, efforts to better protect local markets from foreign workers and decisions of countries to withdraw from treaties and joint economic areas may lead to increased restrictions on the free movement of people and labor and may limit our ability to place key personnel where it could best serve our needs. We rely on information technology and communication systems in critical areas of our operations and a disruption relating to such technology could harm our business. In the ordinary course of business, we rely upon information technology networks and systems, some of which are leased from third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information and to manage and support a variety of business processes and activities. The secure operation of these information technology networks and the processing and maintenance of this information is critical to our business operations and strategy. Despite security measures and business continuity plans, our information technology networks and infrastructure may be vulnerable to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to attacks by cyber criminals, breaches due to employee error or malfeasance, disruptions during the process of upgrading or replacing computer software or hardware, terminations of business relationships by third party service providers, power outages, computer viruses, telecommunication or utility failures, terrorist acts, natural disasters or other catastrophic events. The occurrence of any of these events could compromise our networks, and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, disruption to our operations and damage to our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business. In addition, as security threats continue to evolve, we will likely need to invest additional resources to protect the security of our systems. In the event that we decide to switch providers or to implement upgrades or replacements to our own systems, we may be unsuccessful in the development of our own systems or we may underestimate the costs and expenses of switching providers or developing and implementing our own systems. Also, our revenue may be hampered during the period of implementing an alternative system, which period could extend longer than we anticipated. In 2018, we launched a systems conversion project for our European businesses, which will be subject to all of these risks. The costs of complying with the requirements of laws pertaining to the privacy and security of personal information and the potential liability associated with the failure to comply with such laws could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. We collect personally identifiable information ("PII") and other data as part of our business processes and operations. The legislative and regulatory framework relating to privacy and data protection is rapidly evolving worldwide and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. This data is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations. Many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union, Canada and other jurisdictions where we conduct business, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of PII and other data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdictions that are more restrictive than those in the U.S. Additionally, the European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") that will impose more stringent data protection requirements for processors and controllers of personal data, including expanded disclosures about how PII is to be used, limitations on retention of PII, mandatory data breach notification requirements, and higher standards for data controllers to demonstrate that they have obtained valid consent for certain data processing activities. The GDPR became effective in May 2018, and there can be no assurance that we have timely implemented all processes required for full compliance with the regulation. The GDPR provides severe penalties for noncompliance. In addition, stricter laws in this area are being enacted in certain states in the U.S. and in other countries, and more jurisdictions are likely to follow this trend. Any inability, or perceived inability, to adequately address privacy and data protection issues, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations (including at newly-acquired companies) could result in additional cost and liability to us, result in governmental investigations and enforcement actions, give rise to civil litigation, result in damage to our reputation (including the loss of trust by our customers and employees), inhibit sales, and otherwise adversely affect our business. We also may be subject to these adverse effects if other parties with whom we do business, including lenders, suppliers, consultants and advisors, violate applicable laws or contractual obligations or suffer a security breach. Business interruptions in our distribution centers or other facilities may affect our operations, the function of our computer systems, and/or the availability and distribution of merchandise, which may affect our business. Weather, terrorist activities, war or other disasters, or the threat of any of them, may result in the closure of our distribution centers or other facilities or may adversely affect our ability to deliver inventory through our system on a timely basis. This may affect our ability to serve our customers, resulting in lost sales or a potential loss of customer loyalty. Some of 19 our merchandise is imported from other countries and these goods could become difficult or impossible to bring into the U.S. or into the other countries in which we operate, and we may not be able to obtain such merchandise from other sources at similar prices. Such a disruption in revenue could potentially have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. We are subject to environmental regulations and incur costs relating to environmental matters. We are subject to various environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations governing, among other things: the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air, or water; exposure to hazardous materials; and the generation, handling, storage, use, treatment, identification, transportation, and disposal of industrial by-products, waste water, storm water, and mercury and other hazardous materials. We are also required to obtain environmental permits from governmental authorities for certain of our operations. If we violate or fail to obtain or comply with these laws, regulations, or permits, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators or lose our operating permits. We could also become liable if employees or other parties are improperly exposed to hazardous materials. We have an environmental management process designed to facilitate and support our compliance with these requirements; we cannot assure you, however, that we will at all times be in complete compliance with such requirements. We have made and will continue to make capital and other expenditures relating to environmental matters. Although we presently do not expect to incur any capital or other expenditures relating to environmental controls or other environmental matters in amounts that would be material to us, we may be required to make such expenditures in the future. Under certain environmental laws, we could be held responsible for all of the costs relating to any contamination at, or migration to or from, our or our predecessors' past or present facilities and at independent waste disposal sites. These laws often impose liability even if the owner or operator did not know of, or was not responsible for, the release of such hazardous substances. Many of our facilities are located on or near properties with a history of industrial use that may have involved hazardous materials. As a result, some of our properties may be contaminated. Some environmental laws hold current or previous owners or operators of real property liable for the costs of cleaning up contamination. These environmental laws also impose liability on any person who disposes of, treats, or arranges for the disposal or treatment of hazardous substances, regardless of whether the affected site is owned or operated by such person, and at times can impose liability on companies deemed under law to be a successor to such person. Third parties may also make claims against owners or operators of properties, or successors to such owners or operators, for personal injuries and property damage associated with releases of hazardous or toxic substances. Contamination resulting from vehicle recycling processes can include soil and ground water contamination from the release, storage, transportation, or disposal of gasoline, motor oil, antifreeze, transmission fluid, chlorofluorocarbons ("CFCs") from air conditioners, other hazardous materials, or metals such as aluminum, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. Contamination from the refurbishment of chrome plated bumpers can occur from the release of the plating material. Contamination can migrate on-site or off-site, which can increase the risk, and the amount, of any potential liability. When we identify a potential material environmental issue during our acquisition due diligence process, we analyze the risks, and, when appropriate, perform further environmental assessment to verify and quantify the extent of the potential contamination. Furthermore, where appropriate, we have established financial reserves for certain environmental matters. In the event we discover new information or if laws change, we may incur significant liabilities, which may exceed our reserves. Environmental laws are complex, change frequently, and have tended to become more stringent over time. Our costs of complying with current and future environmental and health and safety laws, and our liabilities arising from past or future releases of, or exposure to, hazardous substances, may adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. We could be subject to product liability claims and involved in product recalls. If customers of repair shops that purchase our products are injured or suffer property damage, we could be subject to product liability claims by such customers. The successful assertion of this type of claim could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, we may become involved in the recall of a product that is determined to be defective. More generally, a recall involving alternative parts, even if we did not sell the recalled products, could adversely affect the perceived quality of alternative parts, leading to decreased usage of alternative parts. The expenses of a recall and the damage to our reputation, or the reputation of alternative parts generally, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We have agreed to defend and indemnify in certain circumstances insurance companies and customers against claims and damages relating to product liability and product recalls. The existence of claims or damages for which we must defend and indemnify these parties could also negatively impact our business, results of operations or financial condition. 20 Governmental agencies may refuse to grant or renew our operating licenses and permits. Our operating subsidiaries in our salvage, self-service, and refurbishing operations must obtain licenses and permits from state and local governments to conduct their operations. When we develop or acquire a new facility, we must seek the approval of state and local units of government. Governmental agencies may resist the establishment of a vehicle recycling or refurbishing facility in their communities. There can be no assurance that future approvals or transfers will be granted. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain and renew the licenses and permits our operating subsidiaries currently hold. Regulations related to conflict-free minerals may force us to incur additional expenses and otherwise adversely impact our business. In August 2012, as mandated by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the SEC adopted final rules regarding disclosure of the use of certain minerals, known as conflict minerals, originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo or adjoining countries. These requirements impose significant burdens on U.S. public companies. Compliance with the rules requires substantial due diligence in an effort to determine whether products contain the conflict minerals. The results of such due diligence efforts must be disclosed on an annual basis in a filing with the SEC. Our supply chain is complex and we may incur significant costs to determine the source of any such minerals used in our products. We may also incur costs with respect to potential changes to products, processes or sources of supply as a consequence of our diligence activities. Further, the implementation of these rules and their effect on customer, supplier and/or consumer behavior could adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of materials used in our products. As there may be only a limited number of suppliers offering products free of conflict minerals in some circumstances, we cannot be sure that we will be able to obtain necessary products from such suppliers in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. We may face reputational challenges if we determine that certain of our products contain minerals not determined to be conflict-free or if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for all conflict minerals used in our products through the procedures we implement. Accordingly, these rules could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition. If we experience problems with our fleet of trucks and other vehicles, our business could be harmed. We use a fleet of trucks and other vehicles to deliver the majority of the products we sell. We are subject to the risks associated with providing delivery services, including inclement weather, disruptions in the transportation infrastructure, governmental regulation, availability and price of fuel, liabilities arising from accidents to the extent we are not covered by insurance, and insurance premium increases. In addition, our failure to deliver products in a timely and accurate manner could harm our reputation and brand, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may lose the right to operate at key locations. We lease most of the properties at which we conduct our businesses. At the end of a lease term, we must negotiate a renewal, exercise a purchase option (to the extent we have that right), or find a new location. There can be no assurance that we will be able to negotiate renewals on terms acceptable to us or that we will find a suitable alternative location, especially with respect to our salvage operations (which have characteristics that are often not attractive to landlords, local governments, or neighbors). In such cases, we may lose the right to operate at key locations. Our effective tax rate could materially increase as a consequence of various factors, including interpretations and administrative guidance in regard to the Tax Act (defined below), U.S. and/or international tax legislation, mix of earnings by jurisdiction, and U.S. and foreign jurisdictional audits. We are a U.S. based multinational company subject to income taxes in the U.S. and a number of foreign jurisdictions. Therefore, we are subject to changes in tax laws in each of these jurisdictions and such changes could have a material adverse effect on our effective tax rate and cash flows. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"). Among other things, the Tax Act reduced the U.S. statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Additionally, beginning in 2018, the Tax Act imposed a regime of taxation on foreign subsidiary earnings (Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, “GILTI”) and on certain related party payments (Base Erosion Anti-abuse Tax, “BEAT”). Other important changes potentially material to our operations included the full expensing of certain assets placed into service after September 27, 2017, the repeal of the domestic manufacturing deduction, and additional limitations on the deductibility of executive compensation. Finally, as part of the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial tax system, the Tax Act imposed a one-time transition tax on the deemed repatriation of historical earnings of foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017. Other than the transition tax and revaluation of deferred tax balances (which were applicable to us for 2017), the provisions will generally be applicable in 2018 and beyond. In accordance with the guidance provided in SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118"), in the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded provisional reasonable estimates of the impact of the Tax Act, including $51 million for the transition tax and a deferred tax 21 benefit of $73 million related to the revaluation of deferred tax balances based on the new rate. During the third quarter of 2018, we recorded a $10 million favorable adjustment to the provisional amount recognized in 2017 related to the transition tax; no further material adjustments were recognized with regard to the revaluation of deferred tax balances. As of December 31, 2018, we completed our analysis of the impact of the Tax Act in accordance with SAB 118, and the provisional amounts recognized in 2017 are no longer considered provisional. Certain non-U.S. jurisdictions are considering tax legislation based upon recommendations made by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in connection with its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting study. The outcome of these legislative developments could have a material adverse effect on our effective tax rate and cash flows. The tax rates applicable in the jurisdictions within which we operate vary widely. Therefore, our effective tax rate may be adversely affected by changes in the mix of our earnings by jurisdiction. We are also subject to ongoing audits of our income tax returns in various jurisdictions both in the U.S. and internationally. While we believe that our tax positions will be sustained, the outcomes of such audits could result in the assessment of additional taxes, which could adversely impact our cash flows and financial results. If significant tariffs or other restrictions are placed on products or materials we import or any related counter-measures are taken by countries to which we export products, our revenue and results of operations may be materially harmed. The current U.S. administration has recently imposed tariffs on certain materials imported into the U.S. from China and announced additional tariffs on other goods from China and other countries. Moreover, counter-measures have been taken by other countries in retaliation for the U.S.-imposed tariffs. The tariffs cover products and materials that we import, and the counter-measures may affect products we export. The effects currently are not material; however, depending on the breadth of products and materials ultimately affected by, and the duration of, the tariffs and countermeasures, our financial results may be materially harmed. In addition, countries may impose other restrictions on the importation of products. For example, China has imposed a ban on the importation of 32 types of solid waste allegedly in an effort to reduce environmental pollution. This ban includes certain scrap metals that we sell and will likely have the effect of reducing the prices of such products. Activist investors could cause us to incur substantial costs, divert management’s attention, and have an adverse effect on our business. From time to time, we may be subject to proposals by activist investors urging us to take certain corporate actions. If activist investor activities occur, our business could be adversely affected because responding to proxy contests and other demands by activist investors can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations, and divert the attention of management and our employees. For example, we may be required to retain the services of various professionals to advise us on activist investor matters, including legal, financial and communications advisors, the costs of which may negatively impact our future financial results. Campaigns by activist investors to effect changes at publicly-traded companies are sometimes led by investors seeking to increase short term investor value through actions such as financial restructuring, increased debt, special dividends, stock repurchases, or sales of assets or the entire company. Perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy or leadership that arise as a consequence of activist investor initiatives may result in the loss of potential business opportunities, harm our ability to attract new investors, employees and business partners, and cause our stock price to experience periods of volatility or stagnation. Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and Financial Structure The market price of our common stock may be volatile and could expose us to securities class action litigation. The stock market and the price of our common stock may be subject to wide fluctuations based upon general economic and market conditions. The market price for our common stock may also be affected by our ability to meet analysts’ expectations. Failure to meet such expectations, even slightly, could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. In addition, stock market volatility has had a significant effect on the market prices of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to the operating performance of these companies. Downturns in the stock market may cause the price of our common stock to decline. Additionally, the market price for our common stock has been in the past, and in the future may be, adversely affected by allegations made or reports issued by short sellers, analysts, activists or others regarding our business model, our management or our financial accounting. Following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against such companies. If similar litigation were instituted against us, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources, which could have an adverse effect on our business. 22 Delaware law, our charter documents and our loan documents may impede or discourage a takeover, which could affect the price of our stock. The anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, our loan documents and Delaware law could, together or separately, impose various impediments to the ability of a third party to acquire control of us, even if a change in control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws have provisions that could discourage potential takeover attempts and make attempts by stockholders to change management more difficult. Our credit agreement provides that a change of control is an event of default. Our incorporation under Delaware law and these provisions could also impede an acquisition, takeover, or other business combination involving us or discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer for our common stock, which, under certain circumstances, could reduce the price of our common stock. Future sales of our common stock or other securities may depress our stock price. We and our stockholders may sell shares of common stock or other equity, debt or instruments that constitute an element of our debt and equity (collectively, "securities") in the future. We may also issue shares of common stock under our equity incentive plan or in connection with future acquisitions. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of securities or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of our common stock or other securities will have on the price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock (including shares issued in connection with an acquisition), the issuance of additional debt securities, or the perception that such sales or issuances could occur, may cause the price of our common stock to fall. We cannot guarantee that our stock repurchase program will be fully implemented. In October 2018, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program totaling $500 million. We are not obligated to repurchase a specified number or dollar value of shares, and our repurchase program may be suspended or terminated at any time. We have a substantial amount of indebtedness, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to obtain financing in the future and to react to changes in our business. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $1.8 billion aggregate principal amount of secured debt outstanding and approximately $1.7 billion of availability under our credit agreement ($1.8 billion of availability reduced by $65 million of amounts outstanding under letters of credit). In addition, we had approximately $2.3 billion aggregate principal amount of unsecured debt outstanding comprising $600 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% senior notes due May 15, 2023 (the "U.S. Notes (2023)"), €500 million ($573 million) aggregate principal amount of 3.875% senior notes due April 1, 2024 (the "Euro Notes (2024)"), and €1.0 billion ($1.1 billion) aggregate principal amount consisting of €750 million of 3.625% senior notes due 2026 (the "Euro Notes (2026)") and €250 million of 4.125% senior notes due 2028 (the "Euro Notes (2028)," together with the 2026 notes, the "Euro Notes (2026/28)," and together with the U.S. Notes (2023), Euro Notes (2024), and Euro Notes (2026), the "senior notes"). Borrowings under the credit agreement mature in January 2024. Our significant amount of debt and our debt service obligations could limit our ability to satisfy our obligations, limit our ability to operate our business and impair our competitive position. For example, our debt and our debt service obligations could: • • • • • increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and general industry conditions, including interest rate fluctuations, because a portion of our borrowings are and will continue to be at variable rates of interest; require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, which would reduce the availability of our cash flow from operations to fund working capital, capital expenditures or other general corporate purposes; limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry; place us at a disadvantage compared to competitors that may have proportionately less debt; limit our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing due to applicable financial and restrictive covenants in our debt agreements; and • increase our cost of borrowing. In addition, if we or our subsidiaries incur additional debt, the risks associated with our substantial leverage and the ability to service such debt would increase. 23 Our senior notes do not impose any limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or protect against certain other types of transactions. Although we are subject to our credit agreement for so long as it remains in effect, the indentures governing the senior notes do not restrict the future incurrence of unsecured indebtedness, guarantees or other obligations. The indentures contain certain limitations on our ability to incur liens on assets and engage in sale and leaseback transactions. However, these limitations are subject to important exceptions. In addition, the indentures do not contain many other restrictions, including certain restrictions contained in our credit agreement, including, without limitation, making investments, prepaying subordinated indebtedness or engaging in transactions with our affiliates. Our credit agreement will permit, subject to specified conditions and limitations, the incurrence of a significant amount of additional indebtedness. As of December 31, 2018, we would have been able to incur an additional $1.7 billion of indebtedness under our credit agreement ($1.8 billion of availability reduced by $65 million of amounts outstanding under letters of credit). If we or our subsidiaries incur additional debt, the risks associated with our substantial leverage and the ability to service such debt would increase. Our credit agreement imposes significant operating and financial restrictions on us and our subsidiaries, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities. Our credit agreement imposes significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions limit our ability, among other things, to: • • • incur, assume or permit to exist additional indebtedness (including guarantees thereof); pay dividends or certain other distributions on our capital stock or repurchase our capital stock or prepay subordinated indebtedness; incur liens on assets; • make certain investments or other restricted payments; • • • • engage in transactions with affiliates; sell certain assets or merge or consolidate with or into other companies; guarantee indebtedness; and alter the business we conduct. As a result of these covenants and restrictions, we will be limited in how we conduct our business and we may be unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. The terms of any future indebtedness we may incur could include more restrictive covenants. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain compliance with these covenants in the future and, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from the lenders and/or amend the covenants. The failure to comply with any of these covenants would cause a default under the credit agreement. A default, if not waived, could result in acceleration of our debt, in which case the debt would become immediately due and payable. If this occurs, we may not be able to repay our debt or borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if new financing were available, it may be on terms that are less attractive to us than our existing credit facilities or it may be on terms that are not acceptable to us. We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful. Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. If our operating results and available cash are insufficient to meet our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain the proceeds that we hope to realize from them, and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due. Any future refinancing of our indebtedness could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants which could further restrict our business operations. Additionally, our credit agreement and the indentures that govern our senior notes limit the use of the proceeds from certain 24 dispositions of our assets; as a result, our credit agreement and our senior notes may prevent us from using the proceeds from such dispositions to satisfy all of our debt service obligations. Our future capital needs may require that we seek to refinance our debt or obtain additional debt or equity financing, events that could have a negative effect on our business. We may need to raise additional funds in the future to, among other things, refinance existing debt, fund our existing operations, improve or expand our operations, respond to competitive pressures, or make acquisitions. From time to time, we may raise additional funds through public or private financing, strategic alliances, or other arrangements. Funds may not be available or available on terms acceptable to us as a result of different factors, including but not limited to turmoil in the credit markets that results in the tightening of credit conditions and current or future regulations applicable to the financial institutions from whom we seek financing. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to meet our business or strategic objectives or compete effectively. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, stockholders may experience dilution of their ownership interests, and the newly issued securities may have rights superior to those of our common stock. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt, we may be subject to higher borrowing costs and further limitations on our operations. If we refinance or restructure our debt, we may incur charges to write off the unamortized portion of deferred debt issuance costs from a previous financing, or we may incur charges related to hedge ineffectiveness from our interest rate swap obligations. There are restrictions in the indenture that governs the Euro Notes (2024), Euro Notes (2026) and Euro Notes (2028) on our ability to refinance such notes prior to January 1, 2024, April 1, 2021, and April 1, 2023, respectively. If we fail to raise capital when needed, our business may be negatively affected. Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our indebtedness service obligations to increase significantly and could affect the value of our senior notes. Certain borrowings under our credit agreement and the borrowing under our accounts receivable securitization facility are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, would correspondingly decrease. Moreover, changes in market interest rates could affect the trading value of the senior notes. Certain of our variable rate debt, including our revolving credit facility, currently uses the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") as a benchmark for establishing the interest rate. LIBOR is the subject of recent proposals for reform. These reforms and other pressures may cause LIBOR to disappear entirely or to perform differently than in the past. The consequences of these developments with respect to LIBOR cannot be entirely predicted but could result in an increase in the cost of our variable rate debt. Assuming all revolving loans were fully drawn and no interest rate swaps were in place, each one percentage point change in interest rates would result in a $36 million change in annual cash interest expense under our credit agreement and our accounts receivable securitization facility. Repayment of our indebtedness, including our senior notes, is dependent on cash flow generated by our subsidiaries. We are a holding company and repayment of our senior notes will be dependent upon cash flow generated by our subsidiaries and their ability to make such cash available to us, by dividend, debt repayment or otherwise. Unless they are borrowers or guarantors of the indebtedness, our subsidiaries do not have any obligation to pay amounts due on the indebtedness or to make funds available for that purpose. Our subsidiaries may not be able to, or be permitted to, make distributions to enable us to make payments in respect of our indebtedness, including the senior notes. Each of our subsidiaries is a distinct legal entity and, under certain circumstances, legal and contractual restrictions may limit our ability to obtain cash from our subsidiaries and, under certain circumstances, distributions from our subsidiaries may be subject to taxes that reduce the amount of such distributions available to us. While the indentures governing the senior notes limit the ability of our subsidiaries to restrict the payment of dividends or make other intercompany payments to us, these limitations are subject to certain qualifications and exceptions. In the event that we do not receive distributions from our subsidiaries, we may be unable to make required principal and interest payments on our indebtedness, including the senior notes. A downgrade in our credit rating would impact our cost of capital and could impact the market value of our senior notes. Credit ratings have an important effect on our cost of capital. Credit rating agencies rate our debt securities on factors that include, among other items, our results of operations, business decisions that we make, their view of the general outlook for our industry, and their view of the general outlook for the economy. Actions taken by the rating agencies can include maintaining, upgrading, or downgrading the current rating or placing us on a watch list for possible future downgrading. We believe our current credit ratings enhance our ability to borrow funds at favorable rates. A downgrade in our current credit rating from a rating agency could adversely affect our cost of capital by causing us to pay a higher interest rate on borrowed funds under our credit facilities. A downgrade could also adversely affect the market price and/or liquidity of our senior notes, preventing a holder from selling the senior notes at a favorable price, as well as adversely affecting our ability to issue new notes in the future or incur other indebtedness upon favorable terms. 25 The right to receive payments on the senior notes is effectively junior to those lenders who have a security interest in our assets. Our obligations under our senior notes and our guarantors’ obligations under their guarantees of the senior notes are unsecured, but our and each co-borrower’s obligations under our credit agreement and each guarantor’s obligations under their respective guarantees of the credit agreement are secured by a security interest in substantially all of our domestic tangible and intangible assets, including the stock of most of our wholly-owned United States subsidiaries and the stock of certain of our non-United States subsidiaries. If we are declared bankrupt or insolvent, or if we default under our credit agreement, the lenders could declare all of the funds borrowed thereunder, together with accrued interest, immediately due and payable. If we were unable to repay such indebtedness, the lenders could foreclose on the pledged assets to the exclusion of holders of our senior notes, even if an event of default exists under the applicable indenture governing the senior notes. Furthermore, if the lenders foreclose and sell the pledged equity interests in any subsidiary guarantor under our senior notes, then that guarantor will be released from its guarantee of the senior notes automatically and immediately upon such sale. In any such event, because the senior notes are not secured by any of our assets or the equity interests in subsidiary guarantors, it is possible that there would be no assets remaining from which claims by holders of the senior notes could be satisfied or, if any assets remained, they might be insufficient to satisfy claims fully. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $1.8 billion aggregate principal amount of secured debt outstanding and approximately $1.7 billion of availability under the credit agreement ($1.8 billion of availability reduced by $65 million of amounts outstanding under letters of credit). United States federal and state statutes allow courts, under specific circumstances, to void the senior notes and the guarantees, subordinate claims in respect of the senior notes and the guarantees, and require holders of the senior notes to return payments received from us or the guarantors. Our direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries that are obligors under the credit agreement guarantee the obligations under our senior notes. In addition, certain subsidiaries of the issuer of the Euro Notes (2024) guarantee the obligations under the Euro Notes (2024). The issuance of our senior notes and the issuance of the guarantees by the guarantors may be subject to review under state and federal laws if a bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization case or a lawsuit, including in circumstances in which bankruptcy is not involved, were commenced at some future date by, or on behalf of, our unpaid creditors or the unpaid creditors of a guarantor. Under the federal bankruptcy laws of the United States and comparable provisions of state fraudulent transfer laws, a court may avoid or otherwise decline to enforce the senior notes, or a guarantor’s guarantee, or may subordinate the senior notes, or such guarantee, to our or the applicable guarantor’s existing and future indebtedness. While the relevant laws may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, a court might do so if it found that when indebtedness under the senior notes was issued, or when the applicable guarantor entered into its guarantee, or, in some jurisdictions, when payments became due under the senior notes, or such guarantee, the issuer or the applicable guarantor received less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration and: • was insolvent or rendered insolvent by reason of such incurrence; • was engaged in a business or transaction for which its remaining assets constituted unreasonably small capital; or • intended to incur, or believed that it would incur, debts beyond its ability to pay such debts as they mature. A court would likely find that we or a guarantor did not receive reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration for the senior notes or such guarantee if we or such guarantor did not substantially benefit directly or indirectly from the issuance of the senior notes. Thus, if the guarantees were legally challenged, any guarantee could be subject to the claim that, since the guarantee was incurred for our benefit, and only indirectly for the benefit of the guarantor, the obligations of the applicable guarantor were incurred for less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration. If a court were to void the issuance of the senior notes or any guarantee, a holder of the senior notes would no longer have any claim against us or the applicable guarantor. In the event of a finding that a fraudulent transfer or conveyance occurred, a holder of the senior notes may not receive any repayment on the senior notes. Further, the avoidance of the senior notes could result in an event of default with respect to our and our subsidiaries’ other debt, which could result in acceleration of that debt. The measures of insolvency for purposes of these fraudulent transfer laws vary depending upon the law applied in any proceeding to determine whether a fraudulent transfer has occurred. Generally, however, an issuer or a guarantor, as applicable, would be considered insolvent if: • • the sum of its debts, including contingent liabilities, was greater than the fair value of its assets; the present fair saleable value of its assets was less than the amount that would be required to pay its probable liability on its existing debts, including contingent liabilities, as they become absolute and mature; or • it could not pay its debts as they become due. A court might also void the senior notes, or a guarantee, without regard to the above factors, if the court found that the senior notes were incurred or issued or the applicable guarantor entered into its guarantee with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud its creditors. We cannot give any assurance as to what standard a court would apply in determining whether we or the 26 guarantors were solvent at the relevant time or that a court would agree with our conclusions in this regard, or, regardless of the standard that a court uses, that it would not determine that we or a guarantor were indeed insolvent on that date; that any payments to the holders of the senior notes (including under the guarantees) did not constitute preferences, fraudulent transfers or conveyances on other grounds; or that the issuance of the senior notes and the guarantees would not be subordinated to our or any guarantor’s other debt. In addition, any payment by us or a guarantor pursuant to the senior notes, or its guarantee, could be avoided and required to be returned to us or such guarantor or to a fund for the benefit of our or such guarantor’s creditors, and accordingly the court might direct holders of the senior notes to repay any amounts already received from us or such guarantor. Among other things, under U.S. bankruptcy law, any payment by us pursuant to the senior notes or by a guarantor under a guarantee made at a time we or such guarantor were found to be insolvent could be voided and required to be returned to us or such guarantor or to a fund for the benefit of our or such guarantor’s creditors if such payment is made to an insider within a one-year period prior to a bankruptcy filing or within 90 days for any outside party and such payment would give such insider or outsider party more than such party would have received in a distribution under the Bankruptcy Code in a hypothetical Chapter 7 case. Although each guarantee contains a “savings clause” intended to limit the subsidiary guarantor’s liability to the maximum amount that it could incur without causing the incurrence of obligations under its subsidiary guarantee to be a fraudulent transfer, this provision may not be effective as a legal matter to protect any subsidiary guarantees from being avoided under fraudulent transfer law. In that regard, in Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of TOUSA, Inc. v Citicorp North America, Inc., the United States Bankruptcy Court in the Southern District of Florida held that a savings clause similar to the savings clause included in our indentures was unenforceable. As a result, the subsidiary guarantees were found to be fraudulent conveyances. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit subsequently affirmed the liability findings of the Bankruptcy Court without ruling directly on the enforceability of savings clauses generally. If the decision of the bankruptcy court in TOUSA were followed by other courts, the risk that the guarantees would be deemed fraudulent conveyances would be significantly increased. To the extent a court avoids the senior notes or any of the guarantees as fraudulent transfers or holds the senior notes or any of the guarantees unenforceable for any other reason, the holders of the senior notes would cease to have any direct claim against us or the applicable guarantor. If a court were to take this action, our or the applicable guarantor’s assets would be applied first to satisfy our or the applicable guarantor’s other liabilities, if any, and might not be applied to the payment of the senior notes. Sufficient funds to repay the senior notes may not be available from other sources, including the remaining guarantors, if any. In addition, the Euro Notes (2024) and the guarantees may be subject to avoidance under the laws of other foreign jurisdictions, including Italy and Czech Republic, to the extent that we, the issuer of the Euro Notes (2024), or any of the guarantors (as applicable) were to be the subject of an insolvency or related proceeding in such jurisdiction(s). Not all of our subsidiaries have guaranteed our credit agreement or our senior notes, and the assets of our non-guarantor subsidiaries may not be available to make payments on such obligations. Not all of our subsidiaries have guaranteed the credit agreement, our U.S. Notes (2023), Euro Notes (2024), Euro Notes (2026), and Euro Notes (2028). In the event that any non-guarantor subsidiary becomes insolvent, liquidates, reorganizes, dissolves or otherwise winds up, holders of its indebtedness and its trade creditors generally will be entitled to payment on their claims from the assets of that subsidiary before any of those assets are made available to the lenders under the credit agreement or the holders of the senior notes. Consequently, claims in respect of the credit agreement and the senior notes are structurally subordinated to all of the liabilities of our subsidiaries that are not guarantors of such instruments, including trade payables, and any claims of third party holders of preferred equity interests, if any, in our non-guarantor subsidiaries. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our subsidiaries that are not borrowers under or do not guarantee the credit agreement and our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the U.S. Notes (2023) represented approximately 49% and 30% of our total revenue and operating income, respectively. In addition, these non-guarantor subsidiaries represented approximately 58% and 60% of our total assets and total liabilities, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 (excluding, in each case, intercompany amounts). As of the same date, our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the credit agreement or the U.S. Notes (2023) had approximately $2.7 billion of outstanding indebtedness (which includes $683 million of borrowings under our revolving credit facilities by foreign subsidiaries that are borrowers under the revolving credit facilities but that do not guarantee the U.S. Notes (2023)). The group of subsidiaries that does not guarantee the Euro Notes (2024) is similar to the group that does not guarantee the U.S. Notes (2023), Euro Notes (2026) and Euro Notes (2028), except that, in addition to the issuer of the Euro Notes (2024), there are four subsidiaries in the group that does not guarantee the U.S. Notes (2023), Euro Notes (2026) and Euro Notes (2028) that guarantee the Euro Notes (2024). We may not be able to repurchase the senior notes upon a change of control or pursuant to an asset sale offer. Upon a change of control, as defined in the indentures governing the senior notes, the holders of the senior notes will have the right to require us to offer to purchase all of the senior notes then outstanding at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. Such a change of control would also be an event of default under our credit agreement. In order to obtain sufficient funds to pay amounts due under the credit agreement and the purchase price of the outstanding senior notes, we expect that we would have to refinance our indebtedness. We cannot assure you that we would be 27 able to refinance our indebtedness on reasonable terms, if at all. Our failure to offer to purchase all outstanding senior notes or to purchase all validly tendered senior notes would be an event of default under the indenture. Such an event of default may cause the acceleration of our other debt. Our other debt also may contain restrictions on repayment requirements with respect to specified events or transactions that constitute a change of control under the indenture. The definition of change of control in the indentures governing the senior notes includes a phrase relating to the sale of “all or substantially all” of our assets. There is no precise established definition of the phrase “substantially all” under applicable law. Accordingly, the ability of a holder of senior notes to require us to repurchase its senior notes as a result of a sale of less than all our assets to another person may be uncertain. In addition, in certain circumstances as specified in the indentures governing the senior notes, we will be required to commence an asset sale offer, as defined in the indentures governing the senior notes, pursuant to which we will be obligated to purchase certain senior notes at a price equal to 100% of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest with the proceeds we receive from certain asset sales. Our other debt may contain restrictions that would limit or prohibit us from completing any such asset sale offer. In particular, our credit agreement contains provisions that require us, upon the sale of certain assets, to apply all of the proceeds from such asset sale to the prepayment of amounts due under the credit agreement. The mandatory prepayment obligations under the credit agreement will be effectively senior to our obligations to make an asset sale offer with respect to the senior notes under the terms of the indentures governing the senior notes. Our failure to purchase any such senior notes when required under the indentures would be an event of default under the indentures. Key terms of the senior notes will be suspended if the notes achieve investment grade ratings and no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing. Many of the covenants in the indentures governing the senior notes will be suspended if the senior notes are rated investment grade by Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s provided at such time no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing, including those covenants that restrict, among other things, our ability to pay dividends, incur liens and to enter into certain other transactions. There can be no assurance that the senior notes will ever be rated investment grade. However, suspension of these covenants would allow us to engage in certain transactions that would not be permitted while these covenants were in force (although provisions under our other debt, like the credit agreement, may continue to restrict us from engaging in these transactions), and the effects of any such transactions will be permitted to remain in place even if the senior notes are subsequently downgraded below investment grade. The liquidity and market value of the senior notes may change due to a variety of factors. The liquidity of any trading market in the senior notes, and the market price quoted for the senior notes, may be adversely affected by changes in the overall market for these types of securities, changes in interest rates, changes in our ratings, and changes in our financial performance or prospects or in the prospects for companies in our industries generally. We rely on an accounts receivable securitization program for a portion of our liquidity. We have an arrangement whereby we sell an interest in a portion of our accounts receivable to a special purpose vehicle and receive funding through the commercial paper market. This arrangement expires in November 2021. In the event that the market for commercial paper were to close or otherwise become constrained, our cost of credit relative to this program could rise, or credit could be unavailable altogether. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our properties are described in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and such description is incorporated by reference into this Item 2. Our properties are sufficient to meet our present needs, and we do not anticipate any difficulty in securing additional space to conduct operations or additional office space, as needed, on terms acceptable to us. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS On May 10, 2018, our Specialty segment received a Notice of Violation from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") alleging that certain performance-related parts that we sold between January 1, 2015 and October 15, 2017 violated the provisions of the Clean Air Act that prohibit the sale of parts that could alter or defeat the emission control system of a vehicle. We are in negotiations with the EPA to resolve this matter, which may involve the payment of a civil penalty. Any penalty that is likely to be imposed is not expected to have material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. 28 In addition, we are from time to time subject to various claims and lawsuits incidental to our business. In the opinion of management, currently outstanding claims and suits will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. PART II 29 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") under the symbol "LKQ." At December 31, 2018, there were 18 record holders of our common stock. We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We intend to continue to retain our earnings to finance our growth, repurchase stock through our stock repurchase program, and for general corporate purposes. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. In addition, our senior secured credit agreement and our senior notes indentures contain, and future financing agreements may contain, limitations on payment of cash dividends or other distributions of assets. Delaware law also imposes restrictions on dividend payments. Based on limitations in effect under our senior secured credit agreement and senior notes indentures, the maximum amount of dividends we could pay as of December 31, 2018 was approximately $1.7 billion. The limit on the payment of dividends is calculated using historical financial information and will change from period to period. Stock Performance Graph and Cumulative Total Return The following graph compares the percentage change in the cumulative total returns on our common stock, the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index ("S&P 500 Index") and the following group of peer companies (the "Peer Group"): Copart, Inc.; O'Reilly Automotive, Inc.; Genuine Parts Company; and Fastenal Co., for the period beginning on December 31, 2013 and ending on December 31, 2018 (which was the last day of our 2018 fiscal year). The stock price performance in the graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. The graph assumes that the value of an investment in each of the Company's common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the Peer Group was $100 on December 31, 2013 and that all dividends, where applicable, were reinvested. Comparison of Cumulative Return Among LKQ Corporation, the S&P 500 Index and the Peer Group 30 LKQ Corporation S&P 500 Index Peer Group 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 $ $ $ 100 100 100 $ $ $ 85 111 131 $ $ $ 90 111 144 $ $ $ 93 121 162 $ $ $ 124 145 156 $ $ $ 72 136 195 This stock performance information is "furnished" and shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or subject to Rule 14A, shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date of this report and irrespective of any general incorporation by reference language in any such filing, except to the extent that it specifically incorporates the information by reference. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities On October 25, 2018, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program under which we may purchase up to $500 million of our common stock from time to time through October 25, 2021. Repurchases under the program may be made in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, with the amount and timing of repurchases depending on market conditions and corporate needs. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. Delaware law imposes restrictions on stock repurchases. The following table summarizes our stock repurchases for the three months ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except per share data): Period October 1, 2018 - October 31, 2018 November 1, 2018 - November 30, 2018 December 1, 2018 - December 31, 2018 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share $ $ $ 200 805 1,267 2,272 26.64 27.87 25.45 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 200 805 1,267 2,272 494,673 472,233 440,000 Information about our common stock that may be issued under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018 included in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial data should be read together with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 31 (in thousands, except per share data) Statements of Income Data: Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross margin Operating income (6) (7) Other expense (income): Interest expense Other income, net (6) Income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries (8) Income from continuing operations Net (loss) income from discontinued operations Net income Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Basic earnings per share: (9) Income from continuing operations Net (loss) income from discontinued operations Net income Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Diluted earnings per share: (9) Income from continuing operations Net (loss) income from discontinued operations Net income Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Weighted average shares outstanding- basic Weighted average shares outstanding- diluted $ $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2018 (1) 2017 (2) 2016 (3) 2015 (4) 2014 (5) $ 11,876,674 $ 9,736,909 $ 8,584,031 $ 7,192,633 $ 6,740,064 7,301,817 4,574,857 882,241 5,937,286 3,799,623 844,998 5,232,328 3,351,703 763,398 4,359,104 2,833,529 704,627 4,088,151 2,651,913 649,868 146,377 (7,567) 743,431 191,395 (64,471) 487,565 (4,397) 483,168 101,640 (23,269) 766,627 235,560 5,907 536,974 (6,746) 530,228 88,263 (2,146) 677,281 220,566 (592) 456,123 7,852 463,975 57,860 (2,263) 649,030 219,703 (6,104) 423,223 64,542 (2,562) 587,888 204,264 (2,105) 381,519 — — 423,223 381,519 3,050 (3.516) — — — 480,118 $ 533,744 $ 463,975 $ 423,223 $ 381,519 1.55 $ 1.74 $ 1.49 $ 1.39 $ (0.01) 1.54 (0.02) 1.72 0.01 (0.01) 0.03 1.51 — — 1.39 — 1.53 $ 1.73 $ 1.51 $ 1.39 $ 1.54 $ 1.73 $ 1.47 $ 1.38 $ (0.01) 1.53 (0.02) 1.71 0.01 (0.01) 0.03 1.50 — — 1.38 — 1.26 — 1.26 — 1.26 1.25 — 1.25 — 1.25 $ 1.52 $ 1.72 $ 1.50 $ 1.38 $ 314,428 308,607 306,897 304,722 302,343 315,849 310,649 309,784 307,496 306,045 32 (in thousands) Other Financial Data: Net cash provided by operating activities Year Ended December 31, 2018 (1) 2017 (2) 2016 (3) 2015 (4) 2014 (5) Net cash used in investing activities (1,458,939) $ 710,739 $ 518,900 (384,595) $ 635,014 (1,709,928) $ 544,282 (329,993) $ 388,711 (920,994) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Capital expenditures Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired Depreciation and amortization Balance Sheet Data: Total assets Working capital (10) Long-term obligations, including current portion Total Company stockholders' equity 882,995 (250,027) (1,214,995) 294,077 (112,567) (179,090) (513,088) 230,203 1,225,737 (207,074) (1,349,339) 206,086 (238,537) (170,490) (160,517) 128,192 501,189 (140,950) (775,921) 125,437 $ 11,393,402 $ 9,366,872 $ 8,303,199 $ 5,647,837 $ 5,475,739 2,830,601 2,499,410 2,045,273 1,588,742 1,491,169 4,310,500 4,782,298 3,403,980 4,198,169 3,341,771 3,442,949 1,584,702 3,114,682 1,846,148 2,720,657 (1) Includes the results of operations of Stahlgruber, from its acquisition effective May 30, 2018, and 13 other businesses from their respective acquisition dates in 2018. (2) Includes the results of operations of 26 businesses from their respective acquisition dates in 2017. (3) Includes the results of operations of: (i) Rhiag, from its acquisition effective March 18, 2016; (ii) the aftermarket automotive glass distribution business of Pittsburgh Glass Works LLC ("PGW autoglass"), from its acquisition effective April 21, 2016; and (iii) 13 other businesses from their respective acquisition dates in 2016. (4) Includes the results of operations of 18 businesses from their respective acquisition dates in 2015. (5) Includes the results of operations of Keystone Specialty from its acquisition effective January 3, 2014 and 22 other businesses from their respective acquisition dates in 2014. (6) Certain amounts for 2017 have been recast to reflect the 2018 adoption of ASU 2017-07, "Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost." See "Other Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements" within Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further information. (7) Reflects $33 million goodwill impairment charge on the Aviation reporting unit. See Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for further information. (8) Reflects $71 million impairment charge related to the Mekonomen equity investment. See Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for further information. (9) The sum of the individual earnings per share amounts may not equal the total due to rounding. (10) Working capital amounts represent current assets less current liabilities, excluding assets and liabilities of discontinued operations. As of its acquisition date, Stahlgruber added $240 million in working capital. ITEM 7. Overview MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS We are a global distributor of vehicle products, including replacement parts, components and systems used in the repair and maintenance of vehicles, and specialty products and accessories to improve the performance, functionality and appearance of vehicles. Buyers of vehicle replacement products have the option to purchase from primarily five sources: new products produced by original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs"); new products produced by companies other than the OEMs, which are referred to as aftermarket products; recycled products obtained from salvage and total loss vehicles; recycled products that have been refurbished; and recycled products that have been remanufactured. We distribute a variety of products to collision 33 and mechanical repair shops, including aftermarket collision and mechanical products; recycled collision and mechanical products; refurbished collision products such as wheels, bumper covers and lights; and remanufactured engines and transmissions. Collectively, we refer to the four sources that are not new OEM products as alternative parts. We are a leading provider of alternative vehicle collision replacement products and alternative vehicle mechanical replacement products, with our sales, processing, and distribution facilities reaching most major markets in the United States and Canada. We are also a leading provider of alternative vehicle replacement and maintenance products in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Benelux region (Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg), Italy, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, and various other European countries. In addition to our wholesale operations, we operate self service retail facilities across the U.S. that sell recycled automotive products from end-of-life-vehicles. We are also a leading distributor of specialty vehicle aftermarket equipment and accessories reaching most major markets in the U.S. and Canada. We are organized into four operating segments: Wholesale – North America; Europe; Specialty and Self Service. We aggregate our Wholesale – North America and Self Service operating segments into one reportable segment, North America, resulting in three reportable segments: North America, Europe and Specialty. Our operating results have fluctuated on a quarterly and annual basis in the past and can be expected to continue to fluctuate in the future as a result of a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control. Please refer to the factors referred to in Forward-Looking Statements above. Due to these factors and others, which may be unknown to us at this time, our operating results in future periods can be expected to fluctuate. Accordingly, our historical results of operations may not be indicative of future performance. Acquisitions and Investments Since our inception in 1998, we have pursued a growth strategy through both organic growth and acquisitions. We have pursued acquisitions that we believe will help drive profitability, cash flow and stockholder value. We target companies that are market leaders, will expand our geographic presence and will enhance our ability to provide a wide array of vehicle products to our customers through our distribution network. On May 30, 2018, we acquired Stahlgruber, a leading European wholesale distributor of aftermarket spare parts for passenger cars, tools, capital equipment and accessories with operations in Germany, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia with further sales to Switzerland. This acquisition expands LKQ's geographic presence in continental Europe and serves as an additional strategic hub for our European operations. In addition, we believe this acquisition will allow for continued improvement in procurement, logistics and infrastructure optimization. On May 3, 2018, the European Commission cleared the acquisition for the entire European Union, except with respect to the wholesale automotive parts business in the Czech Republic. The acquisition of the Czech Republic wholesale business has been referred to the Czech Republic competition authority for review. The Czech Republic wholesale business represents an immaterial portion of Stahlgruber's revenue and profitability. On July 3, 2017, we acquired four parts distribution businesses in Belgium. These acquisitions are transforming the existing three-step distribution model in Belgium to a two-step distribution model to align with our Netherlands operations. On November 1, 2017, we acquired the aftermarket business of Warn, a leading designer, manufacturer and marketer of high performance vehicle equipment and accessories. This acquisition expanded LKQ's presence in the specialty market and created viable points of entry into related markets. On March 18, 2016, we acquired Rhiag, a distributor of aftermarket spare parts for passenger cars and commercial vehicles in Italy, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Poland and Spain. This acquisition expanded LKQ's geographic presence in continental Europe and provided additional procurement synergies in our Europe segment. On April 21, 2016, we acquired PGW, a leading global distributor and manufacturer of automotive glass products. PGW’s business comprised aftermarket automotive replacement glass distribution services and automotive glass manufacturing. On March 1, 2017, we sold the automotive glass manufacturing component of PGW. Unless otherwise noted, the discussion related to PGW throughout Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K refers to the aftermarket glass distribution operations of PGW, PGW autoglass, which is included within continuing operations. See Note 3, "Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information related to our discontinued operations. The acquisition of PGW autoglass expanded our addressable market in North America and provided distribution synergies with our existing network. In October 2016, we acquired substantially all of the business assets of Andrew Page Limited ("Andrew Page"), a distributor of aftermarket automotive parts in the United Kingdom. The U.K. Competition and Markets Authority ("CMA") concluded its review of this acquisition on October 31, 2017 and required us to divest less than 10% of the acquired locations. We divested the required locations during 2018. 34 In addition to the significant acquisitions mentioned above, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we acquired various smaller businesses across our North America, Europe, and Specialty segments. On December 1, 2016, we acquired a 26.5% equity interest in Mekonomen AB ("Mekonomen"), the leading independent car parts and service chain in the Nordic region of Europe, offering a wide range of quality products including spare parts and accessories for cars, and workshop services for consumers and businesses. We acquired additional shares in the fourth quarter of 2018, increasing our equity interest to 26.6%. We are accounting for our interest in Mekonomen using the equity method of accounting, as our investment gives us the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. See Note 2, "Business Combinations," and "Investments in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries" in Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to our acquisitions and investments. Sources of Revenue We report our revenue in two categories: (i) parts and services and (ii) other. Our parts revenue is generated from the sale of vehicle products, including replacement parts, components and systems used in the repair and maintenance of vehicles, and specialty products and accessories to improve the performance, functionality and appearance of vehicles. Our service revenue is generated primarily from the sale of service-type warranties, fees for admission to our self service yards, and processing fees related to the secure disposal of vehicles. During the year ended December 31, 2018, parts and services revenue represented approximately 95% of our consolidated revenue. Revenue from other sources includes scrap sales, bulk sales to mechanical manufacturers (including cores) and sales of aluminum ingots and sows from our furnace operations. Other revenue will vary from period to period based on fluctuations in commodity prices and the volume of materials sold. See Note 5, "Revenue Recognition" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to our sources of revenue. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses In our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, we reported the following categories of operating expenses: (i) facility and warehouse expenses; (ii) distribution expenses; and (iii) selling, general and administrative expenses. To better reflect the changing profile of our business, and to align our financial statement presentation with other automotive parts and distribution companies, beginning with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2018, these three categories have been consolidated into one line item: selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses. Other than the consolidation of these financial statement line items and the changes due to the adoptions of Accounting Standards Update ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASU 2014-09"), and ASU 2017-07, "Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost," as discussed in Note 4, "Financial Statement Information" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10- K, there have been no changes to the classification of revenue or expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Income. Our SG&A expenses continue to include: personnel costs for employees in selling, general and administrative functions; costs to operate our selling locations, corporate offices and back office support centers; costs to transport our products from our facilities to our customers; and other selling, general and administrative expenses, such as professional fees, supplies, and advertising expenses. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, assumptions, and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, inventory valuation, business combinations and goodwill impairment. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for our judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and our recognition of revenue. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Revenue Recognition In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2014-09. This update outlines a new comprehensive revenue recognition model that supersedes the prior revenue recognition guidance and requires companies to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The FASB has issued several updates to ASU 35 2014-09, which collectively with ASU 2014-09, represent the FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”). On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 for all contracts using the modified retrospective method. For more information regarding the adoption of the new revenue standard as well as our critical accounting policies related to revenue, refer to Note 5, "Revenue Recognition," to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Inventory Accounting Salvage and Remanufactured Inventory. Our salvage inventory cost is established based upon the price we pay for a vehicle, including auction, towing and storage fees, as well as expenditures for buying and dismantling vehicles. Inventory carrying value is determined using the average cost to sales percentage at each of our facilities and applying that percentage to the facility's inventory at expected selling prices, the assessment of which incorporates the sales probability based on a part's days in stock and historical demand. The average cost to sales percentage is derived from each facility's historical profitability for salvage vehicles. Remanufactured inventory cost is based upon the price paid for cores, and also includes expenses incurred for freight, direct manufacturing costs and overhead related to our remanufacturing operations. All Inventory. For all inventory, carrying value is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value and is reduced to reflect current anticipated demand. If actual demand differs from our estimates, additional reductions to inventory carrying value would be necessary in the period such determination is made. Business Combinations We record our acquisitions using the purchase method of accounting, under which the acquisition purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their respective fair values. We utilize management estimates and, in some instances, independent third-party valuation firms to assist in determining the fair values of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and contingent consideration granted. There are inherent assumptions and estimates used in developing the future cash flows and fair values of tangible and intangible assets, such as projecting revenues and profits, discount rates, income tax rates, royalty rates, customer attrition rates and other various valuation assumptions. We use various valuation methods to value property, plant and equipment. When valuing real property, we typically use the sales comparison approach for land and the income approach for buildings and building improvements. When valuing personal property, we typically use either the income or cost approach. We used the relief-from-royalty method to value trade names, trademarks, software and other technology assets, and we used the multi-period excess earnings method to value customer relationships. The relief-from-royalty method assumes that the intangible asset has value to the extent that its owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from the intangible asset. The multi-period excess earnings method is based on the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows attributable only to the customer relationship after deducting contributory asset charges. Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangibles Impairment We are required to test our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually. When testing goodwill for impairment, we are required to evaluate events and circumstances that may affect the performance of the reporting unit and the extent to which the events and circumstances may impact the future cash flows of the reporting unit to determine whether the fair value of the assets exceed the carrying value. Developing the estimated future cash flows and fair value of the reporting unit requires management's judgment in projecting revenues and profits, allocation of shared corporate costs, tax rates, capital expenditures, working capital requirements, discount rates and market multiples. Many of the factors used in assessing fair value are outside the control of management, and it is reasonably likely that assumptions and estimates can change in future periods. If these assumptions or estimates change in the future, we may be required to record impairment charges for these assets. In response to changes in industry and market conditions, we may be required to strategically realign our resources and consider restructuring, disposing of, or otherwise exiting businesses, which could result in an impairment of goodwill. We perform goodwill impairment tests annually in the fourth quarter and between annual tests whenever events indicate that an impairment may exist. During 2018, we did not identify any events or changes in circumstances that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting units below their carrying amounts. Therefore, we did not perform any impairment tests other than our annual test in the fourth quarter of 2018 as of October 31. Our goodwill impairment assessment is performed by reporting unit. A reporting unit is an operating segment, or a business one level below an operating segment (the "component" level), for which discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. However, components are aggregated as a single reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics. For the purpose of aggregating our components into reporting units, we review the long-term performance of Segment EBITDA. Additionally, we review qualitative factors such as type or class of customers, nature of products, distribution methods, inventory procurement methods, level of integration, and interdependency of processes across 36 components. Our assessment of the aggregation includes both qualitative and quantitative factors and is based on the facts and circumstances specific to the components. We have four operating segments: Wholesale – North America, Europe, Specialty and Self Service. Each of these operating segments consists of multiple components that have discrete financial information available that is reviewed by segment management on a regular basis. We have evaluated these components and concluded that the components that compose the Europe, Specialty, and Self Service operating segments are economically similar and thus were aggregated into three separate reporting units. Based on our aggregation assessment of the qualitative and quantitative factors of the components of the Wholesale – North America operating segment, we determined the Aviation component should not be aggregated with its operating segment, Wholesale – North America, thus we did not aggregate the Aviation component into the Wholesale – North America reporting unit. Our Aviation reporting unit resulted from a 2017 acquisition of a small wholesale business in North America. As of the date of our 2018 annual goodwill impairment test, we were organized into five reporting units: Wholesale - North America, Europe, Specialty, Self Service and Aviation. Our goodwill would be considered impaired if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeded its estimated fair value. The fair value estimates are established using weightings of the results of a discounted cash flow methodology and a comparative market multiples approach. We believe that using two methods to determine fair value limits the chances of an unrepresentative valuation. Discount rates, growth rates and cash flow projections are the assumptions that are most sensitive and susceptible to change as they require significant management judgment. Impairment may result from, among other things, deterioration in the performance of acquired businesses, increases in our cost of capital, adverse market conditions, and adverse changes in applicable laws or regulations, including modifications that restrict the activities of the acquired business. To assess the reasonableness of the fair value estimates, we compare the sum of the reporting units’ fair values to the Company’s market capitalization and calculate an implied control premium, which is then evaluated against recent market transactions in our industry. If we were required to recognize goodwill impairments, we would report those impairment losses as part of our operating results. Based on our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2018, we determined the carrying value of our Aviation reporting unit exceeded the fair value estimate by more than the carrying value, thus we recorded an impairment charge of $33 million, which represented the total carrying value of goodwill in our Aviation reporting unit. The impairment charge was due to a decrease in the fair value estimate from the prior year fair value estimate, primarily driven by a significant deterioration in the outlook for the Aviation reporting unit due to competition, customer financial issues and changing market conditions for the airplane platforms that the business services, which lowered our projected gross margin and related future cash flows. We reported the impairment charge in Impairment of goodwill on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018. We determined no other impairments existed when we performed our annual impairment testing on the remaining four reporting units as all those reporting units had a fair value estimate which exceeded the carrying value by at least approximately 15%, the level at which our Europe reporting unit exceeded its carrying value. The excess of the fair value estimate over the carrying value for our Europe reporting unit decreased from our 2017 to our 2018 impairment test as a result of the Stahlgruber acquisition in May 2018. This decrease aligns with our expectations as there has not been a significant change in the value of the Stahlgruber business since its acquisition, which had the effect of reducing the excess for the entire Europe reporting unit. As of December 31, 2018, we had a total of $4.4 billion in goodwill subject to future impairment tests. We review indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We performed a quantitative impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2018 as of October 31, using the relief-from-royalty method to value the Warn trademark, which is our only indefinite-lived intangible; we determined no impairment existed as the trademark had a fair value estimate which exceeded the carrying value. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements See "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information related to new accounting standards. Financial Information by Geographic Area See Note 16, "Segment and Geographic Information" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information related to our revenue and long-lived assets by geographic region. 37 Results of Operations—Consolidated The following table sets forth statements of income data as a percentage of total revenue for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross margin Selling, general and administrative expenses Restructuring and acquisition related expenses Impairment of goodwill Depreciation and amortization Operating income Other expense, net Income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries Income from continuing operations Net (loss) income from discontinued operations Net income Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. 100.0% 61.5% 38.5% 28.2% 0.3% 0.3% 2.3% 7.4% 1.2% 6.3% 1.6% (0.5)% 4.1% (0.0)% 4.1% 0.0% 4.0% 100.0% 61.0% 39.0% 27.9% 0.2% —% 2.3% 8.7% 0.8% 7.9% 2.4% 0.1% 5.5% (0.1)% 5.4% (0.0)% 5.5% 100.0% 61.0% 39.0% 27.5% 0.4% —% 2.2% 8.9% 1.0% 7.9% 2.6% (0.0)% 5.3% 0.1 % 5.4% — % 5.4% Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017 Revenue. The following table summarizes the changes in revenue by category (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change in Revenue 2018 2017 Organic Acquisition Foreign Exchange Total Change Parts & services revenue $ 11,233,407 $ 9,208,634 Other revenue Total revenue 643,267 528,275 $ 11,876,674 $ 9,736,909 4.4% 20.4% 5.3% 16.0% 1.4% 15.3% 1.5% 0.0% 1.4% 22.0% 21.8% 22.0% Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. The change in parts and services revenue of 22.0% represented increases in segment revenue of 6.5% in North America, 43.4% in Europe and 13.2% in Specialty. Organic growth in parts and services revenue on a per day basis was 4.1% as there was one additional selling day in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase in other revenue of 21.8% was primarily driven by a $108 million organic increase, largely attributable to our North America segment. Refer to the discussion of our segment results of operations for factors contributing to the change in revenue by segment during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of goods sold increased to 61.5% of revenue in the year ended December 31, 2018 from 61.0% of revenue in the year ended December 31, 2017. Cost of goods sold increased 0.4% and 0.3% as a result of our Europe and North America segments, respectively. Refer to the discussion of our segment results of operations for factors contributing to the changes in cost of goods sold as a percentage of revenue by segment for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Our SG&A expenses as a percentage of revenue increased to 28.2% in the year ended December 31, 2018 from 27.9% in the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily as a result of a 0.2% increase from our North America segment. Refer to the discussion of our segment results of operations for factors contributing to the 38 changes in SG&A expenses as a percentage of revenue by segment for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Restructuring and Acquisition Related Expenses. The following table summarizes restructuring and acquisition related expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands): Restructuring expenses Acquisition related expenses Total restructuring and acquisition related expenses Year Ended December 31, 2018 14,313 (1) 18,115 (3) 32,428 $ $ 2017 Change $ $ 5,012 (2) 14,660 (4) 19,672 $ $ 9,301 3,455 12,756 (1) Restructuring expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily consisted of $10 million related to the integration of our acquisition of Andrew Page and $3 million related to our Specialty segment. These integration activities included the closure of duplicate facilities and termination of employees. (2) Restructuring expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 included $2 million, $2 million, and $1 million related to the integration of acquired businesses in our North America, Specialty, and Europe segments, respectively. These integration activities included the closure of duplicate facilities and termination of employees. (3) Acquisition related expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily consisted of $16 million of costs for our acquisition of Stahlgruber. The remaining costs related to other completed acquisitions and acquisitions that were pending as of December 31, 2018. (4) Acquisition related expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 included $5 million of costs for our acquisition of Andrew Page, primarily related to legal and other professional fees associated with the CMA review. The remaining acquisition related costs for the year ended December 31, 2017 consisted of external costs for completed acquisitions; pending acquisitions as of December 31, 2017, including $4 million related to Stahlgruber; and potential acquisitions that were terminated. See Note 6, "Restructuring and Acquisition Related Expenses" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on our restructuring and integration plans. Impairment of Goodwill. We recorded a $33 million goodwill impairment charge on the Aviation reporting unit in the fourth quarter of 2018. See "Intangible Assets" in Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for further information. Depreciation and Amortization. The following table summarizes depreciation and amortization for the periods indicated (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Depreciation Amortization $ 2018 137,632 136,581 Total depreciation and amortization $ 274,213 2017 117,859 101,687 219,546 $ $ Change $ $ 19,773 (1) 34,894 (2) 54,667 (1) The increase in depreciation expense primarily reflected an increase of $17 million in our Europe segment, composed of (i) $10 million of incremental depreciation expense from our acquisition of Stahlgruber, (ii) a $3 million increase due to a measurement period adjustment recorded in the year ended December 31, 2017 related to our valuation procedures for our acquisition of Rhiag that reduced depreciation expense, and (iii) $3 million of incremental depreciation expense from our acquisitions of aftermarket parts distribution businesses in Belgium and Poland in the third quarter of 2017. Depreciation expense also increased by $2 million related to the impact of foreign currency translation, primarily due to increases in the pound sterling, euro, and Czech koruna exchange rates during 2018 compared to the prior year. (2) The increase in amortization expense primarily reflected (i) an increase of $37 million from our acquisition of Stahlgruber, and (ii) an increase of $4 million from our acquisition of Warn, partially offset by (iii) a $7 million decrease due to our 2016 acquisitions of Rhiag and PGW, which had higher amortization expense in 2017 compared to 2018 as a result of the accelerated amortization on the customer relationship intangible assets. 39 Other Expense, Net. The following table summarizes the components of the year-over-year increase in other expense, net (in thousands): Other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 $ 78,371 Increase due to: Interest expense Loss on debt extinguishment Gains on bargain purchases Interest income and other income, net Net increase 44,737 (1) 894 1,452 (2) 13,356 (3) 60,439 Other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2018 $ 138,810 (1) Additional interest primarily related to (i) a $38 million increase resulting from higher outstanding debt during 2018 compared to the prior year (including the borrowings under our Euro Notes (2026/28)), (ii) a $5 million increase from higher interest rates on borrowings under our senior secured credit agreement compared to the prior year, and (iii) a $2 million increase from foreign currency translation, primarily related to an increase in the euro exchange rate during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. (2) Over the past three years, we have completed several European acquisitions that resulted in gains on bargain purchase. In 2018, newly recorded gains and adjustments related to preliminary gains decreased relative to the prior year amount. (3) The increase in other expense primarily consisted of (i) a $6 million increase in foreign currency losses, (ii) a $5 million fair value loss recorded during 2018 related to a preferential rights issue to subscribe for new shares at a discounted share price for our equity method investment in Mekonomen; see Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information, and (iii) a non-recurring $4 million gain recorded in 2017 due to a decrease in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities. Provision for Income Taxes. Our effective income tax rate was 25.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to 30.7% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The following table summarizes the components of our provision for income taxes for the periods indicated (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Base provision for income taxes $ Excess tax benefits from stock-based payments U.S. tax reform deferred tax rate adjustment U.S. tax reform transition tax on foreign earnings Other discrete items $ 2018 202,511 (4,859) — (9,581) 3,324 Provision for income taxes $ 191,395 $ 2017 266,403 (1) (8,000) (2) (72,988) (3) 50,800 (4) (655) 235,560 (1) Excluding the impact of discrete items, prior to the enactment of the Tax Act our recurring annual effective tax rate was approximately 35%. Largely due to the reduction in the U.S. federal tax rate to 21%, we now estimate the recurring rate to be approximately 27%. We continue to analyze the highly complex and interdependent 2017 U.S. tax legislation. Adjustments to that legislation, as well as regulations implemented by the U.S. Treasury Department, which could have an impact on our effective tax rate. (2) Represents a discrete item for excess tax benefits received upon the exercise of stock options or vesting of RSUs. (3) The 2017 amount represented the provisional estimate of the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the Tax Act which reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate. There were no adjustments to the revaluation recorded in 2018; the accounting for this item is complete. (4) The 2017 amount represented the provisional estimate of the one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017 as a result of the Tax Act. In 2018, we recognized 40 a $10 million favorable adjustment to the Tax Act transition tax provisional estimate; the accounting for this item is complete. For further discussion of the Tax Act, see Note 15, "Income Taxes," included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Equity in (Losses) Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries. Equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 primarily related to our investment in Mekonomen. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded $71 million in other-than-temporary impairments related to our investment in Mekonomen. See Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on the impairment charges. The impairment charges are excluded from our calculation of Segment EBITDA. See Note 16, "Segment and Geographic Information" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for our reconciliation of Net Income to Segment EBITDA. Foreign Currency Impact. We translate our statements of income at the average exchange rates in effect for the period. Relative to the rates used during the year ended December 31, 2017, the Czech koruna, euro, and pound sterling rates used to translate the 2018 statements of income increased by 7.2%, 4.5%, and 3.6%, respectively. The translation effect of the change in foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar and realized and unrealized currency losses for the year ended December 31, 2018 resulted in a $0.02 positive effect on diluted earnings per share from continuing operations relative to the prior year. Net Loss from Discontinued Operations. We recorded net losses from discounted operations of $4 million and $7 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Discontinued operations represents the automotive glass manufacturing business of PGW, which we sold on March 1, 2017. See Note 3, "Discontinued Operations" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $7 million from 2017 due to (i) a $5 million increase in our North America segment, as we allocated a loss of $4 million to the noncontrolling interest of an immaterial subsidiary during the year ended December 31, 2017, and (ii) a $2 million increase related to the noncontrolling interest of subsidiaries acquired in connection with the Stahlgruber acquisition. Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016 Revenue. The following table summarizes the changes in revenue by category (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change in Revenue 2017 2016 Organic Acquisition Foreign Exchange Total Change Parts & services revenue $ 9,208,634 $ 8,144,645 Other revenue Total revenue 528,275 439,386 $ 9,736,909 $ 8,584,031 4.1% 19.6% 4.9% 9.1% 0.7% 8.7% (0.1)% 0.0 % (0.1)% 13.1% 20.2% 13.4% Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. The change in parts and services revenue of 13.1% represented increases in segment revenue of 6.7% in North America, 24.5% in Europe, and 6.7% in Specialty. The increase in other revenue of 20.2% primarily consisted of an $86 million organic increase in other revenue, which was largely attributable to our North America segment. Refer to the discussion of our segment results of operations for factors contributing to the change in revenue by segment during 2017 compared to the prior year. Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of goods sold remained flat at 61.0% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Cost of goods sold decreased 0.3% as a result of our North America segment, primarily related to our salvage operations. Offsetting this decrease were roughly equal increases in cost of goods sold in our Europe and Specialty segments. Refer to the discussion of our segment results of operations for factors contributing to the changes in cost of goods sold as a percentage of revenue by segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Our SG&A expenses as a percentage of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased to 27.9% in 2017 from 27.5% in 2016, primarily as a result of a 0.4% increase from our Europe segment and a 0.2% increase from our North America segment. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease in SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue in our Specialty segment. Refer to the discussion of our segment results of operations for factors contributing to the changes in SG&A expenses as a percentage of revenue by segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. 41 Restructuring and Acquisition Related Expenses. The following table summarizes restructuring and acquisition related expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands): Restructuring expenses Acquisition related expenses Total restructuring and acquisition related expenses Year Ended December 31, 2017 $ $ 5,012 (1) 14,660 (3) 19,672 $ $ 2016 15,782 (2) 21,980 (4) 37,762 Change $ $ (10,770) (7,320) (18,090) (1) Restructuring expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 included $2 million, $2 million, and $1 million related to the integration of acquired businesses in our North America, Specialty, and Europe segments. These integration activities included the closure of duplicate facilities and termination of employees. (2) Restructuring expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 included $10 million, $3 million, $2 million related to the integration of acquired businesses in our Specialty, North America and Europe segments, respectively. These integration activities included the closure of duplicate facilities and termination of employees. (3) Acquisition related expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 included $5 million of costs for our acquisition of Andrew Page, primarily related to legal and other professional fees associated with the CMA review. The remaining acquisition related costs for the year ended December 31, 2017 consisted of external costs for completed acquisitions; pending acquisitions as of December 31, 2017, including $4 million related to Stahlgruber; and potential acquisitions that were terminated. (4) Acquisition related expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 reflect $11 million and $4 million related to the acquisitions of Rhiag and PGW autoglass, respectively. The remaining $7 million of expense was related to other completed acquisitions and acquisitions that were pending as of December 31, 2016. See Note 6, "Restructuring and Acquisition Related Expenses" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on our restructuring and integration plans. Depreciation and Amortization. The following table summarizes depreciation and amortization for the periods indicated (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Depreciation Amortization 2017 $ 117,859 101,687 Total depreciation and amortization $ 219,546 2016 107,945 83,488 191,433 $ $ Change $ $ 9,914 (1) 18,199 (2) 28,113 (1) The increase in depreciation expense primarily reflected increases of $4 million and $2 million for property, plant and equipment recorded for our acquisitions of Andrew Page and Rhiag, respectively. Depreciation expense increased in 2017 for Andrew Page and Rhiag primarily due to both acquisitions having a full year of results in 2017 compared to a partial year in 2016 (from acquisition dates of October 4, 2016 and March 18, 2016, respectively, through December 31, 2016). The remaining change primarily reflected increased levels of property, plant and equipment to support our organic related growth. (2) The increase primarily reflected incremental amortization expense of (i) $14 million related to intangibles recorded for our acquisition of Rhiag and (ii) $3 million related to intangibles recorded for acquisitions within our Benelux operations during 2017. 42 Other Expense, Net. The following table summarizes the components of the year-over-year decrease in other expense, net (in thousands): Other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2016 $ 86,117 Increase (decrease) due to: Interest expense Loss on debt extinguishment Gain on foreign exchange contracts - acquisition related Gains on bargain purchases Interest income and other income, net Net decrease Other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 13,377 (1) (26,194) (2) 18,342 (3) 4,337 (4) (17,608) (5) (7,746) $ 78,371 (1) Additional interest primarily related to borrowings used to fund our acquisitions of Rhiag and PGW. (2) During the first quarter of 2016, we incurred a $24 million loss on debt extinguishment as a result of our early payment of Rhiag debt assumed as part of the acquisition, and we incurred a $3 million loss on debt extinguishment as a result of our January 2016 amendment to our senior secured credit agreement. We incurred an immaterial loss on debt extinguishment as a result of our December 2017 amendment to our senior secured credit agreement. (3) In March 2016, we entered into foreign currency forward contracts to acquire a total of €588 million used to fund the purchase price of the Rhiag acquisition. The rates under the foreign currency forwards were favorable to the spot rate on the date the funds were drawn to complete the acquisition, and as a result, these derivatives contracts generated a gain of $18 million. (4) In October 2016, we acquired Andrew Page out of receivership. We recorded a gain on bargain purchase of $8 million in the fourth quarter of 2016, as the fair value of the net assets acquired exceeded the purchase price. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we increased the gain on bargain purchase for this acquisition by $2 million as a result of changes to our estimate of the fair value of net assets acquired. We also recorded a gain on bargain purchase for another acquisition in Europe completed in the second quarter of 2017. (5) Interest income and other income, net was higher in 2017 primarily due to the impact of foreign currency transaction gains and losses, which had a net $6 million favorable impact compared to the prior year period. This primarily included unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and unrealized mark-to-market gains and losses on foreign currency forward contracts used to hedge the purchases of inventory in our U.K. operations. Additionally, there was (i) a $4 million gain due to a decrease in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, and (ii) a $2 million curtailment gain in 2017 related to our pensions. The remaining change related to miscellaneous other income. Provision for Income Taxes. Our effective income tax rate was 30.7% for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to 32.6% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The following table summarizes the components of our provision for income taxes for the periods indicated (in thousands): Base provision for income taxes Excess tax benefits from stock-based payments U.S. tax reform deferred tax rate adjustment U.S. tax reform transition tax on foreign earnings Other discrete items Provision for income taxes Year Ended December 31, 2017 266,403 (8,000) (72,988) 50,800 (655) 235,560 $ $ 2016 235,355 (1) (11,441) (2) — (3) — (4) (3,348) 220,566 $ $ (1) Excluding the impact of discrete items, our annual effective tax rate has been close to 35% over the prior two years. We were still evaluating the impact of the Tax Act on our future U.S. tax liability, but at the time, we expected that the overall impact of the Tax Act on our effective tax rate would be a decrease in the rate from previous years. (2) Represents a discrete item for excess tax benefits received upon the exercise of stock options or vesting of RSUs. 43 (3) Represents the provisional estimate of the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the Tax Act which reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate. (4) Represents the provisional estimate of the one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017 as a result of the Tax Act. For further discussion of the Tax Act, see Note 15, "Income Taxes," included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Equity in (Losses) Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries. Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily related to our investment in Mekonomen. See Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. Foreign Currency Impact. We translate our statements of income at the average exchange rates in effect for the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the pound sterling rate used to translate the 2017 statements of income declined by 4.9%, while both the Canadian dollar rate and euro rate increased by 2.1% compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The translation effect of the change in these currencies against the U.S. dollar and realized and unrealized currency losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 resulted in a $0.01 negative effect on diluted earnings per share from continuing operations relative to the prior year. Net (Loss) Income from Discontinued Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2017 we recorded a loss from discontinued operations, net of tax totaling $7 million, of which $6 million was for the loss on sale of discontinued operations, compared to income from discontinued operations, net of tax totaling $8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Discontinued operations for 2017 and 2016 represents the automotive glass manufacturing business of PGW, which we acquired in April 2016 and sold on March 1, 2017. See Note 3, "Discontinued Operations" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we allocated a loss of $4 million to the noncontrolling interest of an immaterial subsidiary. Results of Operations—Segment Reporting We have four operating segments: Wholesale – North America, Europe, Specialty and Self Service. Our Wholesale – North America and Self Service operating segments are aggregated into one reportable segment, North America, because they possess similar economic characteristics and have common products and services, customers, and methods of distribution. Therefore, we present three reportable segments: North America, Europe and Specialty. We have presented the growth of our revenue and profitability in our operations on both an as reported and a constant currency basis. The constant currency presentation, which is a non-GAAP measure, excludes the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We believe providing constant currency information provides valuable supplemental information regarding our growth and profitability, consistent with how we evaluate our performance, as this statistic removes the translation impact of exchange rate fluctuations, which are outside of our control and do not reflect our operational performance. Constant currency revenue and Segment EBITDA results are calculated by translating prior year revenue and Segment EBITDA in local currency using the current year's currency conversion rate. This non-GAAP financial measure has important limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Our use of this term may vary from the use of similarly-titled measures by other issuers due to potential inconsistencies in the method of calculation and differences due to items subject to interpretation. In addition, not all companies that report revenue or profitability on a constant currency basis calculate such measures in the same manner as we do, and accordingly, our calculations are not necessarily comparable to similarly-named measures of other companies and may not be appropriate measures for performance relative to other companies. 44 The following table presents our financial performance, including third party revenue, total revenue and Segment EBITDA, by reportable segment for the periods indicated (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, % of Total Segment Revenue % of Total Segment Revenue % of Total Segment Revenue 2016 2017 2018 Third Party Revenue North America Europe Specialty $ 5,181,964 $ 4,798,901 $ 4,443,886 5,221,754 1,472,956 3,636,811 1,301,197 2,920,470 1,219,675 Total third party revenue $ 11,876,674 $ 9,736,909 $ 8,584,031 Total Revenue North America Europe Specialty Eliminations Total revenue Segment EBITDA North America Europe Specialty $ 5,182,609 5,221,754 1,477,680 (5,369) $ 11,876,674 $ 4,799,651 3,636,811 1,305,516 (5,069) $ 9,736,909 $ 4,444,625 2,920,470 1,223,723 (4,787) $ 8,584,031 $ 660,153 12.7% $ 655,275 13.7% $ 589,945 422,721 168,525 8.1% 11.4% 319,156 142,159 8.8% 10.9% 283,608 131,427 13.3% 9.7% 10.7% The key measure of segment profit or loss reviewed by our chief operating decision maker, who is our Chief Executive Officer, is Segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA includes revenue and expenses that are controllable by the segment. Corporate general and administrative expenses are allocated to the segments based on usage, with shared expenses apportioned based on the segment's percentage of consolidated revenue. We calculate Segment EBITDA as EBITDA excluding restructuring and acquisition related expenses, change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, other gains and losses related to acquisitions, equity method investments, or divestitures, equity in losses and earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries and impairment of goodwill. EBITDA, which is the basis for Segment EBITDA, is calculated as net income, less net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest, excluding discontinued operations, depreciation, amortization, interest (which includes loss on debt extinguishment) and income tax expense. See Note 16, "Segment and Geographic Information" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of total Segment EBITDA to net income. Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017 North America Third Party Revenue. The following table summarizes the changes in third party revenue by category in our North America segment (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change in Revenue North America 2018 2017 Organic Acquisition (3) Foreign Exchange Total Change Parts & services revenue $ 4,558,220 $ 4,278,531 Other revenue 623,744 520,370 Total third party revenue $ 5,181,964 $ 4,798,901 5.7% (1) 19.6% (2) 7.2% 0.8% 0.3% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 6.5% 19.9% 8.0% Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. (1) Organic growth in parts and services revenue was attributable to roughly equal impacts of favorable pricing and increased sales volumes in our wholesale operations. The volume increases were primarily driven by (i) incremental sales related to an agreement signed in December 2017 for the distribution of batteries, and (ii) to a lesser extent, 45 severe winter weather conditions in the first quarter of 2018 compared to mild winter weather conditions in the prior year period. Organic growth in parts and services revenue for our North America segment on a per day basis was 5.3% as there was one additional selling day in 2018 compared to 2017. (2) The $103 million increase in other revenue primarily related to (i) a $64 million increase in revenue from scrap steel and other metals primarily related to higher prices and, to a lesser extent, increased volumes, year over year, (ii) a $24 million increase in revenue from metals found in catalytic converters (platinum, palladium, and rhodium) primarily due to higher prices and, to a lesser extent, increased volumes, year over year, and (iii) a $7 million increase in core revenue primarily related to increased volumes year over year. (3) Acquisition related growth in 2018 reflected revenue from our acquisition of ten wholesale businesses from the beginning of 2017 up to the one-year anniversary of the acquisition dates. Segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA increased $5 million, or 0.7%, in 2018 compared to the prior year. Sequential increases in scrap steel prices in our salvage and self service operations had a favorable impact of $5 million on North America Segment EBITDA during the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to a $12 million positive impact on the year ended December 31, 2017. This favorable impact resulted from the increase in scrap steel prices between the date we purchased a vehicle, which influences the price we pay for a vehicle, and the date we scrapped a vehicle, which influences the price we receive for scrapping a vehicle. The following table summarizes the changes in Segment EBITDA as a percentage of revenue in our North America segment: North America Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2017 Decrease due to: Change in gross margin Change in segment operating expenses Change in other expense, net and net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2018 Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. Percentage of Total Segment Revenue 13.7 % (0.5)% (1) (0.3)% (2) (0.2)% (3) 12.7 % (1) The decrease in gross margin reflected unfavorable impacts of 0.3% and 0.2% from our wholesale and self service operations, respectively. The decrease in wholesale gross margin is primarily attributable to (i) a shift in our sales toward lower margin products, including batteries, compared to the prior year period, and (ii) higher car costs in our salvage operations. The decrease in self service gross margin is primarily attributable to higher car costs as a result of increases in scrap prices in the first half of the year. While higher car costs can produce more gross margin dollars, these cars tend to have a dilutive effect on the gross margin percentage as parts revenue will typically increase at a lesser rate than the rise in average car cost. Self service gross margin was negatively impacted in the second half of 2018 due to declining scrap steel prices as the higher cost vehicles were scrapped. (2) The increase in segment operating expenses as a percentage of revenue primarily reflected (i) a 0.3% increase in vehicle expenses primarily due to increased vehicle rental leases to handle incremental volumes as well as increases in fuel prices, and (ii) a 0.2% increase in freight expenses due to a higher use of, and increased prices of, third party freight, partially offset by (iii) several individually immaterial factors that had a favorable impact of 0.1% in the aggregate. (3) The increase in other expense, net and net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest was primarily due to several individually immaterial factors that had an unfavorable impact of 0.2% in the aggregate. 46 Europe Third Party Revenue. The following table summarizes the changes in third party revenue by category in our Europe segment (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change in Revenue Europe 2018 2017 Organic (1) Acquisition (2) Foreign Exchange (3) Total Change Parts & services revenue $ 5,202,231 $ 3,628,906 Other revenue 19,523 7,905 Total third party revenue $ 5,221,754 $ 3,636,811 2.9% 74.2% 3.1% 36.7% 72.8% 36.7% 3.8 % (0.0)% 3.8 % 43.4% 147.0% 43.6% Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. (1) Parts and services revenue growth for the year varied by geography. In our Eastern European operations, revenue grew in the high single digits due to both existing and new branches (we added 68 since the beginning of 2017). Our Western European operations experienced slight declines to mid-single digit growth for the year due primarily to higher volumes in the second quarter of 2018 (partly attributable to the timing of the Easter holiday) offsetting softness in the remainder of the year. While we expect to achieve lower organic growth rates in these more mature markets than in Eastern Europe, our revenue growth in 2018 was negatively impacted by competitor actions, economic conditions in certain countries, such as Italy, and warmer than normal weather conditions. Organic growth in parts and services revenue for our Europe segment on a per day basis was 2.6% as there was one additional selling day in 2018 compared to 2017. (2) Acquisition related growth for the year ended December 31, 2018 included $1.1 billion, or 30.2%, $79 million, or 2.2%, and $72 million, or 2.0%, from our acquisitions of Stahlgruber and aftermarket parts distribution businesses in Poland and Belgium, respectively. The remainder of our acquired revenue growth included revenue from our acquisitions of 20 wholesale businesses in our Europe segment since the beginning of 2017 through the one-year anniversary of the acquisitions. (3) Compared to the prior year, exchange rates increased our revenue growth by $137 million, or 3.8%, primarily due to the weaker U.S. dollar against the pound sterling, euro and Czech koruna during 2018 relative to 2017. Segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA increased $104 million, or 32.4%, in 2018 compared to the prior year. Our Europe Segment EBITDA included a positive year over year impact of $15 million related to the translation of local currency results into U.S. dollars at higher exchange rates than those experienced during 2017. On a constant currency basis (i.e. excluding the translation impact), Segment EBITDA increased by $89 million, or 27.9%, compared to the prior year. Refer to the Foreign Currency Impact discussion within the Results of Operations - Consolidated section above for further detail regarding foreign currency impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2018. The following table summarizes the changes in Segment EBITDA as a percentage of revenue in our Europe segment: Europe Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2017 Decrease due to: Change in gross margin Change in segment operating expenses Change in other expense, net and net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2018 Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. Percentage of Total Segment Revenue 8.8 % (0.2)% (1) (0.4)% (2) (0.1)% 8.1 % (1) The decline in gross margin was due to (i) a 0.6% decrease related to our U.K. operations primarily as a result of incremental costs related to the national distribution facility, principally due to replenishment issues and related stock availability in the first quarter at our national distribution center and branches that led to some temporary service issues and increased labor costs to manually stock and receive product, and higher customer incentives, partially offset by increased supplier rebates, and (ii) a 0.3% net decrease due to mix related to our acquisition of an aftermarket parts 47 distribution business in Poland during the third quarter of 2017. The unfavorable effects were partially offset by (i) a 0.4% increase in gross margin in our Benelux operations primarily due to increased supplier rebates and the ongoing move from a three-step to a two-step distribution model, and (ii) a 0.3% favorable impact related to an increase in supplier rebates as a result of centralized procurement for our Europe segment. (2) The increase in segment operating expenses as a percentage of revenue was primarily due to a 0.4% increase in personnel expenses principally as a result of (i) negative leverage effect, as personnel costs grew at a greater rate than organic revenue, and (ii) increased headcount in our Eastern European operations as new branches were opened, as well as wage inflation due to low unemployment in the region. Additionally, a 0.2% increase in professional fees, primarily due to new information technology projects and other system enhancements, added to the unfavorable change in segment operating expenses. The unfavorable effects were partially offset by a 0.2% decrease in freight expenses due to a decreased use of third party freight in our U.K. operations. Specialty Third Party Revenue. The following table summarizes the changes in third party revenue by category in our Specialty segment (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change in Revenue Specialty 2018 2017 Organic (1) Acquisition (2) Foreign Exchange Total Change Parts & services revenue $ 1,472,956 $ 1,301,197 Other revenue — — Total third party revenue $ 1,472,956 $ 1,301,197 4.6% —% 4.6% 8.6% —% 8.6% 0.0% —% 0.0% 13.2% —% 13.2% Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. (1) Organic growth in parts and services revenue was primarily due to higher volumes across both our automotive and RV businesses, largely due to expansion of our product line coverage, strong exclusive line performance, and year over year growth of new vehicle sales of pickups, sport utility vehicles and other highly accessorized vehicles. Organic growth in parts and services revenue for our Specialty segment on a per day basis was 4.2% as there was one additional selling day in 2018 compared to 2017. (2) Acquisition related growth in 2018 included $110 million, or 8.4%, from our acquisition of Warn through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition date. The remainder of our acquired revenue growth reflected an immaterial amount of acquired revenue from our acquisitions of three wholesale businesses from the beginning of 2017 up to the one-year anniversary of the acquisition dates. Segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA increased $26 million, or 18.5%, in 2018 compared to the prior year. The following table summarizes the changes in Segment EBITDA as a percentage of revenue in our Specialty segment: Specialty Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2017 Increase (decrease) due to: Change in gross margin Change in segment operating expenses Change in other expense, net Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2018 Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. Percentage of Total Segment Revenue 10.9 % 1.3 % (1) (0.6)% (2) (0.2)% (3) 11.4 % (1) The increase in gross margin reflects favorable impacts of (i) 0.8% from our acquisition of Warn, which has a higher gross margin than our existing Specialty operations, and (ii) 0.6% from our initiatives to improve gross margin. The favorable effects were partially offset by 0.2% of increased inventory write-downs as damaged and defective product was identified during our warehouse expansion projects on the West Coast and in the Southeastern U.S. 48 (2) The increase in segment operating expenses reflects unfavorable impacts of (i) 0.3% in personnel costs primarily due to wage inflation, increased distribution expenses driven by a decreased use of third party freight and increased delivery routes to improve service levels, as well as higher employee benefit costs, (ii) 0.2% in vehicle and fuel expenses primarily due to increased fuel prices, and (iii) by several individually immaterial factors that had an unfavorable impact of 0.1% in the aggregate. (3) The increase in other expense, net is due to several individually immaterial factors that had an unfavorable impact of 0.2% in the aggregate. Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016 North America Third Party Revenue. The following table summarizes the changes in third party revenue by category in our North America segment (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change in Revenue North America 2017 2016 Organic Acquisition (3) Foreign Exchange Total Change Parts & services revenue $ 4,278,531 $ 4,009,129 Other revenue 520,370 434,757 Total third party revenue $ 4,798,901 $ 4,443,886 3.0% (1) 19.3% (2) 4.6% 3.6% 0.4% 3.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 6.7% 19.7% 8.0% Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. (1) Organic growth in parts and services revenue was largely attributable to increased sales volumes in our wholesale operations, primarily in our salvage operations and, to a lesser extent, our aftermarket operations. Within our salvage operations, the favorable volume impact, which was primarily related to mechanical parts, was a result of refinements to our buying algorithms. Also, an emphasis on inventorying more parts off of each car purchased contributed to the increase in the number of parts sold per vehicle. While we were able to increase parts and services revenue over the prior year, we believe the weather conditions in 2017 contributed to a lower growth rate than generated in prior years. Organic revenue growth for our North America segment was also negatively affected by one fewer selling day in 2017 compared to 2016; on a per day basis, organic revenue growth was 3.4%. (2) The $86 million increase in other revenue primarily related to (i) a $57 million increase in revenue from scrap steel and other metals primarily related to higher prices and, to a lesser extent, increased volumes, year over year and (ii) a $25 million increase in revenue from metals found in catalytic converters (platinum, palladium, and rhodium) primarily due to higher prices, year over year. (3) Acquisition related growth in 2017 included $92 million, or 2.1%, from our PGW autoglass acquisition. The remainder of our acquired revenue growth reflected revenue from our acquisition of 11 wholesale businesses from the beginning of 2016 up to the one-year anniversary of the acquisition dates. Segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA increased $65 million, or 11.1%, in 2017 compared to the prior year. Sequential increases in scrap steel prices in our salvage and self service operations benefited gross margins and had a favorable impact of $12 million on North America Segment EBITDA and approximately a $0.03 positive effect on diluted earnings per share. This favorable impact resulted from the increase in scrap steel prices between the date we purchased a vehicle, which influences the price we pay for a vehicle, and the date we scrapped a vehicle, which influences the price we receive for scrapping a vehicle. 49 The following table summarizes the changes in Segment EBITDA as a percentage of revenue in our North America segment: North America Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2016 Increase (decrease) due to: Change in gross margin Change in segment operating expenses Change in other expense, net Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2017 Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. Percentage of Total Segment Revenue 13.3 % 0.6 % (1) (0.3)% (2) 0.1 % 13.7 % (1) The improvement in gross margin reflected a 1.1% favorable impact in our salvage operations, primarily attributable to raising revenue per car by a greater rate than car costs. Revenue per car improved due to higher volumes of parts sold per car, which was a result of refinements to our buying algorithms, an emphasis on inventorying more parts off of each car purchased, and an increase in the number of days we hold each car before it is scrapped. This improvement was partially offset by an unfavorable impact of 0.4% attributable to our aftermarket operations. Within our aftermarket operations, we experienced a 0.4% decline in gross margin primarily as a result of higher input costs from suppliers as well as decreases in net prices caused by higher customer discounts. The remaining change in gross margin was attributable to individually insignificant fluctuations in gross margin across our other North America operations. (2) The increase in segment operating expenses as a percentage of revenue reflected (i) a 0.3% increase in personnel costs, and (ii) a 0.2% increase in freight costs driven by higher use of third party freight to handle increased volumes, partially offset by (iii) a 0.2% decrease in segment operating costs attributable to shared PGW corporate expenses incurred during 2016; these costs ceased being incurred upon the closing of the sale of the glass manufacturing business on March 1, 2017. Europe Third Party Revenue. The following table summarizes the changes in third party revenue by category in our Europe segment (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change in Revenue Europe 2017 2016 Organic (1) Acquisition (2) Foreign Exchange (3) Total Change Parts & services revenue Other revenue $ 3,628,906 7,905 $ 2,915,841 4,629 Total third party revenue $ 3,636,811 $ 2,920,470 5.3% 47.6% 5.3% 19.8% 24.8% 19.8% (0.6)% (1.6)% (0.6)% 24.5% 70.8% 24.5% Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. (1) Parts and services revenue grew organically across all of our aftermarket business units in Europe from both existing locations and new branches. In Eastern Europe and Western Europe, we added 65 and 23 branches, respectively, since the beginning of the prior year, and organic revenue growth includes revenue from those locations. Revenue at our existing locations grew primarily as a result of increased volumes and, to a lesser extent, increased prices. Organic revenue growth for our Europe segment on a per day basis was 5.7% as there was one fewer selling day in 2017 compared to 2016. (2) Acquisition related growth for the year ended December 31, 2017 included $216 million, or 7.4%, from our acquisition of Rhiag and $141 million, or 4.8%, from our acquisition of Andrew Page. The remainder of our acquired revenue growth included revenue from our acquisitions of 23 wholesale businesses in our Europe segment since the beginning of 2016 through the one-year anniversary of the acquisitions. 50 (3) Compared to the prior year, exchange rates reduced our revenue growth by $18 million, or 0.6%, primarily due to the stronger U.S. dollar against the pound sterling during 2017 relative to 2016, partially offset by the weaker U.S. dollar against the euro during 2017 relative to 2016. Segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA increased $36 million, or 12.5%, in 2017 compared to the prior year. Our Europe Segment EBITDA included a negative year over year impact of $3 million related to the translation of local currency results into U.S. dollars at lower exchange rates than those experienced during 2016. On a constant currency basis (i.e. excluding the translation impact), Segment EBITDA increased by $39 million, or 13.7%, compared to the prior year. Refer to the Foreign Currency Impact discussion within the Results of Operations - Consolidated section above for further detail regarding foreign currency impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2017. The following table summarizes the changes in Segment EBITDA as a percentage of revenue in our Europe segment: Europe Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2016 (Decrease) increase due to: Change in gross margin Change in segment operating expenses Change in other expense, net Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2017 Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. Percentage of Total Segment Revenue 9.7 % (0.4)% (1) (0.8)% (2) 0.3 % (3) 8.8 % (1) The decline in gross margin was due to (i) a 0.6% decrease due to our U.K. operations primarily as a result of an increase in inventory reserves and incremental costs related to the Tamworth distribution facility, which shifted from operating expenses to cost of goods sold when the facility went live, (ii) a 0.3% decrease due to an unfavorable mix impact as a result of generating a higher proportion of our revenue from our Rhiag operations, which have lower gross margins than our other Europe operations, (iii) a 0.3% decrease due to an acquisition in Eastern Europe during the year which has lower gross margins than our other Europe operations, partially offset by (iv) a 0.6% increase in gross margin in our Benelux operations primarily due to increased private label sales, which have higher gross margins, and (v) a 0.2% increase due to a favorable impact related to an increase in supplier rebates as a result of centralized procurement for our Europe segment. The remaining change in gross margin was attributable to individually insignificant fluctuations in gross margin across our other Europe operations. (2) The increase in segment operating expenses as a percentage of revenue reflected (i) an increase of 0.8% in operating expenses as a result of the acquisition of Andrew Page, which has higher operating expenses as a percentage of revenue than our other Europe operations and (ii) an increase of 0.4% in operating expenses in our Benelux operations, primarily due to increased personnel costs related to distribution, partially offset by (iii) a 0.2% favorable mix impact due to our acquisition of Rhiag, which has lower operating expenses as a percentage of revenue than our other Europe operations. The remaining decrease in segment operating expenses reflected a number of individually insignificant fluctuations in operating expenses as a percentage of revenue. (3) Approximately half of the decrease in other expense, net was due to the impact of foreign currency transaction gains and losses, primarily due to unrealized mark-to-market gains and losses on foreign currency forward contracts used to hedge the purchases of inventory in our U.K. operations, which were favorable in 2017 relative to the prior year. The remaining decrease in other expense, net reflected a number of individually insignificant fluctuations in other expense, net as a percentage of revenue. 51 Specialty Third Party Revenue. The following table summarizes the changes in third party revenue by category in our Specialty segment (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change in Revenue Specialty 2017 2016 Organic (1) Acquisition (2) Foreign Exchange Total Change Parts & services revenue $ 1,301,197 $ 1,219,675 Other revenue — — Total third party revenue $ 1,301,197 $ 1,219,675 4.7% —% 4.7% 1.9% —% 1.9% 0.1% —% 0.1% 6.7% —% 6.7% Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. (1) Organic growth in parts & services revenue was driven by increased sales volumes of Truck, Towing and RV parts sales. This organic growth was fueled by favorable economic conditions in most of our primary selling regions, as well as increased sales volumes of light trucks and RVs. Organic revenue growth for our Specialty segment on a per day basis was 5.1%, as there was one fewer selling day in 2017 compared to 2016. (2) Acquisition related growth in 2017 included $20 million, or 1.7%, from our acquisition of Warn. The remainder of our acquired revenue growth reflected revenue from our acquisition of 3 wholesale businesses from the beginning of 2016 up to the one-year anniversary of the acquisition dates. Segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA increased $11 million, or 8.2%, in 2017 compared to the prior year. The following table summarizes the changes in Segment EBITDA as a percentage of revenue in our Specialty segment: Specialty Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2016 (Decrease) increase due to: Change in gross margin Change in segment operating expenses Change in other expense, net Segment EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2017 Note: In the table above, the sum of the individual percentages may not equal the total due to rounding. Percentage of Total Segment Revenue 10.7 % (0.5)% (1) 0.8 % (2) (0.1)% 10.9 % (1) The decline in gross margin primarily reflected a 0.5% decrease due to higher overhead costs in inventory, which was driven by warehouse costs for two new distribution centers that became fully functional in 2016. (2) The decrease in segment operating expenses reflected (i) favorable facility expenses of 0.7% primarily related to the integration of The Coast Distribution System, Inc. ("Coast") facilities and (ii) favorable personnel costs of 0.2% as a result of synergies realized on the integration of Coast facilities. Liquidity and Capital Resources The following table summarizes liquidity data as of the dates indicated (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalents Total debt (1) Current maturities (2) Capacity under credit facilities (3) Availability under credit facilities (3) Total liquidity (cash and cash equivalents plus availability under credit facilities) 52 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 331,761 4,347,697 $ 279,766 3,428,280 122,117 129,184 3,260,000 2,850,000 1,697,698 1,395,081 2,029,459 1,674,847 (1) Debt amounts reflect the gross values to be repaid (excluding debt issuance costs of $37 million and $24 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively). (2) Debt amounts reflect the gross values to be repaid (excluding an immaterial amount of debt issuance costs as of December 31, 2018 and $3 million as of December 31, 2017). (3) Capacity under credit facilities includes our revolving credit facilities and our receivables securitization facility. Availability under credit facilities is reduced by our outstanding letters of credit. We assess our liquidity in terms of our ability to fund our operations and provide for expansion through both internal development and acquisitions. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations and our credit facilities. We utilize our cash flows from operations to fund working capital and capital expenditures, with the excess amounts going towards funding acquisitions or paying down outstanding debt. As we have pursued acquisitions as part of our growth strategy, our cash flows from operations have not always been sufficient to cover our investing activities. To fund our acquisitions, we have accessed various forms of debt financing, including revolving credit facilities, senior notes and our receivables securitization facility. As of December 31, 2018, we had debt outstanding and additional available sources of financing as follows: • Senior secured credit facilities maturing in January 2024, composed of term loans totaling $350 million ($350 million outstanding at December 31, 2018) and $3.15 billion in revolving credit ($1.4 billion outstanding at December 31, 2018), bearing interest at variable rates (although a portion of the outstanding debt is hedged through interest rate swap contracts), with availability reduced by $65 million of amounts outstanding under letters of credit • U.S. Notes (2023) totaling $600 million, maturing in May 2023 and bearing interest at a 4.75% fixed rate • Euro Notes (2024) totaling $573 million (€500 million ), maturing in April 2024 and bearing interest at a 3.875% fixed rate • Euro Notes (2026/28) totaling $1.1 billion (€1.0 billion ), consisting of (i) €750 million maturing in April 2026 and bearing interest at a 3.625% fixed rate, and (ii) €250 million maturing in April 2028 and bearing interest at a 4.125% fixed rate • Receivables securitization facility with availability up to $110 million ($110 million outstanding as of December 31, 2018), maturing in November 2021 and bearing interest at variable commercial paper rates From time to time, we may undertake financing transactions to increase our available liquidity, such as (i) our November 2018 amendment to our senior secured credit facility and (ii) the issuance of the Euro Notes (2026/28) in April 2018 related to the Stahlgruber acquisition. Given the long-term nature of our investment in Stahlgruber, combined with favorable interest rates, we decided to fund the acquisition primarily through long-term, fixed rate notes. We believe this approach provides financial flexibility to execute our long-term growth strategy while maintaining availability under our revolver. If we see an attractive acquisition opportunity, we have the ability to use our revolver to move quickly and have certainty of funding up to the amount of our then-available liquidity. The enterprise value for the Stahlgruber acquisition was €1.5 billion, which was financed with the proceeds from the €1.0 billion of Euro Notes (2026/28), the direct issuance to Stahlgruber's owner of 8,055,569 newly issued shares of LKQ common stock, and borrowings under our existing revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $1.7 billion available under our credit facilities. Combined with approximately $332 million of cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2018, we had approximately $2.0 billion in available liquidity, an increase of $355 million over our available liquidity as of December 31, 2017. We believe that our current liquidity and cash expected to be generated by operating activities in future periods will be sufficient to meet our current operating and capital requirements, although such sources may not be sufficient for future acquisitions depending on their size. While we believe that we have adequate capacity, from time to time we may need to raise additional funds through public or private financing, strategic relationships or other arrangements, as noted above regarding the Stahlgruber transaction. There can be no assurance that additional funding, or refinancing of our credit facilities, if needed, will be available on terms attractive to us, or at all. Furthermore, any additional equity financing may be dilutive to stockholders, and debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants or higher interest costs. Our failure to raise capital if and when needed could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Borrowings under the credit agreement accrue interest at variable rates which are tied to the LIBOR or the Canadian Dollar Offered Rate ("CDOR"), depending on the currency and the duration of the borrowing, plus an applicable margin rate 53 which is subject to change quarterly based on our reported leverage ratio. We hold interest rate swaps to hedge the variable rates on a portion of our credit agreement borrowings, with the effect of fixing the interest rates on the respective notional amounts. In addition, in 2016 and 2018, we entered into cross currency swaps that contain an interest rate swap component and a foreign currency forward contract component that, when combined with related intercompany financing arrangements, effectively convert variable rate U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings into fixed rate euro-denominated borrowings. These derivative transactions are described in Note 11, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. After giving effect to these contracts, the weighted average interest rate on borrowings outstanding under our credit agreement at December 31, 2018 was 1.9%. Including our senior notes and the borrowings under our receivables securitization program, our overall weighted average interest rate on borrowings was 3.1% at December 31, 2018. Cash interest payments were $138 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, including $52 million in semi- annual interest payments on our U.S. Notes (2023) and our Euro Notes (2024). Interest payments on our U.S. Notes (2023) are made in May and November, and interest payments on our Euro Notes (2024) are scheduled for April and October. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2018, we began making semi-annual interest payments of $22 million on our Euro Notes (2026/28). Interest payments on our Euro Notes (2026/28) are made in April and October. We had outstanding credit agreement borrowings of $1.7 billion and $2.0 billion at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Of these amounts, $9 million and $18 million was classified as current maturities at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The scheduled maturities of long-term obligations outstanding at December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands): Years ending December 31: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total debt (1) $ 122,117 49,193 137,192 24,410 621,560 3,393,225 $ 4,347,697 (1) The total debt amounts presented above reflect the gross values to be repaid (excluding debt issuance costs of $37 million as of December 31, 2018). Our credit agreement contains customary covenants that provide limitations and conditions on our ability to enter into certain transactions. The credit agreement also contains financial and affirmative covenants, including limitations on our net leverage ratio and a minimum interest coverage ratio. We were in compliance with all restrictive covenants under our credit agreement as of December 31, 2018. The following summarizes our required debt covenants and our actual ratios with respect to those covenants as calculated per the credit agreement as of December 31, 2018: Maximum net leverage ratio Minimum interest coverage ratio Covenant Level 4.5:1.0 3.0:1.0 Ratio Achieved as of December 31, 2018 2.9 9.0 The terms net leverage ratio and minimum interest coverage ratio used in the credit agreement are specifically calculated per the credit agreement and differ in specified ways from comparable GAAP or common usage terms. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $332 million, of which $274 million was held by foreign subsidiaries. In general, it is our practice and intention to permanently reinvest the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, and that position has not changed following the enactment of the Tax Act and the related imposition of the transition tax. Distributions of dividends from our foreign subsidiaries, if any, would be generally exempt from further U.S. taxation, either as a result of the new 100% participation exemption under the Tax Act, or due to the previous taxation of 54 foreign earnings under the transition tax. In July 2018, to lower our average borrowing cost, we elected to unwind several financing entities in Europe, restructure and increase related Europe borrowings and repatriate cash to reduce U.S. borrowings. We believe that we have sufficient cash flow and liquidity to meet our financial obligations in the U.S. without repatriating our foreign earnings. We may, from time to time, choose to selectively repatriate foreign earnings if doing so supports our financing or liquidity objectives. As a result of the Tax Act, we had significantly lower income tax payments in 2018 due to the lower tax rate and the immediate deduction of capital expenditures, partially offset by the first payment with respect to the transition tax. Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017 The procurement of inventory is the largest operating use of our funds. We normally pay for aftermarket product purchases at the time of shipment or on standard payment terms, depending on the manufacturer and the negotiated payment terms. We normally pay for salvage vehicles acquired at salvage auctions and under direct procurement arrangements at the time that we take possession of the vehicles. The following table sets forth a summary of our aftermarket and manufactured inventory procurement for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): North America Europe Specialty Total Year Ended December 31, $ $ 2018 1,393,700 3,635,400 1,087,600 $ 2017 1,367,600 2,355,300 1,006,600 Change 26,100 (1) 1,280,100 (2) 81,000 (3) $ 6,116,700 $ 4,729,500 $ 1,387,200 (1) In North America, aftermarket purchases during the year ended December 31, 2018 increased compared to the comparable prior year period to support growth across our operations. (2) In our Europe segment, the increase in purchases during the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily driven by (i) an $821 million increase attributable to inventory purchases at Stahlgruber from the date of acquisition through December 31, 2018, (ii) a $181 million increase primarily attributable to our Eastern Europe operations, of which $73 million was due to incremental inventory purchases in the first seven months of 2018 as a result of our acquisition of an aftermarket parts distribution business in Poland in the third quarter of 2017; the remaining increase was primarily due to branch expansion in Eastern Europe, and (iii) a $146 million increase in purchases at our Benelux operations, of which $41 million was attributable to incremental inventory purchases in the first six months of 2018 as a result of our acquisitions of aftermarket parts distribution businesses in Belgium in the third quarter of 2017. There was also an increase of $88 million in inventory purchases driven by the increase in the value of the euro and pound sterling in 2018 compared to 2017. (3) In our Specialty segment, the acquisition of Warn in November 2017 added incremental purchases of $71 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, which includes purchases of aftermarket inventory and raw materials used in the manufacturing of specialty products. Specialty inventory purchases also increased during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year to support growth in our operations. The following table sets forth a summary of our global wholesale salvage and self service procurement for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): North America wholesale salvage cars and trucks Europe wholesale salvage cars and trucks Self service and "crush only" cars Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 % Change 310 28 562 310 25 542 —% 12.0% 3.7% (1) (1) Compared to the prior year, we have increased the number of self service and "crush only" vehicles purchased in 2018 to support growth in our operations. 55 The following table summarizes the components of the year-over-year increase in cash provided by operating activities (in millions): Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 Increase (decrease) due to: (1) Operating income Non-cash depreciation and amortization expense Impairment of goodwill Cash paid for taxes Cash paid for interest Working capital accounts: (5) Accounts receivable Inventory Accounts payable Pension funding Other operating activities Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 $ 519 37 (2) 64 (3) 33 (4) 73 (42) 39 72 (103) (6) (9) (7) 28 (8) $ 711 (1) Other than discontinued operations, the amounts presented represent increases (decreases) in operating cash flows attributable to our continuing operations only. (2) Refer to the Results of Operations - Consolidated section for further information on the increase in operating income. (3) Non-cash depreciation and amortization expense increased compared to the prior year period as discussed in the Results of Operations - Consolidated section. (4) In the fourth quarter of 2018, we recorded an impairment charge on the goodwill in our Aviation reporting unit. See Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on the impairment charge. (5) Cash flows related to our primary working capital accounts can be volatile as the purchases, payments and collections can be timed differently from period to period and can be influenced by factors outside of our control. (6) Includes an outflow of $116 million related to Stahlgruber, primarily resulting from the timing of the acquisition. Due to the timing of processing invoice payments after the closing date, we assumed a larger payable balance but acquired more cash at closing. However, the cash acquired at closing is reflected in the Investing section of the cash flow statement on the Acquisitions, net of cash acquired line. (7) During the year ended December 31, 2018, we made a special contribution of $9 million to one of our North America pension plans. See Note 14, "Employee Benefit Plans" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on our pension plans. (8) Reflects a number of individually insignificant fluctuations in cash paid for other operating activities. Net cash used in investing activities totaled $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $385 million of cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017. We invested $1.2 billion of cash, net of cash acquired, in business acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $513 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. We received net proceeds from the sale of our glass manufacturing business totaling $301 million during the year ended December 31, 2017; no such proceeds were received in 2018. Property, plant and equipment purchases were $250 million in 2018 compared to $179 million in the prior year. The period over period increase in cash outflows for purchases of property, plant and equipment was primarily related to our North America and Europe segments. We had $28 million of proceeds from the disposals of property, plant and equipment in 2018 compared to $9 million in the prior year; the increase was primarily related to our North America segment. We invested $60 million in unconsolidated subsidiaries in 2018 compared to $8 million in the prior year, primarily due to the $48 million Mekonomen rights issue in the fourth quarter of 2018; there was no rights offering in 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we received $37 million of deferred purchase price proceeds on receivables under our factoring arrangement that was acquired in our Stahlgruber acquisition; no such proceeds were received in 2017. The arrangement was subsequently terminated in December 2018. 56 Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $883 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to net cash used in financing activities of $113 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. We received proceeds of $1.2 billion from our issuance of the Euro Notes (2026/28) during the year ended December 31, 2018; no such proceeds were received in the prior year. We repurchased $60 million of our common stock during 2018 following the Board of Directors' authorization of a stock repurchase program in October 2018; we did not repurchase any common stock during 2017. We also paid $21 million of debt issuance costs during 2018, primarily related to the issuance of the Euro Notes (2026/28), compared to $4 million paid during 2017 in connection with our December 2017 amendment of our credit facilities. During the year ended December 31, 2018, net repayments under our credit facilities totaled $206 million compared to $135 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. There were $12 million of cash repayments of other debt in 2018, compared to $20 million of cash proceeds from other debt in 2017. There was $42 million of cash paid for Stahlgruber's assumed debt that matured in 2018, and $13 million of cash paid for notes issued related to our acquisitions of an aftermarket parts distribution businesses in Belgium in the third quarter of 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, foreign exchange rates decreased cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash by $77 million, compared to an increase of $24 million in the prior year. The current year impact was primarily related to a $66 million decrease resulting from the decline in the euro exchange rate between April 9, 2018, the date we received the proceeds from the Euro Notes (2026/28), and May 30, 2018, the date we paid the cash proceeds for the Stahlgruber acquisition. We intend to continue to evaluate markets for potential growth through the internal development of distribution centers, processing and sales facilities, and warehouses, through further integration of our facilities, and through selected business acquisitions. Our future liquidity and capital requirements will depend upon numerous factors, including the costs and timing of our internal development efforts and the success of those efforts, the costs and timing of expansion of our sales and marketing activities, and the costs and timing of future business acquisitions. Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016 The following table sets forth a summary of our aftermarket and manufactured inventory procurement for 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): North America Europe Specialty Total Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change $ 1,367,600 $ 1,198,556 $ 2,355,300 1,006,600 2,012,804 934,119 $ 4,729,500 $ 4,145,479 $ 169,044 (1) 342,496 (2) 72,481 (3) 584,021 (1) In North America, aftermarket purchases during the year ended December 31, 2017 increased compared to the prior year as we decided to expand our inventory as a result of procurement initiatives to support growth across our operations. The remaining increase is primarily as a result of our acquisition of PGW autoglass in April 2016, which added incremental purchases of $72 million in 2017. (2) In our Europe segment, the increase in purchases during the year ended December 31, 2017 is primarily related to our acquisition of Rhiag in March 2016, which added incremental purchases of $181 million in 2017. Purchases for our U.K. operations increased in 2017 compared to the prior year primarily as a result of our acquisition of Andrew Page in October 2016, which added incremental purchases of $107 million in 2017, partially offset by the devaluation of the pound sterling in 2017 compared to the prior year. Purchases for our Benelux operations increased by $71 million in 2017 compared to the prior year primarily as a result of our acquisition of the aftermarket parts distribution businesses in Belgium in July 2017, which had purchases of $46 million in 2017. The remaining increase in our Benelux operations was primarily due to incremental inventory purchases to achieve supplier purchase rebates. (3) The increase in Specialty inventory purchases during 2017 compared to the prior year is primarily due to increased sales volumes for Truck, Towing and RV parts. Additionally, the acquisition of Warn in November 2017 added incremental purchases of $11 million, which includes purchases of aftermarket inventory and raw materials used in the manufacturing of specialty products. 57 The following table sets forth a summary of our global salvage and self service procurement for 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): North America wholesale salvage cars and trucks Europe wholesale salvage cars and trucks Self service and "crush only" cars Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 % Change 310 25 542 291 23 524 6.5% (1) 8.7% 3.4% (2) (1) The number of salvage cars and trucks purchased during the year ended December 31, 2017 increased primarily due to a decision to increase the number of salvage cars and trucks dismantled compared to the prior year. (2) With the increase in scrap prices compared to the prior year period, we have increased the number of self service and "crush only" vehicles purchased. The following table summarizes the components of the year-over-year decrease in cash provided by operating activities (in millions): Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 Increase (decrease) due to: (1) Discontinued operations Operating income Non-cash depreciation and amortization expense Cash paid for taxes Cash paid for interest Working capital accounts: (7) Inventory Accounts payable Accounts receivable Other operating activities $ 635 (68) (2) 82 (3) 32 (4) (43) (5) (10) (6) (133) (8) 8 27 (11) (9) Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 $ 519 (1) Other than discontinued operations, the amounts presented represent increases (decreases) in operating cash flows attributable to our continuing operations only. (2) Represents the change in cash flows for our glass manufacturing business, which was acquired in April 2016 and disposed of on March 1, 2017. (3) During 2017, our operating income increased compared to the prior year due to both acquisition related growth and organic growth. (4) Non-cash depreciation and amortization expense increased compared to the prior year as discussed in the Results of Operations - Consolidated section. (5) Cash paid for taxes increased during 2017 compared to the prior year as a result of growth in the business from both organic growth and acquisitions, and the timing of tax payments. (6) Cash paid for interest increased compared to the prior year primarily as a result of interest payments related to our Euro Notes (2024), which were issued in April 2016. In the prior year, we made one semi-annual interest payment related to these notes, whereas in 2017 we made two semi-annual interest payments. (7) Cash flows related to our primary working capital accounts can be volatile as the purchases, payments and collections can be timed differently from period to period and can be influenced by factors outside of our control. However, we expect that the net change in these working capital items will generally be a cash outflow as we expect to grow our business each year. 58 (8) The period over period increase in cash outflows for inventory was primarily related to our North America segment as described in the procurement section above. (9) Reflects a number of individually insignificant fluctuations in cash paid for other operating activities. Net cash used in investing activities totaled $385 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $1.7 billion in 2016. We invested $513 million of cash, net of cash acquired, in business acquisitions during 2017 compared to $1.3 billion in 2016, which included $601 million for our Rhiag acquisition and $662 million for our PGW acquisition. We received proceeds from the sale of our glass manufacturing business totaling $301 million in 2017; no such proceeds were received in 2016. We paid $8 million for investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries in 2017, compared to cash payments of $186 million in 2016, primarily related to our investment in Mekonomen. In 2016, we entered into foreign currency contracts to fund the purchase price of the Rhiag acquisition, which generated $18 million of cash proceeds; we had no such contracts in 2017. Property, plant and equipment purchases were $179 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $207 million in the prior year. The period over period decrease in cash outflows for purchases of property, plant and equipment was primarily related to our discontinued operations (down $21 million compared to the prior year), Europe and Specialty segments, partially offset by an increase in our North America segment. Net cash used in financing activities totaled $113 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $1.2 billion provided by financing activities during 2016. During 2017, net repayments under our credit facilities totaled $135 million, as we used the proceeds from the sale of our glass manufacturing business and cash flows from operations to repay outstanding revolver borrowings; during 2016, we had net borrowings of $1.3 billion primarily to fund our acquisitions. In April 2016, we issued the Euro Notes (2024) generating proceeds of $563 million. The proceeds from the Euro Notes (2024) were used to repay a portion of the borrowings on the revolving credit facility. Additionally, we repaid $543 million of Rhiag acquired debt and debt related liabilities during 2016. In connection with our December 2017 amendment of our credit facilities, we paid $4 million of debt issuance costs; in 2016, we paid $17 million of debt issuance costs related to our January and December 2016 amendments of our credit facilities, our April 2016 issuance of the Euro Notes (2024), and our November 2016 amendment to our receivables securitization facility. There were $18 million of cash proceeds from other debt in 2017, compared to $33 million in 2016. Cash provided by other financing activities totaled $7 million in 2017, primarily as a result of proceeds from the sale of noncontrolling interest; no such activity occurred in 2016. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Future Commitments We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or undisclosed borrowings or debt that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 303 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Additionally, we do not have any synthetic leases. The following table represents our future commitments under contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 (in millions): Contractual obligations Long-term debt (1) Capital lease obligations (2) Operating leases (3) Purchase obligations (4) Other long-term obligations (5) Total Total Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years $ 5,093.4 53.7 $ 1,828.5 645.6 297.9 $ 260.7 10.7 294.3 530.3 163.8 $ 459.3 16.6 466.8 115.3 85.3 899.7 8.3 290.2 — 23.2 More than 5 Years $ 3,473.7 18.1 777.2 — 25.6 $ 7,919.1 $ 1,259.8 $ 1,143.3 $ 1,221.4 $ 4,294.6 (1) Our long-term debt under contractual obligations above includes interest of $786 million on the balances outstanding as of December 31, 2018. The long-term debt balance excludes debt issuance costs, as these expenses have already been paid. Interest on our senior notes, notes payable, and other long-term debt is calculated based on the respective stated rates. Interest on our variable rate credit facilities is calculated based on the weighted average rates, including the impact of interest rate swaps through their respective expiration dates, in effect for each tranche of borrowings as of December 31, 2018. Future estimated interest expense for the next year, one to three years, and three to five years is $147 million, $288 million and $261 million, respectively. Estimated interest expense beyond five years is $90 million. 59 (2) (3) (4) (5) Interest on capital lease obligations of $14 million is included based on incremental borrowing or implied rates. Future estimated interest expense for the next year, one to three years, and three to five years is $2 million, $2 million and $1 million, respectively. Estimated interest expense beyond five years is $9 million. The operating lease payments above do not include certain tax, insurance and maintenance costs, which are also required contractual obligations under our operating leases but are generally not fixed and can fluctuate from year to year. Our purchase obligations include open purchase orders for aftermarket inventory. Our other long-term obligations consist of estimated payments for our self-insurance reserves of $94 million, outstanding letters of credit of $65 million, and outstanding estimated payments of $33 million on the repatriation of earnings as a result of the Tax Act, with the remaining $106 million representing primarily other asset purchase commitments and payments for deferred compensation plans. The table above excludes amounts related to our defined benefit pension plans. As of December 31, 2018, the projected benefit obligation for our defined benefit pension plans was $201 million, and the fair value of the related plan assets was $92 million. Total expected contributions to our pension plans, including amounts that we expect to pay in benefits directly to participants, are $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Benefit payments for our funded plans will be made from plan assets, whereas benefit payments for our unfunded plans are made from cash flows from operating activities. See Note 14, "Employee Benefit Plans" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information related to our pension plans, including information related to expected benefit payments for the next 10 years and the plan assets available to satisfy those benefit payments. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We are exposed to market risks arising from adverse changes in: • • • foreign exchange rates; interest rates; and commodity prices. Foreign Exchange Rates Foreign currency fluctuations may impact the financial results we report for the portions of our business that operate in functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Our operations outside of the U.S. represented 47.9% and 41.8% of our revenue during 2018 and 2017, respectively. An increase or decrease in the strength of the U.S. dollar against these currencies by 10% would result in a 4.8% change in our consolidated revenue and a 2.9% change in our operating income for the year ended December 31, 2018. See our Results of Operations discussion in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the impact of fluctuations in exchange rates on our year over year results. Additionally, we are exposed to foreign currency fluctuations with respect to the purchase of aftermarket products from foreign countries, primarily in Europe and Asia. To the extent that our inventory purchases are not denominated in the functional currency of the purchasing location, we are exposed to exchange rate fluctuations. In several of our operations, we purchase inventory from manufacturers in Taiwan in U.S. dollars, which exposes us to fluctuations in the relationship between the local functional currency and the U.S. dollar, as well as fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and the Taiwan dollar. We hedge our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations related to a portion of inventory purchases in our Europe operations, but the notional amount and fair value of these foreign currency forward contracts at December 31, 2018 were immaterial. We do not currently attempt to hedge foreign currency exposure related to our foreign currency denominated inventory purchases in our North America operations, and we may not be able to pass on any resulting price increases to our customers. Other than with respect to a portion of our foreign currency denominated inventory purchases, we do not hold derivative contracts to hedge foreign currency risk. Our net investment in foreign operations is partially hedged by the foreign currency denominated borrowings we use to fund foreign acquisitions; however, our ability to use foreign currency denominated borrowings to finance our foreign operations may be limited based on local tax laws. We have elected not to hedge the foreign currency risk related to the interest payments on foreign borrowings as we generate cash flows in the local currencies that can be used to fund debt payments. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding borrowings of €500 million under our Euro Notes (2024), €1.0 billion under our Euro Notes (2026/28), and £290 million, €163 million, CAD $130 million, and SEK 275 million under our revolving credit facilities. As of December 31, 2017, we had outstanding borrowings of €500 million under our Euro Notes (2024), and £124 million, CAD $130 million, SEK 250 million, and €132 million under our 60 revolving credit facilities. The interest payments on our €1.0 billion Euro Notes (2026/28) are funded primarily by cash flows generated by Stahlgruber. Interest Rates Our results of operations are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily with respect to borrowings under our credit facilities, where interest rates are tied to the prime rate, LIBOR or CDOR. Therefore, we implemented a policy to manage our exposure to variable interest rates on a portion of our outstanding variable rate debt instruments through the use of interest rate swap contracts. These contracts convert a portion of our variable rate debt to fixed rate debt, matching the currency, effective dates and maturity dates to specific debt instruments. Net interest payments or receipts from interest rate swap contracts are included as adjustments to interest expense. All of our interest rate swap contracts have been executed with banks that we believe are creditworthy (Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.; Bank of America, N.A.; Citizens, N.A.; HSBC Bank USA, N.A.; and Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A.). As of December 31, 2018, we held eight interest rate swap contracts representing a total of $480 million of U.S. dollar-denominated notional amount debt. Our interest rate swap contracts are designated as cash flow hedges and modify the variable rate nature of that portion of our variable rate debt. These swaps have maturity dates ranging from January 2021 through June 2021. As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of the interest rate swap contracts was an asset of $15 million. The values of such contracts are subject to changes in interest rates. In addition to these interest rate swaps, as of December 31, 2018 we held five cross currency swap agreements for a total notional amount of $574 million (€530 million) with maturity dates in October 2019, October 2020, and January 2021. These cross currency swaps contain an interest rate swap component and a foreign currency forward contract component that, combined with related intercompany financing arrangements, effectively convert variable rate U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings into fixed rate euro-denominated borrowings. The swaps are intended to reduce uncertainty in cash flows in U.S. dollars and euros in connection with intercompany financing arrangements. The cross currency swaps were also executed with banks we believe are creditworthy (Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.; Bank of America, N.A.; MUFG Bank, Ltd. ("MUFG") (formerly known as The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.); and SunTrust Bank). As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of the interest rate swap components of the cross currency swaps was an asset of $7 million and a liability of $1 million, and the fair value of the foreign currency forward components was an asset of $1 million and a liability of $40 million. The values of these contracts are subject to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. In total, we had 57% of our variable rate debt under our credit facilities at fixed rates at December 31, 2018 compared to 48% at December 31, 2017. See Note 10, "Long-Term Obligations" and Note 11, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. At December 31, 2018, we had approximately $793 million of variable rate debt that was not hedged. Using sensitivity analysis, a 100 basis point movement in interest rates would change interest expense by $8 million over the next twelve months. Commodity Prices We are exposed to market risk related to price fluctuations in scrap metal and other metals. Market prices of these metals affect the amount that we pay for our inventory and the revenue that we generate from sales of these metals. As both our revenue and costs are affected by the price fluctuations, we have a natural hedge against the changes. However, there is typically a lag between the effect on our revenue from metal price fluctuations and inventory cost changes, and there is no guarantee that the vehicle costs will decrease or increase at the same rate as the metals prices. Therefore, we can experience positive or negative gross margin effects in periods of rising or falling metals prices, particularly when such prices move rapidly. Additionally, if market prices were to change at a greater rate than our vehicle acquisition costs, we could experience a positive or negative effect on our operating margin. The average of scrap metal prices for 2018 has increased 18% over the average for 2017. 61 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ***** INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Stockholder's Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page 63 64 65 66 67 69 70 62 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of LKQ Corporation: Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of LKQ Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows, and stockholders' equity, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15. In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 1, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP Chicago, Illinois March 1, 2019 We have served as the Company's auditor since 1998. 63 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Income (In thousands, except per share data) Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross margin Selling, general and administrative expenses (1), (2) Restructuring and acquisition related expenses Impairment of goodwill Depreciation and amortization Operating income Other expense (income): Interest expense Loss on debt extinguishment Gains on foreign exchange contracts - acquisition related Gains on bargain purchases Interest income and other income, net (2) Total other expense, net Income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries Income from continuing operations Net (loss) income from discontinued operations Net income Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Basic earnings per share: (3) Income from continuing operations Net (loss) income from discontinued operations Net income Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Diluted earnings per share: (3) Income from continuing operations Net (loss) income from discontinued operations Net income Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Year Ended December 31, 2018 $ 11,876,674 7,301,817 4,574,857 3,352,731 32,428 33,244 274,213 882,241 146,377 1,350 — (2,418) (6,499) 138,810 743,431 191,395 (64,471) 487,565 (4,397) 483,168 3,050 480,118 1.55 (0.01) 1.54 0.01 1.53 1.54 (0.01) 1.53 0.01 1.52 $ $ $ $ $ 2017 9,736,909 5,937,286 3,799,623 2,715,407 19,672 — 219,546 844,998 101,640 456 — (3,870) (19,855) 78,371 766,627 235,560 5,907 536,974 (6,746) 530,228 (3,516) 533,744 1.74 (0.02) 1.72 (0.01) 1.73 1.73 (0.02) 1.71 (0.01) 1.72 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2016 8,584,031 5,232,328 3,351,703 2,359,110 37,762 — 191,433 763,398 88,263 26,650 (18,342) (8,207) (2,247) 86,117 677,281 220,566 (592) 456,123 7,852 463,975 — 463,975 1.49 0.03 1.51 — 1.51 1.47 0.03 1.50 — 1.50 $ $ $ $ $ $ (1) Selling, general and administrative expenses contain facility and warehouse expenses and distribution expenses that were previously shown separately. (2) Certain amounts for 2017 have been recast to reflect the 2018 adoption of ASU 2017-07, "Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost." See "Other Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements" within Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further information. (3) The sum of the individual earnings per share amounts may not equal the total due to rounding. The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 64 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (In thousands) Net income Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Other comprehensive income (loss): Year Ended December 31, $ $ 2018 483,168 3,050 480,118 $ 2017 530,228 (3,516) 533,744 2016 463,975 — 463,975 Foreign currency translation, net of tax Net change in unrealized gains/losses on cash flow hedges, net of tax Net change in unrealized gains/losses on pension plans, net of tax Net change in other comprehensive loss from unconsolidated subsidiaries Other comprehensive (loss) income (108,523) 350 697 (2,343) (109,819) 200,596 3,447 (6,035) (1,309) 196,699 (175,639) 9,023 4,911 — (161,705) Comprehensive income Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Comprehensive income attributable to LKQ stockholders 373,349 3,050 370,299 $ 726,927 (3,516) 730,443 $ 302,270 — 302,270 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 65 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except share and per share data) Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Receivables, net Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Intangible assets: Goodwill Other intangibles, net Equity method investments Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued expenses: Accrued payroll-related liabilities Other accrued expenses Refund liability Other current liabilities Current portion of long-term obligations Total current liabilities Long-term obligations, excluding current portion Deferred income taxes Other noncurrent liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: Common stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 318,417,821 shares issued and 316,146,114 shares outstanding at December 31, 2018; 309,126,386 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Treasury stock, at cost; 2,271,707 shares at December 31, 2018 Total Company stockholders' equity Noncontrolling interest Total stockholders' equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity December 31, 2018 2017 $ 331,761 $ 279,766 1,154,083 2,836,075 199,030 4,520,949 1,220,162 1,027,106 2,380,783 134,479 3,822,134 913,089 4,381,458 3,536,511 928,752 179,169 162,912 743,769 208,404 142,965 $ 11,393,402 $ 9,366,872 $ 942,398 $ 788,613 172,005 288,425 104,585 61,109 121,826 1,690,348 4,188,674 311,434 364,194 143,424 218,600 — 45,727 126,360 1,322,724 3,277,620 252,359 307,516 3,184 1,415,188 3,598,876 (174,950) (60,000) 4,782,298 56,454 3,091 1,141,451 3,124,103 (70,476) — 4,198,169 8,484 4,838,752 4,206,653 $ 11,393,402 $ 9,366,872 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 66 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Impairment on Mekonomen equity method investment Impairment of goodwill Stock-based compensation expense Loss on debt extinguishment Loss on sale of business Impairment on net assets of discontinued operations Gains on foreign exchange contracts - acquisition related Gains on bargain purchases Deferred income taxes Other Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from acquisitions and dispositions: Receivables, net Inventories Prepaid income taxes/income taxes payable Accounts payable Other operating assets and liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment Acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired Proceeds from disposals of business/investment Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries Proceeds from foreign exchange contracts Receipts of deferred purchase price on receivables under factoring arrangements Other investing activities, net Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from exercise of stock options Taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards Debt issuance costs Proceeds from issuance of Euro Notes (2024) Proceeds from issuance of Euro Notes (2026/28) Purchase of treasury stock Borrowings under revolving credit facilities Repayments under revolving credit facilities Borrowings under term loans Repayments under term loans Borrowings under receivables securitization facility Repayments under receivables securitization facility Payment of assumed debt and notes issued from acquisitions (Repayments) borrowings of other debt, net Payments of Rhiag debt and related payments Other financing activities, net Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 $ 483,168 $ 530,228 $ 463,975 294,077 70,895 33,244 22,760 1,350 — — — (2,418) (2,180) 9,534 241 (127,153) (2,125) (77,621) 6,967 710,739 (250,027) 27,659 (1,214,995) — (60,300) — 36,991 1,733 (1,458,939) 5,303 (5,567) (21,128) — 1,232,100 (60,000) 1,667,325 (1,528,970) — (354,800) 10,120 (120) (54,888) (11,730) — 5,350 882,995 (77,311) 57,484 230,203 — — 22,832 456 10,796 — — (3,870) (46,537) 1,301 (55,979) (203,857) 8,376 45,136 (20,185) 518,900 (179,090) 8,707 (513,088) 301,297 (7,664) — — 5,243 (384,595) 7,470 (5,525) (4,267) — — — 839,171 (946,477) — (27,884) 11,245 (11,245) — 19,706 — 5,239 (112,567) 23,512 45,250 206,086 — — 22,472 26,650 — 26,677 (18,342) (8,207) (16,162) 19,550 (50,801) (64,114) 14,944 18,577 (6,291) 635,014 (207,074) 3,510 (1,349,339) 10,304 (185,671) 18,342 — — (1,709,928) 7,963 (4,438) (16,554) 563,450 — — 2,636,596 (1,748,664) 582,115 (255,792) 106,400 (69,400) — (31,156) (543,347) (1,436) 1,225,737 (3,704) 147,119 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 67 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of continuing operations, beginning of period Add: Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of discontinued operations, beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of continuing and discontinued operations, beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of continuing and discontinued operations, end of period Less: Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of discontinued operations, end of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash included in Other assets Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period Supplemental disclosure of cash paid for: Income taxes, net of refunds Interest Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: Stock issued in acquisitions Contingent consideration liabilities Notes payable and other financing obligations, including notes issued and debt assumed in connection with business acquisitions/investment Noncash property, plant and equipment additions Notes and other financing receivables in connection with disposals of business/ investment Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 279,766 227,400 87,397 — 7,116 — 279,766 234,516 87,397 337,250 279,766 234,516 $ $ $ $ $ — 337,250 331,761 5,489 337,250 200,098 137,866 251,334 3,107 105,566 16,518 — — 279,766 279,766 — 279,766 273,019 95,707 $ $ $ $ — $ 6,234 59,045 18,122 4,000 (7,116) 227,400 227,400 — 227,400 230,036 86,021 — — 568,032 10,715 — $ $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 68 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (In thousands) LKQ Stockholders Common Stock Treasury Stock Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Noncontrolling Interest Total Stockholders' Equity BALANCE, January 1, 2016 305,574 $ 3,055 — $ — $1,090,713 $ 2,126,384 $ (105,470) $ — $ 3,114,682 Net income Other comprehensive loss Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for employee tax Stock-based compensation expense Exercise of stock options — — 847 — 1,124 — — 9 — 11 — — — — — — — — — — — — 463,975 — — (161,705) (4,447) 22,472 7,952 — — — — — — — — — — — 463,975 (161,705) (4,438) 22,472 7,963 BALANCE, December 31, 2016 Net income Other comprehensive income Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for employee tax Stock-based compensation expense Exercise of stock options Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interest BALANCE, December 31, 2017 Net income Other comprehensive loss Stock issued in acquisitions Purchase of treasury stock Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for employee tax Stock-based compensation expense Exercise of stock options Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards Adoption of ASU 2018-02 (see Note 4) Capital contributions from, net of dividends declared to, noncontrolling interest shareholder Noncontrolling interests of businesses acquired 307,545 $ 3,075 — $ — $1,116,690 $ 2,590,359 $ (267,175) $ — $ 3,442,949 — — 749 — 867 (34) — — — 7 — 9 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (4,332) 22,832 7,461 (1,200) — 533,744 — (3,516) 530,228 — — — — — — 196,699 — 196,699 — — — — — — — — — (4,325) 22,832 7,470 (1,200) 12,000 12,000 309,127 $ 3,091 — $ — $1,141,451 $ 3,124,103 $ (70,476) $ 8,484 $ 4,206,653 480,118 — 3,050 483,168 — — 8,056 — 603 — 686 (54) — — — — — 81 — 6 — 7 (1) — — — — — — — — — (2,272) (60,000) — — 251,253 — (3,802) 22,760 5,296 (1,770) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (109,819) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (109,819) 251,334 (60,000) (3,796) 22,760 5,303 (1,771) — — (5,345) 5,345 — — — — — — 810 810 44,110 44,110 BALANCE, December 31, 2018 318,418 $ 3,184 (2,272) $(60,000) $1,415,188 $ 3,598,876 $ (174,950) $ 56,454 $ 4,838,752 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 69 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1. Business The financial statements presented reflect the consolidation of LKQ Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries. LKQ Corporation is a holding company and all operations are conducted by subsidiaries. When the terms "LKQ," "the Company," "we," "us," or "our" are used in this document, those terms refer to LKQ Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. We are a leading provider of alternative vehicle collision replacement products and alternative vehicle mechanical replacement products, with our sales, processing, and distribution facilities reaching most major markets in the United States and Canada. We are also a leading provider of alternative vehicle replacement and maintenance products in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Benelux region (Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg), Italy, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, and various other European countries. In addition to our wholesale operations, we operate self service retail facilities across the U.S. that sell recycled automotive products from end-of-life-vehicles. We are also a leading distributor of specialty vehicle aftermarket equipment and accessories reaching most major markets in the U.S. and Canada. In total, we operate approximately 1,700 facilities. Note 2. Business Combinations On May 30, 2018, we acquired Stahlgruber, a leading European wholesale distributor of aftermarket spare parts for passenger cars, tools, capital equipment and accessories with operations in Germany, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia, with further sales to Switzerland. Total acquisition date fair value of the consideration for our Stahlgruber acquisition was € 1.2 billion ($1.4 billion), composed of € 1.0 billion ($1.1 billion) of cash paid (net of cash acquired), and € 215 million ($251 million) of newly issued shares of LKQ common stock. We financed the acquisition with the proceeds from €1.0 billion ($1.2 billion) of senior notes, the direct issuance to Stahlgruber's owner of 8,055,569 newly issued shares of LKQ common stock, and borrowings under our existing revolving credit facility. On May 3, 2018, the European Commission cleared the acquisition for the entire European Union, except with respect to the wholesale automotive parts business in the Czech Republic. The acquisition of the Czech Republic wholesale business has been referred to the Czech Republic competition authority for review. The Czech Republic wholesale business represents an immaterial portion of Stahlgruber's revenue and profitability. We recorded $908 million of goodwill related to our acquisition of Stahlgruber, of which we expect $300 million to be deductible for income tax purposes. In the period between the acquisition date and December 31, 2018, Stahlgruber, which is reported in our Europe reportable segment, generated third party revenue of $1.1 billion and operating income of $52 million. In addition to our acquisition of Stahlgruber, during the year ended December 31, 2018, we completed acquisitions of four wholesale businesses in North America and nine wholesale businesses in Europe. Total acquisition date fair value of the consideration for these acquisitions was $99 million, composed of $85 million of cash paid (net of cash and restricted cash acquired), $11 million of notes payable, and $3 million for the estimated value of contingent payments to former owners (with maximum potential payments totaling $5 million). During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded $68 million of goodwill related to these acquisitions, of which we expect $4 million to be deductible for income tax purposes. In the period between the acquisition dates and December 31, 2018, these acquisitions generated third party revenue of $46 million and operating income of $3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed 26 acquisitions including 6 wholesale businesses in North America, 16 wholesale businesses in Europe and 4 Specialty businesses. Our acquisitions in Europe included the acquisition of four aftermarket parts distribution businesses in Belgium in July 2017. Our Specialty acquisitions included the acquisition of the aftermarket business of Warn, a leading designer, manufacturer and marketer of high performance vehicle equipment and accessories, in November 2017. Total acquisition date fair value of the consideration for our 2017 acquisitions was $542 million, composed of $510 million of cash paid (net of cash acquired), $6 million for the estimated value of contingent payments to former owners (with maximum potential payments totaling $19 million), $5 million of other purchase price obligations (non-interest bearing) and $20 million of notes payable. We typically fund our acquisitions using borrowings under our credit facilities or other financing arrangements. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded $307 million of goodwill related to these acquisitions. 70 On March 18, 2016, we acquired Rhiag, a distributor of aftermarket spare parts for passenger cars and commercial vehicles in Italy, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Poland and Spain. This acquisition expanded LKQ's geographic presence in continental Europe and provided additional purchasing synergies. Total acquisition date fair value of the consideration for our Rhiag acquisition was €534 million ($602 million), composed of €534 million ($601 million) of cash paid (net of cash acquired) and €1 million ($1 million) of intercompany balances considered to be effectively settled as part of the transaction. In addition, we assumed €489 million ($551 million) of existing Rhiag debt as of the acquisition date. We recorded $591 million ($585 million in 2016 and $5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2017) of goodwill related to our acquisition of Rhiag. Related to the funding of the purchase price of the Rhiag acquisition, LKQ entered into foreign currency forward contracts in March 2016 to acquire a total of €588 million . The rates locked in under the foreign currency forwards were favorable to the spot rate on the settlement date, and as a result, these derivative contracts generated a gain of $18 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. The gain on the foreign currency forwards was recorded in Gains on foreign exchange contracts - acquisition related on our consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2016. On April 21, 2016, we acquired PGW. At acquisition, PGW’s business comprised aftermarket automotive replacement glass distribution services and automotive glass manufacturing. The acquisition expanded our addressable market in North America and created distribution synergies with our existing network. Total acquisition date fair value of the consideration for our PGW acquisition was $662 million, consisting of cash paid (net of cash acquired). We recorded $208 million ($205 million in 2016 and $3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017) of goodwill related to our acquisition of PGW. On October 4, 2016, we acquired substantially all of the business assets of Andrew Page, a distributor of aftermarket automotive parts in the U.K., out of receivership. The acquisition was subject to regulatory approval by the CMA in the U.K. The CMA concluded its review on October 31, 2017 and required us to divest less than 10% of the acquired locations. Total acquisition date fair value of the consideration for this acquisition was £16 million ($20 million). In connection with the acquisition, we recorded a gain on bargain purchase of $10 million ($8 million recorded in 2016 and $2 million recorded in 2017), which is reported on a separate line in our consolidated statements of income. We believe that we were able to acquire the net assets of Andrew Page for less than fair value as a result of (i) Andrew Page's financial difficulties that put the company into receivership prior to our acquisition and (ii) a motivated seller that desired to complete the sale in an expedient manner to ensure continuity of the business. In addition to our acquisitions of Rhiag, PGW and Andrew Page, we acquired seven wholesale businesses in Europe and five wholesale businesses in North America during the year ended December 31, 2016. Total acquisition date fair value of the consideration for these acquisitions was $76 million, composed of $68 million of cash paid (net of cash acquired), $4 million of notes payable and $4 million of other purchase price obligations (non-interest bearing). During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded $52 million of goodwill related to these acquisitions and immaterial adjustments to preliminary purchase price allocations related to certain of our 2015 acquisitions. Our acquisitions are accounted for under the purchase method of accounting and are included in our consolidated financial statements from the dates of acquisition. The purchase prices were allocated to the net assets acquired based upon estimated fair values at the dates of acquisition. The purchase price allocations for the acquisitions made during the year ended December 31, 2018 are preliminary as we are in the process of determining the following: 1) valuation amounts for certain receivables, inventories and fixed assets acquired; 2) valuation amounts for certain intangible assets acquired; 3) the acquisition date fair value of certain liabilities assumed; and 4) the tax basis of the entities acquired. We have recorded preliminary estimates for certain of the items noted above and will record adjustments, if any, to the preliminary amounts upon finalization of the valuations. From the date of our preliminary allocation for Stahlgruber in the second quarter of 2018 through December 31, 2018, we recorded adjustments based on our valuation procedures, primarily related to current liabilities, inventory, deferred income taxes, debt assumed, and property, plant and equipment that resulted in the allocation of $22 million of goodwill to acquired net assets. From the date of our preliminary allocations for our other acquisitions completed in the first nine months of 2018, we recorded adjustments based on our valuation procedures, primarily related to other intangibles, that resulted in the allocation of $14 million of goodwill to acquired net assets. The income statement effect of these measurement period adjustments for our Stahlgruber acquisition and our other acquisitions completed in the first nine months of 2018 that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustments had been recognized as of the acquisition dates was immaterial. The balance sheet impact and income statement effect of other measurement-period adjustments recorded for acquisitions completed in prior periods were immaterial. 71 The purchase price allocations for the acquisitions completed during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands): Receivables Receivable reserves Inventories (3) Prepaid expenses and other current assets Property, plant and equipment Goodwill Other intangibles Other assets Deferred income taxes Current liabilities assumed Debt assumed Other noncurrent liabilities assumed (4) Noncontrolling interest Contingent consideration liabilities Other purchase price obligations Stock issued Notes issued Settlement of pre-existing balances Gains on bargain purchases (5) Settlement of other purchase price obligations (non-interest bearing) Cash used in acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired Year Ended December 31, 2018 Other Acquisitions (1) 19,171 $ (918) 14,021 $ 1,851 5,711 64,637 35,159 37 (5,285) (20,116) (4,875) (10,306) — (3,107) 3,623 — (11,347) — (2,418) Year Ended December 31, 2017 All Acquisitions (2) $ 73,782 (7,032) 150,342 (295) 41,039 314,817 181,216 3,257 (65,087) (111,484) (33,586) (1,917) — (6,234) (5,074) — (20,187) 242 (3,870) Total 163,997 (3,736) 394,259 12,821 277,003 972,890 320,414 16,662 (83,415) (366,904) (84,800) (91,130) (44,110) (3,107) (2,461) (251,334) (11,347) — (2,418) 1,711 1,711 3,159 Stahlgruber $ 144,826 (2,818) 380,238 10,970 271,292 908,253 285,255 16,625 (78,130) (346,788) (79,925) (80,824) (44,110) — (6,084) (251,334) — — — — $ 1,127,446 $ 87,549 $ 1,214,995 $ 513,088 (1) The amounts recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018 include a $5 million adjustment to increase other intangibles related to our Warn acquisition and $4 million of adjustments to reduce other purchase price obligations related to other 2017 acquisitions. (2) The amounts recorded during the year ended December 31, 2017 include $6 million and $3 million of adjustments to reduce property, plant and equipment and other assets for Rhiag and PGW, respectively. (3) The amounts for our 2017 acquisitions include a $4 million step-up adjustment related to our Warn acquisition. (4) The amount recorded for our acquisition of Stahlgruber includes a $79 million liability for certain pension obligations. See Note 14, "Employee Benefit Plans" for information related to our defined benefit plans. (5) The amounts recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018 are due to the gains on bargain purchases related to (i) an acquisition in Europe completed in the second quarter of 2017 as a result of changes in the acquisition date fair value of the consideration, and (ii) three acquisitions in Europe completed during 2018 as a result of changes to our estimates of the fair values of the net assets acquired. The amount recorded during the year ended December 31, 2017 includes a $2 million increase to the gain on bargain purchase recorded for our Andrew Page acquisition as a result of changes to our estimate of the fair value of the net assets acquired. The remainder of the gain on bargain purchase recorded during the year ended December 31, 2017 is an immaterial amount related to the previously mentioned acquisition in Europe completed in the second quarter of 2017. The fair value of our intangible assets is based on a number of inputs, including projections of future cash flows, discount rates, assumed royalty rates and customer attrition rates, all of which are Level 3 inputs. We used the relief-from- royalty method to value trade names, trademarks, software and other technology assets, and we used the multi-period excess earnings method to value customer relationships. The relief-from-royalty method assumes that the intangible asset has value to the extent that its owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from the intangible asset. The 72 multi-period excess earnings method is based on the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows attributable only to the customer relationship after deducting contributory asset charges. The fair value of our property, plant and equipment is determined using inputs such as market comparables and current replacement or reproduction costs of the asset, adjusted for physical, functional and economic factors; these adjustments to arrive at fair value use unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, and therefore, these inputs are considered to be Level 3 inputs. See Note 12, "Fair Value Measurements" for further information regarding the tiers in the fair value hierarchy. The acquisition of Stahlgruber expands LKQ's geographic presence in continental Europe and serves as an additional strategic hub for our European operations. In addition, we believe the acquisition of Stahlgruber will allow for continued improvement in procurement, logistics and infrastructure optimization. The primary objectives of our other acquisitions made during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were to create economic value for our stockholders by enhancing our position as a leading source for alternative collision and mechanical repair products and to expand into other product lines and businesses that may benefit from our operating strengths. Certain 2017 acquisitions were completed to enable us to align our distribution model in the Benelux region. When we identify potential acquisitions, we attempt to target companies with a leading market presence, an experienced management team and workforce that provides a fit with our existing operations, and strong cash flows. For certain of our acquisitions, we have identified cost savings and synergies as a result of integrating the company with our existing business that provide additional value to the combined entity. In many cases, acquiring companies with these characteristics will result in purchase prices that include a significant amount of goodwill. The following unaudited pro forma summary presents the effect of the businesses acquired during the year ended December 31, 2018 as though the businesses had been acquired as of January 1, 2017, the businesses acquired during the year ended December 31, 2017 as though they had been acquired as of January 1, 2016, and the businesses acquired during the year ended December 31, 2016 as though they had been acquired as of January 1, 2015. The pro forma adjustments are based upon unaudited financial information of the acquired entities (in thousands, except per share data): 73 Revenue, as reported Revenue of purchased businesses for the period prior to acquisition: Stahlgruber Rhiag PGW (1) Other acquisitions Pro forma revenue Income from continuing operations, as reported (2) Income from continuing operations of purchased businesses for the period prior to acquisition, and pro forma purchase accounting adjustments: Stahlgruber Rhiag PGW (1), (3) Other acquisitions Acquisition related expenses, net of tax (4) Pro forma income from continuing operations Less: Pro forma net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Pro forma income from continuing operations attributable to LKQ stockholders Earnings per share from continuing operations, basic - as reported Effect of purchased businesses for the period prior to acquisition: Stahlgruber Rhiag PGW (1), (3) Other acquisitions Acquisition related expenses, net of tax (4) Impact of share issuance from acquisition of Stahlgruber Pro forma earnings per share from continuing operations, basic (5) Less: Pro forma net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Pro forma income from continuing operations attributable to LKQ stockholders Earnings per share from continuing operations, diluted - as reported Effect of purchased businesses for the period prior to acquisition: Stahlgruber Rhiag PGW (1), (3) Other acquisitions Acquisition related expenses, net of tax (4) Impact of share issuance from acquisition of Stahlgruber Pro forma earnings per share from continuing operations, diluted (5) Less: Pro forma net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Pro forma income from continuing operations attributable to LKQ stockholders $ $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 11,876,674 $ 9,736,909 $ 8,584,031 815,405 1,756,893 — — — — 72,301 448,721 — 213,376 102,540 854,601 $ 12,764,380 $ 11,942,523 $ 9,754,548 $ 487,565 $ 536,974 $ 456,123 17,309 4,796 $ $ — — 1,507 14,414 520,795 2,799 517,996 1.55 0.06 — — 0.00 0.05 (0.02) 1.64 0.01 — — 16,667 8,787 567,224 1,095 566,129 1.74 0.02 — — 0.05 0.03 (0.04) 1.79 0.00 1.63 1.54 $ $ 1.79 1.73 $ $ 0.05 — — 0.00 0.05 (0.02) 1.63 0.01 0.02 — — 0.05 0.03 (0.04) 1.78 0.00 — (84) 7,574 19,323 11,602 494,538 — 494,538 1.49 $ $ — (0.00) 0.02 0.06 0.04 — 1.61 — 1.61 1.47 — (0.00) 0.02 0.06 0.04 — 1.60 — 1.60 (1) PGW reflects the results for the continuing aftermarket automotive glass distribution business only. 74 $ 1.62 $ 1.78 $ (2) Includes interest expense for the period from April 9, 2018 through December 31, 2018 recorded on the senior notes issued in connection with our acquisition of Stahlgruber. (3) Excludes $5 million of corporate costs for 2016 that did not reoccur after the sale of our glass manufacturing business. (4) Includes expenses related to acquisitions closed in the period and excludes expenses for acquisitions not yet completed. (5) The sum of the individual earnings per share amounts may not equal the total due to rounding. Unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based upon accounting estimates and judgments that we believe are reasonable. The unaudited pro forma supplemental information includes the effect of purchase accounting adjustments, such as the adjustment of inventory acquired to fair value, adjustments to depreciation on acquired property, plant and equipment, adjustments to rent expense for above or below market leases, adjustments to amortization on acquired intangible assets, adjustments to interest expense, and the related tax effects. The pro forma impact of our acquisitions also reflects the elimination of acquisition related expenses, net of tax. Refer to Note 6, "Restructuring and Acquisition Related Expenses," for further information regarding our acquisition related expenses. The pro forma information also includes the impact of the common stock issued to Stahlgruber as if it were issued on January 1, 2017. These pro forma results are not necessarily indicative of what would have occurred if the acquisitions had been in effect for the periods presented or of future results. Note 3. Discontinued Operations On March 1, 2017, LKQ completed the sale of the glass manufacturing business of its PGW subsidiary to a subsidiary of Vitro S.A.B. de C.V. ("Vitro") for a sales price of $301 million, including cash received of $316 million, net of cash disposed of $15 million. Related to this transaction, the remaining portion of the Glass operating segment was combined with our Wholesale - North America operating segment, which is part of our North America reportable segment, in the first quarter of 2017. See Note 16, "Segment and Geographic Information" for further information regarding our segments. Upon execution of the Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement (the "Vitro Agreement") in December 2016, LKQ concluded that the glass manufacturing business met the criteria to be classified as held for sale in LKQ’s consolidated financial statements. As a result, the assets related to the glass manufacturing business were reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at the lower of the net asset carrying value or fair value less cost to sell as of December 31, 2016. The fair value of the assets was determined using the negotiated sale price as an indicator of fair value, which is considered a Level 2 input as it is observable in a non-active market. See Note 12, "Fair Value Measurements" for further information regarding the tiers in the fair value hierarchy. In connection with the Vitro Agreement, the Company and Vitro entered into a twelve-month Transition Services Agreement commencing on the transaction date with two six-month renewal periods, a three-year Purchase and Supply Agreement, and an Intellectual Property Agreement. The following table summarizes the operating results of the Company’s discontinued operations related to the sale described above for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, as presented in Net (loss) income from discontinued operations on the Consolidated Statements of Income (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ — $ 111,130 $ Revenue Cost of goods sold Selling, general and administrative expenses Impairment on net assets of discontinued operations (1) Operating income Interest income and other income (expense), net (2) Income from discontinued operations before taxes Provision for income taxes Equity in (loss) earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries (Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax Loss on sale of discontinued operations, net of tax (3) Net (loss) income from discontinued operations $ — (4,397) (4,397) $ 75 — — — — — — — — 100,084 8,369 — 2,677 1,204 3,881 3,598 (534) (251) (6,495) (6,746) $ 498,233 424,161 22,330 26,677 25,065 (9,136) 15,929 8,252 175 7,852 — 7,852 (1) Upon recognition of the glass manufacturing business net assets as held for sale, an impairment test was performed on the net assets of the glass manufacturing business resulting in a pre-tax impairment loss of $27 million and a tax benefit of $7 million. The impairment represents a $21 million impairment on long-lived assets, with the remaining $6 million representing a valuation allowance on the current assets held for sale. (2) The Company elected to allocate interest expense to discontinued operations based on the expected debt to be repaid. Under this approach, allocated interest from January 1, 2017 through the date of sale was $2 million and from April 21, 2016 to December 31, 2016 was $6 million. The other expenses, net were foreign currency gains and losses. (3) In the first quarter of 2017, upon closing of the sale and write-off of the net assets of the glass manufacturing business, we recorded a pre-tax loss on sale of $9 million, and a $4 million tax benefit. The incremental loss primarily reflects a $6 million payable for intercompany sales from the glass manufacturing business to the aftermarket automotive glass distribution business incurred prior to closing, which was paid by LKQ during the second quarter of 2017, and capital expenditures in 2017 that were not reimbursed by the buyer. During the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded an additional loss on sale of $2 million as a result of post sale net working capital adjustments. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we recorded a final tax expense adjustment of $4 million to the loss on sale as a result of the completion of the tax return reporting the 2017 transaction. The adjustment was primarily attributable to a valuation allowance recognized on the carryforward of a capital loss arising from the sale, the tax benefit of which is not certain to be realized during the carryforward period. The glass manufacturing business had $4 million of operating cash outflows, $4 million of investing cash outflows mainly consisting of capital expenditures, and $15 million of financing cash inflows made up of parent financing for the period from January 1, 2017 through March 1, 2017. The glass manufacturing business had $64 million of operating cash inflows, $29 million of investing cash outflows mainly consisting of capital expenditures, and $1 million of financing cash outflows made up of capital lease debt payments for the period from April 21, 2016 through December 31, 2016. The following table summarizes the significant non-cash operating activities, capital expenditures, and investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries of the Company's discontinued operations related to the glass manufacturing business (in thousands): Period from January 1 to March 1, 2017 Period from April 21 to December 31, 2016 Non-cash operating activities: Depreciation and amortization $ Impairment of net assets of discontinued operations Deferred income taxes Capital expenditures Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries — $ — — (3,598) — 7,752 26,677 (4,516) (24,156) (4,400) Pursuant to the Purchase and Supply Agreement, our aftermarket automotive glass distribution business will source various products from Vitro's glass manufacturing business annually for a three-year period beginning on March 1, 2017. Between January 1, 2017 and the sale date of March 1, 2017, intercompany sales between the glass manufacturing business and the continuing aftermarket automotive glass distribution business of PGW, which were eliminated in consolidation, were $8 million. All purchases from Vitro, including those outside of the Purchase and Supply Agreement, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, were $24 million and $42 million, respectively. For the period from April 21, 2016 through December 31, 2016, intercompany sales between the glass manufacturing business and PGW autoglass, which were eliminated in consolidation, were $29 million. Note 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of LKQ Corporation and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. Use of Estimates In preparing our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. 76 Revenue Recognition See Note 5, "Revenue Recognition" for our accounting policies related to revenue. Cost of Goods Sold Our cost of goods sold includes: the price we pay for inventory, net of vendor discounts, rebates or other incentives; inbound freight and other transportation costs to bring inventory into our facilities; and overhead costs related to purchasing, warehousing and transporting our products from our distribution warehouses to our selling locations. For our salvage, remanufactured, and refurbished products, our cost of goods sold also includes direct and indirect labor, equipment costs, depreciation, and other overhead to transform inventory into finished products suitable for sale. Cost of goods sold also includes expenses for our service-type warranties and for our assurance-type warranty programs. See Note 5, "Revenue Recognition" for additional information related to our warranty programs. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses include: personnel costs for employees in selling, general and administrative functions; costs to operate our branch locations, corporate offices and back office support centers; costs to transport our products from our facilities to our customers; and other selling, general and administrative expenses, such as professional fees, supplies, and advertising expenses. The costs included in selling, general and administrative expenses do not relate to inventory processing or conversion activities, and, as such, are classified below the gross margin line on our Consolidated Statements of Income. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, operating accounts, and deposits readily convertible to known amounts of cash. Restricted cash includes cash for which the Company's ability to withdraw funds at any time is contractually limited. As of December 31, 2018, we have $5 million of restricted cash that is recorded in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts In the normal course of business, we extend credit to customers after a review of each customer's credit history. We recorded a reserve for uncollectible accounts of approximately $57 million and $58 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our May 2018 acquisition of Stahlgruber contributed $3 million to our reserve for uncollectible accounts. See Note 2, "Business Combinations" for further information on our acquisitions. The reserve is based upon the aging of the accounts receivable, our assessment of the collectability of specific customer accounts and historical experience. Receivables are written off once collection efforts have been exhausted. Recoveries of receivables previously written off are recorded when received. Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. We control our exposure to credit risk associated with these instruments by (i) placing our cash and cash equivalents with several major financial institutions; (ii) holding high-quality financial instruments; and (iii) maintaining strict policies over credit extension that include credit evaluations, credit limits and monitoring procedures. In addition, our overall credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited to some extent because our customer base is composed of a large number of geographically diverse customers. Inventories We classify our inventory into the following categories: (i) aftermarket and refurbished products, (ii) salvage and remanufactured products, and (iii) manufactured products. An aftermarket product is a new vehicle product manufactured by a company other than the original equipment manufacturer. For all of our aftermarket products, excluding our aftermarket automotive glass products, cost is established based on the average price we pay for parts; for our aftermarket automotive glass products inventory, cost is established using the first-in first-out method. Inventory cost for all of our aftermarket products includes expenses incurred for freight in and overhead costs; for items purchased from foreign companies, import fees and duties and transportation insurance are also included. Refurbished products are parts that require cosmetic repairs, such as wheels, bumper covers and lights; LKQ will apply new parts, products or materials to these parts in order to produce the finished product. Refurbished inventory cost is 77 based upon the average price we pay for cores. The cost of our refurbished inventory also includes expenses incurred for freight in, labor and other overhead costs. A salvage product is a recycled vehicle part suitable for sale as a replacement part. Cost is established based upon the price we pay for a vehicle, including auction, storage and towing fees, as well as expenditures for buying and dismantling the vehicle. Inventory carrying value is determined using the average cost to sales percentage at each of our facilities and applying that percentage to the facility's inventory at expected selling prices, the assessment of which incorporates the sales probability based on a part's number of days in stock and historical demand. The average cost to sales percentage is derived from each facility's historical profitability for salvage vehicles. Remanufactured products are used parts that have been inspected, rebuilt, or reconditioned to restore functionality and performance, such as remanufactured engines and transmissions. Remanufactured inventory cost is based upon the price paid for cores, which are recycled automotive parts that are not suitable for sale as a replacement part without further processing, and also includes expenses incurred for freight in, direct manufacturing costs and other overhead costs. A manufactured product is a new vehicle product. Manufactured product inventory can be a raw material, work-in- process or finished good. Cost is established using the first-in first-out method. For all inventory, carrying value is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value and is reduced to reflect current anticipated demand. If actual demand is lower than our estimates, additional reductions to inventory carrying value would be necessary in the period such determination is made. Inventories consist of the following (in thousands): Aftermarket and refurbished products Salvage and remanufactured products Manufactured products Total inventories December 31, 2018 2017 $ 2,309,458 $ 1,877,653 503,199 23,418 487,108 16,022 $ 2,836,075 $ 2,380,783 Aftermarket and refurbished products and salvage and remanufactured products are primarily composed of finished goods. As of December 31, 2018, manufactured products inventory was composed of $17 million of raw materials, $2 million of work in process, and $4 million of finished goods. As of December 31, 2017, manufactured products inventory was composed of $10 million of raw materials, $2 million of work in process, and $4 million of finished goods. Our May 2018 acquisition of Stahlgruber contributed $380 million to our aftermarket and refurbished products inventory as of the acquisition date. See Note 2, "Business Combinations" for further information on our acquisitions. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Expenditures for major additions and improvements that extend the useful life of the related asset are capitalized. As property, plant and equipment are sold or retired, the applicable cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss thereon is recognized. Construction in progress consists primarily of building and land improvements at our existing facilities. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives or, in the case of leasehold improvements, the term of the related lease and reasonably assured renewal periods, if shorter. Our estimated useful lives are as follows: Land improvements Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment Computer equipment and software Vehicles and trailers Furniture and fixtures 10-20 years 20-40 years 3-20 years 3-10 years 3-10 years 5-7 years 78 Property, plant and equipment consists of the following (in thousands): Land and improvements Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment Computer equipment and software Vehicles and trailers Furniture and fixtures Leasehold improvements Less—Accumulated depreciation Construction in progress Total property, plant and equipment, net December 31, 2018 2017 $ 177,998 $ 378,490 626,615 143,547 176,186 58,919 278,687 137,790 233,078 521,526 133,753 161,269 31,794 257,506 1,840,442 (685,751) 65,471 1,476,716 (606,112) 42,485 $ 1,220,162 $ 913,089 The components of opening property, plant and equipment acquired as part of our acquisition of Stahlgruber in May 2018 are as follows (in thousands): Land and improvements Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment Computer equipment and software Vehicles and trailers Furniture and fixtures Leasehold improvements Construction in progress Total property, plant and equipment Gross Amount $ 47,281 135,628 49,384 3,760 643 30,426 1,890 269,012 2,280 $ 271,292 We record depreciation expense associated with our refurbishing, remanufacturing, manufacturing and furnace operations as well as our distribution centers in Cost of goods sold on the Consolidated Statements of Income. All other depreciation expense is reported in Depreciation and amortization. Total depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $157 million, $129 million, and $115 million, respectively. Intangible Assets Intangible assets consist primarily of goodwill (the cost of purchased businesses in excess of the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired) and other specifically identifiable intangible assets, such as trade names, trademarks, customer and supplier relationships, software and other technology related assets, and covenants not to compete. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually, and we performed annual impairment tests during the fourth quarters of 2018, 2017 and 2016. Goodwill impairment testing may also be performed on an interim basis when events or circumstances arise that may lead to impairment. The fair value estimates of our reporting units are established using weightings of the results of a discounted cash flow methodology and a comparative market multiples approach. Based on our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2018, we determined the carrying value of our Aviation reporting unit exceeded the fair value estimate by more than the carrying value, thus we recorded an impairment charge of $33 million, which represented the total carrying value of goodwill in our Aviation reporting unit. The impairment charge was due to a decrease in the fair value estimate from the prior year fair value estimate, primarily driven by a significant deterioration in the outlook for the Aviation reporting unit due to competition, customer financial issues and changing market conditions for the airplane platforms that the business services, which lowered our projected gross margin and related future cash flows. We reported the impairment charge in Impairment of goodwill on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018. We determined no other impairments existed when we performed our annual impairment 79 testing on the remaining reporting units as all those reporting units had a fair value estimate which exceeded the carrying value by at least approximately 15%, the level at which our Europe reporting unit exceeded its carrying value. The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment are as follows (in thousands): Balance as of January 1, 2016 Business acquisitions and adjustments to previously recorded goodwill Exchange rate effects Balance as of December 31, 2016 Business acquisitions and adjustments to previously recorded goodwill Exchange rate effects Balance as of December 31, 2017 Business acquisitions and adjustments to previously recorded goodwill Impairment of goodwill Exchange rate effects Balance as of December 31, 2018 Accumulated impairment losses as of December 31, 2018 North America $1,433,499 Europe Specialty Total $ 594,482 $ 291,265 $ 2,319,246 226,483 1,818 $1,661,800 614,437 (108,943) $1,099,976 1,889 (161) $ 292,993 842,809 (107,286) $ 3,054,769 39,836 7,718 155,366 159,556 $1,709,354 $1,414,898 119,615 (349) $ 412,259 314,817 166,925 $ 3,536,511 6,805 (33,244) (9,383) $1,673,532 $ (33,244) $ 970,923 — (85,532) $2,300,289 (4,838) — 216 $ 407,637 972,890 (33,244) (94,699) $ 4,381,458 (33,244) — $ — $ During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded $908 million of goodwill related to our acquisition of Stahlgruber. See Note 2, "Business Combinations" for further information on our acquisitions. The components of other intangibles, net are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Intangible assets subject to amortization $ 847,452 $ 664,969 Indefinite-lived intangible assets Trademarks Total 81,300 78,800 $ 928,752 $ 743,769 The components of intangible assets subject to amortization are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Trade names and trademarks $ 496,166 $ (94,451) $ 401,715 $ 327,332 $ (75,095) $ 252,237 Customer and supplier relationships Software and other technology related assets Covenants not to compete 593,517 (247,464) 346,053 510,113 (167,532) 342,581 176,118 13,344 (79,283) (10,495) 96,835 2,849 124,049 14,981 (59,081) (9,798) (311,506) $ 64,968 5,183 664,969 Total $ 1,279,145 $ (431,693) $ 847,452 $ 976,475 $ 80 The components of intangible assets acquired as part of our acquisitions in 2018 are as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Other Acquisitions (1) Stahlgruber Year Ended December 31, 2017 Total All Acquisitions Trade names and trademarks $ 173,946 $ 8,870 $ 182,816 $ Customer and supplier relationships Software and other technology related assets Covenants not to compete Total 77,980 33,329 — 20,779 376 — 98,759 33,705 — $ 285,255 $ 30,025 $ 315,280 $ 181,216 87,306 75,450 15,757 2,703 (1) The amounts recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018 exclude amounts related to our 2017 acquisitions, including a $5 million adjustment to increase other intangibles related to our 2017 acquisition of Warn. The weighted-average amortization periods for our intangible assets acquired during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in years): Year Ended Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Stahlgruber Other Acquisitions Total All Acquisitions Trade names and trademarks Customer and supplier relationships Software and other technology related assets Covenants not to compete Total acquired finite-lived intangible assets 18.0 3.0 5.2 — 12.4 10.0 7.9 6.5 — 8.5 17.6 4.0 5.2 — 12.0 11.2 18.6 11.1 4.4 16.5 Our estimated useful lives for our finite-lived intangible assets are as follows: Trade names and trademarks Customer and supplier relationships Method of Amortization Straight-line Accelerated Software and other technology related assets Straight-line Covenants not to compete Straight-line Useful Life 4-30 years 3-20 years 3-15 years 2-5 years Amortization expense for intangibles was $137 million, $102 million, and $83 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for each of the five years in the period ending December 31, 2023 is $140 million, $110 million, $80 million, $66 million and $59 million, respectively. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets are reviewed for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. If such review indicates that the carrying amount of long-lived assets is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair value. Other than the impairment recorded upon recognition of the PGW glass manufacturing business net assets as held for sale as discussed in Note 3, "Discontinued Operations," there were no material adjustments to the carrying value of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016. Investments in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries Our investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries was $179 million and $208 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. On December 1, 2016, we acquired a 26.5% equity interest in Mekonomen AB ("Mekonomen") for an aggregate purchase price of $181 million. Headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, Mekonomen is a leading independent car parts and service chain in northern Europe, offering a range of products including spare parts and 81 accessories for cars, and workshop services for consumers and businesses. As a result of the investment, we nominated two representatives for election to Mekonomen's board of directors; both representatives were subsequently elected to and continue to serve on the board of directors, including one as the chairman of the board. We are accounting for our interest in Mekonomen using the equity method of accounting, as our investment gives us the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. As of December 31, 2018, the book value of our investment in Mekonomen exceeded our share of the book value of Mekonomen's net assets by $85 million; this difference is primarily related to goodwill and the fair value of other intangible assets. We are recording our equity in the net earnings of Mekonomen on a one quarter lag. We recorded equity losses of $64 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, and equity in earnings of $7 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 related to our investment in Mekonomen, including adjustments to convert the results to GAAP and to recognize the impact of our purchase accounting adjustments. In May 2018 and May 2017, we received cash dividends of $8 million (SEK 67 million) and $7 million (SEK 67 million), respectively, related to our investment in Mekonomen. Mekonomen announced in February 2019 that the Mekonomen Board of Directors has proposed no dividend payments in 2019. On July 6, 2018, Mekonomen announced the acquisition of two automotive spare parts distributors in Denmark and Poland. The objective of the acquisition was to strengthen Mekonomen's position in the sale of automotive spare parts in northern Europe and to establish a strong market position in Denmark and Poland, where Mekonomen previously had no operations. The acquisition was partially financed by a rights issue with preferential rights for Mekonomen's existing shareholders, who were given the right to subscribe for four new Mekonomen shares per seven existing owned shares at a discounted share price. On October 5, 2018, we subscribed for our pro rata share in the rights issue giving us the right to acquire an additional $48 million of equity in Mekonomen at a discounted share price, increasing our equity interest to 26.6%. During the third quarter of 2018, we recorded a derivative instrument of $29 million in Other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, which represented our right to acquire Mekonomen shares at a discount. In the third quarter of 2018, we measured the derivative instrument at fair value, and we recorded a $3 million gain on our fair value remeasurement. We acquired the additional $48 million of equity in Mekonomen in October 2018. In the fourth quarter, we recorded an $8 million loss related to the settlement of the derivative instrument in October 2018 due to a decrease in the Mekonomen share price from the last day of the third quarter to the settlement date. The net derivative loss of $5 million is recorded in Interest income and other income, net on the Consolidated Statements of Income. We evaluated our investment in Mekonomen for other-than-temporary impairment as of December 31, 2018, and concluded the decline in fair value was other-than-temporary due to a significant stock price decrease since September 30, 2018. Therefore, we recognized an other-than-temporary impairment of $48 million, which represented the difference in the carrying value and the fair value of our investment in Mekonomen. The fair value of our investment in Mekonomen was determined using the Mekonomen share price of SEK 92 as of December 31, 2018. During the third quarter of 2018, we had recognized an other-than-temporary impairment of $23 million due to a prolonged and significant stock price decrease; the fair value was determined using the Mekonomen share price of SEK 126 as of September 30, 2018. The impairment charges are recorded in Equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Equity in losses and earnings from our investment in Mekonomen are reported in the Europe segment. As a result of the impairment charge in the fourth quarter, the Level 1 fair value of our equity investment in the publicly traded Mekonomen common stock at December 31, 2018 approximated the carrying value of $154 million. From year-end to February 22, 2019, the Mekonomen share price declined to SEK 69, or 24.9% relative to the December 31, 2018 share price. This further decrease creates the potential for an additional other-than-temporary impairment charge in 2019. 82 Warranty Reserve Some of our salvage mechanical products are sold with a standard six month warranty against defects. Additionally, some of our remanufactured engines are sold with a standard three year warranty against defects. We also provide a limited lifetime warranty for certain of our aftermarket products. These assurance-type warranties are not considered a separate performance obligation, and thus no transaction price is allocated to them. We record the warranty costs in Cost of goods sold on our Consolidated Statements of Income. Our warranty reserve is calculated using historical claim information to project future warranty claims activity and is recorded within Other accrued expenses and Other noncurrent liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the expected timing of the related payments. The changes in the warranty reserve are as follows (in thousands): Balance as of January 1, 2017 Warranty expense Warranty claims Balance as of December 31, 2017 Warranty expense Warranty claims Balance as of December 31, 2018 $ $ 19,634 38,608 (35,091) 23,151 43,682 (43,571) 23,262 Self-Insurance Reserves We self-insure a portion of employee medical benefits under the terms of our employee health insurance program. We purchase certain stop-loss insurance to limit our liability exposure. We also self-insure a portion of our property and casualty risk, which includes automobile liability, general liability, directors and officers liability, workers' compensation, and property coverage, under deductible insurance programs. The insurance premium costs are expensed over the contract periods. A reserve for liabilities associated with these losses is established for claims filed and claims incurred but not yet reported based upon our estimate of ultimate cost, which is calculated using analysis of historical data. We monitor new claims and claim development as well as trends related to the claims incurred but not reported in order to assess the adequacy of our insurance reserves. Total self-insurance reserves were $105 million and $94 million, of which $52 million and $43 million was classified as current, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are classified as Other accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The remaining balances of self-insurance reserves are classified as Other noncurrent liabilities, which reflects management's estimates of when claims will be paid. We had outstanding letters of credit of $65 million and $71 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, to guarantee self-insurance claims payments. While we do not expect the amounts ultimately paid to differ significantly from our estimates, our insurance reserves and corresponding expenses could be affected if future claims experience differs significantly from historical trends and assumptions. Stockholders' Equity On October 25, 2018, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program under which we may purchase up to $500 million of our common stock from time to time through October 25, 2021. Repurchases under the program may be made in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, with the amount and timing of repurchases depending on market conditions and corporate needs. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. Delaware law imposes restrictions on stock repurchases. During 2018, we repurchased 2.3 million shares of common stock for an aggregate price $60 million. As of December 31, 2018, there is $440 million of remaining capacity under our repurchase program. In 2019, we have repurchased 1.8 million shares of common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $46 million during the period ended February 22, 2019. Treasury stock is accounted for using the cost method. Income Taxes Current income taxes are provided on income reported for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for transactions that do not enter into the computation of income taxes payable in the same year. Deferred income taxes have been provided to show the effect of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that these items will either expire before we are able to realize their benefit or that future deductibility is uncertain. Provision is made for taxes on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries and related companies to the extent that such earnings are not deemed to be permanently invested. 83 We recognize the benefits of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns in the provision for income taxes only for those positions that are more likely than not to be realized. We follow a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not accurately forecast actual outcomes. Our policy is to include interest and penalties associated with income tax obligations in income tax expense. During 2017, new tax legislation was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. See Note 15, "Income Taxes" for further information regarding the new tax law. Rental Expense We recognize rental expense on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms, including reasonably assured renewal periods, for all of our operating leases. Foreign Currency Translation For most of our foreign operations, the local currency is the functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the period-ending exchange rate. Statements of Income amounts are translated to U.S. dollars using monthly average exchange rates during the period. Translation gains and losses are reported as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adoption of New Revenue Standard In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09. This update outlines a new comprehensive revenue recognition model that supersedes the prior revenue recognition guidance and requires companies to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The FASB has issued several updates to ASU 2014-09, which collectively with ASU 2014-09, represent the FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”). On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 for all contracts using the modified retrospective method, which means the historical periods are presented under the previous revenue standards with the cumulative net income effect being adjusted through retained earnings. Most of the changes resulting from our adoption of ASC 606 were changes in presentation within the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Consolidated Statements of Income. Therefore, while we made adjustments to certain opening balances on our January 1, 2018 balance sheet, we made no adjustments to opening retained earnings. We expect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 to be immaterial to our net income on an ongoing basis. See Note 5, "Revenue Recognition" for the required disclosures under ASC 606. With the adoption of ASC 606, we reclassified certain amounts related to variable consideration. Under ASC 606, we are required to present a refund liability and a returns asset within the Consolidated Balance Sheet, whereas in periods prior to adoption, we presented the estimated margin impact of expected returns as a contra-asset within accounts receivable. Additionally, under ASC 606, the changes in the refund liability are reported in revenue, and the changes in the returns assets are reported in Cost of goods sold on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Prior to adoption, the change in the reserve for returns was generally reported as a net amount within revenue. As a result, the income statement presentation was adjusted concurrently with the balance sheet change beginning in 2018. 84 The cumulative effect of the changes made to our consolidated January 1, 2018 balance sheet for the adoption of ASC 606 was as follows (in thousands): Balance Sheet Assets Accounts receivable Balance as of December 31, 2017 Adjustments Due to ASC 606 Balance as of January 1, 2018 $ 1,027,106 $ 38,511 $ 1,065,617 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 134,479 44,508 178,987 Liabilities Refund liability — 83,019 83,019 The impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 and our Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018 was as follows (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2018 Amounts Without Adoption of ASC 606 Effect of Change Higher/(Lower) As Reported Balance Sheet Assets Accounts receivable $ 1,154,083 $ 1,105,937 $ Prepaid expenses and other current assets 199,030 142,591 48,146 56,439 Liabilities Refund liability Income Statement Revenue Cost of goods sold Selling, general and administrative expenses 104,585 — 104,585 Year ended December 31, 2018 Amounts Without Adoption of ASC 606 Effect of Change Higher/(Lower) As Reported $ 11,876,674 $ 11,884,651 $ 7,301,817 3,352,731 7,306,885 3,355,640 (7,977) (5,068) (2,909) We have not included a table of the impact of the balance sheet adjustments on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as the adjustment will net to zero within the operating activities section of this statement. Under ASC 606, we have elected not to adjust consideration for the effect of a significant financing component at contract inception if the period between the transfer of goods to the customer and payment received from the customer is one year or less. Generally, our payment terms are short term in nature, but in some instances we may offer extended terms to customers exceeding one year such that interest would be accrued with respect to those contracts. The interest that would be accrued related to these contracts is immaterial at December 31, 2018. Other Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements During the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2016-01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“ASU 2016-01”), which changes how entities will recognize, measure, present and make disclosures about certain financial assets and financial liabilities. The adoption of ASU 2016-01 did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows or disclosures. During the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2016-15, "Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments" ("ASU 2016-15"), which includes guidance on classification for the following items: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, settlement of zero coupon bonds, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims and corporate-owned or bank-owned life insurance policies, distributions received from equity method investees, beneficial interests in securitization transactions, and other separately identifiable cash flows where application of the predominance principle is prescribed. No adjustments were required in our Consolidated 85 Statement of Cash Flows upon adoption. Within our Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows in Note 18, "Condensed Consolidating Financial Information," we now present a new line item, Payments of deferred purchase price on receivables securitization, as a result of adopting ASU 2016-15; prior year cash flow information within this footnote has been recast to reflect the impact of adopting this accounting standard. Other than the addition of this new line item, there was no impact to our Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows upon adoption. During the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2016-18, "Restricted Cash" ("ASU 2016-18"), which requires an entity to include in its cash and cash equivalent balances in the statement of cash flows those amounts that are deemed to be restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, and clarifies how these amounts should be presented therein. At the time we adopted this accounting standard in the first quarter of 2018, there was no impact to our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, as we did not have any restricted cash balances. We have restricted cash as of December 31, 2018 and therefore, the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows have been updated to reflect this guidance. For more information on our restricted cash balances as of December 31, 2018, refer to the "Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash" section of this footnote above. During the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2017-01, "Clarifying the Definition of a Business" (“ASU 2017-01”), which requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets; if so, the transaction does not qualify as a business. The guidance also requires an acquired business to include at least one substantive process and narrows the definition of outputs. The adoption of ASU 2017-01 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. During the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2018-02, "Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income" ("ASU 2018-02"), which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the reduction of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to 21% from 35% due to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act"). In addition, under ASU 2018-02, an entity is required to provide certain disclosures regarding stranded tax effects. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018; early adoption is permitted. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-02, we recorded a $5 million reclassification to increase Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income and decrease Retained Earnings. During the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2017-07, "Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost" ("ASU 2017-07"), which requires presentation of the current service cost component of net periodic benefit expense with other current compensation expenses for the related employees, and requires presentation of the remaining components of net periodic benefit expense, such as interest, expected return on plan assets, and amortization of actuarial gains and losses, outside of operating income. ASU 2017-07 also specifies that, on a prospective basis, only the service cost component is eligible for capitalization into inventory or other assets. The income statement classification provisions of ASU 2017-07 are applicable on a retrospective basis, therefore we recast prior period income statement information for 2017; the recast had the impact of increasing Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 by $2 million, with a corresponding increase to Interest income and other income, net. The impact was immaterial to our Consolidated Statements of Income in 2016, thus we did not recast for 2016. The change in the capitalization provisions under ASU 2017-07 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 14, "Employee Benefit Plans," for further disclosure on the components of net periodic benefit expense and classification of the components within our Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. During 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, "Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract" ("ASU 2018-15"). This update requires an entity (customer) in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to follow the guidance in Subtopic 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset related to the service contract and which costs to expense. ASU 2018-15 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019; early adoption is permitted. We adopted ASU 2018-15 in the third quarter of 2018 as we believe that our existing policy is consistent with the new guidance and thus no adjustments were required to be in compliance with this update. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, "Disclosure Framework- Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans" ("ASU 2018-14"), which removes, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements to the ASC 715 (Compensation- Retirement Benefits) guidance. ASU 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2020; early adoption is permitted. We early adopted ASU 2018-14 in the fourth quarter of 2018; the required disclosures are reflected in Note 14, "Employee Benefit Plans." Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases" ("ASU 2016-02"), to increase transparency and comparability by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The main difference between current GAAP and ASU 2016-02 is the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under current GAAP. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal 86 years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The standard requires that entities apply the effects of these changes using a modified retrospective approach, which includes a number of optional practical expedients. We will adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2019 and take advantage of the transition package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which, among other things, allows us to carryforward the historical lease classification. We will make an accounting policy election that will keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off of the balance sheet and will result in recognizing those lease payments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. While we are continuing to assess all potential impacts of the standard, we expect total liabilities and leased assets to increase by $1.2 billion to $1.4 billion as of the date of adoption. The difference between these amounts primarily represents the existing deferred rent liabilities balance, resulting from the historical straight-line treatment of operating leases, which is reclassified as a reduction of the lease assets upon adoption. We do not believe the standard will materially affect our Statements of Income or Statements of Cash Flows as operating lease payments will still be an operating cash outflow and capital lease payments will still be a financing cash outflow. These estimates, which are based on our current lease portfolio, may change as we continue to evaluate the new standard and perform the necessary reconciliations between our recently implemented global lease accounting system and our lease expense accounts. The estimates could also change due to changes in the lease portfolio, which could include (a) lease volume, (b) lease commencement dates, and (c) renewal option and lease termination expectations. We do not believe the new standard will have a notable impact on our liquidity. The standard will have no impact on our debt-covenant compliance under our current agreements as the covenant calculations are based on the prior lease accounting rules. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, "Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities" ("ASU 2017-12"), which amends the hedge accounting recognition and presentation requirements in ASC 815 ("Derivatives and Hedging"). ASU 2017-12 significantly alters the hedge accounting model by making it easier for an entity to achieve and maintain hedge accounting and provides for accounting that better reflects an entity's risk management activities. ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018; we are adopting the standard in the first quarter of 2019. Entities will adopt the provisions of ASU 2017-12 by applying a modified retrospective approach to existing hedging relationships as of the adoption date. At this time, we are still evaluating the impact of this standard on our financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, "Disclosure Framework- Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement" ("ASU 2018-13"), which removes, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements in ASC 820. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019; early adoption is permitted. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of this standard on our disclosures but do not believe that it will have a material impact. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" ("ASU 2016-13"), and in November 2018 issued a subsequent amendment, ASU 2018-19, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses" ("ASU 2018-19"). ASU 2016-13 significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. ASU 2016-13 will replace today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. ASU 2018-19 will affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off balance sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope of this amendment that have the contractual right to receive cash. ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2018-19 should be applied on either a prospective transition or modified-retrospective approach depending on the subtopic. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods therein. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on our consolidated financial statements. Note 5. Revenue Recognition The core principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. ASC 606 defines a five- step process to achieve this core principle, which includes: Identifying contracts with customers, Identifying performance obligations within those contracts, 1. 2. 3. Determining the transaction price, 4. Allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, which may include an estimate of variable consideration, and 5. Recognizing revenue when or as each performance obligation is satisfied. 87 The majority of our revenue is derived from the sale of vehicle parts. Under both the previous revenue standards and ASC 606, we recognize revenue when the products are shipped to, delivered to or picked up by customers, which is the point when title has transferred and risk of ownership has passed. Sources of Revenue We report our revenue in two categories: (i) parts and services and (ii) other. The following table sets forth our revenue by category, with our parts and services revenue further disaggregated by reportable segment (in thousands): North America Europe Specialty Parts and services Other Total revenue Parts and Services Year Ended December 31, $ 2018 4,558,220 5,202,231 1,472,956 11,233,407 643,267 $ 11,876,674 $ $ 2017 4,278,531 3,628,906 1,301,197 9,208,634 528,275 9,736,909 $ $ 2016 4,009,129 2,915,841 1,219,675 8,144,645 439,386 8,584,031 Our parts revenue is generated from the sale of vehicle products including replacement parts, components and systems used in the repair and maintenance of vehicles and specialty products and accessories to improve the performance, functionality and appearance of vehicles. Services revenue includes additional services that are generally billed concurrently with the related product sales, such as the sale of service-type warranties and fees for admission to our self service yards. In North America, our vehicle replacement products include sheet metal collision parts such as doors, hoods, and fenders; bumper covers; head and tail lamps; automotive glass products such as windshields; mirrors and grilles; wheels; and large mechanical items such as engines and transmissions. In Europe, our products include a wide variety of small mechanical products such as brake pads, discs and sensors; clutches; electrical products such as spark plugs and batteries; steering and suspension products; filters; and oil and automotive fluids. In our Specialty operations, we serve six product segments: truck and off-road; speed and performance; RV; towing; wheels, tires and performance handling; and miscellaneous accessories. Our service-type warranties typically have service periods ranging from 6 months to 36 months. Under ASC 606, proceeds from these service-type warranties are deferred at contract inception and amortized on a straight-line basis to revenue over the contract period. The changes in deferred service-type warranty revenue are as follows (in thousands): Balance as of January 1, 2018 Additional warranty revenue deferred Warranty revenue recognized Balance as of December 31, 2018 $ $ 19,465 38,736 (34,195) 24,006 Other Revenue Revenue from other sources includes scrap sales, bulk sales to mechanical manufacturers (including cores) and sales of aluminum ingots and sows from our furnace operations. We derive scrap metal from several sources, including vehicles that have been used in both our wholesale and self service recycling operations and from OEMs and other entities that contract with us for secure disposal of "crush only" vehicles. The sale of hulks in our wholesale and self service recycling operations represents one performance obligation, and revenue is recognized based on a price per weight when the customer (processor) collects the scrap. Some adjustments may occur when the customer weighs the scrap at their location, and revenue is adjusted accordingly. We constrain our estimate of consideration to be received to the extent that we believe there will not be a significant reversal in revenue. Revenue by Geographic Area See Note 16, "Segment and Geographic Information" for information related to our revenue by geographic region. Variable Consideration The amount of revenue ultimately received from the customer can vary due to variable consideration which includes returns, discounts, rebates, refunds, credits, price concessions, incentives, performance bonuses, or other similar items. The 88 previous revenue guidance required us to estimate the transaction price using a best estimate approach. Under ASC 606 we are required to select the “expected value method” or the “most likely amount” method in order to estimate variable consideration. We utilize both methods in practice depending on the type of variable consideration. In addition, our estimates of variable consideration are constrained to the extent that a significant reversal in revenue is not expected. We recorded a refund liability and return asset for expected returns of $105 million and $56 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and a net reserve of $38 million as of December 31, 2017. The refund liability is presented separately on the balance sheet within current liabilities while the return asset is presented within prepaid expenses and other current assets. Other types of variable consideration consist primarily of discounts, volume rebates, and other customer sales incentives which are recorded in Receivables, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We recorded a reserve for our variable consideration of $103 million and $78 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Our May 2018 acquisition of Stahlgruber contributed $26 million to our variable consideration reserve; see Note 2, "Business Combinations" for further information on our acquisitions. While other customer incentive programs exist, we characterize them as material rights in the context of our sales transactions. We consider these programs to be immaterial to our consolidated financial statements. Contract Costs Under ASC 340, "Other Assets and Deferred Costs," we have elected to recognize incremental costs of obtaining a contract (commissions earned by our sales representatives on product sales) as an expense when incurred, as we believe the amortization period of the asset would be one year or less due to the short-term nature of our contracts. Sales Taxes We present taxes assessed by governmental authorities collected from customers on a net basis. Therefore, the taxes are excluded from revenue on our Consolidated Statements of Income and are shown as a current liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheets until remitted. 89 Note 6. Restructuring and Acquisition Related Expenses Acquisition Related Expenses Acquisition related expenses, which include external costs such as legal, accounting and advisory fees, totaled $18 million, $15 million, and $22 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Our 2018 expenses primarily consisted of external costs related to our acquisition of Stahlgruber totaling $16 million. The remaining acquisition related costs for the year ended December 31, 2018 related to (i) completed acquisitions, (ii) pending acquisitions as of December 31, 2018, and (iii) potential acquisitions that were terminated. Acquisition related expenses for 2017 included $5 million of costs for our acquisition of Andrew Page, primarily related to legal and other professional fees associated with the CMA review. The remaining acquisition related costs for the year ended December 31, 2017 consisted of external costs for (i) completed acquisitions, (ii) pending acquisitions as of December 31, 2017, including $4 million related to Stahlgruber, and (iii) potential acquisitions that were terminated. Acquisition related expenses for 2016 included $11 million related to our Rhiag acquisition, $4 million related to our acquisition of PGW, and $7 million related to other completed acquisitions and acquisitions that were pending as of December 31, 2016. Acquisition Integration Plans and Restructuring During the year ended December 31, 2018, we incurred $14 million of restructuring expenses. Expenses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily consisted of $10 million related to the integration of our acquisition of Andrew Page and $3 million related to our Specialty segment. These integration activities included the closure of duplicate facilities and termination of employees. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we incurred $5 million of restructuring expenses. Expenses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2017 were primarily a result of our ongoing integration activities in our North America and Specialty segments. Expenses incurred were primarily related to facility closure and the merger of existing facilities into larger distribution centers. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we incurred $16 million of restructuring expenses. Of this amount, $10 million was related to integration activities in our Specialty segment, primarily a result of the integration of our Coast acquisition into our existing Specialty business. Expenses incurred were primarily related to facility closure and relocation costs for duplicate facilities, the merger of existing facilities into larger distribution centers, and the termination of employees. We also incurred $3 million and $2 million of restructuring expenses, including primarily facility rationalization activities, related to our North America and Europe acquisitions, respectively. We expect to incur additional expenses related to the integration of certain of our acquisitions into our existing operations in 2019. These integration activities are expected to include the closure of duplicate facilities, rationalization of personnel in connection with the consolidation of overlapping facilities with our existing business, and moving expenses. Future expenses to complete these integration plans are expected to be less than $15 million. Note 7. Stock-Based Compensation In order to attract and retain employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and other persons associated with us, we may grant qualified and nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance shares and performance units under the LKQ Corporation 1998 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”). The total number of shares approved by our stockholders for issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan is 70 million shares, subject to antidilution and other adjustment provisions. We have granted RSUs, stock options, and restricted stock under the Equity Incentive Plan. Of the shares approved by our stockholders for issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan, 11 million shares remained available for issuance as of December 31, 2018. We expect to issue new or treasury shares of common stock to cover past and future equity grants. RSUs RSUs vest over periods of up to five years, subject to a continued service condition. Currently outstanding RSUs contain either a time-based vesting condition or a combination of a performance-based vesting condition and a time-based vesting condition, in which case both conditions must be met before any RSUs vest. For most of the RSUs containing a performance-based vesting condition, the Company must report positive diluted earnings per share, subject to certain adjustments, during any fiscal year period within five years following the grant date; we have an immaterial amount of RSUs containing other performance-based vesting conditions. Each RSU converts into one share of LKQ common stock on the applicable vesting date. The grant date fair value of RSUs is based on the market price of LKQ stock on the grant date. 90 The Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors (the "Compensation Committee") approved the grant of 189,204; 235,537; and 261,851 RSUs to our executive officers that include both a performance-based vesting condition and a time-based vesting condition in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The performance-based vesting conditions for the 2018, 2017, and 2016 grants to our executive officers have been satisfied. The fair value of RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $27 million, $28 million, and $29 million, respectively; the fair value of RSUs vested is based on the market price of LKQ stock on the date vested. In February 2019, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of up to $24 million of RSUs to employees. The Compensation Committee also approved the grant of $3 million of performance-based three-year RSUs to employees. As these awards are performance based, the exact number of shares to be paid out may be up to twice the grant amount, depending on the Company's performance and the achievement of certain performance metrics over the three year period ending December 31, 2021. The grant date of these awards is March 1, 2019. The range of the possible number of RSUs to be granted will depend on our share price on the grant date. The following table summarizes activity related to our RSUs under the Equity Incentive Plan for the year ended December 31, 2018: Unvested as of January 1, 2018 Granted (2) Vested Forfeited / Canceled Unvested as of December 31, 2018 Expected to vest after December 31, 2018 Number Outstanding 1,624,390 $ 601,802 $ (704,909) $ (45,601) $ $ 1,475,682 1,351,169 $ Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) (1) 29.94 42.58 30.03 33.43 34.94 34.89 2.3 $ 32,063 (1) The aggregate intrinsic value of expected to vest RSUs represents the total pretax intrinsic value (the fair value of the Company's stock on the last day of each period multiplied by the number of units) that would have been received by the holders had all RSUs vested. This amount changes based on the market price of the Company’s common stock. (2) The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $32.15 and $29.05, respectively. 91 Stock Options Stock options vest over periods of up to five years, subject to a continued service condition. Stock options expire either six or ten years from the date they are granted. No options were granted during 2018, 2017 or 2016. No options vested during the year ended December 31, 2018; all of our outstanding options are fully vested. The total grant-date fair value of options that vested during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $1 million; no options vested during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2016. The following table summarizes activity related to our stock options under the Equity Incentive Plan for the year ended December 31, 2018: Balance as of January 1, 2018 Exercised Canceled Balance as of December 31, 2018 Exercisable as of December 31, 2018 Number Outstanding Weighted Average Exercise Price 1,738,073 $ (686,070) $ (509) $ $ 1,051,494 1,051,494 $ 9.20 7.73 32.31 10.15 10.15 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) (1) $ $ $ 0.9 0.9 17,504 14,570 14,570 (1) The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable options represents the total pretax intrinsic value (the difference between the fair value of the Company's stock on the last day of each period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of options where the fair value exceeds the exercise price) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of the last day of the period indicated. This amount changes based on the market price of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, was $21 million and $28 million, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation Expense For the RSUs that contain both a performance-based vesting condition and a time-based vesting condition, we recognize compensation expense under the accelerated attribution method, pursuant to which expense is recognized over the requisite service period for each separate vesting tranche of the award. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we recognized $8 million, $7 million, and $7 million, respectively, of stock based compensation expense related to the RSUs containing a performance-based vesting condition. For all other awards, which are subject to only a time-based vesting condition, we recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the entire award. Forfeitures are recorded as they occur. The components of pre-tax stock-based compensation expense for our continuing operations are as follows (in thousands): RSUs Stock options and other Total stock-based compensation expense Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 22,760 — 22,760 $ $ 22,826 6 22,832 $ $ 22,183 162 22,345 The following table sets forth the classification of total stock-based compensation expense included in our Consolidated Statements of Income for our continuing operations (in thousands): Cost of goods sold Selling, general and administrative expenses Total stock-based compensation expense Income tax benefit Total stock-based compensation expense, net of tax Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 469 $ 434 $ 22,291 22,760 (5,220) 17,540 $ 22,398 22,832 (5,459) 17,373 $ 407 21,938 22,345 (8,268) 14,077 92 We have not capitalized any stock-based compensation costs during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. As of December 31, 2018, unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs is expected to be recognized as follows (in thousands): 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 RSUs $ 15,166 9,715 6,315 3,458 150 Total unrecognized compensation expense $ 34,804 Stock-based compensation expense related to these awards will be different to the extent that forfeitures are realized. 93 Note 8. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share are computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share incorporate the incremental shares issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options and the assumed vesting of RSUs. Certain of our RSUs and stock options were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because they were antidilutive, but these equity instruments could be dilutive in the future. The following chart sets forth the computation of earnings per share (in thousands, except per share amounts): Income from continuing operations Denominator for basic earnings per share—Weighted-average shares outstanding Effect of dilutive securities: RSUs Stock options Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 487,565 $ 536,974 $ 456,123 314,428 308,607 306,897 409 1,012 544 1,498 689 2,198 Denominator for diluted earnings per share—Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding Basic earnings per share from continuing operations Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations 315,849 310,649 309,784 $ $ 1.55 1.54 $ $ 1.74 1.73 $ $ 1.49 1.47 The following table sets forth the number of employee stock-based compensation awards outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been antidilutive for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (in thousands): Antidilutive securities: RSUs Stock options Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 410 8 37 39 57 63 94 Note 9. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) The components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) are as follows (in thousands): Foreign Currency Translation Unrealized (Loss) Gain on Cash Flow Hedges Unrealized (Loss) Gain on Pension Plans Other Comprehensive Loss from Unconsolidated Subsidiaries Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Balance at January 1, 2016 $ (96,890) $ (932) $ Pretax (loss) income Income tax effect Reclassification of unrealized loss (gain) Reclassification of deferred income taxes (175,639) — — — Balance at December 31, 2016 $ (272,529) $ Pretax income (loss) Income tax effect Reclassification of unrealized loss (gain) Reclassification of deferred income taxes Disposal of business, net Other comprehensive loss from unconsolidated subsidiaries 206,451 (7,366) — — 1,511 — $ 12,382 (4,581) 1,789 (567) 8,091 (44,550) 16,390 50,090 (18,483) — — Balance at December 31, 2017 $ (71,933) $ 11,538 $ Pretax (loss) income Income tax effect Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss Reclassification of deferred income taxes Other comprehensive loss from unconsolidated subsidiaries Adoption of ASU 2018-02 (113,030) 4,507 — — — 2,859 37,552 (8,846) (37,009) 8,653 — 2,486 Balance at December 31, 2018 $ (177,597) $ 14,374 $ (7,648) $ 7,175 (2,636) 496 (124) (2,737) $ 361 (100) (3,519) 659 (3,436) — (8,772) $ 1,132 (403) (54) 22 — — (8,075) $ — $ — — — — — $ — — — — — (1,309) (1,309) $ — — — — (105,470) (156,082) (7,217) 2,285 (691) (267,175) 162,262 8,924 46,571 (17,824) (1,925) (1,309) (70,476) (74,346) (4,742) (37,063) 8,675 (2,343) — (3,652) $ (2,343) 5,345 (174,950) Net unrealized gains on our interest rate swaps, inclusive of our interest rate swap agreements and the interest rate swap component of our cross currency swaps, totaling $7 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 were reclassified to Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income, compared to losses of $2 million, and $4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We also reclassified gains of $9 million to Interest expense related to the foreign currency forward component of our cross currency swaps during each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017; the amount reclassified during the year ended December 31, 2016 was immaterial. Also related to our cross currency swaps, we reclassified gains of $21 million and $2 million to Interest income and other income, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2016, respectively, compared to losses of $57 million during the year ended December 31, 2017; these gains and losses offset the impact of the remeasurement of the underlying contracts. The deferred income taxes related to our cash flow hedges were reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to provision for income taxes. Reclassifications of unrealized gains and losses related to our pension plans were reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to Interest income and other income, net; the related deferred taxes were reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to provision for income taxes. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-02 in the first quarter of 2018, we recorded a $5 million reclassification to increase Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income and decrease Retained Earnings. See Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further information regarding the adoption of ASU 2018-02. 95 Note 10. Long-Term Obligations Long-term obligations consist of the following (in thousands): Senior secured credit agreement: Term loans payable Revolving credit facilities U.S. Notes (2023) Euro Notes (2024) Euro Notes (2026/28) Receivables securitization facility Notes payable through May 2027 at weighted average interest rates of 2.0% and 1.4%, respectively Other long-term debt at weighted average interest rates of 2.5% and 1.7%, respectively Total debt Less: long-term debt issuance costs Less: current debt issuance costs Total debt, net of debt issuance costs Less: current maturities, net of debt issuance costs Long term debt, net of debt issuance costs December 31, 2018 2017 $ 350,000 $ 704,800 1,387,177 1,283,551 600,000 573,350 1,146,700 110,000 23,056 157,414 4,347,697 (36,906) (291) 4,310,500 (121,826) 4,188,674 $ 600,000 600,150 — 100,000 29,146 110,633 3,428,280 (21,476) (2,824) 3,403,980 (126,360) 3,277,620 $ The scheduled maturities of long-term obligations outstanding at December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands): 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 $ 122,117 49,193 137,192 24,410 621,560 Thereafter Total debt (1) (1) The total debt amounts presented above exclude debt issuance costs totaling $37 million as of December 31, 2018. $ 3,393,225 4,347,697 Senior Secured Credit Agreement On November 20, 2018, LKQ Corporation, LKQ Delaware LLP, and certain other subsidiaries (collectively, the "Borrowers") entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement ("Credit Agreement"), which amended the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated January 29, 2016 by modifying certain terms to (1) increase the total availability under the revolving credit facility's multicurrency component from $2.75 billion to $3.15 billion; (2) reduce the margin on borrowings by 25 basis points at the September 30, 2018 leverage ratio, and reduce the number of leverage pricing tiers; (3) extend the maturity date by one year to January 29, 2024; (4) reduce the unused facility fee depending on leverage category; (5) increase the capacity for incurring additional indebtedness under our receivables securitization facility; (6) increase the maximum borrowing limit of swingline loans and add the ability to borrow in British Pounds and Euros; and (7) make other immaterial or clarifying modifications and amendments to the terms of the Credit Agreement. Borrowings will continue to bear interest at variable rates. Amounts under the revolving credit facility are due and payable upon maturity of the Credit Agreement on January 29, 2024. Term loan borrowings, which total $350 million as of December 31, 2018, are due and payable in quarterly installments equal to $2 million on the last day of each of the first four fiscal quarters ending on or after March 31, 2019 and approximately $4 million on the last day of each fiscal quarter thereafter, with the remaining balance due and payable on January 29, 2024. 96 The increase in the revolving credit facility's multicurrency component of $400 million was used in part to pay down $240 million of the term loan (to the new $350 million amount); the remainder will be used for general corporate purposes. We are required to prepay the term loan by amounts equal to proceeds from the sale or disposition of certain assets if the proceeds are not reinvested within twelve months. We also have the option to prepay outstanding amounts under the Credit Agreement without penalty. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and customary covenants that provide limitations and conditions on our ability to enter into certain transactions. The Credit Agreement also contains financial and affirmative covenants, including limitations on our net leverage ratio and a minimum interest coverage ratio. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at variable rates, which depend on the currency and duration of the borrowing elected, plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin is subject to change in increments of 0.25% depending on our net leverage ratio. Interest payments are due on the last day of the selected interest period or quarterly in arrears depending on the type of borrowing. Including the effect of the interest rate swap agreements described in Note 11, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities," the weighted average interest rates on borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were 1.9% and 2.2%, respectively. We also pay a commitment fee based on the average daily unused amount of the revolving credit facilities. The commitment fee is subject to change in increments of 0.05% depending on our net leverage ratio. In addition, we pay a participation commission on outstanding letters of credit at an applicable rate based on our net leverage ratio, and a fronting fee of 0.125% to the issuing bank, which are due quarterly in arrears. Of the total borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement, there were $9 million classified as current maturities at December 31, 2018 compared to $18 million at December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018, there were letters of credit outstanding in the aggregate amount of $65 million. The amounts available under the revolving credit facilities are reduced by the amounts outstanding under letters of credit, and thus availability under the revolving credit facilities at December 31, 2018 was $1.7 billion. Related to the execution of Amendment No. 3 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement in November 2018, we incurred $4 million of fees, the majority of which were capitalized as an offset to Long-Term Obligations and are amortized over the term of the agreement. The amounts recorded as a loss on debt extinguishment in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were primarily related to the write-off of capitalized debt issuance costs related to various amendments to our Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. U.S. Notes (2023) In 2013, we issued $600 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% senior notes due 2023 (the "U.S. Notes (2023)"). The U.S. Notes (2023) are governed by the Indenture dated as of May 9, 2013 (the "U.S. Notes (2023) Indenture") among LKQ Corporation, certain of our subsidiaries (the "Guarantors"), the trustee, paying agent, transfer agent and registrar. The U.S. Notes (2023) are registered under the Securities Act of 1933. The U.S. Notes (2023) bear interest at a rate of 4.75% per year from the most recent payment date on which interest has been paid or provided for. Interest on the U.S. Notes (2023) is payable in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year. The U.S. Notes (2023) are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by the Guarantors. The U.S. Notes (2023) and the related guarantees are, respectively, LKQ Corporation's and each Guarantor's senior unsecured obligations and are subordinated to all of the Guarantors' existing and future secured debt to the extent of the assets securing that secured debt. In addition, the U.S. Notes (2023) are effectively subordinated to all of the liabilities of our subsidiaries that are not guaranteeing the U.S. Notes (2023) to the extent of the assets of those subsidiaries. Repayment of Rhiag Acquired Debt and Debt Related Liabilities On March 24, 2016, LKQ Netherlands B.V., a wholly-owned subsidiary of LKQ Corporation, borrowed €508 million under our multi-currency revolving credit facility to repay the debt and debt related liabilities assumed as part of our acquisition of Rhiag. The borrowed funds were passed through an intercompany note to Rhiag and then were used to pay (i) $520 million (€465 million ) for the principal of Rhiag senior note debt assumed with the acquisition, (ii) accrued interest of $8 million (€7 million) on the notes, (iii) the call premium of $24 million (€21 million ) associated with early redemption of the notes and (iv) $5 million (€4 million ) to terminate Rhiag’s outstanding interest rate swap related to the floating rate portion of the notes. The call premium is recorded as a loss on debt extinguishment in the Consolidated Statements of Income. 97 Euro Notes (2024) On April 14, 2016, LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A. (“LKQ Italia”), an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of LKQ Corporation, completed an offering of €500 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes due April 1, 2024 (the “Euro Notes (2024)”) in a private placement conducted pursuant to Regulation S and Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933. The proceeds from the offering were used to repay a portion of the revolver borrowings under the Credit Agreement and to pay related fees and expenses. The Euro Notes (2024) are governed by the Indenture dated as of April 14, 2016 (the “Euro Notes (2024) Indenture”) among LKQ Italia, LKQ Corporation and certain of our subsidiaries (the “Euro Notes (2024) Subsidiaries”), the trustee, and the paying agent, transfer agent, and registrar. The Euro Notes (2024) bear interest at a rate of 3.875% per year from the date of original issuance or from the most recent payment date on which interest has been paid or provided for. Interest on the Euro Notes (2024) is payable in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The Euro Notes (2024) are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by LKQ Corporation and the Euro Notes (2024) Subsidiaries (the "Euro Notes (2024) Guarantors"). The Euro Notes (2024) and the related guarantees are, respectively, LKQ Italia’s and each Euro Notes (2024) Guarantor’s senior unsecured obligations and are subordinated to all of LKQ Italia's and the Euro Notes (2024) Guarantors’ existing and future secured debt to the extent of the assets securing that secured debt. In addition, the Euro Notes (2024) are effectively subordinated to all of the liabilities of our subsidiaries that are not guaranteeing the Euro Notes (2024) to the extent of the assets of those subsidiaries. The Euro Notes (2024) have been listed on the ExtraMOT, Professional Segment of the Borsa Italia S.p.A. securities exchange and the Global Exchange Market of Euronext Dublin. Related to the execution of the Euro Notes (2024) in April 2016, we incurred $10 million of fees which were capitalized as an offset to Long-Term Obligations and are amortized over the term of the Euro Notes (2024). Euro Notes (2026/28) On April 9, 2018, LKQ European Holdings B.V. ("LKQ Euro Holdings"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of LKQ Corporation, completed an offering of €1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of senior notes. The offering consisted of €750 million senior notes due 2026 (the "2026 notes") and €250 million senior notes due 2028 (the "2028 notes" and, together with the 2026 notes, the "Euro Notes (2026/28)") in a private placement conducted pursuant to Regulation S and Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933. The proceeds from the offering, together with borrowings under our senior secured credit facility, were or will be used to (i) finance a portion of the consideration paid for the Stahlgruber acquisition, (ii) for general corporate purposes and (iii) to pay related fees and expenses, including the refinancing of net financial debt. The Euro Notes (2026/28) are governed by the Indenture dated as of April 9, 2018 (the “Euro Notes (2026/28) Indenture”) among LKQ Euro Holdings, LKQ Corporation and certain of our subsidiaries (the “Euro Notes (2026/28) Subsidiaries”), the trustee, paying agent, transfer agent, and registrar. The 2026 notes and 2028 notes bear interest at a rate of 3.625% and 4.125%, respectively, per year from the date of original issuance or from the most recent payment date on which interest has been paid or provided for. Interest on the Euro Notes (2026/28) is payable in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2018. The Euro Notes (2026/28) are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by LKQ Corporation and the Euro Notes (2026/28) Subsidiaries (the "Euro Notes (2026/28) Guarantors"). The Euro Notes (2026/28) and the related guarantees are, respectively, LKQ Euro Holdings' and each Euro Notes (2026/28) Guarantor’s senior unsecured obligations and will be subordinated to all of LKQ Euro Holdings' and the Euro Notes (2026/28) Guarantors’ existing and future secured debt to the extent of the assets securing that secured debt. In addition, the Euro Notes (2026/28) are effectively subordinated to all of the liabilities of our subsidiaries that are not guaranteeing the Euro Notes (2026/28) to the extent of the assets of those subsidiaries. The Euro Notes (2026/28) have been listed on the Global Exchange Market of Euronext Dublin. Related to the execution of the Euro Notes (2026/28) in April 2018, we incurred $16 million of fees, which were capitalized as an offset to Long-Term Obligations and are amortized over the term of the Euro Notes (2026/28). Restricted Payments Our senior secured credit agreement and our senior notes indentures contain limitations on payment of cash dividends or other distributions of assets. Based on limitations in effect under our senior secured credit agreement and senior notes indentures, the maximum amount of dividends we could pay as of December 31, 2018 was approximately $1.7 billion. The limit on the payment of dividends is calculated using historical financial information and will change from period to period. 98 Receivables Securitization Facility On December 20, 2018, we amended the terms of our receivables securitization facility with MUFG to: (i) extend the term of the facility to November 8, 2021; (ii) increase the maximum amount available to $110 million; and (iii) make other clarifying and updating changes. Under the facility, LKQ sells an ownership interest in certain receivables, related collections and security interests to MUFG for the benefit of conduit investors and/or financial institutions for cash proceeds. Upon payment of the receivables by customers, rather than remitting to MUFG the amounts collected, LKQ retains such collections as proceeds for the sale of new receivables generated by certain of the ongoing operations of the Company. The sale of the ownership interest in the receivables is accounted for as a secured borrowing in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, under which the receivables included in the program collateralize the amounts invested by MUFG, the conduit investors and/or financial institutions (the "Purchasers"). The receivables are held by LKQ Receivables Finance Company, LLC ("LRFC"), a wholly owned bankruptcy-remote special purpose subsidiary of LKQ, and therefore, the receivables are available first to satisfy the creditors of LRFC, including the Purchasers. Net receivables totaling $132 million and $144 million were collateral for the investment under the receivables facility as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Under the receivables facility, we pay variable interest rates plus a margin on the outstanding amounts invested by the Purchasers. The variable rates are based on (i) commercial paper rates, (ii) LIBOR, or (iii) base rates, and are payable monthly in arrears. The commercial paper rate is the applicable variable rate unless conduit investors are not available to invest in the receivables at commercial paper rates. In such case, financial institutions will invest at the LIBOR rate or at base rates. We also pay a commitment fee on the excess of the investment maximum over the average daily outstanding investment, payable monthly in arrears. As of December 31, 2018, the interest rate under the receivables facility was based on commercial paper rates and was 3.4%. The outstanding balances of $110 million and $100 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were classified as long-term on the Consolidated Balance Sheets because we have the ability and intent to refinance these borrowings on a long-term basis. Note 11. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities We are exposed to market risks, including the effect of changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Under our current policies, we use derivatives to manage our exposure to variable interest rates on our senior secured debt and changing foreign exchange rates for certain foreign currency denominated transactions. We do not hold or issue derivatives for trading purposes. Cash Flow Hedges We hold interest rate swap agreements to hedge a portion of the variable interest rate risk on our variable rate borrowings under our Credit Agreement, with the objective of minimizing the impact of interest rate fluctuations and stabilizing cash flows. Under the terms of the interest rate swap agreements, we pay the fixed interest rate and receive payment at a variable rate of interest based on LIBOR for the respective currency of each interest rate swap agreement’s notional amount. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and is reclassified to interest expense when the underlying interest payment has an impact on earnings. The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements is reported in interest expense. Our interest rate swap contracts have maturity dates ranging from January to June 2021. In December 2018, we sold two interest rate swap contracts with a notional amount of $110 million. As of December 31, 2018, we held interest rate swap contracts related to $480 million of U.S. dollar-denominated debt. From time to time, we may hold foreign currency forward contracts related to certain foreign currency denominated intercompany transactions, with the objective of minimizing the impact of fluctuating exchange rates on these future cash flows. Under the terms of the foreign currency forward contracts, we will sell the foreign currency in exchange for U.S. dollars at a fixed rate on the maturity dates of the contracts. The effective portion of the changes in fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and reclassified to other income, net when the underlying transaction has an impact on earnings. In 2016, we entered into three cross currency swap agreements for a total notional amount of $422 million (€400 million). The notional amount steps down by €15 million annually through 2020 with the remainder maturing in January 2021. These cross currency swaps contain an interest rate swap component and a foreign currency forward contract component that, combined with related intercompany financing arrangements, effectively convert variable rate U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings into fixed rate euro-denominated borrowings. The swaps are intended to minimize the impact of fluctuating exchange rates and interest rates on the cash flows resulting from the related intercompany financing arrangements. The effective portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and is reclassified to interest expense and interest income and other income, net when the underlying transactions have an impact on earnings. 99 In October 2018, we entered into two cross currency swap agreements for a total notional amount of $184 million (€160 million ). Half of the notional amount matures in October 2019 with the remainder in October 2020. The purpose and accounting of the swaps are similar to those described in the previous paragraph. The activity related to our cash flow hedges is presented in operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The following table summarizes the notional amounts and fair values of our designated cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): Notional Amount Fair Value at December 31, 2018 (USD) December 31, 2018 Other Current Assets Other Assets Other Accrued Expenses Other Noncurrent Liabilities Interest rate swap agreements USD denominated $ Cross currency swap agreements 480,000 $ — $ 14,967 $ — $ — USD/euro $ 574,315 Total cash flow hedges 211 211 7,669 $ 22,636 $ 127 127 40,870 $ 40,870 $ Notional Amount Fair Value at December 31, 2017 (USD) December 31, 2017 Other Assets Other Noncurrent Liabilities Interest rate swap agreements USD denominated Cross currency swap agreements USD/euro $ $ 590,000 $ 19,102 $ — 406,546 5,504 61,492 Total cash flow hedges $ 24,606 $ 61,492 While certain derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty are subject to master netting arrangements, we present our cash flow hedge derivative instruments on a gross basis in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The impact of netting the fair values of these contracts would result in a decrease to Other Assets and Other Noncurrent Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets of $14 million and $12 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The activity related to our cash flow hedges is included in Note 9, "Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)." Ineffectiveness related to our cash flow hedges was immaterial to our results of operations during 2018, 2017, and 2016. We do not expect future ineffectiveness related to our cash flow hedges to have a material effect on our results of operations. As of December 31, 2018, we estimate that $2 million of derivative gains (net of tax) included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) will be reclassified into our Consolidated Statements of Income within the next 12 months. Other Derivative Instruments During the third quarter of 2018, we recorded the fair value of a derivative instrument of $29 million related to our right to acquire Mekonomen shares at a discount. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded a net $5 million loss related to the remeasurement and settlement of the derivative instrument. Refer to Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for more information on the derivative instrument. We hold other short-term derivative instruments, including foreign currency forward contracts, to manage our exposure to variability related to inventory purchases and intercompany financing transactions denominated in a non-functional currency. We have elected not to apply hedge accounting for these transactions, and therefore the contracts are adjusted to fair value through our results of operations as of each balance sheet date, which could result in volatility in our earnings. The notional amount and fair value of these contracts at December 31, 2018 and 2017, along with the effect on our results of operations in 2018, 2017 and 2016, were immaterial. 100 Note 12. Fair Value Measurements Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value We use the market and income approaches to estimate the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities, and during the year ended December 31, 2018, there were no significant changes in valuation techniques or inputs related to the financial assets or liabilities that we have historically recorded at fair value. The tiers in the fair value hierarchy include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted market prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as significant unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. The following tables present information about our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs we utilized to determine such fair value as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2018 Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets: Cash surrender value of life insurance Interest rate swaps Cross currency swap agreements Total Assets Liabilities: Contingent consideration liabilities Deferred compensation liabilities Cross currency swap agreements Total Liabilities Assets: Cash surrender value of life insurance Interest rate swaps Cross currency swap agreements Total Assets Liabilities: Contingent consideration liabilities Deferred compensation liabilities Cross currency swap agreements Total Liabilities $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 47,649 $ — $ 47,649 $ — — 14,967 7,880 — $ 70,496 $ 14,967 7,880 70,496 5,209 48,984 40,997 $ $ 19,102 5,504 70,590 2,636 47,199 61,492 $ $ — $ — $ 5,209 — — 48,984 40,997 — — 95,190 $ — $ 89,981 $ 5,209 Balance as of December 31, 2017 Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 45,984 $ — $ 45,984 $ — — 19,102 5,504 — $ 70,590 $ — $ — $ 2,636 — — 47,199 61,492 — — 111,327 $ — $ 108,691 $ 2,636 — — — — — — — — The cash surrender value of life insurance is included in Other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The current portion of deferred compensation is included in Accrued payroll-related liabilities and the current portion of contingent consideration liabilities is included in Other current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets; the noncurrent portion of these amounts is included in Other noncurrent liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the expected timing of the related payments. The balance sheet classification of the interest rate swaps and cross currency swap agreements is presented in Note 11, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities." Our Level 2 assets and liabilities are valued using inputs from third parties and market observable data. We obtain valuation data for the cash surrender value of life insurance and deferred compensation liabilities from third party sources, which determine the net asset values for our accounts using quoted market prices, investment allocations and reportable trades. We value our other derivative instruments using a third party valuation model that performs a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contracts and market observable inputs such as current and forward interest rates and current and forward foreign exchange rates. Our contingent consideration liabilities are related to our business acquisitions. Under the terms of the contingent consideration agreements, payments may be made at specified future dates depending on the performance of the acquired 101 business subsequent to the acquisition. The liabilities for these payments are classified as Level 3 liabilities because the related fair value measurement, which is determined using an income approach, includes significant inputs not observable in the market. Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value Our debt is reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at cost. Based on market conditions as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of our credit agreement borrowings reasonably approximated the carrying values of $1.7 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively. In addition, based on market conditions, the fair values of the outstanding borrowings under the receivables facility reasonably approximated the carrying values of $110 million and $100 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair values of the U.S. Notes (2023) were approximately $574 million and $615 million, respectively, compared to a carrying value of $600 million at each date. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair values of the Euro Notes (2024) were approximately $586 million and $658 million compared to carrying values of $573 million and $600 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of the Euro Notes (2026/28) approximated the carrying value of $1.1 billion. The fair value measurements of the borrowings under our credit agreement and receivables facility are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy since they are determined based upon significant inputs observable in the market, including interest rates on recent financing transactions with similar terms and maturities. We estimated the fair value by calculating the upfront cash payment a market participant would require at December 31, 2018 to assume these obligations. The fair value of our U.S. Notes (2023) is classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy since it is determined based upon observable market inputs including quoted market prices in an active market. The fair values of our Euro Notes (2024) and Euro Notes (2026/28) are determined based upon observable market inputs including quoted market prices in markets that are not active, and therefore are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies Operating Leases We are obligated under noncancelable operating leases for corporate office space, warehouse and distribution facilities, trucks and certain equipment. The future minimum lease commitments under these leases at December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands): Years ending December 31: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Future Minimum Lease Payments $ 294,269 256,172 210,632 158,763 131,518 777,165 $ 1,828,519 Rental expense for operating leases was approximately $300 million, $247 million, and $212 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We guarantee the residual values of the majority of our truck and equipment operating leases. The residual values decline over the lease terms to a defined percentage of original cost. In the event the lessor does not realize the residual value when a piece of equipment is sold, we would be responsible for a portion of the shortfall. Similarly, if the lessor realizes more than the residual value when a piece of equipment is sold, we would be paid the amount realized over the residual value. Had we terminated all of our operating leases subject to these guarantees at December 31, 2018, our portion of the guaranteed residual value would have totaled approximately $76 million. We have not recorded a liability for the guaranteed residual value of equipment under operating leases as the recovery on disposition of the equipment under the leases is expected to approximate the guaranteed residual value. Litigation and Related Contingencies We have certain contingencies resulting from litigation, claims and other commitments and are subject to a variety of environmental and pollution control laws and regulations incident to the ordinary course of business. We currently expect that the resolution of such contingencies will not materially affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. 102 Note 14. Employee Benefit Plans Defined Benefit Plans We have funded and unfunded defined benefit plans covering certain employee groups in the U.S. and various European countries. Local statutory requirements govern many of our European plans. The defined benefit plans are plans are mostly closed to new participants and, in some cases, existing participants no longer accrue benefits. Funded Status The table below summarizes the funded status of our defined benefit plans (in thousands): Change in projected benefit obligation: Projected benefit obligation - beginning of year Acquisitions (1) Service cost Interest cost Participant contributions Actuarial (gain) / loss Benefits paid (2) Curtailment (3) Settlement Currency impact Projected benefit obligation - end of year Change in fair value of plan assets: Fair value - beginning of year Acquisitions (1) Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Participant contributions Benefits paid Currency impact Fair value - end of year Funded status at end of year (liability) Accumulated benefit obligation December 31, 2018 2017 $ 126,031 $ 111,547 79,211 3,215 3,476 415 (989) (4,447) — (756) (4,664) 201,492 82,852 251 3,018 9,975 $ $ 415 (2,788) (2,051) $ 91,672 (109,820) $ 938 4,525 3,670 573 4,539 (3,806) (4,064) (245) 8,354 126,031 73,057 — 3,307 2,931 573 (3,040) 6,024 82,852 (43,179) 199,337 $ 125,389 $ $ $ $ $ (1) 2018 amounts relate primarily to the addition of plans in connection with our acquisition of Stahlgruber. (2) Includes amounts paid from plan assets as well as amounts paid from Company assets. (3) In 2017, we froze one of our Europe pension plans, resulting in a curtailment. No additional participants may join this plan and as of December 31, 2017, participants no longer accrue future benefits under this plan. 103 The net amounts recognized for defined benefit plans in the Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows (in thousands): Non-current assets Current liabilities Non-current liabilities December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 377 $ (3,280) (106,917) (109,820) $ — — (43,179) (43,179) The following table summarizes the accumulated benefit obligation and aggregate fair value of plan assets for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets (in thousands): Accumulated benefit obligation $ Aggregate fair value of plan assets 169,097 $ 60,988 125,389 82,852 December 31, 2018 2017 The following table summarizes the projected benefit obligation and aggregate fair value of plan assets for pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets (in thousands): Projected benefit obligation $ Aggregate fair value of plan assets 171,185 $ 60,988 126,031 82,852 December 31, 2018 2017 The table below summarizes the weighted-average assumptions used to calculate the year-end benefit obligations: Discount rate used to determine benefit obligation Rate of future compensation increase 2018 2017 2.1% 0.9% 2.1% 1.3% Net Periodic Benefit Cost The table below summarizes the components of net periodic benefit cost for our defined benefit plans (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 Service cost $ 3,215 $ 4,525 $ Interest cost Expected return on plan assets (1) Amortization of prior service credit Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss (2) Curtailment gain Settlement (gain) / loss Net periodic benefit cost 3,476 (2,949) — (54) — 74 $ 3,762 $ 3,670 (2,467) (181) 473 (3,811) (4) 2,205 $ 3,843 2,719 (2,624) (266) 762 — 2 4,436 (1) We use the fair value of our plan assets to calculate the expected return on plan assets. (2) Actuarial gains and losses are amortized using a corridor approach. Gains and losses are amortized if, as of the beginning of the year, the cumulative net gain or loss exceeds 10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the fair value of the plan assets. Gains and losses in excess of the corridor are amortized over the average 104 remaining service period of active members expected to receive benefits under the plan or, in the case of closed plans, the expected future lifetime of the employees participating in the plan. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost was classified in Selling, general and administrative expenses, while the other components of net periodic benefit cost were classified in Other income, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income. For the year ended December 31, 2016, all components of net periodic benefit expense were included in Selling, general, and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income. For the year ending December 31, 2019, we expect net periodic benefit costs to increase by approximately $2 million due to the fact that we will incur a full year of pension expense related to our Stahlgruber business, compared to a partial year in 2018. The table below summarizes the weighted-average assumptions used to calculate the net periodic benefit cost in the table above: Discount rate used to determine service cost Discount rate used to determine interest cost Rate of future compensation increase Expected long-term return on plan assets (1) 2018 2017 2016 1.3% 2.5% 1.9% 4.8% 1.5% 3.0% 1.3% 5.0% 1.6% 3.0% 2.0% 5.1% (1) Our expected long-term return on plan assets is determined based on our asset allocation and estimate of future long- term returns by asset class. Assumed mortality is also a key assumption in determining benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost. In some of our European plans, a price inflation index is also an assumption in determining benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost. As of December 31, 2018, the pre-tax amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income consisted of $10 million of net actuarial losses for our defined benefit plans that have not yet been recognized in net periodic benefit cost. Of this amount, we expect $0.2 million to be recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost during the year ending December 31, 2019. Fair Value of Plan Assets Fair value is defined as the amount that would be received for selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The tiers in the fair value hierarchy include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted market prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as significant unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. Investments that are valued using net asset value ("NAV") (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient are excluded from the fair value hierarchy disclosure. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets reported at fair value. The methodologies used at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are the same. Level 1 investments: Cash and cash equivalents are valued based on cost, which approximates fair value. Mutual funds are valued based on reported market prices on the last trading day of the fiscal year. Level 3 investments: Investments in insurance contracts represent the cash surrender value of the insurance policy. These are actuarially determined amounts based on projections of future benefit payments, discount rates, and expected long- term rate of return on assets. 105 For our unfunded pension plans, the Company pays the defined benefit plan obligations when they become due. The table below summarizes the fair value of our defined benefit plan assets by asset category within the fair value hierarchy for our funded defined benefit pension plans (in thousands): December 31, 2018 2017 Cash and cash equivalents (1) Mutual funds (2) Insurance contracts Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ 30,684 $ — $ — $ 30,684 $ 369 $ — $ — $ 369 — — — — — 21,709 — — 21,709 — 60,988 60,988 — — 60,774 60,774 Total investments at fair value $ 30,684 $ — $ 60,988 $ 91,672 $ 22,078 $ — $ 60,774 $ 82,852 (1) Consists of institutional short-term investment funds. (2) Mutual funds consist of investments in equity securities, fixed-income securities, and real estate. The following table summarizes the changes in fair value measurements of Level 3 investments for our defined benefit plans (in thousands): Balance at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets: Relating to assets held at the reporting date Purchases, sales and settlements Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 Currency impact Balance at end of year December 31, 2018 2017 $ 60,774 $ 53,803 2,556 (541) 255 (2,056) 60,988 $ 464 483 — 6,024 60,774 $ Assets for our defined benefit pension plans in Europe are invested in insurance policies. Under these contracts, we pay premiums to the insurance company, which are based on an internal actuarial analysis performed by the insurance company; the insurance company then funds the pension payments to the plan participants upon retirement. The assets for our U.S. plan are managed by a master trust, with oversight responsibility by our Benefits Committee. As of December 31, 2018, our pension assets for our U.S. pension plan are fully invested in money market funds. The investment strategy for our U.S. plan is to invest in low risk investments to protect our principal balance. The investment policy and allocation of the assets in the master trust were approved by our Benefits Committee. Employer Contributions and Estimated Future Benefit Payments During the year ended December 31, 2018, we contributed $12 million to our pension plans. We estimate that contributions to our pension plans during 2019 will be $4 million. The following table summarizes estimated future benefit payments as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands): 5,818 5,627 6,263 6,966 6,948 39,823 Year Ended December 31, Amount 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 - 2028 $ 106 Note 15. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes consists of the following components (in thousands): Current: Federal State Foreign Total current provision for income taxes Deferred: Federal State Foreign Total deferred benefit for income taxes Provision for income taxes Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ $ $ $ $ 90,216 $ 196,825 $ 159,547 25,851 77,508 193,575 14,977 $ $ 4,386 (21,543) (2,180) $ $ 191,395 27,149 58,123 27,120 45,545 282,097 $ 232,212 (37,486) $ 4,044 (13,095) (46,537) $ $ 235,560 1,169 2,131 (14,946) (11,646) 220,566 Income taxes have been based on the following components of income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes (in thousands): Domestic Foreign Income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 562,758 180,673 743,431 $ $ 575,148 191,479 766,627 $ $ 513,844 163,437 677,281 The U.S. federal statutory rate is reconciled to the effective tax rate as follows: U.S. federal statutory rate U.S. federal tax reform - federal deferred tax rate change U.S. federal tax reform - transition tax on foreign earnings State income taxes, net of state credits and federal tax impact Impact of rates on international operations Notional interest deductions Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation Non-deductible expenses Other, net Effective tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 21.0 % — % (1.3)% 3.5 % 0.9 % (0.6)% (0.6)% 1.6 % 1.2 % 25.7 % 35.0 % (9.5)% 6.6 % 2.8 % (3.2)% (0.9)% (1.0)% 1.1 % (0.2)% 30.7 % 35.0 % — % — % 2.7 % (3.2)% (2.5)% (1.6)% 1.3 % 0.9 % 32.6 % On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Act. The Tax Act introduced broad and complex changes to U.S. income tax laws that impact us, most notably a reduction of the U.S. statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Additionally, beginning in 2018 the Tax Act imposed a regime of taxation on foreign subsidiary earnings, GILTI, and on certain related party payments, BEAT. As part of the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a modified territorial tax system, the Tax Act imposed a one-time transition tax on the deemed repatriation of historical earnings of foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Staff issued SAB 118, which provided guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provided a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Tax Act enactment date for companies to complete the accounting required under ASC 740, Income Taxes. In accordance with SAB 118, a company was required to reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC 740 was complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax 107 effects of the Tax Act was incomplete but the company was able to determine a reasonable estimate, it was required to record a provisional estimate in the financial statements. Transition Tax on Foreign Earnings: In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recognized a provisional income tax expense of $51 million related to the one-time transition tax on foreign earnings. During the third quarter of 2018, we recorded a $10 million favorable adjustment to the provisional amount. As of December 31, 2018, we have completed our analysis of the transition tax, and the liability is no longer considered provisional. As permitted by the Tax Act, we elected to pay the final $41 million liability in installments over 8 years. This liability has been reduced by the first installment and other payment credits to $33 million and is recorded in other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. Revaluation of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities: As a result of the Tax Act reduction in the U.S. federal statutory rate from 35% to 21%, at December 31, 2017, we recorded a provisional decrease to net deferred tax liabilities and a corresponding provisional U.S. federal deferred tax benefit of $73 million. There were no adjustments recognized in 2018 with regard to the revaluation of deferred taxes, and the accounting for this impact of the Tax Act is now complete. GILTI: While the Tax Act provides for a modified territorial tax system, under a highly complex provision commonly known as GILTI, the Tax Act subjects a U.S. shareholder to current tax on certain earnings of foreign subsidiaries, subject to relief for available foreign tax credits. The FASB Staff Q&A, Topic 740, No. 5, "Accounting for GILTI," provides that an accounting policy election can be made either to recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI in future years, or to provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred as a period expense only. We have elected to account for GILTI in the year the tax is incurred. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of GILTI increased our effective tax rate by approximately 0.3%. The GILTI legislative provisions and related foreign tax credit calculations are still subject to finalization of U.S. Treasury Department regulatory guidance, which could have an impact on our effective tax rate in the future. Indefinite Reinvestment Assertion: Undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries amounted to approximately $664 million at December 31, 2018. Through December 31, 2017, it was our practice and intention to permanently reinvest the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, and no U.S. deferred income taxes or foreign withholding taxes were recorded. Beginning in 2018, the Tax Act generally provides a 100% participation exemption from further U.S. taxation of dividends received from 10-percent or more owned foreign corporations held by U.S. corporate shareholders. Although future dividend income is now exempt from U.S. federal tax in the hands of the U.S. corporate shareholders, either as a result of the new participation exemption, or due to the previous taxation of such earnings under the transition tax, companies must still apply the guidance of ASC 740 to account for the tax consequences of outside basis differences and other tax impacts of their investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries. Further, the 2017 transition tax will close a majority of the previous outside basis differences in our foreign subsidiaries, and much of any new differences arising will have extensive interaction with the GILTI regime discussed above. Based on a review of our global financing and capital expenditure requirements as of December 31, 2018, we have made no changes to our assertion that we plan to permanently reinvest the undistributed earnings of our international subsidiaries. Thus, no deferred U.S. income taxes or potential foreign withholding taxes have been recorded. Due to the complexity of the new U.S. tax regime, it remains impractical to estimate the amount of deferred taxes potentially payable were such earnings to be repatriated. Although the SAB 118 measurement period has closed, further technical guidance related to the Tax Act, including final regulations on a broad range of topics, is expected to be issued. In accordance with ASC 740, the Company will recognize any effects of the guidance in the period that such guidance is issued. 108 The significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2018 2017 Deferred Tax Assets: Accrued expenses and reserves Qualified and nonqualified retirement plans Inventory Accounts receivable Interest deduction carryforwards Stock-based compensation Net operating loss carryforwards Other Total deferred tax assets, gross Less: valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets Deferred Tax Liabilities: Goodwill and other intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Trade name Other Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liability $ 60,337 $ 20,525 15,474 16,208 20,392 4,859 13,222 12,370 163,387 (34,779) 128,608 216,699 87,839 116,615 15,511 $ $ 40,317 19,074 17,886 16,036 13,845 4,963 11,734 8,971 132,826 (21,527) 111,299 192,688 67,467 72,233 16,165 436,664 $ (308,056) $ 348,553 (237,254) $ $ $ $ Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows (in thousands): Noncurrent deferred tax assets Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities December 31, 2018 2017 $ 3,378 $ 311,434 15,105 252,359 Our acquisition of Stahlgruber in May 2018 contributed $78 million of net deferred tax liabilities relating to intangible assets; property, plant and equipment; and reserves, including pension and other post-retirement benefit obligations. Noncurrent deferred tax assets and noncurrent deferred tax liabilities are included in Other assets and Deferred income taxes, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We had net operating loss carryforwards, primarily for certain international tax jurisdictions, the tax benefits of which were approximately $13 million and $12 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had tax credit carryforwards for certain U.S. state jurisdictions, the tax benefits of which total approximately $1 million and $2 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had interest deduction carryforwards, primarily in Italy and Germany, the tax benefits of which were $20 million and $14 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we had a U.S. capital loss carryforward attributable to the sale of the glass manufacturing business of PGW in 2017, the tax benefit of which was $5 million. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, valuation allowances of $35 million and $22 million, respectively, were recorded for deferred tax assets related to carryforwards of interest deductions, net operating losses, capital losses and tax credits. The $13 million net increase in valuation allowances was primarily attributable to a $6 million valuation allowance provided on certain interest deduction carryforwards suspended due to thin capitalization constraints in Italy and Germany, and a $5 million valuation allowance provided on the U.S. capital loss carryforward. The net operating losses generally carry forward for an indefinite period. The interest deduction carryforwards in Italy and Germany do not expire. U.S. capital losses carry forward for five years. Realization of these deferred tax assets is dependent on the generation of sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration dates, where applicable, or in the case of the interest carryforwards, the availability of typically EBITDA limitations under thin capitalization constraints. Based on historical and projected operating results, we believe that it is more likely than not that earnings will be sufficient to realize the deferred tax assets for which valuation allowances have not been provided. While we expect to realize the deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances, changes in tax laws or in estimates of future taxable income may alter this expectation. 109 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): Balance at January 1 Additions for acquired tax positions Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Lapse of statutes of limitations Balance at December 31 2018 2017 2016 1,690 $ 2,146 $ — 5 (458) 1,237 $ 73 5 (534) 1,690 $ 2,273 — 5 (132) 2,146 $ $ Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits above as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are $1 million of tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 include approximately $1 million of tax benefits that, if recognized, would result in adjustments to deferred taxes. The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. Attributable to the unrecognized tax benefits noted above, the Company had accumulated interest and penalties of less than $1 million at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. During each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, an immaterial amount of interest and penalties were recorded through the income tax provision, prior to any reversals for lapses in the statutes of limitations. During the twelve months beginning January 1, 2019, it is reasonably possible that we will reduce unrecognized tax benefits by substantially less than $1 million, most of which would impact our effective tax rate, primarily as a result of the expiration of certain statutes of limitations. The company and/or its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various U.S. state and international jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or international income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2015. Adjustments from examinations, if any, are not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Note 16. Segment and Geographic Information We have four operating segments: Wholesale – North America, Europe, Specialty and Self Service. Our Wholesale – North America and Self Service operating segments are aggregated into one reportable segment, North America, because they possess similar economic characteristics and have common products and services, customers, and methods of distribution. Our reportable segments are organized based on a combination of geographic areas served and type of product lines offered. The reportable segments are managed separately as each business serves different customers (i.e. geographic in the case of North America and Europe and product type in the case of Specialty) and is affected by different economic conditions. Therefore, we present three reportable segments: North America, Europe and Specialty. 110 The following tables present our financial performance by reportable segment for the periods indicated (in thousands): North America Europe Specialty Eliminations Consolidated Year Ended December 31, 2018 Revenue: Third Party Intersegment $ 5,181,964 $ 5,221,754 $ 1,472,956 645 — 4,724 Total segment revenue $ 5,182,609 $ 5,221,754 $ 1,477,680 Segment EBITDA Depreciation and amortization (1) $ 660,153 $ 422,721 $ 168,525 87,348 178,473 28,256 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Revenue: Third Party Intersegment $ 4,798,901 $ 3,636,811 $ 1,301,197 750 — 4,319 Total segment revenue Segment EBITDA Depreciation and amortization (1) $ 4,799,651 655,275 $ $ 3,636,811 319,156 $ $ 1,305,516 142,159 $ 86,303 120,805 23,095 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Revenue: Third Party Intersegment $ 4,443,886 $ 2,920,470 $ 1,219,675 739 — 4,048 Total segment revenue $ 4,444,625 $ 2,920,470 $ 1,223,723 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ — $11,876,674 (5,369) — (5,369) $11,876,674 — $ 1,251,399 — 294,077 — $ 9,736,909 (5,069) — (5,069) $ 9,736,909 — $ 1,116,590 — 230,203 — $ 8,584,031 (4,787) — (4,787) $ 8,584,031 — $ 1,004,980 Segment EBITDA Depreciation and amortization (1) $ 589,945 $ 283,608 $ 131,427 80,923 94,979 22,432 — 198,334 (1) Amounts presented include depreciation and amortization expense recorded within cost of goods sold. The key measure of segment profit or loss reviewed by our chief operating decision maker, who is our Chief Executive Officer, is Segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA includes revenue and expenses that are controllable by the segment. Corporate general and administrative expenses are allocated to the segments based on usage, with shared expenses apportioned based on the segment's percentage of consolidated revenue. We calculate Segment EBITDA as EBITDA excluding restructuring and acquisition related expenses, change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, other gains and losses related to acquisitions, equity method investments, or divestitures, equity in losses and earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries and impairment of goodwill. EBITDA, which is the basis for Segment EBITDA, is calculated as net income, less net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest, excluding discontinued operations, depreciation, amortization, interest (which includes loss on debt extinguishment) and income tax expense. 111 The table below provides a reconciliation of Net Income to Segment EBITDA (in thousands): Net income Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Subtract: Year Ended December 31, 2018 $ 483,168 $ 3,050 480,118 2017 530,228 (3,516) 533,744 2016 $ 463,975 — 463,975 Net (loss) income from discontinued operations Net income from continuing operations attributable to LKQ stockholders (4,397) 484,515 (6,746) 540,490 7,852 456,123 Add: Depreciation and amortization Depreciation and amortization - cost of goods sold Interest expense, net of interest income Loss on debt extinguishment Provision for income taxes EBITDA Subtract: Equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries (1) Fair value loss on Mekonomen derivative instrument (1) Gains on foreign exchange contracts - acquisition related (2) Gains on bargain purchases (3) Add: Restructuring and acquisition related expenses (4) Inventory step-up adjustment - acquisition related Impairment of goodwill (1) Impairment of net assets held for sale Change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities Segment EBITDA 274,213 19,864 144,536 1,350 219,546 10,657 100,620 456 191,395 1,115,873 235,560 1,107,329 (64,471) (5,168) — 2,418 32,428 403 33,244 5,907 — — 3,870 19,672 3,584 — 2,438 (208) $ 1,251,399 — (4,218) $ 1,116,590 191,433 6,901 87,682 26,650 220,566 989,355 (592) — 18,342 8,207 37,762 3,614 — — 206 $ 1,004,980 (1) See Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for further information. (2) Reflects gains on foreign currency forwards used to fix the euro purchase price of Rhiag. See Note 2, "Business Combinations," for further information. (3) Reflects the gains on bargain purchases related to our acquisitions of wholesale businesses in Europe and Andrew Page. See Note 2, "Business Combinations," for further information. (4) See Note 6, "Restructuring and Acquisition Related Expenses," for further information. The following table presents capital expenditures by reportable segment (in thousands): Capital Expenditures North America Europe Specialty Discontinued operations Total capital expenditures Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 129,391 $ 95,823 $ 99,885 20,751 — 71,494 8,175 3,598 91,618 77,689 13,611 24,156 $ 250,027 $ 179,090 $ 207,074 112 The following table presents assets by reportable segment (in thousands): December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Receivables, net North America Europe (1) Specialty Total receivables, net (2) Inventories North America Europe (1) Specialty Total inventories Property, Plant and Equipment, net North America Europe (1) Specialty Total property, plant and equipment, net Equity Method Investments North America Europe (3) Total equity method investments Other unallocated assets Total assets $ 411,818 $ 379,666 $ 649,174 93,091 555,372 92,068 1,154,083 1,027,106 351,681 443,281 65,587 860,549 915,244 718,729 301,264 1,076,393 964,068 340,322 2,380,783 1,935,237 537,286 293,539 82,264 913,089 336 208,068 208,404 505,925 247,910 57,741 811,576 336 183,131 183,467 1,076,306 1,410,264 349,505 2,836,075 570,508 562,600 87,054 1,220,162 16,404 162,765 179,169 6,003,913 4,837,490 4,512,370 $ 11,393,402 $ 9,366,872 $ 8,303,199 (1) The increase in assets for the Europe segment is primarily attributable to the Stahlgruber acquisition. Refer to Note 2, "Business Combinations,” for further detail on the opening balance sheet amounts. (2) Refer to "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for the increase in total receivables, net compared to December 31, 2017 as a result of the adoption of ASC 606. (3) Refer to "Investments in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries" in Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for further information. We report net receivables; inventories; net property, plant and equipment; and equity method investments by segment as that information is used by the chief operating decision maker in assessing segment performance. These assets provide a measure for the operating capital employed in each segment. Unallocated assets include cash and cash equivalents, prepaid and other current and noncurrent assets, goodwill and other intangibles. Our largest countries of operation are the U.S., followed by the U.K. and Germany. Our other European operations are located in the Netherlands, Italy, Czech Republic, Belgium, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, and other European countries. Our operations in other countries include operations in Canada, engine remanufacturing and bumper refurbishing operations in Mexico, an aftermarket parts freight consolidation warehouse in Taiwan, and administrative support functions in India. Our net sales are attributed to geographic area based on the location of the selling operation. 113 The following table sets forth our revenue by geographic area (in thousands): Revenue United States United Kingdom Germany Other countries Total revenue Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 6,192,636 $ 5,662,016 $ 5,226,918 1,665,317 1,548,212 1,390,775 974,514 1,744 1,227 3,044,207 2,524,937 1,965,111 $ 11,876,674 $ 9,736,909 $ 8,584,031 The following table sets forth our tangible long-lived assets by geographic area (in thousands): December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Long-lived Assets United States Germany United Kingdom Other countries $ 620,125 $ 583,236 $ 217,476 165,145 217,416 41 178,021 151,791 Total long-lived assets $ 1,220,162 $ 913,089 $ 531,425 19 159,689 120,443 811,576 Note 17. Selected Quarterly Data (unaudited) The following table presents unaudited selected quarterly financial data for the two years ended December 31, 2018. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future period. (In thousands, except per share data) 2018 Revenue Gross margin Operating income (2) Income from continuing operations (3) Net loss from discontinued operations (4) Net income Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Dec. 31 (2) (3) Sep. 30 (3) Jun. 30 Mar. 31 Quarter Ended (1) $ 3,002,781 $ 3,122,378 $ 3,030,751 $ 2,720,764 1,161,809 1,197,198 1,161,879 1,053,971 164,146 42,456 (4,397) 38,059 2,010 36,049 234,733 134,480 — 134,480 378 134,102 256,794 157,866 — 157,866 859 157,007 226,568 152,763 — 152,763 (197) 152,960 Basic earnings per share from continuing operations (6) Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations (6) $ $ 0.13 0.13 $ $ 0.42 0.42 $ $ 0.51 0.50 $ $ 0.49 0.49 114 (In thousands, except per share data) 2017 Revenue Gross margin Operating income (5) Income from continuing operations Net loss from discontinued operations (4) Net income Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Dec. 31 Sep. 30 Jun. 30 Mar. 31 Quarter Ended $ 2,469,855 $ 2,465,800 $ 2,458,411 $ 2,342,843 947,645 165,634 122,870 (2,215) 120,655 (3,516) 124,171 956,876 199,099 122,381 — 965,009 244,573 150,914 — 122,381 150,914 — — 930,093 235,692 140,809 (4,531) 136,278 — 122,381 150,914 136,278 Basic earnings per share from continuing operations (6) Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations (6) $ $ 0.40 0.39 $ $ 0.40 0.39 $ $ 0.49 0.49 $ $ 0.46 0.45 (1) The 2018 amounts presented above include the results of operations of Stahlgruber, from its acquisition effective May 30, 2018. (2) Reflects a $33 million goodwill impairment charge on the Aviation reporting unit recorded in the fourth quarter of 2018. See "Intangible Assets" in Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for further information. (3) Reflects impairment charges of $48 million and $23 million recorded in the fourth and third quarters of 2018, respectively, related to the Mekonomen equity investment. See "Investments in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries" in Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for further information. (4) In the first quarter of 2017, LKQ completed the sale of the glass manufacturing business of its PGW subsidiary and recorded a loss on sale of $4 million and an immaterial loss from discontinued operations, net of tax. During the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded an additional loss on sale of $2 million. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we recorded a final tax expense adjustment of $4 million to the loss on sale of the glass manufacturing business of PGW. See Note 3, "Discontinued Operations" for further information regarding the disposal of the glass manufacturing business. (5) Certain amounts in the fourth quarter of 2017 have been recast to reflect the 2018 adoption of ASU 2017-07, "Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost." See "Other Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements" within Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further information. (6) The sum of the quarters may not equal the total of the respective year's earnings per share on either a basic or diluted basis due to changes in weighted average shares outstanding throughout the year. Note 18. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information LKQ Corporation (the "Parent") issued, and the Guarantors have fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, the U.S. Notes (2023) due on May 15, 2023. A Guarantor's guarantee will be unconditionally and automatically released and discharged upon the occurrence of any of the following events: (i) a transfer (including as a result of consolidation or merger) by the Guarantor to any person that is not a Guarantor of all or substantially all assets and properties of such Guarantor, provided the Guarantor is also released from its obligations with respect to indebtedness under the Credit Agreement or other indebtedness of ours, which obligation gave rise to the guarantee of the U.S. Notes (2023); (ii) a transfer (including as a result of consolidation or merger) to any person that is not a Guarantor of the equity interests of a Guarantor or issuance by a Guarantor of its equity interests such that the Guarantor ceases to be a subsidiary, as defined in the U.S. Notes (2023) Indenture, provided the Guarantor is also released from its obligations with respect to indebtedness under the Credit Agreement or other indebtedness of ours, which obligation gave rise to the guarantee of the U.S. Notes (2023); (iii) the release of the Guarantor from its obligations with respect to indebtedness under the Credit Agreement or other indebtedness of ours, which obligation gave rise to the guarantee of the U.S. Notes (2023); and (iv) upon legal defeasance, covenant defeasance or satisfaction and discharge of the U.S. Notes (2023) Indenture, as defined in the U.S. Notes (2023) Indenture. Presented below are the condensed consolidating financial statements of the Parent, the Guarantors, the non-guarantor subsidiaries (the "Non-Guarantors"), and the elimination entries necessary to present our financial statements on a consolidated basis as required by Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 resulting from the guarantees of the U.S. Notes (2023). Investments in consolidated subsidiaries have been presented under the equity method of accounting. The 115 principal elimination entries eliminate investments in subsidiaries, intercompany balances, and intercompany revenue and expenses. The condensed consolidating financial statements below have been prepared from our financial information on the same basis of accounting as the consolidated financial statements, and may not necessarily be indicative of the financial position, results of operations or cash flows had the Parent, Guarantors and Non-Guarantors operated as independent entities. 116 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Statements of Income (In thousands) Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross margin Selling, general and administrative expenses Restructuring and acquisition related expenses Impairment of goodwill Depreciation and amortization Operating (loss) income Other expense (income): Interest expense Intercompany interest (income) expense, net Loss on debt extinguishment Gains on bargain purchases Interest income and other (income) expense, net Total other expense, net (Loss) income before (benefit) provision for income taxes (Benefit) provision for income taxes Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated subsidiaries Equity in earnings of subsidiaries Income from continuing operations Net loss from discontinued operations Net income Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders $ Year Ended December 31, 2018 $ Parent Guarantors — $ 6,276,951 3,783,376 — 2,493,575 — 1,713,118 27,394 3,140 — 33,244 — 99,665 137 644,408 (27,531) Non- Guarantors $ 5,766,958 3,685,676 2,081,282 1,612,219 29,288 — 174,411 265,364 Eliminations Consolidated $ (167,235) $11,876,674 7,301,817 4,574,857 3,352,731 32,428 33,244 274,213 882,241 (167,235) — — — — — — 66,794 (65,072) 1,350 — (1,082) 1,990 (29,521) (18,600) — 495,436 484,515 (4,397) 480,118 — 480,118 $ 640 40,756 — — (15,586) 25,810 618,598 163,937 173 16,598 471,432 (4,397) 467,035 — 467,035 $ 78,943 24,316 — (2,418) 10,169 111,010 154,354 46,058 (64,644) — 43,652 — 43,652 3,050 40,602 — — — — — — — — — (512,034) (512,034) 4,397 (507,637) — $ (507,637) $ 146,377 — 1,350 (2,418) (6,499) 138,810 743,431 191,395 (64,471) — 487,565 (4,397) 483,168 3,050 480,118 117 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Statements of Income (In thousands) Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross margin Selling, general and administrative expenses Restructuring and acquisition related expenses Depreciation and amortization Operating (loss) income Other expense (income): Interest expense Intercompany interest (income) expense, net Loss on debt extinguishment Gains on bargain purchases Interest income and other expense (income), net Total other expense (income), net (Loss) income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries Equity in earnings of subsidiaries Income from continuing operations Net (loss) income from discontinued operations Net income Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders $ Year Ended December 31, 2017 $ Parent Guarantors — $ 5,780,904 3,458,304 — 2,322,600 — 1,557,883 29,884 7,352 — 96,717 118 660,648 (30,002) Non- Guarantors $ 4,116,161 2,639,138 1,477,023 1,127,640 12,320 122,711 214,352 Eliminations Consolidated $ (160,156) $ 9,736,909 5,937,286 3,799,623 2,715,407 19,672 219,546 844,998 (160,156) — — — — — 66,030 (17,873) 456 — 242 48,855 (78,857) 28,684 — 648,031 540,490 (6,746) 533,744 — 533,744 $ 546 (2,383) — — (14,323) (16,160) 676,808 168,288 — 21,836 530,356 (6,746) 523,610 — 523,610 $ 35,064 20,256 — (3,870) (5,774) 45,676 168,676 38,588 5,907 — 135,995 2,050 138,045 (3,516) 141,561 — — — — — — — — — (669,867) (669,867) 4,696 (665,171) — $ (665,171) $ 101,640 — 456 (3,870) (19,855) 78,371 766,627 235,560 5,907 — 536,974 (6,746) 530,228 (3,516) 533,744 118 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Statements of Income (In thousands) Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross margin Selling, general and administrative expenses Restructuring and acquisition related expenses Depreciation and amortization Operating (loss) income Other expense (income): Interest expense Intercompany interest (income) expense, net Loss on debt extinguishment Gains on foreign exchange contracts - acquisition related Gains on bargain purchase Interest income and other expense (income), net Total other expense, net (Loss) income from continuing operations before (benefit) provision for income taxes (Benefit) provision for income taxes Equity in (loss) earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries Equity in earnings of subsidiaries Income from continuing operations Net income from discontinued operations Net income $ Year Ended December 31, 2016 $ Parent Guarantors — $ 5,467,430 3,313,503 — 2,153,927 — 1,450,588 34,163 21,162 — 94,165 132 588,012 (34,295) Non- Guarantors $ 3,301,503 2,103,727 1,197,776 874,359 16,600 97,136 209,681 Eliminations Consolidated $ (184,902) $ 8,584,031 5,232,328 3,351,703 2,359,110 37,762 191,433 763,398 (184,902) — — — — — 59,415 (27,470) 2,894 (18,342) — 470 16,967 (51,262) (20,498) (795) 487,682 456,123 7,852 463,975 $ 547 17,124 — — — (3,773) 13,898 574,114 213,794 — 22,314 382,634 7,852 390,486 28,301 10,346 23,756 — (8,207) 1,056 55,252 — — — — — — — 154,429 27,270 203 — 127,362 3,285 130,647 — — — (509,996) (509,996) (11,137) $ (521,133) $ $ 88,263 — 26,650 (18,342) (8,207) (2,247) 86,117 677,281 220,566 (592) — 456,123 7,852 463,975 119 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Statements of Comprehensive Income (In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2018 Net income Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Other comprehensive (loss) income: Foreign currency translation, net of tax Net change in unrealized gains/losses on cash flow hedges, net of tax Net change in unrealized gains/losses on pension plans, net of tax Net change in other comprehensive loss from unconsolidated subsidiaries Other comprehensive loss $ Parent 480,118 — 480,118 Guarantors 467,035 $ — 467,035 Non- Guarantors 43,652 $ 3,050 40,602 Eliminations $ (507,637) $ — (507,637) Consolidated 483,168 3,050 480,118 (108,523) (8,628) (75,462) 84,090 (108,523) 350 697 — — — 1,266 (569) (697) 350 697 (2,343) (109,819) — (7,362) (2,343) (78,374) 2,343 85,736 (2,343) (109,819) Comprehensive income (loss) Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to LKQ stockholders 370,299 459,673 (34,722) (421,901) 373,349 — — 3,050 — 3,050 $ 370,299 $ 459,673 $ (37,772) $ (421,901) $ 370,299 120 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Statements of Comprehensive Income (In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2017 Net income Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to LKQ stockholders Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation, net of tax Net change in unrealized gains/losses on cash flow hedges, net of tax Net change in unrealized gains/losses on pension plans, net of tax Net change in other comprehensive loss from unconsolidated subsidiaries Other comprehensive income $ Parent 533,744 — 533,744 Guarantors 523,610 $ — 523,610 Non- Guarantors 138,045 $ (3,516) 141,561 Eliminations $ (665,171) $ — (665,171) Consolidated 530,228 (3,516) 533,744 200,596 16,743 206,049 (222,792) 200,596 3,447 (133) — 133 3,447 (6,035) (3,254) (2,781) 6,035 (6,035) (1,309) 196,699 — 13,356 (1,309) 201,959 1,309 (215,315) (1,309) 196,699 Comprehensive income Less: comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest Comprehensive income attributable to LKQ stockholders 730,443 536,966 340,004 (880,486) 726,927 — — (3,516) — (3,516) $ 730,443 $ 536,966 $ 343,520 $ (880,486) $ 730,443 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Statements of Comprehensive Income (In thousands) Net income Other comprehensive (loss) income: Year Ended December 31, 2016 Parent 463,975 $ Guarantors 390,486 $ Non- Guarantors 130,647 $ Eliminations $ (521,133) $ Consolidated 463,975 Foreign currency translation, net of tax Net change in unrecognized gains/losses on cash flow hedges, net of tax Net change in unrealized gains/losses on pension plans, net of tax Total other comprehensive loss Total comprehensive income (loss) (175,639) (48,914) (177,911) 226,825 (175,639) 9,023 133 389 (522) 9,023 4,911 (161,705) 302,270 $ $ 3,962 (44,819) 345,667 1,061 (176,461) (45,814) $ (299,853) $ (5,023) 221,280 4,911 (161,705) 302,270 $ 121 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets (In thousands) Parent Guarantors December 31, 2018 Non- Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated Current assets: Assets Cash and cash equivalents Receivables, net Intercompany receivables, net Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Intangible assets: Goodwill Other intangibles, net Investment in subsidiaries Intercompany notes receivable Equity method investments Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Intercompany payables, net Accrued expenses: Accrued payroll-related liabilities Other accrued expenses Refund liability Other current liabilities Current portion of long-term obligations Total current liabilities Long-term obligations, excluding current portion Intercompany notes payable Deferred income taxes Other noncurrent liabilities Stockholders' equity: Total Company stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 25,633 310 6,978 18,611 51,532 1,547 $ 29,285 316,726 — — 1,343,612 99,356 1,788,979 600,054 $ $ 276,843 837,047 12,880 1,492,463 81,063 2,700,296 618,561 — $ — (19,858) — — (19,858) — 331,761 1,154,083 — 2,836,075 199,030 4,520,949 1,220,162 — 1,973,364 272,451 260 111,826 5,224,006 10,515 1,220,582 16,404 — 40,548 70,283 $ 4,814,141 $ 6,568,210 2,408,094 656,041 162,765 52,081 $ 6,597,838 — — — (5,335,832) — (1,231,097) — — 4,381,458 928,752 — — 179,169 162,912 $ (6,586,787) $11,393,402 $ 2,454 — $ 343,116 12,880 $ 596,828 6,978 $ — $ (19,858) 942,398 — 6,652 5,454 — 283 8,459 23,302 1,628,677 — 8,045 125,888 70,267 105,672 50,899 17,860 2,932 603,626 13,532 597,283 135,355 99,147 95,086 177,299 53,686 42,966 110,435 1,083,278 2,546,465 633,814 168,034 139,159 — — — — — (19,858) — (1,231,097) — — 172,005 288,425 104,585 61,109 121,826 1,690,348 4,188,674 — 311,434 364,194 4,782,298 — 4,782,298 $ 6,568,210 3,365,198 — 3,365,198 $ 4,814,141 1,970,634 56,454 2,027,088 $ 6,597,838 (5,335,832) — (5,335,832) 4,782,298 56,454 4,838,752 $ (6,586,787) $11,393,402 122 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets (In thousands) Parent Guarantors December 31, 2017 Non- Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated Current assets: Assets Cash and cash equivalents Receivables, net Intercompany receivables, net Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Intangible assets: Goodwill Other intangibles, net Investment in subsidiaries Intercompany notes receivable Equity method investments Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Intercompany payables, net Accrued expenses: Accrued payroll-related liabilities Other accrued expenses Other current liabilities Current portion of long-term obligations Total current liabilities Long-term obligations, excluding current portion Intercompany notes payable Deferred income taxes Other noncurrent liabilities Stockholders' equity: Total Company stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 34,360 — 2,669 34,136 71,165 910 $ 35,131 290,958 3,010 — 1,334,766 44,849 1,708,714 563,262 $ $ 210,275 736,148 230 1,046,017 55,494 2,048,164 348,917 — $ — (5,909) — — (5,909) — 279,766 1,027,106 — 2,380,783 134,479 3,822,134 913,089 — 2,010,209 291,036 — 102,931 5,952,687 782,638 1,156,550 336 — 33,597 70,590 $ 5,492,723 $ 7,251,902 1,526,302 452,733 — — — (6,055,618) — (1,939,188) — — 3,536,511 743,769 — — 208,404 142,965 $ (8,000,715) $ 9,366,872 208,068 38,778 $ 4,622,962 $ 5,742 — $ 340,951 230 $ 441,920 5,679 $ — $ (5,909) 788,613 — 9,448 5,219 282 16,468 37,159 2,095,826 750,000 12,402 158,346 65,811 95,900 27,066 1,912 531,870 7,372 677,708 116,021 101,189 68,165 117,481 18,379 107,980 759,604 1,174,422 511,480 123,936 47,981 — — — — (5,909) — (1,939,188) — — 143,424 218,600 45,727 126,360 1,322,724 3,277,620 — 252,359 307,516 4,198,169 — 4,198,169 $ 7,251,902 4,058,563 — 4,058,563 $ 5,492,723 1,997,055 8,484 2,005,539 $ 4,622,962 (6,055,618) — (6,055,618) 4,198,169 8,484 4,206,653 $ (8,000,715) $ 9,366,872 123 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment Investment and intercompany note activity with subsidiaries Return of investment in subsidiaries Acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries Receipts of deferred purchase price on receivables under factoring arrangements Other investing activities, net Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from exercise of stock options Taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock- based compensation awards Debt issuance costs Proceeds from issuance of Euro Notes (2026/28) Purchase of treasury stock Borrowings under revolving credit facilities Repayments under revolving credit facilities Repayments under term loans Borrowings under receivables securitization facility Repayments under receivables securitization facility Payment of assumed debt and notes issued from acquisitions Repayments of other debt, net Other financing activities, net Investment and intercompany note activity with parent Dividends Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period $ Year Ended December 31, 2018 Parent Guarantors Non- Guarantors (1) Eliminations Consolidated $ 481,138 $ 277,595 $ 111,213 $ (159,207) $ 710,739 (848) (136,033) (113,146) — 22,393 5,266 — — (250,027) 27,659 (97,261) 143,524 — — — 887 46,302 — — (8,217) (12,216) — — (1,206,778) (48,084) 97,261 (143,524) — — — (1,214,995) (60,300) — 317,091 180 183,198 36,991 666 (1,325,085) (317,091) — (363,354) 36,991 1,733 (1,458,939) 5,303 — — — 5,303 (5,567) (5,434) — (60,000) 765,632 (884,863) (354,800) — — — (385) 3,947 — — (536,167) — — (15,694) — — 1,232,100 — — 901,693 — (644,107) — — — 10,120 — (120) — — (3,636) — (68,435) (392,883) (464,954) (54,888) (7,709) 1,403 165,696 (226,939) 1,361,555 — (1,685) (75,626) (8,727) (5,846) 72,057 (5,567) — (21,128) — 1,232,100 — (60,000) — — 1,667,325 — (1,528,970) (354,800) — 10,120 — (120) — — — — (97,261) 619,822 522,561 — — (54,888) (11,730) 5,350 — — 882,995 (77,311) 57,484 34,360 25,633 $ 35,131 29,285 210,275 282,332 $ $ — — $ 279,766 337,250 (1) Restricted cash is only included in the condensed consolidating financial statements of the Non-Guarantors 124 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net cash provided by operating activities $ 243,011 $ 186,459 $ 95,617 $ (6,187) $ 518,900 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Parent Guarantors Non- Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment Investment and intercompany note activity with subsidiaries Acquisitions, net of cash acquired Proceeds from disposals of business/investment Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries Receipts of deferred purchase price on receivables under factoring arrangements (1) Other investing activities, net (648) (87,102) (91,340) — 6,490 2,217 — — (179,090) 8,707 57,735 — — (57,735) — — — — — — (335,582) (177,506) 305,740 (2,750) (4,443) (4,914) — — — 294,925 — (294,925) — 5,243 — (513,088) 301,297 (7,664) — 5,243 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 57,087 181,721 (270,743) (352,660) (384,595) CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from exercise of stock options Taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock- based compensation awards Debt issuance costs Borrowings under revolving credit facilities Repayments under revolving credit facilities Repayments under term loans Borrowings under receivables securitization facility Repayments under receivables securitization facility (Repayments) borrowings of other debt, net Other financing activities, net Investment and intercompany note activity with parent Dividends 7,470 (5,525) (4,267) 558,000 (824,862) (27,884) — — (1,700) — — — — — — — — — — — (1,318) (1,336) (65,498) (301,112) — — — 281,171 (121,615) — 11,245 (11,245) 22,724 6,575 7,763 — Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (298,768) (369,264) 196,618 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations, beginning of period Add: Cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents of continuing and discontinued operations, beginning of period — 1,330 706 (378) 22,806 44,298 33,030 35,360 159,010 — 149 6,967 33,030 35,509 165,977 — — — — — — — — — — 57,735 301,112 358,847 — — — — — 7,470 (5,525) (4,267) 839,171 (946,477) (27,884) 11,245 (11,245) 19,706 5,239 — — (112,567) 23,512 45,250 227,400 7,116 234,516 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 34,360 $ 35,131 $ 210,275 $ — $ 279,766 (1) Reflects the impact of adopting ASU 2016-15 125 LKQ CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment Investment and intercompany note activity with subsidiaries Acquisitions, net of cash acquired Proceeds from disposal of business/investment Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries Receipts of deferred purchase price on receivables under factoring arrangements (1) Proceeds from foreign exchange contracts Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from exercise of stock options Taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock- based compensation awards Debt issuance costs Proceeds from issuance of Euro Notes (2024) Borrowings under revolving credit facilities Repayments under revolving credit facilities Borrowings under term loans Repayments under term loans Borrowings under receivables securitization facility Repayments under receivables securitization facility Borrowings (repayments) of other debt, net Payments of Rhiag debt and related payments Other financing activities, net Investment and intercompany note activity with parent Dividends Net cash provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents of continuing and discontinued operations, end of period Less: Cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations, end of period Cash and cash equivalents, end of period (1) Reflects the impact of adopting ASU 2016-15 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Parent Guarantors Non- Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated $ 308,299 $ 149,785 $ 99,894 $ 77,036 $ 635,014 (36) (120,761) (86,277) 3 1,953 1,554 — — (207,074) 3,510 (1,720,732) — — — — 18,342 (1,702,423) — (685,278) — (4,400) 389,533 — (418,953) (664,061) 10,304 (181,271) — — (919,751) — 1,720,732 — — (1,349,339) 10,304 — (185,671) — (389,533) — 1,331,199 — 18,342 (1,709,928) 7,963 — — — 7,963 (4,438) (7,104) — 1,744,408 (654,000) 332,954 (10,898) — — 653 — — — — 1,409,538 — — (9,450) — 563,450 — — 892,188 — (1,094,664) 249,161 — (244,894) — 106,400 — (69,400) — (28,874) (2,935) (543,347) — — (1,436) 1,112,462 608,270 — (312,497) 933,032 291,402 (4,438) — (16,554) — 563,450 — — 2,636,596 — (1,748,664) 582,115 — (255,792) — 106,400 — (69,400) — (31,156) — (543,347) — (1,436) — — (1,720,732) — 312,497 1,225,737 (1,408,235) — 15,414 (157) 22,077 (3,547) 109,628 17,616 13,432 56,349 33,030 35,509 165,977 — — — — (3,704) 147,119 87,397 234,516 — 33,030 $ (149) 35,360 $ (6,967) 159,010 $ $ — — $ (7,116) 227,400 126 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. 127 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of December 31, 2018, the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of LKQ Corporation's management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of our "disclosure controls and procedures" (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting dated March 1, 2019 Management of LKQ Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the Company's financial statements. We have excluded from our assessment the internal control over financial reporting at Stahlgruber, which was acquired during 2018. The financial statements of Stahlgruber constitute 32% and 17% of net and total assets, respectively, 9% of revenue, and 6% of net income attributable to LKQ stockholders of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. Internal control over financial reporting includes the controls themselves, monitoring and internal auditing practices, and actions taken to correct deficiencies as identified. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. Management based this assessment on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management's assessment included an evaluation of the design of the Company's internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. Management reviewed the results of its assessment with the Audit Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. Based on this assessment, management determined that, as of December 31, 2018, the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting. Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, who audited and reported on the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in this report, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recently completed fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. 128 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and stockholders of LKQ Corporation: Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of LKQ Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018, of the Company and our report dated March 1, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. As described in the Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting dated March 1, 2019, management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at Stahlgruber GmbH. The financial statements of Stahlgruber GmbH constitute 32% and 17% of net and total assets, respectively, 9% of revenue, and 6% of net income attributable to LKQ stockholders of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. Accordingly, our audit did not include the internal control over financial reporting at Stahlgruber GmbH. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP Chicago, Illinois March 1, 2019 129 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PART III Directors The information appearing under the caption "Election of our Board of Directors" in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 6, 2019 (the "Proxy Statement") is incorporated herein by reference. Executive Officers Our executive officers, their ages at December 31, 2018, and their positions with us are set forth below. Our executive officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Name Age Position Dominick Zarcone Varun Laroyia John S. Quinn Victor M. Casini Walter P. Hanley Justin L. Jude Ashley T. Brooks Matthew J. McKay 60 47 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 60 Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, LKQ Europe 56 52 42 55 41 Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary Senior Vice President - Development Senior Vice President of Operations - Wholesale Parts Division Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer Senior Vice President - Human Resources Michael S. Clark 44 Vice President - Finance and Controller Dominick Zarcone became our President and Chief Executive Officer in May 2017. Mr. Zarcone was our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from March 2015 to May 2017. Prior to joining our Company, he was the Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer of Baird Financial Group, a capital markets and wealth management company, and certain of its affiliates from April 2011 to March 2015. He also served from April 2011 to March 2015 as Treasurer of Baird Funds, Inc., a family of fixed income and equity mutual funds managed by Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated, a registered broker/ dealer. From February 1995 to April 2011, Mr. Zarcone was a Managing Director of the Investment Banking department of Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated. From February 1986 to February 1995, he was with the investment banking company Kidder, Peabody & Co., Incorporated, most recently as Senior Vice President of Investment Banking. Mr. Zarcone is a member of the Board of Directors of Generac Power Systems, Inc., a designer and manufacturer of power generation equipment and engine-powered products. Varun Laroyia became our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in October 2017. Prior to joining our Company, he was the Chief Financial Officer of CBRE’s Global Workplace Solutions ("GWS") business since 2015, following CBRE’s acquisition of the GWS business from Johnson Controls Inc. (“JCI”), where he was the Chief Financial Officer and Vice President of Information Technology since 2013. From 2006 to 2013, Mr. Laroyia held various positions at JCI including Group Vice President of Global Audit and Vice President of Finance and Administration for its Building Efficiency business across Europe and Africa. From 2000 to 2006, Mr. Laroyia held various positions at Gateway, Inc., including Vice President and Controller based in the U.S. and Finance Director for the United Kingdom and Ireland. Prior to Gateway, he was with General Electric in the U.S. and then GE Capital in London where he served as a Manager of European Corporate Development. Mr. Laroyia started his career at KPMG in London. John S. Quinn became our Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, LKQ Europe in February 2015. Prior to that he was our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from November 2009. Prior to joining our Company, he was the Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Casella Waste Systems, Inc., a company in the solid waste management services industry, from January 2009. From January 2001 to January 2009 he held various positions of increasing responsibility with Allied Waste Industries, Inc., a company also in the solid waste management services industry, including Senior Vice President of Finance from January 2005 to January 2009, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer from November 2006 to September 2007 and Vice President Financial Analysis and Planning from January 2003 to January 2005. From August 1987 to January 2001, he held various positions with Waste Management Inc.'s foreign subsidiaries, and Waste Management 130 International, plc. in Canada and the United Kingdom. Prior to working for Waste Management, he worked for Ford Glass Ltd., a subsidiary of Ford Motor Company. In January 2017, he was elected to the Board of Directors of Mekonomen Group, an automotive spare parts chain in the Nordic region, of which we are a 26.6% owner. Victor M. Casini has been our Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary from our inception in February 1998. In March 2008, he was elected Senior Vice President. Mr. Casini was a member of our Board of Directors from May 2010 until May 2012. From July 1992 to December 2011, Mr. Casini was the Executive Vice President and General Counsel of Flynn Enterprises, Inc., a venture capital, hedging and consulting firm. Mr. Casini served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Discovery Zone, Inc., an operator and franchiser of family entertainment centers, from July 1992 until May 1995. Prior to July 1992, Mr. Casini practiced corporate and securities law with the law firm of Bell, Boyd & Lloyd LLP (now known as K&L Gates LLP) in Chicago, Illinois for more than five years. Walter P. Hanley joined us in December 2002 as our Vice President of Development, Associate General Counsel and Assistant Secretary. In December 2005, he became our Senior Vice President of Development. Mr. Hanley served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Emerald Casino, Inc., an owner of a license to operate a riverboat casino in the State of Illinois, from June 1999 until August 2002. Mr. Hanley served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Blue Chip Casino, Inc., an owner and operator of a riverboat gaming vessel in Michigan City, Indiana, from July 1996 until November 1999. Mr. Hanley served as Vice President and Associate General Counsel of Flynn Enterprises, Inc. from May 1995 until February 1998 and as Associate General Counsel of Discovery Zone, Inc. from March 1993 until May 1995. Prior to March 1993, Mr. Hanley practiced corporate and securities law with the law firm of Bell, Boyd & Lloyd LLP (now known as K&L Gates LLP) in Chicago, Illinois. Justin L. Jude became our Senior Vice President of Operations—Wholesale Parts Division in July 2015. Mr. Jude has been with us since February 2004 in various roles, including from March 2008 to February 2011 as Vice President - Supply Chain, from February 2011 to May 2014 as Vice President - Information Systems (North America), and from June 2014 to July 2015 as President of Keystone Automotive Operations, Inc., our specialty automotive business. Mr. Jude has been in the Company’s industry for over 19 years. Ashley T. Brooks joined us as Senior Vice President—Chief Information Officer in May 2016. Prior to joining us, he held various information technology positions from 1999 to 2016 with Arrow Electronics, Inc., a global provider of products, services and solutions to industrial and commercial users of electronic components and enterprise computing solutions. Mr. Brooks' most recent position with Arrow Electronics was Chief Information Officer, Global Components from April 2012 to May 2016. Matthew J. McKay became our Senior Vice President of Human Resources in June 2016. Prior thereto, he served as our Associate General Counsel from December 2007 to May 2016, focusing on employment-related matters. Prior to joining us, Mr. McKay served as a law clerk for Judge William Bauer at the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Michael S. Clark has been our Vice President—Finance and Controller since February 2011. Prior thereto, he served as our Assistant Controller since May 2008. Prior to joining our Company, he was the SEC Reporting Manager of FMC Technologies, Inc., a global provider of technology solutions for the energy industry, from December 2004 to May 2008. Before joining FMC Technologies, Mr. Clark, a certified public accountant, worked in public accounting for more than eight years, leaving as a Senior Manager in the audit practice of Deloitte & Touche. Code of Ethics A copy of our Code of Ethics for Financial Officers is available free of charge through our website at www.lkqcorp.com. Any amendments to our Code of Ethics for Financial Officers or waivers granted to the applicable financial officers will be posted on our website. Section 16 Compliance Information appearing under the caption "Other Information—Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. Audit Committee Information appearing under the caption "Corporate Governance—Committees of the Board—Audit Committee" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION 131 Information appearing under the captions "Director Compensation—Director Compensation Table," "Executive Compensation—Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Corporate Governance—Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and "Executive Compensation—Compensation Tables" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information appearing under the caption "Other Information—Principal Stockholders" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. The following table provides information about our common stock that may be issued under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018: Equity Compensation Plan Information Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders Stock options Restricted stock units Total equity compensation plans approved by stockholders Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders Total Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (a) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (b) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) 1,051,494 1,475,682 $ $ 2,527,176 10.15 — — $ — 2,527,176 11,271,832 — 11,271,832 See Note 7, "Stock-Based Compensation," to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information related to the equity incentive plans listed above. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information appearing under the captions "Other Information—Certain Transactions," "Election of our Board of Directors" and "Corporate Governance—Director Independence" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Information appearing under the captions "Ratification of Appointment of Our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Audit Fees and Non-Audit Fees" and "Ratification of Appointment of Our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Policy on Audit Committee Approval of Audit and Non-Audit Services" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a)(1) Financial Statements PART IV Reference is made to the information set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by reference. (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules Other than as set forth below, all schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC have been omitted because they are not required under the related instructions, are not applicable, or the information has been provided in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto. 132 Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves (in thousands) Balance at Beginning of Period Additions Charged to Costs and Expenses Deductions Acquisitions and Other Balance at End of Period Description ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS: Year ended December 31, 2018 $ 57,609 $ 13,970 Year ended December 31, 2017 Year ended December 31, 2016 45,608 24,583 15,387 13,280 $ (15,945) $ (13,012) (21,829) 1,573 $ 9,626 29,574 57,207 57,609 45,608 ALLOWANCE FOR ESTIMATED RETURNS, DISCOUNTS & ALLOWANCES: (1) Year ended December 31, 2017 Year ended December 31, 2016 38,345 32,774 1,885,517 1,670,911 (1,884,250) (1,673,040) 2,713 7,700 42,325 38,345 (1) Subsequent to our adoption of ASC 606 in 2018, we present a refund liability and a returns asset within the Consolidated Balance Sheet, whereas in periods prior to adoption, we presented the estimated margin impact of expected returns as a contra-asset within accounts receivable. See Note 4, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to our adoption of ASC 606. 133 (a)(3) Exhibits The exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K are listed in Item 15(b) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Included in the exhibits listed therein are the following exhibits which constitute management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements: 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 LKQ Corporation 401(k) Plus Plan dated August 1, 1999. Amendment to LKQ Corporation 401(k) Plus Plan. Trust for LKQ Corporation 401(k) Plus Plan. LKQ Corporation 401(k) Plus Plan II, as amended and restated effective as of January 1, 2019. LKQ Corporation 1998 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. Form of LKQ Corporation Award Agreement for options granted under the 1998 Equity Incentive Plan. Form of LKQ Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Non-Employee Directors. Form of LKQ Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Agreement. Form of LKQ Corporation Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement. LKQ Corporation Amended and Restated Stock Option and Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended. Form of Indemnification Agreement between directors and officers of LKQ Corporation and LKQ Corporation. LKQ Corporation Management Incentive Plan. Form of LKQ Corporation Executive Officer Management Incentive Plan Award Memorandum. Amended and Restated LKQ Corporation Long Term Incentive Plan. Form of LKQ Corporation Executive Officer Long Term Incentive Plan Award Memorandum. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and John S. Quinn dated as of July 24, 2014. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Walter P. Hanley dated as of July 24, 2014. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Victor M. Casini dated as of July 24, 2014. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Michael S. Clark dated as of July 24, 2014. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Dominick P. Zarcone dated as of March 30, 2015. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Justin L. Jude dated as of May 13, 2015. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Ashley T. Brooks dated as of May 2, 2016. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Matthew J. McKay dated as of June 1, 2016. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Varun Laroyia dated as of October 1, 2017. LKQ Severance Policy for Key Executives. Offer Letter to John S. Quinn dated February 12, 2015, as amended. Services Agreement dated as of February 26, 2015 between LKQ Corporation and John S. Quinn. Offer Letter to Dominick P. Zarcone dated February 12, 2015. Memorandum dated as of May 25, 2017 from Joseph M. Holsten to Dominick P. Zarcone. Employee Transition Agreement dated as of May 31, 2017 between LKQ Corporation and Robert L. Wagman. Offer letter to Varun Laroyia dated September 5, 2017. Service Agreement between Euro Car Parts Limited and Sukhpal Singh Ahluwalia dated as of September 7, 2017. Settlement Agreement among Euro Car Parts Limited, LKQ Corporation and Sukhpal Singh Ahluwalia dated as of January 2, 2019. (b) Exhibits 3.1 3.2 4.1 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of LKQ Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on October 31, 2014). Amended and Restated Bylaws of LKQ Corporation, as amended as of March 8, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 10, 2017). Specimen of common stock certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A, Registration No. 333-107417 filed with the SEC on September 12, 2003). 134 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated as of January 29, 2016 by and among LKQ Corporation, LKQ Delaware LLP, and certain additional subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as borrowers, certain financial institutions, as lenders, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 2, 2016). Amendment No. 1 dated as of December 14, 2016 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, which is Exhibit A to the Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated as of January 29, 2016 by and among LKQ Corporation, LKQ Delaware LLP, and certain additional subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as borrowers, certain financial institutions, as lenders, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2017). Amendment No. 2 dated as of December 1, 2017 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, which is Exhibit A to the Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated as of January 29, 2016 by and among LKQ Corporation, LKQ Delaware LLP, and certain additional subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as borrowers, certain financial institutions, as lenders, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018). Amendment No. 3 dated as of November 20, 2018 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, which is Exhibit A to the Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated as of January 29, 2016 by and among LKQ Corporation, LKQ Delaware LLP, and certain additional subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as borrowers, certain financial institutions, as lenders, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent. Indenture dated as of May 9, 2013 among LKQ Corporation, as Issuer, the Guarantors, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 10, 2013). Supplemental Indenture dated as of May 8, 2014 among LKQ Corporation, as Issuer, the Guarantors, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 1, 2014). Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 9, 2016 among LKQ Corporation, as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2017). Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 20, 2017 among LKQ Corporation, as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018). Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 29, 2017 among LKQ Corporation, as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018). Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 6, 2018 among LKQ Corporation, as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 7, 2018). Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 12, 2018 among LKQ Corporation, as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018). Indenture dated as of April 14, 2016 among LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A., as Issuer, LKQ Corporation, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, the Trustee, and the Paying Agent, Transfer Agent and Registrar (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 18, 2016). Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 13, 2016 among Auto Kelly a.s., LKQ Corporation, LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A. and the Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 2, 2016). Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 13, 2016 among ELIT CZ, spol. s r.o., LKQ Corporation, LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A. and the Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 2, 2016). Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 13, 2016 among Rhiag-Inter Auto Parts Italia S.p.A., LKQ Corporation, LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A. and the Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 2, 2016). Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 13, 2016 among Bertolotti S.p.A., LKQ Corporation, LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A. and the Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 2, 2016). Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 9, 2016 among LKQ Corporation, LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A., as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and BNP Paribas Trust Corporation UK Limited, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 1, 2016). 135 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 24, 2017 among LKQ Corporation, LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A., as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and BNP Paribas Trust Corporation UK Limited, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018). Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 29, 2017 among LKQ Corporation, LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A., as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and BNP Paribas Trust Corporation UK Limited, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018). Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 27, 2018 among LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A., as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and BNP Paribas Trust Corporation UK Limited, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018). Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 16, 2018 among LKQ Italia Bondco S.p.A., as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and BNP Paribas Trust Corporation UK Limited, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company's report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018). Indenture dated as of April 9, 2018 among LKQ European Holdings B.V., as Issuer, LKQ Corporation, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, the trustee, paying agent, transfer agent, and registrar (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 12, 2018). Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 16, 2018 among LKQ European Holdings B.V., as Issuer, certain subsidiaries of LKQ Corporation, as Guarantors, and BNP Paribas Trust Corporation UK Limited, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Company's report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018). LKQ Corporation 401(k) Plus Plan dated August 1, 1999 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-107417 filed with the SEC on July 28, 2003). Amendment to LKQ Corporation 401(k) Plus Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-107417 filed with the SEC on July 28, 2003). Trust for LKQ Corporation 401(k) Plus Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-107417 filed with the SEC on July 28, 2003). LKQ Corporation 401(k) Plus Plan II, as amended and restated effective as of January 1, 2019. LKQ Corporation 1998 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 1, 2016). Form of LKQ Corporation Award Agreement for options granted under the 1998 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 11, 2005). Form of LKQ Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Non-Employee Directors. Form of LKQ Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Agreement. Form of LKQ Corporation Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018). LKQ Corporation Amended and Restated Stock Option and Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 7, 2008). Form of Indemnification Agreement between directors and officers of LKQ Corporation and LKQ Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-107417 filed with the SEC on July 28, 2003). LKQ Corporation Management Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2015). Form of LKQ Corporation Executive Officer Management Incentive Plan Award Memorandum. Amended and Restated LKQ Corporation Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014). Form of LKQ Corporation Executive Officer Long Term Incentive Plan Award Memorandum. Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and John S. Quinn dated as of July 24, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 28, 2014). 136 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Walter P. Hanley dated as of July 24, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 28, 2014). Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Victor M. Casini dated as of July 24, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 28, 2014). Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Michael S. Clark dated as of July 24, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 28, 2014). Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Dominick P. Zarcone dated as of March 30, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 1, 2015). Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Justin L. Jude dated as of May 13, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company’s report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2016). Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Ashley T. Brooks dated as of May 2, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 2, 2016). Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Matthew J. McKay dated as of June 1, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2017). Change of Control Agreement between LKQ Corporation and Varun Laroyia dated as of October 1, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018). LKQ Severance Policy for Key Executives (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 28, 2014). Receivables Sale Agreement dated as of September 28, 2012 among Keystone Automotive Industries, Inc., as an Originator, Greenleaf Auto Recyclers, LLC, as an Originator, and LKQ Receivables Finance Company, LLC, as Buyer (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 4, 2012). Receivables Purchase Agreement dated as of September 28, 2012 among LKQ Receivables Finance Company, LLC, as Seller, LKQ Corporation, as Servicer, Victory Receivables Corporation, as a Conduit and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., as a Financial Institution, as Administrative Agent and as a Managing Agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 4, 2012). Amendment No. 1 to Receivables Purchase Agreement dated as of September 29, 2014 among LKQ Receivables Finance Company, LLC, as Seller, LKQ Corporation, as Servicer, Victory Receivables Corporation, as a Conduit and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., as a Financial Institution, as Administrative Agent and as a Managing Agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 3, 2014). Performance Undertaking, dated as of September 28, 2012 by LKQ Corporation in favor of LKQ Receivables Finance Company, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 4, 2012). Amendment No. 2 to Receivables Purchase Agreement dated as of November 28, 2016 among LKQ Receivables Finance Company, LLC, as Seller, LKQ Corporation, as Servicer, the Conduits, the Purchasers, the Managing Agents and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., as Administrative Agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2017). Amendment No. 3 to Receivables Purchase Agreement dated as of December 20, 2018 among LKQ Receivables Finance Company, LLC, as Seller, LKQ Corporation, as Servicer, the Conduits, the Purchasers, the Managing Agents and MUFG Bank, as Administrative Agent. Offer Letter to John S. Quinn dated February 12, 2015, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the Company’s report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2016). Services Agreement dated as of February 26, 2015 between LKQ Corporation and John S. Quinn (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 3, 2015). Offer Letter to Dominick P. Zarcone dated February 12, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 3, 2015). Memorandum dated as of May 25, 2017 from Joseph M. Holsten to Dominick P. Zarcone (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 5, 2017). 137 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 10.41 14.1 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement dated as of December 18, 2016 among Vitro Automotive Glass LLC and VIMexico, S.A. de C.V., as Buyers, LKQ PGW Holdings, LLC, Pittsburgh Glass Works, LLC, KPGW European Holdco, LLC, and Pittsburgh Glass Works, ULC, as Sellers, PGW Holdings, LLC, as the Company, LKQ Corporation, Vitro S.A.B. de C.V. and Vitro Assets Corp. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.50 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2017). Employee Transition Agreement dated as of May 31, 2017 between LKQ Corporation and Robert L. Wagman (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 5, 2017). Offer letter to Varun Laroyia dated September 5, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 6, 2017). Service Agreement between Euro Car Parts Limited and Sukhpal Singh Ahluwalia dated as of September 7, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 13, 2017). Settlement Agreement among Euro Car Parts Limited, LKQ Corporation and Sukhpal Singh Ahluwalia dated as of January 2, 2019. Sale and Purchase Agreement dated as of December 20, 2017 among the Company, LKQ German Holdings GmbH, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and Stahlgruber Otto Gruber AG, the owners of Stahlgruber GmbH, a company incorporated in Germany (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to the Company's report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018). LKQ Corporation Code of Ethics (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 2, 2013). List of subsidiaries, jurisdictions and assumed names. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 138 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY Not applicable. SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on March 1, 2019. LKQ CORPORATION By: /s/ DOMINICK ZARCONE Dominick Zarcone President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 1, 2019. Signature Title Principal Executive Officer: /s/ DOMINICK ZARCONE Dominick Zarcone Principal Financial Officer: /s/ VARUN LAROYIA Varun Laroyia Principal Accounting Officer: /s/ MICHAEL S. CLARK Michael S. Clark A Majority of the Directors: /s/ A. CLINTON ALLEN A. Clinton Allen /s/ MEG ANN DIVITTO Meg Ann Divitto /s/ ROBERT M. HANSER Robert M. Hanser /s/ JOSEPH M. HOLSTEN Joseph M. Holsten /s/ BLYTHE J. MCGARVIE Blythe J. McGarvie /s/ JOHN W. MENDEL John W. Mendel /s/ JODY G. MILLER Jody G. Miller /s/ JOHN F. O'BRIEN John F. O'Brien /s/ GUHAN SUBRAMANIAN Guhan Subramanian /s/ WILLIAM M. WEBSTER, IV William M. Webster, IV /s/ DOMINICK ZARCONE Dominick Zarcone President and Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Vice President—Finance and Controller Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 139
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