Maiden Holdings, Ltd.
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018ORCommission File Number: 001-34042 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.(Exact Name of Registrant As Specified in Its Charter)Bermuda98-0570192(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)94 Pitts Bay RoadPembroke HM 08, Bermuda(Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code)(441) 298-4900(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredCommon Shares, par value $0.01 per share NASDAQ Global Select MarketSeries A Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share New York Stock Exchange, Inc.Series C Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share New York Stock Exchange, Inc.Series D Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share New York Stock Exchange, Inc.Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No xIndicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No oIndicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted andposted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes xNo oIndicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’sknowledge, in the definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, accelerated filer, non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See thedefinitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):Large Accelerated Filer xAccelerated Filer oNon-Accelerated Filer o(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller Reporting Company o Emerging growth company oIf an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financialaccounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. oIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No xThe aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2018 (the last business day of the registrant’s mostrecently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $532.9 million based on the closing sale price of the registrant’s common shares on the NASDAQ Global SelectMarket on that date. As of March 8, 2019, 82,957,895 common shares were outstanding.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCEPortions of the definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A with respect to the registrant’s 2019 annual generalmeeting of the shareholders to be filed within 120 days after the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference into Part III of thisAnnual Report on Form 10-K. MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PART I Item 1.Business 2Item 1A.Risk Factors 18Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments 38Item 2.Properties 38Item 3.Legal Proceedings 39Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures 39 PART II Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 40Item 6.Selected Financial Data 42Item 7.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation 44Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 80Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 82Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 82Item 9A.Controls and Procedures 82Item 9B.Other Information 84 PART III Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 84Item 11.Executive Compensation 84Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 84Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 84Item 14.Principal Accounting Fees and Services 84 PART IV Item 15.Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules 84Item 16.Form 10-K Summary 84Signatures 85Exhibits E-1Consolidated Financial StatementsF-1Schedules to Consolidated Financial StatementsS-1 iPART ISpecial Note About Forward-Looking StatementsCertain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than purely historical information, including estimates, projections, statements relating toour business plans, objectives and expected operating results and the assumptions upon which those statements are based are forward-looking statementswithin the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements include general statements both with respect to us and the insuranceindustry and generally are identified with the words "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "predict", "estimate", "intend", "plan", "project", "seek", "potential","possible", "could", "might", "may", "should", "will", "would", "will be", "will continue", "will likely result" and similar expressions. In light of the risks anduncertainties inherent in all forward-looking statements, the inclusion of such statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should not be considered as arepresentation by us or any other person that our objectives or plans or other matters described in any forward-looking statement will be achieved. Thesestatements are based on current plans, estimates, assumptions and expectations. Actual results may differ materially from those projected in such forward-looking statements and therefore, you should not place undue reliance on them. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially fromthose in such forward-looking statements are set forth in Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.We caution that the list of important risk factors is not intended to be and is not exhaustive. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly anyforward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law, and all subsequent writtenand oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this paragraph. If one ormore risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from what we projected.Any forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect our current view with respect to future events and are subject to these and otherrisks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth, strategy and liquidity. Readers are cautioned not to place unduereliance on the forward-looking statements which speak only as of the dates of the documents in which such statements were made.References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the terms "we","us","our","the Company" or other similar terms mean the consolidated operations ofMaiden Holdings, Ltd. and our consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the term"Maiden Holdings" means Maiden Holdings, Ltd. only. References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to $ are to the lawful currency of the United States,unless otherwise indicated. Any discrepancies in the tables included herein between the amounts listed and the totals thereof are due to rounding.1Item 1. Business.General OverviewWe are a Bermuda-based holding company. Historically, we have focused on serving the needs of regional and specialty insurers in the United States("U.S."), Europe and select other global markets. We operate internationally providing branded auto and credit life insurance products through insurerpartners to retail clients in the European Union ("EU") and other global markets. These products also produce reinsurance programs which are underwritten byour wholly owned, principal operating subsidiary, Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. ("Maiden Bermuda"). We are also presently running off the liabilities associatedwith our largest client, AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. ("AmTrust"), whose contracts we terminated in early 2019.Our business has undergone significant changes since our Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") initiated a review of strategic alternatives (the"Strategic Review") in the first quarter of 2018 to evaluate ways to increase shareholder value as a result of continuing significant operating losses and lowerreturns on equity than planned. This Strategic Review has resulted in a series of transactions that have transformed our operations and materially reduced therisk on our balance sheet. These transactions include:On August 29, 2018, we entered into a Renewal Rights Agreement (“Renewal Rights”) with Transatlantic Reinsurance Company ("TransRe"), pursuant towhich we agreed to sell, and TransRe agreed to purchase, Maiden Reinsurance North America, Inc.'s ("Maiden US") rights to: (i) renew its treaty reinsuranceagreements upon their expiration or cancellation, (ii) solicit renewals of and replacement coverages for the treaty reinsurance agreements and (iii) replicateand use the products and contract forms used in Maiden US’s business. The sale was consummated on August 29, 2018. Maiden US continued to earnpremiums and remain liable for losses occurring subsequent to August 29, 2018 for any policies in force prior to and as of August 29, 2018, through the dateof sale of Maiden US in the transaction described below. We received a fee of $7.5 million paid in cash for the sale of the Renewal Rights, subject to furtherincreases in accordance with the terms of the agreement.On December 27, 2018, Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. (“Maiden NA”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the previouslyannounced sale of Maiden NA’s wholly owned subsidiary, Maiden US, to Enstar Holdings (US) LLC ("Enstar Holdings"), pursuant to the terms of the MasterTransaction Agreement, dated as of August 31, 2018 (the “US MTA”), by and among Maiden NA and Enstar Holdings and Enstar Group Limited (“Enstar”).Pursuant to and subject to the terms and conditions of the US MTA, Maiden NA sold, and Enstar Holdings purchased, all of the outstanding shares ofcommon stock of Maiden US for gross consideration of $286.4 million, including estimated closing adjustments but subject to final post-closingadjustments. As previously disclosed, pursuant to the terms of the US MTA, (i) Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, Enstar Holdings’s Bermuda reinsuranceaffiliate (“Cavello”), Maiden NA and Maiden Bermuda, entered into a novation agreement, pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with theCompany’s U.S. treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Bermuda were novated to Cavello in exchange for a ceding commission payment of $12.3million, (ii) Cavello and Maiden Bermuda entered into a retrocession agreement, pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with theCompany’s U.S. treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Bermuda were retroceded to Cavello in exchange for a ceding commission payment of $1.8million, and (iii) Maiden Bermuda provided Enstar with a reinsurance cover for loss reserve development of $100.0 million in excess of the net loss and LAErecorded as of June 30, 2018, up to a maximum loss of $25.0 million. As a result of the decision to divest all of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations, these operations are now classified as discontinued operations, and exceptas explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented herein relate to theCompany's continuing operations, except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders.While the transactions executed in conjunction with the US MTA have significantly reduced revenues in our Diversified Reinsurance segment, we expectto continue to pursue our international reinsurance solutions written through Maiden Bermuda.As part of the Strategic Review during the fourth quarter of 2018, Maiden Holdings contributed as capital 35% of its ownership in Maiden Bermuda toMaiden NA. Additionally, the proceeds of the sale of Maiden US were partially used by Maiden NA, among other things, to settle inter-company balancesdue to its Bermuda affiliates and as described below. In December 2018 and January 2019, Maiden NA contributed its proportionate share of capitalcontributions in the amount of $68.3 million in cash to Maiden Bermuda. Maiden NA also now maintains a portfolio of short-term investments, along withother strategic investments of $148.6 million at December 31, 2018. We believe Maiden NA’s investments will create opportunities to utilize net operatingloss carry-forwards ("NOL") which total $208.9 million as of December 31, 2018. These NOL’s are not presently recognized as deferred tax assets as a fullvaluation allowance is currently carried against them (for further details please see "Note 17. Taxation" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements andSupplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10–K). Taken together, the Company believes these measures should generate additional income forMaiden NA in a tax-efficient manner while sharing in the improvement in profitability we anticipate in Maiden Bermuda as a result of the measures enactedin the Strategic Review.As part of the Strategic Review, which included assessing our capital position, solvency ratios and liquidity, we also evaluated the business within ourother principal reporting segment, the AmTrust Reinsurance segment. As a result of this continuing analysis, a series of transactions were entered into at theend of 2018 and the beginning of 2019 which will eliminate new premiums written in this segment and have placed the AmTrust Reinsurance segment intorun–off. These transactions include the following:On December 31, 2018, Maiden Bermuda entered into, effective January 1, 2019, a Partial Termination Amendment (the “Partial TerminationAmendment”) with AmTrust, through its wholly owned subsidiary AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. (“AII”), by which the parties agreed to amend theAmended and Restated Quota Share Agreement between Maiden Bermuda and AII, originally entered into on July 1, 2007 (the “AmTrust Quota Share”) andsubsequently amended, that is currently in-force and was set to expire on June 30, 2019. The Partial Termination Amendment provides for the cut-off of theongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small Commercial Business (specifically workers’ compensation, general liability, umbrella liability,professional liability and cyber liability insurance coverages) and U.S. Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty as of December 31, 2018, with2the remainder of the AmTrust Quota Share remaining in place. The Partial Termination Amendment resulted in Maiden Bermuda returning approximately$716.1 million in unearned premium to AmTrust, which nets to approximately $480.0 million after consideration of ceding commission and brokerage,subject to adjustment. In addition, Maiden Bermuda will pay AmTrust five additional percentage points of ceding commission on the remaining unearnedpremium over the term of the remaining contract.Subsequently, on January 30, 2019, Maiden Bermuda and AmTrust, through its wholly owned subsidiaries AII, AmTrust Europe Limited ("AEL") andAmTrust International Underwriters Limited DAC ("AIU DAC"), agreed to terminate on a run-off basis (i) the AmTrust Quota Share; and (ii) the Quota ShareReinsurance Contract among Maiden Bermuda, AEL and AIU DAC, originally entered into on April 1, 2011, by which AEL cedes 20% and AIU DAC cedes40% to Maiden Bermuda of AmTrust’s European Hospital Liability business ("European Hospital Liability Quota Share"). Each termination was effective asof January 1, 2019.On March 1, 2019, we terminated the Master Transaction Agreement with Enstar dated as of November 9, 2018 (the “Old LPT MTA”) and simultaneouslysigned a new agreement (the "New LPT/ADC MTA") pursuant to which an Enstar subsidiary will assume liabilities for loss reserves as of December 31, 2018associated with the quota share reinsurance agreements between Maiden Bermuda and AmTrust in excess of a $2.44 billion retention up to $675.0 million.The $2.44 billion retention will be subject to adjustment for paid losses since December 31, 2018. The New LPT/ADC MTA and associated pendingreinsurance agreement, which is subject to regulatory approval, will provide Maiden Bermuda with $175.0 million in adverse development cover over itscarried AmTrust reserves at December 31, 2018. Management has assessed that the associated reinsurance agreement to the New LPT/ADC MTA meets thecriteria for risk transfer and will be accounted for as retroactive reinsurance. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding $500.0 million would result in a deferredgain which would be recognized over the settlement period in proportion to cumulative losses collected over the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoverable.Consequently, cumulative adverse development subsequent to December 31, 2018, in excess of $500.0 million, may result in significant losses fromoperations until those periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings.Our entry into a New LPT/ADC MTA with Enstar, which is smaller than the previously announced Old LPT MTA, reflects the cumulative positive impactof measures already implemented since the third quarter of 2018. Under the Old LPT MTA, Maiden and Enstar were to enter into a retrocession agreement toeffect a loss portfolio transfer in which an Enstar entity would assume loss reserves of approximately $2.675 billion associated with quota share reinsurancecontracts that Maiden Bermuda has with AmTrust. That proposed retrocession was to apply to losses arising and/or claims made on or prior to June 30, 2018.Maiden Bermuda failed to meet the requirements to hold sufficient capital to cover its economic capital requirement (“ECR”) as of September 30, 2018and December 31, 2018. Please refer to Item 1. "Business - Regulatory Matters" for further background on capital requirements. We took actions to remediatethe breach including capital injections by Maiden Bermuda's shareholders (Maiden Holdings and Maiden NA) of $125.0 million on December 31, 2018 and$70.0 million in January 2019. As a result of the actions taken in the Strategic Review during 2018 and 2019, and pending finalization of the New LPT/ADCMTA and associated reinsurance agreement, we estimate that the Company and Maiden Bermuda will have sufficient capital in excess of the respective ECRrequirements and that this position should improve throughout 2019.The New LPT/ADC MTA, in combination with these previous measures, are expected to continue to further strengthen our capital position and solvencyratios throughout 2019. In addition, the New LPT/ADC MTA provides us with more investable assets and reserve protection compared to the Old LPT MTAwhich will further support our improving solvency ratios. The Company remains actively engaged in ongoing discussions with the Bermuda MonetaryAuthority (“BMA”) regarding the formulation of its longer term business plan, which will require the approval of the BMA for any new reinsurance business.We continue to provide reinsurance in Europe through Maiden Bermuda in our Diversified Reinsurance segment on a renewal basis only at the presenttime. Internationally, we continue to provide insurance sales and distribution services through our wholly owned subsidiary, Maiden Global Holdings, Ltd.("Maiden Global") and its subsidiaries. Maiden Global primarily focuses on providing branded auto and credit life insurance products through insurerpartners to retail clients in the EU and other global markets. These products also produce reinsurance programs which are underwritten by Maiden Bermuda.Certain international credit life business is written on a primary basis by Maiden Life Försäkrings AB ("Maiden LF") and general insurance business is writtenon a primary basis by Maiden General Försäkrings AB ("Maiden GF").On January 10, 2019, we completed the sale of AVS Automotive VersicherungsService GmbH (“AVS”) and related European subsidiaries to AllianzPartners (“Allianz”) as part of its Strategic Review. AVS, organized under the laws of Germany, operates as an insurance producer in Germany and was awholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Global prior to its sale.Prior to the transactions associated with the Strategic Review, we had entered into a series of significant transactions. For additional details of our strategiccapital markets transactions prior to 2018, please refer to our Annual Reports on Form 10–K for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.We have also entered into a series of capital transactions that enabled us to support our prior reinsurance operations while enhancing our capital positionand lowering our cost of capital. The most recent capital transactions include a public offering of $150.0 million Preference Shares – Series D ("PreferenceShares – Series D") on June 15, 2017 and the subsequent redemption of the $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 8.0% notes maturing in 2042 (the"2012 Senior Notes").Further details of these and other capital transactions are discussed in the Capital Resources section of Item 7 "Management’s Discussion and Analysis ofFinancial Condition and Results of Operations" as well as the related discussion in our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements specifically "Note 11.Long Term Debt" and "Note 14. Shareholders' Equity" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form10–K.3Business StrategyTo date we have not yet attained our targeted returns and fell significantly short of these goals in 2016 and 2017. As a result of this shortfall, our Boardinitiated the Strategic Review. We believe that the transactions and initiatives taken as a result of the Strategic Review have substantially improved ourcapital position and will return us to operating profitability. We have materially reduced our premium written and expect to continue to re–evaluate ouroperating strategy during 2019 while leveraging the significant assets we retain, particularly compared to the improved reserving position we believe wehave achieved.Historically, we had judged our efficient balance sheet and low volatility business as the primary reasons our returns had generally exceeded industryaverages, despite a declining investment yield environment since our founding. Our ability to achieve our targeted returns was initially impacted by asignificantly higher cost of capital which we improved in recent years.Our goal had been to leverage the competitive strengths of our organization and capital structure to generate stable long term operating returns oncommon equity in excess of 15%. We sought to accomplish this by becoming a premier global preferred provider of customized reinsurance and capitalproducts and services to regional and specialty insurance companies.Despite what we believed was an appropriate strategic focus, our recent operating losses led our Board to implement the Strategic Review and we areretaining aspects of the business we believe are not rating sensitive, are profitable and can grow while re–evaluating our strategy.Our future results, and our ability to generate our targeted return on capital, may be additionally impacted by risks and trends set forth in Item 1A, "RiskFactors", and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Our Principal Operating SubsidiariesMaiden Bermuda, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, is a registered Class 3B Bermuda reinsurance company that began operations in June 2007.Senior management and all of the staff of Maiden Bermuda operate from and are based in our Bermuda headquarters.Maiden NA is our wholly owned U.S. holding company and is domiciled in the state of Delaware. Maiden US, a licensed property and casualty insurancecompany domiciled in the state of Missouri, was a wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden NA. Maiden US was sold on December 27, 2018 as noted in the"General Overview" section above.Maiden Global, a wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Holdings, operates as a reinsurance services and holding company. Maiden Global is organizedunder the laws of England and Wales. Maiden LF and Maiden GF, both wholly owned subsidiaries of Maiden Holdings, are insurance companies organizedunder the laws of Sweden and write credit life insurance and general insurance, respectively, on a primary basis in support of Maiden Global’s businessdevelopment efforts. AVS, organized under the laws of Germany, operated as an insurance producer in Germany and was a wholly owned subsidiary ofMaiden Global until its sale to Allianz Partners in January 2019.Our Reportable SegmentsOur business for most of 2018 consists of two reportable segments: Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance. As a result of the strategic decisionto divest all of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations as discussed above, we have revised the composition of these reportable segments. Our DiversifiedReinsurance segment now only consists of a portfolio of predominantly property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialtyproperty and casualty insurance companies located primarily in Europe. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes all business ceded by AmTrust toMaiden Bermuda, primarily the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. Both contracts in the AmTrust Reinsurance segmenthave been terminated effective January 1, 2019. In addition to our reportable segments, the results of operations of the former NGHC Quota Share segment(which consisted of a quota share reinsurance agreement with a subsidiary of National General Holdings Corp.) have been included in the "Other" category.Previously, the underwriting results associated with the discontinued operations of our U.S. treaty reinsurance business were included within the DiversifiedReinsurance segment and the operating results associated with the remnants of the U.S. excess and surplus business were included within the "Other"category. These are now excluded and all prior periods presented have been reclassified to conform to this new presentation.Financial data relating to our two segments is included in Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results ofOperations" and in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3. Segment Information" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements andSupplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.The tables below compare net premiums written and earned, by reportable segment, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums written and earnedfor the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016($ in thousands) Net Premiums Written % of Total Net Premiums Written % of Total Net Premiums Written % of TotalDiversified Reinsurance $129,319 6.4% $82,521 4.1% $79,243 4.0%AmTrust Reinsurance 1,885,278 93.6% 1,954,856 95.9% 1,888,428 96.0%Total $2,014,597 100.0% $2,037,377 100.0% $1,967,671 100.0%4For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016($ in thousands) Net Premiums Earned % of Total Net Premiums Earned % of Total Net Premiums Earned % of TotalDiversified Reinsurance $112,487 5.5% $83,015 4.2% $81,967 4.3%AmTrust Reinsurance 1,913,715 94.5% 1,909,644 95.8% 1,843,621 95.7%Total $2,026,202 100.0% $1,992,659 100.0% $1,925,588 100.0%Financial data relating to the geographical areas in which we operate and relating to our principal products may be found in "Notes to ConsolidatedFinancial Statements - Note 3. Segment Information" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form10-K.In a quota share reinsurance arrangement (also known as pro-rata reinsurance, proportional reinsurance or participating reinsurance), the reinsurer shares aproportional part of the original premiums of the reinsured. In return, the reinsurer assumes a proportional share of the losses incurred by the cedant. Thereinsurer pays the company a ceding commission, which is generally based on the ceding company’s cost of acquiring the business being reinsured(including broker commissions, premium taxes, assessments and miscellaneous administrative expenses) and may also include a profit sharing arrangement.Under quota share arrangements, ceding commission can be adjustable and subject to minimum and maximum levels based upon loss experience whichpotentially reduces earnings volatility for the reinsurer under such arrangements.Excess of loss (or non-proportional) reinsurance indemnifies the reinsured against all or a specified portion of losses on underlying insurance policies inexcess of a specified amount, which is called a level, retention or attachment point. Excess of loss business is written in layers and a reinsurer or group ofreinsurers accepts a band of coverage up to a specified amount. Facultative reinsurance (proportional or non-proportional) is the reinsurance of individualrisks. The reinsurer separately rates and underwrites each risk rather than assuming all or a portion of a class of risks as in the case of treaty reinsurance.Nearly all of our gross premiums written is generated by quota share reinsurance contracts. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016,99.8%, 99.5% and 99.9%, respectively, of our consolidated gross premiums written were derived from quota share reinsurance contracts.Diversified Reinsurance SegmentGeneralMaiden Bermuda writes treaties on both a quota share basis and excess of loss basis outside the U.S. The net premiums written by our DiversifiedReinsurance segment's operating subsidiaries, after intercompany reinsurance, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016($ in thousands) Net Premiums Written % of Total Net Premiums Written % of Total Net Premiums Written % of TotalMaiden Bermuda $120,584 93.2% $78,843 95.5% $74,298 93.8%Maiden LF 5,069 4.0% 3,615 4.4% 4,945 6.2%Maiden GF 3,666 2.8% 63 0.1% — —%Total $129,319 100.0% $82,521 100.0% $79,243 100.0%We entered into a retrocessional quota share agreement with a highly rated global insurer effective January 1, 2015 which impacted net premiums writtenin 2017 and 2016, and was commuted by Maiden Bermuda effective July 1, 2018.A combination of general market and competitive conditions, along with their underlying financial performance and capital levels including thoseconsidered by rating agencies and regulators, often influence reinsurance purchasing decisions of individual ceding companies. Please refer to Item 7."Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for a discussion on the performance of our DiversifiedReinsurance segment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.Maiden Bermuda has focused on developing a portfolio of assumed reinsurance in Europe and globally since the advent of Solvency II. Maiden Bermudahas also enhanced its ability to develop this business by offering additional products that support insurers' regulatory capital. Maiden Bermuda began writingtreaty reinsurance contracts under this initiative (referred to as "European Capital Solutions") in 2016 and through 2018 on a pan–European basis as insurersdeployed more active capital management strategies in response to these rules. The net premiums written in European Capital Solutions for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:For the Year Ended December 31, 20182017 2016($ in thousands) Net PremiumsWritten Net PremiumsWritten Net PremiumsWritten Net premiums written $42,753 $13,595 $9,067 5As a result of our A.M. Best rating being downgraded to B++ (Good) with negative outlook and implications in November 2018, the European CapitalSolutions business was adversely affected and a significant amount of this business was either non–renewed at January 1, 2019 or was terminated pursuant tocontractual provision in the underlying reinsurance contracts. Presently, a limited number of in-force contracts remain, including terminated contracts whichoperate on a risks attaching basis and have not yet reached full termination.Additionally, Maiden Global’s business development teams partner with automobile manufacturers, dealer associations and local primary insurers todesign and implement point of sale insurance programs which generate revenue for the auto manufacturer and insurance premiums for the primary insurer("IIS business"). Typically, the primary insurer agrees to reinsure an agreed upon percentage of the underlying business to Maiden Bermuda as part of theoverall arrangement. Maiden Bermuda is generally not obligated to underwrite the original equipment automobile manufacturers' (the "OEM's") programsthat Maiden Global designs.Net premiums written for the IIS business were written in the following countries:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016($ in thousands) Net Premiums Written % of Total Net Premiums Written % of Total Net Premiums Written % of TotalGermany $53,154 61.4% $40,070 58.1 % $34,127 49.0%Australia 13,945 16.1% 14,277 20.7 % 12,989 18.7%Canada 7,013 8.1% 6,328 9.2 % 5,555 8.0%United Kingdom 5,720 6.6% 7,443 10.8 % 13,873 19.9%Denmark 3,688 4.3% (5) — % 256 0.4%All other 3,032 3.5% 826 1.2 % 2,806 4.0%Total $86,552 100.0% $68,939 100.0 % $69,606 100.0%The breakdown of IIS business by line of business was as follows:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016($ in thousands) Net Premiums Written% of TotalNet Premiums Written% of TotalNet Premiums Written% of TotalPersonal Auto $70,060 80.9% $58,918 85.5% $57,809 83.1%Credit Life 16,492 19.1% 10,021 14.5% 11,797 16.9%Total $86,552 100.0% $68,939 100.0% $69,606 100.0%We also generate fee income when Maiden Global participates in transactions and collects a fee for designing and facilitating the sale of insuranceprograms; approximately 67.0% of our fee income is generated by AVS and its subsidiaries in Germany and Austria through its point of sale producers inselect OEM's dealerships. On January 10, 2019, we completed the sale of AVS to Allianz. In addition to a fee for the sale of AVS, we entered into a three–yearquota share reinsurance agreement with Allianz for certain German automobile policies that we have historically reinsured. For the years ended December 31,2018, 2017 and 2016, the fee income was earned in the following locations:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016($ in thousands) Fee Income % of Total Fee Income % of Total Fee Income % of TotalGermany $5,772 59.6% $6,852 69.9% $7,126 65.9%Australia 1,433 14.8% 449 4.6% 809 7.5%United Kingdom 1,320 13.6% 1,437 14.7% 1,397 12.9%Austria 716 7.4% 681 6.9% 666 6.1%Other 440 4.6% 383 3.9% 819 7.6%Total $9,681 100.0% $9,802 100.0% $10,817 100.0%StrategyIn 2018, our Diversified Reinsurance segment reinsured property and casualty lines of business, but de-emphasized lines of business which we consideredmore volatile, and we historically have not offered traditional catastrophe reinsurance on a stand-alone basis. As discussed herein, we have substantiallytransformed our business as a result of the Strategic Review and continue to re–assess our forward operating strategy as we complete the Strategic Review. Weoffer reinsurance on both a quota share and excess of loss basis. Our primary focus is regional and specialty clients who rely on reinsurance for capital supportand/or to reduce their risk. The majority of our clients were regional or super-regional insurance companies or specialty insurers.6AmTrust Reinsurance SegmentGeneralAmTrust is our largest client and is a multinational specialty property and casualty insurance holding company with operations in the U.S., Europe andBermuda. In January 2019, we terminated both of the reinsurance contracts that comprise this segment and apart from certain unearned premiums in theAmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share that will be earned subsequent to 2018, we will have no new premium written withinthis segment in 2019. Michael Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind (the Company's non-executive chairman) were our Founding Shareholders.Michael Karfunkel passed away on April 27, 2016, and his shares are now controlled by his wife, Leah Karfunkel. Leah Karfunkel and George Karfunkel aredirectors of AmTrust, and Barry Zyskind is the president, chief executive officer and chairman of AmTrust. Leah Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and BarryZyskind own or control approximately 53.9% of the ownership interests of Evergreen Parent GP, LLC, which is the ultimate parent of of AmTrust.Through our reinsurance agreements with AmTrust, in 2018 we reinsured specific lines of business within the following AmTrust business segments:•Small commercial business insurance, which includes U.S. workers’ compensation, commercial package and other low-hazard property and casualtyinsurance products;•Specialty risk and extended warranty coverage for consumer and commercial goods and custom designed coverages, such as accidental damageplans and payment protection plans offered in connection with the sale of consumer and commercial goods, in the U.S., U.K. and certain other globalmarkets and European hospital liability; and•Specialty program which includes package products, general liability, commercial auto liability, excess and surplus lines programs and otherspecialty commercial property and casualty insurance to a narrowly defined, homogeneous group of small and middle market companies.AmTrust Quota ShareUnder the AmTrust Quota Share with AII, effective July 1, 2007 and through 2018, we reinsured 40% of AmTrust’s premium written, net of reinsurancewith unaffiliated reinsurers, relating to all lines of business that existed on the effective date. We also had the option to reinsure additional programs, inaddition to the original lines of business entered into by AmTrust since the effective date of the AmTrust Quota Share. As AmTrust expanded into new linesof business, pursuant to the terms of the AmTrust Quota Share, we had selectively added some of those lines and opted not to participate in others.Consequently our share of AmTrust's overall gross premiums written declined below 40% over time.On December 31, 2018, Maiden Bermuda entered into the Partial Termination Amendment with AII by which the parties agreed to amend the AmTrustQuota Share between Maiden Bermuda and AII, originally entered into on July 1, 2007 and subsequently amended, that was set to expire on June 30, 2019. The Partial Termination Amendment provides for the cut-off of the substantial majority of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s SmallCommercial Business (specifically, workers' compensation, general liability, umbrella liability, professional liability (including cyber liability)) insurancecoverages and U.S. Extended Warranty and Specialty Risk as of December 31, 2018. The Partial Termination Amendment resulted in Maiden Bermudareturning approximately $716.1 million in unearned premium to AmTrust, which nets to approximately $480.0 million after consideration of cedingcommission and brokerage, subject to adjustment. The Partial Termination Amendment was effective January 1, 2019.On January 30, 2019, Maiden Bermuda and AII agreed to terminate on a run-off basis the AmTrust Quota Share. The termination was effective as ofJanuary 1, 2019 and discussed in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 18. Subsequent Events" included under Item 8 "Financial Statementsand Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K in further detail.European Hospital Liability Quota ShareOn April 1, 2011, Maiden Bermuda entered into the European Hospital Liability Quota Share with AEL and AIU DAC to cover those entities' medicalliability business in Europe, in particular, Italy and France. Maiden Bermuda pays a ceding commission of 5.0%. Effective January 1, 2012, the Company'smaximum limit of liability is 40% of €10 million, previously 40% of €5 million, per original claim for any one original policy. Effective July 1, 2016, thecontract was further amended such that Maiden Bermuda assumes from AEL 32.5% of the premiums and losses of all policies written or renewed on or afterJuly 1, 2016 until June 30, 2017 and 20% of all policies written or renewed on or after July 1, 2017. The European Hospital Liability Quota Share had a termof one year and automatically renews for further one year terms thereafter, unless either party notifies the other of its election in writing not to renew not lessthan four months prior to the end of any such term.On January 30, 2019, the European Hospital Liability Quota Share was terminated on a run-off basis. The termination was effective as of January 1, 2019and is discussed in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 18. Subsequent Events" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements andSupplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K in further detail.For more information, please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 10. Related Party Transactions" included under Item 8"Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Risk ManagementGeneralOur Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM") framework reflects the ‘three lines of defense’ approach to risk management, which involves (1) risk ownershaving responsibility for identifying and managing risks; (2) the ERM Committee providing global tools and policies; and (3) internal audit performingindependent reviews. Our Board has overall responsibility for oversight of the ERM program and has delegated this oversight to its Audit Committee.7Our ERM Committee monitors and oversees the risk environment and provides direction to mitigate, to an acceptable level, the most significant andmaterial risks that may adversely affect our ability to achieve our goals. The ERM Committee establishes appropriate risk parameters and tolerances, performsrisk assessments, continually reviews factors that may impact our organizational risk and develops and implements strategies and action plans to mitigate keyrisks.Our ERM program is designed to achieve the following:•Establish a process to assess strategies and business decisions on a risk/reward basis;•Establish a risk governance structure with clearly defined roles and responsibilities;•Identify and assess all material risks from internal and external sources;•Manage risks within our risk appetite; and•Effective review and reporting of major loss events.All our employees and risk owners are required to assist with the identification of risks, creation of appropriate responses to risks, and maintain themwithin the risk appetite and tolerances that the ERM Committee believes are necessary to achieve our business strategies and objectives. The mitigation ofrisks is achieved through the application and operation of controls, transferring of risk or tolerating risks within risk appetite.Our internal audit department assesses the adequacy and effectiveness of our risk management framework and mitigating controls and coordinates risk-based audits to evaluate and address risk within targeted areas of our business. The core functions of this department are to (1) assess the adequacy andeffectiveness of our internal control systems; (2) coordinate risk-based audits and compliance reviews; and (3) carry out other initiatives to evaluate andaddress risk within targeted areas of our business. Internal audit integrates testing of the risk management framework into its annual test plans.Our Audit Committee, comprised solely of independent directors, meets at least quarterly to assess whether management is addressing risk issues in atimely and appropriate manner. The Audit Committee receives a quarterly report on capital and risk management. Our risk appetite and tolerances have beenformally approved by the Audit Committee.Our Audit Committee also reviews the Group Solvency Self-Assessment ("GSSA") which is required to be filed annually with the BMA and used tounderstand current and prospective risks and the associated capital requirements. The GSSA is an integral part of our risk management framework and reflectsour risk tolerance and overall business strategy. The GSSA documents our internal self-assessment of capital. On a group basis and for our operating entities,we monitor our capital position relative to our regulatory requirements. Our major risks are insurance related - both premium risk and reserve risk, reflectingthe possibility that our pricing may be too low or our reserving levels may not be sufficient. Other primary risk exposure areas are investment risk, credit riskand operational risk. Internal controls and ERM can provide a reasonable but not absolute assurance that our control objectives will be met. The possibilityof material financial loss remains in spite of our ERM efforts.Insurance RiskThe key risks for us due to the nature of our business relate to insurance activities. Insurance risk is comprised of underwriting risk, catastrophe risk andreserving risk.1. Underwriting RiskSpecific risks that could unfavorably affect our performance and erode capital include:•Insufficient premiums to cover future incurred losses due to inaccurate pricing, inappropriate risk selection, or both;•Pressure on prices due to place in insurance cycle, the inability to renew existing accounts or write new accounts at appropriate pricing;•Acceptance of risks outside of Maiden’s risk appetite, underwriting guidelines or deviation from prescribed pricing targets could deliver results withdifferent performance or volatility than expected;•Changes in loss cost trends which are observed after contract pricing;•Changes in cedant claims handling or underwriting procedures which mask actual cedant performance; and•Losses from terrorism and other catastrophe related events may exceed our expectations.Internal underwriting controls are established by our underwriting executives. Underwriting authority is delegated to the managers in each businesssegment to underwrite in accordance with prudent practice and an understanding of each underwriter’s capabilities. In accordance with our underwritingguidelines, underwriting authorities could be delegated to underwriting teams as well as individual underwriters. Our targeted performance goals andguidelines are regularly reviewed by management to reflect changes in market conditions, interest rates, capital requirements and market-expected returns.We have a disciplined approach to underwriting and risk management that relies heavily upon the collective underwriting expertise of our managementand staff. Before developing a reinsurance proposal, we consider the appropriateness of the client, including the quality of its management, its financialstability and its risk management strategy. In addition, we require each program to include significant information on the nature of the perils to be includedand detailed exposure and loss information, including rate changes and changes in underwriting and claims handling guidelines over time. Wheneverpossible, we conduct an on-site audit of the client’s operations prior to quoting. If the customer and business meets our underwriting criteria, we then developa proposal which contemplates the prospective client’s needs, that account’s risk/reward profile, as well as our corporate risk objectives. We have fullyintegrated our internal claims, underwriting and actuarial pricing staff into the underwriting and8decision making process. We underwrite and accept property and casualty reinsurance business, accident and health reinsurance business and credit lifeinsurance business.In addition to the above technical and analytical practices, our underwriters use a variety of means, including specific contract terms, to manage ourexposure to loss. Specific terms include occurrence limits, adjustable ceding commissions and premiums, aggregate limits, reinstatement provisions and otherloss sensitive features. Additionally, our underwriters use appropriate exclusions, terms and conditions to further eliminate or reduce particular risks orexposures that our underwriting teams deem to be outside of the intent of the coverage we are willing to offer.In limited cases, the risks assumed by us are partially reinsured with other third party reinsurers. Reinsurance ceded varies by segment and line of businessbased on a number of factors, including market conditions. The benefits of ceding risks include reducing exposure on individual risks and/or enhancing ourcapital position. Reinsurance ceded does not relieve us of our obligations to our policyholders. We remain liable to the extent that any reinsurance companyfails to meet its obligations. In the event that one or more of the reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations under these reinsurance agreements, we wouldnot realize the full value of the reinsurance recoverable balances.We use retrocessional agreements to mitigate volatility and to reduce our exposure on certain reinsurance risks and to provide capital support. We remainliable to our cedants to the extent that the retrocessionaires do not meet their obligations under retrocessional agreements, so we retain credit risk in all casesand to aggregate loss limits in certain cases. We maintain a credit risk review process that identifies authorized acceptable reinsurers and retrocessionaires andhave no impaired balances. At December 31, 2018, we had approximately $1.7 million (2017 - $24.9 million) of reinsurance recoverable under suchagreements.2. Catastrophe RiskWhile we do not write catastrophe reinsurance contracts, certain risks we reinsure are exposed to catastrophic loss events. Maiden aims to limit theprobable maximum loss ("PML") of capital and income from a single event and from multiple events in any one year. Our internal tolerance is that ourmodeled one-in-250 year return period catastrophe occurrence loss (single event) must be less than 50% of our planned operating income and our modeledannual aggregate loss (multiple events) must be less than 75% of our planned operating income.3. Reserving RiskReserving risk is the risk that loss and loss adjustment expense ("loss and LAE") reserves are not sufficient to cover all of our policy obligations. Driversinclude reporting lags inherent in reinsurance relationships, compounded by third party administrator lags in reporting to insurers, adequacy of cedingcompany’s claim estimates, future trends, unanticipated events, and normal volatility causing a range of uncertainty around where ultimate loss will landwhen all claims are closed and settled. Reserving risk includes potential time delays in being aware of significant developments or reserve deterioration fromceding companies. Any inaccurate assumptions used in the selection of the expected loss ratio, whether they be due to fluctuations in the timing, frequencyand severity of claims and claim settlements relative to expectations, loss and exposure trends or underlying client pricing, could cause our initial reserveselections to be incorrect as the pricing expected loss ratio is used in our reserving process.Establishing adequate reserves for loss and LAE constitutes a significant risk for us. We manage the risk inherent in estimating the Company’s lossreserves in a variety of ways. Reserve reviews are performed on a quarterly basis by credentialed actuaries. As part of the reserving process, observations fromthe review are discussed with the production teams individually to allow for the discussion of account specific information that may be obtained by thosemanaging the business. The reserves are reviewed by our reserving committee and approved by our booking committee. Loss provisions are reviewed andapproved by senior management at the recommendation of the reserving committee. The Company conducts operational and claims audits of cedingcompanies on a regular basis.Further details on how we manage the risk inherent in estimating our loss reserves are set out later in Item 1. "Reserve for Loss and Loss AdjustmentExpenses."Investment Risk ManagementInvestment risk includes the risk of loss in our investment portfolio potentially caused by fluctuations in interest rates, credit spreads, foreign exchangerates and inflation on both assets and liabilities. At December 31, 2018, Maiden’s investment portfolio of $4.1 billion consisted almost entirely of fixedincome securities.Our investment policy is an important component of our overall business model and is designed to preserve capital, provide significant liquidity, andproduce sufficient investment income to sustain and grow net income while supporting our clients' needs. In order to limit our credit risk exposure, theinvestment policy is to invest almost exclusively in high grade marketable fixed income securities, cash and cash equivalents and to achieve diversificationthrough limits on holdings of individual securities. We monitor and manage exposure to asset types and economic sector. We manage interest rate risk byestablishing and managing targets in the investment portfolio for duration, yield, and currency that support our reinsurance liabilities. Foreign exchange risksare managed by holding cash and investments in foreign currencies where we have reinsurance liabilities that will be paid in those currencies. We areexposed to nominal equity risk and have a very limited equity portfolio. We perform stress testing of the investment portfolio using stochastic scenarios toevaluate the investment portfolio risk and capital needs.Investment risk includes liquidity risk, including the risk that the group does not have sufficient liquid funds to pay losses as they become due. Theinherent nature of insurance claims is such that unanticipated significant claims activity under our reinsurance policies, outside our historical experience,could potentially impact our liquidity at any time. We mitigate this risk by maintaining a portfolio of highly liquid fixed income securities in our available-for-sale ("AFS") portfolio and by keeping the duration of our assets reasonably close to the duration of our liabilities.9Operational Risk ManagementOperational Risk includes the risk of loss from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems and/or external events. Operational risk alsoincludes legal risks. These types of operational failures could negatively impact our reputation with customers, agents and brokers, shareholders, andregulators. The ERM Committee in collaboration with individual business units and risk owners are responsible for the identification, measurement,monitoring and reporting of operational risks. Operational risks are mitigated through strong process controls, training and business continuity planning.Our Financial Strength RatingsA.M. Best has developed a rating system to provide an opinion of an insurer’s or reinsurer’s financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations toits policyholders. Each rating reflects that rating agency’s independent opinion of the capitalization, management and sponsorship of the entity to which itrelates, and is neither an evaluation directed to investors in our common shares nor a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our common shares. A.M. Bestmaintains a letter scale rating system ranging from "A++" (Superior) to "F" (In Liquidation).On November 14, 2018, A.M. Best downgraded the financial strength rating to B++ (Good) from A- (Excellent) and the long-term issuer credit rating to“bbb” from “a-”, with negative outlook and implications, of Maiden Bermuda, our primary operating subsidiary. In February 2019, we requested from A.M.Best to withdraw our rating. On February 28, 2019, A.M. Best approved the withdrawal with a final rating as "B++" (Good) with negative outlook andimplications. As a result, we presently do not have a financial strength rating from any of the major rating agencies that cover our industry.These financial strength ratings often are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance and reinsurance companies. We believethat the primary users of such ratings include brokers, ceding companies and investors. As we re-evaluate our future business strategy, the lack of a financialstrength rating from one of the major rating agencies may negatively impact our ability to market and sell our products. It may also require us to use collateralmore frequently to secure client relationships.CompetitionThe reinsurance industry is mature and highly competitive. Reinsurance companies compete on the basis of many factors, including premium rates,company and underwriter relationships, general reputation and perceived financial strength, the terms and conditions of the products offered, ratings assignedby independent rating agencies, speed of claims payments, reputation and experience in risks underwritten, capacity and coverages offered and various otherfactors. These factors operate at the individual market participant level and generally in the aggregate across the reinsurance industry. In addition, underlyingeconomic conditions and variations in the reinsurance buying practices of ceding companies, by participant and in the aggregate, contribute to cyclicalmovements in rates, terms and conditions and may impact industry aggregate results and subsequently the level of competition in the reinsurance industry.Maiden Bermuda has competed with a wide variety of major reinsurers internationally including those based in Bermuda. Many of these entities havesignificantly more capital, higher ratings from rating agencies and more employees than we do; in addition, these entities have established long-term andcontinuing business relationships throughout the industry, which can be significant competitive advantages. The lack of a financial strength rating from oneof the major rating agencies may be a significant competitive disadvantage for us when we look to write new business or renew existing accounts.In addition, in recent years, significant increases in the use of risk-linked securities and derivative and other non-traditional risk transfer mechanisms andvehicles are being developed and offered by other parties, including entities other than insurance and reinsurance companies. The availability of both thesenon-traditional products and sources of capital could reduce the demand for traditional insurance and reinsurance.Distribution of Our Reinsurance ProductsUntil the sale of Maiden US in August 2018, we marketed our Diversified Reinsurance segment through third party intermediaries, as well as directlythrough our own marketing efforts. Our direct marketing activities were generally focused on insurers with a demonstrated preference and propensity toutilize direct distribution reinsurers. In the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the sources of gross premiums written in our DiversifiedReinsurance segment were as follows:% of Gross Premiums Written for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Total broker 33.0% 16.1% 11.7%Direct 67.0% 83.9% 88.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment ExpensesGeneralWe are required by applicable insurance laws and regulations in Bermuda, the U.S., Sweden and by U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S.GAAP") to establish loss reserves to cover our estimated liability for the payment of all loss and LAE incurred with respect to premiums earned on the policiesand treaties that we write. These reserves are balance sheet liabilities representing estimates of loss and LAE which we are ultimately required to pay forinsured or reinsured claims that have occurred as of or before the balance sheet date. The loss and LAE reserves on our balance sheet represent management’sbest estimate of the outstanding liabilities associated with our premium earned. In developing this estimate, management considers the results of internal andexternal actuarial analyses, trends in those analyses as well as industry trends. Our opining independent actuary certifies that the reserves established bymanagement make a reasonable provision for our unpaid loss and LAE obligations.10These amounts include case reserves and provisions for Incurred But Not Reported ("IBNR") reserves. Case reserves are established for losses that havebeen reported to us, and not yet paid. IBNR reserves represent the estimated cost of losses that have occurred but have not been reported to us and include aprovision for additional development on case reserves. We establish case reserves based on information from the ceding company, reinsurance intermediaries,and when appropriate, consultations with independent legal counsel. The IBNR reserves are established by management based on reported loss and LAE andactuarially determined estimates of ultimate loss and LAE.A variety of standard actuarial methods are calculated to estimate ultimate loss and LAE. The majority of our business is reserved individually by cedantand line of business, with the remainder reserved in homogeneous groupings. Ultimate loss selections are accumulated across the reserve segments, andappropriate actuarial judgment is applied to determine the final selection of estimated ultimate losses. Ultimate losses are converted to IBNR reserves bysubtracting inception to date paid losses and case reserves from those amounts. The combined total of case and IBNR results in indicated reserves which arethe basis for the carried reserves for financial statements. Ultimate losses are also used to estimate premium and commission accruals for accounts withadjustable features.Loss reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability; rather, loss reserves are estimates of what we expect the ultimate resolution andadministration of claims will cost. These estimates are based on actuarial and statistical projections and on our assessment of currently available data, as wellas estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors. Loss reserve estimates are refined as experiencedevelops and as claims are reported and resolved. Establishing an appropriate level of loss reserves is an inherently uncertain process. In addition, therelatively long reporting periods between when a loss occurs and when it may be reported to our claims department for our casualty lines of business alsoincrease the uncertainties of our reserve estimates in such lines. To assist us in establishing appropriate reserves for loss and LAE, we analyze a significantamount of internal data and external insurance industry information with respect to the pricing environment and loss settlement patterns. In combination withour individual account pricing analyses and our internal loss settlement patterns, this industry information is used to guide our loss and LAE estimates. Theseestimates are reviewed quarterly, at a high level of detail, and any adjustments are reflected in earnings in the periods in which they are determined.For additional information concerning our reserves, see Item 7,"Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Critical Accounting Policies — Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense" and "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Reserve forLoss and Loss Adjustment Expenses" included under Item 8 "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data", for further information regarding the specificactuarial models we utilize and the uncertainties in establishing the reserve for loss and LAE.Our EmployeesOn March 4, 2019, we had approximately 74 full-time employees who are located in Bermuda, the U.S., the U.K., Germany, Ireland, and Australia. Webelieve that our employee relations are good. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements.Regulatory MattersGeneralThe insurance and reinsurance industry are subject to regulatory and legislative oversight and regulation in various markets we operate in.Bermuda Insurance RegulationMaiden Bermuda is regulated as a registered Class 3B general business insurer under the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda, as amended, and relatedregulations (together, the "Insurance Act"), which regulates the insurance business of Bermuda registered insurers and provides that no person shall carry onany insurance business in or from within Bermuda unless that person has been registered under the Insurance Act by the BMA. The BMA is responsible forthe day-to-day supervision of insurers and insurance groups in respect of which it is the group supervisor. Under the Insurance Act, insurance businessincludes reinsurance business. The registration of an applicant as an insurer is subject to its complying with the terms of its registration and such otherconditions as the BMA may impose from time to time.The Company and Maiden Bermuda failed to meet the requirements to hold sufficient capital to cover their respective ECR as of September 30, 2018 andDecember 31, 2018. The Company had communicated such condition to the BMA and is following the guidelines of a reportable “event” as stipulated byBermuda insurance law. In accordance with the Insurance Act, Maiden Bermuda is not permitted to pay dividends to its shareholders, Maiden Holdings andMaiden NA, as of December 31, 2018 as it is in breach of the requirement to maintain economic capital in excess of the ECR as stipulated in the InsuranceAct, Insurance (Prudential Standards) Class 4 and Class 3B Solvency Requirement Rules 2008, and the Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011.The Insurance Act imposes solvency and liquidity standards as well as auditing and reporting requirements on Bermuda insurance companies and grantsto the BMA powers to supervise, investigate and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies. The Insurance Act also imposes certain regulatoryrequirements on insurance groups where the BMA has determined that it should act as group supervisor. Certain significant aspects of the Bermuda insuranceregulatory framework are set forth below:•Cancellation of Insurer's Registration: An insurer's registration may be canceled by the BMA on certain grounds specified in the Insurance Act,including failure of the insurer to comply with its obligations under the Insurance Act or if, in the opinion of the BMA, the insurer has not beencarrying on business in accordance with sound insurance principles. We believe that we are in compliance with applicable regulations under theInsurance Act;11•Principal Office, Principal Representative and Head Office: An insurer is required to maintain a principal office in Bermuda and to appoint andmaintain a principal representative in Bermuda. It is the duty of the principal representative, upon reaching the view that, to the principalrepresentative’s knowledge, there is a likelihood of the insurer for which the principal representative acts becoming insolvent, or that one or more ofcertain events as set out in the Insurance Act has occurred or is believed to have occurred, to immediately notify the BMA and to make a report inwriting to the BMA within 14 days of the prior notification setting out all the particulars of the case that are available to the principal representative.Further, any registered insurer that is a Class 3A insurer or above is required to maintain a head office in Bermuda and direct and manage itsinsurance business from Bermuda. In considering whether this requirement is met, the BMA will consider: (a) where the underwriting, riskmanagement and operational decision making occurs; (b) whether the presence of senior executives who are responsible for, and involved in, thedecision making are located in Bermuda; and (c) where meetings of the board of directors occur, and may also have regard to (i) the location wheremanagement meets to effect policy decisions; (ii) the residence of the officers, insurance managers or employees; and (iii) the residence of one ormore directors in Bermuda. For the purpose of the Insurance Act, Maiden Bermuda’s principal office is the Company’s executive offices at IdeationHouse, 2nd Floor, 94 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke, HM 08, Bermuda;•Annual Financial Statements, Annual Statutory Financial Return and Annual Capital and Solvency Return: The Company and Maiden Bermudamust prepare annual statutory financial statements as prescribed in the Insurance Act with respect to its general business. The statutory financialreturn for a Class 3B insurer includes a report of the approved independent auditor on the statutory financial statements of such insurer, the statutoryfinancial statements for the general business, notes to the statutory financial statements and an insurer information sheet. At the time of filing thestatutory financial return, a Class B insurer must also deliver to the BMA a statutory declaration of compliance. Maiden Bermuda is required to fileaudited U.S. GAAP annual financial statements with the BMA, which must be available to the public. In addition, Maiden Bermuda is required tofile a capital and solvency return, which shall include the company's Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement ("BSCR") model, together with theopinion of its loss reserve specialist, a commercial insurer’s solvency self assessment (“CISSA”) and such other schedules as prescribed under theInsurance Act. The BSCR model applies factors to premium, reserves and assets/liabilities to determine the minimum capital required by the BMA toremain solvent throughout the year. The catastrophe risk return assesses an insurer’s reliance on vendor models in assessing catastrophe exposure.The Company is required to file annual group GAAP financial statements, a group statutory financial return, and an annual group capital andsolvency return, which includes (among other things) a group catastrophe risk return, group BSCR and GSSA. The GSSA is based on the Company’sown internally assessed capital requirements. The GSSA together with the group BSCR form part of the BMA’s annual solvency assessment;•Minimum Liquidity Ratio: The Insurance Act requires all general business insurers to maintain the value of its relevant assets at not less than 75% ofthe amount of its relevant liabilities. Relevant assets include cash and cash equivalents, quoted investments, unquoted bonds and debentures, firstliens on real estate, investment income due and accrued, accounts and premiums receivable, reinsurance balances receivable and funds held byceding reinsurers. There are certain categories of assets which, unless specifically permitted by the BMA, do not automatically qualify as relevantassets, such as unquoted equity securities, investments in and advances to affiliates and real estate and collateral loans. The relevant liabilities aretotal general business insurance reserves and total other liabilities less deferred income tax and letters of credit and guarantees and otherinstruments;•Minimum Solvency Margin, Enhanced Capital Requirement and Restrictions on Dividends and Distributions: Under the Insurance Act, MaidenBermuda must ensure that the value of its general business statutory assets exceeds the amount of its general business statutory liabilities by anamount greater than its prescribed minimum solvency margin ("MSM"). Maiden Bermuda is also required to maintain available statutory economiccapital and surplus at least equal to its ECR. Maiden Bermuda is prohibited from declaring or paying dividends of more than 25% of its totalstatutory capital and surplus, as shown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet, unless at least seven days before payment of thedividends it files with the BMA an affidavit that it will continue to meet its MSM and minimum liquidity ratio as described above. In addition,Maiden Bermuda must obtain the BMA’s prior approval before reducing its total statutory capital, as shown in its previous year’s financialstatements, by 15% or more. Maiden Bermuda is not permitted to declare or pay dividends to its shareholders, Maiden Holdings and Maiden NA, ifMaiden Bermuda is in breach of its MSM, ECR or minimum liquidity ratio or if the declaration of such dividend would cause such a breach. Wherean insurer fails to meet its MSM or minimum liquidity ratio on the last day of any financial year, it will be prohibited from declaring or paying anydividends during the next financial year without the approval of the BMA;•Eligible Capital: Class 3B and 4 insurers and insurance groups are required to maintain statutory economic capital and surplus (“EconomicCapital”) for determination of regulatory available capital in accordance with a ‘3 tiered capital regime’. All capital instruments are classified aseither basic or ancillary capital which in turn are classified into one of three tiers (Tiers 1, 2 and 3) based on their “loss absorbency” characteristics.Under this regime, there are limits of Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 capital which may be used to satisfy the Class 3B and 4 insurers’ and Group’s MSMand ECR requirements. The Company has received approval for certain capital instruments as other fixed capital. The $152.5 million 7.75% notesmaturing in 2043 (the "2013 Senior Notes") are approved as Tier-1 ancillary capital and are grandfathered pursuant to Section 6C of the InsuranceAct. The $110.0 million 6.625% notes maturing in 2046 (the "2016 Senior Notes") are approved as Tier-3 ancillary capital (please see footnotebelow for further details). Maiden's Preference Shares Series A and Series C are classified as Tier-1 Basic Capital. Maiden's Preference Shares Series Dwere approved on November 6, 2017 as Tier-2 Basic Capital. Please see the following table for details of the Company's capital instruments that arecurrently outstanding at December 31, 2018:12Description of Capital Instrument Date of Issue Maturity Date (asapplicable) Date approved bythe Authority Value of CapitalInstruments Eligible CapitalTier ($ in thousands) 2013 Senior Notes November 25, 2013 December 1, 2043 April 17, 2014 $152,500 Tier 12016 Senior Notes(1) June 14, 2016 June 14, 2046 January 23, 2017 110,000 Tier 3Preference Shares - Series A(2) August 22, 2012 Perpetual April 17, 2014 150,000 Tier 1Preference Shares - Series C(2) November 25, 2015 Perpetual April 17, 2014 165,000 Tier 1Preference Shares - Series D(2) June 15, 2017 Perpetual November 6, 2017 150,000 Tier 2(1) In June 2016, the Company issued the 2016 Senior Notes. The BMA approved the capital instruments as Tier-3 ancillary capital to be grandfathered under Section 21 paragraph 10of the Group Rules until January 1, 2026 as the 2016 Senior Notes do not meet the requirement that coupon payment on the instrument be cancellable or deferrable indefinitely uponbreach (or if it would cause breach) in the ECR. The Group’s ECR shall be subject to a regulatory capital add-on comprising three years of coupon payments on the 2016 Senior Notesamounting to $21.9 million.(2)All our Preference shares are redeemable in whole or in part at the sole option of the Company any time after 5 years from the date of issuance, subject to certain regulatoryrestrictions at a redemption price of $25 per preference share plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends.•Economic Balance Sheet Framework and Financial Condition Report: Effective January 2016, the BMA has implemented an Economic BalanceSheet ("EBS") framework to be used as the basis to determine the ECR of insurers and group that is generally based on fair-value in line with theGAAP principles adopted by the insurer, except for the valuation of insurance technical provisions. Technical provisions shall be valued at aneconomic value using the best estimate of probability weighted cash flows, with an additional risk margin. Cash flows, for this purpose, shall takeinto account all future cash in and out flows required to settle the insurance obligations attributable to the remaining lifetime of the policy. TheBMA has also implemented new public disclosure rules that require all insurers and insurance groups to prepare and publish a Financial ConditionReport ("FCR"). The FCR is intended to provide additional information to the public in relation to the insurer’s and group’s business model,whereby they may make an informed assessment on whether the business is run in a prudent manner;•Fit and Proper Controllers: The BMA maintains supervision over the controllers of all registered insurers in Bermuda. A controller includes (i) themanaging director of the registered insurer or its parent company; (ii) the chief executive of the registered insurer or of its parent company; (iii) ashareholder controller; and (iv) any person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of the registered insurer or of its parentcompany are accustomed to act;•Notification by Registered Person of Change of Controllers and Officers: All registered insurers are required to give written notice to the BMA ofthe fact that a person has become, or ceased to be, a controller or officer of the registered insurer within 45 days of becoming aware of such fact. Anofficer in relation to a registered insurer means a director, chief executive or senior executive performing duties of underwriting, actuarial, riskmanagement, compliance, internal audit, finance or investment matters;•Notification of Material Changes: All registered insurers are required to give 14 days’ notice to the BMA of a proposal to make certain changes thatare likely to be of material significance (a “material change” within the meaning of the Insurance Act) and the insurer may not effect such changeuntil either the BMA has, before the end of the period of thirty days beginning with the date of service of such notice, notified the insurer in writingthat there is no objection to the insurer effecting the material change, or that period has elapsed without the BMA having served the insurer with awritten notice of objection to the material change. Additionally, a Designated Insurer (as defined below) must notify the BMA of certain materialchanges when given effect by a member of the group, within 30 days of such material change taking effect;•Code of Conduct: Maiden Bermuda is required to comply with the Insurance Code of Conduct of the Authority ("Code") which prescribes the dutiesand standards which must be complied with to ensure it implements sound corporate governance, risk management and internal controls. TheAuthority will assess an insurer’s compliance with the Code in a proportional manner relative to the nature, scale and complexity of its business.Failure to comply with the requirements under the Code will be a factor taken into account by the BMA in determining whether an insurer isconducting its business in a sound and prudent manner as prescribed by the Insurance Act. Such failure to comply with the requirements of the Codecould result in the BMA exercising its powers of intervention (see BMA's Powers of Intervention, Obtaining Information, Reports and Documentsand Providing Information to other Regulatory Authorities below). We believe that we are in compliance with the Code;•Group Supervision: The BMA acts as group supervisor of the Company and has designated Maiden Bermuda to be the designated insurer("Designated Insurer"). As group supervisor, the BMA will perform a number of supervisory functions including (i) coordinating the gathering anddissemination of relevant or essential information for going concerns and emergency situations, including the dissemination of information which isof importance for the supervisory task of other competent authorities; (ii) carrying out a supervisory review and assessment of the financial situationof the insurance group; (iii) carrying out an assessment of the insurance group's compliance with the rules on solvency, risk concentration, intra-group transactions as may be prescribed by or under the Insurance Act; (iv) assessment of the system of governance of insurance groups, as may beprescribed under the Insurance Act, and whether the members of the administrative or management body of participating companies met therequirements set out therein; (v) planning and coordinating, through regular meetings held at least annually (or by other appropriate means) withother competent authorities, supervisory13activities in respect of the insurance group, both as a going concern and in emergency situations; (v) coordinating any enforcement action that mayneed to be taken against the insurance group or any of its members; and (vi) planning and coordinating meetings of colleges of supervisors in orderto facilitate the carrying out of the functions described above. In carrying out its group supervisory functions, the BMA may make rules for(i) assessing the financial situation and the solvency position of the insurance group and/or its members and (ii) regulating intra group transactions,risk concentration, governance procedures, risk management and regulatory reporting and disclosure;•Group MSM and Group ECR: The insurance group must ensure that the value of the insurance group's total statutory economic capital and surplusexceeds the aggregate of (a) the MSM of each qualifying member of the group controlled by the parent company and (b) the parent company’spercentage shareholding in the member multiplied by the member’s MSM, where the parent company exercises significant influence over a memberof the group but does not control the member ("Group MSM"). A member is a qualifying member of the insurance group if it is subject to solvencyrequirements in the jurisdiction in which it is registered. Since December 31, 2013, we have been required to maintain available group capital andsurplus at a level equal to or in excess of the Group Enhanced Capital Requirement ("Group ECR") which is established by reference to either theGroup BSCR model or an approved group internal capital model;•Designated Insurer Notification Obligations: The Designated Insurer must immediately notify the BMA upon reaching a view that there is alikelihood of the insurance group or any member of the group becoming insolvent (i.e. breaching a regulatory capital requirement applicable to theinsurance group or any member) or if the Designated Insurer knows or has reason to believe that a reportable "event" has, to the Designated Insurer'sknowledge, occurred or is believed to have occurred. Within 30 days of such notification to the BMA, the Designated Insurer must furnish the BMAwith a written report setting out all the particulars of the case that are available to it and within 45 days, it must furnish a group capital and solvencyreturn that reflects the Group ECR that has been prepared using post-loss data and unaudited financial statements for such period as the BMA shallrequire together with a declaration of solvency in respect thereof;•Group Eligible Capital: To enable the BMA to better assess the quality of the group’s capital resources, the Designated Insurer is required todisclose the makeup of its group’s capital in accordance with a ‘3-tiered capital system’. Under this system, all of the insurance group’s capitalinstruments will be classified as either basic or ancillary capital which in turn will be classified into one of 3 tiers based on their “loss absorbency”characteristics. Highest quality capital will be classified as Tier 1 Capital, and lesser quality capital will be classified as either Tier 2 Capital or Tier3 Capital. Under this regime, not more than certain specified percentages of Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Capital may be used to satisfy the Group’s MSMand Group ECR requirements. Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Capital may, until January 1 2026, include capital instruments that do not satisfy therequirement that the instrument be non-redeemable or settled only with the issuance of an instrument of equal or higher quality upon a breach, or ifredemption would cause a breach, of the Group ECR.•Quarterly Group Financial Returns: A Designated Insurer is required to prepare and file quarterly group financial returns with the BMA on or beforethe last day of the months May, August and November of each year. The quarterly group financial returns consist of (i) quarterly unaudited(consolidated) group financial statements for each financial quarter (which must minimally include a balance sheet and income statement and mustalso be the most recent produced by the group and not reflect a financial position that exceeds two months) and (ii) a list and details of materialintra-group transactions and risk concentrations (including, where applicable, exposure value (face value and market value, if the latter is available),counterparties involved (including their location), summary details of the purpose, terms, costs, duration and performance triggers relating to thetransaction), details surrounding all intra-group reinsurance and retrocession arrangements (including aggregated values of the exposure limits bycounterparties, aggregated premium flows and the proportion of the group’s insurance business exposure covered by internal reinsurance,retrocession and other risk transfer arrangements) and details of the ten largest exposures to unaffiliated counterparties and any other unaffiliatedcounterparty exposures (or series of linked unaffiliated counterparty exposures) exceeding 10% of the insurance group's statutory capital andsurplus;•BMA's Powers of Intervention, Obtaining Information, Reports and Documents and Providing Information to other Regulatory Authorities: TheBMA has certain powers of investigation and intervention relating to insurers and their holding companies, subsidiaries and other affiliates, which itmay exercise in the interest of such insurer's policyholders or if there is any risk of insolvency or of a breach of the Insurance Act or the insurer'slicense conditions; and•Economic Substance Act: The Economic Substance Act 2018 (“EAS 2018”) came into effect in Bermuda in December 2018 and impacts everyBermuda registered entity engaged in a “relevant activity” which includes insurance and headquarters. The EAS 2018 requires impacted entities tomaintain a substantial economic presence in Bermuda and to satisfy economic substance requirements. Any entity that must satisfy economicsubstance requirements but fails to do so could face automatic disclosure to competent authorities in the EU of the information filed by the entitywith the Bermuda Registrar of Companies in connection with the economic substance requirements. Additionally a company may also facepenalties, restriction or regulation of its business activities and may be struck off as a registered entity in Bermuda for failure to satisfy economicsubstance requirements.The BMA’s prudential framework for (re)insurance and group supervision has been recognized by the European Commission’s Delegated Act and adoptedby the European Parliament as being fully equivalent to regulatory standards applied to European reinsurance companies and insurance groups in accordancewith the requirements of the Solvency II directive, effective January 1, 2016. Under the Solvency II directive, the European Commission may determinewhether the solvency regime of a third country is equivalent to that laid down in Solvency II in relation to three areas of focus. Articles 172 relates toequivalence of the solvency regime applied to the reinsurance activities of (re)insurers with their head office in the third country concerned, which allowsreinsurance contracts with (re)insurers in that third country to be treated in the same way as reinsurance contracts with EEA (re)insurers. Article 227 relates tothird-country insurers which are part of EEA groups, where equivalence would allow groups to take into account the local calculation of capital requirementsand available capital rather than calculation on a Solvency II basis for the purposes of the deduction and aggregation method. Article 260 relates to groupsupervision of EEA insurers with parents14outside the EEA, where equivalence would mean EEA supervisors would rely on the group supervision of that third country. Bermuda received equivalencein all three areas: Articles 172, 227 and 260, with the exception of rules on captives and special purpose insurers, which are subject to different regulatoryregime in Bermuda.Certain Bermuda Law ConsiderationsMaiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda have been designated as non-resident for exchange control purposes by the BMA and are required to obtain thepermission of the BMA for the issue and transfer of all of their shares. The BMA has given its consent for: (a) the issue and transfer of Maiden Holdings'common shares, up to the amount of its authorized capital from time to time, to and among persons that are non-residents of Bermuda for exchange controlpurposes; and (b) the issue and transfer of up to 20% of Maiden Holdings' common shares in issue from time to time to and among persons resident inBermuda for exchange control purposes.Transfers and issues of Maiden Holdings' common shares to any resident in Bermuda for exchange control purposes may require specific prior approvalunder the Exchange Control Act 1972. Maiden Bermuda's common shares cannot be issued or transferred without the consent of the BMA. Because we aredesignated as non-resident for Bermuda exchange control purposes, we are allowed to engage in transactions, and to pay dividends to Bermuda non-residentswho are holders of our common shares, in currencies other than the Bermuda Dollar.The Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 ("TRIA"), which was previously amended and extended in 2005, 2007 and again in 2015 by the Terrorism RiskInsurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015 ("TRIPRA"), was enacted to ensure the availability of insurance coverage for terrorist acts in the U.S. This lawrenewed the prior federal terrorism risk insurance program. It was extended through December 31, 2020 with certain modifications in the provisions of theexpiring program.There is no assurance that TRIA will be extended beyond 2020 on either a temporary or permanent basis and its expiration (or renewal on a substantiallymodified basis) could have an adverse effect on our clients, the industry or us. TRIA does not apply to reinsurers directly but does apply directly to insurersand to excess and surplus lines insurers. The TRIPRA has had some impact on our reinsurance clients, but not all due to the lines of business covered byTRIA. Also, in general, our reinsurance contracts contain inuring language regarding any potential recoveries from TRIA. Additional material addressingTRIA and TRIPRA, including U.S. Treasury Department issued interpretive letters, are contained on the U.S. Treasury Department’s website.Taxation of the Company and its SubsidiariesThe following summary of certain taxation matters is based upon current law. Legislative, judicial or administrative changes may be forthcoming thatcould affect this summary. Certain subsidiaries are subject to taxation related to operations in Australia, Germany, Sweden, the U.K. and the U.S. Thediscussion below covers the principal locations in which the Company or its subsidiaries are subject to taxation.BermudaMaiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda each have received from the Minister of Finance an assurance under The Exempted Undertakings Tax ProtectionAct, 1966 to the effect that in the event that there is any legislation enacted in Bermuda imposing tax computed on profits or income, or computed on anycapital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then the imposition of any such tax shall not be applicable toMaiden Holdings or Maiden Bermuda or to any of their operations or the shares, debentures or other obligations of Maiden Holdings or Maiden Bermudauntil March 31, 2035. These assurances are subject to the proviso that they are not construed to prevent the application of any tax or duty to such persons asare ordinarily resident in Bermuda (Maiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda are not currently so designated) or to prevent the application of any tax payablein accordance with the provisions of The Land Tax Act, 1967 of Bermuda or otherwise payable in relation to the property leased to us.GermanyAVS was a wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Global until January 10, 2019. AVS is subject to German corporate income tax of 15.0% plus a solidaritysurcharge of 5.5% thereon (in the aggregate, a rate of 15.825%). In addition, a German municipal trade tax of 14.7% resulting from the registered seat of thecompany in Russelsheim is paid. Effective January 1, 2017, Opel Händler VersicherungsService GmbH, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of AVS,merged with AVS. AVS is engaged in general commerce.The taxable income of a German corporate entity is in principle, absent a Treaty exemption, the total amount of worldwide income (current profits, capitalgains) after deduction of business expenses. In general, income from capital gains arising upon the sale of shares in corporate entities are, in principle, fullytax exempt. The same applies to income from dividend if the stake in the dividend paying corporation is at least 10% (for corporate income tax purposes),15% (for trade tax purposes) at the beginning of the respective calendar year (for dividends received from companies resident outside Germany, the 15%stake in the non-resident corporation must be held as from the beginning of the calendar year). However, a lump sum of 5% of the dividend/capital gains isadded back to the taxable income, representing non-deductible business expenses.Maiden Global established a German branch on February 1, 2016, also with its registered seat in Russelsheim which is subject to the same Germancorporate income tax of 15.0% plus a solidarity surcharge of 5.5% thereon (in the aggregate, a rate of 15.825%) and German trade tax of 14.7%. EffectiveDecember 1, 2018, the registered seat was moved to Wiesbaden resulting in a change in the trade tax rate to 15.89%. The German branch is engaged ingeneral commerce.AVS established a 50:50 joint venture with Volvo Car Germany GmbH on January 25, 2016, named VCIS Germany GmbH (“VCIS”). With its registeredseat in Cologne, the company is subject to the same German corporate income tax of 15.0% plus a15solidarity surcharge of 5.5% thereon (in the aggregate, a rate of 15.825%) and a German trade tax of 16.63%. VCIS is engaged in general commerce as aninsurance agency.Maiden Global has obtained a withholding tax exemption certificate from the Federal Central Tax Office such that any dividend from AVS to MaidenGlobal is exempt from German withholding tax. There is no German withholding tax on (non-profit related) interest payments to corporate shareholders.Other than through the entities noted above, we believe that the Company has operated and will continue to operate its business in a manner that will notcause its affiliates to be treated as engaged in a trade or business within Germany. A trade or business in Germany requires a permanent establishment either inthe form of a fixed place of business or by having a permanent representative on German ground. A subsidiary may qualify as permanent representative if itcarries out business activities of its shareholder or an affiliate in Germany.SwedenMaiden LF and Maiden GF are subject to Swedish taxation on net profits irrespective of whether the profits are generated through business in general orcapital. To the extent that net profits are generated, profits are taxed at a rate of 22%. Foreign entities are subject to tax in Sweden only to the extent theyhave a permanent establishment in Sweden or if the income is related to certain types of assets, typically real estate, or partnership income. Dividends paid toforeign shareholders may be subject to withholding tax with a maximum of 30% although in many cases tax is reduced as a result of a tax treaty or underdomestic legislation. A foreign entity is deemed to have a permanent establishment in Sweden under the rules very similar to those applied by TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD"). Other than Maiden LF and Maiden GF, we believe that the Company has operated andwill continue to operate its business in a manner that will not cause it to be treated as having a permanent establishment in Sweden. There is no withholdingtax on interest paid by a Swedish borrower to a foreign lender.United KingdomMaiden Global is tax resident in the U.K. and is currently subject to corporation tax in the U.K. on its trading and other taxable profits. The main rate ofU.K. corporation tax is 19% to be reduced to 17% with effect from April 1, 2020. Non-U.K. resident corporations are within the charge to corporation tax inthe U.K. if they carry on a trade in the U.K. through a permanent establishment. Reinsurance business developed by Maiden Global is underwritten byMaiden Bermuda in Bermuda. Other than in respect of Maiden Global, we believe that the Company has operated and will continue to operate its business ina manner that will not cause it to be treated as carrying on a trade within the U.K.U.K. source income of non-U.K. resident corporations may be subject to U.K. withholding tax, subject to the availability of treaty relief or any otherapplicable exemptions. Dividends paid by Maiden Global are not subject to U.K. withholding tax. Interest paid by Maiden Global may be subject to U.K.withholding tax at a rate of up to 20%, subject to the availability of treaty relief or any other applicable exemptions.United StatesRecent tax reform commonly referred to as The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "2017 Act") was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The 2017 Act loweredthe corporate U.S. tax rate to 21%, eliminated the alternative minimum tax, limited the deductibility of interest expense and requires a one-time tax on adeemed repatriation of untaxed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. In the context of the taxation of U.S. property/casualty insurance companies such as theCompany, the 2017 Act also modified the loss reserve discounting rules and the proration rules that apply to reduce reserve deductions to reflect the lowercorporate income tax rate. In addition, the 2017 Act included certain provisions intended to eliminate certain perceived tax advantages of companies(including insurance companies) that have legal domiciles outside the United States but have certain U.S. connections and U.S. persons investing in suchcompanies. For example, the 2017 Act includes a base erosion anti-avoidance tax (the "BEAT") that could make affiliate reinsurance between United Statesand non-U.S. members of our group economically unfeasible. As discussed in more detail below, the 2017 Act also revised the rules applicable to passiveforeign investment companies ("PFICs") and controlled foreign corporations ("CFCs"). Although we are currently unable to predict the ultimate impact of the2017 Act on our business, shareholders and results of operations, it is possible that the 2017 Act may increase the U.S. federal income tax liability of U.S.members of our group that cede risk to non-U.S. group members and may affect the timing and amount of U.S. federal income taxes imposed on certain U.S.shareholders. Further, it is possible that other legislation could be introduced and enacted by the current Congress or future Congresses that could have anadverse impact on us. Additionally, tax laws and interpretations regarding whether a company is engaged in a U.S. trade or business or whether a company isa CFC or a PFIC or has related person insurance income ("RPII") are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. There are currently only recentlyproposed regulations regarding the application of the PFIC rules to an insurance company. Further, the regulations regarding RPII have been in proposedform since 1991. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying such rules may be forthcoming. The Company cannot be certain if, when or inwhat form such regulations or pronouncements may be provided and whether such guidance will have a retroactive effect.Maiden NA and its subsidiaries, including Maiden US until its sale on December 27, 2018 (collectively, the "Maiden NA Companies"), transact businessin and are subject to taxation in the U.S. Other than the Maiden NA Companies, we believe that we have operated and will continue to operate our business ina manner that will not cause us to be treated as engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. On this basis, other than the Maiden NA Companies, we do notexpect to be required to pay U.S. corporate income taxes (other than withholding and excise taxes as described below). The maximum federal corporateincome tax rate has been reduced by the 2017 Act to 21% for a foreign corporation’s income that is effectively connected with a trade or business in the U.S.In addition, U.S. branches of foreign corporations may be subject to the branch profits tax, which imposes a tax on U.S. branch after-tax earnings that aredeemed repatriated out of the U.S., for a potential maximum effective federal tax rate of approximately 44% on the net income connected with a U.S. trade orbusiness.Foreign corporations not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. are subject to U.S. income tax, effected through withholding by the payer, on certainfixed or determinable annual or periodic gains, profits and income derived from sources within the U.S. as enumerated in Section 881(a) of the InternalRevenue Code, such as dividends and interest on certain investments.16The U.S. also imposes an excise tax on insurance and reinsurance premiums paid to foreign insurers or reinsurers with respect to risks of a U.S. personlocated wholly or partly within the U.S. or risks of a foreign person engaged in the conduct of a U.S. trade or business located in the U.S. The rate of taxapplicable to reinsurance premiums paid to Maiden Bermuda is 1% of gross premiums.Where You Can Find More InformationWe maintain our principal website at www.maiden.bm. The information on our websites is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form10-K. We make available, free of charge through our principal website, our financial information, including the information contained in our Annual Reportson Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materialwith, or furnish such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). We also make available, free of charge through our principal website, ourAudit Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee Charter, and Code of Business Conduct andEthics. Such information is also available in print for any shareholder who sends a request to Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Ideation House, 94 Pitts Bay Road,Pembroke HM 08, Bermuda, Attention: Secretary. Reports and other information we file with the SEC may also be viewed at the SEC’s website atwww.sec.gov or viewed or obtained at the SEC Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the SECPublic Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 800-SEC-0330. Any shareholder or other interested party who desires to contact any memberof the Board (or our Board as a group) may do so in writing to the following address: Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Ideation House, 94 Pitts Bay Road, PembrokeHM 08, Bermuda, Attention: Secretary. Communications are distributed to the Board, or to any individual directors as appropriate, depending on the factsand circumstances outlined in the communication.17Item 1A. Risk Factors.IntroductionInvesting in our securities carries risk. Managing risk effectively is critical to our success, and our organization is built around intelligent riskassumptions and prudent risk management. We have identified what we believe reflect key significant risks to the organization, and in turn to ourshareholders, which are outlined below. Any of the risks described below could result in a significant or material adverse effect on our results of operations orfinancial condition. In addition to these enumerated risks, we face numerous other strategic, operational and emerging risks that could in the aggregate leadto shortfalls to our long-term goals or add to short-term volatility in our earnings. The following review of important risk factors should not be construed asexhaustive and should be read in conjunction with other cautionary statements that are included herein or elsewhere. The words or phrases believe,anticipate, estimate, project, plan, expect, intend, hope, forecast, evaluate, will likely result or will continue or words or phrases of similar import generallyinvolve forward-looking statements. All of the risks that may affect our financial or operating performance may not be material at this time but may becomematerial in the future. As used in these Risk Factors, the terms "we", "our" or "us" may, depending upon the context, refer to the Company, to one or more ofthe Company’s consolidated subsidiaries or to all of them taken as a whole.BusinessWe have incurred significant operating losses in recent years. There can be no assurance that we will return to profitability.We produced net losses of $544.4 million in 2018 and $169.7 million in 2017, primarily the result of loss reserve strengthening and adverse prior yeardevelopment of loss reserves. We have taken significant actions in the second half of 2018 to improve our capital position, and restructure our business bydisposing of unprofitable operations and reinsurance agreements in both of our reporting segments while significantly reducing headcount and overheadexpenses. We have also purchased additional reinsurance protection to eliminate potential volatility of loss reserves from this legacy business. While webelieve these actions will restore operating profitability, there can be no assurance that these actions will achieve their intended effects or that the reinsurancewe purchased will be sufficient to protect us against further adverse loss reserve development.Our shareholders’ equity declined significantly in 2018 and there can be no assurance it will not decrease further.Due to results of operations in recent years and in particular 2018, our shareholders' equity declined by 55.0% during 2018. As noted elsewhere, we havetaken significant actions in the second half of 2018 to improve our capital position, and restructure our business by disposing of unprofitable operations andreinsurance agreements while significantly reducing headcount and overhead expenses. While we believe these actions will increase shareholders' equity,there can be no assurance that these actions will achieve their intended effects. We have also purchased additional reinsurance protection to eliminatepotential volatility of loss reserves from this legacy business. There can be no assurance that this reinsurance or that the timing and accounting recognition ofrecoveries under that reinsurance agreement will be sufficient to protect us against further declines in shareholders’ equity. While we continue to believe wewill operate as a going concern, there can be no assurance that if further significant declines in shareholders’ equity occur that we will not have to re–evaluatethat assessment.We have experienced repeated significant adverse development of our loss reserves in recent years and our actual losses may be greater than our reservefor loss and LAE, which would negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.Our success depends upon our ability to assess accurately the risks associated with the businesses that we will reinsure. Significant periods of time oftenelapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to an insurer and the reporting of the loss by the insurer to its reinsurer and theultimate disposition of that loss. The reserves we establish represent estimates of amounts needed to pay reported losses and unreported losses and the relatedloss adjustment expense. Loss reserves are only an estimate of what an insurer or reinsurer anticipates the ultimate costs of claims to be and do not representan exact calculation of liability. Estimating loss reserves is a difficult and complex process involving many variables, inherent uncertainty and subjectivejudgments. As part of our reserving process, we review historical data as well as actuarial and statistical projections and consider the impact of various factorssuch as: trends in claim frequency and severity; changes in operations; emerging economic and social trends; inflation; and changes in the regulatory andlitigation environments.This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predictingfuture events. There is no precise method, however, for evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of reserves, and actual results are likelyto differ from original estimates. In addition, unforeseen losses, the type or magnitude of which we cannot predict, may emerge in the future. We will establishor adjust reserves for our insurance subsidiaries in part based upon loss data received from the ceding companies with which we do business. There is a timedelay that elapses between the receipt and recording of claims results by the ceding insurance companies and the receipt and recording of those results by us.Accordingly, establishment and adjustment of reserves for our insurance subsidiaries is dependent upon timely and accurate estimate reporting from cedantsand agents.While we adjusted our reserves to a level we believe to be sufficient to cover losses assumed by us when we recognize adverse developments, there can beno assurance that losses will not deviate from our reserves, possibly by material amounts. Further, the reinsurance protection we have purchased to protectagainst further adverse development in loss reserves may be insufficient compared to the actual losses that emerge and we may need to recognize furtheradverse development which would reduce our results of operations and shareholders' equity, possibly by material amounts. To the extent actual reportedlosses exceed expected losses, the carried estimate of the ultimate losses will be increased, which represents unfavorable reserve development, and to theextent actual reported losses are less than our expectations, the carried estimate of ultimate losses will be reduced, which represents favorable reservedevelopment.18The inability of management to successfully implement its strategic plan could result in a further decline of capital or materially adversely affect ourfinancial condition and operations.Management will be developing a new strategic business plan that may be significantly different than our prior strategic business focus. We agreed withthe BMA that Maiden Bermuda will not write future business with AmTrust or its subsidiaries without the BMA’s prior approval, and further will consult withthe BMA before writing any new third party reinsurance business. We remain actively engaged in ongoing discussions with the BMA regarding theformulation of our longer term business plan, consistent with the recovery of our capital base. There can be no assurance that the implementation of the newbusiness plan will succeed or will be satisfactory to the BMA which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.Our efforts to develop products, expand in targeted markets or modify our business and strategic plans may not be successful and may create enhancedrisks.Any new business initiatives involving the development of new products or expanding existing products in new or historically targeted markets mayinvolve substantial capital and operating expenditures, which may negatively impact our results of operations and shareholders' equity. In addition, thedemand for new products or in new markets may not meet our expectations. To the extent we are able to market new products or expand in new markets, ourrisk exposures may change and the data and models we use to manage such exposures may not be as sophisticated as those we use in existing markets or withexisting products. This, in turn, could lead to losses in excess of expectations. As part of our ongoing efforts to continually improve our performance, weregularly evaluate our business plans and strategies, which may result in changes to our business plans and initiatives, some of which may be material. We aresubject to increasing risks related to our ability to successfully implement our evolving plans and strategies. Changing plans and strategies requiressignificant management of time and effort, and may divert management’s attention from our core operations and competencies, and our efforts to improve theCompany's capital position and solvency. Moreover, modifications we undertake to our operations may not immediately result in improved financialperformance. Therefore, risks associated with implementing or changing our business strategies and initiatives, including risks related to developing orenhancing the operations, controls and other infrastructure required for these strategies and initiatives, may not have a positive impact on our publiclyreported results until many years after implementation. The risk that we may fail to have the ability to carry out our business plans may have an adverse effecton our long-term results of operations and financial condition.For our property and casualty reinsurance underwriting, we depend on the policies, procedures and expertise of ceding companies; these companies mayfail to accurately assess and price the risks they underwrite, which may lead us to inaccurately assess and price the risks we assume.Our participation in property and casualty reinsurance markets means the success of our underwriting efforts depends, in part, upon the policies,procedures and expertise of the ceding companies making the original underwriting decisions. As common among reinsurers, we do not separately evaluateeach of the individual risks assumed under reinsurance treaties. We face the risk that these ceding companies may fail to accurately assess the risks that theyassume initially, which, in turn, may lead us to inaccurately assess the risks we assume.If we fail to establish and receive appropriate pricing or fail to contractually limit our exposure to such risks, we could face significant losses on thesecontracts, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.We may be required to accelerate the amortization of deferred acquisition costs or establish premium deficiency reserves.Deferred acquisition costs represent incremental direct costs related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. The balances ofsuch costs are capitalized as an asset and amortized into income over the expected lives of the underlying insurance contracts. On an ongoing basis, we testthese assets recorded on our balance sheet to determine whether the amounts are recoverable under current assumptions. To date, we have concluded that nosuch premium deficiency exists. If facts and circumstances change, these tests and reviews could lead to the establishment of a premium deficiency reservewhich would require a write down in the carried value of our deferred acquisition costs. Such results could have an adverse effect on the results of ouroperations and our financial condition.Our internal control and reporting systems might not be effective in the future, which could increase the risk that we would become subject to restatementsof our financial results or to regulatory action or litigation or other developments that could adversely affect our business.Our ability to produce accurate financial statements and comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations is largely dependent on our maintenance ofinternal control and reporting systems, as well as on our ability to attract and retain qualified management and accounting and actuarial personnel to furtherdevelop our internal accounting function and control policies. If we fail to effectively establish and maintain such reporting and accounting systems or fail toattract and retain personnel who are capable of designing and operating such systems, these failures will increase the likelihood that we may be required torestate our financial results to correct errors or that we will become subject to legal and regulatory infractions, which may entail civil litigation andinvestigations by regulatory agencies including the SEC. In addition, if our management or our independent registered public accounting firm were toconclude that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and ourfinancial flexibility and the value of our common shares could be adversely impacted.The inherent uncertainty of models and the use of such models as a tool to evaluate risk may have an adverse impact on our financial results.We use our own proprietary models to provide us with pricing and objective risk assessment relating to risks in our reinsurance portfolio and catastropherisks in our reinsurance portfolio. These models help us control risk accumulation, inform management and other stakeholders of capital requirements and toimprove the risk/return profile or minimize the amount of capital required to cover the risks in each reinsurance contract in our overall portfolio ofreinsurance contracts. However, given the inherent uncertainty of modeling techniques and the application of such techniques, these models and databasesmay not accurately address19the emergence of a variety of matters which might be deemed to impact certain of our coverages. Accordingly, these models may understate the exposures weare assuming and our financial results may be adversely impacted, perhaps significantly.Our business model is different than other Bermuda reinsurers.Unlike many other publicly traded Bermuda reinsurance companies, we do not write property catastrophe reinsurance, nor do we maintain substantialprimary insurance operations. As a result, you may not be able to compare our business’s performance or prospects to other Bermuda-domiciled publiclytraded reinsurers, who have different strategies and balance sheet structures than we do.The occurrence of severe catastrophic events may have a material adverse effect on our financial results.Although our business strategy generally precludes us from writing significant amounts of catastrophe exposed business in our reinsurance segment, mostproperty reinsurance contains some exposure to catastrophic loss. We use contract provisions such as occurrence caps and inuring excess to manage exposureto natural catastrophes.While we attempt to carefully manage our aggregate exposure to catastrophes, modeling errors and the incidence and severity of catastrophes, such ashurricanes, windstorms, cyber attacks and large-scale terrorist attacks, are inherently unpredictable, and our losses from catastrophes could be substantial.Further, many scientists believe that the earth's atmospheric and oceanic temperatures are increasing and that, in recent years, changing climate conditionshave increased the unpredictability, severity and frequency of natural disasters in certain parts of the world.We may face substantial exposure to losses from terrorism, acts of war and political instability.We may have exposure to losses resulting from acts of terrorism, acts of war and political instability as a reinsurer of U.S. domiciled insurers. U.S. insurersare required by state and federal law to offer coverage for terrorism in certain commercial lines. These risks are inherently unpredictable, although recentevents may lead to increased frequency and severity. It is difficult to predict the occurrence of these perils with statistical certainty or to estimate the amountof loss an occurrence will generate. We closely monitor the amount and types of coverage we provide for terrorism risk under insurance policies andreinsurance treaties. We often seek to exclude or limit terrorism when we cannot reasonably evaluate the risk of loss or charge an appropriate premium forsuch risk. Even in cases where we have deliberately sought to exclude coverage, we may not be able to eliminate our exposure to terrorist acts, and thus it ispossible that these acts could have a material adverse effect on us.We may or may not use retrocessional and reinsurance coverage to limit our exposure to risks. Any retrocessional or reinsurance coverage that we obtainmay be limited, and credit and other risks associated with our retrocessional and reinsurance arrangements may result in losses which could adverselyaffect our financial condition and results of operations.We will provide reinsurance to our clients and in turn we may or may not retrocede reinsurance we assume to other insurers and reinsurers. If we do not useretrocessional coverage or reinsurance, our exposure to losses will be greater than if we did obtain such coverage. If we do obtain retrocessional or reinsurancecoverage, some of the insurers or reinsurers to whom we may retrocede coverage or reinsure with may be domiciled in Bermuda or other non-U.S. locations.We would be subject to credit and other risks that depend upon the financial strength of these reinsurers. Further, we will be subject to credit risk with respectto any retrocessional or reinsurance arrangements because the ceding of risk to reinsurers and retrocessionaires would not relieve us of our liability to theclients or companies we insure or reinsure. Our failure to establish adequate reinsurance or retrocessional arrangements or the failure of any retrocessionalarrangements to protect us from overly concentrated risk exposure could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. We mayattempt to mitigate such risks by retaining collateral or trust accounts for premium and claims receivables, but nevertheless we cannot be assured thatreinsurance will be fully collectable in the case of all potential claims outcomes.The failure of any of the loss limitation methods we employ could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.We seek to limit loss exposure through loss limitation provisions in policies we write, such as limitations on the amount of losses that can be claimedunder a policy, limitations or exclusions from coverage and provisions relating to choice of forum, which are intended to assure that our policies are legallyinterpreted as intended. There can be no assurance that these contractual provisions will be enforceable in the manner expected or that disputes relating tocoverage will be resolved in our favor. If the loss limitation provisions in the policies are not enforceable or disputes arise concerning the application of suchprovisions, the losses we incur could be materially higher than expected and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain.As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected issues related to claims and coverage mayemerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size ofclaims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued insurance or reinsurance contracts that are affected bythe changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract is issued. Our exposure tothese uncertainties could be exacerbated by an increase in insurance and reinsurance contract disputes, arbitration and litigation.Our business is subject to risks related to litigation. Losses from legal and regulatory actions may have a material adverse effect on our reputation,operating results, cash flows, financial condition and prospects.We may from time to time be subject to litigation or other legal or regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business relating to our current and pastbusiness operations, including, but not limited to, disputes over coverage or claims adjudication, including claims alleging that we have acted in bad faith inthe administration of claims by our policyholders, disputes with our agents,20producers and termination of contracts and related claims and disputes with former employees. We also cannot determine with any certainty what newtheories of recovery may evolve or what their impact may be on our business.We also may be subject to litigation from security holders due to the diminution in value of our securities as a result of our operating results and financialcondition. Defending against these actions may require us to utilize significant resources in our defense as well as result in a significant amount of time byour senior management.An adverse resolution of one or more lawsuits or arbitrations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a particular fiscal quarteror year.The failure of our underwriting process could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.We seek to manage our loss exposure by maintaining a disciplined underwriting process throughout our (re)insurance operations. This is achievedthrough our risk appetite for traditional, lower volatility lines of business that are more predictable and thus, produce more stable long-term operating resultsand require less capital to achieve those results; and by placing emphasis on working layer and pro rata reinsurance participations where data is moreabundant and predictable. Underwriting is a matter of judgment, involving important assumptions about matters that are inherently unpredictable andbeyond our control, and for which historical experience and probability analysis may not provide sufficient guidance. The failure of any of the underwritingrisk management strategies that we employ could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.We rely on internal controls and underwriting guidelines to limit our risk exposure within prescribed parameters. However, our controls and monitoringefforts may be ineffective, permitting one or more underwriters to exceed underwriting authority and cause us to (re)insure risks outside the agreed uponguidelines. To the extent that our underwriters exceed their authorities, agree to inappropriate contract terms and conditions or are influenced by brokerincentives, or if there is inaccurate underwriting data capture and reporting leading to licensing and sanction breaches, our financial condition or results ofoperations could be materially adversely affected.Failure of our information technology systems could disrupt our business and adversely impact our profitability.We believe our modeling, underwriting and information technology and application systems are critical to our business and reputation. We have licensedcertain systems and data from third parties. We cannot be certain that we will have access to these, or comparable service providers, or that our technology orapplications will continue to operate as intended. In addition, we cannot be certain that we would be able to replace these service providers or consultantswithout slowing our underwriting response time. A major defect or failure in our internal controls or information technology and application systems couldresult in management distraction, harm to our reputation, a loss or delay of revenues or increased expense.Technology breaches or failures, including, but not limited to, those resulting from cyber-attacks on us or our business partners and service providers,could disrupt or otherwise negatively impact our business.Information technology and application systems can streamline many business processes and ultimately reduce the cost of operations, however,technology initiatives present certain risks. Our business is dependent upon our employees and outsources ability to perform, in an efficient anduninterrupted fashion, necessary business functions. Like all companies, our information technology systems are vulnerable to data breaches, interruptions orfailures due to events that may be beyond our control, including, but not limited to, natural disasters, theft, terrorist attacks, computer viruses, hackers andgeneral technology failures. Our information technology systems include the Internet and third-party hosted services. We use information systems to processfinancial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and for regulatory financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. We also useinformation systems for electronic communications with customers and our various locations.A shutdown or inability to access one or more of our facilities, a power outage, a security breach, or a failure of one or more of our information technology,telecommunications or other systems could significantly impair our ability to perform such functions on a timely basis. These incidents could be caused bymalicious or disruptive software, computer hackers, rogue employees, cyber-attacks, failures of telecommunications systems or other catastrophic events. Ifsustained or repeated, such a business interruption, system failure or service denial could result in a deterioration of our ability to write and process business,provide customer service, pay claims in a timely manner or perform other necessary business functions. Furthermore, a significant portion of thecommunications between our employees and our business, banking and investment partners depends on information technology and electronic informationexchange. In addition, we may suffer financial and reputational damage because of lost or misappropriated confidential information belonging to us, and maybecome subject to legal action and increased regulatory oversight. We could also be required to spend significant financial and other resources to remedy anydamage caused to repair or replace information systems.We believe that we have established and implemented appropriate security measures, controls and procedures to safeguard our information technologysystems and to prevent unauthorized access to such systems and any data processed and/or stored in such systems, and we periodically employ third parties toevaluate and test the adequacy of such systems, controls and procedures. In addition, we have established a business continuity plan which is designed toensure that we are able to maintain all aspects of our key business processes functioning in the midst of certain disruptive events, including any disruptionsto or breaches of our information technology systems. We continue to make investments in technologies, cyber-insurance and training. Our businesscontinuity plans are tested and evaluated for adequacy. Despite these safeguards, disruptions to and breaches of our information technology systems arepossible and may negatively impact our business.Like most major corporations, the Company’s information systems are a target of attacks. Although we have experienced no known material or threatenedcases involving unauthorized access to our information technology systems and data or unauthorized appropriation of such data to date, we have noassurance that such technology breaches will not occur in the future.21Ongoing economic uncertainty could materially and adversely affect our business, our liquidity and financial condition.Global economies and financial markets have, from time to time, experienced significant disruption or deterioration and likely will experience periods ofdisruption or deterioration in the future. In addition, U.S. federal and state governments continue to experience significant structural fiscal deficits, creatinguncertainty as to levels of taxation, inflation, regulation and other economic fundamentals that may impact future growth prospects. Significantly greatereconomic, fiscal and monetary uncertainty remains in Europe, due to the combination of poor economic growth, high unemployment and significantsovereign deficits which have called into question the future of the common currency used across most of Europe. European economic activity appears likelyto remain volatile in the near future and to potentially have a continuing impact on the U.S. economy. Continuation of these conditions may potentiallyaffect (among other aspects of our business) the demand for and claims made under our products, the ability of clients, counterparties and others to establishor maintain their relationships with us, our ability to access and efficiently use internal and external capital resources and our investment performance.Our Agency Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") constitute 35.7% of our fixed maturity investments at December 31, 2018. As with other fixed incomeinvestments, the fair value of these securities fluctuates depending on market and other general economic conditions and the interest rate environment.Changes in interest rates can expose us to changes in the prepayment rate on these investments. In periods of declining interest rates, mortgage prepaymentsgenerally increase and MBS are prepaid more quickly, requiring us to reinvest the proceeds at lower market rates. Conversely, in periods of rising rates,mortgage prepayments generally fall, preventing us from taking full advantage of the higher level of rates. However, economic conditions may curtailprepayment activity on the underlying mortgages if refinancing is difficult, thus limiting prepayments on the MBS portfolio. In the event that theseconditions persist and result in a prolonged period of economic uncertainty, our results of operations, our financial condition and/or liquidity, and ourprospects could be materially and adversely affected.The U.K.'s vote in favor of leaving the EU could adversely affect us.As a result of Brexit, negotiations to determine the terms of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU and its future relationship with the EU are ongoing. As aresult, the risks associated with the potential consequences that may follow Brexit, including volatility in financial markets, exchange rates and interest rates,are uncertain. These uncertainties could increase the volatility of, or reduce, our investment results in particular periods or over time. Brexit could adverselyaffect European or worldwide political, regulatory, economic or market conditions and could contribute to instability in global political institutions andregulatory agencies.We believe, as a Bermuda reinsurance company, we are well positioned to continue trading with both markets after the completion of these negotiations.However, given these possibilities and others we may not anticipate, as well as the lack of comparable precedent, the full extent to which our business, resultsof operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by Brexit is uncertain.Liquidity, Capital Resources and InvestmentsWe may not have sufficient unrestricted liquidity to meet our obligations.Maiden Bermuda uses trust accounts, loan to related party, funds held and letters of credit to meet collateral requirements. Consequently, cash and cashequivalents and investments are pledged in favor of ceding companies in order to comply with relevant insurance regulations or contractual requirements. AtDecember 31, 2018, restricted cash and cash equivalents and fixed maturity investments used as collateral were $4.0 billion and represents 91.9% of the fairvalue of our total fixed maturity investments and cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash and cash equivalents) at that date.Based on our current estimate of 2019 financial results, we believe we have sufficient liquidity to meet and fulfill our obligations including payments dueunder our 2013 Senior Notes and 2016 Senior Notes. However, should operating results deteriorate, or should additional collateral be required under ourcontractual arrangements with reinsureds prior to the receipt of recoveries under reinsurance agreements we have entered into, we cannot assure that we willmaintain sufficient unrestricted liquidity to meet those obligations.We may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all.Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our ability to write new business successfully and to establish premium rates andreserves at levels sufficient to cover our losses. We also may not be able to grow significantly without additional capital. Our future business needs areuncertain and we may need to raise additional funds to further capitalize Maiden Bermuda or our IIS business. We anticipate that any such additional fundswould be raised through equity, debt, hybrid financings or entering into reinsurance agreements. While we currently have no commitment from any lenderwith respect to a credit facility or a loan facility, we may enter into an unsecured revolving credit facility or a term loan facility with one or more syndicatesof lenders. Any equity, debt or hybrid financing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are able to raise capital through equityfinancings, the interest of shareholders in our Company would be diluted, and the securities we issue may have rights, preferences and privileges that aresenior to those of our common shares.We no longer have an S&P rating and have recently withdrawn our A.M. Best rating. The absence of credit ratings on our outstanding securities couldimpact our ability to obtain additional debt or hybrid capital at reasonable terms or at all. Credit ratings are an opinion by third parties of our financialstrength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to our future policyholders. The lack of a credit rating may make it difficult for investors to evaluate aninvestment in our securities and for us to raise additional capital in the future on acceptable terms or at all. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired ifregulatory authorities take negative actions against us. Our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient, and in such case, we may not be able tosuccessfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all.In addition to company-specific factors, the availability of additional financing will depend on a variety of other factors such as market conditions, thegeneral availability of capital, the volume of trading activities and the overall availability of capital to the financial services industry. As such, we may beforced to delay raising capital, issue shorter maturity securities than we prefer,22or bear an unattractive cost of capital which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility. If we cannot obtain adequatecapital, our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future and there can be no assurance that dividends on thepreference shares will resume in the near future.We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to strengthen our regulatory capital and solvency ratios, improve our liquidity and workingcapital and for other general corporate purposes. The insurance laws and regulations of our insurance subsidiaries generally contain restrictions on the abilityto pay dividends or distributions to the Company, which may restrict our ability to pay dividends on common or preferred shares. We have voluntarilyundertaken with the BMA not to make any capital distribution of any kind out of any Bermuda entity. Any future determination to pay dividends on ourcommon stock will be at the discretion of our Board, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capitalrequirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our Board considers relevant.Maiden Holdings has issued $630.0 million in Preference Shares since 2012, of which $465.0 million are outstanding at December 31, 2018, thedividends of which are required to be paid before common shareholders are eligible for dividend payments. Holders of our Preference Shares may receivedividends on a non-cumulative basis. Our Board did not declare dividends on the Preference Shares for the December 1, 2018 and March 1, 2019 dividenddates and there can be no assurance that the authorization and declaration of dividends on the Preference Shares will resume in the near future.Our failure to comply with restrictive covenants contained in the documents governing our Senior Notes or any future credit facility could triggerprepayment obligations, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.The indentures governing our Senior Notes contain covenants that impose restrictions on us and certain of our subsidiaries with respect to, among otherthings, the incurrence of liens and the disposition of capital stock of these subsidiaries. In addition, any future credit facility may require us and/or certain ofour subsidiaries to comply with certain covenants, which may include the maintenance of a minimum consolidated net tangible worth and restrictions on thepayment of dividends. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default under the indentures or any future credit facility, which,if not cured or waived, could result in us being required to repay the notes or any amounts outstanding under such credit facility prior to maturity. We believewe are in compliance with all of the covenants in the Indentures governing the Senior Notes. However, our business, financial condition and results ofoperations could be adversely affected if we were found to be in default of these covenants.For more details on our indebtedness, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included underItem 7 and "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11. Long-Term Debt" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data"of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.A significant amount of our invested assets are subject to changes in interest rates and market volatility. If we are unable to realize our investmentobjectives, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.Investment income is an important component of our net income. At December 31, 2018, total investments of $4.1 billion represented 92.5% of our totalcash and investments, of which $23.7 million or 0.5% were in other investments, a combination of investments in limited partnerships and equityinvestments. As a result of market conditions prevailing at a particular time, the allocation of our portfolio to various asset types may vary. The fair marketvalue of these assets and the investment income from these assets will fluctuate depending on general economic and market conditions. As we currentlyclassify 75.0% of our fixed maturity investments as AFS, changes in the market value of our securities are reflected in shareholders’ equity. The remainder ofour fixed maturity investments are held-to-maturity ("HTM") and carried at amortized cost.Our Board has established our investment policies and our executive management is implementing our investment strategy with the assistance of ourinvestment managers. Although these guidelines stress diversification and capital preservation, our investment results will be subject to a variety of risks,including risks related to changes in the business, financial condition or results of operations of the entities in which we invest, as well as changes in generaleconomic conditions and overall market conditions, interest rate fluctuations and market volatility. Given our reliance on external investment managers, weare also exposed to operational risks, which may include, but are not limited to, a failure of these managers to follow our investment policy guidelines, afailure to maintain proper internal controls, technological and staffing deficiencies and inadequate disaster recovery plans.Our investment portfolio consists almost completely of interest rate-sensitive instruments, such as bonds, which may be adversely affected by changes ininterest rates. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies and domestic and international economic andpolitical conditions and other factors beyond our control. Changes in interest rates could have an adverse effect on the value of our investment portfolio andfuture investment income. For example, changes in interest rates can expose us to prepayment risks on U.S. Government Agency mortgage-backed securities("Agency MBS") included in our investment portfolio (all Agency MBS are currently "AA+" rated by S&P). Increases in interest rates will decrease the fairmarket value of our investments in fixed-income securities. If increases in interest rates occur during periods when we sell investments to satisfy liquidityneeds, we may experience investment losses. In addition, a declining interest rate environment can result in reductions in our investment yield as new fundsand proceeds from sales and maturities of fixed income securities are reinvested at lower rates. This reduces our overall profitability.Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, inflation, domestic and international economic andpolitical conditions and other factors beyond our control. In order to limit our exposure to unexpected interest rate increases which would reduce the value ofour fixed income securities and reduce our shareholders' equity, we attempt to maintain the duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio combinedwith our cash and cash equivalents, both restricted and unrestricted, within a reasonable range of the duration of our loss reserves. At December 31, 2018 and2017, these respective durations in years were as follows:23For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017Fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents 4.2 4.4Reserve for loss and LAE 4.5 3.6The differential in duration between these assets and liabilities may fluctuate over time and in the case of fixed maturities, is affected by factors such asmarket conditions, asset allocations and prepayment speeds in the case of Agency MBS.We believe we have historically mitigated our exposure to liquidity risk through prudent duration management and strong operating cash flow. Ourbusiness has undergone significant changes in the last year. As previously noted, the Strategic Review has resulted in a series of transactions that havetransformed our operations and materially reduced the risk on our balance sheet. As a result of the transactions entered into from the Strategic Review, theCompany's gross and net premiums written will be materially lower in 2019 and investment income will become a significantly larger portion of ourrevenues. We believe this will significantly reduce our operating cash flow.However, we generally expect negative operating cash flows to be met or exceeded by positive investing cash flows. Overall, we expect our cash flows,together with our existing capital base and unrestricted cash and investments to be sufficient to meet cash requirements and to operate our business. Thereinsurance transaction we entered into with Enstar in 2019 will shorten the duration of our liabilities which in turn may require us to adjust the duration ofour fixed maturities which could lower our investment income. We also have very limited property catastrophe exposures which could cause an immediateneed for cash. However, if we do not structure our investment portfolio so that it is appropriately matched with our reinsurance liabilities or our operatingcash flow declines, we may be forced to liquidate investments prior to maturity at a significant loss to cover such liabilities. For this or any of the otherreasons discussed above, investment losses could significantly decrease our asset base, which would adversely affect our ability to conduct business. Anysignificant decline in our investment income would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.The determination of the fair values of our investments and whether a decline in the fair value of an investment is other-than-temporary are based onmanagement’s judgment and may prove to be incorrect.We hold a significant amount of assets without readily available, active, quoted market prices or for which fair value cannot be measured from activelyquoted prices. These assets are generally deemed to require a higher degree of judgment used in measuring fair value. The assumptions used by managementto measure fair values could turn out to be wrong and the actual amounts that may be realized in an orderly transaction with a willing market participantcould be either lower or higher than our estimates of fair value. We review our investment portfolio for factors that may indicate that a decline in the fairvalue of an investment is other-than-temporary. This evaluation is based on subjective factors, assumptions and estimates and may prove to be materiallyincorrect, which may result in us recognizing additional losses in the future as new information emerges or recognizing losses currently that may nevermaterialize in the future in an orderly transaction with a willing market participant.The availability and cost of security arrangements for reinsurance transactions may materially impact our ability to provide reinsurance from Bermuda toinsurers domiciled in the U.S.Maiden Bermuda is not licensed, approved or accredited as a reinsurer anywhere else except Mexico (approved until December 31, 2019), and, therefore,under the terms of most of its contracts with U.S. ceding companies, it is required to provide collateral to its ceding companies for unpaid ceded liabilities,including when our obligations to these ceding companies exceed negotiated amounts, in a form acceptable to state insurance commissioners. Typically, thistype of collateral takes the form of letters of credit issued by a bank, the establishment of a trust, or funds withheld. The amount of collateral we are requiredto provide typically represents a portion of the obligations we may owe the ceding company. Since we may be required to provide collateral based on theceding company's estimate, we may be obligated to provide collateral that exceeds our estimates of the ultimate liability to the ceding company. It is alsounclear what, if any, the impact would be in the event of the liquidation of a ceding company with which we have a collateral arrangement. If these facilitiesare unavailable, not sufficient or if we are unable to arrange for other types of security on commercially acceptable terms, Maiden Bermuda’s ability toprovide reinsurance to clients may be severely limited. At December 31, 2018, 93.4% of the collateral provided by Maiden Bermuda was in the form of trusts.We may be adversely impacted by inflation.Our operations, like those of other property and casualty insurers and reinsurers, are susceptible to the effects of inflation because premiums areestablished before the ultimate amounts of loss and LAE are known. Although we consider the potential effects of inflation when setting premium rates, ourpremiums may not fully offset the effects of inflation and essentially result in our underpricing the risks we insure and reinsure. Our reserve for loss and LAEincludes assumptions about future payments for settlement of claims and claims handling expenses, such as the value of replacing property and associatedlabor costs for the property business we write, the value of medical treatments and litigation costs. To the extent inflation causes these costs to increase abovereserves established for these claims, we will be required to increase our loss reserves with a corresponding reduction in our net income in the period in whichthe deficiency is identified, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.A decrease in the fair value of our subsidiaries may result in future impairments.The determination of impairments taken on our investments and loans varies by type of asset and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment ofknown and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new informationbecomes available. Management updates its evaluations regularly and reflects impairments in operations as such evaluations are revised. There can be noassurance that our management has accurately assessed the level of impairments taken in our financial statements. Furthermore, additional impairments mayneed to be taken in the future, which could materially impact our financial position or results of operations. Historical trends may not be indicative of futureimpairments.24RegulationOur regulatory capital position has significantly declined as a result of higher adverse prior year loss development leading to significant operating lossesand higher regulatory scrutiny. If we are unable to adequately improve our capital position, it could lead to regulatory restrictions and even higherscrutiny.We previously reported a breach of the ECR in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 9, 2018. We took actions disclosed inour Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 30, 2019 and March 4, 2019 to cure the ECR breach; however, there can be no assurance thatadditional actions that we may take to improve our capital position will be adequate or satisfactory to our regulators, the BMA, which may have a materialadverse effect on our business. There can also be no assurance that our ongoing discussions with the BMA regarding the formulation of our longer termbusiness plan, which requires the approval of the BMA for any new reinsurance business, will result in the required approval being granted.Compliance by our insurance subsidiaries with the legal and regulatory requirements to which they are subject is expensive. Any failure to comply couldhave a material adverse effect on our business.Our insurance subsidiaries are required to comply with a wide variety of laws and regulations applicable to insurance or reinsurance companies, both inthe jurisdictions in which they are organized and where they sell their insurance and reinsurance products. The insurance and regulatory environment, inparticular for offshore insurance and reinsurance companies, has become subject to increased scrutiny in many jurisdictions, including the U.S., various stateswithin the U.S. and the EU. In the past, there have been Congressional and other initiatives in the U.S. regarding increased supervision and regulation of theinsurance industry. It is not possible to predict the future impact of changes in laws and regulations on our operations. The cost of complying with any newlegal requirements affecting our subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on our business.In addition, our subsidiaries may not always be able to obtain or maintain necessary licenses, permits, authorizations or accreditations. They also may notbe able to fully comply with, or to obtain appropriate exemptions from, the laws and regulations applicable to them. Any failure to comply with applicablelaw or to obtain appropriate exemptions could result in restrictions on either the ability of the company in question, as well as potentially its affiliates, to dobusiness in one or more of the jurisdictions in which they operate or on brokers on which we rely to produce business for us. In addition, any such failure tocomply with applicable laws or to obtain appropriate exemptions could result in the imposition of fines or other sanctions. Any of these sanctions could havea material adverse effect on our business. To date, no fine, penalty or restriction has been imposed on us for failure to comply with any insurance law orregulation.Insurance statutes and regulations in jurisdictions outside and inside the U.S. could affect our profitability and restrict our ability to operate.Maiden Bermuda is licensed as a Bermuda insurance company and is subject to regulation and supervision in Bermuda. The applicable Bermuda statutesand regulations generally are designed to protect insureds and ceding insurance companies, not our shareholders. Nevertheless, we expect that any grosspremiums written by Maiden Bermuda will be derived from reinsurance contracts entered into with entities mostly domiciled in the U.S. and Europe.Inquiries into or challenges to the insurance activities of Maiden Bermuda may still be raised by U.S. or European insurance regulators in the future.In addition, even if Maiden Bermuda, as a reinsurer, is not directly regulated by applicable laws and regulations governing insurance in the jurisdictionswhere its ceding companies operate, these laws and regulations, and changes in them, can affect the profitability of the business that is ceded to MaidenBermuda, and thereby affect our results of operations. The laws and regulations applicable to direct insurers could indirectly affect us in other ways as well,such as collateral requirements in various U.S. states to enable such insurers to receive credit for reinsurance ceded to us.In the past, there have been Congressional and other proposals in the U.S. regarding increased supervision and regulation of the insurance industry,including proposals to supervise and regulate reinsurers domiciled outside the U.S. Our exposure to potential regulatory initiatives could be heightened bythe fact that Maiden Bermuda is intended to be domiciled in, and operate exclusively from, Bermuda. Bermuda is a small jurisdiction and may bedisadvantaged when participating in global or cross-border regulatory matters compared with larger jurisdictions such as the U.S. or the leading EU countries.If Maiden Bermuda were to become subject to any insurance laws and regulations of the U.S. or any U.S. state, which are generally more restrictive thanBermuda laws and regulations, at any time in the future, it might be required to post deposits or maintain minimum surplus levels and might be prohibitedfrom engaging in lines of business or from writing specified types of policies or contracts. Complying with those laws could have a material adverse effect onour ability to conduct business and on our financial condition and results of operations.In recent years, the state insurance regulatory framework in the U.S. has come under increased federal scrutiny, and some state legislatures haveconsidered or enacted laws that may alter or increase state authority to regulate insurance and reinsurance companies and insurance holding companies.Further, the NAIC and state insurance regulators are re-examining existing laws and regulations, specifically focusing on modifications to holding companyregulations, interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws. Any proposed or future legislation or NAIC initiatives may be more restrictivethan current regulatory requirements or may result in higher costs.The BMA utilizes risk-based capital standards for insurance companies as a tool to assist the BMA both in measuring risk and in determining appropriatelevels of capitalization. The amended Bermuda insurance statutes and regulations pursuant to the new risk-based supervisory approach required additionalfilings by insurers to be made to the BMA. The required statutory capital and surplus of our Bermuda-based operating subsidiary increased under the BSCR.The statutory credit afforded to certain aspects of our capital may change in the future.The components of our capital fall within various categories under Bermuda’s and other regulatory capital regimes, including Solvency II in Europe. Eachof these categories is afforded different treatment and this treatment may change in the future. For25example, the BMA has determined that our outstanding Senior Notes constitute Tier 2 capital through January 1, 2026 and our Series D Preference Sharesconstitute Tier 3 through January 1, 2026. Subsequent to that date in Bermuda, or at any time under another regulatory capital regime, these notes may notmeet the requirements necessary to qualify as Tier 2 capital. It is possible also that the BMA’s regulatory capital framework will be amended or replaced inthe future and there is no assurance that the notes will continue to qualify as Tier 2 Capital or basic own funds under any amended or replacement framework.If any of our capital fails to receive the treatment it does today, we may be required to raise additional capital that would be afforded the necessary treatmentunder the applicable regulatory capital regime. Any such capital raised would be subject to market and other conditions, and there can be no assurance thatwe would be able to raise such capital when needed.EuropeWithin the EU, the EU Reinsurance Directive of November 2005 (the "Directive") was adopted. Member states of the EU ("Member States") and theEuropean Economic Area ("EEA") were required to implement this by December 2007, however, several Member States were late in the implementation of theDirective and, in a few cases, further legislation is still necessary. The Directive requires member countries to lift barriers to trade within the EU for companiesthat are domiciled in an EU country, therefore, allowing reinsurers established in the EU to provide services to all EEA states. As a result, Maiden LF, beingestablished in Sweden and regulated by the Swedish Finansinspektionen ("Swedish FSA"), is able, subject to regulatory notifications and there being noobjection from the Swedish FSA and the Member States concerned, to provide insurance and reinsurance services in all EEA Member States.The Directivealso does not prohibit EEA insurers from obtaining reinsurance from reinsurers licensed outside the EEA. As such, and subject to the specific rules inparticular Member States, Maiden Bermuda may do business from Bermuda with insurers in EEA Member States, but it may not directly operate itsreinsurance business within the EEA. Currently, each individual EEA Member State may impose conditions on reinsurance provided by Bermuda basedreinsurers which could restrict their future provision of reinsurance to the EEA Member State concerned. A number of EEA Member States currently restrictthe extent to which Bermudian reinsurers may promote their services in those Member States, and a few have certain prohibitions on the purchase ofinsurance from reinsurers not authorized in the EEA.Solvency II was adopted by the European Parliament in April 2009. The EU’s executive body, the European Commission ("EC") approvedimplementation of Solvency II with an effective start date of January 1, 2016. Solvency II is a principles-based regulatory regime which seeks to promotefinancial stability, enhance transparency and facilitate harmonization among insurance and reinsurance companies within the EU. Solvency II employs a risk-based approach to setting capital requirements for insurers and reinsurers. The Solvency II directive proposes that EU and non-EU reinsurers shall be treatedin the same way provided that the non-EU jurisdiction is found to have a regulatory regime "equivalent" to that of Solvency II. Our reinsurance subsidiariesare headquartered in non-EU countries. If the regulatory regimes of such countries are found not to be equivalent to that of Solvency II and if our reinsurancesubsidiaries fall below a certain minimum credit rating, then cedants in the EU may be prevented from recognizing the reinsurance provided to them by ourreinsurance subsidiaries for the purpose of meeting their capital requirements or we may be required to provide additional collateral for our obligations to EUinsurers. On November 26, 2015, the EC assessed the regulatory regime in Bermuda as being fully equivalent to Solvency II which was subsequentlyconfirmed following a three month review period by the EC.United StatesIn the U.S., licensed reinsurers are highly regulated and must comply with financial supervision standards comparable to those governing primaryinsurers. For additional discussion of the regulatory requirements to which Maiden Holdings, as a holding company, and its subsidiaries are subject, see Item1 "Business — Regulatory Matters" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Any failure to comply with applicable laws could result in the imposition ofsignificant restrictions on our ability to do business, and could also result in fines and other sanctions, any or all of which could materially adversely affectour financial condition and results of operations. In addition, these statutes and regulations may, in effect, restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to write newbusiness or, as indicated below, distribute funds to Maiden Holdings. In recent years, some U.S. state legislatures have considered or enacted laws that mayalter or increase state authority to regulate insurance companies and insurance holding companies. Moreover, the NAIC and state insurance regulatorsregularly re-examine existing laws and regulations and interpretations of existing laws and develop new laws. The new interpretations or laws may be morerestrictive or may result in higher costs to us than current statutory requirements.In addition, the federal government has undertaken initiatives, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank"), in several areas that may impact the reinsurance industry, including tort reform, corporate governance and the taxation of reinsurance companies.Dodd-Frank became effective on July 21, 2011. In addition to introducing sweeping reform of the U.S. financial services industry, Dodd-Frank has changedthe regulation of reinsurance in the U.S. Dodd-Frank prohibits a state from denying credit for reinsurance if the state of domicile of the insurer purchasing thereinsurance recognizes credit for reinsurance. At present, it appears the changes specific to reinsurance in Dodd-Frank will not have a material adverse effectfor non-U.S. reinsurers such as us, however, there is still significant uncertainty as to how these and other provisions of Dodd-Frank will be implemented inpractice.Applicable insurance laws regarding the change of control of insurance companies may limit the acquisition of our shares.Under Bermuda law, for so long as Maiden Holdings has an insurance subsidiary registered under the Insurance Act, the BMA may at any time, by writtennotice, object to a person holding 10% or more of its common shares if it appears to the BMA that the person is not or is no longer fit and proper to be such aholder. In such a case, the BMA may require the shareholder to reduce its holding of common shares in Maiden Holdings and direct, among other things, thatsuch shareholder’s voting rights attaching to the common shares shall not be exercisable. A person who does not comply with such a notice or direction fromthe BMA will be guilty of an offense and shall be liable if convicted on indictment, to a fine of $0.1 million and/or two years in prison. In addition, a personholding 10% or more of the company’s common shares is not permitted to reduce or dispose of its holdings such that the proportion of the voting rights heldby the shareholder will reach or fall below 10%, 20%, 33% or 50%, as the case may be, unless that shareholder has served on the BMA a notice in writing thatit intends to do so. A person who has reduced or disposed of his26holding in the company, where the proportion of the voting rights held by him will have reached or has fallen below 10%, 20%, 33% or 50%, as the case maybe, without notifying the BMA of their intention to do so will be guilty of an offense. This may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay,deter or prevent a change of control of our Company, including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of ourshareholders might consider to be desirable.Changes in accounting principles and financial reporting requirements could result in material changes to our reported results of operations and financialcondition.U.S. GAAP and related financial reporting requirements are complex, continually evolving and may be subject to varied interpretation by the relevantauthoritative bodies. Such varied interpretations could result from differing views related to specific facts and circumstances. Changes in U.S. GAAP andfinancial reporting requirements, or in the interpretation of U.S. GAAP or those requirements, could result in material changes to our reported results andfinancial condition.Legislation enacted in Bermuda in response to the European Union’s review of harmful tax competition could adversely affect our operations.During 2017, the EU Economic and Financial Affairs Council (“ECOFIN”) released a list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes. The stated aimof this list, and accompanying report, was to promote good governance worldwide in order to maximize efforts to prevent tax fraud and tax evasion. Bermudawas not on the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, but did feature in the report (along with approximately 40 other jurisdictions) as having committed toaddress concerns relating to economic substance by December 31, 2018. In accordance with that commitment, Bermuda has enacted legislation that requirescertain entities in Bermuda engaged in “relevant activities” to maintain a substantial economic presence in Bermuda and to satisfy economic substancerequirements. The list of “relevant activities” includes carrying on as a business in any one or more of: banking, insurance, fund management, financing,leasing, headquarters, shipping, distribution and service center, intellectual property and holding entities. Any entity that must satisfy economic substancerequirements but fails to do so could face automatic disclosure to competent authorities in the EU of the information filed by the entity with the BermudaRegistrar of Companies in connection with the economic substance requirements and may also face financial penalties, restriction or regulation of itsbusiness activities and/or may be struck off as a registered entity in Bermuda.Corporate Governance and Risks Related to an Investment in our SecuritiesOur holding company structure and certain regulatory and other constraints affect our ability to pay dividends and make other payments.Maiden Holdings is a holding company. As a result, we do not have, and will not have, any significant operations or assets other than our ownership of theshares of our subsidiaries. We expect that dividends and other permitted distributions from Maiden Bermuda, Maiden Global (and its subsidiaries), MaidenLF, Maiden GF and Maiden NA (and its subsidiaries) will be our sole source of funds to pay dividends to common and preference shareholders and meetongoing cash requirements, including debt service payments, if any, and other expenses. The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends in an amountsufficient to enable us to meet our cash requirements at the holding company level could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditionand results of operations. We are also subject to Bermuda regulatory constraints that affect our ability to pay dividends on our shares and make otherpayments. Under the Bermuda Companies Act, we may declare or pay a dividend out of distributable reserves only if we have reasonable grounds forbelieving that we are, or would after the payment be, able to pay our liabilities as they become due and if the realizable value of our assets would thereby notbe less than our liabilities. We have voluntarily undertaken with the BMA not to make any capital distribution of any kind out of any Bermudaentity. Additionally, as part of our effort to improve our capital ratios and adequacy, we have voluntarily undertaken with the BMA to not make any capitaldistributions or voluntarily redeem the 2013 Senior Notes without its prior written approval.The timing and amount of any cash dividends on our common and preference shares are at the discretion of the Board and will depend upon result ofoperations and cash flows, our financial position and capital requirements, and any other factors that our Board deems relevant. Our Board did not declaredividends on the Preference Shares for the December 1, 2018 and March 1, 2019 dividend dates and there can be no assurance that the authorization anddeclaration of dividends on the Preference Shares will resume in the near future.Our common stock may be at risk for delisting from the NASDAQ Global Select Market in the future. Delisting could adversely affect the liquidity of ourcommon stock and the market price of our common stock could decrease.Our common stock is currently listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market ("NASDAQ"). NASDAQ has minimum requirements that a company mustmeet in order to remain listed on NASDAQ. These requirements include maintaining a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share. Recently, the closingprices of our common stock has been below $1.00 per share, and there can be no assurance that we will continue to meet this, or any other, requirement in thefuture, and, if we do not, it is possible that NASDAQ may notify us that we have failed to meet the minimum listing requirements and initiate the delistingprocess. If our common stock were to be delisted, the liquidity of our common stock would be adversely affected and the market price of our common stockcould decrease further.In addition, if delisted, we would no longer be subject to NASDAQ rules, including rules requiring us to have a certain number of independent directorsand to meet other corporate governance standards. Our failure to be listed on NASDAQ or another established securities market would have a material adverseeffect on the value of your investment in us.The Preference Shares are equity and are subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities.The Preference Shares are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness. As such, the Preference Shares will rank junior to all of our indebtednessand other non-equity claims of our creditors with respect to assets available to satisfy the claims during liquidation. At December 31, 2018, our totalconsolidated debt, net of issuance cost was $254.7 million and our total consolidated liabilities were $4.7 billion. We may incur additional debt andliabilities in the future. Our existing and future indebtedness may27restrict payments of dividends on the Preference Shares. Additionally, unlike indebtedness, where principal and interest would customarily be payable onspecified due dates, in the case of preference shares, dividends are payable only if declared by our Board (or a duly authorized committee of the Board).We have risks related to the Company’s Senior Notes.Maiden NA issued the 2013 Senior Notes in the principal amount of $152.5 million, all of which is currently outstanding and is subject to a guarantee byMaiden Holdings. Maiden Holdings has issued the 2016 Senior Notes in the principal amount of $110.0 million, all of which is currently outstanding (the2016 Senior Notes collectively with the 2013 Senior Notes, the "Senior Notes"). If we are unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating andinvestment activities, our ability to pay our obligations on our Senior Notes could be adversely affected.We may also incur additional indebtedness in the future. The level of debt outstanding could adversely affect our financial flexibility. Our indebtednesscould have adverse consequences, including:•limiting our ability to pay dividends to our common and preference shareholders;•limiting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends;•increasing our vulnerability to changing economic, regulatory and industry conditions;•limiting our ability to compete and our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry;•limiting our ability to borrow additional funds;•requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, thereby, reducing funds available forworking capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other purposes; and•impacting rating agencies and regulators assessment of our capital position, adequacy and flexibility and therefore, the financial strength ratings ofrating agencies and regulators assessment of our solvency.A few significant shareholders may influence or control the direction of our business. If the ownership of our common shares continues to be highlyconcentrated, it may limit your ability and the ability of other shareholders to influence significant corporate decisions.The interests of our significant shareholders may not be fully aligned with our interests, and this may lead to a strategy that is not in our best interest.Although they do not have any voting agreements or arrangements, our Founding Shareholders could exercise significant influence over matters requiringshareholder approval, and their concentrated holdings may delay or deter possible changes in control of Maiden Holdings, which may reduce the marketprice of our common shares.Dividends on the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares are non-cumulative.Dividends on the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares are non-cumulative and payable only out of lawfully available funds of the Companyunder Bermuda law. Consequently, if our Board (or a duly authorized committee of the Board) does not authorize and declare a dividend for any dividendperiod with respect to the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares, holders of the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares would not beentitled to receive any such dividend, and such unpaid dividend will not accumulate and will never be payable. We will have no obligation to pay dividendsfor a dividend period on or after the dividend payment date for such period if the Board (or a duly authorized committee of the Board) has not declared suchdividend before the related dividend payment date. If dividends on the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares are authorized and declared withrespect to any subsequent dividend period, we will be free to pay dividends on any other series of preference shares and/or our common shares.Under Bermuda law, we will not be permitted to pay dividends on the Preference Shares (even if such dividends have been previously declared) if thereare reasonable grounds for believing that we are, or would after the payment be, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due; or the realizable value ofour assets would thereby be less than our liabilities or that we are or would after such payment be in breach of the Insurance Act, Insurance (PrudentialStandards) Class 4 and Class 3B Solvency Requirement Rules 2008, the Insurance (Prudential Standards) (Insurance Group Solvency Requirement) Rules2011, including the enhanced capital requirement or the group enhanced capital requirement contained within such rules or under such other applicable rulesand regulations as may from time to time be issued by the BMA (or any successor agency or then-applicable regulatory authority) pursuant to the terms of theInsurance Act, or any successor legislation.Our Board did not declare dividends on the Preference Shares for the December 1, 2018 and March 1, 2019 dividend dates and there can be no assurancethat the authorization and declaration of dividends on the Preference Shares will resume in the near future.Voting Rights for Shareholders of Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares may be invoked.Currently, the holders of the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares have no voting rights. Whenever dividends on any Series A, Series C andSeries D Preference Shares have not been declared and paid for the equivalent of six or more dividend periods, whether or not for consecutive dividendperiods (a “nonpayment event”), the holders of the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares will be entitled to vote for the election of a total of twoadditional members of the Board of Maiden Holdings (the “preference shares directors”), provided that the election of any such directors shall not cause us toviolate the corporate governance requirement of any exchange, on which our securities may be listed or quoted, that listed or quoted companies must have amajority of independent directors. In that event, the new directors shall be elected at a special meeting called at the request of the holders of record of at least20% of the aggregate voting power of the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares (unless such request is received less than 90 days before the datefixed for the next annual or special meeting of the shareholders28of Maiden Holdings, in which event such election shall be held at such next annual or special meeting of shareholders, and at each subsequent annualmeeting.Our Board did not authorize or declare a dividend for the most recent dividend periods December 1, 2018 and March 1, 2019 with respect to the Series A,Series C and Series D Preference Shares. Therefore, the voting rights discussed above may be invoked if our Board does not authorize any such dividendswith respect to Preference Shares for four additional dividend periods, whether or not for consecutive dividend periods. There can be no assurance as to theimpact on the Company's operations should the election of such additional board members occur.Our revenues and results of operations may fluctuate as a result of factors beyond our control, which may cause the price of our shares to be volatile.The revenues and results of operations of reinsurance companies historically have been subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties. Ourprofitability can be affected significantly by:•fluctuations in interest rates, inflationary pressures and other changes in the investment environment that affect returns on invested assets;•changes in the frequency or severity of claims;•volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made, weather-related and other natural catastrophes or terrorist attacks;•price competition;•inadequate loss and LAE reserves;•cyclical nature of the property and casualty insurance market; and•negative developments in the specialty property and casualty reinsurance sectors in which we operate.These factors may cause the price of the Company's shares to be volatile.The market price for our ordinary shares has been and may continue to be highly volatile, and if there is a further sustained decline in our share price therecould be limited liquidity for our ordinary shares.The market price for our ordinary shares has fluctuated significantly. Future sales of our common shares by our shareholders or us, or the perception thatsuch sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common shares. As of March 8, 2019, 82,957,895 common shares were outstanding. Inaddition, we have reserved 10,000,000 common shares for issuance under our Amended and Restated 2007 Share Incentive Plan. As of March 8, 2019, thetotal options outstanding was 552,749 and the total restricted shares outstanding was 303,058. Sales of substantial amounts of our shares, or the perceptionthat such sales could occur, could adversely affect the prevailing price of the shares and may make it more difficult for us to sell our equity securities in thefuture, or for shareholders to sell their shares, at a time and price that they deem appropriate.Provisions in our bye-laws may reduce or increase the voting rights of our shares.In general, and except as provided under our bye-laws and as provided below, the common shareholders have one vote for each common share held bythem and are entitled to vote, on a non-cumulative basis, at all meetings of shareholders. However, if, and so long as, the shares of a shareholder are treated as"controlled shares" (as determined pursuant to Sections 957 and 958 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "IRS Code")) of any U.S. Person(as that term is defined in the risk factors under the section captioned "Taxation" within this Item on page 35 that owns shares directly or indirectly throughnon-U.S. entities) and such controlled shares constitute 9.5% or more of the votes conferred by our issued shares, the voting rights with respect to thecontrolled shares owned by such U.S. Person will be limited, in the aggregate, to a voting power of less than 9.5%, under a formula specified in our bye-laws.The formula is applied repeatedly until the voting power of all 9.5% U.S. Shareholders has been reduced to less than 9.5%. In addition, our Board may limit ashareholder’s voting rights when it deems it appropriate to do so to (i) avoid the existence of any 9.5% U.S. Shareholder; and (ii) avoid certain materialadverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences to us, to any of our subsidiaries or any direct or indirect shareholder or its affiliates. "Controlled shares" include,among other things, all shares that a U.S. Person is deemed to own directly, indirectly or constructively (within the meaning of section 958 of the IRS Code).The amount of any reduction of votes that occurs by operation of the above limitations will generally be reallocated proportionately among our othershareholders whose shares were not "controlled shares" of the 9.5% U.S. Shareholder so long as such reallocation does not cause any person to become a 9.5%U.S. Shareholder.Under these provisions, certain shareholders may have their voting rights limited, while other shareholders may have voting rights in excess of one voteper share. Moreover, these provisions could have the effect of reducing the votes of certain shareholders who would not otherwise be subject to the 9.5%limitation by virtue of their direct share ownership.We are authorized under our bye-laws to request information from any shareholder for the purpose of determining whether a shareholder’s voting rightsare to be reallocated under the bye-laws. If any holder fails to respond to this request or submits incomplete or inaccurate information, we may, in our solediscretion, eliminate or adjust the shareholder’s voting rights.Anti-takeover provisions in our bye-laws could impede an attempt to replace or remove our directors, which could diminish the value of our commonshares.Our bye-laws contain provisions that may entrench directors and make it more difficult for shareholders to replace directors even if the shareholdersconsider it beneficial to do so. In addition, these provisions could delay or prevent a change of control that a shareholder might consider favorable. Forexample, these provisions may prevent a shareholder from receiving the benefit from any premium over the market price of our common shares offered by abidder in a potential takeover. Even in the absence29of an attempt to effect a change in management or a takeover attempt, these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common sharesif they are viewed as discouraging changes in management and takeover attempts in the future.Examples of provisions in our bye-laws that could have such an effect include the following:•our Board may reduce the total voting power of any shareholder to avoid adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences to us or any direct or indirectholder of our shares or its affiliates; and•our Board may, in their discretion, decline to record the transfer of any common shares on our share register, if they are not satisfied that all requiredregulatory approvals for such transfer have been obtained or if they determine such transfer may result in a non-de minimis adverse tax, legal orregulatory consequence to us or any direct or indirect holder of shares or its affiliates.It may be difficult for a third party to acquire us.Provisions of our organizational documents may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, amalgamation, tender offer or other change of control that holdersof our shares may consider favorable. These provisions impose various procedural and other requirements that could make it more difficult for shareholders toeffect various corporate actions. These provisions could:•have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us;•discourage bids for our securities at a premium over the market price;•adversely affect the price of, and the voting and other rights of the holders of our securities; or•impede the ability of the holders of our securities to change our management.U.S. persons who own our shares may have more difficulty in protecting their interests than U.S. persons who are shareholders of a U.S. corporation.The Companies Act, which applies to us, differs in certain material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Asa result of these differences, U.S. persons who own our shares may have more difficulty protecting their interests than U.S. persons who own shares of a U.S.corporation. Set forth below is a summary of certain significant provisions of the Companies Act, including modifications adopted pursuant to our bye-laws,applicable to us which differ in certain respects from provisions of Delaware corporate law. Because the following statements are summaries, they do notdiscuss all aspects of Bermuda law that may be relevant to us and our shareholders.Interested Directors. Bermuda law provides that if a director has a personal interest in a transaction to which the company is also a party and if the directordiscloses the nature of this personal interest at the first opportunity, either at a meeting of directors or in writing to the directors, then the company will not beable to declare the transaction void solely due to the existence of that personal interest and the director will not be liable to the company for any profitrealized from the transaction. In addition, Bermuda law and our bye-laws provide that, after a director has made the declaration of interest referred to above,he is allowed to be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present and to vote on a transaction in which he has an interest, unlessdisqualified from doing so by the chairman of the relevant board meeting. Under Delaware law, such transaction would not be voidable if:•the material facts as to such interested director’s relationship or interests are disclosed or are known to the board of directors and the board in goodfaith authorizes the transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested directors;•such material facts are disclosed or are known to the shareholders entitled;•to vote on such transaction and the transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the majority of shares entitled to vote thereon; or•the transaction is fair as to the corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified.Under Delaware law, such interested director could be held liable for a transaction in which such director derived an improper personal benefit.Mergers and Similar Arrangements. The amalgamation or merger of a Bermuda company with another company or corporation (other than certainaffiliated companies) requires the amalgamation agreement to be approved by the company’s board of directors and by its shareholders. Under our bye-laws,we may, with the approval of a majority of votes cast at a general meeting of our shareholders at which a quorum is present, amalgamate or merge withanother Bermuda company or with a body incorporated outside Bermuda. In the case of an amalgamation or merger, a shareholder that did not vote in favourof the amalgamation or merger may apply to a Bermuda court for a proper valuation of such shareholder’s shares if such shareholder is not satisfied that fairvalue has been paid for such shares. Under Delaware law, with certain exceptions, a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all the assets of acorporation must be approved by the board of directors and a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote thereon. Under Delaware law, a shareholderof a corporation participating in certain major corporate transactions may, under certain circumstances, be entitled to appraisal rights pursuant to which suchshareholder may receive cash in the amount of the fair value of the shares held by such shareholder (as determined by a court) in lieu of the considerationsuch shareholder would otherwise receive in the transaction.Shareholders’ Suit. The rights of shareholders under Bermuda law are not as extensive as the rights of shareholders under legislation or judicial precedentin many U.S. jurisdictions. Class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under the laws of Bermuda. However, the Bermudacourts ordinarily would be expected to follow English case law precedent, which would permit a shareholder to commence an action in the name of thecompany to remedy a wrong done to the company where the act complained of is alleged to be beyond the corporate power of the company, is illegal orwould result in the violation of our memorandum of association or bye-laws. Furthermore, consideration would be given by the court to acts that30are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of our shareholders thanactually approved it. The winning party in such an action generally would be able to recover a portion of attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with suchaction. Our bye-laws provide that shareholders waive all claims or rights of action that they might have, individually or in the right of the company, againstany director or officer for any act or failure to act in the performance of such director’s or officer’s duties, except with respect to any fraud or dishonesty ofsuch director or officer. Class actions and derivative actions generally are available to shareholders under Delaware law for, among other things, breach offiduciary duty, corporate waste and actions not taken in accordance with applicable law. In such actions, the court has discretion to permit the winning partyto recover attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with such action.Indemnification of Directors. We may indemnify our directors or officers in their capacity as directors or officers of any loss arising or liability attachingto them by virtue of any rule of law in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust of which a director or officer may be guilty inrelation to the company other than in respect of his or her own fraud or dishonesty. Under Delaware law, a corporation may indemnify a director or officer ofthe corporation against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred in defense ofan action, suit or proceeding by reason of such position if such director or officer acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in ornot opposed to the best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, such director or officer had no reasonable cause tobelieve his or her conduct was unlawful. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers.We are a Bermuda company and it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against us or our directors and executive officers.We are incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and our business is based in Bermuda. In addition, most of our directors and officers reside outsideBermuda and a substantial portion of our assets will be and the assets of these persons are, and will continue to be, located in jurisdictions outside Bermuda.As such, it may be difficult or impossible to effect service of process within the U.S. upon us or those persons or to recover against us or them on judgments ofU.S. courts, including judgments predicated upon civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Further, no claim may be brought in Bermudaagainst us or our directors and officers in the first instance for violation of U.S. federal securities laws because these laws have no extraterritorial jurisdictionunder Bermuda law and do not have force of law in Bermuda. A Bermuda court may, however, impose civil liability, including the possibility of monetarydamages, on us or our directors and officers if the facts alleged in a complaint constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Bermuda law.We have been previously advised by Conyers Dill & Pearman Limited, our Bermuda counsel, that there is doubt as to whether the courts of Bermudawould enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our directors and officers, as well as the experts named in this Report, predicatedupon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or original actions brought in Bermuda against us or these persons predicated solely uponU.S. federal securities laws. Further, we have been advised by Conyers Dill & Pearman Limited that there is no treaty in effect between the U.S. and Bermudaproviding for the enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, and there are grounds upon which Bermuda courts may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Someremedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including some remedies available under the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be allowed inBermuda courts as contrary to that jurisdiction’s public policy. Because judgments of U.S. courts are not automatically enforceable in Bermuda, it may bedifficult for you to recover against us based upon such judgments.Relationship with AmTrustTermination of the Quota Share Agreements with AmTrust is expected to result in a significant reduction in our future revenues and create significantuncertainty for sources of future liquidity.Effective January 1, 2019, we, through our subsidiary Maiden Bermuda, amended the AmTrust Quota Share that is currently in-force and set to expire onJune 30, 2019. The amendment provided for the cut-off of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small Commercial Business, comprisingworkers’ compensation, general liability, umbrella liability, professional liability (including cyber liability) insurance coverages, and U.S. Specialty Risk andExtended Warranty ("Terminated Business") as of December 31, 2018. The amendment resulted in Maiden Bermuda returning approximately $716.1 millionin unearned premium to AII, which nets to approximately $480.0 million after consideration of ceding commission and brokerage. On or before May 30,2019, Maiden Bermuda shall report to AII the actual unearned premium applicable to the Terminated Business as of December 31, 2018. In the event thatactual unearned premium exceeds the estimated unearned premium, Maiden Bermuda shall return assets to AII in an amount equal to the difference bytransfer of certain assets held in trust. In the event that the estimated unearned premium exceeds the actual unearned premium, AII shall return the differenceto Maiden Bermuda by designating assets in an amount equal to the difference as collateral.On January 30, 2019, we, through our subsidiary Maiden Bermuda, and AmTrust, through its subsidiaries AII, AEL and AIU DAC, agreed to terminate on arun-off basis (i) the AmTrust Quota Share between Maiden Bermuda and AII, originally entered into on July 1, 2007 by which AII retrocedes to MaidenBermuda certain lines of business assumed by AII from certain of AmTrust’s U.S., Irish and U.K. insurance company subsidiaries; and (ii) the EuropeanHospital Liabilty Quota Share among Maiden Bermuda, AEL and AIU DAC, originally entered into on April 1, 2011, by which AEL cedes 20% and AIUDAC cedes 40% to Maiden Bermuda of AmTrust’s European medical liability business. Each termination was effective as of January 1, 2019.This will result in a significant reduction in revenues for the foreseeable future and our financial condition could be adversely affected. As a result of thisloss of revenue, we will need to rely on unrestricted cash from operations and our returns on investments to fund our operations, maintain liquidity and meetour financial obligations and capital allocation priorities. While we believe we have sufficient sources to meet these obligations, deterioration in our resultsof operations or other adverse financial events could impact our ability to continue meeting these obligations.31Our initial arrangements with AmTrust were negotiated while we were its affiliate. The arrangements could be challenged as not reflecting terms that wewould agree to in arm’s-length negotiations with an independent third party; moreover, our business relationship with AmTrust and its subsidiaries maypresent, and may make us vulnerable to, possible adverse tax consequences, difficult conflicts of interest, and legal claims that we have not acted in thebest interest of our shareholders.We entered into a quota share agreement with AII, which reinsures AmTrust’s insurance company subsidiaries, and a Master Agreement with AmTrust,pursuant to which Maiden Bermuda entered into the quota share agreement. Because (i) Leah Karfunkel (wife of Michael Karfunkel), George Karfunkel andBarry Zyskind (the Company's non-executive chairman) collectively own or control approximately 53.9% of the outstanding common shares of EvergreenParent GP, LLC, the ultimate parent of AmTrust, (ii) our Founding Shareholders sponsored our formation, and (iii) based on each individual's most recentpublic filing as of December 31, 2018, Leah Karfunkel owns or controls approximately 8.2% of the outstanding shares of the Company and Barry Zyskindowns or controls approximately 7.7% of the outstanding shares of the Company, we may be deemed to be an affiliate of AmTrust. George Karfunkel nowowns or controls less than 5.0% of the outstanding shares of the Company based on his most recent public filings. Due to our close business relationship withAmTrust, we may be presented with situations involving conflicts of interest with respect to the agreements and other arrangements we will enter into withAmTrust and its subsidiaries, exposing us to possible claims that we have not acted in the best interest of our shareholders. The arrangements between us andAmTrust were modified after they were originally entered into and there could be future modifications.Our non-executive Chairman of the Board currently holds the positions of President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of AmTrust. These dualpositions may present, and make us vulnerable to, difficult conflicts of interest and related legal challenges.Barry Zyskind, our non-executive Chairman of the Board, is the President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of AmTrust and, as such,he does not serve our Company on a full-time basis. Mr. Zyskind is expected to continue in both of his positions for the foreseeable future. Conflicts ofinterest could arise with respect to business opportunities that could be advantageous to AmTrust or its subsidiaries, on the one hand, and us or oursubsidiary, on the other hand. In addition, potential conflicts of interest may arise should the interests of the Company and AmTrust diverge. However, theAudit Committee of our Board, which consists entirely of independent directors, does review and approve all related party transactions.Collateral has been provided to AmTrust, AII and AEL in the form of trusts, funds withheld, letters of credit and a loan.As a result of our use of trust accounts, funds withheld, letters of credit and a loan, a substantial portion of our assets will not be available to us for otheruses, which could reduce our financial flexibility and could impact our ability to fulfill our obligations in certain circumstances. If further collateral isrequired to be provided to any other AmTrust subsidiaries under applicable law or regulatory requirements, Maiden Bermuda will provide collateral to theextent required. At December 31, 2018, $4.1 billion was provided as collateral to AmTrust, AII and AEL in the form of trusts, letters of credit and a loan.In January 2019, as part of the amendment to the AmTrust Quota Share noted above, the Company transferred cash and investments totaling $575.0million to AmTrust from existing trust accounts used for collateral on the AmTrust Quota Share to a Funds Withheld arrangement, which is permittedcollateral under the AmTrust Quota Share. The amended agreement specifies an annual interest rate of 3.5% on Funds Withheld and is subject to annualadjustment under criteria established in the amendment. The interest credited shall be calculated based on the average daily withheld funds balance for thesubject calendar quarter.Maiden Bermuda is not a party to the reinsurance agreements between AII and AmTrust’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries or the related reinsurance trustagreements and has no rights thereunder. If one or more of these AmTrust subsidiaries withdraws Maiden Bermuda’s assets from their trust account ormisapplies withheld funds that are due to Maiden Bermuda and that subsidiary is or becomes insolvent, we believe it may be more difficult for MaidenBermuda to recover any such amounts to which we are entitled than it would be if Maiden Bermuda had entered into reinsurance and trust agreements withthese AmTrust subsidiaries directly. AII has agreed to immediately return to Maiden Bermuda any collateral provided by Maiden Bermuda that one of thosesubsidiaries improperly utilizes or retains, and AmTrust has agreed to guarantee AII’s repayment obligation and AII’s payment obligations under its loanagreement with Maiden Bermuda. We are subject to the risk that AII and/or AmTrust may be unable or unwilling to discharge these obligations.International OperationsOur offices that operate in jurisdictions outside Bermuda and the U.S. are subject to certain limitations and risks that are unique to foreign operations.Our international operations are regulated in various jurisdictions with respect to licensing requirements, currency, reserves, employees and other matters.International operations may be harmed by political developments in foreign countries, which may be hard to predict in advance. Regulations governingtechnical reserves and remittance balances in some countries may hinder remittance of profits and repatriation of assets.Foreign currency fluctuations may reduce our net income and our capital levels adversely affecting our financial condition.We conduct business in a variety of non-U.S. currencies, the principal exposures being the euro, the British pound, the Canadian dollar and the Swedishkrona. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are exposed to changes in currency exchange rates. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar,and exchange rate fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar may materially impact our results of operations and financial position. Our principal exposure toforeign currency risk is our obligation to settle claims in foreign currencies. In addition, we maintain and expect to continue to maintain a portion of ourinvestment portfolio in investments denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. While the Company may be able to match its foreign currencydenominated assets against its net reinsurance liabilities both by currency and duration to protect the Company against foreign exchange and interest raterisks, a natural offset does not exist for all currencies.32We may employ various strategies (including hedging) to manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. To the extent that these exposures arenot fully hedged or the hedges are ineffective, our results or equity may be reduced by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates that could materiallyadversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. At December 31, 2018, no such hedges or hedging strategies were in force or had beenentered into.If the European common currency, the euro, were to be devalued, undergo structural changes or in an extreme scenario collapse, in its participatingcountries or the basis on which they participate, we could be impacted, potentially significantly by the subsequent effects of such a circumstance.We conduct business in countries in which the euro is the local currency. We report our financial results in U.S. dollars and use widely reported exchangerates to convert this currency into U.S. dollars. Countries whose currency is the euro have experienced significant economic uncertainty in recent years,which continues through the present time. These circumstances are the cumulative result of the effect of excessive sovereign debt, deficits by numerousparticipating countries in the euro, uncertainty regarding the monetary policies of the EU and their underlying funding mechanisms and poor economicgrowth and prospects for the EU as a whole. While economic policy measures and commitments have stabilized the currency's volatility, the EU's fiscaloutlook remains negative, and permanent solutions to resolve these issues by participating countries and other institutions to stabilize the EU and improveits economic outlook have not been resolved.Irrespective of the ultimate future of the currency, the impact of these efforts may cause a further deterioration in the value of the euro and consequentlyexacerbate instability in global credit markets, and increase credit concerns resulting in the widening of bond yield spreads. The impact of thesedevelopments, while potentially severe, remains extremely difficult to predict. However, should European governments default on their obligations, therewill be a negative impact on government and non-government issued bonds, government guaranteed corporate bonds and bonds and equities issued byfinancial institutions and held within the country of default which in turn could adversely impact euro-denominated assets held in our investment portfolio.For the year ended December 31, 2018 and as at December 31, 2018, 10.2% of our net premiums written and 15.2% of our reserve for loss and LAE is eurodenominated, respectively. At December 31, 2018 our fixed income portfolio contains $284.4 million of euro-denominated corporate bonds, whichconstitutes 7.0% of the fixed income portfolio. We hold no sovereign bonds of Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal or Spain.Employee IssuesWe are dependent on our key executives. We may not be able to attract and retain key employees or successfully integrate our new management team tofully implement our newly formulated business strategy.Our success depends largely on our senior management, which includes, among others, Lawrence F. Metz, our President and Chief Executive Officer("CEO"), Patrick J. Haveron, our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), Chief Operating Officer ("COO"), and President of MaidenBermuda. We have entered into employment agreements with each of these executive officers.In addition to the officers listed above, we require key staff with actuarial, legal, reinsurance, accounting and administrative skills. As a result of theStrategic Review, we have a significantly smaller staff and given our current business circumstances, it may be difficult for us to retain staff and recruitcompetent new executives and staff. Our inability to attract and retain additional personnel or the loss of the services of any of our senior executives or keyemployees could delay or prevent us from fully implementing our business strategy and could significantly and negatively affect our business.Our employee attrition recently has been high and may affect our ability to adequately manage our business.We have sold Maiden US as well as terminated and sold certain lines of business. In connection with those transactions, a number of our employees havedeparted and we have recently hired new senior executives to replace certain of these employees. Our attrition due to these dispositions has been high andmay affect our ability to manage our business as we train these new employees and integrate them into our company. Our business in Bermuda could be adversely affected by Bermuda employment restrictions.Currently, we employ eleven non-Bermudians in our Bermuda office including our President and CEO, our CFO, COO and Maiden Bermuda's President.We may hire additional non-Bermudians as our business grows. Under Bermuda law, non-Bermudians (other than spouses of Bermudians, holders ofpermanent residents’ certificates and holders of working residents’ certificates) may not engage in any gainful occupation in Bermuda without a validgovernment work permit. A work permit may be granted or renewed upon showing that, after proper public advertisement, no Bermudian, spouse of aBermudian, or holder of a permanent resident’s or working resident’s certificate who meets the minimum standards reasonably required by the employer hasapplied for the job. Work permits are issued with expiry dates that range from one, three, five, six or, in certain circumstances for key executives, ten years.We may not be able to use the services of one or more of our non-Bermudian employees if we are not able to obtain work permits for them, which could havea material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.Insurance and Reinsurance MarketsThe property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industry is cyclical in nature, which may affect our overall financial performance.Historically, the financial performance of the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industry has tended to fluctuate in cyclical periods of pricecompetition and excess capacity (known as a soft market) followed by periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity (known as a hardmarket). Although the financial performance of an individual insurance or reinsurance company is dependent on its own specific business characteristics, theprofitability of most property and casualty insurance and reinsurance companies tends to follow this cyclical market pattern.33In recent years, the market has been in a competitive environment in which underwriting capacity has expanded, risk selection became less disciplinedand price competition increased sharply. During that period, market participants' capital levels have continued to improve due to positive earnings andimproved values of risk assets over that time. In addition, an influx of new market participants with different operating models than traditional reinsurers suchas us have entered the market place. While many of these new market participants specialize in property catastrophe oriented business and do not directlycompete with us, they are influencing competitive conditions in the broader reinsurance market. This additional underwriting capacity resulted in increasedcompetition from other insurance and reinsurance companies expanding the types or amounts of business they write, or from companies seeking to maintainor increase market share at the expense of underwriting discipline.Because this cyclicality is due in large part to the actions of our competitors and general economic factors beyond our control, we cannot predict withcertainty the timing or duration of changes in the market cycle. These cyclical patterns, the actions of our competitors, and general economic factors couldcause our revenues and net income to fluctuate, which may cause the price of our common shares to be volatile. The ultimate outcome of these events andtheir market impact is not known at this time.Negative developments in the U.S. workers’ compensation insurance industry could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.In 2018, reinsurance of U.S. workers’ compensation insurance was 48.3% of total gross premiums written, which is our largest exposure to a particular lineof business and written entirely in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment. Furthermore, 50.4% of our AmTrust Reinsurance segment's reserve for loss and LAE atDecember 31, 2018 were related to U.S. workers' compensation risks. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes all business ceded by AmTrust to MaidenBermuda, primarily the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. Both contracts in this segment have been terminated effectiveJanuary 1, 2019. Negative developments in the economic, competitive or regulatory conditions affecting the U.S. workers’ compensation insurance industrycould have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, if legislators in our larger markets were to enact legislation toincrease the scope or amount of benefits for employees under U.S. workers’ compensation insurance policies without related premium increases or losscontrol measures, or if regulators made other changes to the regulatory system governing U.S. workers’ compensation insurance, this could negatively affectthe U.S. workers’ compensation insurance industry in the affected markets.In many states, there are active regulatory activities that oversee the level of rates that can be charged by individual insurers. As a result, there is a risk thatour clients may not be able to implement needed rate increases to maintain sufficient levels of profitability on business we write and clients may implementdecreases that adversely affect us.We operate in a highly competitive industry.The reinsurance industry is highly competitive. We compete with major U.S. and non-U.S. reinsurers, including other Bermuda-based reinsurers, on aninternational and regional basis. Many of these entities have significantly larger amounts of capital, higher ratings from rating agencies and more resourcesthan us. We currently do not have a financial strength or credit rating from S&P or A.M. Best and the lack of such ratings will likely limit the opportunitieswe have to write new reinsurance business. Historically, periods of increased capacity levels in our industry have led to increased competition which putspressure on reinsurance pricing.In recent years, significant increases in the use of risk-linked securities and derivative and other non-traditional risk transfer mechanisms and vehicles arebeing developed and offered by other parties, including entities other than insurance and reinsurance companies. The availability of both these non-traditional products and sources of capital could reduce the demand for traditional insurance and reinsurance and may result in fewer contracts written, lowerpremium rates, increased expenses for customer acquisition and retention and less favorable policy terms and conditions, which could have a material adverseimpact on our growth and profitability.We cannot assure you that Maiden Bermuda will retain its clients or write new business as we may expect. Market conditions have been competitive foran extended period of time and are expected to remain competitive for the foreseeable future, particularly as new market participants with business objectivesdifferent from ours influence the competitive environment. In addition, other companies may continue to offer reinsurance and insurance products on morecompetitive terms than we can provide.Consolidation in the insurance and reinsurance industry and increased competition on premium rates could lead to lower margins for us and less demandfor our products and services.The insurance and reinsurance industry continues to undergo a process of consolidation as industry participants seek to enhance their product andgeographic reach, client base, operating efficiency and general market power through merger and acquisition activities. It is possible that the larger combinedentities resulting from these mergers and acquisition activities may seek to use the benefits of consolidation, including improved efficiencies and economiesof scale, to, among other things, implement price reductions for their products and services to increase their market shares. Consolidation among primaryinsurance companies may also lead to reduced use of reinsurance as the resulting larger companies may be able to retain more risk and may also havebargaining power in negotiations with reinsurers. If competitive pressures compel us to reduce our prices, our operating margins will decrease.As the insurance and reinsurance industry consolidates, competition may become more intense and the importance of acquiring and properly servicingeach customer will become greater. We could incur greater expenses relating to customer acquisition and retention, which could reduce our operatingmargins. When the property-casualty insurance industry has exhibited a greater degree of competition, premium rates have come under downward pressure asa result. Greater competition could result in reduced volumes of reinsurance written and could reduce our profitability.34Clients, Brokers and Financial InstitutionsOur business has historically been dependent upon reinsurance brokers and other producers, including third party administrators and financialinstitutions, and the failure to develop or maintain these relationships could materially adversely affect our ability to market our products and services.Our failure to further develop or maintain relationships with brokers and other producers, including third party administrators and financial institutions,from whom we expect to receive our business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.Our reliance on brokers subjects us to their credit risk.In accordance with industry practice, we anticipate that we will frequently pay amounts owed on claims under our reinsurance contracts to brokers, andthese brokers in turn are required to pay and will pay these amounts over to the clients that have purchased reinsurance from us. If a broker fails to make sucha payment, it is highly likely that we will be liable to the client for the deficiency under local laws or contractual obligations, notwithstanding the broker’sobligation to make such payment. Likewise, when the client pays premiums for these policies to brokers for payment over to us, these premiums areconsidered to have been paid and, in most cases, the client will no longer be liable to us for those amounts, whether or not we actually receive the premiumsfrom the brokers. Consequently, we will assume a degree of credit risk associated with brokers with whom we work with respect to some of our reinsurancebusiness.We could incur substantial losses and reduced liquidity if one of the financial institutions we use in our operations fails.We have exposure to counterparties in many different industries and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry,including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, and other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of ourcounterparty. In addition, with respect to secured transactions, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or isliquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the obligation.We maintain cash balances, including restricted cash held in trust accounts, significantly in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurancelimits at various depository institutions. We also maintain cash balances in foreign banks and institutions. If one or more of these financial institutions wereto fail, our ability to access cash balances may be temporarily or permanently limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations,financial condition or cash flows.TaxationWe may become subject to taxes in Bermuda after 2035, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results and onan investment in our shares.The Bermuda Minister of Finance, under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966, as amended, of Bermuda, has given each of MaidenHoldings and Maiden Bermuda an assurance that if any legislation is enacted in Bermuda that would impose tax computed on profits or income, or computedon any capital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then the imposition of any such tax will not be applicableto Maiden Holdings, Maiden Bermuda or any of their respective operations or their respective shares, debentures or other obligations (except insofar as suchtax applies to persons ordinarily resident in Bermuda or to any taxes payable by them in respect of real property or leasehold interests in Bermuda held bythem) until March 31, 2035. Given the limited duration of the Minister of Finance’s expected assurance, we cannot be certain that we will not be subject toany Bermuda tax after March 31, 2035. Since Maiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda are incorporated in Bermuda, we will be subject to changes in law orregulation in Bermuda that may have an adverse impact on our operations, including imposition of tax liability.The financial results of our operations may be affected by measures taken in relation to Bermuda in response to the OECD Base Erosion and ProfitShifting ("BEPS") project.The OECD has published reports and launched a global dialog among member and non-member countries on measures to limit harmful tax competition.These measures are largely directed at counteracting the effects of jurisdictions perceived by the OECD to be tax havens or offering preferential tax regimes.The OECD has not listed Bermuda as an uncooperative tax haven jurisdiction because Bermuda has committed to eliminating harmful tax practices and toembracing international tax standards for transparency, exchange of information and the elimination of any aspects of the regimes for financial and otherservices that attract business with no substantial domestic activity. We are not able to predict what changes will arise from the commitment or whether suchchanges will subject us to additional taxes. In addition, in 2015, the OECD published its final series of BEPS reports related to its attempt to coordinatemultilateral action on international tax rules. The proposed actions include an examination of the definition of a “permanent establishment” and the rules forattributing profit to a permanent establishment. One of these reports covers “country-by-country” reporting, which calls for the provision, at a country-specific level, of information such as affiliate and non-affiliate revenues, profit or loss before tax, income taxes paid and accrued, capital, number ofemployees and tangible assets. It is expected that some countries, including some EU countries, would deem a failure to implement country-by-countryreporting to be sufficient rationale to place another country on a “black-list”, thus potentially restricting in some way business between the two countries.Bermuda has agreed to implement country-by-country reporting in 2016 for 2017 reporting. The implementation and ongoing requirements of country-by-country reporting will require significant management, time and resources. Although we believe Bermuda’s agreement to implement country-by-countryreporting has reduced the likelihood that Bermuda would appear on a “black-list”, some uncertainty remains. Any changes in the tax law of an OECDmember state in response to the BEPS reports and recommendations could subject us to additional taxes.Our operations may be affected by the introduction of an EU financial transaction tax ("FTT").On February 14, 2013, the EU Commission published a proposal for a Directive for a common FTT in those EU Member States which choose toparticipate (''the FTT Zone"), currently Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Portugal,35Slovenia and Slovakia. Currently this proposal is on hold pending the final outcome of the Brexit negotiations.The proposed FTT has broad scope and would apply to financial transactions where at least one party to the transaction is established in the FTT Zoneand either that party or another party is a financial institution established in the FTT Zone. "Financial institution" covers a wide range of entities, includinginsurance and reinsurance undertakings. "Financial transaction" includes the sale and purchase of a financial instrument, a transfer of risk associated with afinancial instrument and the conclusion or modification of a derivative. The proposed minimum rate of tax is 0.1% of the consideration, or 0.01% of thenotional amount in relation to a derivative. A financial institution may be deemed to be "established" in the FTT Zone even if it has no business presencethere, if the underlying financial instrument is issued in the FTT Zone.The FTT proposal remains subject to negotiation between the participating EU Member States. It may, therefore, be altered prior to any implementation,the timing of which remains unclear. The introduction of FTT in this or similar form could have an adverse effect on the Company's economic performance.We may be subject to U.S. federal income tax, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and on aninvestment in our shares.If either Maiden Holdings or Maiden Bermuda were considered to be engaged in a trade or business in the U.S., it could be subject to U.S. federal incomeand additional branch profits taxes on the portion of its earnings that are effectively connected to such U.S. business or in the case of Maiden Bermuda, if it isentitled to benefits under the U.S. income tax treaty with Bermuda and if Maiden Bermuda were considered engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. througha permanent establishment. Maiden Bermuda could be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of its earnings that are attributable to its permanentestablishment in the U.S., in which case its results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Maiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda are Bermudacompanies. We intend to manage our business so that each of these companies should operate in such a manner that neither of these companies should betreated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business and, thus, should not be subject to U.S. federal taxation (other than the U.S. federal excise tax on insurance andreinsurance premium income attributable to insuring or reinsuring U.S. risks and U.S. federal withholding tax on certain U.S. source investment income).However, because (i) there is considerable uncertainty as to activities which constitute being engaged in a trade or business within the U.S.; (ii) asignificant portion of Maiden Bermuda’s business was reinsurance of AmTrust’s insurance subsidiaries; (iii) our non-executive Chairman of the Board isAmTrust’s President and Chief Executive Officer, and one of our directors is related to a significant shareholder of AmTrust; (iv) the family of one of ourFounding Shareholders, Michael Karfunkel, controls NGHC, and (v) we have an asset management agreement with a subsidiary of AmTrust and may alsohave additional contractual relationships with AmTrust and its subsidiaries in the future, we cannot be certain that the IRS will not contend successfully thatwe are engaged in a trade or business in the U.S.U.S. Persons who hold our shares may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at ordinary income rates on their proportionate share of MaidenBermuda’s related person insurance income.If U.S. persons are treated as owning 25% or more of Maiden Bermuda’s shares (by vote or by value) (as is expected to be the case) and the RPII of MaidenBermuda (determined on a gross basis) were to equal or exceed 20% of Maiden Bermuda’s gross insurance income in any taxable year and direct or indirectinsureds (and persons related to those insureds) own directly or indirectly through entities 20% or more of the voting power or value of our shares, then a U.S.Person who owns any shares of Maiden Bermuda (directly or indirectly through non-U.S. entities) on the last day of the taxable year would be required toinclude in its income for U.S. federal income tax purposes such person’s pro rata share of Maiden Bermuda’s RPII for the entire taxable year, determined as ifsuch RPII were distributed proportionately only to U.S. Persons at that date, regardless of whether such income is distributed. In addition, any RPII that isincludible in the income of a U.S. tax-exempt organization generally will be treated as unrelated business taxable income. The amount of RPII earned byMaiden Bermuda (generally, premium and related investment income from the direct or indirect insurance or reinsurance of any direct or indirect U.S. holderof shares or any person related to such holder) will depend on a number of factors, including the identity of persons directly or indirectly insured or reinsuredby Maiden Bermuda.At December 31, 2018, we believe that either (i) the direct or indirect insureds of Maiden Bermuda (and related persons) should not directly or indirectlyown 20% or more of either the voting power or value of our shares or (ii) the RPII (determined on a gross basis) of Maiden Bermuda should not equal orexceed 20% of Maiden Bermuda’s gross insurance income for the taxable year ended December 31, 2018 and we do not expect both of these thresholds to beexceeded in the foreseeable future. However, we cannot be certain that this will be the case because some of the factors which determine the extent of RPIImay be beyond our control.U.S. Persons who dispose of our shares may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at the rates applicable to dividends on a portion of their gains if any.The RPII rules provide that if a U.S. Person disposes of shares in a non-U.S. insurance corporation in which U.S. Persons own 25% or more of the shares(even if the amount of gross RPII is less than 20% of the corporation’s gross insurance income and the ownership of its shares by direct or indirect insuredsand related persons is less than the 20% threshold), any gain from the disposition will generally be treated as a dividend to the extent of the holder’s share ofthe corporation’s undistributed earnings and profits that were accumulated during the period that the holder owned the shares (whether or not such earningsand profits are attributable to RPII). In addition, such a holder will be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, regardless of the amount ofshares owned by the holder. These RPII rules should not apply to dispositions of our shares because Maiden Holdings will not be directly engaged in theinsurance business. The RPII provisions, however, have never been interpreted by the courts or the U.S. Treasury Department in final regulations, andregulations interpreting the RPII provisions of the Code exist only in proposed form. It is not certain whether these regulations will be adopted in theirproposed form or what changes or clarifications might ultimately be made thereto or whether any such changes, as well as any interpretation or application ofthe RPII rules by the IRS, the courts, or otherwise, might have retroactive effect. The U.S. Treasury Department has authority to impose, among36other things, additional reporting requirements with respect to RPII. Accordingly, the meaning of the RPII provisions and the application thereof to MaidenHoldings and Maiden Bermuda is uncertain.U.S. Persons who hold our shares will be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences if Maiden Holdings is considered to be a passive foreigninvestment company.If Maiden Holdings is considered a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Person who owns directlyor, in some cases, indirectly (e.g. through a non-U.S. partnership) any of our shares will be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, includingsubjecting the investor to a greater tax liability than might otherwise apply and subjecting the investor to a tax on amounts in advance of when such taxwould otherwise be imposed, in which case your investment could be materially adversely affected. In addition, if Maiden Holdings were considered a PFIC,upon the death of any U.S. individual owning our shares, such individual’s heirs or estate would not be entitled to a "step-up" in the basis of the shares whichmight otherwise be available under U.S. federal income tax laws. We believe that we are not, and we currently do not expect to become, a PFIC for U.S.federal income tax purposes; however, there can be no assurance that we will not be deemed a PFIC by the IRS. There are currently only proposed regulationsregarding the application of the PFIC provisions to an insurance company. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying these rules may beforthcoming. We cannot predict what impact, if any, such guidance would have on a shareholder that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation.U.S. Persons who hold 10% or more of Maiden Holdings’ shares directly or through foreign entities may be subject to taxation under the U.S. CFC rules.Each 10% U.S. shareholder of a foreign corporation that is a CFC at any time during a taxable year that owns shares in the foreign corporation directly orindirectly through foreign entities on the last day of the foreign corporation's taxable year during which it is a CFC must include in its gross income for U.S.federal income tax purposes its pro rata share of the CFC's "subpart F income," even if the subpart F income is not distributed. In addition, upon a sale ofshares of a CFC, certain 10% U.S. shareholders may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a portion of their gain at ordinary income rates.The Company believes that because of the dispersion of the share ownership in Maiden Holdings, no U.S. Person who owns Maiden Holdings’ sharesdirectly or indirectly through foreign entities should be treated as a 10% U.S. shareholder of Maiden Holdings or of any of its foreign subsidiaries. However,Maiden Holdings’ shares may not be as widely dispersed as we believe due to, for example, the application of certain ownership attribution rules, and noassurance may be given that a U.S. Person who owns our shares will not be characterized as a 10% U.S. shareholder, in which case such U.S. Person may besubject to taxation under U.S. CFC rules.Recently enacted U.S. tax reform legislation, as well as possible future tax legislation and regulations, could materially adversely affect an investment inour shares.The 2017 Act amends a range of U.S. federal tax rules applicable to individuals, businesses and international taxation, with certain provisions intended toeliminate certain perceived tax advantages of companies (including insurance companies) that have legal domiciles outside the United States but havecertain U.S. connections and U.S. persons investing in such companies. For example, the 2017 Act includes a BEAT that could make affiliate reinsurancebetween U.S. and non-U.S. members of our group economically unfeasible. In addition, the 21% corporate income tax rate could lead to higher after-taxincome for most U.S. insurance companies in the long term that could result in increased competition for our products and services.The 2017 Act may also increase the likelihood that we or our non-U.S. subsidiaries will be deemed to be CFCs for U.S. federal tax purposes. Specifically,the 2017 Act expands the definition of "10% U.S. shareholder" for CFC purposes to include U.S. persons who own 10% or more of the value of a foreigncorporation’s shares, rather than only looking to voting power held. As a result, the "voting cut-back" provisions included in our Amended and Restated Bye-laws that limit the voting power of any shareholder to 9.5% of the total voting power of our capital stock will be ineffective in avoiding "10% U.S.shareholder" status for U.S. persons who own 10% or more of the value of our shares. The 2017 Act also expands certain attribution rules for stock ownershipin a way that would cause foreign subsidiaries in a foreign parented group that includes at least one U.S. subsidiary to be treated as CFCs. In the event acorporation is characterized as a CFC, any "10% U.S. shareholder" of the CFC is required to include its pro rata share of certain insurance and relatedinvestment income in income for a taxable year, even if such income is not distributed. In addition, U.S. tax exempt entities subject to the unrelated businesstaxable income ("UBTI") rules that own 10% or more of the value of our non-U.S. subsidiaries that are characterized as CFCs may recognize UBTI withrespect to such investment.In addition to changes in the CFC rules, the 2017 Act contains modifications to certain provisions relating to PFIC status that could, for example,discourage U.S. persons from investing in our company. The 2017 Act makes it more difficult for a non-U.S. insurance company to avoid PFIC status under anexception for certain non-U.S. insurance companies engaged in the active conduct of an insurance business. The 2017 Act limits this exception to a non-U.S.insurance company that would be taxable as an insurance company if it were a U.S. corporation and that maintains insurance liabilities of more than 25% ofsuch company’s assets for a taxable year (or maintains reserves that at least equal 10% of its assets and it satisfies a facts and circumstances test that requires ashowing that the failure to exceed the 25% threshold is due to run-off or rating agency circumstances). While we believe that we should satisfy this reservetest for the foreseeable future, we cannot assure you that this will continue to be the case in future years. The IRS has been considering other changes to thePFIC rules for several years. In 2015, the IRS issued proposed regulations intended to clarify the application of this insurance company exception to theclassification of a non-U.S. insurer as a PFIC. These proposed regulations provide that a non-U.S. insurer will qualify for the insurance company exceptiononly if, among other things, the non-U.S. insurer’s officers and employees perform its substantial managerial and operational activities. This proposedregulation will not be effective until adopted in final form.Although we are currently unable to predict the ultimate impact of the 2017 Act on our business, shareholders and results of operations, it is possible thatthe 2017 Act may increase the U.S. federal income tax liability of U.S. members of our group that cede risk to non-U.S. group members and may affect thetiming and amount of U.S. federal income taxes imposed on certain U.S.37shareholders. Further, it is possible that other legislation could be introduced and enacted by the current Congress or future Congresses that could have anadverse impact on us. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations regarding whether a company is engaged in a trade or business within theU.S. is a PFIC, or whether U.S. Persons would be required to include in their gross income the "subpart F income" of a CFC or RPII are subject to change,possibly on a retroactive basis. There currently are only recently proposed regulations regarding the application of the PFIC rules to insurance companies,and the regulations regarding RPII have been in proposed form since 1991. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying such rules may beforthcoming. The Company cannot be certain if, when, or in what form such regulations or pronouncements may be implemented or made, or whether suchguidance will have a retroactive effect. Further, it is possible that other legislation could be introduced and enacted in the future that would have an adverseimpact on us.We may be subject to U.K. taxes, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and on an investment in ourshares.A company which is resident in the U.K. for U.K. corporation tax purposes is subject to U.K. corporation tax in respect of its worldwide income and gains.While Maiden Global is a U.K. company, neither Maiden Holdings nor Maiden Bermuda are incorporated in the U.K. Nevertheless, Maiden Holdings orMaiden Bermuda would be treated as being resident in the U.K. for U.K. corporation tax purposes if its central management and control were exercised in theU.K. The concept of central management and control is indicative of the highest level of control of a company’s affairs, which is wholly a question of fact.The directors and officers of both Maiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda intend to manage their affairs so that both companies are resident in Bermuda, andnot resident in the U.K., for U.K. tax purposes. However, HM Revenue & Customs could challenge our tax residence status.A company which is not resident in the U.K. for U.K. corporation tax purposes can nevertheless be subject to U.K. corporation tax at the rate of 19% if itcarries on a trade in the U.K. through a permanent establishment in the U.K., but the charge to U.K. corporation tax is limited to profits (both income profitsand chargeable gains) attributable directly or indirectly to such permanent establishment.The directors and officers of Maiden Bermuda intend to operate the business of Maiden Bermuda in such a manner that it does not carry on a trade in theU.K. through a permanent establishment in the U.K. Nevertheless, HM Revenue & Customs might contend successfully that Maiden Bermuda is trading inthe U.K. through a permanent establishment in the U.K. because there is considerable uncertainty as to the activities which constitute carrying on a trade inthe U.K. through a permanent establishment in the U.K.The U.K. has no income tax treaty with Bermuda. Companies that are neither resident in the U.K. nor entitled to the protection afforded by a double taxtreaty between the U.K. and the jurisdiction in which they are resident are liable to income tax in the U.K., at the basic rate of 20%, on the profits of a tradecarried on in the U.K., where that trade is not carried on through a permanent establishment in the U.K. The directors and officers of Maiden Bermuda intendto operate the business in such a manner that Maiden Bermuda will not fall within the charge to income tax in the U.K. (other than by way of deduction orwithholding).In addition, diverted profits tax ("DPT") applies to foreign companies with sales in the U.K. (such as Maiden Bermuda) that design their affairs to avoidcreating a taxable presence (in the form of a permanent establishment) in the U.K., or to U.K. companies that enter into transactions with connectedcompanies which lack economic substance to exploit differentials in tax rates. DPT is charged at 25% of the profits representing the contribution of the U.K.activities to the group’s results.If either Maiden Holdings or Maiden Bermuda were treated as being resident in the U.K. for U.K. corporation tax purposes, or if Maiden Bermuda weretreated as carrying on a trade in the U.K., whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise, or if DPT applied, the results of our operations would bematerially adversely affected.Any arrangements (including with regard to the provision of services or financing) between Maiden Global and any non-U.K. resident members of thegroup are subject to the U.K. transfer pricing regime. Consequently, if any such arrangement were found not to be on arm’s length terms and, as a result, aU.K. tax advantage was being obtained, an adjustment would be required to compute U.K. tax profits as if such arrangement were on arm’s length terms. Anytransfer pricing adjustment could adversely impact the tax charge suffered by Maiden Global. The U.K. has implemented the BEPS recommendation for"country-by-country" reporting. As a result, our approach to transfer pricing may become subject to greater scrutiny from the U.K. tax authorities.Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.None.Item 2. Properties.We currently lease office space in Pembroke, Bermuda (our corporate headquarters), the U.S., the U.K., Germany, Ireland, Australia and Netherlands for theoperation of our business. We also lease a property for employee use in Bermuda. We renew and enter into new leases in the ordinary course of business asneeded. While we believe that the office space from these leased properties is sufficient for us to conduct our operations for the foreseeable future, we mayneed to expand into additional facilities to accommodate future growth. To date, the cost of acquiring and maintaining our office space has not been materialto us as a whole.38Item 3. Legal Proceedings.We may become involved in various claims and legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of our business, which are not likely to have a materialadverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.Except as noted below, we are not a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we are subject to routine legal proceedings, includingarbitrations, arising in the ordinary course of business. These legal proceedings generally relate to claims asserted by or against us in the ordinary course ofinsurance or reinsurance operations. Based on our opinion, the eventual outcome of these legal proceedings is not expected to have a material adverse effecton our financial condition or results of operations.In April 2009, we learned that Bentzion S. Turin, the former Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings and MaidenBermuda, sent a letter to the U.S. Department of Labor claiming that his employment with the Company was terminated in retaliation for corporatewhistleblowing in violation of the whistleblower protection provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Mr. Turin alleged that he was terminated forraising concerns regarding corporate governance with respect to the negotiation of the terms of the Trust Preferred Securities Offering. He seeks reinstatementas Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda, back pay and legal fees incurred. On December 31,2009, the U.S. Secretary of Labor found no reasonable cause for Mr. Turin’s claim and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. Mr. Turin objected to theSecretary's findings and requested a hearing before an administrative law judge in the U.S. Department of Labor. The Company moved to dismiss Mr. Turin'scomplaint, and its motion was granted by the Administrative Law Judge on June 30, 2011. On July 13, 2011, Mr. Turin filed a petition for review of theAdministrative Law Judge's decision with the Administrative Review Board in the U.S. Department of Labor. On March 29, 2013, the Administrative ReviewBoard reversed the dismissal of the complaint on procedural grounds, and remanded the case to the administrative law judge. The administrative hearingbegan in September 2014, and the hearings concluded in November 2018. We believe that we had good and sufficient reasons for terminating Mr. Turin'semployment and that the claim is without merit. We will continue to vigorously defend ourself against this claim.A putative class action complaint was filed against Maiden Holdings, Arturo M. Raschbaum, Karen L. Schmitt, and John M. Marshaleck in the UnitedStates District Court for the District of New Jersey on February 11, 2019, alleging that Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5(and Section 20(a) for control person liability) by making misrepresentations about the Company and its business, including the Company’s riskmanagement and underwriting policies and practices. Plaintiffs further claim that these misrepresentations inflated the price of Maiden Holdings' commonstock, and that when the truth about the misrepresentations was revealed, the Company’s stock price fell, causing Plaintiffs to incur losses. Maiden has notyet been served with the complaint, but believe the claims are without merit and intends to vigorously defend itself. There exist and the Company expectsadditional lawsuits to be filed against the Company, its subsidiaries and its respective officers due to the diminution in value of our securities as a result ofour operating results and financial condition. It is currently uncertain as to the effect of such litigation on our business, operating results and financialconditions.Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.Not applicable.39PART IIItem 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.Our common shares began publicly trading on NASDAQ under the symbol "MHLD" on May 6, 2008. At March 8, 2019, the last reported sale price of ourcommon share was $0.8791 per share and there were 22 holders of record of our common shares. This figure does not represent the actual number of beneficialowners of our common shares because shares are frequently held in "street name" by securities dealers and others for the benefit of beneficial owners who mayvote the shares.During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we declared regular quarterly dividends totaling $0.35 and $0.60 per common share, respectively.The quarterly dividend was $0.15 per common share for the first two quarters of 2018 and subsequently reduced to $0.05 per common share for the thirdquarter of 2018. No dividends were declared by our Board on the common shares for the fourth quarter of 2018. The future declaration and payment ofdividends to holders of common shares will be at the discretion of our Board and is subject to specified legal, regulatory, financial and other restrictions.Please see "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 16. Statutory Requirements and Dividend Restrictions" included under Item 8 "FinancialStatements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion regarding dividend restrictions on subsidiary's ability to transferfunds to Maiden Holdings.On February 21, 2017, our Board approved the repurchase of up to $100.0 million of our common shares from time to time at market prices. During theyear ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased a total of 205,000 common shares (2017 - 3,667,134) at an average price per share of $3.31 (2017 -$6.84) under its share repurchase authorization. At December 31, 2018, we have a remaining authorization of $74.2 million for share repurchases.In addition,during the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased a total of 29,801 (2017 - 38,122) shares at an average price per share of $6.52 (2017 - $15.06) fromemployees, which represent withholdings in respect of tax obligations on the vesting of restricted shares and performance based shares.Our common stock is currently listed on NASDAQ. NASDAQ has minimum requirements that a company must meet in order to remain listed on NASDAQ.These requirements include maintaining a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share. Recently, the closing prices of our common stock has been below$1.00 per share, and there can be no assurance that we will continue to meet this, or any other, requirement in the future, and, if we do not, it is possible thatNASDAQ may notify us that we have failed to meet the minimum listing requirements and initiate the delisting process. If our common stock were to bedelisted, the liquidity of our common stock would be adversely affected and the market price of our common stock could decrease further.In addition, if delisted, we would no longer be subject to NASDAQ rules, including rules requiring us to have a certain number of independent directorsand to meet other corporate governance standards. Our failure to be listed on NASDAQ or another established securities market would have a material adverseeffect on the value of your investment in us.We did not repurchase any common shares under our share repurchase authorization during the three months ended December 31, 2018. In November2018, we repurchased 410 common shares at an average price per share of $2.63 from an employee, which represent withholdings in respect of tax obligationson the vesting of restricted shares.Subsequent to December 31, 2018 and through the period ended March 8, 2019, we repurchased a total of 182 shares at an average price per share of$1.48 from an employee, which represent withholdings in respect of tax obligations on the vesting of restricted shares.See "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 14. Shareholders' Equity" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and SupplementaryData" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Also, please see "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 15. Share Compensation and PensionPlans" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion about the Company'sequity compensation plans.40Performance GraphThe following information is not deemed to be "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of theExchange Act, and the report shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any prior or subsequent filing by the Company under the SecuritiesAct or the Exchange Act.The following graph shows the cumulative total return, including reinvestment of dividends, on the common shares compared to such return for the S&P500 Composite Index and NASDAQ Insurance Index for the five year period beginning December 31, 2013, assuming $100 was invested on that date andending on December 31, 2018.The measurement point on the graph represents the cumulative shareholder return as measured by the last reported sale price on such date during therelevant period.Total Return To Shareholders (Includes Reinvestment of Dividends) Comparison of Cumulative Total Return41Item 6. Selected Financial Data.The following tables set forth our selected consolidated financial data and other financial information at the end of and for each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2018.Statement of income data and balance sheet data are derived from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared inaccordance with U.S. GAAP. Except as explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions andamounts presented herein relate to our continuing operations except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden commonshareholders. These historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected from any future period. For further discussion of this risk, pleasesee Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should read the following selected financial data in conjunction with the otherinformation contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Item 7 "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results ofOperations" and Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 ($ in thousands, except per share amounts and ratios)Summary Consolidated Statement of Income Data:(10) Gross premiums written $2,017,798 $2,078,091 $2,089,029 $1,965,413 $1,735,208Net premiums written $2,014,597 $2,037,377 $1,967,671 $1,855,050 $1,731,116Net premiums earned $2,026,202 $1,992,659 $1,925,588 $1,771,512 $1,512,542Other insurance revenue 9,681 9,802 10,817 11,512 13,080Net investment income 136,285 124,135 108,689 97,643 82,362Net realized (losses) gains on investment (1,529) 12,222 6,774 2,498 1,163Net impairment losses recognized in earnings (5,832) — — (1,060) (2,364)Total revenues 2,164,807 2,138,818 2,051,868 1,882,105 1,606,783Net loss and loss adjustment expenses 1,880,121 1,555,433 1,289,512 1,140,486 980,308Commissions and other acquisition expenses 654,740 643,797 615,523 558,627 464,316General and administrative expenses 64,940 53,004 50,254 49,414 47,167Interest and amortization expenses 19,318 23,260 28,173 29,063 29,959Accelerated amortization of debt discount and senior note issuancecost — 2,809 2,345 — 28,240Foreign exchange (gains) losses (4,461) 14,921 (13,412) (7,753) (4,150)Income tax expense (benefit) 441 (6,757) 413 (1) (7,158)Income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 219 151 (842) (192) 142Total expenses 2,615,318 2,286,618 1,971,966 1,769,644 1,538,824(Loss) income from continuing operations after noncontrollinginterests, net of income tax (450,511) (147,800) 79,902 112,461 67,959(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of income tax (94,113) (22,096) (30,922) 12,015 33,432Dividends on preference shares (25,636) (29,156) (33,756) (24,337) (24,337)Net (loss) income attributable to Maiden commonshareholders $(570,260) $(199,052) $15,224 $100,139 $77,054Per Common Share Data: (Loss) earnings per common share ("EPS") (1): Basic EPS from continuing operations $(5.74) $(2.06) $0.60 $1.20 $0.60Basic EPS from discontinued operations (1.13) (0.26) (0.40) 0.16 0.46Basic EPS $(6.87) $(2.32) $0.20 $1.36 $1.06 Diluted(2) EPS from continuing operations $(5.74) $(2.06) $0.58 $1.17 $0.59Diluted(2) EPS from discontinued operations (1.13) (0.26) (0.39) 0.14 0.45Diluted(2) EPS $(6.87) $(2.32) $0.19 $1.31 $1.04Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic 83,050,362 85,678,232 77,534,860 73,478,544 72,843,782Diluted(2) 83,050,362 85,678,232 78,686,943 85,638,235 74,117,568Dividends declared per common share $0.35 $0.60 $0.57 $0.53 $0.4642For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014Selected Consolidated Ratios: Loss and LAE ratio(3) 92.3% 77.7% 66.6% 64.0% 64.3%Commission and other acquisition expense ratio(4) 32.2% 32.2% 31.8% 31.3% 30.4%General and administrative expense ratio(5) 3.2% 2.6% 2.6% 2.8% 3.1%Expense ratio(6) 35.4% 34.8% 34.4% 34.1% 33.5%Combined ratio(7) 127.7% 112.5% 101.0% 98.1% 97.8%December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 ($ in thousands, except per share amounts)Summary Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Loan to related party $167,975 $167,975 $167,975 $167,975 $167,975Total assets 5,287,460 6,644,189 6,252,299 5,703,578 5,153,650Senior notes, net 254,694 254,482 351,409 349,933 349,558Total Maiden shareholders’ equity 554,275 1,232,174 1,360,797 1,347,821 1,240,694 Book Value: Book value per common share(8) $1.08 $9.25 $12.12 $11.77 $12.69Accumulated dividends per common share 4.27 3.92 3.32 2.75 2.22Book value per common share plus accumulated dividends $5.35 $13.17 $15.44 $14.52 $14.91Change in book value per common share plus accumulateddividends (59.4)% (14.7)% 6.3% (2.6)% 15.6%Diluted book value per common share(9) $1.08 $9.18 $12.00 $11.61 $12.47(1)Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 13. Earnings per Common Share" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" ofthis Annual Report on Form 10-K for the calculation of basic and diluted (loss) earnings per common share.(2)During a period of loss, the basic weighted average common shares outstanding is used in the denominator of the diluted loss per common share computation as the effect ofincluding potential dilutive shares would be anti-dilutive.(3)Calculated by dividing net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.(4)Calculated by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.(5)Calculated by dividing general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.(6)Calculated by adding together the commission and other acquisition expense ratio and the general and administrative expense ratio.(7)Calculated by adding together the net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio.(8)Book value per common share is defined as total shareholders’ equity available to common shareholders divided by the number of common shares issued and outstanding at theend of the period, giving no effect to dilutive securities.(9)Diluted book value per common share is calculated by dividing common shareholders' equity, adjusted for assumed proceeds from the exercise of dilutive options, by the numberof outstanding common shares plus dilutive options and restricted share units (assuming exercise of all dilutive share based awards). The Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares- Series B, which were converted into common shares on September 15, 2016, are excluded at December 31, 2015 and 2014 as they are anti-dilutive.(10)As a result of the recent disposition of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations, these operations are now classified as discontinued operations, and all amounts presented in theSummary of Consolidated Statement of Income Data have been reclassified to relate to the our continuing operations, except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and netloss attributable to Maiden common shareholders, for each of the years presented above.43Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated FinancialStatements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Item 1, "Business - General Overview" on page 2. Except asexplicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented herein relate to theCompany's continuing operations except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders. Amounts intables may not reconcile due to rounding differences. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Report,including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risk and uncertainties. Pleasesee the "Special Note About Forward-Looking Statements" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on factors that could cause actualresults to differ materially from the results described in or implied by any forward-looking statements contained in this discussion and analysis. You shouldreview the "Risk Factors" set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materiallyfrom the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein.OverviewWe are a Bermuda-based holding company, formerly focused on serving the needs of regional and specialty insurers in the U.S., Europe and select otherglobal markets. We operate internationally providing branded auto and credit life insurance products through insurer partners to retail clients in the EU andother global markets. These products also produce reinsurance programs which are underwritten by Maiden Bermuda. Certain international credit lifebusiness is written on a primary basis by Maiden LF. We are also presently running off the liabilities associated with AmTrust whose contracts we terminatedin early 2019.While we expect to continue to pursue our international reinsurance solutions written through Maiden Bermuda, as discussed in Item 1. "Business", thesale of Maiden US, the Partial Termination Amendment and the termination of both of our quota share contracts with AmTrust will materially reduce ourgross and net premiums written in 2019. We have significantly reduced our operating expenses and continue to review the steps necessary to reduce thesecosts further commensurate with the reduction in revenues we expect to experience.Our business consists of two reportable segments: Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance. As a result of the strategic decision to divest all ofour U.S. treaty reinsurance operations as discussed below, we have revised the composition of our reportable segments. Our Diversified Reinsurance segmentnow only consists of a portfolio of predominantly property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualtyinsurance companies located primarily in Europe. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes all business ceded by AmTrust to Maiden Bermuda, primarilythe AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. Please refer to Item 1. "Business - Our Reportable Segments" section for furtherdiscussion on our reportable segments.Recent DevelopmentsIn early 2018, our Board initiated the Strategic Review to evaluate ways to increase shareholder value as a result of continuing higher than targetedcombined ratios and lower returns on equity than planned. This Strategic Review has resulted in a series of transactions that have transformed our operationsand materially reduced the risk on our balance sheet. These transactions include:On August 29, 2018, we entered into a Renewal Rights Agreement (“Renewal Rights”), with TransRe, pursuant to which we agreed to sell, and TransReagreed to purchase Maiden US's rights to: (i) renew its treaty reinsurance agreements upon their expiration or cancellation, (ii) solicit renewals of andreplacement coverages for the treaty reinsurance agreements and (iii) replicate and use the products and contract forms used in Maiden US’s business. Thesale was consummated on August 29, 2018. We continue to earn premiums and remain liable for losses occurring subsequent to August 29, 2018 for anypolicies in force prior to and as of August 29, 2018, until those policies expire. The payment received for sale of the Renewal Rights was $7.5 million, subjectto further increases in accordance with the agreement.On December 27, 2018, we completed the previously announced US MTA with Enstar, pursuant to which Maiden NA sold, and Enstar purchased, all ofthe outstanding shares of common stock of Maiden US for gross consideration of $286.4 million, including estimated closing adjustments but subject topost-closing adjustments. The 2013 Senior Notes - 7.75% due 2043 and issued by Maiden NA, which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by theCompany, remain outstanding following the completion of the disposition of Maiden US. As previously disclosed, pursuant to the terms of the US MTA,Maiden Bermuda entered into a novation agreement and a retrocession agreement pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with the U.S.treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Bermuda were either novated or retroceded to Cavello, Enstar Holdings’s Bermuda reinsurance affiliate, inexchange for a ceding commission of $14.0 million, and (iii) Maiden Bermuda provided Enstar with a reinsurance cover for loss reserve development, up to amaximum of $25.0 million, when losses are more than $100.0 million in excess of the net loss and LAE recorded as of June 30, 2018.As a result of the above decision to divest all of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations, these operations are now classified as discontinued operations, andexcept as explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented herein relateto our continuing operations, except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders.As part of the Strategic Review during the fourth quarter of 2018, Maiden Holdings contributed as capital 35% of its ownership in Maiden Bermuda, toMaiden NA. Additionally, the proceeds of the sale of Maiden US were partially used by Maiden NA, among other things, to settle inter-company balancesdue to its Bermuda affiliates and as described below. In December 2018 and January 2019, Maiden NA contributed its proportionate share of capitalcontributions in the amount of $68.3 million in cash. Maiden NA also now maintains a portfolio of short-term investments, along with other strategicinvestments of $148.6 million at44December 31, 2018. We believe Maiden NA’s investments will create opportunities to utilize NOL which total $208.9 million as of December 31, 2018.These NOL’s are not presently recognized as deferred tax assets as a full valuation allowance is currently carried against them (for further details please see"Note 17. Taxation" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10–K). Taken together, webelieve these measures should generate additional income for Maiden NA in a tax-efficient manner, while sharing in the improvement in profitability weanticipate in Maiden Bermuda as a result of the measures enacted in the Strategic Review.On December 31, 2018, Maiden Bermuda entered into the Partial Termination Amendment with AmTrust through AmTrust’s subsidiary, AII, by which theparties agreed to amend the Amended and Restated Quota Share Agreement between Maiden Bermuda and AII, originally entered into on July 1, 2007 (the“AmTrust Quota Share”) and subsequently amended, that is currently in-force and set to expire on June 30, 2019. The Partial Termination Amendmentprovided for the cut-off of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small Commercial Business and U.S. Specialty Risk and Extended Warrantybusiness as of December 31, 2018, with the remainder of the AmTrust Quota Share remaining in place. The Partial Termination Amendment resulted inMaiden Bermuda returning approximately $716.1 million in unearned premium to AII, which nets to approximately $480.0 million after consideration ofceding commission and brokerage, which is subject to adjustment as discussed in the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 18. SubsequentEvents" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Amendment was effective as ofJanuary 1, 2019.On January 30, 2019, Maiden Bermuda, and AmTrust, through its wholly owned subsidiaries AII, AEL and AIU DAC, agreed to terminate on a run-offbasis (i) the Amended and Restated Quota Share Agreement between Maiden Bermuda and AII, originally entered into on July 1, 2007 by which AIIretrocedes to Maiden Bermuda certain lines of business assumed by AII from certain of AmTrust’s U.S., Irish and U.K. insurance company subsidiaries; and(ii) the Quota Share Reinsurance Contract among Maiden Bermuda, AEL and AIU DAC, originally entered into on April 1, 2011, by which AEL cedes 20%and AIU DAC cedes 40% to Maiden Bermuda of AmTrust’s European Hospital Liability business. Each termination was effective as of January 1, 2019.On March 1, 2019, we terminated the Old LPT MTA with Enstar and simultaneously signed the New LPT/ADC MTA pursuant to which an Enstarsubsidiary will assume liabilities for loss reserves as of December 31, 2018 associated with the quota share reinsurance agreements between Maiden Bermudaand AmTrust in excess of a $2.4 billion retention up to $675.0 million. The retention will be subject to adjustment for paid losses since December 31, 2018.The New LPT/ADC MTA and associated pending reinsurance agreement, which is subject to regulatory approval, will provide Maiden Bermuda with $175.0million in adverse development cover over its carried AmTrust reserves at December 31, 2018. Management has assessed that the associated reinsuranceagreement to the New LPT/ADC MTA meets the criteria for risk transfer and will be accounted for as retroactive reinsurance. Cumulative ceded lossesexceeding $500.0 million would result in a deferred gain which would be recognized over the settlement period in proportion to cumulative losses collectedover the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoverable. Consequently, cumulative adverse development subsequent to December 31, 2018, in excess of $500.0million, may result in significant losses from operations until those periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings.Capital TransactionsThere were no capital transactions during 2018. The following capital transactions occurred during the year ended December 31, 2017.Redemption of 2012 Senior NotesOn June 27, 2017, Maiden Holdings fully redeemed all of the Maiden NA's 8.0% 2012 Senior Notes due 2042, using a portion of the proceeds from thePreference Shares - Series D issuance, thus lowering our cost of capital. The 2012 Senior Notes were redeemed at a redemption price equal to 100% of theprincipal amount of $100.0 million plus accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount being redeemed up to, but not including, the redemption date.As a result, the Company accelerated the amortization of the remaining 2012 Senior Note issuance cost of $2.8 million.Issuance of Preference Shares - Series DOn June 15, 2017, Maiden Holdings issued 6,000,000 shares of 6.7% Preference Shares - Series D ("Preference Shares - Series D"), par value $0.01, at aprice of $25 per preference share. We received net proceeds of $144.9 million from the offering after deducting issuance costs of $5.1 million, which wererecognized as a reduction in additional paid-in capital. Each share, which is redeemable at our sole option beginning June 15, 2022, will be paid non-cumulative dividends at a rate of 6.7% per annum on the initial liquidation preference of $25 per share.The Preference Shares - Series D have no voting rights other than to elect two additional members of the board of directors if dividends on the PreferenceShares - Series D have not been declared and paid for the equivalent of six or more dividend periods. The Preference Shares - Series D have been listed onNYSE and trading commenced on June 15, 2017 under the symbol "MHPRD".452018 Financial HighlightsFor the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017ChangeSummary Consolidated Statement of Income Data: ($ in thousands except per share data)Net loss from continuing operations $(450,292) $(147,649) $(302,643)Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax (94,113) (22,096) (72,017)Net loss (544,405) (169,745) (374,660)Net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders (570,260) (199,052) (371,208)Non-GAAP operating loss(1) (471,562) (169,608) (301,954)Basic and diluted loss per common share: Net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders(2) (6.87) (2.32) (4.55)Non-GAAP operating loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders(1) (5.68) (1.98) (3.70)Dividends per common share 0.35 0.60 (0.25)Gross premiums written 2,017,798 2,078,091 (60,293)Net premiums earned 2,026,202 1,992,659 33,543Underwriting loss(3) (520,219) (215,797) (304,422)Net investment income 136,285 124,135 12,150Combined ratio(4) 127.7 % 112.5 % 15.2Non-GAAP operating return on average common shareholders' equity(1) (110.1)% (18.7)% (91.4)At December 31, 2018 2017 ChangeConsolidated Financial Condition ($ in thousands except per share data)Total investments and cash and cash equivalents(5) $4,421,954 $3,961,292 $460,662Total assets 5,287,460 6,644,189 (1,356,729)Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expense ("loss and LAE") 3,055,976 2,386,722 669,254Senior notes - principal amount 262,500 262,500 —Maiden common shareholders' equity 89,275 767,174 (677,899)Maiden shareholders' equity 554,275 1,232,174 (677,899)Total capital resources(6) 816,775 1,494,674 (677,899)Ratio of debt to total capital resources 32.1% 17.6% 14.5 Book value per common share(7) $1.08 $9.25 $(8.17)Accumulated dividends per common share 4.27 3.92 0.35Book value per common share plus accumulated dividends $5.35 $13.17 $(7.82) Diluted book value per common share(8) $1.08 $9.18 $(8.10)(1)Non-GAAP operating (loss) earnings, non-GAAP operating (loss) earnings per common share, non-GAAP operating return on average common equity and underwriting loss are non-GAAP financial measures. Pleasesee "Key Financial Measures" for additional information and a reconciliation to the nearest U.S. GAAP financial measure of net (loss) income.(2)Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 13. Earnings per Common Share" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K forthe calculation of basic and diluted (loss) earnings per common share.(3)Calculated by adding together the net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio.(4)Total investments and cash and cash equivalents includes both restricted and unrestricted.(5)The sum of the Company's principal amount of debt and Maiden shareholders' equity. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.(6)Book value per common share is calculated using common shareholders’ equity (shareholders' equity excluding the aggregate liquidation value of our preference shares) divided by the number of common sharesoutstanding. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.(7)Diluted book value per common share is calculated by dividing common shareholders' equity, adjusted for assumed proceeds from the exercise of dilutive options, by the number of outstanding common shares plusdilutive options and restricted share units (assuming exercise of all dilutive share based awards).(8)During a period of loss, the basic weighted average common shares outstanding is used in the denominator of the diluted loss per common share computation as the effect of including potential dilutive shares wouldbe anti-dilutive.46Key Financial MeasuresIn addition to the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, management uses certain keyfinancial measures, some of which are non-GAAP measures, to evaluate its financial performance and the overall growth in value generated for theCompany’s common shareholders. Management believes that these measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, explain the Company’sresults in a manner that allows for a more complete understanding of the underlying trends in the Company’s business. The non-GAAP measures should notbe viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These key financial measures are:Non-GAAP operating (loss) earnings and non-GAAP diluted operating (loss) earnings per common share: Management believes that the use of non-GAAP operating (loss) earnings and non-GAAP diluted operating (loss) earnings per share enables investors and other users of the Company’s financialinformation to analyze its performance in a manner similar to how management analyzes performance. Management also believes that these measuresgenerally follow industry practice and, therefore, allow the users of financial information to compare the Company’s performance with its industry peergroup, and that the equity analysts and certain rating agencies which follow the Company, and the insurance industry as a whole, generally exclude theseitems from their analyses for the same reasons. Non-GAAP operating (loss) earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for U.S. GAAP net (loss) income.Non-GAAP operating (loss) earnings is an internal performance measure used by management as these measures focus on the underlying fundamentals ofthe Company's operations by excluding, on a recurring basis: (1) net realized gains or losses on investment; (2) total other-than-temporary impairment losses;(3) foreign exchange gains or losses; and (4) loss and related activity from our NGHC Quota Share run-off operations. It also excludes on a non-recurring basisaccelerated amortization of senior note issuance costs and loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax. We exclude net realized gains or losses oninvestment, total other-than-temporary impairment losses and foreign exchange gains or losses as we believe these are influenced by market opportunitiesand other factors. We do not believe the loss from discontinued operations, accelerated amortization of senior note issuance costs, and loss and relatedactivity from our NGHC Quota Share run-off operations are representative of our ongoing and future business. We believe all of these amounts are largelyindependent of our business and future underwriting process and including them distorts the analysis of trends in our operations.Non-GAAP operating (loss) earnings and non-GAAP diluted operating (loss) earnings per common share can be reconciled to the nearest U.S. GAAPfinancial measure as follows:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands except per share data)Net (loss) income attributable to Maiden common shareholders $(570,260) $(199,052) $15,224Add (subtract): Net realized losses (gains) on investment 1,529 (12,222) (6,774)Total other-than-temporary impairment losses 5,832 — —Foreign exchange and other (gains) losses (4,461) 14,921 (13,412)Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax 94,113 22,096 30,922Loss from NGHC Quota Share run-off 1,685 1,840 11,341Accelerated amortization of senior note issuance cost — 2,809 2,345Non-GAAP operating (loss) earnings attributable to Maiden common shareholders $(471,562) $(169,608) $39,646 Diluted (loss) earnings per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders $(6.87) $(2.32) $0.19Add (subtract): Net realized losses (gains) on investment 0.02 (0.14) (0.09)Total other-than-temporary impairment losses 0.07 — —Foreign exchange and other (gains) losses (0.05) 0.17 (0.17)Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax 1.13 0.26 0.39Loss from NGHC Quota Share run-off 0.02 0.02 0.15Accelerated amortization of senior note issuance cost — 0.03 0.03Non-GAAP diluted operating (loss) earnings per common share $(5.68) $(1.98) $0.50Non-GAAP operating loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders increased by $302.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared tothe same period in 2017. This was largely due to an increase in underwriting loss of $304.4 million particularly caused by both significantly higher adverseprior year loss development and reserve strengthening during the year in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment. As a result of these factors, the combinedratio increased by 15.2 points year-over-year. The unfavorable underwriting performance was partially offset by net investment income which increased$12.2 million compared to the prior period.Non-GAAP operating loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders was $169.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to non-GAAP operating earnings in the same period in 2016 of $39.6 million, a decrease of $209.2 million. This47was due to an increased underwriting loss of $228.7 million primarily caused by $247.2 million of adverse prior year loss development during 2017, largelyrelated to Workers Compensation business, and to a lesser extent, the General Liability business within the AmTrust Reinsurance segment. As a result ofthese factors, the total loss ratio increased by 11.1% points year-over-year. The unfavorable underwriting performance was partially offset by net investmentincome which increased $15.4 million compared to the prior period.Non-GAAP Operating Return on Average Common Equity ("Non-GAAP Operating ROACE"): Management uses non-GAAP operating return on averagecommon shareholders' equity as a measure of profitability that focuses on the return to common shareholders. It is calculated using non-GAAP operating(loss) earnings available to common shareholders (as defined above) divided by average common shareholders' equity.Non-GAAP Operating ROACE for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was computed as follows:For the Year Ended December 31, and at December 31, 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands)Non-GAAP operating (loss) earnings attributable to Maiden common shareholders $(471,562) $(169,608) $39,646Opening Maiden common shareholders’ equity 767,174 1,045,797 867,821Ending Maiden common shareholders’ equity 89,275 767,174 1,045,797Average Maiden common shareholders’ equity(1) 428,225 906,486 922,999Non-GAAP Operating ROACE (110.1)% (18.7)% 4.3%(1)Average common shareholders' equity for the year ended December 31, 2016 is adjusted for the period the Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares - Series B are outstanding(prior to mandatory conversion date of September 15, 2016).Book Value per Common Share and Diluted Book Value per Common Share: Management uses growth in both of these metrics as a prime measure of thevalue we are generating for our common shareholders, as management believes that growth in each metric ultimately results in growth in the Company’scommon share price. These metrics are impacted by the Company’s net (loss) income and external factors, such as interest rates, which can drive changes inunrealized gains or losses on our investment portfolio and share repurchases which amounted to $0.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018(2017 - $25.7 million). At December 31, 2018, book value per common share decreased by 88.3% and diluted book value per common share decreased by88.2%, compared to December 31, 2017, primarily due to decreased retained earnings caused by our net loss during the year as well as the decline inaccumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") during the year due to unrealized losses on our investment portfolio. Please see "Liquidity and CapitalResources - Investments" on page 72 for further information on the change in fair value of our fixed maturity investment portfolio.Book value and diluted book value per common share at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were computed as follows:December 31, 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands except share and per share data)Ending Maiden common shareholders’ equity $89,275 $767,174 $1,045,797Proceeds from assumed conversion of dilutive options 362 9,416 13,383Numerator for diluted book value per common share calculation $89,637 $776,590 $1,059,180 Common shares outstanding 82,948,577 82,974,895 86,271,109Shares issued from assumed conversion of dilutive options and restricted share units 398,390 1,627,236 1,961,457Denominator for diluted book value per common share calculation 83,346,967 84,602,131 88,232,566 Book value per common share $1.08 $9.25 $12.12Diluted book value per common share $1.08 $9.18 $12.00Ratio of Debt to Total Capital Resources: Management uses this non-GAAP measure to monitor the financial leverage of the Company. This measure iscalculated using the total principal amount of debt divided by the sum of total capital resources. The ratio of Debt to Total Capital Resources atDecember 31, 2018 and 2017 was computed as follows:December 31, 2018 2017 ($ in thousands)Senior notes - principal amount $262,500 $262,500Maiden shareholders’ equity 554,275 1,232,174Total capital resources $816,775 $1,494,674Ratio of debt to total capital resources 32.1% 17.6%48Underwriting (loss) income: Underwriting (loss) income is a non-GAAP measure and is calculated as net premiums earned plus other insurance revenueless net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses directly related to underwriting activities.Management believes that this measure is important in evaluating the underwriting performance of the Company and its segments. This measure is also auseful tool to measure the profitability of the Company separately from the investment results and is also a widely used performance indicator in theinsurance industry. A reconciliation of the Company's underwriting results can be found in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Please refer to"Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3. Segment Reporting" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of thisAnnual Report on Form 10-K for further details.In conjunction with underwriting (loss) income, combined ratio is commonly used in the insurance and reinsurance industry as a measure of underwritingprofitability. Management measures underwriting results on an overall basis and for each segment on the basis of the combined ratio. The combined ratio isthe sum of the net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio and the computations of each component are described below. A combined ratio under 100%indicates underwriting profitability, as the net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses are lessthan the net premiums earned and other insurance revenue on that business. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3. SegmentReporting" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.In 2018, an underwriting loss of $520.2 million was caused by adverse development of prior year losses of $403.2 million primarily in the AmTrustReinsurance segment which had adverse development of $399.2 million. However, adverse prior year development was also experienced in our DiversifiedReinsurance segment of $2.3 million and our Other category of $1.7 million. Current year underwriting results have also been impacted by increases in ourinitial loss picks for new premiums earned in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment factoring in both market conditions and recent loss trends and experience. In2017, an underwriting loss of $215.8 million was caused by adverse reserve development of $247.2 million, primarily in our AmTrust Reinsurance segmentwhich had adverse reserve development of $239.9 million. Prior to 2016, we have generated underwriting income in each year since inception.Underwriting (loss) income is calculated by subtracting net loss and LAE, commissions and other acquisition expenses and applicable general andadministrative expenses from the net premiums earned and other insurance revenue and is the monetized counterpart of the combined ratio. For purposes ofthese non-GAAP operating measures, the fee-generating business which is included in our Diversified Reinsurance segment, is considered part of theunderwriting operations of the Company.While an important metric of success, underwriting (loss) income and combined ratio do not reflect all componentsof profitability, as they do not recognize the impact of investment income earned on premiums between the time premiums are received and the time losspayments are ultimately paid to clients. Because we do not manage our cash and investments by segment, investment income and interest expense are notallocated to individual reportable segments. Certain general and administrative expenses are generally allocated to segments based on actual costs incurred.The "net loss and LAE ratio" is derived by dividing net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. The "commissionand other acquisition expense ratio" is derived by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and otherinsurance revenue. The "general and administrative expense ratio" is derived by dividing general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiumsearned and other insurance revenue. The "expense ratio" is the sum of the commission and other acquisition expense ratio and the general and administrativeexpense ratio.49Relevant FactorsRevenuesWe historically have derived the majority of our revenues from premiums on reinsurance contracts, net of any reinsurance or retrocessional coveragepurchased and to a minor extent from premiums from insurance policies. Reinsurance premiums are a function of the amount and types of policies andcontracts we write, as well as prevailing market prices. Our prices are determined before our ultimate costs, which may extend far into the future, are known.The Company's revenues also include fee income as well as income generated from our investment portfolio. The Company's investment portfolio iscomprised of fixed maturity investments, currently held as AFS and HTM, and other investments. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, these investments, exceptfor HTM fixed maturities, are carried at fair market value and unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings. The unrealized gains and losses on ourAFS fixed maturity investments are included on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet in AOCI as a separate component of shareholders' equity. Ifunrealized losses are considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired due to a credit event, such losses are included in earnings as a realized loss.As a result of the transactions implemented in 2018 and early 2019, the Company's gross and net premiums written will be materially lower in 2019 andinvestment income will become a significantly larger portion of our revenues.ExpensesOur expenses consist largely of net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses, general and administrative expenses, interest andamortization expenses, amortization of intangible assets including any write off, and foreign exchange and other gains or losses, including on a non-recurringbasis, losses from disposal of subsidiaries.Net loss and LAE has three main components:•losses paid, which are actual cash payments to insureds, net of recoveries from reinsurers;•change in outstanding loss or case reserves, which represent cedants' best estimate of the likely settlement amount for known claims, less the portionthat can be recovered from reinsurers; and•change in IBNR reserves, which we establish to respond to changes in the values of claims that have been reported to us but are not yet settled, aswell as claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to us. The portion recoverable from reinsurers is deducted from the gross estimatedloss.Commission and other acquisition expenses include commissions, brokerage fees and insurance taxes. Commissions and brokerage fees are usuallycalculated as a percentage of premiums and depend on the market and line of business and can, in certain instances, vary based on loss sensitive features ofreinsurance contracts. Commission and other acquisition expenses are reported after: (1) deducting commissions received on ceded reinsurance; (2)deducting the part of commission and other acquisition expenses relating to unearned premiums; and (3) including the amortization of previously deferredcommission and other acquisition expenses.General and administrative expenses include personnel expenses (including share-based compensation expense), rent expenses, legal and professionalfees, information technology costs and other general operating expenses.50Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesIt is important to understand our accounting policies in order to understand our financial position and results of operations. The Company’s ConsolidatedFinancial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requiresmanagement to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and thereported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The following presents a discussion of those accounting policies and estimates thatmanagement believes are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgment. If actual events differsignificantly from the underlying assumptions and estimates used by management, there could be material adjustments to prior estimates that couldpotentially adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. These critical accounting policies and estimates should beread in conjunction with "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" included under Item 8 "FinancialStatements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report Form 10-K for a full understanding of the Company’s accounting policies.Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment ExpensesGeneral: The amount of time that elapses before a claim is reported to the cedant and then subsequently reported to the reinsurer is commonly referred toin the industry as the reporting tail. Lines of business for which claims are reported quickly are commonly referred to as short-tailed lines; and lines ofbusiness for which a longer period of time elapses before claims are reported to the reinsurer are commonly referred to as long-tailed lines. In general, forreinsurance, the time lags are longer than for primary business due to the delay that occurs between the cedant becoming aware of a loss and reporting theinformation to its reinsurer(s). The delay varies by reinsurance market (country of cedant), type of treaty, whether losses are paid by the cedant and the size ofthe loss. The delay could vary from a few weeks to a year or sometimes longer.Because a significant amount of time can elapse, particularly on longer-tail lines of business written on an excess of loss basis, between the assumption ofrisk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance company (the primary company or the cedant), the subsequent reporting to thereinsurance company ("the reinsurer") and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event by the reinsurer, the Company’s liability for unpaid loss andLAE ("loss reserves") is based largely upon estimates. The Company categorizes loss reserves into two types of reserves: reported outstanding loss reserves("case reserves") and IBNR reserves. Case reserves represent, for each individual claim, an estimate of unpaid losses, either by the Company’s cedants or theCompany’s claims handling professionals, and recorded by the Company. IBNR reserves represent a provision for claims that have been incurred but not yetreported to the Company, as well as future loss development on losses already reported, in excess of the case reserves. The Company updates its estimates foreach of the aforementioned categories on a quarterly basis using information received from its cedants.For excess of loss treaties, cedants generally are required to report losses that either (i) exceed 50% of their retention; or (ii) have a reasonable probabilityof exceeding the retention; or (iii) meet defined reporting criteria. All excess of loss reinsurance claims that are reserved are reviewed on a periodic basis. Inaddition, reserves for loss and LAE are reviewed every quarter for each cedant. For proportional treaties, cedants are required to give a periodic statement ofaccount, generally monthly or quarterly. These periodic statements typically include information regarding premiums written, premiums earned, unearnedpremiums, ceding commissions, brokerage amounts, applicable taxes, paid losses and reported outstanding losses. They can be submitted up to 90 days afterthe close of the reporting period. Some proportional treaties have specific language requiring earlier notice of serious claims.For all lines, the Company’s objective is to estimate ultimate loss and LAE. Total loss reserves are then calculated by subtracting losses paid. Similarly,IBNR reserves are calculated by subtracting case reserves from total loss reserves. IBNR is the estimated liability for (1) changes in the values of claims thathave been reported to us but are not yet settled, as well as (2) claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported as well as (3) claims that are closed butsubsequently reopened. Each claim is settled individually based upon its merits, and particularly for longer-tailed lines of business, it is not unusual for aclaim to take years after being reported to be settled and paid, especially if legal action is involved. These claims may also require changes in anticipatedfuture payments due to changes in medical conditions or changes in expected inflationary pressures. As a result, the reserve for loss and LAE includesignificant estimates for IBNR reserves.The reserve for IBNR is estimated by management for each account based on various factors, including our underwriting team's expectations about lossexperience, actuarial analysis and loss experience to date. Our actuaries employ standard actuarial methodologies to determine estimated ultimate lossreserves.In selecting management's best estimate of loss and LAE reserves, we consider the range of results produced by many actuarial methods and theappropriateness of those estimates. These methodologies are described in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Reserve for Loss and LossAdjustment Expenses" included under Item 8 "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data".The reserve for loss and LAE at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:December 31, 2018 2017 ($ in thousands)Reserve for reported loss and LAE $1,571,217 $1,393,560Reserve for losses incurred but not reported 1,484,759 993,162Reserve for loss and LAE $3,055,976 $2,386,72251While management believes that our case reserves and IBNR are sufficient to cover losses assumed by us, there can be no assurance that losses will notdeviate from our reserves, possibly by material amounts. The analysis of the appropriateness of the reserve for IBNR is reviewed quarterly, with adjustmentsmade as appropriate. To the extent actual reported losses exceed expected losses, the carried estimate of the ultimate losses may be increased (i.e. unfavorablereserve development), and to the extent actual reported losses are less than our expectations, the carried estimate of ultimate losses may be reduced (i.e.favorable reserve development). We record any changes in our loss reserve estimates and the related reinsurance recoverable in the periods in which they aredetermined.Loss reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, loss reserves are estimates of what we expect the ultimate resolution andadministration of claims will cost. These estimates are based on actuarial projections and on our assessment of currently available data, as well as estimates offuture trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors. Loss reserve estimates are refined as experience develops and asclaims are reported and resolved. In addition, the relatively long periods between when a loss occurs and when it may be reported to our claims departmentfor our casualty reinsurance lines of business also increase the uncertainties of reserve estimates in such lines.With the guidance of the methods described in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses"included under Item 8 "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report Form 10-K, actuarial judgment is applied in the determinationof ultimate losses. In general, the Company’s segments have varying levels of seasoning with which the Company has direct experience and as a result,differing methods are utilized to estimate loss and LAE reserves in each segment.In our Diversified Reinsurance segment, we have both books of business that have been in runoff for several years, and those that are active and have beenunderwritten during the last several years. In general, we utilize the Expected Loss Ratio ("ELR") approach at the onset of reserving an account, theBornhuetter-Ferguson ("BF") method for business with less but maturing loss experience, and as the experience matures the Loss Development ("LD")method. The runoff book of business primarily used the LD method due to its maturity and amount the of experience which has emerged. For proportionalbusiness the Company relies heavily on the actual contract experience, whereas for excess of loss business there will be more usage of industry and/orCompany specific benchmark assumptions.The Company has underwritten the AmTrust Reinsurance segment since July 1, 2007. A large portion of the exposure in the underlying book of businesshas significant seasoning, and allows for a significant amount of credibility in using parameters derived from historical experience to calculate reserveestimates. Some segments of the book are a result of recent acquisitions or newer markets for AmTrust. These segments require a greater level of assumptionsand professional judgment in deriving reserve levels, which inherently implies a wider range of reasonable estimates. As a result, we have tended to rely on aweighted approach which primarily employs the LD method for aspects of the segment with ample historical data, while also considering the ELR or BFmethod for exposure resulting from recent acquisitions, or a relative business with a more limited level of experience. The LD method can also be based onAmTrust specific historical information or information derived from industry sources, with actuarial judgment being used as to the credibility weightingemployed. The Frequency-Severity ("FS") method is also considered for segments of the AmTrust book for which claim count information is available. TheCompany’s actuarial analysis of this book of business is more refined in that it utilizes a combination of quarterly and annual data instead of contract perioddata in totality. Additional data detailing items such as class of business, state, claim counts, frequency and severity is available in many instances, furtherenhancing the reserve analysis.Significant Assumptions Employed in the Estimation of Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses: The most significant assumptions used atDecember 31, 2018 to estimate the reserve for loss and LAE within the Company’s segments are as follows:•the information developed from internal and independent external sources can be used to develop meaningful estimates of the likely futureperformance of business bound by the Company;•the loss and exposure information provided by ceding companies, insureds and brokers in support of their reinsurance submissions have been usedby Maiden's pricing actuaries to derive meaningful estimates of the likely future performance of business bound with respect to each contract andpolicy;•historic loss development and trend experience may be used to predict future loss development and trends; and•no significant emergence of losses or types of losses that are not represented in the information supplied to the Company by its brokers, cedingcompanies and insureds will occur.The above four assumptions most significantly influence the Company’s determination of initial expected loss ratios and expected loss reporting andpayment patterns that are the key inputs which impact potential variability in the estimate of the reserve for loss and LAE and are applicable to each of theCompany’s business segments. These factors are combined with the actuarial judgment exercised by our reserving actuaries, and validated by the externalreview of our reserving levels. While there can be no assurance that any of the above assumptions will prove to be correct, we believe that this processrepresents a realistic and appropriate basis for estimating the reserve for loss and LAE. Loss emergence factors and expected loss ratios used in the reservingprocess are based on a blend of our own experience, cedant experience and industry benchmarks, when appropriate. The benchmarks selected were those thatwe believe are most similar to our underwriting business.Factors Creating Uncertainty in the Estimation of the Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses: While management does not at this time includean explicit or implicit provision for uncertainty in its reserve for loss and LAE, certain of the Company’s business lines are by their nature subject toadditional uncertainties, which are discussed in detail below. In addition, the Company’s reserves are subject to additional factors which add to theuncertainty of estimating reserve for loss and LAE. Time lags in the reporting of losses can also introduce further ambiguity to the process of estimatingreserve for loss and LAE.52The inherent uncertainty of estimating the Company’s reserve for loss and LAE increases principally due to:•the lag in time between the time claims are reported to the ceding company and the time they are reported through one or more reinsurance brokerintermediaries to the Company;•the differing case reserving practices among ceding companies;•changes to characteristics of a claim over time, such as future medical needs or assessment of liability;•the diversity of loss development patterns among different types of reinsurance treaties or contracts; and•the Company’s need to rely on its ceding companies for loss information, which also exposes the Company to changes in the reserving philosophyof the ceding company and the adequacy of its underlying case reserves.In order to verify the accuracy and completeness of the information provided to the Company by its ceding company counterparties, the Company’sunderwriters, actuaries, accounting and claims personnel perform underwriting and claims reviews, and at times also accounting and financial audits, of theCompany’s ceding companies. Any material findings are communicated to the ceding companies and utilized in the establishment or revision of theCompany’s case reserves and related IBNR reserve. On occasion, these reviews reveal that the ceding company’s reported loss and LAE do not comport withthe terms of the contract with the Company. In such events, the Company strives to resolve the outstanding differences in an amicable fashion. The largemajority of such differences are resolved in this manner. In the infrequent instance where an amicable solution is not feasible, the Company’s policy is tovigorously defend its position in litigation or arbitration. At December 31, 2018, the Company was not involved in any material claims litigation orarbitration proceedings.Due to the large volume of potential transactions that must be recorded in the insurance and reinsurance industry, backlogs in the recording of theCompany’s business activities can also impair the accuracy of its loss and LAE reserve estimates. At December 31, 2018, there were no significant backlogsrelated to the processing of policy or contract information in the Company’s segments.The Company assumes in its loss and LAE reserving process that, on average, the time periods between the recording of expected losses and the reportingof actual losses are predictable when measured in the aggregate and over time. The time period over which all losses are expected to be reported to theCompany varies significantly by line of business. This period can range from a few quarters for some lines, such as property, to many years for some casualtylines of business. To the extent that actual reported losses are reported more quickly or more slowly than expected, the Company may adjust its estimate ofultimate loss.Potential Volatility in the Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses: In addition to the factors creating uncertainty in the Company’s estimate ofloss and LAE, the Company’s estimated reserve for loss and LAE can change over time because of unexpected changes in the external environment. Potentialchanging external factors include:•changes in the inflation rate for goods and services related to the covered damages;•changes in the general economic environment that could cause unanticipated changes in claim frequency or severity;•changes in the litigation environment regarding the representation of plaintiffs and potential plaintiffs;•changes in the judicial and/or arbitration environment regarding the interpretation of policy and contract provisions relating to the determination ofcoverage and/or the amount of damages awarded for certain types of claims;•changes in the social environment regarding the general attitude of juries in the determination of liability and damages;•changes in the legislative environment regarding the definition of damages;•new types of injuries caused by new types of injurious activities or exposures; and•changes in ceding company case reserving and reporting patterns.The Company’s estimate of loss reserves has changed materially for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The change in the loss reserve estimatefrom the prior year is referred to as Prior Year Development ("PPD"). The Company has experienced adverse PPD of $403.2 million and $247.2 million for theyears ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Please refer to “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Reserve for Loss and LossAdjustment Expenses” included under Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K for further details.The Company creates a statistical distribution around the estimate of reserve for loss and LAE based on an assumption of the volatility inherent in theestimate. The assumption of volatility is primarily based on parameters underlying the BSCR model as at December 31, 2018. The current estimate ofvolatility represents an increase in the expected volatility assumed as at December 31, 2017 of 11.3%. Due to adverse PPD for the years ended December 31,2018 and 2017, the expected range of reasonable reserves has also widened, as the uncertainty inherent in the reserve estimate has surpassed previousexpectations. As at December 31, 2018, the estimate of a reasonable range of reserves is based on one full standard deviation from the mean of the statisticaldistribution, which is an increase from approximately 84% of a standard deviation as at December 31, 2017.Based on this reasonable range, our required reserves after reinsurance recoverable could increase by approximately $244.3 million, or 8.0%, of ourconsolidated net loss and LAE reserves. If the New LPT/ADC MTA between the Company and Enstar were to be considered, the variance in our requiredreserves would decrease to $69.3 million, or 2.7% of our consolidated net loss and LAE reserves as adjusted for the impact of the New LPT/ADC MTA.53Premiums and Commissions and Other Acquisition ExpensesFor pro-rata contracts and excess-of-loss contracts where no deposit or minimum premium is specified in the contract, premium written is recognized basedon estimates of ultimate premiums provided by the ceding companies. Initial estimates of premium written are recognized in the period in which theunderlying risks are incepted. Subsequent adjustments, based on reports of actual premium by the ceding companies, or revisions in estimates, are recorded inthe period in which they are determined. Reinsurance premiums assumed are generally earned on a pro rata basis over the terms of the underlying policies orreinsurance contracts.Contracts and policies written on a "losses occurring" basis cover claims that may occur during the term of the contract or policy, which is typically 12months. Accordingly, the premium is earned evenly over the term. Contracts which are written on a "risks attaching" basis cover claims from all underlyinginsurance policies written during the terms of such contracts. Premiums earned on such contracts extend beyond the original term of the reinsurance contract,typically resulting in recognition of premiums earned over a 24-month period.Reinsurance premiums on specialty risk and extended warranty are earned based on the estimated program coverage period. These estimates are based onthe expected distribution of coverage periods by contract at inception, because a single contract may contain multiple coverage period options and theseestimates are revised based on the actual coverage period selected by the original insured.Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written which is applicable to the unexpired term of the contract or policy in force. These premiumscan be subject to estimates based upon information received from ceding companies and any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded inthe period in which they are determined.The Company provides proportional and non-proportional reinsurance coverage to cedants (insurance companies). Cedant's actual premiums areunknown at the time they enter into reinsurance agreement so treaties are based upon estimates of those premiums at the time the treaties are written and aretypically adjusted as premiums are known. Reporting delays are inherent in the reinsurance industry and vary in length by type of treaty. As delays can varyfrom a few weeks to a year or sometimes longer, the Company produces accounting estimates to report premiums and commission and other acquisitionexpenses until it receives the cedants’ actual results. Under proportional treaties, which represented 99.8% (2017 - 99.5%, 2016 - 99.9%) of gross premiumswritten for the year December 31, 2018, the Company shares proportionally in both the premiums and losses of the cedant and pays the cedant a commissionto cover the cedant’s acquisition expenses. Under this type of treaty, the Company’s ultimate premiums written and earned and acquisition expenses are notknown at the inception of the treaty and must be estimated until the cedant reports its actual results to the Company. Under non-proportional treaties, whichrepresented 0.2% (2017 - 0.5%, 2016 - 0.1%) of gross premiums written for the year December 31, 2018, the Company is typically exposed to loss events inexcess of a predetermined dollar amount or loss ratio and receives a deposit or minimum premium, which is subject to adjustment depending on the premiumvolume written by the cedant.Reported premiums written and earned and commission and other acquisition expenses on proportional treaties are generally based upon reports receivedfrom cedants and brokers, supplemented by the Company’s own estimates of premiums written and commission and other acquisition expenses for whichceding company reports have not been received. Premium and acquisition expense estimates are determined at the individual treaty level based uponcontract provisions. The determination of estimates requires a review of the Company’s experience with cedants, a thorough understanding of the individualcharacteristics of each line of business and the ability to project the impact of current economic indicators on the volume of business written and ceded bythe Company’s cedants. Estimates for premiums and commission and other acquisition expenses are updated continuously as new information is receivedfrom the cedants. Differences between such estimates and actual amounts are recorded in the period in which estimates are changed or the actual amounts aredetermined.Assessing whether or not a reinsurance contract meets the condition for risk transfer requires judgment. The determination of risk transfer is critical toreporting premiums written and is based, in part, on the use of actuarial and pricing models and assumptions. If we determine that a reinsurance contract doesnot transfer sufficient risk, we account for the contract as deposit liability rather than a premium written.Acquisition expenses represent the costs of writing business that vary with, and are primarily related to, the production of the business. Acquisitionexpenses that are related to successful contracts are deferred and recognized as expense over the same period in which the related premiums are earned. Onlycertain expenses incurred in the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts are capitalized. Those expenses include incremental directcosts of contract acquisition that result directly from and are essential to the contract transaction and would not have been incurred had the contracttransaction not occurred. All other acquisition-related expenses, such as costs incurred for soliciting business, administration, and unsuccessful acquisition orrenewal efforts are charged to expense as incurred. Administrative expenses, including rent, depreciation, occupancy, equipment, and all other generaloverhead expenses are considered indirect and are expensed as incurred.The Company considers anticipated investment income in determining the recoverability of these deferred costs and believes they are fully recoverable. Apremium deficiency is recognized if the sum of anticipated losses and loss adjustment expenses, unamortized acquisition expenses and anticipatedinvestment income exceed unearned premium.Fair Value of Financial InstrumentsPlease refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments" included under Item 8 "Financial Statementsand Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K on page F-29 for a discussion on the fair value methodology and valuation techniques usedby the Company to determine the fair value of the financial instruments held at December 31, 2018 and 2017.54Other-Than-Temporary Impairment ("OTTI") of InvestmentsPlease refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements andSupplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K on page F-11 for a discussion on the OTTI evaluation performed by the Company. For the yearended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized $5.8 million of OTTI losses in its results of operation. The Company recognized no OTTI losses throughearnings for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 4. Investments" included underItem 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K on page F-24 for further details.55Goodwill and Intangible AssetsThe Company recognizes Goodwill and Intangible Assets in connection with certain acquisitions. Goodwill represents the excess of the cost ofacquisitions over the fair value of the net assets acquired and is assigned to the applicable reporting unit(s) on the acquisition date, based upon the expectedbenefit to be received by the reporting unit. Intangible Assets comprise both finite and indefinite life assets. Finite life intangible assets include customer andproducer relationships and trademarks with useful life of 15 years. Insurance company licenses are considered indefinite life intangible assets.Annually, the Company makes an assessment as to whether the value of the Company’s goodwill and intangible assets are impaired. Impairment, whichcan be either partial or full, is based on a fair value analysis by individual reporting unit. The goodwill and intangible assets are subject to annual impairmenttesting on October 1 or when “triggering events” occur or circumstances change that could potentially reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below itscarrying amount. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value.The sale of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance operations resulted in a triggering event and consequently during the year ended December 31, 2018,the Company has written off the remaining balance of goodwill and intangible assets. The goodwill and intangible assets were deemed to be permanentlyimpaired due to the sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 6. DiscontinuedOperations and Note 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets" included under Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report onForm 10-K on page F-33 for further details of this disposal. The Company recognized an impairment loss of $74.2 million as a result of these dispositions,which is presented as part of the loss from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.No impairment was recorded during the same period in 2017. During 2016, the Company wrote off the goodwill relating to the acquisition of a majorityinterest in Regulatory Capital Limited, which was deemed to be permanently impaired. The Company recognized an impairment loss of $1.8 million which ispresented as part of the loss from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2016.The following table shows the analysis of goodwill and intangible assets:($ in thousands) Goodwill Intangible Assets -Indefinite Life Intangible Assets -Finite Life TotalDecember 31, 2016 $57,192 $4,527 $15,996 $77,715Amortization — — (2,132) (2,132)December 31, 2017 $57,192 $4,527 $13,864 $75,583Amortization — — (1,387) (1,387)Impairment losses (57,192) (4,527) (12,477) (74,196)December 31, 2018 $— $— $— $—56Results of OperationsThe following table sets forth our selected Consolidated Statement of Income data for each of the years indicated:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands)Gross premiums written $2,017,798 $2,078,091 $2,089,029Net premiums written $2,014,597 $2,037,377 $1,967,671Net premiums earned $2,026,202 $1,992,659 $1,925,588Other insurance revenue 9,681 9,802 10,817Net loss and LAE (1,880,121) (1,555,433) (1,289,512)Commission and other acquisition expenses (654,740) (643,797) (615,523)General and administrative expenses(1) (21,241) (19,028) (18,439)Underwriting (loss) income(2) (520,219) (215,797) 12,931Other general and administrative expenses(1) (43,699) (33,976) (31,815)Net investment income 136,285 124,135 108,689Net realized (losses) gains on investment (1,529) 12,222 6,774Total other-than-temporary impairment losses (5,832) — —Accelerated amortization of senior note issuance cost — (2,809) (2,345)Foreign exchange and other gains (losses) 4,461 (14,921) 13,412Interest and amortization expenses (19,318) (23,260) (28,173)Income tax (expense) benefit (441) 6,757 (413)Net (loss) income from continuing operations (450,292) (147,649) 79,060Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax (94,113) (22,096) (30,922)(Income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (219) (151) 842Dividends on preference shares (25,636) (29,156) (33,756)Net (loss) income attributable to Maiden common shareholders $(570,260) $(199,052) $15,224 Ratios Net loss and LAE ratio(3) 92.3% 77.7% 66.6%Commission and other acquisition expense ratio(4) 32.2% 32.2% 31.8%General and administrative expense ratio(5) 3.2% 2.6% 2.6%Expense ratio(6) 35.4% 34.8% 34.4%Combined ratio(7) 127.7% 112.5% 101.0%(1)Underwriting related general and administrative expenses is a non-GAAP measure. Please refer to "General and Administrative Expenses" below for additional informationrelated to these corporate expenses and the reconciliation to those presented in our Consolidated Statements of Income.(2)Underwriting (loss) income is a non-GAAP measure and is calculated as net premiums earned plus other insurance revenue less net loss and LAE, commission and otheracquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses directly related to underwriting activities.(3)Calculated by dividing net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.(4)Calculated by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.(5)Calculated by dividing all general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.(6)Calculated by adding together commission and other acquisition expense ratio and general and administrative expense ratio.(7)Calculated by adding together net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio.57Net IncomeComparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017Net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $570.3 million compared to net loss attributable toMaiden common shareholders of $199.1 million for the same period in 2017. The net decrease in results for the year ended December 31, 2018 comparedto the same period in 2017 was primarily due to the following:•an underwriting loss of $520.2 million compared to underwriting loss of $215.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. The deteriorationin the underwriting result was principally due to:◦adverse development of prior year losses of $403.2 million in 2018 compared to $247.2 million for the same period in 2017. This development,which is discussed in greater detail in the individual segment discussion and analysis, was primarily in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment foreach respective period; and◦higher initial loss ratios on current year premiums earned during 2018 in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment factoring in both market conditionsand recent loss trends and experience.•total general and administrative expenses increased by $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same periodin 2017 due to increases in compensation benefits paid under certain executive separation agreements, higher audit, legal and other professional feesincurred as well as higher technology-related expenses; and•realized losses on investment of $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to realized gains of $12.2 million for the same periodin 2017 and impairment losses in investments of $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $0 for the comparative period in2017.The unfavorable movements above were modestly offset by the following favorable factors:•net investment income increased by $12.2 million or 9.8% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 largely dueto the growth in average investable assets of 8.1% from the same period in 2017;•foreign exchange gains of $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to foreign exchange losses of $14.9 million for the sameperiod in 2017 due to the recent weakening of the euro and British pound relative to the U.S. dollar;•interest and amortization expenses decreased by $3.9 million or 16.9% compared to the same period in 2017 due to the redemption of the 2012Senior Notes on June 27, 2017. The prior period also included a charge of $2.8 million resulting from the acceleration of the amortization of the2012 Senior Notes issuance cost due to its redemption during 2017; and•dividends paid to preference shareholders decreased by $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017.Our Board did not declare dividends on any of our Preference Shares series during the fourth quarter of 2018. This was partially offset by the $7.5million of dividends paid on the Preference Shares - Series D during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $5.0 million paid for the sameperiod in 2017 as these preference shares were only issued on June 15, 2017.Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $199.1 million compared to net income attributable toMaiden common shareholders of $15.2 million for the same period in 2016. The main factors that contributed to this net decrease were as follows:•an underwriting loss of $215.8 million compared to underwriting income of $12.9 million for the same period in 2016. The deterioration of theunderwriting result was primarily the result of $247.2 million of adverse prior year development, compared to $77.0 million for the same period in2016. This development was primarily in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment for each respective period and discussed in greater detail in theindividual segment discussion and analysis; and•foreign exchange losses of $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to foreign exchange gains of $13.4 million for the sameperiod in 2016 due to the strengthening of the euro and British pound relative to the U.S. dollar which negatively impacted our Bermudareinsurance subsidiary that reinsures British pound and euro-denominated risks.The unfavorable movements above were partially offset by the following favorable factors:•net investment income increased by $15.4 million, or 14.2%, to $124.1 million, for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $108.7 millionfor the same period in 2016 which reflects growth in average investable assets of 5.4% for the year ended December 31, 2017;•realized gains on investment of $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to realized gains of $6.8 million for the same periodin 2016;•interest and amortization expenses decreased to $23.3 million compared to $28.2 million for the same period in 2016 due to the redemption of the2012 Senior Notes on June 27, 2017; and•dividends paid to preference shareholders decreased to $29.2 million compared to preferred dividends of $33.8 million for the same period in 2016due to the conversion of the 7.25% Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares - Series B into our common shares on September 15, 2016. This waspartly offset by dividends paid on the 6.7% Preference Shares - Series D that were issued on June 15, 2017.58The following is a discussion on the results of our operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:Net Premiums WrittenComparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017Net premiums written decreased by $22.8 million, or 1.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. The table belowcompares net premiums written by our reportable segments, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums written, for the years ended December 31, 2018and 2017:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Diversified Reinsurance $129,319 6.4% $82,521 4.1% $46,798 56.7 %AmTrust Reinsurance 1,885,278 93.6% 1,954,856 95.9% (69,578) (3.6)%Total $2,014,597 100.0% $2,037,377 100.0% $(22,780) (1.1)%Net premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased by 1.1% compared to the same period in 2017 due to the following:•Diversified Reinsurance segment increased by $46.8 million or 56.7% driven by new account growth and expansion of the Australia Warrantyprogram, German Auto program and other client relationships in our European Capital Solutions business during 2018 as well as new businessdevelopment; and•AmTrust Reinsurance segment decreased by $69.6 million or 3.6% mainly due to a combination of market conditions and underwriting measuresapplied by AmTrust during the year for Small Commercial Business, particularly within the workers' compensation portfolio, as well as AmTrustbuying significantly more inuring reinsurance for Specialty Program.Please refer to the analysis below of our Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance segments for further details.Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net premiums written increased by $69.7 million, or 3.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016. The table belowcompares net premiums written by our reportable segments, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums written, for the years ended December 31, 2017and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Diversified Reinsurance $82,521 4.1% $79,243 4.0% $3,278 4.1%AmTrust Reinsurance 1,954,856 95.9% 1,888,428 96.0% 66,428 3.5%Total $2,037,377 100.0% $1,967,671 100.0% $69,706 3.5%The $66.4 million increase in net premiums written in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the sameperiod in 2016 was primarily due to the lower utilization of retrocessional capacity as the ratio of net premiums written to gross premiums written increased to98.1% for 2017 compared to 94.1% for the prior period.The $3.3 million increase in net premiums written in our Diversified Reinsurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the sameperiod in 2016 was mainly due to growth in new treaty contracts written in Europe by Maiden Bermuda in 2017 as the demand for reinsurance to supportcapital has risen in response to Solvency II regulations in Europe.Net Premiums EarnedComparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017Net premiums earned increased by $33.5 million or 1.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. The table belowcompares net premiums earned by our reportable segments, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums earned, for the years ended December 31, 2018and 2017:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Diversified Reinsurance $112,487 5.5% $83,015 4.2% $29,472 35.5%AmTrust Reinsurance 1,913,715 94.5% 1,909,644 95.8% 4,071 0.2%Total $2,026,202 100.0% $1,992,659 100.0% $33,543 1.7%Net premiums earned in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased modestly by $4.1 million or 0.2% comparedto the same period in 2017. Please refer to the analysis of our AmTrust Reinsurance segment on page 66 for further discussion.59Net premiums earned in our Diversified Reinsurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased by $29.5 million or 35.5% compared to thesame period in 2017 as a result of overall growth in the German auto programs as well as new client development in our European Capital Solutions business.Please refer to the analysis of our Diversified Reinsurance segment on page 63 for further discussion.Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net premiums earned increased by $67.1 million, or 3.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016. The table belowcompares net premiums earned by our reportable segments, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums earned, for the years ended December 31, 2017and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Diversified Reinsurance $83,015 4.2% $81,967 4.3% $1,048 1.3%AmTrust Reinsurance 1,909,644 95.8% 1,843,621 95.7% 66,023 3.6%Total $1,992,659 100.0% $1,925,588 100.0% $67,071 3.5%Net premiums earned in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment increased by $66.0 million or 3.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to thesame period in 2016 which primarily reflects the impact of the lower utilization of retrocessional capacity compared to the prior period as discussed in the netpremiums written section above. Please refer to the analysis of our AmTrust Reinsurance segment on page 66 for further discussion.Net premiums earned in the Diversified Reinsurance segment modestly increased by $1.0 million or 1.3% for the year ended December 31, 2017compared to the same period in 2016. Please refer to the analysis of our Diversified Reinsurance segment on page 63 for further discussion.Other Insurance RevenueAll of our Other Insurance Revenue is produced by our Diversified Reinsurance segment. Please refer to the analysis of our Diversified Reinsurancesegment on page 63 for further discussion.Net Investment Income, Net Realized Gains on Investment and Net Impairment Losses Recognized in EarningsComparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017Net Investment Income - Net investment income increased by $12.2 million, or 9.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same periodin 2017, largely due to the growth in average invested assets of 8.1%. The increase was also driven by $3.0 million of higher interest income on the loan torelated party as the terms of the agreement changed effective December 18, 2017.The following table details the Company's average investable assets and average book yield for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the sameperiod in 2017:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 ($ in thousands)Average investable assets(1) $4,281,474 $3,959,280Average book yield(2) 3.2% 3.1%(1)The average of the Company's investments, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and loan to related party held during the year.(2)Ratio of net investment income over average investable assets at fair value.Net Realized Gains on Investment - Net realized losses on investment were $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to net realizedgains on investment of $12.2 million for the same period in 2017.Net Impairment Losses Recognized in Earnings - The Company recognized $5.8 million of OTTI losses in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2018but did not have an OTTI charge for the year ended December 31, 2017.Comparison of Years December 31, 2017 and 2016Net Investment Income - Net investment income increased by $15.4 million, or 14.2% to $124.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 comparedto the same period in 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2017, average investable assets grew by 5.4% giving rise to increased net investment incomecompared to the same period in 2016, combined with higher average yields of 3.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2.9% for the sameperiod in 2016.60The following table details the Company's average investable assets and average book yield for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the sameperiod in 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 ($ in thousands)Average investable assets(1) $3,959,280 $3,757,491Average book yield(2) 3.1% 2.9%(1) The average of the Company's investments, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and loan to related party held during the year.(2) Ratio of net investment income over average investable assets at fair value.Net Realized Gains on Investment - Net realized gains on investment were $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $6.8 millionfor the same period in 2016.Net Loss and Loss Adjustment ExpensesComparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017Net loss and LAE increased by $324.7 million, or 20.9%, during the year ended December 31, 2018. This was largely due to adverse prior year lossdevelopment of $403.2 million or 19.8 points during 2018 compared to $247.2 million or 12.4 points recorded in 2017. This development, which isdiscussed in greater detail in the individual segment discussion and analysis, was primarily in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment where significant reservestrengthening occurred in both respective periods. The net loss and LAE ratios were 92.3% and 77.7% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017,respectively.Also, the higher loss ratios reflect increases we have made in our initial loss ratios on current year premiums earned in both our Diversified Reinsuranceand AmTrust Reinsurance segments factoring in both market conditions and recent loss trends and experience.Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net loss and LAE increased by $265.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016 which largely reflects $247.2 million or 12.4% ofadverse reserve development experienced primarily in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment during 2017. The net loss and LAE ratios were 77.7% and 66.6%for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Also, the higher loss ratios reflect increases we have made in our initial loss ratios on current year premiums earned in both our Diversified Reinsuranceand AmTrust Reinsurance segments factoring in both market conditions and recent loss trends and experience.Commission and Other Acquisition ExpensesComparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017Commission and other acquisition expenses increased by $10.9 million or 1.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017. Thecommission and other acquisition expense ratio remained flat at 32.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. Thecommission and other acquisition expense ratio is largely dependent on the mix of business within the AmTrust Reinsurance segment and the mix of pro-rataand excess of loss business within the Diversified Reinsurance segment.Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Commission and other acquisition expenses increased by $28.3 million, or 4.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016.The commission and other acquisition expense ratio increased to 32.2% for the year December 31, 2017 compared to 31.8% for the same period in 2016. Thecommission and other acquisition expense ratio is largely dependent on the mix of business within the AmTrust Reinsurance segment and the mix of pro-rataand excess of loss business within the Diversified Reinsurance segment.General and Administrative ExpensesGeneral and administrative expenses include expenses which are segregated for analytical purposes as a component of underwriting income. General andadministrative expenses comprise: For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands)General and administrative expenses – segments $21,241 $19,028 $18,439General and administrative expenses – corporate 43,699 33,976 31,815Total general and administrative expenses $64,940 $53,004 $50,25461Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017Total general and administrative expenses increased by $11.9 million, or 22.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 due to highercompensation benefits paid under certain executive separation agreements as well as higher audit, legal, and other professional fees and technology-relatedexpenses. The general and administrative expense ratio increased to 3.2% for the years ended December 31, 2018 from 2.6% for the year ended December 31,2017 as a result of the aforementioned significantly higher expenses incurred despite higher earned premiums compared to the prior period. Non-recurringexpenses of $5.5 million, which are related to compensation benefits paid under certain executive separation agreements, increased the general andadministrative expense ratio by 0.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017.Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Total general and administrative expenses increased by $2.8 million, or 5.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016 due to higherlegal, other professional fees and technology-related expenses partly offset by lower employee-related expenses. The general and administrative expenseratio remained flat at 2.6% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.Interest and Amortization ExpensesComparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017The interest and amortization expenses related to the Senior Notes were $19.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $23.3 millionfor the same period in 2017. The decrease in interest expense compared to the prior period was due to the redemption of the 8.0% 2012 Senior Notes in June2017. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11. Long Term Debt" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements andSupplementary Data" of this Form 10-K for further details on the Senior Notes. The weighted average effective interest rate for the Senior Notes was 7.6% forthe year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 7.7% in 2017.On June 27, 2017, Maiden NA fully redeemed its 2012 Senior Notes using the proceeds from the Preference Shares - Series D issuance. The 2012 SeniorNotes were redeemed at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of $100.0 million plus accrued and unpaid interest on the principalamount being redeemed up to, but not including, the redemption date. As a result, we accelerated the amortization of the remaining 2012 Senior Notesissuance cost of $2.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017.Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016The interest and amortization expenses related to the Senior Notes were $23.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $28.2 millionfor the same period in 2016. The decrease in interest expense compared to the prior period was due to the redemption of the 8.0% 2012 Senior Notes in June2017 and the refinancing of the 8.25% 2011 Senior Notes with the 6.625% 2016 Senior Notes in June 2016. The weighted average effective interest rate forthe Senior Notes was 7.7% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 8.02% in 2016. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements -Note 11. Long Term Debt" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details onthe Senior Notes.On June 15, 2016, Maiden NA fully redeemed its 2011 Senior Notes using the proceeds from the 2016 Senior Notes issuance. The 2011 Senior Notes wereredeemed at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of $107.5 million plus accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount beingredeemed up to, but not including, the redemption date. As a result, we accelerated the amortization of the remaining 2011 Senior Notes issuance cost of $2.3million during the year ended December 31, 2016.Income Tax ExpenseWe recorded income tax expense of $0.4 million, income tax benefit of $6.8 million and income tax expense $0.4 million for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts relate to income tax on the earnings (losses) of our international subsidiaries. The effectiverate of income tax was (0.1)% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 4.4% and 0.5% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016,respectively.Dividends on Preference SharesFor the year ended December 31, 2018, dividends paid to preference shareholders decreased by $3.5 million or 12.1% compared to the same period in2017 as no dividends were declared by our Board for the fourth quarter of 2018. This was partially offset by the $7.5 million of dividends paid on thePreference Shares - Series D during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $5.0 million paid for the same period in 2017 as these preference shareswere only issued on June 15, 2017.Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 14. Shareholders' Equity" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements andSupplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on our preference shares.62Underwriting Results by Reportable SegmentDiversified Reinsurance SegmentThe underwriting results and associated ratios for our Diversified Reinsurance segment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were asfollows:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands)Gross premiums written $131,518 $84,613 $82,383Net premiums written $129,319 $82,521 $79,243Net premiums earned $112,487 $83,015 $81,967Other insurance revenue 9,681 9,802 10,817Net loss and LAE (71,441) (54,714) (51,795)Commission and other acquisition expenses (38,749) (29,018) (31,249)General and administrative expenses (17,396) (15,976) (15,543)Underwriting loss $(5,418) $(6,891) $(5,803)Ratios Net loss and LAE ratio 58.5% 58.9% 55.8%Commission and other acquisition expense ratio 31.7% 31.3% 33.7%General and administrative expense ratio 14.2% 17.2% 16.8%Expense ratio 45.9% 48.5% 50.5%Combined ratio 104.4% 107.4% 106.3%Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017The combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased to 104.4% compared to 107.4% in 2017 primarily due to the following:•lower net adverse prior year loss development which was $2.3 million or 1.9 points during 2018, compared to $5.4 million or 5.8 points for the sameperiod in 2017. The 2018 development was largely due to adverse facultative reinsurance run-off written by Maiden Bermuda through 2014partially offset by favorable development in International auto programs. The 2017 adverse prior year development was primarily from facultativereinsurance run-off lines as well as claims activity in International auto programs; and•higher initial loss ratios on current year premiums earned during the year.Premiums - Gross premiums written increased by $46.9 million, or 55.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017primarily generated by new account growth and expansion of client relationships in our European Capital Solutions business within Maiden Bermuda andgrowth in German auto programs within the IIS business during 2018. Contributing to the increase in gross premiums written were new business developmentand account growth within the Life and General international lines.Net premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased by $46.8 million or 56.7% as a result of new account growth and expansion ofclient relationships in our European Capital Solutions business for 2018 and higher net premiums written in our German Auto programs. Also, the retentionratio of premiums written increased to 98.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 97.5% for the same period in 2017 due to the lowerutilization of retrocessional capacity.The table below shows net premiums written by line of business for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Net Premiums Written International $129,305 100.0% $82,534 100.0 % $46,771 56.7 %Other 14 —% (13) — % 27 (207.7)%Total Diversified Reinsurance $129,319 100.0% $82,521 100.0 % $46,798 56.7 %63Net premiums earned increased by $29.5 million, or 35.5%, during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. The tablebelow shows net premiums earned by line of business:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Net Premiums Earned International $112,473 100.0% $83,027 100.0 % $29,446 35.5 %Other 14 —% (12) — % 26 (216.7)%Total Diversified Reinsurance $112,487 100.0% $83,015 100.0 % $29,472 35.5 %Within our Diversified Reinsurance segment, the business written by International experienced higher net premiums earned for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 due to new account growth and expansion of client relationships in our European Capital Solutionsbusiness. In addition, there was overall growth in German Auto programs and other underwriting actions taken to generate new business development withinthe Life and General international lines for 2018.Other Insurance Revenue - Other insurance revenue, which represents fee income from our IIS business that is not directly associated with premiumrevenue assumed by the Company decreased by $0.1 million to $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017.Net Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Net loss and LAE increased by $16.7 million, or 30.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to2017. Net loss and LAE ratios were 58.5% and 58.9% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.The net loss and LAE ratio decreased by 0.4 points for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 due to the followingfactors:•lower adverse prior year loss development which was $2.3 million or 1.9 points during 2018, compared to $5.4 million or 5.8 points for the sameperiod in 2017. The 2018 development was due to facultative reinsurance run-off lines partially offset by favorable development in Internationalauto programs. The 2017 development was primarily from adverse development in facultative reinsurance run-off lines as well as claims activity inInternational auto programs; and•higher initial loss ratios on current year premiums earned during the year ended December 31, 2018, factoring in both market conditions and recentloss trends and experience.The impact on the net loss and LAE ratios should be considered in conjunction with the commission and other acquisition expense ratio as changes toeither ratio can be effected by the changes in the mix of business and the impact of the increase in the commission and other acquisition expense rates on pro-rata contracts with loss sensitive features. As a result of these factors, as well as the impacts on the loss ratio described above, the combined ratio decreased by3.0 points for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017.Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses - Commission and other acquisition expenses increased by $9.7 million, or 33.5%, for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 compared to 2017. The commission and other acquisition expense ratios increased slightly to 31.7% for the year ended December 31,2018 compared to 31.3% for the same period in 2017 primarily due to the change in the mix of pro rata versus excess of loss premiums written during theyear. Please refer to the reasons for the changes in the combined ratio discussed in the preceding paragraph.General and Administrative Expenses - General and administrative expenses increased by $1.4 million, or 8.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2018compared to 2017. The general and administrative expense ratio decreased to 14.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 17.2% for the yearended December 31, 2017 as a result of higher premium earned compared to the prior period. The overall expense ratio (including commission and otheracquisition expenses) was 45.9% and 48.5% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016The combined ratio increased to 107.4% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 106.3% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Thecombined ratio was impacted by adverse prior year loss development of $5.4 million or 5.8 points in 2017 compared to $11.1 million or 11.9 points in 2016.Higher initial loss ratios on current year premiums earned during 2017 also contributed to the increase in combined ratio compared to 2016.Premiums - Gross premiums written increased by $2.2 million or 2.7% to $84.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the sameperiod in 2016 primarily due to growth from new European treaty contracts written by Maiden Bermuda in 2017 due to higher demand for European CapitalSolutions as a result of the Solvency II regime.Net premiums written increased by $3.3 million or 4.1%, for the year December 31, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016 due to growth resultingfrom new European treaty contracts written by Maiden Bermuda in 2017. The table below illustrates net premiums written by line of business in this segment:64For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Net Premiums Written International $82,534 100.0 % $78,673 99.3% $3,861 4.9 %Other (13) — % 570 0.7% (583) (102.3)%Total Diversified Reinsurance $82,521 100.0 % $79,243 100.0% $3,278 4.1 %Net premiums earned increased by $1.0 million, or 1.3%, during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016. The tablebelow shows net premiums earned by line of business:For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Net Premiums Earned International $83,027 100.0 % $80,782 98.6% $2,245 2.8 %Other (12) — % 1,185 1.4% (1,197) (101.0)%Total Diversified Reinsurance $83,015 100.0 % $81,967 100.0% $1,048 1.3 %Within our Diversified Reinsurance segment, International experienced $2.2 million or 2.8% growth in net premiums earned for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 due to higher premiums earned from the European treaty contracts written by Maiden Bermuda in2017 as the demand for European Capital Solutions has increased under the Solvency II regime.Other Insurance Revenue - Other insurance revenue, which represents fee income that is not directly associated with premium revenue assumed by theCompany decreased by $1.0 million to $9.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 primarily caused by weakerauto sales in Europe compared to the prior period.Net Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Net loss and LAE increased by $2.9 million, or 5.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016.Net loss and LAE ratios were 58.9% and 55.8% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.The impact of adverse prior year development on each period's respective loss ratio was $5.4 million or 5.8 points in 2017 compared to $11.1 million or11.9 points in 2016. Also, higher initial loss ratios on current year premiums earned during the year within our IIS business as well as elevated loss experienceon current year activity on certain International auto programs contributed to the increase in net loss and LAE in 2017 compared to 2016.The impact on the net loss and LAE ratios should be considered in conjunction with the commission and other acquisition expense ratio as changes toeither ratio arise primarily due to changes in the mix of business and the impact of the increase in the commission and other acquisition expense rates on pro-rata contracts with loss sensitive features. As a result of these factors, as well as the impacts on the loss ratio described above, the combined ratio increased by1.1 points for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016.Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses - Commission and other acquisition expenses decreased by $2.2 million or 7.1%, to $29.0 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016. The commission and other acquisition expense ratios decreased to 31.3% for the year ended December 31,2017 compared to 33.7% for the same period in 2016 due to the change in the mix of business written. Please refer to the reasons for the changes in thecombined ratio discussed in the preceding paragraph.General and Administrative Expenses - General and administrative expenses increased by $0.4 million, or 2.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2017compared to 2016. The general and administrative expense ratio was 17.2% and 16.8% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Theoverall expense ratio (including commission and other acquisition expenses) was 48.5% and 50.5% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016,respectively.65AmTrust Reinsurance SegmentThe AmTrust Reinsurance segment reported an underwriting loss of $513.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to an underwritingloss of $207.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and underwriting income of $30.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Theunderwriting results and associated ratios for the AmTrust Reinsurance segment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands)Gross premiums written $1,886,280 $1,993,478 $2,006,646Net premiums written $1,885,278 $1,954,856 $1,888,428Net premiums earned $1,913,715 $1,909,644 $1,843,621Net loss and LAE (1,806,995) (1,498,881) (1,225,830)Commission and other acquisition expenses (615,991) (614,777) (584,820)General and administrative expenses (3,845) (3,052) (2,896)Underwriting (loss) income $(513,116) $(207,066) $30,075Ratios Net loss and LAE ratio 94.4% 78.4% 66.5%Commission and other acquisition expense ratio 32.2% 32.2% 31.7%General and administrative expense ratio 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%Expense ratio 32.4% 32.4% 31.9%Combined ratio 126.8% 110.8% 98.4%Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017The combined ratio increased 16.0 points to 126.8% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 110.8% during the same period in 2017 due tothe following:•adverse prior year loss development of $399.2 million or 20.8 points during 2018 compared to $239.9 million or 12.5 points during 2017, which isexplained below in further detail for each respective period:◦Nearly half of the prior year loss development in 2018 was from workers' compensation, primarily driven by accident years 2014 to 2016 due toan increased expectation of loss development at later maturities. Other significant adverse loss development occurred in European hospitalliability within Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty, and the general liability and commercial auto lines within Small Commercial Businessand Specialty Program where elevated loss activity had been observed. The adverse loss development in European hospital liability was partlycaused by the failure of the Italian government to implement a law passed in April 2017 which was expected to reduce medical malpracticecosts, and also by a reduced expectation with regards to the ultimate amount of no-payment claims.◦More than half of the 2017 prior year loss development was from workers' compensation in Small Commercial Business driven by accident years2012 and subsequent, which increased as a percentage of business written during this time period. Other significant development wasexperienced in commercial auto as well as general liability within AmTrust's Specialty Program and Small Commercial Business segments,predominantly in accident years 2012 and subsequent, as a result of industry-wide trends including increasing claim severity and claimfrequency; and•higher initial loss ratios for current year premiums earned during the year factoring in both market conditions and recent loss trends and experienceas well as elevated actual current accident year activity within the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty lines.Premiums - Gross premiums written decreased by $107.2 million or 5.4% during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017.The change in gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 reflects reductions in Small CommercialBusiness and Specialty Program partially offset by significant growth within Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty.66The table below shows net premiums written by category for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Net Premiums Written Small Commercial Business $1,092,615 57.9% $1,278,974 65.4% $(186,359) (14.6)%Specialty Program 336,847 17.9% 350,113 17.9% (13,266) (3.8)%Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty 455,816 24.2% 325,769 16.7% 130,047 39.9 %Total AmTrust Reinsurance $1,885,278 100.0% $1,954,856 100.0% $(69,578) (3.6)%Net premiums written in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased by $69.6 million or 3.6% compared to thesame period in 2017 due to reductions in Small Commercial Business assumed from AmTrust partially offset by growth in the Specialty Risk and ExtendedWarranty lines of business and the lower utilization of retrocessional capacity in 2018 compared to 2017. The decrease in Small Commercial Business wasdue to a combination of market conditions and underwriting measures applied by AmTrust during the year. The ratio of net premiums written to grosspremiums written increased to 99.9% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 98.1% for the same period in 2017.Net premiums earned increased by $4.1 million, or 0.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 mainly due togrowth in net premiums written on the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty lines of business within the AmTrust quota share and the lower utilization ofretrocessional capacity in 2018 compared to 2017. The table below details net premiums earned by category for the years ended December 31, 2018 and2017:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Net Premiums Earned Small Commercial Business $1,167,581 61.0% $1,255,941 65.8% $(88,360) (7.0)%Specialty Program 345,805 18.1% 344,336 18.0% 1,469 0.4 %Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty 400,329 20.9% 309,367 16.2% 90,962 29.4 %Total AmTrust Reinsurance $1,913,715 100.0% $1,909,644 100.0% $4,071 0.2 %Net Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Net loss and LAE increased by $308.1 million, or 20.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared tothe same period in 2017. Net loss and LAE ratios increased to 94.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 78.4% for the same period in 2017.During the year ended December 31, 2018, the net loss and LAE ratio increased by 16.0 points compared to the same period in 2017 due to the followingfactors:•adverse prior year loss development of $399.2 million or 20.8 points during 2018, compared to $239.9 million or 12.5 points during 2017 which isdiscussed in further detail below for each respective period:◦Nearly half of the adverse prior year loss development in 2018 was from workers' compensation, driven by accident years 2014 to 2016 due toan increased expectation of loss development at later maturities. Other significant adverse loss development occurred in European hospitalliability within Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty, and the general liability and commercial auto lines within Small Commercial Businessand Specialty Program where elevated loss activity had been observed. The adverse loss development in European hospital liability was partlycaused by the failure of the Italian government to implement a law passed in April 2017 which was expected to reduce medical malpracticecosts, and also by a reduced expectation with regards to the ultimate amount of no-payment claims;◦More than half of the 2017 adverse prior year loss development was from workers' compensation in Small Commercial Business driven byaccident years 2012 and subsequent, which increased as a percentage of business written during this time period. Other significant developmentwas experienced in commercial auto as well as general liability within AmTrust's Specialty Program and Small Commercial Business segments,predominantly in accident years 2012 and subsequent, as a result of industry-wide trends including increasing claim severity and claimfrequency; and•higher initial loss ratios on current year premiums earned during the year factoring in both market conditions and recent loss trends and experienceas well as elevated actual current accident year activity within Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty lines.Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses - Commission and other acquisition expenses increased by $1.2 million, or 0.2%, for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 compared the same period in 2017. The commission and other acquisition expense ratio remained flat at 32.2% for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017. The fluctuations in the ratios during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 reflect the change in the mix ofbusiness and is also affected by lower commission associated with the retrocession premium ceded during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to thesame period in 2017.67General and Administrative Expenses - General and administrative expenses increased by $0.8 million, or 26.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2018compared to the same period in 2017. The general and administrative expense ratio has remained unchanged at 0.2% for the years ended December 31, 2018and 2017, respectively. The overall expense ratio (including commission and other acquisition expenses) was 32.4% for both years ended December 31, 2018and 2017.Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016The combined ratio increased to 110.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 98.4% during the same period in 2016 largely due to thefollowing:•adverse reserve development of $239.9 million or 12.5 points related primarily to workers' compensation business, and to a lesser extent,development occurred in the general liability and commercial auto lines within Specialty Program and Small Commercial Business. Adverse prioryear development in 2016 was $54.0 million or 2.9 points due to significant claims development within program commercial auto as well asprogram general liability within both Specialty Program and Small Commercial Business, predominantly in accident years 2012 and subsequent;and•higher initial loss ratios for current year premiums earned during the year in response to recent industry-wide trends of increasing claims frequencyand severity on certain lines of business.Premiums - Net premiums written increased by $66.4 million or 3.5% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 whichwas primarily due to the lower utilization of retrocessional capacity in 2017. The ratio of net premiums written to gross premiums written increased to 98.1%for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 94.1% for the same period in 2016.The table below shows net premiums written by line of business for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Net Premiums Written Small Commercial Business $1,278,974 65.4% $1,181,496 62.6% $97,478 8.3 %Specialty Program 350,113 17.9% 344,677 18.2% 5,436 1.6 %Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty 325,769 16.7% 362,255 19.2% (36,486) (10.1)%Total AmTrust Reinsurance $1,954,856 100.0% $1,888,428 100.0% $66,428 3.5 %Net premiums earned increased by $66.0 million, or 3.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016. The increase isprimarily due to AmTrust's prior year premium written growth as well as lower utilization of retrocessional capacity in the current period. The table belowdetails net premiums earned by line of business for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change in($ in thousands) Total % of Total Total % of Total $ %Net Premiums Earned Small Commercial Business $1,255,941 65.8% $1,131,582 61.4% $124,359 11.0 %Specialty Program 344,336 18.0% 337,396 18.3% 6,940 2.1 %Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty 309,367 16.2% 374,643 20.3% (65,276) (17.4)%Total AmTrust Reinsurance $1,909,644 100.0% $1,843,621 100.0% $66,023 3.6 %Net Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Net loss and LAE increased by $273.1 million, or 22.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared tothe same period in 2016. Net loss and LAE ratios were 78.4% and 66.5% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The net loss andLAE ratio for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased largely due to the following:•higher adverse prior year loss development which was $239.9 million or 12.5 points during 2017, with more than half of the adverse developmentrelated to workers' compensation, and to a lesser extent, general liability and commercial auto from both Specialty Program and Small CommercialBusiness. This compared to $54.0 million or 2.9 points of adverse development for the same period in 2016 which was largely due to programcommercial auto as well as program general liability and includes a fourth quarter reserve charge of $52.0 million related to these lines in 2016.•higher initial loss ratios on current year premiums earned during the year factoring in both market conditions and recent loss trends and experience.Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses - Commission and other acquisition expenses increased by $30.0 million, or 5.1%, for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 compared to 2016. The commission and other acquisition expense ratio increased to 32.2% for the year ended December 31, 2017compared to 31.7% in 2016. The fluctuation in the ratios during the year ended68December 31, 2017 compared to 2016 reflects the change in the mix of business towards towards higher acquisition cost insurance coverages, such as SmallCommercial Business which has a higher commission rate than the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. The commission ratio is also affected by thecommission associated with the retrocession premium ceded during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016.General and Administrative Expenses - General and administrative expenses increased by $0.2 million, or 5.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2017compared to the same period in 2016. The general and administrative expense ratio has remained unchanged at 0.2% for the years ended December 31, 2017and 2016, respectively. The overall expense ratio (including commission and other acquisition expenses) was 32.4% and 31.9% for the years endedDecember 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Liquidity and Capital ResourcesLiquidityMaiden Holdings is a holding company and transacts no business of its own. We therefore rely on cash flows in the form of dividends, advances, loans andother permitted distributions from our subsidiary companies to pay expenses and make dividend payments on our common and preference shares. Thejurisdictions in which our operating subsidiaries are licensed to write business impose regulations requiring companies to maintain or meet statutorysolvency and liquidity requirements. Some jurisdictions also place restrictions on the declaration and payment of dividends and other distributions.On March 1, 2019, we terminated the Old LPT MTA with Enstar dated as of November 9, 2018 and simultaneously signed a New LPT/ADC MTA pursuantto which an Enstar subsidiary will assume liabilities for loss reserves as of December 31, 2018 associated with the quota share reinsurance agreementsbetween Maiden Bermuda and AmTrust in excess of a $2.44 billion retention up to $675.0 million. The $2.44 billion retention will be subject to adjustmentfor paid losses since December 31, 2018. The New LPT/ADC MTA and associated pending reinsurance agreement, which is subject to regulatory approval,will provide Maiden Bermuda with $175.0 million in adverse development cover over its carried AmTrust reserves at December 31, 2018. Management hasassessed that the associated reinsurance agreement to the New LPT/ADC MTA meets the criteria for risk transfer and will be accounted for as retroactivereinsurance. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding $500.0 million would result in a deferred gain which would be recognized over the settlement period inproportion to cumulative losses collected over the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoverable. Consequently, cumulative adverse development subsequent toDecember 31, 2018, in excess of $500.0 million, may result in significant losses from operations until those periods when the deferred gain is recognized as abenefit to earnings.Under the Old LPT MTA, we were to enter into a retrocession agreement with Enstar to effect a loss portfolio transfer in which an Enstar entity wouldassume loss reserves of approximately $2.675 billion associated with quota share reinsurance contracts that Maiden Bermuda has with AmTrust. Thatproposed retrocession was to apply to losses arising and/or claims made on or prior to June 30, 2018.On December 31, 2018, Maiden Bermuda, entered into the Partial Termination Amendment with AmTrust, through AmTrust’s subsidiary AII, by which theparties agreed to amend the AmTrust Quota Share, originally entered into on July 1, 2007 and subsequently amended, that is currently in-force and is set toexpire on June 30, 2019. The Partial Termination Amendment provides for the cut-off of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small CommercialBusiness and U.S. Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty business as of December 31, 2018, with the remainder of the AmTrust Quota Share remaining inplace. The Partial Termination Amendment was effective as of January 1, 2019.On January 30, 2019, Maiden Bermuda and AII, AEL and AIU DAC agreed to terminate on a run-off basis the (i) AmTrust Quota Share; and (ii) EuropeanHospital Liability Quota Share 20% and AIU DAC cedes 40% to Maiden Bermuda of AmTrust’s European Hospital Liability business. Each termination waseffective as of January 1, 2019.The Company and Maiden Bermuda failed to meet the requirements to hold sufficient capital to cover their respective ECR as of September 30, 2018 andDecember 31, 2018. Maiden Bermuda has taken a series of actions which have cured its previously reported breach of the ECR as discussed in "Note 1.Organization" and "Note 18. Subsequent Events" included under Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.The Company had communicated such conditions to the BMA and is following the guidelines of a reportable “event” as stipulated by Bermuda insurancelaw. These restorative actions have included, but are not limited to, the Partial Termination Amendment and the terminated reinsurance agreements withAmTrust which were both effective as of January 1, 2019, and capital contributions totaling $195.0 million by Maiden Bermuda's shareholders (MaidenHoldings and Maiden NA) in December 2018 and January 2019 using a portion of the proceeds from our sale of Maiden US. As a result of the actions taken inthe Strategic Review during 2018 and 2019, and pending finalization of the New LPT/ADC MTA and associated reinsurance agreement, we estimate that theCompany and Maiden Bermuda will have sufficient capital in excess of their respective ECR requirements and that this position should improve throughout2019. The New LPT/ADC MTA, in combination with these previous measures, are expected to continue to further strengthen our capital position andsolvency ratios throughout 2019.The amount of dividends that can be distributed from Maiden Bermuda is, under certain circumstances, limited under Bermuda law and Bermudaregulatory requirements, which requires our Bermuda operating subsidiary to maintain certain measures of solvency and liquidity in accordance with theBSCR. Maiden Bermuda is restricted in paying dividends that would result in Maiden Bermuda failing to comply with the ECR as calculated based on theBSCR or cause Maiden Bermuda to fail to meet its relevant margins. At December 31, 2018, the statutory capital and surplus of Maiden Bermuda was $869.9million and the maximum dividend Maiden Bermuda could pay, without a signed affidavit, having met minimum levels of statutory capital and surplusrequirements was $0. During 2018, Maiden Bermuda paid no dividends to Maiden Holdings (2017 - $105.0 million). Maiden Bermuda has voluntarilyundertaken with the BMA not to make any capital distributions, which would include but is not limited to dividends, without the express consent of theBMA.69Pursuant to Bermuda law, we must also ensure that the value of the group's assets exceeds the amount of the group's liabilities by the aggregate GroupMSM. Since December 31, 2013, we have been required to maintain available group capital and surplus at a level equal to or in excess of the Group ECRwhich is established by reference to either the Group BSCR model or an approved group internal capital model. As of December 31, 2018, the Group did notmeet the Group ECR standards established by the BMA while the the Group MSM is expected to be met. We had communicated such conditions to the BMAand are following the guidelines of a reportable “event” as stipulated by Bermuda insurance law. Considering the actions taken by Maiden Bermuda to cureits Bermuda ECR breach described above, including the New LPT/ADC MTA with Enstar, we expect the Group MSM and ECR standards to be met and toincrease further during 2019. Consistent with the continuing recovery of our capital base, we remain actively engaged in ongoing discussions with the BMAregarding the formulation of our longer term business plan, which will require the approval of the BMA for any new reinsurance business. In addition, wehave voluntarily undertaken with the BMA not to make any capital distributions of any kind, including the payment of common or preferred dividends,without the express consent of the BMA.Maiden Holdings has two Swedish domiciled operating subsidiaries, Maiden LF and Maiden GF, both regulated by the Swedish FSA. At December 31,2018, Maiden LF and Maiden GF each has a statutory capital and surplus of $7.6 million and $6.2 million, respectively, which exceed the amount required tobe maintained of $4.2 million at December 31, 2018. Maiden LF and Maiden GF are subject to statutory and regulatory restrictions under the Swedish FSAthat limit the maximum amount of annual dividends or distributions paid by Maiden LF and Maiden GF to Maiden Holdings. At December 31, 2018, MaidenLF and Maiden GF are allowed to pay dividends or distributions not exceeding $1.9 million and $0, respectively. During 2018 and 2017, Maiden LF andMaiden GF paid no dividends. Maiden GF was granted a general insurance license effective September 14, 2016 and began writing business in 2017therefore its first filing with the Swedish FSA was for the period ended December 31, 2017.Maiden Holdings’ wholly owned U.K. subsidiary, Maiden Global, operates as a reinsurance services and holding company, is subject to regulation by theU.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA") that limit the maximum amount of annual dividends or distributions paid by Maiden Global to the Company.At December 31, 2018, Maiden Global is allowed to pay dividends or distributions not exceeding $2.9 million. During 2018 and 2017, Maiden Global paiddividends to Maiden Holdings of $1.0 million and $0.7 million, respectively.Our sources of funds historically have consisted of premium receipts net of commissions and brokerage, investment income, net proceeds from capitalraising activities, which may include the issuance of debt and common and preference shares, and proceeds from sales, maturities, pay downs and redemptionof investments. Cash is used primarily to pay loss and LAE, ceded reinsurance premium, general and administrative expenses, interest expense and dividends,with the remainder in excess of our operating requirements, made available to our investment managers for investment in accordance with our investmentpolicy.Our business has undergone significant changes in the last year. As previously noted, the Strategic Review has resulted in a series of transactions that havematerially reduced the risk on our balance sheet and are transforming our operations. As a result of the transactions entered into from the Strategic Review,the Company's gross and net premiums written will be materially lower in 2019 and investment income will become a significantly larger portion of ourrevenues. We believe this will significantly reduce our operating cash flow.We expect to use funds from cash and investment portfolios, collected premiums on reinsurance contracts in force or being run-off, investment income andproceeds from sales and redemptions of investments to meet expected claims payments and operational expenses. Claim payments will be principally fromthe run-off of existing reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses. A significant portion of those liabilities are collateralized and claim payments will befunded by using the collateral and this should provide sufficient funding to fulfill those obligations.We generally expect negative operating cash flows to be met or exceeded by positive investing cash flows. Overall, we expect our cash flows, togetherwith our existing capital base and unrestricted cash and investments to be sufficient to meet cash requirements and to operate our business.The table below summarizes our operating, investing and financing cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands)Operating activities $182,289 $458,568 $470,120Investing activities 32,899 (359,855) (578,064)Financing activities (68,033) (60,418) (76,780)Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash (1,556) 3,673 1,759Total change in cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash) 145,599 41,968 (182,965)Less: change in cash and restricted cash of discontinued operations (36,015) 2,995 (79,239)Total change in cash and restricted cash of continuing operations $181,614 $38,973 $(103,726)70Cash Flows from Operating ActivitiesCash flows provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $182.3 million compared to $458.6 million for the yearended December 31, 2017, a 60.2% decrease. Cash flows used in discontinued operations were $99.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 comparedto cash flows provided by discontinued operations of $34.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Cash flows provided by continuing operatingactivities for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $281.6 million compared to $424.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, a 33.7% decrease.The decrease in operating cash flows from continuing operations was the result of higher payment of losses and decreased gross premiums written in 2018compared to 2017, offset by the increase in reserves for loss and LAE during the year ended December 31, 2018 of $207.6 million, which reflects significantadverse prior year development recognized during 2018.Cash Flows from Investing ActivitiesCash flows from investing activities consist primarily of proceeds from the sales and maturities of investments and payments for investments acquired.The Company continues to deploy available cash for longer-term investments as investment conditions permit and to maintain, where possible, cash and cashequivalents balances at low levels. Net cash provided by investing activities was $32.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to netcash used in investing activities of $359.9 million for the same period in 2017. Cash flows provided by discontinued operations was $104.9 million forthe year ended December 31, 2018 compared to cash flows used in discontinued operations of $47.5 million for the same period in 2017. Net cash flows used in investing activities from continuing operations was $72.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $312.3million for the same period in 2017 as the purchases of fixed maturity securities were higher and the proceeds from the sales of fixed maturities were higherin 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the purchases of fixed maturity securities exceeded the proceeds fromthe sales, maturities and calls by $309.6 million compared to $318.8 million for the same period in 2017. Adding to the outflow in 2018 was the increase innet purchases from other investing activities of $18.3 million compared to net proceeds from other investing activities of $6.4 million for the same period in2017. The net outflows above was offset by the proceeds from the sale of discontinued operations of $255.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.Cash Flows from Financing ActivitiesThe net cash used in financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Cash flows from Financing Activities ($ in thousands)Dividends paid - preference shares $(25,636) $(29,156) $(33,756)Dividends paid - Maiden common shareholders (41,555) (51,634) (43,127)Issuance of preference shares, net of issuance costs — 144,942 (143)Issuance of common shares 31 1,081 1,931Repurchase of common shares (873) (25,651) (470)Redemption of Senior Notes — (100,000) (107,500)Issuance of 2016 Senior Notes, net of issuance costs — — 106,285Net cash used in financing activities $(68,033) $(60,418) $(76,780)Cash flows used in financing activities were $68.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $60.4 million for the same period in 2017.The lower net cash outflow for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2018 was due to the issuance of new preference shares withnet proceeds of $144.9 million, which was partially used to redeem the 2012 Senior Notes issuance of $100.0 million as well as the repurchase of commonshares of $25.7 million during 2017, the bulk of which was made under the Company's authorized share repurchase program. The Company did not have anycapital transactions during the year ended December 31, 2018.In addition, there was a decrease in dividends paid on preference shares of $3.5 million due to the suspension of preferred dividend payments during thefourth quarter of 2018, combined with the decrease in dividends paid to common shareholders of $10.1 million in 2018 compared to the same period in 2017.The decrease was due to: 1) the lower number of common shares outstanding during 2018; 2) a decrease in the dividend rate paid per share in the third quarterof 2018 and 3) the Board not declaring a dividend payment to common shareholders in the fourth quarter of 2018. The reduced number of average commonshares outstanding was due mainly to repurchase of 3,667,134 common shares during the second half of 2017, and the repurchase of 205,000 common sharesin the third quarter of 2018 which was made under the Company's authorized share repurchase program.Restrictions, Collateral and Specific RequirementsMaiden Bermuda is generally required to post collateral security with respect to any reinsurance liabilities it assumes from ceding insurers domiciled inthe U.S. in order for U.S. ceding companies to obtain credit on their U.S. statutory financial statements with respect to insurance liabilities ceded to them.Under applicable statutory provisions, the security arrangements may be in the form of letters of credit, reinsurance trusts maintained by trustees or fundswithheld arrangements where assets are held by the ceding company.71Maiden Bermuda uses trust accounts, loan to related party, funds held and letters of credit to meet collateral requirements. Consequently, cash and cashequivalents and investments are pledged in favor of ceding companies in order to comply with relevant insurance regulations or contractual requirements.At December 31, 2018 and 2017, restricted cash and cash equivalents and fixed maturity investments used as collateral were $4.0 billion and $3.7 billion,respectively. This collateral represents 91.9% and 93.6% of the fair value of our total fixed maturity investments and cash and cash equivalents (includingrestricted cash and cash equivalents) at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.The following table details additional information on those assets used as collateral at December 31, 2018 and 2017:December 31, 2018 2017($ in thousands) Restricted Cash &Equivalents Fixed Maturities Total Restricted Cash &Equivalents Fixed Maturities TotalMaiden Bermuda $21,470 $92,750 $114,220 $22,008 $86,057 $108,065Diversified Reinsurance 21,470 92,750 114,220 22,008 86,057 108,065Maiden Bermuda 106,720 3,812,090 3,918,810 72,726 3,503,833 3,576,559AmTrust Reinsurance 106,720 3,812,090 3,918,810 72,726 3,503,833 3,576,559Maiden Bermuda 1,958 6,640 8,598 171 13,609 13,780Other 1,958 6,640 8,598 171 13,609 13,780Total $130,148 $3,911,480 $4,041,628 $94,905 $3,603,499 $3,698,404As a % of Consolidated Balance Sheetcaptions 100.0% 96.2% 96.3% 100.0% 94.7% 94.8%Maiden Bermuda has also loaned funds to AmTrust totaling $168.0 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, to partially satisfy its collateralrequirements with AII. Advances under the loan have been secured by promissory notes and the loan is carried at cost.Collateral arrangements with ceding insurers may subject our assets to security interests or require that a portion of our assets be pledged to, or otherwiseheld by, third parties. Both our trust accounts and letters of credit are fully collateralized by assets held in custodial accounts. Although the investmentincome derived from our assets, while held in trust, accrues to our benefit, the investment of these assets is governed by the terms of the letter of creditfacilities or the investment regulations of the state or territory of domicile of the ceding insurer, which may be more restrictive than the investmentregulations applicable to us under Bermuda law. The restrictions may result in lower investment yields on these assets, which may adversely affect ourprofitability.We do not currently anticipate that the restrictions on liquidity resulting from restrictions on the payments of dividends by our subsidiary companies orfrom assets committed in trust accounts or those assets used to collateralize the letter of credit facilities will have a material impact on our ability to carry outour normal business activities.InvestmentsThe investment of our funds is designed to ensure safety of principal while generating current income. Accordingly, our funds are invested in liquid,investment-grade fixed income securities which are designated as either AFS or HTM. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we did not designate anyadditional fixed maturities as HTM. In 2017, the Company designated certain corporate and municipal bonds previously classified as AFS to HTM to reflectour intention of holding these bonds until maturity. Please see "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 4. Investments" included under Item 8"Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.During the year ended December 31, 2018, the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury bond increased by 29 basis points to 2.69%. The 10-year U.S. Treasuryis the key risk-free determinant in the fair value of many of the securities in our AFS portfolio. The upward shift in the U.S. Treasury yield curve reflects astrengthening U.S. economy with an expansionary fiscal policy contributing to strong labor markets. These factors have resulted in central banks to steadilymove away from the monetary easing policy of the last number of years at a steady pace.The movement in the market values of our AFS fixed maturity portfolio was a net reduction of $66.6 million, primarily due to unrealized losses caused byrising interest rates and widening credit spreads that have resulted in negative returns for U.S. corporate and agency bonds during the year ended December31, 2018. Please see "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Capital Resources" on page 77 for further information.At December 31, 2018, we consider the levels of cash and cash equivalents we are holding to be within our targeted ranges. During periods when interestrates experience greater volatility, we have periodically maintained more cash and cash equivalents to better assess current market conditions andopportunities within our defined risk appetite, and may do so in future periods. To limit our exposure to unexpected interest rate increases which wouldreduce the value of our fixed income securities and reduce our shareholders' equity, we attempt to maintain the duration of our fixed maturity investmentportfolio combined with our cash and cash equivalents, both restricted and unrestricted, within a reasonable range of the duration of our loss reserves. AtDecember 31, 2018 and 2017, these respective durations in years were as follows:72December 31, 2018 2017Fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents 4.2 4.4Reserve for loss and LAE 4.5 3.6During the year ended December 31, 2018, the weighted average duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio decreased by 0.2 years to 4.2 years;and the duration for reserve for loss and LAE increased by 0.9 years to 4.5 years mostly due to an increased expectation in paid loss emergence at latermaturities. The differential in duration between these assets and liabilities may fluctuate over time and, in the case of fixed maturities, is affected by factorssuch as market conditions, changes in asset mix and prepayment speeds in the case of both our agency mortgage-backed securities ("Agency MBS') andcommercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"). The average yield and average duration of our fixed maturities, by asset class, and our cash and cashequivalents (restricted and unrestricted) are as follows:December 31, 2018 Original or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Averageyield(1) Averageduration(2)AFS fixed maturities ($ in thousands) U.S. treasury bonds $138,625 $448 $(1) $139,072 2.6% 1.1U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 1,485,716 3,491 (36,073) 1,453,134 3.0% 5.8U.S. agency bonds – other 129,741 40 (548) 129,233 2.8% 1.0Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds 11,212 66 (1,206) 10,072 3.4% 5.1Asset-backed securities 216,072 425 (1,415) 215,082 4.2% 2.4Corporate bonds 1,128,614 6,525 (30,164) 1,104,975 3.0% 4.3Total AFS fixed maturities 3,109,980 10,995 (69,407) 3,051,568 3.1% 4.6HTM fixed maturities Corporate bonds 957,845 3,872 (20,990) 940,727 3.7% 4.4Municipal bonds 57,836 — (551) 57,285 3.2% 4.0Total HTM fixed maturities 1,015,681 3,872 (21,541) 998,012 3.7% 4.4Cash and cash equivalents 330,989 — — 330,989 2.1% 0.0Total $4,456,650 $14,867 $(90,948) $4,380,569 3.1% 4.2December 31, 2017 Original or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Averageyield(1) Averageduration(2)AFS fixed maturities ($ in thousands) U.S. treasury bonds $35,093 $4 $— $35,097 1.2% 0.1U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 1,475,682 6,181 (13,723) 1,468,140 2.9% 4.8U.S. agency bonds – other 19,868 — (149) 19,719 3.1% 8.7Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds 32,380 231 (1,713) 30,898 2.7% 3.3Asset-backed securities 225,015 3,457 (79) 228,393 4.4% 2.4Corporate bonds 911,259 28,423 (14,413) 925,269 2.7% 4.6Total AFS fixed maturities 2,699,297 38,296 (30,077) 2,707,516 2.9% 4.5HTM fixed maturities Corporate bonds 1,037,464 28,694 (913) 1,065,245 3.6% 5.0Municipal bonds 60,337 128 (84) 60,381 3.2% 4.8Total HTM fixed maturities 1,097,801 28,822 (997) 1,125,626 3.6% 5.0Cash and cash equivalents 149,375 — — 149,375 0.2% 0.0Total $3,946,473 $67,118 $(31,074) $3,982,517 2.9% 4.4(1)Average yield is calculated by dividing annualized investment income for each sub-component of AFS and HTM securities and cash and cash equivalents (including amortization of premium or discount) byamortized cost.(2)Average duration in years.73The following table summarizes the Company's fixed maturity investment portfolio holdings by contractual maturity at December 31, 2018 and 2017:December 31, 2018 2017 AFS fixed maturities HTM fixed maturities AFS fixed maturities HTM fixedmaturities($ in thousands) Fair Value Amortized cost Fair Value Amortized CostDue in one year or less $130,756 $2,020 $64,996 $40,533Due after one year through five years 703,347 394,875 440,560 333,003Due after five years through ten years 549,249 618,786 487,592 724,265Due after ten years — — 17,835 — 1,383,352 1,015,681 1,010,983 1,097,801U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 1,453,134 — 1,468,140 —Asset-backed securities 215,082 — 228,393 —Total fixed maturities $3,051,568 $1,015,681 $2,707,516 $1,097,801At December 31, 2018, 91.8% of the Company’s U.S. agency bond holdings are mortgage-backed. Additional details on the Agency MBS atDecember 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:December 31, 2018 2017($ in thousands) Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of TotalU.S. agency bonds - mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed (RMBS) GNMA – fixed rate $152,626 9.6% $191,118 12.8%GNMA - variable rate 10,773 0.7% — —%FNMA – fixed rate 742,749 46.9% 743,461 50.0%FHLMC – fixed rate 546,986 34.6% 533,561 35.9%Total U.S. agency bonds - mortgage-backed 1,453,134 91.8% 1,468,140 98.7%U.S. agency bonds - fixed rate 129,233 8.2% 19,719 1.3%Total U.S. agency bonds $1,582,367 100.0% $1,487,859 100.0%Our Agency MBS portfolio is 35.7% of our fixed maturity investments at December 31, 2018. Given the relative size of this portfolio to our totalinvestments, if faster prepayment patterns were to occur over an extended period of time, this could potentially limit the growth in our investment income incertain circumstances, or even potentially reduce the total amount of investment income we earn.At December 31, 2018 and 2017, 98.7% of our fixed maturity investments consisted of investment grade securities. We define a security as being belowinvestment grade if it has an S&P credit rating of BB+ or equivalent, or less. The following summarizes the credit ratings of our fixed maturities atDecember 31, 2018 and 2017:Ratings(1) at December 31, 2018 2017($ in thousands) Amortized cost Fair value Amortized cost Fair valueU.S. treasury bonds $138,625 $139,072 $35,093 $35,097U.S. agency bonds 1,615,457 1,582,367 1,495,550 1,487,859AAA 137,172 135,119 156,631 159,682AA+, AA, AA- 183,142 178,674 146,264 147,054A+, A, A- 1,132,993 1,113,710 1,089,230 1,106,430BBB+, BBB, BBB- 866,043 848,348 824,351 845,244BB+ or lower 52,229 52,290 49,979 51,776Total $4,125,661 $4,049,580 $3,797,098 $3,833,142(1)Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent74Holdings by sector and financial strength rating of our corporate bonds at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: Ratings(1) December 31, 2018 AAA AA+, AA, AA- A+, A, A- BBB+, BBB,BBB- BB+ or lower Fair Value % of CorporatebondsCorporate bonds ($ in thousands) Basic Materials —% —% 0.8% 2.1% 0.7% $73,696 3.6%Communications —% 0.9% 2.7% 5.0% —% 175,924 8.6%Consumer —% 0.2% 13.0% 16.0% 0.3% 602,756 29.5%Energy —% 1.4% 3.9% 3.6% 0.7% 195,259 9.6%Financial Institutions 0.1% 3.1% 26.8% 9.8% 0.3% 822,245 40.1%Industrials —% —% 1.3% 3.7% —% 103,349 5.0%Technology —% 0.7% 1.4% 0.9% 0.6% 72,473 3.6%Total Corporate bonds 0.1% 6.3% 49.9% 41.1% 2.6% $2,045,702 100.0% Ratings(1) December 31, 2017 AAA AA+, AA, AA- A+, A, A- BBB+, BBB,BBB- BB+ or lower Fair Value % of CorporatebondsCorporate bonds ($ in thousands) Basic Materials —% —% 1.8% 4.0% 0.8% $131,339 6.6%Communications —% 0.2% 1.3% 6.4% —% 155,574 7.9%Consumer —% 0.7% 12.7% 13.2% —% 530,455 26.6%Energy —% 0.5% 4.3% 2.2% 1.0% 160,216 8.0%Financial Institutions 1.9% 2.9% 24.0% 10.9% —% 789,418 39.7%Industrials —% —% 2.9% 4.0% 0.1% 138,260 7.0%Technology —% 0.6% 2.1% 0.8% 0.7% 85,252 4.2%Total Corporate bonds 1.9% 4.9% 49.1% 41.5% 2.6% $1,990,514 100.0%(1)Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalentAt December 31, 2018, the Company’s ten largest corporate holdings, 100.0% of which are U.S. dollar denominated and 68.7% of which are in theFinancial Institutions sector, at fair value and as a percentage of all fixed income securities, were as follows:December 31, 2018 Fair Value % of Holdings Based on Fair Value of All Fixed Income Securities Rating(1) ($ in thousands) Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, 3.50%, Due 9/13/2023 $25,018 0.6% A+Nissan Motor Acceptance Corp, 3.875%, Due 9/21/2023 24,816 0.6% ARoyal Bank of Canada, 3.70%, Due 10/05/2023 20,080 0.5% ABNP Paribas, 5.00% Due 1/15/2021 19,764 0.5% AAltria Group Inc., 4.00%, Due 1/31/2024 19,655 0.5% BBBGilead Sciences Inc, 3.65% Due 3/1/2026 19,604 0.5% ABrookfield Asset Management Inc, 4.00%, Due 1/15/2025 19,503 0.4% A-Bank of Montreal, 2.35% Due 9/11/2022 19,320 0.4% A+Rabobank Nederland Utrec, 3.875% Due 2/8/2022 19,311 0.4% A+Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, 3.70%, Due 11/16/2025 17,900 0.4% AA-Total $204,971 4.8% (1)Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent75At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, we hold the following non-U.S. dollar denominated securities:December 31, 2018 2017($ in thousands) Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of TotalNon-U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds $338,712 97.1% $434,963 93.4%Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds 10,072 2.9% 30,899 6.6%Total non-U.S. dollar denominated AFS securities $348,784 100.0% $465,862 100.0%At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, these non-U.S. securities are invested in the following currencies:December 31, 2018 2017($ in thousands) Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of TotalEuro $284,440 81.6% $398,680 85.6%British Pound 37,469 10.7% 43,252 9.3%Australian Dollar 19,170 5.5% 14,182 3.0%Canadian Dollar 5,658 1.6% 5,254 1.1%All other 2,047 0.6% 4,494 1.0%Total non-U.S. dollar denominated AFS securities $348,784 100.0% $465,862 100.0%The net decrease in non-U.S. dollar denominated fixed maturities is primarily due to sales of euro-denominated corporate bonds during the year endedDecember 31, 2018. At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, all of the Company's non-U.S. government and supranational issuers have a rating of A orhigher by S&P.For our non-U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds, the following table summarizes the composition of the fair value of our fixed maturity investmentsat the dates indicated by ratings:Ratings(1) at December 31, 2018 2017($ in thousands) Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of TotalAAA $2,258 0.7% $37,719 8.7%AA+, AA, AA- 28,725 8.5% 35,686 8.2%A+, A, A- 148,204 43.7% 176,657 40.6%BBB+, BBB, BBB- 148,672 43.9% 184,901 42.5%BB+ or lower 10,853 3.2% — —%Total non-U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds $338,712 100.0% $434,963 100.0%(1)Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalentThe Company does not employ any credit default protection against any of the fixed maturities held in non-U.S. dollar denominated currencies atDecember 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.Other Balance Sheet ChangesThe following table summarizes the Company's other material balance sheet changes at December 31, 2018 and 2017:December 31, 2018 2017 Change Change ($ in thousands) %Other assets $39,482 $131,608 $(92,126) (70.0)%Reserve for loss and LAE 3,055,976 2,386,722 669,254 28.0 %Accrued expenses and other liabilities 65,494 90,069 (24,575) (27.3)%The Company's reserve for loss and LAE increased by 28.0% primarily due to significant adverse prior year loss development of $403.2 millionrecognized during 2018 in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment as well as higher loss ratio picks factoring in both market conditions and recent loss trends andexperience within both of our Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance segments.Other assets decreased by 70.0% and other liabilities decreased by 27.3% as at December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. The decline in otherassets and other liabilities is largely due to the commutation of our retrocessional quota share agreements76with a highly rated global insurer within our AmTrust Reinsurance segment effective July 1, 2018 which has reduced both the reinsurance recoverable onunpaid losses and prepaid reinsurance, as these accounts are included within our other assets, as well as reinsurance balances payable and ceded deferredacquisition costs, as these accounts are included within our other liabilities. The decrease in other liabilities is also due a lower level of liability for securitiespurchased as at December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017.Capital ResourcesCapital resources consist of funds deployed in support of our operations. Our total capital resources decreased by $677.9 million, or 45.4% atDecember 31, 2018, compared to December 31, 2017 due to the unfavorable movement in unrealized losses on our AFS investment portfolio andsignificant adverse loss development within our AmTrust Reinsurance segment. The Company’s management believes its current sources of liquidity areadequate to meet its cash requirements for the next 12 months. The following table shows the movement in total capital resources at December 31, 2018 and2017:December 31, 2018 2017 Change Change ($ in thousands) %Preference shares $465,000 $465,000 $— — %Common shareholders' equity 89,275 767,174 (677,899) (88.4)%Total Maiden shareholders' equity 554,275 1,232,174 (677,899) (55.0)%Senior Notes - principal amount 262,500 262,500 — — %Total capital resources $816,775 $1,494,674 $(677,899) (45.4)%The major factors contributing to the net decrease in capital resources were as follows:Maiden shareholders' equityTotal shareholders' equity at December 31, 2018 decreased by $677.9 million, or 55.0%, compared to December 31, 2017 primarily due to the followingfactors:•net loss attributable to Maiden of $544.6 million. Please see "Results of Operations" on page 57 for a discussion of the Company’s net loss for theyear ended December 31, 2018;•net decrease in AOCI of $79.0 million which arose due to: 1) higher net unrealized losses on investment of $81.7 million resulting from the netdecrease in the fair value of our AFS investment portfolio relating to market price movements due to rising interest rates and widening credit spreadsduring 2018; and partially offset by 2) an increase in cumulative translation adjustments of $2.7 million due to the effect of the recent depreciationof the euro and British pound relative to the original currencies on our non-U.S. dollar net liabilities (excluding non-U.S. dollar denominated AFSfixed maturities);•dividends declared of $54.7 million related to the Company’s common and preferred shares; and partially offset by•net increase in share based transactions of $0.4 million.On February 21, 2017, the Company's Board approved the repurchase of up to $100.0 million of the Company's common shares from time to time atmarket prices. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased a total of 205,000 common shares at an average price of $3.31 per shareunder its share repurchase authorization. At December 31, 2018, the Company has a remaining authorization of $74.2 million for share repurchases.Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 14. Shareholders' Equity" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements andSupplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the equity instruments issued by the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017.Senior NotesPlease refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11. Long Term Debt and Note 14. Shareholders' Equity" included under Item 8"Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the Senior Notes. There were no changes in theissuances of Senior Notes at December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 and we did not enter into any short-term borrowing arrangements during theyear ended December 31, 2018.We have funded a portion of our capital requirements through issuances of senior securities, including secured and unsecured debt securities, or issuancesof common or preference shares. For flexibility, we have a current universal shelf registration statement that allows for the public offering and sale of our debtsecurities, common shares, preference shares and warrants to purchase such securities. Our ability to fund a portion of our capital requirements through theissuance of debt or equity securities will depend on future market conditions, funding needs, our financial condition and other factors and there can be noassurance that any such issuance will occur or be successful or at terms Maiden or our regulator considers acceptable.In the Company’s report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018, we specified that current analysis indicated that the conditionsto redeem the 2013 Senior Notes as stipulated by the securities may exist but were pending final analysis. As a result of the conditions discussed in Item 1“Business” and Item 7 "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K asregards to Maiden NA, these conditions77do not exist and we have determined that the 2013 Senior Notes will remain outstanding, subject to the terms and conditions stipulated in those securities.Financial Strength RatingsOn November 14, 2018, A.M. Best downgraded the financial strength rating to B++ (Good) with negative outlook and implications from A- (Excellent)and the long-term issuer credit rating to “bbb” from “a-”, with negative outlook and implications, of Maiden Bermuda, the Company's primary operatingsubsidiary. In February 2019, we requested from A.M. Best to withdraw our rating. On February 28, 2019, A.M. Best approved the withdrawal with a finalrating as "B++" (Good) with negative outlook and implications.Aggregate Contractual ObligationsIn the normal course of business, the Company is a party to a variety of contractual obligations as summarized below. These contractual obligations areconsidered by the Company when assessing its liquidity requirements and the Company is confident in its ability to meet all of its obligations. TheCompany’s aggregate contractual obligations at December 31, 2018 are as follows: Payment Due by PeriodDecember 31, 2018 Total Less than 1 Year 1 – 3 Years 3 – 5 Years More than 5 YearsContractual Obligations ($ in thousands)Operating lease obligations(1) $4,192 $1,442 $2,000 $750 $—Senior notes (including interest payments)(2) 757,455 19,107 38,212 38,212 661,924Reserve for loss and LAE(3) 3,055,976 855,912 1,013,325 471,816 714,923Other investments - unfunded commitments(4) 7,773 — 7,773 — —Total $3,825,396 $876,461 $1,061,310 $510,778 $1,376,847(1) The Company leases office space, an executive apartment, office equipment and company vehicles under various operating leases expiring in various years through 2022. For further details on operating leasecommitments, please refer to ""Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12. Commitments & Contingencies included under Item 8 "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data".(2) For further details on the terms of our Senior Notes, please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11. Long-Term Debt included under Item 8 "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data".(3) The amounts included for reserve for loss and LAE reflect the estimated timing of expected loss payments on known claims and anticipated future claims at December 31, 2018. Both the amount and timing of cash flowsare uncertain and do not have contractual payout terms. For a discussion of these uncertainties, please refer to "Critical Accounting Policies — Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses" section included under Item7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.(4) We have unfunded investment commitments related to our investments in limited partnerships, which are callable by our investment managers, as well as unfunded commitments on our investments in special purposevehicles focused on lending vehicles at December 31, 2018.Due to the inherent uncertainty in the process of estimating the timing of these payments, there is a risk that the amounts paid in any period will differsignificantly from those disclosed. Total estimated obligations will be funded by existing cash and investments.Currency and Foreign ExchangeWe conduct business in a variety of foreign (non-U.S.) currencies, the principal exposures being the euro, the British pound, the Australian dollar, theCanadian dollar and the Swedish krona. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are exposed to changes in currency exchange rates. Ourreporting currency is the U.S. dollar, and exchange rate fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar may materially impact our results and financial position. Ourprincipal exposure to foreign currency risk is our obligation to settle claims in foreign currencies. In addition, in order to minimize this risk, we maintain andexpect to continue to maintain a portion of our investment portfolio in investments denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We may employvarious strategies (including hedging) to manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. To the extent that these exposures are not fully hedged orthe hedges are ineffective, our results of operations or equity may be adversely effected. At December 31, 2018, no such hedges or hedging strategies were inforce or had been entered into. We measure monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at period end exchange rates, with the resultingforeign exchange gains and losses recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Revenues and expenses in foreign currencies are converted atquarterly average exchange rates during the year. The effect of the translation adjustments for foreign operations is included in AOCI.Net foreign exchange gains were $6.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to net foreign exchange losses of $14.9 million andnet foreign exchange gains of $13.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Effects of InflationThe anticipated effects of inflation are considered explicitly in the pricing of the insured exposures, which are used as the initial estimates of reserves forloss and LAE. In addition, inflation is also implicitly accounted for in subsequent estimates of loss and LAE reserves, as the expected rate of emergence is inpart predicated upon the historical levels of inflation that impact ultimate claim costs. To the extent inflation causes these costs, particularly medicaltreatments and litigation costs, to vary from the assumptions made in the pricing or reserving estimates, the Company will be required to change the reservefor loss and LAE with a corresponding change in its earnings in the period in which the variance is identified. The actual effects of inflation on the results ofoperations of the Company cannot be accurately known until claims are ultimately settled.78Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsAt December 31, 2018, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined by Item 303(a) (4) of Regulation S-K.Recent Accounting PronouncementsRefer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" included under Item 8 "Financial Statement andSupplementary Data", of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion on recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted.79Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market RiskMarket risk is the risk that we will incur losses in our investments due to adverse changes in market rates and prices. Market risk is directly influenced bythe volatility and liquidity in the market in which the related underlying assets are invested. We believe that we are principally exposed to three types ofmarket risk: changes in interest rates, changes in credit quality of issuers of investment securities and reinsurers and changes in foreign exchange rates.Interest Rate RiskInterest rate risk is the risk that we may incur economic losses due to adverse changes in interest rates. The primary market risk to the investment portfoliois interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturity securities. Fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on the market valuation of thesesecurities. At December 31, 2018, we had AFS fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $3.1 billion that are subject to interest rate risk.The table below summarizes the interest rate risk associated with our fixed maturity securities by illustrating the sensitivity of the fair value and carryingvalue of our fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2018 to selected hypothetical changes in interest rates, and the associated impact on our shareholders’equity. Temporary changes in the fair value of our fixed maturity securities that are held as AFS do impact the carrying value of these securities and arereported in our shareholders’ equity as a component of AOCI. The selected scenarios in the table below are not predictions of future events, but rather areintended to illustrate the effect such events may have on the fair value of our AFS fixed maturity securities and on our shareholders’ equity at December 31,2018:Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates Fair Value Estimated Change inFair Value Hypothetical %(Decrease) Increase inShareholders’ Equity ($ in thousands) 200 basis point increase $2,758,051 $(293,517) (53.0)%100 basis point increase 2,904,790 (146,778) (26.5)%No change 3,051,568 — — %100 basis point decrease 3,197,215 145,647 26.3 %200 basis point decrease 3,334,527 282,959 51.1 %The interest rate sensitivity on the $168.0 million loan to related party means that a change in interest rates would impact our earnings and cash flows butwould not affect the carrying value of the loan, which is carried at cost. Effective December 18, 2017, the loan carries an interest rate equivalent to the FederalFunds Effective Rate plus 200 basis points per annum. Therefore, an increase of 100 and 200 basis points in the Federal Funds Effective Rate would increaseour earnings and cash flows by $1.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively, on an annual basis.Counterparty Credit RiskThe concentrations of the Company’s counterparty credit risk exposures have not changed materially compared to December 31, 2017. The Company hasexposure to credit risk primarily as a holder of fixed income securities. The Company controls this exposure by emphasizing investment grade credit qualityin the fixed income securities it purchases. The table below summarizes the credit ratings by major rating category of the Company's fixed maturityinvestments at December 31, 2018 and 2017:December 31, 2018 2017Ratings(1) AA+ or better 46.3% 43.4%AA, AA-, A+, A, A- 31.4% 33.2%BBB+, BBB, BBB- 21.0% 22.1%BB+ or lower 1.3% 1.3% 100.0% 100.0%(1)Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalentThe Company believes this high quality concentration reduces its exposure to credit risk on fixed income investments to an acceptable level. AtDecember 31, 2018, the Company is not exposed to any significant credit concentration risk on its investments, excluding securities issued by the U.S.government and agencies which are rated AA+ (please see "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Investments" in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form10-K), with the largest corporate issuer and the top 10 corporate issuers accounting for only 0.6% and 4.8% of the Company’s total fixed income securities,respectively.80The Company is subject to the credit risk of its cedants in the event of their insolvency or their failure to honor the value of the funds held balances dueto the Company for any other reason. However, the Company’s credit risk in some jurisdictions is mitigated by a mandatory right of offset of amountspayable by the Company to a cedant against amounts due to the Company. In certain other jurisdictions, the Company is able to mitigate this risk, dependingon the nature of the funds held arrangements, to the extent that the Company has the contractual ability to offset any shortfall in the payment of the fundsheld balances with amounts owed by the Company to cedants for losses payable and other amounts contractually due. Funds held balances for which theCompany receives an investment return based upon either the results of a pool of assets held by the cedant or the investment return earned by the cedant onits investment portfolio are exposed to an additional layer of credit risk.The Company has exposure to credit risk as it relates to its reinsurance balances receivable. Reinsurance balances receivable from the Company’s clientsat December 31, 2018 were $67.3 million, including balances both currently due and accrued, 56.9% of which is from AmTrust. We are subject to the creditrisk that AII and/or AmTrust will fail to perform their obligations to pay interest on and repay principal of amounts loaned to AII pursuant to its loanagreement with Maiden Bermuda, and to reimburse Maiden Bermuda for any assets or other collateral of Maiden that AmTrust’s U.S. insurance companysubsidiaries apply or retain, and income on those assets.The Company believes that credit risk related to these balances is mitigated by several factors, including but not limited to, credit checks performed aspart of the underwriting process and monitoring of aged receivable balances. In addition, as the vast majority of its reinsurance agreements permit theCompany the right to offset reinsurance balances receivable from clients against losses payable to them, the Company believes that the credit risk in this areais substantially reduced. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible. There was no allowance for uncollectible reinsurancebalances receivable at December 31, 2018.Foreign Currency RiskThe Company is generally able to match foreign currency denominated assets against its net reinsurance liabilities both by currency and duration toprotect the Company against foreign exchange and interest rate risks. However, a natural offset does not exist for all currencies. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018 and as at December 31, 2018, 10.2% of our net premiums written and 15.2% of our reserve for loss and LAE were transacted in euro,respectively. We may employ various strategies to manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. To the extent that these exposures are not fully hedged orthe hedges are ineffective, our results of operations or equity may be reduced by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and could materiallyadversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. At December 31, 2018, no hedging instruments have been entered into. Our principalforeign currency exposure is to the euro and British pound, however, assuming all other variables remain constant and disregarding any tax effects, astrengthening (weakening) of the U.S. dollar exchange rate of 10% or 20% relative to the non-U.S. currencies held by the Company would result in a decrease(increase) in the Company's net assets of $20.4 million and $40.7 million, respectively.81Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.See our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto and required financial statement schedules commencing on pages F-1 through F-62 and S-1through S-7 below.Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.None.Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresIn connection with the preparation of this Report, our management has performed an evaluation, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officerand Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under theExchange Act) at December 31, 2018. Based on their evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, atDecember 31, 2018, our Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act and for the assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. As defined by the SEC, internal controlover financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by ourBoard of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation ofthe consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonabledetail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessaryto permit preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only inaccordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection ofunauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluationof effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree ofcompliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.In connection with the preparation of our annual consolidated financial statements, management has undertaken an assessment of the effectiveness of ourinternal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by theCommittee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO") 2013. Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design of ourinternal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of those controls. Based on this evaluation, management, including ourPrincipal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31,2018 based on those criteria.The Company's independent auditors have issued an audit opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.This report appears below.Changes in Internal Control Over Financial ReportingNo changes were made in our internal controls over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d) – 15(f), duringthe fourth quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financialreporting.82REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTo the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.Opinion on Internal Control over Financial ReportingWe have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018, basedon criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the TreadwayCommission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31,2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidatedfinancial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018, of the Company and our report dated March 14, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinionon those financial statements.Basis for OpinionThe Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness ofinternal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Ourresponsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firmregistered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and theapplicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining anunderstanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operatingeffectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. Webelieve that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial ReportingA company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reportingand the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal controlover financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairlyreflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permitpreparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are beingmade only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention ortimely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluationof effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree ofcompliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate./s/ Deloitte Ltd. Hamilton, BermudaMarch 14, 201983Item 9B. Other Information.None.PART IIIItem 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the sections in the Proxy Statement for ourAnnual Meeting of Shareholders to be held in 2019 (the "Proxy Statement") captioned "Election of Directors", "Executive Officers", "Audit Committee","Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" and "Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee".We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for all employees. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available free of charge on ourwebsite at www.maiden.bm and is available in print to any shareholder who requests it. We intend to disclose any amendments to this code by posting suchinformation on our website, and disclose any waivers of this code applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principalaccounting officer or controller and other executive officers who perform similar functions through such means or by filing a Form 8-K.Item 11. Executive Compensation.The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the sections in the Proxy Statementcaptioned "Compensation Discussion and Analysis", "Director Compensation for 2018", "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and"Compensation Committee Report".Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the sections in the Proxy Statementcaptioned "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners", "Equity Compensation Plan Information" and "Security Ownership of Management".Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the sections in the Proxy Statementcaptioned "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions", "Audit Committee", "Board Independence", "Compensation Committee" and "Nominating andCorporate Governance Committee".Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the section in the Proxy Statement captioned"Appointment of Independent Auditors of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.".PART IVItem 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.(a) Financial statements and schedulesFinancial statements and schedules listed in the accompanying index to our Consolidated Financial Statements starting on page F-1 are filed as part ofthis Annual Report on Form 10-K, and are included in Item 8. "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data". All other schedules for which provision ismade in the applicable regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable, andtherefore have been omitted.(b) ExhibitsThe exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index starting on page E-1 following the signature page are filed herewith, which Exhibit Index is incorporated hereinby reference.Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.None.84SIGNATURESPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on itsbehalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Pembroke, Bermuda on March 14, 2019. MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. By: /s/ Lawrence F. Metz Name: Lawrence F. MetzTitle: President and Chief Executive OfficerPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of theregistrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.Signature Title Date/s/ Lawrence F. Metz President and Chief Executive Officer March 14, 2019Lawrence F. Metz (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Patrick J. Haveron Chief Financial Officer March 14, 2019Patrick J. Haveron (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Michael J. Tait Chief Accounting Officer March 14, 2019Michael J. Tait (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ Barry D. Zyskind Chairman March 14, 2019Barry D. Zyskind /s/ Raymond M. Neff Director March 14, 2019Raymond M. Neff /s/ Simcha G. Lyons Director March 14, 2019Simcha G. Lyons /s/ Yehuda L. Neuberger Director March 14, 2019Yehuda L. Neuberger /s/ Steven H. Nigro Director March 14, 2019Steven H. Nigro 85EXHIBIT INDEXExhibitNo. Description Reference3.1 Memorandum of Association (as amended) (1)3.2 Bye-Laws (2)4.1 Form of Common Share Certificate (2)4.2 Registration Rights Agreement by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., dated asof July 3, 2007 (2)4.3 Form of Indenture for Debt Securities by and among Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., asguarantor, and Wilmington Trust Company, as trustee (3)4.4 Second Supplemental Indenture, dated March 27, 2012, by and among Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., MaidenHoldings, Ltd., as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust Company, as trustee (4)4.5 Form of 8.000% Notes due 2042 (included in Exhibit 4.4) (4)4.6 Certificate of Designations of 8.25% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series A, adopted on August 7, 2012 (5)4.7 Form of stock certificate evidencing 8.25% Series A Preference Share (included in Exhibit 4.6) (5)4.8 Third Supplemental Indenture, dated November 25, 2013, by and among Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., MaidenHoldings, Ltd., as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust Company, as trustee (6)4.9 Form of 7.75% Notes due 2043 (included in Exhibit 4.8) (6)4.10 Certificate of Designations of 7.125% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series C, adopted on November 4, 2015 (7)4.11 Form of stock certificate evidencing 7.125% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series C (included in Exhibit 4.10) (7)4.12 Form of Indenture for Debt Securities by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd., and Wilmington Trust National Association, astrustee (8)4.13 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 14, 2016, by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd., as guarantor, andWilmington Trust National Association, as trustee (8)4.14 Certificate of Designations of 6.700% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series D, adopted on May 2, 2017 (9)4.15 Form of stock certificate evidencing 6.700% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series D (included in Exhibit 4.14) (9)10.1* Amended and Restated Maiden Holdings, Ltd. 2007 Share Incentive Plan as of July 26, 2011 (10)10.2* Form of Share Option Agreement for Employee Recipients of Options under Amended and Restated 2007 Share IncentivePlan (2)10.3* Form of Share Option Agreement for Non-Employee Recipients of Options under Amended and Restated 2007 ShareIncentive Plan (2)10.4* Form of Performance-Based Restricted Share Unit Agreement for Employee Recipients of Restricted Share Units under theAmended and Restated 2007 Share Incentive Plan (10)10.5* Form of Employment Agreement by and between Maiden and Arturo M. Raschbaum, Karen L. Schmitt, Patrick J. Haveron,Thomas Highet and Lawrence F. Metz, dated as of November 1, 2011 (11)10.6* CEO Separation Agreement (21)10.7* CFO Separation Agreement (21)10.8 Master Agreement by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., dated as of July 3, 2007 (2)10.9 Amendment No. 1 to the Master Agreement by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.,dated as of September 17, 2007 (2)10.10 Amendment No. 2 to the Master Agreement by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.dated as of January 30, 2019. (26)E-110.11 Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrustInternational Insurance, Ltd. and dated as of June 1, 2008 (12)10.12 Loan Agreement by and between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden Insurance Company Ltd., dated as ofNovember 16, 2007 (13)10.13 Amendment No. 1 to the Loan Agreement by and between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden InsuranceCompany Ltd., dated as of February 15, 2008 (13)10.14 Amendment No. 2 to the Loan Agreement by and between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden ReinsuranceLtd., dated as of January 30, 2019. (26)10.15 Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited and Maiden Insurance Company Ltd.,dated as of July 3, 2007 (2)10.16 First Amendment to Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited, Maiden InsuranceCompany Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., and Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., dated as of November 3, 2008 (14)10.17 Second Amendment to Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited, MaidenInsurance Company Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Company,dated as of December 23, 2008 (14)10.18 Third Amendment to Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited, Maiden InsuranceCompany Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., Maiden Reinsurance Company and MaidenSpecialty Insurance Company dated as of September 1, 2009 (14)10.19 Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited, Maiden Insurance Company Ltd.,Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., Maiden Reinsurance Company and Maiden SpecialtyInsurance Company dated as of August 6, 2010 (14)10.20 Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited and Maiden Life Försäkrings AB dated asof October 11, 2013 (15)10.21 Reinsurance Brokerage Agreement by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AII Reinsurance Broker Ltd., datedas of July 3, 2007 (2)10.22 Brokerage Services Agreement between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and IGI Intermediaries Limited, dated as of January1, 2008 (13)10.23 Reinsurance Brokerage Services Agreement between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and IGI Intermediaries, Inc., dated asof April 3, 2008 (16)10.24 Endorsement No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between Maiden InsuranceCompany Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. dated as of July 26, 2011 (10)10.25 Endorsement No. 2 to the Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrustInternational Insurance, Ltd. dated as of March 7, 2013 (17)10.26 Endorsement No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Agreement between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. andMaiden Reinsurance Ltd. dated as of September 30, 2015 (18)10.27 Endorsement No 4. to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden ReinsuranceLtd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. dated as of August 8, 2018. †10.28 Endorsement No. 5 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden ReinsuranceLtd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. dated as of November 6, 2018. (21)10.29 Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrust Europe Limited and/orAmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of April 1, 2011 (10)10.3 Endorsement No. 1 to the Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrustEurope Limited and/or AmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of July 26, 2011 (10)10.31 Endorsement No. 2 to the Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrustEurope Limited and/or AmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of August 7, 2012 (19)E-210.32 Endorsement No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden ReinsuranceLtd. and AmTrust Europe Limited and/or AmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of March 1, 2015 (28)10.33 Endorsement No. 4 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden ReinsuranceLtd. and AmTrust Europe Limited and/or AmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of July 1, 2016 (20)10.34 Personal and Commercial Automobile Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between Maiden Insurance CompanyLtd. and Integon National Insurance Company, dated as March 1, 2010 (14)10.35 Addendum No. 1 to Personal and Commercial Automobile Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between MaidenInsurance Company Ltd. and Integon National Insurance Company and others, dated as October 1, 2012 (16)10.36 Termination of Personal and Commercial Automobile Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between MaidenInsurance Company Ltd. and Integon National Insurance Company and others, dated as August 1, 2013 (15)10.37 Form of Indemnification Agreement between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and its officers and directors (13)10.38 Master Transaction Agreement, dated as of August 31, 2018, by and among Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., EnstarHoldings (US) LLC and Enstar Group Limited. (23)10.39 Master Agreement dated as of November 9, 2018, by and among Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and EnstarGroup Limited (24)10.40 Partial Termination Endorsement to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between MaidenReinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’sAnnual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2008, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2009. (25)10.41 AmTrust Quota Share Termination, dated January 30, 2019. (26)10.42 AmTrust Europe Quota Share Termination, dated January 30, 2019. (26)10.43 Master Agreement dated as of March 1, 2019, by and among Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and EnstarGroup Limited. (27)21.1 Subsidiaries of the registrant †23.1 Consent of Deloitte Ltd. †23.2 Consent of BDO USA, LLP †31.1 Section 302 Certification of CEO †31.2 Section 302 Certification of CFO †32.1 Section 906 Certification of CEO †32.2 Section 906 Certification of CFO †101.1 The following financial information from Maiden Holdings, Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December31, 2017, formatted in XBRL (eXtensive Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December31, 2017 and 2016; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015; (iii)the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015; (iv) theConsolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015; (v) theConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015; (vi) Notes to ConsolidatedFinancial Statements; and (vii) Financial Statement Schedules. †(1)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the SEC on May 18, 2010 (File No. 333-166934).(2)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on S-1 initially filed with the SEC on September 17, 2007, subsequentlyamended and declared effective May 6, 2008 (File No. 333-146137).(3)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on S-3 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2011 (File Nos. 333-172107 and333-172107-01).(4)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 27, 2012 (File No. 001-34042).E-3(5)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 22, 2012 (File No. 001-34042).(6)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 25, 2013 (File No. 001-34042).(7)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 25, 2015 (File No. 001-34042).(8)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 14, 2016 (File No. 001-34042).(9)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2017 (File No. 001-34042).(10)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2010 filed with the SEC on August 8,2011 (File No. 001-34042).(11)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 filed with the SEC onMarch 13, 2012 (File No. 001-34042).(12)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 filed with the SEC onMarch 31, 2009 (File No. 001-34042).(13)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with Amendment No. 2 to the registrant's Registration Statement on S-1 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2008 (No.333-146137).(14)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 filed with the SEC onMarch 14, 2011 (File No. 001-34042).(15)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 filed with the SEC onMarch 4, 2014 (File No. 001-34042).(16)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with Amendment No. 3 to the registrant's Registration Statement on S-1 filed with the SEC on April 24, 2008 (No. 333-146137).(17)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 filed with the SEC onMarch 11, 2013 (File No. 001-34042).(18)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on August 9,2016 (No. 001-34042).(19)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2012 filed with the SEC on August 9,2012 (File No. 001-34042).(20)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016 filed with the SEC onNovember 8, 2016 (No. 001-34042).(21)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018 filed with the SEC onNovember 9, 2018 (No. 001-34042).(22)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 31, 2018 (File No. 001-34042).(23)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 4, 2018 (File No. 001-34042).(24)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 13, 2018 (File No. 001-34042).(25)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 3, 2019 (File No. 001-34042).(26)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 30, 2019 (File No. 001-34042).(27)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 4, 2019 (File No. 001-34042).(28)Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC onMarch 1, 2018 (File No. 001-34042).† Filed herewith.* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangementE-4Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Related Notes PageReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-2Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 F-4Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 F-5Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 F-6Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 F-7Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 F-8Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1 — Organization F-9Note 2 — Significant Accounting Policies F-10Note 3 — Segment Information F-18Note 4 — Investments F-23Note 5 — Fair Value Measurements F-28Note 6 — Discontinued Operations F-30Note 7 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets F-32Note 8 — Reinsurance F-33Note 9 — Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses F-34Note 10 — Related Party Transactions F-46Note 11 — Long-Term Debt F-48Note 12 — Commitments, Contingencies and Concentrations F-49Note 13 — Earnings Per Common Share F-51Note 14 — Shareholders’ Equity F-52Note 15 — Share Compensation and Pension Plans F-55Note 16 — Statutory Requirements and Dividend Restrictions F-57Note 17 — Taxation F-58Note 18 — Subsequent Events F-60Note 19— Condensed Quarterly Financial Data — Unaudited F-61Supplementary Information Summary of Investments — Other than Investments in Related Parties (Schedule I) S-1Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Schedule II) S-2Supplementary Insurance Information (Schedule III) S-5Supplementary Reinsurance Information (Schedule IV) S-6Supplementary Insurance Information Concerning Property and Casualty Insurance Operations (Schedule VI) S-7F-1REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTo the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.Opinion on the Financial StatementsWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018 and2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the two years in theperiod ended December 31, 2018 , and the related notes and the schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements").In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, andthe results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018 , in conformity with accounting principlesgenerally accepted in the United States of America.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company'sinternal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued bythe Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 14, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on theCompany's internal control over financial reporting.Basis for OpinionThese financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financialstatements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Companyin accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing proceduresto assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks.Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also includedevaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financialstatements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Deloitte Ltd.Hamilton, BermudaMarch 14, 2019We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017.F-2REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTo the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.Hamilton, BermudaWe have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows ofMaiden Holdings, Ltd. and subsidiaries (the "Company") for the year ended December 31, 2016 and the related financial statement schedules listed in theaccompanying index. These financial statements and schedules are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express anopinion on these financial statements and schedules based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards requirethat we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includesexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used andsignificant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements and schedules. We believe that our auditprovides a reasonable basis for our opinion.In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the results of their operations and their cashflows for the year ended December 31, 2016 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.Also, in our opinion, the financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole,present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein./s/ BDO USA, LLPNew York, New YorkMarch 6, 2017, except for the effect of discontinued operations discussed in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, as to which the date is March 14,2019F-3MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETSAs of December 31, 2018 and 2017(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2018 2017ASSETS Investments: Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost 2018 - $3,109,980; 2017 - $2,699,297) $3,051,568 $2,707,516Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value 2018 - $998,012; 2017 - $1,125,626) 1,015,681 1,097,801Other investments, at fair value 23,716 6,600Total investments 4,090,965 3,811,917Cash and cash equivalents 200,841 54,470Restricted cash and cash equivalents 130,148 94,905Accrued investment income 27,824 28,798Reinsurance balances receivable, net (includes $38,278 and $50,269 from related parties in 2018 and 2017,respectively) 67,308 72,494Loan to related party 167,975 167,975Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses (includes $370,037 and $359,964 from related parties in2018 and 2017, respectively) 388,442 380,204Other assets 39,482 131,608Assets held for sale 174,475 1,901,818Total assets $5,287,460 $6,644,189LIABILITIES Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses (includes $2,950,388 and $2,296,025 from related parties in 2018and 2017, respectively) $3,055,976 $2,386,722Unearned premiums (includes $1,135,913 and $1,179,285 from related parties in 2018 and 2017, respectively) 1,200,419 1,230,882Accrued expenses and other liabilities (includes $50,975 and $2,193 from related parties in 2018 and 2017,respectively) 65,494 90,069Senior notes - principal amount 262,500 262,500Less unamortized issuance costs 7,806 8,018Senior notes, net 254,694 254,482Liabilities held for sale 155,961 1,449,408Total liabilities 4,732,544 5,411,563Commitments and Contingencies EQUITY Preference shares 465,000 465,000Common shares ($0.01 par value; 87,938,537 and 87,730,054 shares issued in 2018 and 2017, respectively;82,948,577 and 82,974,895 shares outstanding in 2018 and 2017, respectively) 879 877Additional paid-in capital 749,418 748,113Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (65,616) 13,354(Accumulated deficit) retained earnings (563,891) 35,472Treasury shares, at cost (4,989,960 and 4,755,159 shares in 2018 and 2017, respectively) (31,515) (30,642)Total Maiden shareholders’ equity 554,275 1,232,174Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 641 452Total equity 554,916 1,232,626Total liabilities and equity $5,287,460 $6,644,189See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial StatementsF-4MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Revenues Gross premiums written $2,017,798 $2,078,091 $2,089,029Net premiums written $2,014,597 $2,037,377 $1,967,671Change in unearned premiums 11,605 (44,718) (42,083)Net premiums earned 2,026,202 1,992,659 1,925,588Other insurance revenue 9,681 9,802 10,817Net investment income 136,285 124,135 108,689Net realized (losses) gains on investment (1,529) 12,222 6,774Total other-than-temporary impairment losses (5,832) — —Total revenues 2,164,807 2,138,818 2,051,868Expenses Net loss and loss adjustment expenses 1,880,121 1,555,433 1,289,512Commission and other acquisition expenses 654,740 643,797 615,523General and administrative expenses 64,940 53,004 50,254Interest and amortization expenses 19,318 23,260 28,173Accelerated amortization of senior note issuance cost — 2,809 2,345Foreign exchange and other (gains) losses (4,461) 14,921 (13,412)Total expenses 2,614,658 2,293,224 1,972,395(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes (449,851) (154,406) 79,473Less: income tax expense (benefit) 441 (6,757) 413 Net (loss) income from continuing operations (450,292) (147,649) 79,060 Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax (94,113) (22,096) (30,922)Net (loss) income (544,405) (169,745) 48,138Add: net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (219) (151) 842Net (loss) income attributable to Maiden (544,624) (169,896) 48,980Dividends on preference shares (25,636) (29,156) (33,756)Net (loss) income attributable to Maiden common shareholders $(570,260) $(199,052) $15,224Basic (loss) earnings from continuing operations per share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders $(5.74) $(2.06) $0.60Basic loss from discontinued operations per share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders (1.13) (0.26) (0.40)Basic (loss) earnings per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders $(6.87) $(2.32) $0.20Diluted (loss) earnings from continuing operations per share attributable to Maidencommon shareholders $(5.74) $(2.06) $0.58Diluted loss from discontinued operations per share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders (1.13) (0.26) (0.39)Diluted (loss) earnings per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders $(6.87) $(2.32) $0.19Weighted average common shares - basic 83,050,362 85,678,232 77,534,860Adjusted weighted average common shares and assumed conversions - diluted 83,050,362 85,678,232 78,686,943See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.F-5MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME(In thousands of U.S. dollars)For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Net (loss) income $(544,405) $(169,745) $48,138Other comprehensive (loss) income Net unrealized holdings (losses) gains on available-for-sale fixed maturities arising duringthe year (108,771) 44,414 32,788Adjustment for reclassification of net realized losses (gains) recognized in net (loss)income 27,075 (1,816) 576Foreign currency translation adjustment 2,651 (44,187) 5,373Other comprehensive (loss) income, before tax (79,045) (1,589) 38,737Income tax benefit related to components of other comprehensive income 45 7 32Other comprehensive (loss) income, after tax (79,000) (1,582) 38,769Comprehensive (loss) income (623,405) (171,327) 86,907Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (219) (151) 842Other comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests 30 (61) (5)Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (189) (212) 837Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Maiden $(623,594) $(171,539) $87,744See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.F-6MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY(In thousands of U.S. dollars)For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Preference shares – Series A, B, C and D Beginning balance $465,000 $315,000 $480,000Issuance of Preference Shares – Series D — 150,000 —Mandatory conversion of Preference Shares – Series B — — (165,000)Ending balance 465,000 465,000 315,000Common shares Beginning balance 877 873 747Shares issued on mandatory conversion of Preference Shares – Series B — — 121Exercise of options and issuance of common shares 2 4 5Ending balance 879 877 873Additional paid-in capital Beginning balance 748,113 749,256 579,178Exercise of options and issuance of common shares 29 1,077 1,926Share-based compensation expense 1,276 2,938 3,414Issuance costs of Preference Shares — (5,058) —Mandatory conversion of Preference Shares – Series B — — 164,879Others — (100) (141)Ending balance 749,418 748,113 749,256Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income Beginning balance 13,354 14,997 (23,767)Change in net unrealized (losses) gains on investment (81,651) 42,605 33,396Foreign currency translation adjustment 2,681 (44,248) 5,368Ending balance (65,616) 13,354 14,997(Accumulated deficit) retained earnings Beginning balance 35,472 285,662 316,184Net (loss) income attributable to Maiden (544,624) (169,896) 48,980Dividends on preference shares (25,636) (29,156) (33,756)Dividends on common shares (29,103) (51,138) (45,746)Ending balance (563,891) 35,472 285,662Treasury shares Beginning balance (30,642) (4,991) (4,521)Shares repurchased (873) (25,651) (470)Ending balance (31,515) (30,642) (4,991)Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries Beginning balance 452 355 1,278Acquisition of subsidiary — — 14Acquisition of minority interest in subsidiaries — (115) (69)Dividend paid to noncontrolling interest — — (31)Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 219 151 (842)Foreign currency translation adjustment (30) 61 5Ending balance 641 452 355Total equity $554,916 $1,232,626 $1,361,152See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.F-7MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands of U.S. dollars)For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Cash flows from operating activities Net (loss) income $(544,405) $(169,745) $48,138Less: Net loss from discontinued operations 94,113 22,096 30,922Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation, amortization and share-based compensation 6,179 8,387 12,608Net realized losses (gains) on investment 1,529 (12,222) (6,774)Total other-than-temporary impairment losses 5,832 — —Foreign exchange and other (gains) losses (4,461) 14,921 (13,412)Changes in assets – (increase) decrease: Reinsurance balances receivable, net (135) 79,403 10,983Accrued investment income 752 1,088 (3,495)Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses (9,574) (18,753) (20,107)Other assets 78,544 21,932 (45,721)Changes in liabilities – increase (decrease): Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses 693,215 485,626 344,914Unearned premiums (25,106) 23,030 75,338Accrued expenses and other liabilities (14,879) (31,188) 27,333 Net cash provided by operating activities for continuing operations 281,604 424,575 460,727 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities for discontinued operations (99,315) 33,993 9,393Net cash provided by operating activities 182,289 458,568 470,120Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of fixed maturities – available-for-sale (997,137) (837,903) (1,056,618)Purchases of other investments (18,383) (986) (172)Net proceeds from sale of discontinued operations 255,917 — —Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities – available-for-sale 367,346 164,957 69,007Proceeds from maturities, paydowns and calls of fixed maturities – available-for-sale 241,962 314,540 502,266Proceeds from maturities and calls of fixed maturities – held-to-maturity 78,241 39,653 6,172Proceeds from sale and redemption of other investments 2,161 11,702 1,481Other, net (2,063) (4,280) (434) Net cash used in investing activities for continuing operations (71,956) (312,317) (478,298) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities for discontinued operations 104,855 (47,538) (99,766)Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 32,899 (359,855) (578,064)Cash flows from financing activities: Preference shares, net of issuance costs — 144,942 (143)Senior notes, net of issuance costs — — 106,285Redemption of Senior Notes — (100,000) (107,500)Issuance of common shares 31 1,081 1,931Repurchase of common shares (873) (25,651) (470)Dividends paid – Maiden common shares (41,555) (51,634) (43,127)Dividends paid – preference shares (25,636) (29,156) (33,756)Net cash used in financing activities (68,033) (60,418) (76,780)Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash (1,556) 3,673 1,759Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents 145,599 41,968 (182,965)Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 191,503 149,535 332,500Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of year 337,102 191,503 149,535Less: cash and restricted cash and equivalent of discontinued operations, end of year (6,113) (42,128) (39,133)Cash and restricted cash and equivalents of continuing operations, end of year $330,989 $149,375 $110,402 Reconciliation of cash and restricted cash and equivalents to Consolidated Balance Sheets: Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $200,841 $54,470 $41,276Restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of year 130,148 94,905 69,126Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and equivalents, end of year $330,989 $149,375 $110,402 Non-cash investing activities Investments transferred out related to novation of reinsurance contract $176,865 $— $— Supplemental information on cash flows Interest paid $19,106 $23,106 $27,897Taxes paid 524 555 494See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.F-8MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)1. OrganizationMaiden Holdings, Ltd. (sometimes referred to as "Maiden Holdings" or "Parent Company") is a Bermuda-based holding company formed in June 2007,primarily focused on serving the needs of regional and specialty insurers in the United States and Europe. Together with its subsidiaries (collectively referredto as the "Company", "We" or "Maiden"), we provide reinsurance through our wholly owned subsidiary, Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. ("Maiden Bermuda") andhave operations in Bermuda. Maiden Bermuda does not underwrite any direct insurance business. Internationally, we provide reinsurance-related servicesthrough Maiden Global Holdings, Ltd. ("Maiden Global") and its subsidiaries. Maiden Global primarily focuses on providing branded auto and life insuranceproducts through its insurer partners to retail clients in the European Union and other global markets, which also produce reinsurance programs which areunderwritten by Maiden Bermuda. Certain international life and general business is also written on a primary basis by Maiden Life Försäkrings AB ("MaidenLF") and Maiden General Försäkrings AB ("Maiden GF"), both wholly owned subsidiaries of Maiden Holdings, as part of Maiden Global’s service offerings.Strategic ReviewThe Company's business has undergone significant changes in the last year. Maiden Holding's Board of Directors initiated a review of strategicalternatives (the "Strategic Review") in the first quarter of 2018 to evaluate ways to increase shareholder value as a result of continuing significant operatinglosses and lower returns on equity than planned. As part of the Strategic Review, a series of transactions were entered into which are described herein and in“Note 18. Subsequent Events", which includes additional information related to these events.In addition, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018, the Company and Maiden Bermuda failed to meet their requirements to hold sufficientcapital to cover their respective economic capital requirement (“ECR”). The Company had communicated such conditions to the Bermuda MonetaryAuthority ("BMA") and via its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 9, 2018 and is following the guidelines of a reportable“event” as stipulated by Bermuda insurance law. The Company has taken the following actions to remediate the breach including: (1) completed the sale ofMaiden Reinsurance North America, Inc. ("Maiden US"), on December 27, 2018; (2) Maiden Bermuda's shareholders, Maiden Holdings and Maiden HoldingsNorth America, Ltd. ("Maiden NA"), made capital injections of $125,000 on December 31, 2018 and $70,000 in January 2019 to Maiden Bermuda from thesale proceeds of Maiden US; (3) entered into a partial termination amendment ("Partial Termination Amendment") with AmTrust Financial Services Inc.("AmTrust") effective January 1, 2019; and (4) entered into amendments which terminated the AmTrust Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement ("AmTrustQuota Share") and the AmTrust European Hospital Liability Quota Share Agreement ("European Hospital Liability Quota Share") effective January 1, 2019.As a result of these actions and pending finalization and regulatory approval of the loss portfolio transfer and adverse development cover entered into byMaiden Bermuda and Enstar Group Limited ("New LPT/ADC MTA") on March 1, 2019, we estimate that the Company and Maiden Bermuda will havesufficient capital in excess of the respective ECR requirements and that this position should improve throughout 2019.Discontinued OperationsAs part of the strategic review initiated by the Company's Board of Directors earlier in 2018, during the third quarter of 2018, the Company made thestrategic decision to divest its U.S. treaty reinsurance operations. Except as explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unlessotherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented herein relate to the Company's continuing operations except for net loss, net loss attributable toMaiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders.Sale of U.S. treaty reinsurance operationsThe sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance business occurred in two parts as described below:(a) On August 29, 2018, the Company announced that it had entered into a Renewal Rights Agreement ("Renewal Rights"), dated as of August 29, 2018,with Transatlantic Reinsurance Company ("TransRe"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell, and TransRe agreed to purchase, Maiden US's rights to:(i) renew Maiden US’s treaty reinsurance agreements upon their expiration or cancellation, (ii) solicit renewals of and replacement coverages for the treatyreinsurance agreements and (iii) replicate and use the products and contract forms used in Maiden US’s business. The sale was consummated on August 29,2018. The payment received for the sale of the Renewal Rights was $7,500 subject to potential additional amounts payable in the future in accordance withthe agreement.(b) On December 27, 2018, the Company announced that its subsidiary, Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. ("Maiden NA"), completed its saleagreement (U.S. Master Transaction Agreement, "US MTA") dated as of August 31, 2018, with Enstar Holdings (US) LLC ("Enstar Holdings"), pursuant towhich Maiden NA sold, and Enstar Holdings purchased Maiden NA’s subsidiary Maiden US.Pursuant to and subject to the terms of the US MTA:(i) Maiden NA sold, and Enstar Holdings purchased, all of the outstanding shares of common stock of Maiden US (the “Maiden US Sale”) for grossconsideration of $286,375, which included estimated closing adjustments but is subject to post-closing adjustments;(ii) Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited ("Cavello"), Enstar Group Limited’s ("Enstar") Bermuda reinsurance affiliate, and Maiden Bermuda entered into anagreement pursuant to which certain quota share reinsurance contracts between Maiden US and Maiden Bermuda were novated to Cavello for a cedingcommission payable by Maiden Bermuda of $12,250;F-9MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)1. Organization (continued)(iii) Cavello and Maiden Bermuda also entered into a retrocession agreement pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with theCompany’s U.S. treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Bermuda were retroceded to Cavello in exchange for a $1,750 ceding commission; and(iv) Maiden Bermuda provided Enstar with a reinsurance cover for loss reserve development, up to a maximum of $25,000, when losses are more than$100,000 in excess of the net loss and loss adjustment expenses recorded as of June 30, 2018, for no additional consideration.The Company has determined that the sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on its ongoingoperations and financial results and that all of the held for sale criteria have been met. Accordingly, all transactions related to the U.S. treaty reinsuranceoperations are reported and presented as part of discontinued operations.Please refer to "Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" and "Note 6. Discontinued Operations" for additional information regarding the effect of thereclassifications on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.SegmentsAs a result of the strategic decision to divest all of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance operations noted above, the Company has revised thecomposition of its reportable segments. As described in more detail below under “Note 3. Segment Information”, the reportable segments include: (i)Diversified Reinsurance which consists of a portfolio of property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualtyinsurance companies located primarily in Europe; and (ii) AmTrust Reinsurance which includes all business ceded to Maiden Bermuda from subsidiaries ofAmTrust. In addition to these reportable segments, the results of operations of the former National General Holdings Corporation Quota Share ("NGHC QuotaShare") segment is included in the "Other" category. All prior periods presented have been reclassified to conform to this new presentation. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company's AmTrust Reinsurance segment accounted for 93.5% (2017 - 95.9% and 2016 - 96.1%), of the Company's totalconsolidated gross premiums written.2. Significant Accounting PoliciesBasis of Reporting and Consolidation — These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principlesgenerally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and include the accounts of Maiden Holdings and all of its subsidiaries. TheseConsolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the periodand all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. Certain prior yearcomparatives have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. The effect of these reclassifications had no impact on previously reportedshareholders' equity or net income (loss).As part of the strategic review initiated by the Company's Board of Directors earlier in 2018, the Company made the strategic decision to divest its U.S.treaty reinsurance operations during 2018 which had a major effect on its ongoing operations and financial results. Accordingly, all of the assets andliabilities related to the sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets of the Company and any remainingassets and liabilities related to the retrocession agreement and true up of sale consideration, are classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheetsas at December 31, 2018. All of the assets and liabilities related to the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations were reclassified as held for sale as at December 31,2017. The operations of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance business up to the date of sale have been reported as part of loss from discontinued operationsin the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018. The operations of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance business for theyears ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 have been reclassified as part of loss from discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Income.Except as explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented hereinrelate to the Company's continuing operations except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders.Please see “Note 6. Discontinued Operations" for additional information related to discontinued operations. All prior years presented in the ConsolidatedFinancial Statements have been reclassified to conform to this new presentation.Estimates — The preparation of U.S. GAAP Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect thereported and disclosed amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated FinancialStatements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Thesignificant estimates include, but are not limited to, reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses ("loss and LAE"); recoverability of reinsurance balancesreceivable and deferred commission and other acquisition expenses; determination of impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets; valuation offinancial instruments and deferred tax assets; and determination of other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") of investments.During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company significantly increased the reserve for loss and LAE in our AmTrust Reinsurancesegment. The Company recorded unfavorable reserve development which reduced both its consolidated net income and net income attributable to Maidenfor the year ended December 31, 2018 by approximately $399,200 or $4.81 per basic and diluted common share (2017 - $239,896 or $2.80 per basic anddiluted common share). Also, as a result of the sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations during the year, the Company has written off the remainingbalance of goodwill and intangible assets of $74,196 as they are deemed permanently impaired.F-10MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)Investments — The Company currently classifies its fixed maturity investments as either available-for-sale ("AFS") or held-to-maturity ("HTM"). The AFSportfolio is reported at fair value. The HTM portfolio includes securities for which we have the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption. The HTMportfolio is reported at amortized cost. When a security is transferred from AFS to HTM, the fair value at the time of transfer, adjusted for subsequentamortization, becomes the security's amortized cost. The fair value of fixed maturity investments is generally determined from quotations received fromnationally recognized pricing services ("Pricing Service"), or when such prices are not available, by reference to broker or underwriter bid indications. Short-term investments comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase. The Company held no short-term investments as at December 31,2018 and 2017.The Company's other investments comprise of unquoted investments. The Company accounts for its unquoted other investments at fair value inaccordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 944, "Financial Services - Insurance"("ASC 944"). Unquoted other investments are primarily comprised of investments in limited partnerships, which are reported at fair value based on thefinancial information received from the fund managers and other information available to management, as well as investments in special purpose vehiclesfocused on lending activities, and start-up insurance entities, both of which are reported at fair value using recent private market transactions.Unrealized gains or losses on fixed maturities are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"). The net unrealizedholding gains of securities transferred from AFS to HTM at the designation date continue to be reported in the carrying value of the HTM securities and isamortized through Other Comprehensive Income over the remaining life of the securities using the effective yield method in a manner consistent with theamortization of any premium or discount.Purchases and sales of investments are recorded on a trade date basis. Realized gains or losses on sales of investments are determined based on the first infirst out cost method. Net investment income is recognized when earned and includes interest and dividend income together with amortization of marketpremiums and discounts using the effective yield method and is net of investment management fees. For our U.S. government agency mortgage-backedsecurities ("Agency MBS") and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and revised as necessary. Anyadjustments required due to the change in effective yields and maturities are recognized on a prospective basis through yield adjustments.A security is potentially impaired when its fair value is below its amortized cost. On a quarterly basis, we review all impaired securities to determine if theimpairment is OTTI. OTTI assessments are inherently judgmental, especially where securities have experienced severe declines in fair value in a short period.Our review process begins with a quantitative analysis to identify securities to be further evaluated for potential OTTI. For all identified securities, furtherfundamental analysis is performed that considers, but not limited to, the following quantitative and qualitative factors:•Historic and implied volatility of the security;•Length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost;•Adverse conditions specifically related to the security or to specific conditions in an industry or geographic area;•Failure, if any, of the issuer of the security to make scheduled payments; and•Recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date.The Company recognizes OTTI in earnings for its impaired fixed maturity securities (i) for which the Company has the intent to sell the security or (ii) it ismore likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery and (iii) for those securities which have acredit loss. In assessing whether a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security withthe amortized cost basis of the security. In instances in which a determination is made that an impairment exists but the Company does not intend to sell thesecurity and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before the anticipated recovery of its remaining amortizedcost basis, the impairment is separated into (i) the amount of the total impairment related to the credit loss and (ii) the amount of the total impairment relatedto all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total OTTI related to all other factorsis recognized in other comprehensive income. In periods after the recognition of OTTI on the Company’s fixed maturity securities, the Company accounts forsuch securities as if they had been purchased on the measurement date of the OTTI at an amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis lessthe OTTI recognized in earnings. For fixed maturity securities in which OTTI was recognized in earnings, the difference between the new amortized cost basisand the cash flows expected to be collected will be amortized into net investment income.As our investment portfolio is the largest component of our consolidated assets, OTTI on our fixed maturity securities could be material to our financialcondition and results particularly during periods of dislocation in the financial markets.F-11MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)Fair Value Measurements — ASC Topic 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" ("ASC 820") defines fair value as the price that would bereceived upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between open market participants at the measurement date.Additionally, ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use ofunobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on thereliability of inputs as follows:•Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Valuationadjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularlyavailable in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizingLevel 1 inputs include: U.S. Treasury bonds;•Level 2 — Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactivemarkets, or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates,loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include: U.S.government-sponsored agency securities; non-U.S. government and supranational obligations; commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS");collateralized loan obligations ("CLO"); corporate and municipal bonds; and•Level 3 — Valuations based on models where significant inputs are not observable. The unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions aboutassumptions that market participants would use. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 3 inputs include: an investment in preference sharesof a start-up insurance producer.The availability of observable inputs can vary and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of financial instrument,whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent thatvaluation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires significantly morejudgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by management in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. We useprices and inputs that are current at the measurement date. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for manyinstruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified between levels.For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, the Company uses the quoted market prices as fair value and includes these prices in theamounts disclosed in the Level 1 hierarchy. The Company receives the quoted market prices from a third party nationally recognized provider, the PricingService. When quoted market prices are unavailable, the Company utilizes the Pricing Service to determine an estimate of fair value. The fair value estimatesare included in the Level 2 hierarchy. The Company will challenge any prices for its investments which are considered not to be representation of fair value.If quoted market prices and an estimate from the Pricing Service are unavailable, the Company produces an estimate of fair value based on dealer quotationsfor recent activity in positions with the same or similar characteristics to that being valued or through consensus pricing of a pricing service. The Companydetermines whether the fair value estimate is in the Level 2 or Level 3 hierarchy depending on the level of observable inputs available when estimating thefair value. The Company bases its estimates of fair values for assets on the bid price as it represents what a third party market participant would be willing topay in an orderly transaction.Cash and Cash Equivalents — The Company maintains its cash accounts in several banks and brokerage institutions. Cash equivalents consist ofinvestments in money market funds and short-term investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less and are stated at cost, which approximates fairvalue. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are separately reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accordingly, changes in restricted cash and cashequivalents are reported as an investing activity in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company maintains certain cash and investments in trustaccounts to be used primarily as collateral for unearned premiums and loss and LAE reserves owed to insureds. The Company is required to maintainminimum balances in these accounts based on pre-determined formulas. See "Note 4. (e) Investments" for additional details.Premiums and Related Expenses — For pro-rata contracts and excess-of-loss contracts where no deposit or minimum premium is specified in the contract,premium written is recognized based on estimates of ultimate premiums provided by the ceding companies. Initial estimates of premium written arerecognized in the period in which the underlying risks are incepted. Subsequent adjustments, based on reports of actual premium by the ceding companies, orrevisions in estimates, are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Reinsurance premiums assumed are generally earned on a pro-rata basis overthe terms of the underlying policies or reinsurance contracts. Contracts and policies written on a "losses occurring" basis cover claims that may occur duringthe term of the contract or policy, which is typically 12 months. Accordingly, the premium is earned evenly over the term. Contracts which are written on a"risks attaching" basis cover claims which attach to the underlying insurance policies written during the terms of such contracts. Premiums earned on suchcontracts usually extend beyond the original term of the reinsurance contract, typically resulting in recognition of premiums earned over a 24-month period.Reinsurance premiums on specialty risk and extended warranty are earned based on the estimated program coverage period. These estimates are based on theexpected distribution of coverage periods by contract at inception, because a single contract may contain multiple coverage period options, and theseestimates are revised based on the actual coverage period selected by the original insured. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums writtenwhich is applicable to the unexpired term of the contract or policy in force. These premiums can be subject to estimates based upon information receivedfrom ceding companies and any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined.F-12MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)The unexpired portion of reinsurance purchased by the Company (retrocession or reinsurance premiums ceded) is included in other assets and amortizedover the contract period in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. The ultimate amount of premiums, including adjustments, isrecognized as premiums ceded, and amortized over the applicable contract period to which they apply. Losses recoverable are recorded as an asset calledreinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses which is included in other assets. Premiums earned are reported net of reinsurance in the Consolidated Statements ofIncome.Assumed and ceded reinsurance contracts that lack a significant transfer of risk are treated as deposits. No deposit contracts are held as at December 31,2018 and 2017.Acquisition expenses represent the costs of writing business that vary with, and are primarily related to, the production of the business. Policy andcontract acquisition expenses, including assumed commissions and other direct operating expenses that are related to successful contracts are deferred andrecognized as expense as related premiums are earned.Only certain expenses incurred in the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts are capitalized. Those expenses include incrementaldirect costs of contract acquisition that result directly from and are essential to the contract transaction and would not have been incurred had the contracttransaction not occurred. All other acquisition-related expenses, such as costs incurred for soliciting business, administration, and unsuccessful acquisition orrenewal efforts are charged to expense as incurred. Administrative expenses, including rent, depreciation, occupancy, equipment, and all other generaloverhead expenses are considered indirect and are expensed as incurred.The Company considers anticipated investment income in determining the recoverability of these costs and believes they are fully recoverable. Apremium deficiency is recognized if the sum of anticipated losses and loss adjustment expenses, unamortized acquisition expenses and anticipatedinvestment income exceed unearned premium.Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Incurred — Loss and LAE represent the estimated ultimate net costs of all reported and unreported losses incurredthrough December 31. The reserve for loss and LAE is estimated using statistical analysis of actuarial data and is not discounted. Although considerablevariability is inherent in the estimates of reserves for loss and LAE, management believes that the reserve for loss and LAE is adequate. In estimating reserves,the Company utilizes a variety of standard actuarial methods. The estimates are continually reviewed and adjusted as necessary as experience develops ornew information becomes known. Such adjustments are included in current operations.Reinsurance — Reinsurance premiums and loss and LAE ceded to other companies are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accountingfor original policies issued and pursuant to the terms of the reinsurance contracts. The Company records premiums earned and loss and LAE incurred andceded to other companies as reduction of premium revenue and loss and LAE. The Company accounts for commissions allowed by reinsurers on businessceded as ceding commission, which is a reduction of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses. The Company earns commissions on reinsurancepremiums ceded in a manner consistent with the recognition of the premium earned on the underlying insurance policies, on a pro-rata basis over the terms ofthe policies reinsured. Reinsurance recoverable relate to the portion of reserves and paid loss and LAE that are ceded to other companies. The Companyremains contingently liable for all loss payments in the event of failure to collect from reinsurers.Ceding Commissions on Reinsurance Transactions — Ceding commissions on reinsurance transactions are commissions the Company receives fromceding gross premiums written to third party reinsurers. The ceding commissions the Company receives cover a portion of its capitalized acquisition costsand a portion of other underwriting expenses. Ceding commissions received from reinsurance transactions that represent recovery of capitalized directacquisition costs are recorded as a reduction of deferred acquisition costs and the net amount is charged to expense in proportion to net premium revenuerecognized. Ceding commissions received from reinsurance transactions that represent the recovery of other underwriting expenses are recognized in thestatement of income over the insurance contract period in proportion to the insurance protection provided and classified as a reduction of acquisition costsand other underwriting expenses. Ceding commissions received, but not yet earned, that represent the recovery of other underwriting expenses are classifiedas a component of accrued expenses and other liabilities. The Company allocates earned ceding commissions to its segments based on each segment’sproportionate share of total acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses recognized during the period.Debt Obligations and Deferred Debt Issuance Costs — Costs incurred in issuing debt are capitalized and amortized over the life of the debt. Theamortization of these costs is included in interest and amortization expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The unamortized amount of thesecosts is presented as a deduction from the related liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.Goodwill and Intangible Assets — A purchase price that is in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired arising from a business combination isrecorded as goodwill, and is not amortized. Other intangible assets with a finite life are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset. Other intangibleassets with an indefinite useful life are not amortized.Goodwill and other indefinite life intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstancesindicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Finite life intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment on an annual basis or morefrequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable, and tested for impairment if appropriate. Forpurposes of the annual impairment evaluation, goodwill is assigned to the applicable reporting unit of the acquired entities giving rise to the goodwill. Wehave established October 1 as the date for performing the annual impairment tests or when “triggering events” occur or circumstances change that couldpotentially reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying amount of the reporting unitexceeds the fair value. If goodwill or other intangible assets are impaired, they are written down to their estimated fair values with a corresponding lossreflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income.F-13MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)The announced sale of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations resulted in a triggering event and consequently during the year ended December 31, 2018,the Company has written off the remaining balance of goodwill and intangible assets. The goodwill and intangible assets were deemed to be permanentlyimpaired due to the sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance renewal rights and the sale of the U.S. Diversified Reinsurance business. Please refer to "Note 6.Discontinued Operations" for further details of this disposal. The Company recognized an impairment loss of $74,196 as a result of these dispositions, whichis presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income as part of the loss from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.Noncontrolling Interests — The Company accounts for its noncontrolling interests in accordance with ASC Topic 810 "Consolidations", and presentssuch noncontrolling shareholders' interest in the equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interestsis presented separately in the Consolidated Statements of Income.Income Taxes — The Company accounts for income taxes using ASC Topic 740 "Income Taxes" for its subsidiaries operating in taxable jurisdictions.Deferred income taxes reflect the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities forfinancial reporting purposes and amounts used for income tax purposes. A valuation allowance is recorded if it is more likely than not that some or all of adeferred tax asset may not be realized. The Company considers future taxable income and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for avaluation allowance. In the event the Company determines that it will not be able to realize all or part of its deferred income tax assets in the future, anadjustment to the deferred income tax assets would be charged to income in the period in which such determination is made. In addition, if the Companysubsequently assesses that the valuation allowance is no longer needed, a benefit would be recorded to income in the period in which such determination ismade. U.S. GAAP allows for the recognition of tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only where the position is more likely than not to be sustainedassuming examination by tax authorities. A liability is established for any tax benefit claimed in a tax return in excess of this threshold. Income tax relatedinterest and penalties would be included as income tax expense. The Company has not recorded or accrued any interest or penalties during the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.Share-Based Compensation Expense — The Company is authorized to issue restricted share awards and units, performance based restricted share units("PB-RSUs"), share options and other equity-based awards to its employees and directors. The Company recognizes the compensation expense for shareoptions, restricted share and share unit grants, based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant, over the vesting period, which is the requisite serviceperiod. Forfeitures are accounted for when they occur. The estimated fair value of the grant will be amortized ratably over its vesting period as a charge tocompensation expense (a component of general and administrative expenses) and an increase to additional paid in capital in Consolidated Shareholders’Equity. The estimated fair value of the PB-RSUs is recognized as a charge to compensation expense and an increase to additional paid in capital inConsolidated Shareholders’ Equity following certain criteria such as non-GAAP operating return on common equity, underwriting performance, revenuegrowth and operating expense being met during the specified performance period as well as based on the recommendation of the Company's Chief ExecutiveOfficer ("CEO") and the discretion of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Forfeitures are accounted for when they occur.Earnings Per Share — Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and exclude anydilutive effects of options, restricted share units ("RSUs") and PB-RSUs. Dilutive earnings per share are computed using the weighted-average number ofcommon shares outstanding during the period adjusted for the dilutive impact of share options, RSUs, PB-RSUs and the mandatory convertible preferenceshares using the if-converted method. On September 15, 2016, the Company's mandatory convertible Preference Shares - Series B were automaticallyconverted into the Company's common shares.The two-class method is used to determine earnings per share based on dividends declared on common shares and participating securities (i.e. distributedearnings) and participation rights of participating securities in any undistributed earnings. Each unvested restricted share granted by the Company to certainsenior leaders is considered a participating security and the Company uses the two-class method to calculate its net income attributable to Maiden commonshareholders per common share – basic and diluted. However, any undistributed losses are not allocated to the participating securities.Treasury Shares — Treasury shares are common shares repurchased by the Company and not subsequently cancelled. They also include repurchases fromemployees, which represent withholdings in respect of tax obligations on the vesting of restricted shares and performance based shares. These shares arerecorded at cost and result in a reduction of our shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.Foreign Currency Transactions — The functional currency of the Company and many of its subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. For these companies, wetranslate monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year-end exchange rates, with the resulting foreign exchange gains and lossesrecognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Revenues and expenses in foreign currencies are converted at average exchange rates during the year.Monetary assets and liabilities include cash and cash equivalents, reinsurance balances receivable, reserve for loss and LAE and accrued expenses and otherliabilities. Accounts that are classified as non-monetary, such as deferred commission and other acquisition expenses and unearned premiums, are notrevalued.Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries and divisions, whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, are translated at year-end exchange rates. Revenuesand expenses of these entities are translated at average exchange rates during the year. The effects of the translation adjustments for foreign entities areincluded in AOCI. The amount of cumulative translation adjustment at December 31, 2018 was $(5,854) (2017 - $(8,535)).F-14MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)Recently Adopted Accounting Standards UpdatesRevenue RecognitionIn May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2014-09 guidance that supersedes most existing revenue recognition guidance. Thestandard excludes from its scope the accounting for insurance contracts, leases, financial instruments, and certain other agreements that are governed underother GAAP guidance, but could affect the revenue recognition for certain of our other insurance revenue activities. The Company has adopted the guidancein ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018. Our analysis of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 indicates that substantially all of our revenues are fromsources not within the scope of the standard. The Company generates an insignificant amount of fee income which is reported under other insurance revenuein the Consolidated Statements of Income and is within the scope of ASU 2014-09. The Company’s current accounting policy for this revenue is to recognizefee income as earned when the related services are performed which is consistent with the guidance in this ASU. Other insurance revenue is currently less than1% of total revenues so the expanded disclosure requirements mandated by this ASU are not required or deemed relevant due to materiality. The adoption ofASU 2014-09 did not have a material effect on our reported consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.Scope of Modification AccountingIn May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09 to amend the guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment awardrequire an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. The Company currently has a number of share based payment awards as disclosed in "Note15. Share Compensation and Pension Plans" which are recorded under compensation costs for the year ended December 31, 2018. The adoption of thisguidance on January 1, 2018 did not have any impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements as no modifications were made in any of itscurrent share based payment awards.Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial LiabilitiesIn January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 that has changed how entities measure certain equity investments and present changes in the fair value offinancial liabilities measured under the fair value option that are attributable to their own credit. Under the new guidance, entities measure many equityinvestments at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income unless the investments qualify for the new practicability exception. Thisincludes investments in partnerships, unincorporated joint ventures and limited liability companies that do not result in consolidation and are not accountedfor under the equity method. Entities are no longer able to recognize unrealized holding gains and losses on equity securities they currently classify as AFSin AOCI. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoptionof this guidance on January 1, 2018 resulted in the recognition of $502 of net unrealized losses on our investments in limited partnerships within netearnings during the year ended December 31, 2018. Our investments in limited partnerships do not have a readily determinable fair value and therefore, thenew guidance was adopted prospectively. Please refer to "Note 4. Investments (d) - Realized Gains on Investment" for additional information.Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash PaymentsIn August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 guidance to clarify how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statementof cash flows. The new guidance amends ASC 230 Statement of Cash Flows, a principles based requiring judgment to determine the appropriate classificationof cash flow as operating, investing or financing activities which created diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments were classified. The newguidance clarifies that if a receipt or payment has aspects of more than one class of cash flows and cannot be separated, the classification will depend on thepredominant source or use. While the new guidance attempts to clarify how the predominance principle should be applied, judgment will still be required.The guidance is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods therein. Entities will have toapply the guidance retrospectively, but if it is impracticable to do so for an issue, the amendments related to that issue would be applied prospectively. Theadoption of this guidance on January 1, 2018 did not have any impact on the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity.Presentation of Restricted Cash in the Statement of Cash FlowsIn November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18 guidance that require entities to show the changes in the total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cashand restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. As a result, entities will no longer present transfers between cash and cash equivalents andrestricted cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. When cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are presentedin more than one line item on the balance sheet, the new guidance requires a reconciliation of the totals in the statement of cash flows to the related captionsin the balance sheet. This reconciliation can be presented either on the face of the statement of cash flows or in the notes to the financial statements. Theguidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. TheCompany adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financialcondition, results of operations and disclosures, other than the presentation of restricted cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. Thefinancial impact in the consolidated statements of cash flows has eliminated the presentation of changes in restricted cash and cash equivalents from cashflows from investing activities. Therefore, changes that result from transfers between cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents are nolonger presented as cash flow activities in the statement of cash flows. Additionally, a reconciliation between the statement of financial position and thestatement of cash flows has been disclosed to show the movement in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents from the prior period.F-15MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet AdoptedImprovements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment AccountingIn June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07 guidance that simplifies the accounting for share-based payments granted to non-employees for goods andservices. Under the guidance, most of the guidance on such payments to non-employees would be aligned with the requirements for share-based paymentsgranted to employees as the board viewed the awards to both employees and non-employees to be economically similar and that two different accountingmodels are not justified. Under the new guidance, i) non-employee share-based payment awards should be measured at the grant date fair value rather than thefair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever can be more reliably measured, ii) the measurement datefor equity classified non-employee share-based payment awards is at the grant date and not the earlier of the date at which a commitment for performance bythe counterparty is reached and the date at which the counter party's performance is complete, and iii) entities should consider the probability of satisfyingthe performance conditions when awards contain such conditions. The amendments in this guidance are effective for public business entities for fiscal yearsbeginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted, but not earlier than an entity's adoptiondate of Topic 606.The Company grants restricted share units as payment for services rendered by its Board of Directors and the aggregate grant-date fair value of restrictedshare units held by the director is currently determined in accordance with ASC 718. All restricted share units granted to the non-employee directors vest onthe first anniversary of the date of grant and are amortized into income over the one-year vesting period. The Company currently measures directors’ share-based payment awards at fair value at their grant date; therefore this amendment is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s ConsolidatedFinancial Statements.Codification Improvements to Topic 842, LeasesIn February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 which provides a new comprehensive model for lease accounting. Topic 842 will require a lessee torecognize a liability to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. In July 2018, theFASB issued ASU 2018-11 for targeted improvements related to Update 2016-02 which provides entities with an additional transition method to apply thenew standard. Under the new optional transition method, an entity initially applies ASC 842 at the adoption date and recognizes a cumulative-effectadjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Updates related to Topic 842 become effective for the Company onJanuary 1, 2019 and will be applied using a modified retrospective approach. The Company intends to elect the new transition method permitted by ASU2018-11 at the date of adoption.The Company's future minimum lease payments, which represent minimum annual rental commitments excluding taxes, insurance and other operatingcosts for non-cancellable operating leases, and which will be subject to this new guidance, will be recorded on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheetsas a lease liability with a corresponding right-of-use asset. However, under this guidance, the Company shall continue to recognize the related leasingexpense within net income. Therefore, the adoption of this standard will impact the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets but is not expected to have amaterial impact on its results of operations or cash flows.Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value MeasurementIn August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13 for changes to the disclosure framework related to Topic 820 which amends the disclosure requirementsfor fair value measurement. The following disclosure requirements were removed from Topic 820: (i) amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 andLevel 2 of the fair value hierarchy, (ii) policy for timing of transfers between levels, and (iii) valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. Theamendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reportingdate. The following disclosure requirements were added to Topic 820: (i) changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in othercomprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and (ii) range and weighted average ofsignificant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. For certain unobservable inputs, an entity may disclose other quantitativeinformation (such as the median or arithmetic average) in lieu of the weighted average if the entity determines that other quantitative information would be amore reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements.The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15,2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim orannual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon theireffective date. Early adoption is permitted upon issuance of this Update. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures uponissuance of this Update and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. These amendments only impact disclosures made in "Note5. Fair Value Measurements" therefore, the adoption of this standard will not impact the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, results of operations or cashflows.F-16MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt SecuritiesIn March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08 to amend the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium. CurrentGAAP excludes certain callable debt securities from consideration of early repayment of principal even if the holder is certain that the call will be exercised.As a result, upon the exercise of a call on a callable debt security held at a premium, the unamortized premium is recorded as a loss in earnings.The amendments in ASU 2017-08 affect all entities that hold investments in callable debt securities that have an amortized cost basis in excess of theamount that is repayable by the issuer at the earliest call date. The amendments shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at apremium and require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at adiscount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periodswithin those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. An entity should apply the amendments on a modified retrospective basis through acumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. Additionally, in the period of adoption, an entityshould provide disclosures about a change in accounting principle.The Company holds a number of fixed maturities with callable features on its Consolidated Balance Sheets and this includes certain securities that havebeen purchased at a premium that are being amortized to their contractual maturity dates. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidanceon the Company's results of operations, financial position and liquidity; however, it is not expected to have a material impact at the date of adoption.Accounting for Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial InstrumentsIn June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 guidance that changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments that arenot measured at fair value through net income. The standard will replace today's "incurred loss" approach with an "expected loss" model for instrumentsmeasured at amortized cost and require entities to record allowances for AFS debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount as they do today under thecurrent OTTI model. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost of the financial asset to present the netcarrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. It also simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debtsecurities and loans with credit deterioration since their origination. Entities will apply the standard's provisions as a cumulative effect adjustment to retainedearnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The guidance is effective for public business entities for annualperiods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its results ofoperations, financial condition and liquidity.F-17MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)3. Segment InformationThe Company currently has two reportable segments: Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance. Our Diversified Reinsurance segment consists ofa portfolio of predominantly property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualty insurance companieslocated primarily in Europe. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes all business ceded to Maiden Bermuda from AmTrust, primarily the AmTrust QuotaShare and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. In addition to our reportable segments, the results of operations of the former NGHC Quota Sharesegment have been included in the "Other" category. Please refer to "Note 10. Related Party Transactions" for additional information.As a result of the strategic decision to divest all of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance operations as discussed in "Note 1. Organization" and "Note 6.Discontinued Operations", the Company has revised the composition of its reportable segments. Previously, the underwriting results associated with thediscontinued operations of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance business were included within the Diversified Reinsurance segment and the operatingresults associated with the remnants of the U.S. excess and surplus business were included within the Other category. These are now excluded and all priorperiods presented have been reclassified to conform to this new presentation.The Company evaluates segment performance based on segment profit separately from the results of our investment portfolio. General and administrativeexpenses are allocated to the segments on an actual basis except salaries and benefits where management’s judgment is applied. The Company does notallocate general corporate expenses to the segments. In determining total assets by reportable segment, the Company identifies those assets that areattributable to a particular segment such as reinsurance balances receivable, deferred commission and other acquisition expenses, loans, restricted cash andcash equivalents and investments, and reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, unearned reinsurance premiums ceded, and funds withheldreceivable (presented as part of other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet). All remaining assets are allocated to Corporate.The following tables summarize our reporting segment's underwriting results and the reconciliation of our reportable segments and Other category'sunderwriting results to our consolidated net (loss) income from continuing operations:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 DiversifiedReinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Other TotalGross premiums written $131,518 $1,886,280 $— $2,017,798Net premiums written $129,319 $1,885,278 $— $2,014,597Net premiums earned $112,487 $1,913,715 $— $2,026,202Other insurance revenue 9,681 — — 9,681Net loss and LAE (71,441) (1,806,995) (1,685) (1,880,121)Commission and other acquisition expenses (38,749) (615,991) — (654,740)General and administrative expenses (17,396) (3,845) — (21,241)Underwriting loss $(5,418) $(513,116) $(1,685) (520,219)Reconciliation to net loss from continuing operations Net investment income and realized losses on investment 134,756Total other-than-temporary impairment loss (5,832)Interest and amortization expenses (19,318)Foreign exchange and other gains, net 4,461Other general and administrative expenses (43,699)Income tax expense (441)Net loss from continuing operations $(450,292) Net loss and LAE ratio(1) 58.5% 94.4% 92.3%Commission and other acquisition expense ratio(2) 31.7% 32.2% 32.2%General and administrative expense ratio(3) 14.2% 0.2% 3.2%Expense ratio(4) 45.9% 32.4% 35.4%Combined ratio(5) 104.4% 126.8% 127.7%F-18MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)3. Segment Information (continued)For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 DiversifiedReinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Other TotalGross premiums written $84,613 $1,993,478 $— $2,078,091Net premiums written $82,521 $1,954,856 $— $2,037,377Net premiums earned $83,015 $1,909,644 $— $1,992,659Other insurance revenue 9,802 — — 9,802Net loss and LAE (54,714) (1,498,881) (1,838) (1,555,433)Commission and other acquisition expenses (29,018) (614,777) (2) (643,797)General and administrative expenses (15,976) (3,052) — (19,028)Underwriting loss $(6,891) $(207,066) $(1,840) (215,797)Reconciliation to net loss from continuing operations Net investment income and realized gains on investment 136,357Interest and amortization expenses (23,260)Accelerated amortization of senior note issuance cost (2,809)Foreign exchange losses (14,921)Other general and administrative expenses (33,976)Income tax benefit 6,757Net loss from continuing operations $(147,649) Net loss and LAE ratio(1) 58.9% 78.4% 77.7%Commission and other acquisition expense ratio(2) 31.3% 32.2% 32.2%General and administrative expense ratio(3) 17.2% 0.2% 2.6%Expense ratio(4) 48.5% 32.4% 34.8%Combined ratio(5) 107.4% 110.8% 112.5%F-19MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)3. Segment Information (continued)For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 DiversifiedReinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Other TotalGross premiums written $82,383 $2,006,646 $— $2,089,029Net premiums written $79,243 $1,888,428 $— $1,967,671Net premiums earned $81,967 $1,843,621 $— $1,925,588Other insurance revenue 10,817 — — 10,817Net loss and LAE (51,795) (1,225,830) (11,887) (1,289,512)Commission and other acquisition expenses (31,249) (584,820) 546 (615,523)General and administrative expenses (15,543) (2,896) — (18,439)Underwriting (loss) income $(5,803) $30,075 $(11,341) 12,931Reconciliation to net income from continuing operations Net investment income and realized gains on investment 115,463Interest and amortization expenses (28,173)Accelerated amortization of senior note issuance cost (2,345)Foreign exchange gains 13,412Other general and administrative expenses (31,815)Income tax expense (413)Net income from continuing operations $79,060 Net loss and LAE ratio (1) 55.8% 66.5% 66.6%Commission and other acquisition expense ratio (2) 33.7% 31.7% 31.8%General and administrative expense ratio (3) 16.8% 0.2% 2.6%Expense ratio(4) 50.5% 31.9% 34.4%Combined ratio(5) 106.3% 98.4% 101.0%(1)Calculated by dividing the net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.(2)Calculated by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.(3)Calculated by dividing general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.(4)Calculated by adding together the commission and other acquisition expense ratio and general and administrative expense ratio.(5)Calculated by adding together the net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio.F-20MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)3. Segment Information (continued)The following tables summarize the financial position of our reportable segments including the reconciliation to our consolidated assets at December 31,2018 and 2017:December 31, 2018 DiversifiedReinsurance AmTrustReinsurance TotalReinsurance balances receivable, net $29,030 $38,278 $67,308Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses 18,405 370,037 388,442Loan to related party — 167,975 167,975Restricted cash and cash equivalents and investments 114,220 3,918,810 4,033,030Other assets 28,782 640 29,422Total assets - reportable segments 190,437 4,495,740 4,686,177Corporate assets — — 426,808Assets held for sale — — 174,475Total Assets $190,437 $4,495,740 $5,287,460 December 31, 2017 DiversifiedReinsurance AmTrustReinsurance TotalReinsurance balances receivable, net $22,225 $50,269 $72,494Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses 20,240 359,964 380,204Loan to related party — 167,975 167,975Restricted cash and cash equivalents and investments 108,065 3,576,559 3,684,624Other assets 17,108 104,216 121,324Total assets - reportable segments 167,638 4,258,983 4,426,621Corporate assets — — 315,750Assets held for sale — — 1,901,818Total Assets $167,638 $4,258,983 $6,644,189The following table shows an analysis of the Company’s gross and net premiums written and net premiums earned by geographic location for the yearsended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. In the case of business assumed from AmTrust, it is the location of the relevant AmTrust subsidiaries.For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Gross premiums written – North America $1,591,745 $1,750,145 $1,700,164Gross premiums written – Other (predominantly Europe) 426,053 327,946 388,865Gross premiums written – Total $2,017,798 $2,078,091 $2,089,029Net premiums written – North America $1,590,466 $1,710,760 $1,592,951Net premiums written – Other (predominantly Europe) 424,131 326,617 374,720Net premiums written – Total $2,014,597 $2,037,377 $1,967,671Net premiums earned – North America $1,635,855 $1,667,219 $1,541,622Net premiums earned – Other (predominantly Europe) 390,347 325,440 383,966Net premiums earned – Total $2,026,202 $1,992,659 $1,925,588F-21MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)3. Segment Information (continued)The following tables set forth financial information relating to net premiums written by major line of business and reportable segment for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Total % of Total Total % of Total Total % of TotalDiversified Reinsurance International $129,305 6.4% $82,534 4.1 % $78,673 4.0%Other 14 —% (13) — % 570 —%Total Diversified Reinsurance 129,319 6.4% 82,521 4.1 % 79,243 4.0%AmTrust Reinsurance Small Commercial Business 1,092,615 54.2% 1,278,974 62.8 % 1,181,496 60.1%Specialty Program 336,847 16.7% 350,113 17.1 % 344,677 17.5%Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty 455,816 22.7% 325,769 16.0 % 362,255 18.4%Total AmTrust Reinsurance 1,885,278 93.6% 1,954,856 95.9 % 1,888,428 96.0% $2,014,597 100.0% $2,037,377 100.0 % $1,967,671 100.0%The following tables set forth financial information relating to net premiums earned by major line of business and reportable segment for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Total % of Total Total % of Total Total % of TotalDiversified Reinsurance International $112,473 5.5% $83,027 4.2 % $80,782 4.2%Other 14 —% (12) — % 1,185 0.1%Total Diversified Reinsurance 112,487 5.5% 83,015 4.2 % 81,967 4.3%AmTrust Reinsurance Small Commercial Business 1,167,581 57.6% 1,255,941 63.0 % 1,131,582 58.8%Specialty Program 345,805 17.1% 344,336 17.3 % 337,396 17.5%Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty 400,329 19.8% 309,367 15.5 % 374,643 19.4%Total AmTrust Reinsurance 1,913,715 94.5% 1,909,644 95.8 % 1,843,621 95.7% $2,026,202 100.0% $1,992,659 100.0 % $1,925,588 100.0%F-22MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)4. Investmentsa) Fixed MaturitiesThe original or amortized cost, estimated fair value and gross unrealized gains and losses of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2018 and 2017, are asfollows:December 31, 2018 Original or amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Fair valueAFS fixed maturities: U.S. treasury bonds $138,625 $448 $(1) $139,072U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 1,485,716 3,491 (36,073) 1,453,134U.S. agency bonds – other 129,741 40 (548) 129,233Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds 11,212 66 (1,206) 10,072Asset-backed securities 216,072 425 (1,415) 215,082Corporate bonds 1,128,614 6,525 (30,164) 1,104,975Total AFS fixed maturities 3,109,980 10,995 (69,407) 3,051,568HTM fixed maturities: Corporate bonds 957,845 3,872 (20,990) 940,727Municipal bonds 57,836 — (551) 57,285Total HTM fixed maturities 1,015,681 3,872 (21,541) 998,012Total fixed maturity investments $4,125,661 $14,867 $(90,948) $4,049,580December 31, 2017 Original or amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Fair valueAFS fixed maturities: U.S. treasury bonds $35,093 $4 $— $35,097U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 1,475,682 6,181 (13,723) 1,468,140U.S. agency bonds – other 19,868 — (149) 19,719Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds 32,380 231 (1,713) 30,898Asset-backed securities 225,015 3,457 (79) 228,393Corporate bonds 911,259 28,423 (14,413) 925,269Total AFS fixed maturities 2,699,297 38,296 (30,077) 2,707,516HTM fixed maturities: Corporate bonds 1,037,464 28,694 (913) 1,065,245Municipal bonds 60,337 128 (84) 60,381Total HTM fixed maturities 1,097,801 28,822 (997) 1,125,626Total fixed maturity investments $3,797,098 $67,118 $(31,074) $3,833,142During the year ended December 31, 2018, we did not designate any additional fixed maturities as HTM. During 2017, we designated additional fixedmaturities with a total fair value of $391,934 as HTM reflecting our intent to hold these securities to maturity. The net unrealized holding gain of $4,313 as atthe designation date in 2017 continues to be reported in the carrying value of the HTM securities and is amortized through other comprehensive income overthe remaining life of the securities using the effective yield method in a manner consistent with the amortization of any premium or discount.F-23MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)4. Investments (continued)The contractual maturities of our fixed maturities are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may havethe right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. AFS fixed maturities HTM fixed maturitiesDecember 31, 2018 Amortized cost Fair value Amortized cost Fair valueMaturity Due in one year or less $130,857 $130,756 $2,020 $2,021Due after one year through five years 715,233 703,347 394,875 391,709Due after five years through ten years 562,102 549,249 618,786 604,282 1,408,192 1,383,352 1,015,681 998,012U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 1,485,716 1,453,134 — —Asset-backed securities 216,072 215,082 — —Total fixed maturities $3,109,980 $3,051,568 $1,015,681 $998,012The following tables summarize fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position and the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time thesecurity has continuously been in an unrealized loss position: Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More TotalDecember 31, 2018 Fair value Unrealized losses Fair value Unrealized losses Fair value Unrealized lossesFixed maturities U.S. treasury bonds $125 $(1) $— $— $125 $(1)U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 416,147 (6,624) 838,091 (29,449) 1,254,238 (36,073)U.S. agency bonds – other 26,838 (27) 17,462 (521) 44,300 (548)Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds 4,024 (252) 3,770 (954) 7,794 (1,206)Asset-backed securities 74,801 (1,196) 5,793 (219) 80,594 (1,415)Corporate bonds 1,052,765 (30,334) 286,542 (20,820) 1,339,307 (51,154)Municipal bonds 20,379 (261) 36,906 (290) 57,285 (551)Total temporarily impaired fixed maturities $1,595,079 $(38,695) $1,188,564 $(52,253) $2,783,643 $(90,948)At December 31, 2018, there were approximately 348 securities in an unrealized loss position with a fair value of $2,783,643 and unrealized losses of$90,948. Of these securities, there were 103 securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater with a fair value of $1,188,564and unrealized losses of $52,253. Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More TotalDecember 31, 2017 Fair value Unrealized losses Fair value Unrealized losses Fair value Unrealized lossesFixed maturities U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed $632,142 $(5,299) $327,339 $(8,424) $959,481 $(13,723)U.S. agency bonds – other 19,718 (149) — — 19,718 (149)Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds 1,909 (2) 25,192 (1,711) 27,101 (1,713)Asset-backed securities 12,408 (30) 3,017 (49) 15,425 (79)Corporate bonds 161,661 (1,557) 290,592 (13,769) 452,253 (15,326)Municipal bonds 39,492 (84) — — 39,492 (84)Total temporarily impaired fixed maturities $867,330 $(7,121) $646,140 $(23,953) $1,513,470 $(31,074)F-24MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)4. Investments (continued)At December 31, 2017, there were approximately 156 securities in an unrealized loss position with a fair value of $1,513,470 and unrealized losses of$31,074. Of these securities, there were 89 securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater with a fair value of $646,140 andunrealized losses of $23,953.OTTIThe Company performs quarterly reviews of its fixed maturities in order to determine whether declines in fair value below the amortized cost basis wereconsidered other-than-temporary in accordance with applicable guidance. At December 31, 2018, we have determined that the unrealized losses on fixedmaturities were primarily due to interest rates rising as well as the impact of foreign exchange rate changes on certain foreign currency denominated AFSfixed maturities since their date of purchase. All fixed maturity securities in the investment portfolio continue to pay the expected coupon payments underthe contractual terms of the securities. Any credit-related impairment related to fixed maturity securities that the Company does not plan to sell and for whichthe Company is not more likely than not to be required to sell is recognized in net earnings, with the non-credit related impairment recognized incomprehensive earnings. Based on our analysis, our fixed maturity portfolio is of high credit quality and we believe we will recover the amortized cost basisof our fixed maturity securities. We continually monitor the credit quality of our fixed maturity investments to assess if it is probable that we will receive ourcontractual or estimated cash flows in the form of principal and interest. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized $5,832 in OTTIlosses in earnings on seventy-two fixed maturity securities. Comparatively, there were no OTTI losses recognized in earnings on the fixed maturity portfoliofor the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The following summarizes the credit ratings of our fixed maturities:Ratings(1) at December 31, 2018 Amortized cost Fair value % of Total fair valueU.S. treasury bonds $138,625 $139,072 3.4%U.S. agency bonds 1,615,457 1,582,367 39.1%AAA 137,172 135,119 3.3%AA+, AA, AA- 183,142 178,674 4.4%A+, A, A- 1,132,993 1,113,710 27.5%BBB+, BBB, BBB- 866,043 848,348 21.0%BB+ or lower 52,229 52,290 1.3%Total fixed maturities $4,125,661 $4,049,580 100.0%Ratings(1) at December 31, 2017 Amortized cost Fair value % of Total fair valueU.S. treasury bonds $35,093 $35,097 0.9%U.S. agency bonds 1,495,550 1,487,859 38.8%AAA 156,631 159,682 4.2%AA+, AA, AA- 146,264 147,054 3.8%A+, A, A- 1,089,230 1,106,430 28.9%BBB+, BBB, BBB- 824,351 845,244 22.1%BB+ or lower 49,979 51,776 1.3%Total fixed maturities $3,797,098 $3,833,142 100.0%(1) Based on Standard & Poor’s ("S&P"), or equivalent, ratingsb) Other InvestmentsThe table below shows our portfolio of other investments:December 31, 2018 2017 Fair value % of Total fair value Fair value % of Total fair valueInvestment in limited partnerships $3,833 16.2% $5,100 77.3%Investment in special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities 18,383 77.5% — —%Other 1,500 6.3% 1,500 22.7%Total other investments $23,716 100.0% $6,600 100.0%F-25MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)4. Investments (continued)The Company has a remaining unfunded commitment on its investment in limited partnerships of approximately $414 at December 31, 2018 (2017 -$306). The Company also has a remaining unfunded commitment on its investment in special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities ofapproximately $7,359 at December 31, 2018. There were no such commitments outstanding at December 31, 2017.c) Net Investment IncomeNet investment income was derived from the following sources:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Fixed maturities $130,333 $124,415 $109,808Cash and cash equivalents 2,123 1,973 1,628Loan to related party 6,442 3,447 2,360Other 1,736 1,833 1,818 140,634 131,668 115,614Investment expenses (4,349) (7,533) (6,925)Net investment income $136,285 $124,135 $108,689d) Realized Gains (Losses) on InvestmentRealized gains or losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of the first in first out cost method. The following provides an analysis ofnet realized gains (losses) on investment included in the Consolidated Statements of Income:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Gross gains Gross losses NetAFS fixed maturities $9,314 $(13,118) $(3,804)Other investments 2,275 — 2,275Net realized gains (losses) on investment $11,589 $(13,118) $(1,529)For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Gross gains Gross losses NetAFS fixed maturities $7,598 $(1,254) $6,344Other investments 5,878 — 5,878Net realized gains (losses) on investment $13,476 $(1,254) $12,222For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Gross gains Gross losses NetAFS fixed maturities $7,140 $(916) $6,224Other investments 550 — 550Net realized gains (losses) on investment $7,690 $(916) $6,774Proceeds from sales of AFS fixed maturities were $367,346, $164,957 and $69,007 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Net unrealized (losses) gains on investments, including those allocated to discontinued operations and classified as held for sale, were as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 2016Fixed maturities $(59,729) $20,586 $(23,635)Other investments — 1,381 3,003Total net unrealized (losses) gains (59,729) 21,967 (20,632)Deferred income tax (33) (78) (84)Net unrealized (losses) gains, net of deferred income tax $(59,762) $21,889 $(20,716)Change, net of deferred income tax $(81,651) $42,605 $33,396F-26MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)4. Investments (continued)The portion of unrealized gains recognized in net income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, that are related to otherinvestments still held at the end of the reporting period were as follows:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Net gains recognized in net income on other investments during the year $2,275 $5,878 $550Net realized gains recognized on other investments divested during the year (2,777) (5,878) (550)Net unrealized losses recognized on other investments still held at end of year $(502) $— $—e) Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents and InvestmentsWe are required to maintain assets on deposit to support our reinsurance operations and to serve as collateral for our reinsurance liabilities under variousreinsurance agreements. We also utilize trust accounts to collateralize business with our reinsurance counterparties. These trust accounts generally take theplace of letter of credit requirements. The assets in trust as collateral are primarily cash and highly rated fixed maturities. The fair value of our restricted assetswas as follows:December 31, 2018 2017Restricted cash – third party agreements $21,420 $21,889Restricted cash – related party agreements 108,728 73,016Total restricted cash 130,148 94,905Restricted investments – in trust for third party agreements at fair value (amortized cost: 2018 – $88,841;2017 – $212,507) 89,596 211,331Restricted investments AFS – in trust for related party agreements at fair value (amortized cost:2018 – $2,860,403; 2017 – $2,281,668) 2,806,203 2,294,367Restricted investments HTM – in trust for related party agreements at fair value (amortized cost:2018 – $1,015,681; 2017 – $1,097,801) 998,012 1,125,626Total restricted investments 3,893,811 3,631,324Total restricted cash and investments $4,023,959 $3,726,229F-27MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)5. Fair Value Measurementsa) Fair Values of Financial InstrumentsASC 825, "Disclosure About Fair Value of Financial Instruments", requires all entities to disclose the fair value of their financial instruments, both assetsand liabilities recognized and not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. The following describes the valuationtechniques used by the Company to determine the fair value of financial instruments held at December 31, 2018 and 2017.U.S. government and U.S. agency — Bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury, the Federal Home Loan Bank, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation,Government National Mortgage Association and the Federal National Mortgage Association. The fair values of U.S. treasury bonds are based on quotedmarket prices in active markets, and are included in the Level 1 fair value hierarchy. We believe the market for U.S. treasury bonds is an actively tradedmarket given the high level of daily trading volume. The fair values of U.S. agency bonds are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. Asthe yields for the risk-free yield curve and the spreads for these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of U.S. agency bonds are included inthe Level 2 fair value hierarchy.Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds — These securities are generally priced by independent pricing services. The Pricing Service may usecurrent market trades for securities with similar quality, maturity and coupon. If no such trades are available, the Pricing Service typically uses analyticalmodels which may incorporate spreads, interest rate data and market/sector news. As the significant inputs used to price non-U.S. government andsupranational bonds are observable market inputs, the fair values of non-U.S. government and supranational bonds are included in the Level 2 fair valuehierarchy.Asset-backed securities — These securities comprise CMBS and CLO originated by a variety of financial institutions that on acquisition are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher. These securities are priced by independent pricing services and brokers. The pricing provider applies dealer quotes and other available tradeinformation, prepayment speeds, yield curves and credit spreads to the valuation. As the significant inputs used to price the CMBS and CLO are observablemarket inputs, the fair value of the CMBS and CLO securities are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy.Corporate bonds — Bonds issued by corporations that on acquisition are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher. These securities are generally priced byindependent pricing services. The spreads are sourced from broker/dealers, trade prices and the new issue market. Where pricing is unavailable from pricingservices, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers. As the significant inputs used to price corporate bonds are observable market inputs, the fairvalues of corporate bonds are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy.Municipal bonds — Bonds issued by U.S. state and municipality entities or agencies. The fair values of municipal bonds are generally priced byindependent pricing services. The pricing services typically use spreads obtained from broker-dealers, trade prices and the new issue market. As thesignificant inputs used to price the municipal bonds are observable market inputs, municipal bonds are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy.Other investments — Includes unquoted investments comprised of investments in limited partnerships and other investments which includes investmentsin special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities as well as investments in start-up insurance entities. The fair values of the limited partnerships aredetermined by the fund manager based on recent filings, operating results, balance sheet stability, growth and other business and market sector fundamentals.The fair value of these investments are measured using the NAV practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy. Ifthere is a reporting lag between the current period end and reporting date of the latest available fund valuation, we estimate fair values by starting with themost recently available valuation and adjusting for return estimates as well as any subscriptions and distributions that took place during the current period.The fair value of the investments in special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities is initially at cost which approximates fair value. In subsequentmeasurement periods, the fair values of these investments are determined using an internally developed discounted cash flow model. As the significant inputsused to price these securities are unobservable, the fair value of these investments are classified as Level 3. The fair value of the remaining other investments,primarily start-up insurance entities, was determined using recent private market transactions and as such, the fair value is included in the Level 3 fair valuehierarchy.Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted amounts), accrued investment income, reinsurance balances receivable, and certain other assets andliabilities — The carrying values reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for these financial instruments approximate their fair value due to their shortterm nature and are classified as Level 2.Loan to related party — The carrying value reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for this financial instrument approximates its fair value and it isincluded in the Level 2 hierarchy.Senior notes — The amount reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for these financial instruments represents the carrying value of the notes. Thefair values are based on indicative market pricing obtained from a third-party service provider and as such, are included in the Level 2 hierarchy.b) Fair Value HierarchyThe Company’s estimates of fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in ASC 820. The framework isbased on the inputs used in valuation and gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and requires that observable inputs be used in thevaluations when available. The disclosure of fair value estimates in the ASC 820 hierarchy is based on whether the significant inputs into the valuation areobservable. In determining the level of the hierarchy in which the estimate is disclosed, the highest priority is given to unadjusted quoted prices in activemarkets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s significant market assumptions.F-28MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)5. Fair Value Measurements (continued)At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we classified our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the following valuation hierarchy:December 31, 2018 Quoted Prices in Active Markets forIdentical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Fair Value Basedon NAV PracticalExpedient Total Fair ValueAFS fixed maturities U.S. treasury bonds $139,072 $— $— $— $139,072U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed — 1,453,134 — — 1,453,134U.S. agency bonds – other — 129,233 — — 129,233Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds — 10,072 — — 10,072Asset-backed securities — 215,082 — — 215,082Corporate bonds — 1,104,975 — — 1,104,975Other investments — — 19,883 3,833 23,716Total $139,072 $2,912,496 $19,883 $3,833 $3,075,284As a percentage of total assets 2.6% 55.1% 0.4% 0.1% 58.2%December 31, 2017 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Fair Value Basedon NAV PracticalExpedient Total Fair ValueAFS fixed maturities U.S. treasury bonds $35,097 $— $— $— $35,097U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed — 1,468,140 — — 1,468,140U.S. agency bonds – other — 19,719 — — 19,719Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds — 30,898 — — 30,898Asset-backed securities — 228,393 — — 228,393Corporate bonds — 925,269 — — 925,269Other investments — — 1,500 5,100 6,600Total $35,097 $2,672,419 $1,500 $5,100 $2,714,116As a percentage of total assets 0.5% 40.2% —% 0.1% 40.8%The Company utilizes a Pricing Service to assist in determining the fair value of our fixed maturity investments; however, management is ultimatelyresponsible for all fair values presented in the Company’s financial statements. This includes responsibility for monitoring the fair value process, ensuringobjective and reliable valuation practices and pricing of assets and liabilities and pricing sources. The Company analyzes and reviews the information andprices received from the Pricing Service to ensure that the prices represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value.The Pricing Service was utilized to estimate fair value measurements for approximately 99.9% and 99.8% of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2018and 2017, respectively. The Pricing Service utilizes market quotations for fixed maturity securities that have quoted market prices in active markets. Sincefixed maturities other than U.S. treasury bonds generally do not trade actively on a daily basis, the Pricing Service prepares estimates of fair valuemeasurements using relevant market data, benchmark curves, sector groupings and matrix pricing and these have been classified as Level 2.At December 31, 2018 and 2017, 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively, of the fixed maturities are valued using the market approach. At December 31, 2018, onesecurity or approximately $5,676 of Level 2 fixed maturities, was priced using a quotation from a broker and/or custodian as opposed to the Pricing Servicedue to lack of information available. At December 31, 2017, three securities or approximately $9,489 of Level 2 fixed maturities, were priced using aquotation from a broker and/or custodian as opposed to the Pricing Service due to lack of information available. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we havenot adjusted any pricing provided to us based on the review performed by our investment managers. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 andthere were no transfers to or from Level 3 during the periods represented by these Consolidated Financial Statements.F-29MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)5. Fair Value Measurements (continued)c) Level 3 Financial InstrumentsAt December 31, 2018, the Company has other investments of $19,883 (December 31, 2017 - $1,500) which includes investments in special purposevehicles focused on lending activities as well as investments in start-up insurance entities. The fair value of the investments in special purpose vehiclesfocused on lending activities is initially at cost which approximates fair value. In subsequent measurement periods, the fair values of these investments aredetermined using an internally developed discounted cash flow model. The fair value of investments in start-up insurance entities was determined usingrecent private market transactions. Due to the significant unobservable inputs in these valuations, the Company includes the estimate of the fair value of eachof these other investments as Level 3. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no transfers into or out of Level 3.d) Financial Instruments not measured at Fair ValueThe following table presents the fair value and carrying value of the financial instruments not measured at fair value: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair ValueFinancial Assets HTM – corporate bonds $957,845 $940,727 $1,037,464 $1,065,245HTM - municipal bonds 57,836 57,285 60,337 60,381Total financial assets $1,015,681 $998,012 $1,097,801 $1,125,626 Financial Liabilities Senior Notes - MHLA – 6.625% $110,000 $75,240 $110,000 $101,200Senior Notes - MHNC – 7.75% 152,500 143,960 152,500 149,029Total financial liabilities $262,500 $219,200 $262,500 $250,2296. Discontinued OperationsSale of U.S. Treaty Reinsurance operationsAs described in "Note 1. Organization", the Company entered into a Renewal Rights transaction with TransRe on August 29, 2018. The Companycontinued to earn premiums and remain liable for losses occurring subsequent to August 29, 2018 for any policies in force prior to and as of August 29, 2018,through December 27, 2018, the date the sale of Maiden US was closed pursuant to the US MTA with Enstar.Maiden US was a substantial portion of our Diversified Reinsurance segment, therefore, the Company concluded that the sale represents a strategic shiftthat will have a major effect on its ongoing operations and financial results and that all of the held for sale criteria have been met. Accordingly, alltransactions related to the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations are reported and presented as part of discontinued operations. Accordingly, all of the assets andliabilities related to the sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets of the Company and any remainingassets and liabilities related to the retrocession agreement and true up of sale consideration, are classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheetsas at December 31, 2018. All of the assets and liabilities related to the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations were reclassified as held for sale as at December 31,2017. The operations of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance business up to the date of sale have been reported as part of loss from discontinued operationsin the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018. The operations of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance business for theyears ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 have been reclassified as part of loss from discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Income.The Company estimated the fair value of the net assets held for sale to be based on the estimated selling price less costs to sell and was classified as Level2 within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2018. The following table summarizes the components of assets and liabilities classified as held for saleon the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet as at December 31, 2018 and 2017:F-30MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)6. Discontinued Operations (continued) 2018 2017ASSETS Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value $63,560 $1,336,854Cash and cash equivalents — 13,449Restricted cash and cash equivalents 6,113 28,679Accrued investment income — 6,195Reinsurance balances receivable, net 689 272,549Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses 70,158 92,728Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses — 59,393Goodwill and intangible assets, net — 75,583Other assets 33,955 16,388Total assets held for sale $174,475 $1,901,818LIABILITIES Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses $76,521 $1,160,526Unearned premiums — 246,156Accrued expenses and other liabilities 79,440 42,726Total liabilities held for sale $155,961 $1,449,408As discussed in "Note 1. Organization", on December 27, 2018, Cavello, Enstar's Bermuda reinsurance affiliate, and Maiden Bermuda entered into aretrocession agreement pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with the Motors Insurance business held by Maiden Bermuda wereretroceded to Cavello in exchange for a ceding commission. The balance of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses due from Cavello under thisretrocession agreement at December 31, 2018 was $70,158 which is presented as part of the assets held for sale above and in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.Enstar has credit ratings from both Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings of BBB at December 31, 2018.The following table summarizes the major classes of line items constituting the net loss from discontinued operations for the years ended December 31,2018, 2017 and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Gross premiums written $493,862 $737,960 $742,319Net premiums written $479,577 $724,611 $687,281Net premiums earned $618,265 $740,120 $642,562Net investment income 39,265 42,210 37,203Net loss and loss adjustment expenses (474,711) (604,578) (530,394)Commission and other acquisition expenses (142,946) (176,961) (158,141)General and administrative expenses (26,739) (17,556) (16,730)Amortization of intangible assets (1,387) (2,132) (2,461)Impairment of goodwill — — (1,800)Income (loss) from discontinued operations 11,747 (18,897) (29,761)Loss on disposal of discontinued operations (113,294) — —Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes (101,547) (18,897) (29,761)Income tax benefit (expense) 7,434 (3,199) (1,161)Net loss from discontinued operations, after income taxes $(94,113) $(22,096) $(30,922)The loss on disposal of discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily includes the impairment of goodwill and intangibleassets of $74,196 that was recognized due to the sale of Maiden US, net of the payment received for the sale of the Renewal Rights of $7,500. Please refer to"Note 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets" for additional information regarding the Company's impairment of goodwill and intangible assets that wasrecognized during the year ended December 31, 2018.F-31MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)7. Goodwill and Intangible AssetsThe goodwill and intangible assets historically recognized by the Company had been assigned to our Diversified Reinsurance segment. Please refer to"Note 6. Discontinued Operations" for further details regarding the impairment of these assets. The following table shows the change in the carrying value ofgoodwill and intangible assets previously held by the Company: Goodwill Intangible Assets TotalDecember 31, 2016 $57,192 $20,523 $77,715Amortization — (2,132) (2,132)December 31, 2017 $57,192 $18,391 $75,583Amortization — (1,387) (1,387)Impairment losses (57,192) (17,004) (74,196)December 31, 2018 $— $— $—The goodwill and intangible assets are subject to annual impairment testing on October 1 or when “triggering events” occur or circumstances change thatcould potentially reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying amount of the reportingunit exceeds the fair value. The sale of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations resulted in a triggering event and consequently during the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company has written off the remaining balance of goodwill and intangible assets. The goodwill and intangible assets were deemedto be permanently impaired due to the sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations. The Company recognized an impairment loss of $74,196 as a result ofthese dispositions, which is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income as part of the loss from discontinued operations for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 (2017 - $0, 2016 - $1,800).The following tables show the analysis of goodwill and intangible assets that are included in the balance sheet as a component of assets held for sale atDecember 31, 2017:December 31, 2017 Gross AccumulatedAmortization AccumulatedImpairment Net Useful LifeGoodwill $58,992 $— $(1,800) $57,192 IndefiniteState licenses 4,527 — — 4,527 IndefiniteCustomer relationships 51,400 (37,536) — 13,864 15 years double decliningNet balance $114,919 $(37,536) $(1,800) $75,583 F-32MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)8. ReinsuranceWe use reinsurance and retrocessional agreements ("ceded reinsurance") to mitigate volatility, reduce our exposure to certain risks and to provide capitalsupport. Additionally, starting in 2015, Maiden Bermuda entered into a number of retrocessional quota share agreements with a highly rated global insurer tocede certain lines of business from both of our reportable segments. Effective July 1, 2018, Maiden Bermuda commuted all of these retrocessional quota shareagreements.Each of these agreements provide for recovery from reinsurers or retrocessionaires of a portion of loss and LAE under certain circumstances withoutrelieving the Company of its obligations to the policyholders. The Company remains liable to the extent that any of our reinsurers or retrocessionaires fails tomeet their obligations. Loss and LAE incurred and premiums earned are reported after deduction for reinsurance and retrocession. In the event that one ormore of our reinsurers or retrocessionaires are unable to meet their obligations under these reinsurance or retrocessional agreements, the Company would notrealize the full value of the reinsurance recoverable balances.The effect of ceded reinsurance on net premiums written and earned and on net loss and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 wasas follows:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Premiums written Direct $11,024 $5,765 $8,045Assumed 2,006,774 2,072,326 2,080,984Ceded (3,201) (40,714) (121,358)Net $2,014,597 $2,037,377 $1,967,671Premiums earned Direct $10,733 $6,579 $9,766Assumed 2,032,161 2,048,434 2,006,997Ceded (16,692) (62,354) (91,175)Net $2,026,202 $1,992,659 $1,925,588Loss and LAE Gross loss and LAE $1,885,232 $1,601,011 $1,349,739Loss and LAE ceded (5,111) (45,578) (60,227)Net $1,880,121 $1,555,433 $1,289,512The Company's reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses balance at December 31, 2018 was $1,743 (2017 - $24,883) presented as part of other assets inthe Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2018, 96.2% (2017 - 99.5%) of the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses was due from reinsurers andretrocessionaires with credit ratings from A.M Best of A+ or better. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no valuation allowance againstreinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses.See "Note 18. Subsequent Events" for discussion relating to loss portfolio transfer and adverse development cover entered into by Maiden Bermuda andEnstar on March 1, 2019 affecting the quota share reinsurance agreements between Maiden Bermuda and AmTrust.F-33MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment ExpensesGeneralThe Company uses both historical experience and industry-wide loss development factors to provide a reasonable basis for estimating future losses. In thefuture, certain events may be beyond the control of management, such as changes in law, judicial interpretations of law, and inflation, which may favorablyor unfavorably impact the ultimate settlement of the Company’s loss and LAE reserves.The anticipated effect of inflation is implicitly considered when estimating liabilities for losses and LAE. While anticipated changes in claim costs due toinflation are considered in estimating the ultimate claim costs, changes in the average severity of claims are caused by a number of factors that vary with theindividual type of policy written. Ultimate losses are projected based on historical trends adjusted for implemented changes in underwriting standards, policyprovisions, and general economic trends. Those anticipated trends are monitored based on actual development and are modified if necessary.The reserving process begins with the collection and analysis of paid losses and incurred claims data for each of our contracts. While reserves are reviewedon a contract by contract basis, paid losses and incurred claims data is also aggregated into reserving segments. The segmental data is disaggregated byreserving class and further disaggregated by either accident year (i.e. the year in which the loss event occurred) or by underwriting year (i.e. the year in whichthe contract generating the premium and losses incepted). The Company in some cases uses underwriting year information to analyze our DiversifiedReinsurance segment and subsequently allocate reserves to the respective accident years. Our reserve for loss and LAE comprises:December 31, 2018 2017Reserve for reported loss and LAE $1,571,217 $1,393,560Reserve for losses incurred but not reported ("IBNR") 1,484,759 993,162Reserve for loss and LAE $3,055,976 $2,386,722The following table represents a reconciliation of our beginning and ending gross and net loss and LAE reserves:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Gross loss and LAE reserves, January 1 $2,386,722 $1,845,407 $1,521,364Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, January 1 24,883 35,948 18,279Net loss and LAE reserves, January 1 2,361,839 1,809,459 1,503,085Net incurred losses related to: Current year 1,431,484 1,271,860 1,158,435Prior years 448,637 283,573 131,077 1,880,121 1,555,433 1,289,512Net paid losses related to: Current year (440,315) (406,883) (274,358)Prior years (723,451) (651,608) (684,172) (1,163,766) (1,058,491) (958,530)Effect of foreign exchange rate movements (23,961) 55,438 (24,608)Net loss and LAE reserves, December 31 3,054,233 2,361,839 1,809,459Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, December 31 1,743 24,883 35,948Gross loss and LAE reserves, December 31 $3,055,976 $2,386,722 $1,845,407Commencing in 2015, Maiden Bermuda entered into a number of retrocessional quota share agreements with a highly rated global insurer to cede certainlines of business from both of our reportable segments. Effective July 1, 2018, Maiden Bermuda commuted all of these retrocessional quota share agreements.Actuarial Methods Used to Estimate Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense ReservesThe Company utilizes a variety of standard actuarial methods in its analysis of loss reserves. The selections from these various methods are based on theloss development characteristics of the specific line of business and significant actuarial judgment. The actuarial methods the Company utilizes include:The Expected Loss Ratio ("ELR") method is a technique that multiplicatively applies an expected loss ratio to premium earned to yield estimatedultimate losses. The ELR assumption is generally derived from pricing information and historical experience of the business. This method is frequently usedfor the purpose of stability in the early valuations of an underwriting year with large and uncertain loss development factors. This technique does not takeinto account actual loss emergence for the underwritingF-34MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)year being projected. As an underwriting year matures and actual loss experience becomes more credible, other methods may be applied in determining theestimated ultimate losses.The Loss Development ("LD") method is a reserving method in which ultimate losses are estimated by applying a loss development factor to actualreported (or paid) loss experience. This method fully utilizes actual experience. Multiplication of underwriting year actual reported (or paid) losses by itsrespective development factor produces the estimated ultimate losses. The LD method is based upon the assumption that the relative change in a givenunderwriting year’s losses from one evaluation point to the next is similar to the relative change in prior underwriting years’ losses at similar evaluationpoints. In addition, this method is based on the assumption that the reserving and payment patterns as well as the claim handling procedures have notchanged substantially over time. In the case where changes to the payment patterns or the claim handling procedures are identified, historical losses areadjusted to the current basis, and development factors are selected based on the relative change of the adjusted losses (the Berquist Sherman method is oneexample of this approach). When a company has a sufficiently reliable loss development history, a development pattern based on the company’s historicalindications may be used to develop losses to ultimate values.The Bornhuetter-Ferguson ("BF") reserving technique is used for long-tailed or lower frequency, more volatile lines. It is also useful in situations wherethe reported loss experience is relatively immature and/or lacks sufficient credibility for the application of methods that are more heavily reliant on emergedexperience. The BF method is an additive IBNR method that combines the ELR and LD techniques by splitting the expected loss into two pieces - expectedreported (or paid) losses and expected unreported (or unpaid) losses. Expected unreported (unpaid) losses, estimated by the use of loss development factors,are added to the current actual reported (or paid) losses to produce an estimate of ultimate losses by underwriting year. The BF method introduces an elementof stability that moderates the impact of inconsistent changes in paid and reported losses.The average frequency and severity ("FS") reserving technique is used for lines where claim count is available, and the estimate of loss developmentfactors is more difficult due to volatility in historical data. The available data for such lines is usually more volatile in the estimation of future losses usingthe LD and BF reserving methods. The FS method uses historical data to estimate the average number of ultimate claims (frequency) and the average costs ofclosed claims (severity). The estimate of ultimate losses by underwriting year is the result of the multiplication of the ultimate number of claims and theaverage cost of a claim.With the guidance of the methods above, actuarial judgment is applied in the determination of ultimate losses. In general, the Company’s segments havevarying levels of seasoning with which the Company has direct experience and as a result, differing methods are utilized to estimate loss and LAE reserves ineach segment.In the Diversified Reinsurance segment, the Company utilizes the ELR approach at the onset of reserving an account, the BF method for business with lessbut maturing loss experience, and as the experience matures the LD method. For proportional or pro-rata business, the Company typically relies heavily onthe actual historical contract experience to estimate reserving parameters such as loss development factors, whereas for excess of loss business there will bemore usage of industry and/or Company benchmark assumptions.The Company has underwritten the AmTrust Reinsurance segment since July 1, 2007. A large proportion of the exposure in the underlying book ofbusiness has significant seasoning, and allows for a significant amount of credibility in using parameters derived from historical experience to calculatereserve estimates. Some segments of the book are a result of recent acquisitions or newer markets for AmTrust. These segments require a greater level ofassumptions and professional judgment in deriving ultimate losses, which inherently implies a wider range of reasonable estimates. As a result, we havetended to rely on a weighted approach which primarily employs the LD method for aspects of the segment with ample historical data, while also consideringthe ELR or BF method for exposure resulting from recent acquisitions, or a relative business with a more limited level of experience. The FS method is alsoconsidered for segments of the AmTrust book of business for which claim count information is available. The Company’s actuarial analysis of this book ofbusiness is more refined in that it utilizes a combination of quarterly and annual data instead of contract period data in totality. Additional data detailingitems such as class of business, state, claim counts, frequency and severity is available, further enhancing the reserve analysis.Prior Year DevelopmentPrior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves in previous calendar years. Thedevelopment reflects changes in management's best estimate of the ultimate losses under the relevant reinsurance policies after review of changes in actuarialassessments.The following table summarizes the adverse prior period development experienced in each of our reportable segments for the years ended December 31,2018, 2017, and 2016:For the Year Ended DiversifiedReinsurance AmTrustReinsurance Other TotalDecember 31, 2018 $(2,326) $(399,200) $(1,685) $(403,211)December 31, 2017 (5,441) (239,896) (1,838) (247,175)December 31, 2016 (11,082) (54,000) (11,887) (76,969)F-35MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)During 2018, the Company increased incurred losses for 2017 and prior accident years by $448,637 or 19.0% of prior year net loss and LAE reservescompared to $283,573 or 15.7% in 2017 and $131,077 or 8.7% in 2016. The $403,211 of net adverse development was primarily driven by $399,200 ofadverse development in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment combined with an insignificant amount of net adverse development of $2,326 in the DiversifiedReinsurance segment and net adverse development of $1,685 within the Other category. In addition, some premium for prior accident years is reported to usin subsequent periods. This leads to increases in the provision for loss and LAE in prior years during current periods, which is not considered adversedevelopment. During 2018, incurred losses in the AmTrust segment increased $45,426 (2017 - $37,212) associated with $75,359 (2017 - $57,026) ofpremiums earned reported during 2018 attributable to 2017 and prior accident years.In the Diversified Reinsurance segment, the adverse prior year development was $2,326 for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017 -$5,441, 2016 -$11,082) primarily due to adverse development in the European Capital Solutions business as well as in the facultative reinsurance run-off partially offset byfavorable development in International Auto. The adverse development in 2017 and 2016 was primarily from the facultative reinsurance run-off anddevelopment in International Auto.In the AmTrust Reinsurance segment, the adverse prior year development was $399,200 for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017 - $239,896, 2016 -$54,000) largely from Workers' Compensation of $151,269 which represented nearly half of the adverse development, primarily driven by accident years2014 to 2016, due to a higher expectation of loss development at later maturities as well as adverse development in European Hospital Liability of $95,794,driven by underwriting years 2011 to 2013, General Liability of $78,317, driven by accident years 2013 to 2017, and Commercial Auto liability of $76,207,primarily from accident years 2015 to 2017. The adverse loss development in European hospital liability was partly caused by the failure of the Italiangovernment to implement a law passed in April 2017 which was expected to reduce medical malpractice costs, and also by a reduced expectation withregards to the ultimate amount of no-payment claims.The development in 2017 for the AmTrust Reinsurance segment was largely related to Workers' Compensation, in Small Commercial Business, driven byaccident years 2012 and subsequent, of $126,603; General Liability of $90,784; and, to a lesser extent, Commercial Auto Liability of $19,877,predominantly in accident years 2012 and subsequent, as a result of industry-wide trends including increasing claim severity and claim frequency. The lossdevelopment observed was in part attributable to staffing and other claims operation changes in the cedant's claims department which have distortedhistorical loss patterns. In 2016, the adverse development largely came from program commercial auto as well as program general liability.Our Other category also incurred adverse prior year development of $1,685 for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017 - $1,838, 2016 - $11,887) due toincreased reserves in the run-off of the NGHC Quota Share.a)Claims DevelopmentThe following is a summary of the Company's incurred losses and paid losses development by accident year, net of reinsurance, from the last eightcalendar years including the total reserve for losses, IBNR, plus development on reported loss and LAE for both of our reportable segments, DiversifiedReinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance, as of December 31, 2018. Information prior to 2018 is included as unaudited supplementary information. Only eightyears of information has been presented as it was impractical to obtain the sufficiently detailed additional information on those earlier years. The incurredand paid amounts have been translated from the local currency to U.S. dollars using the December 31, 2018 spot rate for all years presented in the table belowin order to isolate changes in foreign exchange rates from loss development. Information regarding our Other category has not been presented in thedevelopment tables below but is included in the reconciliation, as these losses include amounts from our former NGHC Quota Share segment which is in run-off and related IBNR amounts are not currently material. As a reinsurer of primarily quota share contracts, claim counts are available on a very limited basis.Therefore claim counts have not been provided in the tables below as it is impractical to do so.The Diversified Reinsurance segment incurred losses and paid losses are analyzed by the following lines of business: (1) International; and (2) EuropeanCapital Solutions. The AmTrust Reinsurance segment incurred losses and paid losses are analyzed by the following lines of business: (1) Workers’Compensation; (2) Commercial Auto Liability; (3) General Liability; (4) European Hospital Liability; and (5) All Other Lines. There are a number of factorsto consider when evaluating the information in these tables:•In the Diversified Reinsurance segment, contracts are written on both an accident year and underwriting year basis, many are multi-line and themajority of the premium is associated with proportional contracts. Many proportional treaty reinsurance contracts are submitted using quarterlybordereau reporting by underwriting year. However, the remaining losses can generally only be allocated to accident years based on estimatedpremium earning and loss reporting patterns. Further estimates are required to allocate losses to line of business. Multi-line accounts are generallyanalyzed on an individual basis by line of business, but are booked in the Company’s records to a contract, rather than to each individual line ofbusiness within a contract. For the purpose of this disclosure allocations are made to the various lines of business. Management’s assumptions andallocation procedures for these tables may produce results that differ from the actual loss emergence reported by line of business each quarter;•The AmTrust Reinsurance segment consists primarily of two contracts, the European Hospital Liability Quota Share and a much larger quota sharethat includes all other covered business, the AmTrust Quota Share. There is also a small amount of excess of loss business that has not been writtensince 2009 which is included as a reconciling item. Maiden receives several cession statements and uses these to report premiums in three categories- Small Business Commercial, Specialty Program and Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty in Note 3. Segment Information. The tables providedinclude allocations of IBNR reserves to line of business by accident year. Management’s assumptions and allocation proceduresF-36MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)for these tables may produce results that differ from the actual loss emergence reported by line of business each quarter; and•For both segments, the premium and exposure for prior accident years is often reported to us in subsequent periods, as reporting lags exist from aninsurer to a reinsurer. This leads to increases in the provision for loss and LAE in prior years, but does not reduce expected income (and in manycases can result in additional income).Diversified Reinsurance SegmentThe following tables represents information on the Company's incurred losses and LAE and cumulative paid losses and LAE, both net of reinsurance,since 2011 for our Diversified Reinsurance segment. The development tables below included reserves acquired from the loss portfolio transfer agreementassociated with the GMAC International Insurance Services ("IIS") business as at November 30, 2010 of $98,827. For the purposes of disclosure, the reservesfrom the loss portfolio transfer was allocated to the original accident year.Many pro-rata contracts are big enough that specific company development patterns are used. The ELR from the pricing of the account is typically usedfor the first year or more until the data suggests an alternative result is likely. Use of the ELR method transitions to the BF and then the LD method. Forsmaller contracts, benchmark development patterns may be used in both the pricing to establish the ELR and the reserving. The use of benchmark patterns ismore prevalent in excess of loss business and the movement to experience based methods is slower.Diversified Reinsurance - InternationalThe international business written by our IIS team is mainly proportional treaty business, a significant portion of which is Personal Auto quota share butalso comprises credit life quota share. Life and personal accident business is also written on a direct basis by Maiden LF. Maiden works with insurancepartners, automobile manufacturers and their related credit providers and other organizations to design and implement insurance programs in both autodistribution-related and other consumer insurance products.For the auto quota share exposure, our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from account pricinganalyses. Payment and reporting patterns are short-tailed, and the movement away from the ELR to BF or LD methods typically happens very rapidly. Creditlife reserves are primarily a function of reporting lag, typically only one or several months on average. The reserves are calculated using a FS methodology,where the frequency is a function of the average claims lag and the average per claims severity.F-37MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)DiversifiedReinsurance -International Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance At December 31,2018For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total IBNRAccident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2010 $80,309 $79,698 $79,623 $79,440 $77,749 $79,872 $81,917 $81,610 $(950)2011 50,633 49,231 49,239 49,443 49,397 49,221 49,611 49,857 (52)2012 51,171 49,440 49,751 49,873 49,941 50,196 49,915 322013 45,565 50,843 52,223 51,760 52,366 52,586 (84)2014 42,993 48,917 48,839 48,758 48,531 1922015 43,329 44,751 45,274 44,711 (689)2016 39,081 41,003 40,341 (235)2017 37,327 36,779 2,9042018 45,049 16,451Total $449,379 $17,569 Cumulative paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Accident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2010 $34,632 $43,597 $48,397 $50,206 $51,840 $53,390 $54,921 $56,603 2011 24,853 45,999 47,660 48,943 49,372 49,604 49,747 49,861 2012 24,061 41,099 43,554 44,677 45,010 45,577 45,691 2013 24,653 44,322 46,873 48,240 48,708 48,923 2014 24,037 42,577 44,886 46,128 46,385 2015 22,007 39,829 41,919 42,951 2016 22,739 36,963 38,793 2017 19,345 33,765 2018 20,824 Total 383,796 Total net reserves $65,583 F-38MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)Diversified Reinsurance - European Capital SolutionsThe European Capital Solutions business is mainly a portfolio of assumed reinsurance in Europe which is now in run-off. Maiden Bermuda began writingtreaty reinsurance contracts under this initiative in 2016 therefore only three calendar years of the Company's incurred losses and paid losses development byaccident year have been provided in the tables below.Diversified Reinsurance - European Capital Solutions Incurred losses and loss adjustmentexpenses, net of reinsurance At December31, 2018For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 Total IBNRAccident Year: Unaudited Unaudited 2016 $4,921 $4,996 $5,381 $4522017 8,732 10,054 2,8322018 22,119 11,096Total $37,554 $14,380 Cumulative paid losses and LAE, net ofreinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 Accident Year: Unaudited Unaudited 2016 $798 $2,372 $3,357 2017 1,963 4,114 2018 3,241 Total 10,712 Total net reserves $26,842 The following tables represent information on the Company's incurred losses and LAE and cumulative paid losses and LAE, both net of reinsurance, bysignificant line of business since 2011 for our AmTrust Reinsurance segment. All data shown for the AmTrust in the tables that follow are from theCompany’s quota share contracts with AmTrust, both the multi-year AmTrust Quota Share and the annually renewable European Hospital Liability QuotaShare. AmTrust purchases significant reinsurance for losses above $10 million covered by the AmTrust Quota Share. The Company’s share of AmTrust’slosses net of reinsurance in the AmTrust Quota Share is generally 40%. Additionally, for the Specialty Program portion of Covered Business only, AmTrustwill be responsible for ultimate net loss otherwise recoverable from Maiden Bermuda to the extent that the loss ratio to Maiden Bermuda, which shall bedetermined on an inception to date basis from July 1, 2007 through the date of calculation, is between 81.5% and 95%. Above and below the definedcorridor, Maiden Bermuda has reinsured losses at its proportional 40% share per the AmTrust Quota Share.F-39MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)AmTrust Reinsurance: Workers’ Compensation This reserve class consists of the Workers’ Compensation portion of the AmTrust Quota Share. The business is written in the U.S. by AmTrust from boththeir Small Commercial Business and Specialty Program business units. The Small Commercial Business unit focuses on writing smaller, niche workers'compensation exposures in generally low-hazard occupations. Workers’ Compensation business written in the Specialty Program unit is typically part ofprograms consisting of multiple lines of business. The business is produced by managing general agents with AmTrust regularly adding new programs andterminating or renegotiating unprofitable ones. Our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from historicalperformance after the consideration of loss and premium trends. Since it is proportional exposure, and due to the size and the classes of business insured byAmTrust, this reserving class is much shorter tailed than a traditional workers compensation book, and the transition to the BF and the LD methods happensrelatively quickly, within the first several years.AmTrust ReinsuranceWorkers' Compensation Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance At December31, 2018For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total IBNRAccident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2008 $80,800 $81,493 $82,438 $81,240 $82,301 $83,039 $83,622 $84,710 $8522009 102,240 102,245 103,864 109,213 106,204 105,901 107,165 110,175 2,6712010 106,799 113,880 118,209 120,243 125,020 124,073 123,968 127,215 4,5382011 104,923 125,549 130,712 132,728 133,995 133,916 135,379 138,600 5,8982012 136,960 168,016 173,946 171,040 172,692 181,616 192,087 12,9042013 237,019 245,765 238,392 242,447 261,915 276,249 24,2682014 379,589 365,515 382,260 419,748 457,363 47,3312015 474,140 474,212 526,269 551,145 67,6292016 528,906 568,006 627,728 113,3732017 615,957 654,362 189,5572018 592,566 264,984Total $3,812,200 $734,005 Cumulative paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Accident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2008 $68,400 $72,823 $76,018 $77,370 $78,161 $79,230 $81,159 $82,436 2009 71,963 83,464 89,462 93,425 96,396 98,811 100,103 101,823 2010 61,322 82,614 95,120 103,280 108,171 114,639 115,014 115,959 2011 33,089 69,357 91,414 105,584 114,107 115,966 122,579 124,315 2012 45,030 88,382 119,059 138,706 150,543 158,807 164,512 2013 56,249 121,182 168,785 199,300 216,527 227,502 2014 69,512 189,954 268,467 321,258 355,414 2015 86,695 246,616 338,642 388,640 2016 110,051 284,501 380,602 2017 111,508 274,596 2018 110,954 Total 2,326,753 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2008, net of reinsurance 1,340 Total net reserves $1,486,787 F-40MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)AmTrust Reinsurance: General Liability This reserve class consists of the General Liability portion of the AmTrust Quota Share. The business is written in the U.S. by AmTrust from both theirSmall Commercial Business and Specialty Program business units. The Small Commercial Business unit focuses on writing smaller, niche business typicallyunderserved by the broader insurance market, which typically have limits of $1,000. General Liability business written in the Small Commercial Businessunit grew substantially following AmTrust’s renewal rights acquisition in 2014. Specialty Program business may contain a mix of exposures from retailoperations, contractors, manufacturers, and other premises.Our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from historical performance after the consideration of lossand premium trends. This proportional exposure is medium tailed, and the IBNR is typically derived from the use of the initial ELR for the first several yearsfollowing the earning of the exposure, followed by a transition to the BF and the LD methods.AmTrust ReinsuranceGeneral Liability Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance At December31, 2018For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total IBNRAccident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2008 $28,786 $31,921 $33,051 $33,792 $34,169 $35,985 $36,627 $37,605 $5582009 19,311 28,384 29,123 30,902 32,418 34,040 34,863 35,138 5122010 15,783 28,850 34,761 36,455 38,536 38,298 41,597 42,884 4002011 11,334 24,731 35,628 40,557 42,100 45,303 49,338 52,746 852012 21,281 33,445 42,450 48,851 50,800 55,991 59,948 (373)2013 42,021 43,116 66,869 68,641 79,731 89,204 4,2392014 65,469 66,558 77,930 99,873 111,970 10,9302015 118,111 95,766 122,942 139,518 21,9112016 98,149 114,864 120,911 30,3712017 116,158 133,533 59,7572018 121,991 87,555Total $945,448 $215,945 Cumulative paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Accident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2008 $20,935 $26,288 $29,384 $32,849 $32,423 $32,765 $34,935 $36,699 2009 7,840 13,904 19,727 24,298 28,312 30,924 32,878 33,473 2010 5,140 11,187 19,010 26,429 30,948 34,125 37,317 39,214 2011 2,813 6,072 12,158 22,963 31,619 39,350 41,257 47,141 2012 5,084 13,224 18,020 29,752 40,864 45,775 53,526 2013 4,996 10,226 32,249 44,698 58,377 70,074 2014 3,503 24,581 36,026 57,678 77,259 2015 20,849 33,963 52,350 79,291 2016 6,402 21,959 45,855 2017 6,967 27,001 2018 7,907 Total 517,440 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2008, net of reinsurance 96 Total net reserves $428,104 F-41MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)AmTrust Reinsurance: Commercial Auto Liability Commercial Auto Liability is written in the U.S. and included in the Small Commercial Business and Specialty Program business units within theAmTrust Quota Share. The Small Commercial Business unit focuses on writing smaller, niche business typically underserved by the broader insurancemarket, and policies typically have limits of $1,000. Auto Liability business written in the Small Commercial Business unit grew substantially followingAmTrust’s renewal rights acquisition in 2014. Commercial Auto Liability business written in the Specialty Program unit is typically part of programsconsisting of multiple lines of business.Our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from historical performance after the consideration of lossand premium trends. This proportional exposure is relatively short tailed, and the transition to the BF and the LD methods happens relatively quickly, withinthe first several years.AmTrust ReinsuranceCommercial Auto Liability Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance At December31, 2018For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total IBNRAccident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2008 $29,890 $32,769 $33,700 $34,522 $34,584 $35,975 $35,521 $35,382 $(86)2009 22,183 26,275 28,551 30,812 31,024 30,468 30,919 31,033 5222010 26,239 33,457 37,154 38,043 40,193 40,523 42,146 41,996 1,6572011 16,193 24,292 29,577 32,578 33,839 34,790 36,149 36,065 2,1222012 20,863 32,691 40,076 44,812 48,116 46,150 45,753 (159)2013 33,473 44,771 50,647 59,702 63,162 62,163 (86)2014 47,525 55,023 73,966 82,427 89,299 (195)2015 66,967 92,955 106,560 119,141 8,1642016 121,828 118,210 144,077 19,5942017 156,575 189,257 63,6522018 177,150 104,045Total $971,316 $199,230 Cumulative paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Accident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2008 $25,207 $29,386 $30,975 $32,643 $33,536 $34,074 $34,803 $35,284 2009 14,532 18,736 22,959 26,975 29,226 29,829 29,842 30,204 2010 14,203 21,050 28,602 34,855 37,734 39,413 39,750 40,282 2011 5,721 12,333 18,813 25,808 29,769 32,362 33,130 33,155 2012 6,693 14,979 26,508 35,460 43,745 44,165 45,555 2013 8,267 19,865 34,379 48,122 57,349 59,600 2014 8,450 22,858 42,960 64,459 79,766 2015 13,102 39,179 62,945 86,433 2016 19,071 48,595 76,635 2017 26,863 69,657 2018 30,018 Total 586,589 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2008, net of reinsurance (19) Total net reserves $384,708 F-42MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)AmTrust Reinsurance: European Hospital LiabilityAmTrust entered this line of business in Italy in 2010 when it believed there were significant opportunities in what had traditionally been an under-performing market. European Hospital Liability policies are written on a claim made basis. Maiden wrote a separate annually renewable contract coveringthis exposure in 2011 which is not part of the AmTrust Quota Share. Currently, most exposure remains in Italy with a modest amount of exposure to otherEuropean nations. The European Hospital Liability Quota Share is a claims made exposure, and in many instances claims are eventually closed with noliability. This phenomena is estimated during the reserving process, and can result in a provision for pure IBNR (reserves for claims which have not yet beenreported) which is minimal or negative. This estimate will vary as the exposure matures which could result in changes to the level of reserves. Also, severityfor known claims and expenses can increase over time, which requires a provision for IBNR. The net result is a relatively small amount of IBNR.Our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from historical performance after the consideration of lossand premium trends. Loss reporting for this line is unique, as a large proportion of claims are initially reserved but eventually closed with no payment, as theinsurer is found to have no liability after investigation of the fundamentals of the claim. In addition, the underlying insurance policies we assume are subjectto deductibles on both a per claim and aggregate basis. For these reasons, the LD method is not typically employed in the estimate of loss. After the firstseveral years, we utilize a FS methodology; frequency is estimated on a reported claim basis and adjusted for an estimate of the proportion of claims whichwill close with no payment, while severity is estimated on both a gross and net of deductible basis.AmTrust ReinsuranceEuropean HospitalLiability Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance At December31, 2018For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total IBNRAccident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2011 $50,395 $23,539 $36,438 $50,344 $47,888 $65,940 $63,939 $61,308 $(1,161)2012 80,912 82,465 81,665 104,716 93,673 88,696 114,627 4,7492013 49,712 62,456 65,152 85,591 78,261 100,312 4,5222014 51,720 54,462 58,335 64,909 81,846 5,8462015 48,219 46,815 60,954 67,018 5,3292016 45,146 51,973 68,023 8,9422017 41,562 52,954 13,1722018 45,244 21,425Total $591,332 $62,824 Cumulative paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Accident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2011 $1,113 $4,408 $13,005 $23,865 $29,193 $36,272 $41,966 $46,220 2012 4,877 15,593 35,487 46,221 59,425 70,069 78,214 2013 3,030 15,243 26,225 40,015 50,302 56,372 2014 4,265 12,014 24,974 35,544 39,884 2015 3,522 11,200 23,124 29,511 2016 3,634 10,796 17,888 2017 1,297 4,479 2018 934 Total 273,502 Total net reserves $317,830 F-43MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)AmTrust Reinsurance: All Other LinesThis category includes all lines except Workers' Compensation, General Liability and Commercial Auto from the AmTrust Small Business Commercialand Specialty Program Divisions. The predominant exposures are property and auto physical damage.AmTrust ReinsuranceAll Other Lines Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance At December31, 2018For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total IBNRAccident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2008 $27,630 $28,724 $28,715 $29,149 $29,237 $29,070 $29,576 $29,574 $582009 12,516 20,349 11,959 13,329 14,309 14,492 16,088 15,653 3972010 14,440 15,182 24,718 15,484 16,078 16,105 17,071 17,059 1,2132011 18,822 19,948 26,343 27,509 22,359 22,616 23,376 23,506 1,1572012 14,697 18,443 19,426 21,898 18,673 19,850 20,260 1,9612013 17,806 17,630 28,058 22,918 21,313 21,669 1,5352014 20,597 25,268 26,021 24,958 26,278 3412015 52,706 54,857 49,631 49,463 7,2842016 79,654 74,948 72,384 6,2032017 104,637 96,812 10,7962018 96,910 10,431Total $469,568 $41,376 Cumulative paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Accident Year: Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2008 $25,776 $29,710 $29,900 $31,217 $29,388 $29,177 $30,833 $30,683 2009 7,891 8,084 8,743 11,093 13,105 13,870 15,224 15,051 2010 12,373 12,332 13,012 15,375 15,748 16,058 16,919 16,786 2011 13,840 16,424 17,571 21,279 22,044 22,715 23,892 23,661 2012 10,308 14,031 16,033 16,936 17,946 18,205 18,685 2013 11,877 15,997 17,509 20,258 20,456 20,447 2014 12,028 20,277 20,940 22,018 26,194 2015 28,929 45,208 42,631 41,962 2016 42,795 69,805 65,452 2017 48,903 80,726 2018 56,539 Total 396,186 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2008, net of reinsurance (1) Total net reserves $73,381 F-44MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)Reconciliation of Development Tables to Consolidated Balance SheetThe following table represents a reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the reserve for loss and LAE in the ConsolidatedBalance Sheet at December 31, 2018: December 31, 2018 Total Net Reserves ReinsuranceRecoverables onunpaid claims Total Gross ReservesDiversified Reinsurance International $65,583 $1,743 $67,326European Capital Solutions 26,842 — 26,842Other reconciling items 11,421 — 11,421Total Diversified Reinsurance - Segment 103,846 1,743 105,589 AmTrust Reinsurance Workers' Compensation 1,486,787 — 1,486,787General Liability 428,104 — 428,104Commercial Auto Liability 384,708 — 384,708European Hospital Liability 317,830 — 317,830All Other Lines 73,381 — 73,381Total 2,690,810 — 2,690,810Other reconciling items 256,737 — 256,737Total AmTrust Reinsurance - Segment 2,947,547 — 2,947,547 Other 2,840 — 2,840Total reserves and LAE $3,054,233 $1,743 $3,055,976b)Claims duration disclosureThe following unaudited supplementary information represents the average annual percentage payout of net loss and LAE by age, net of reinsurance, forboth our reportable segments at December 31, 2018: Average annual payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5Year 6Year 7Year 8Diversified Reinsurance International 50.0%39.0%4.0%2.0%—%—%1.0%4.0% European Capital Solutions 16.1%26.0%20.4%—%—%—%—%—%AmTrust Reinsurance Workers' Compensation 19.0%25.8%16.4%10.3%6.2%3.3%3.3%1.1%General Liability 6.8%11.7%14.5%18.3%16.6%11.1%8.5%7.2%Commercial Auto Liability 13.5%19.6%21.5%19.7%14.5%6.2%4.7%1.4%European Hospital Liability 3.7%9.2%14.4%12.7%8.9%9.0%8.2%6.9%All other lines 54.7%26.2%1.8%5.8%8.1%3.1%4.6%0.9%The average annual payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, is calculated using the amount of claims paid in each development year and iscompared with the estimated incurred claims as of the most recent period presented.F-45MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)10. Related Party TransactionsThe Founding Shareholders of the Company are Michael Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind. Michael Karfunkel passed away on April 27,2016. Based on each individual's most recent public filing, Leah Karfunkel (wife of Michael Karfunkel) owns or controls approximately 8.2% of theoutstanding shares of the Company and Barry Zyskind (the Company's non-executive chairman) owns or controls approximately 7.7% of the outstandingshares of the Company. George Karfunkel owns or controls less than 5.0% of the outstanding shares of the Company based on his most recent public filings.Leah Karfunkel and George Karfunkel are directors of AmTrust, and Barry Zyskind is the president, chief executive officer and chairman of AmTrust. LeahKarfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind own or control approximately 53.9% of the ownership interests of Evergreen Parent GP, LLC, the ultimateparent of AmTrust. AmTrust owns 1.5% of the issued and outstanding shares of National General Holdings Corporation ("NGHC"), and Leah Karfunkel,individually, through a grantor retained annuity trust and through the Michael Karfunkel 2005 Family Trust (which is controlled by Leah Karfunkel) owns39.4% of the outstanding common shares of NGHC. Barry Zyskind is a director of NGHC.AmTrustThe following describes transactions between the Company and AmTrust:AmTrust Quota ShareEffective July 1, 2007, the Company and AmTrust entered into a master agreement, as amended (the "Master Agreement"), by which they caused MaidenBermuda, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and AmTrust's Bermuda reinsurance subsidiary, AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. ("AII"), to enterinto the AmTrust Quota Share by which AII retrocedes to Maiden Bermuda an amount equal to 40% of the premium written by subsidiaries of AmTrust, net ofthe cost of unaffiliated inuring reinsurance and 40% of losses. The Master Agreement further provided that AII receives a ceding commission of 31% of cededpremiums written. On June 11, 2008, Maiden Bermuda and AII amended the agreement to add Retail Commercial Package Business to the Covered Business.AII receives a ceding commission of 34.375% on Retail Commercial Package Business.On July 1, 2016, the agreement was renewed through June 30, 2019. The agreement automatically renews for successive three-year periods thereafterunless AII or Maiden Bermuda elects to so terminate the AmTrust Quota Share by giving written notice to the other party not less than nine months prior tothe expiration of any successive three-year period. Either party is entitled to terminate on thirty days' notice or less upon the occurrence of certain earlytermination events, which include a default in payment, insolvency, change in control of AII or Maiden Bermuda, run-off, or a reduction of 50% or more ofthe shareholders' equity of Maiden Bermuda or the combined shareholders' equity of AII and the AmTrust subsidiaries. On August 8, 2018, the Company’sand AmTrust’s board of directors agreed to extend the renewal provision for the AmTrust Quota Share between Maiden Bermuda and AII. The new writtennotice date for renewal of the agreement was extended from September 30, 2018 to January 31, 2019.Effective July 1, 2018, the amount AmTrust Europe Limited ("AEL") cedes to the Company was reduced to 20%. Additionally, for the Specialty Programportion of Covered Business only, AII will be responsible for ultimate net loss otherwise recoverable from Maiden Bermuda to the extent that the loss ratio toMaiden Bermuda, which shall be determined on an inception to date basis from July 1, 2007 through the date of calculation, is between 81.5% and 95%("Loss Corridor"). Above and below the Loss Corridor, Maiden Bermuda will continue to reinsure losses at its proportional 40% share of the AmTrust QuotaShare.On December 31, 2018, Maiden Bermuda and AII amended the AmTrust Quota Share that is currently in-force and set to expire on June 30, 2019. Theamendment, which is effective January 1, 2019, provided for the cut-off of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small Commercial Business,comprising workers’ compensation, general liability, umbrella liability, and professional liability (including cyber liability) insurance coverages, and U.S.Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty as of December 31, 2018, with the remainder of the AmTrust Quota Share remaining in place. The amendmentresulted in Maiden Bermuda returning approximately $716,100 in unearned premium to AII, or approximately $480,000 after consideration of cedingcommission and brokerage. Please see "Note 18. Subsequent Events" for further information regarding this amendment as well as the termination of theAmTrust Quota Share and other contracts entered into by Maiden Bermuda and AII in January 2019.European Hospital Liability Quota ShareEffective April 1, 2011, Maiden Bermuda, entered into a quota share reinsurance contract with AEL and AmTrust International Underwriters DAC ("AIUDAC"), both wholly owned subsidiaries of AmTrust. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, Maiden Bermuda assumed 40% of the premiums and losses relatedto policies classified as European Hospital Liability, including associated liability coverages and policies covering physician defense costs, written orrenewed on or after April 1, 2011. The contract also covers policies written or renewed on or before March 31, 2011, but only with respect to losses that occur,accrue or arise on or after April 1, 2011. The maximum limit of liability attaching shall be €5,000 (€10,000 effective January 1, 2012) or currency equivalent(on a 100% basis) per original claim for any one original policy. Maiden Bermuda will pay a ceding commission of 5%. Effective July 1, 2016, the contract was amended such that Maiden Bermuda assumes from AEL 32.5% of the premiums and losses of all policies writtenor renewed on or after July 1, 2016 until June 30, 2017 and 20% of all policies written or renewed on or after July 1, 2017. Please see "Note 18. SubsequentEvents" for information regarding the termination of this contract in January 2019.F-46MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)10. Related Party Transactions (continued)The table below shows the effect of both of these quota share arrangements with AmTrust on the Company's results of operations for the three years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Gross and net premiums written $1,886,280 $1,993,478 $2,006,646Net premiums earned 1,928,208 1,969,907 1,931,656Net loss and loss adjustment expenses (1,810,667) (1,549,064) (1,287,035)Commission and other acquisition expenses (622,495) (630,376) (614,882)Collateral provided to AmTrusta) AmTrust Quota ShareIn order to provide AmTrust's U.S. insurance subsidiaries with credit for reinsurance on their statutory financial statements, AII, as the direct reinsurer ofthe AmTrust's insurance subsidiaries, has established trust accounts ("Trust Accounts") for their benefit. Maiden Bermuda has agreed to provide appropriatecollateral to secure its proportional share under the AmTrust Quota Share of AII's obligations to the AmTrust subsidiaries to whom AII is required to providecollateral. This collateral may be in the form of (a) assets loaned by Maiden Bermuda to AII for deposit into the Trust Accounts, pursuant to a loan agreementbetween those parties, (b) assets transferred by Maiden Bermuda for deposit into the Trust Accounts, (c) a letter of credit obtained by Maiden Bermuda anddelivered to an AmTrust subsidiary on AII's behalf, or (d) premiums withheld by an AmTrust subsidiary at Maiden Bermuda's request in lieu of remitting suchpremiums to AII. Maiden Bermuda may provide any or a combination of these forms of collateral, provided that the aggregate value thereof equals MaidenBermuda's proportionate share of its obligations under the AmTrust Quota Share with AII. Maiden Bermuda satisfied its collateral requirements under theAmTrust Quota Share with AII as follows:•by lending funds in the amount of $167,975 at December 31, 2018 and 2017 pursuant to a loan agreement entered into between those parties.Advances under the loan are secured by promissory notes. This loan was assigned by AII to AmTrust effective December 31, 2014 and is carried atcost. Effective December 18, 2017, interest is payable at a rate equivalent to the Federal Funds Effective Rate ("Fed Funds") plus 200 basis points perannum. Prior to that date, the interest was payable at a rate equivalent to one-month LIBOR plus 90 basis points per annum. See "Note 4. (c)Investments" for total amount of interest earned from this loan and see "Note 18. Subsequent Events" for information regarding the amendments inthis loan agreement in January 2019; and•effective December 1, 2008, the Company entered into a Reinsurer Trust Assets Collateral agreement to provide to AII sufficient collateral to secureits proportional share of AII's obligations to the U.S. AmTrust subsidiaries. The amount of the collateral, at December 31, 2018 was approximately$3,650,418 (2017 - $3,328,757) and the accrued interest was $23,283 (2017 - $20,830). Please refer to "Note 4. (e) Investments" for additionalinformation.b) European Hospital Liability Quota ShareAEL requested that Maiden Bermuda provide collateral to secure its proportional share under the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. Please refer to"Note 4. (e) Investments" for additional information.Brokerage AgreementEffective July 1, 2007, the Company entered into a reinsurance brokerage agreement with AII Reinsurance Broker Ltd. ("AIIB"), a wholly ownedsubsidiary of AmTrust. Pursuant to the brokerage agreement, AIIB provides brokerage services relating to the AmTrust Quota Share and the EuropeanHospital Liability Quota Share for a fee equal to 1.25% of the premium assumed. The brokerage fee is payable in consideration of AIIB's brokerage services.AIIB is not the Company's exclusive broker. The agreement may be terminated upon 30 days written notice by either party. Maiden Bermuda recordedapproximately $24,103 of reinsurance brokerage expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017 - $24,624, 2016 - $24,146), and deferred reinsurancebrokerage of $14,199 at December 31, 2018 (2017 - $14,741) as a result of this agreement.Asset Management AgreementEffective July 1, 2007, the Company entered into an asset management agreement with AII Insurance Management Limited ("AIIM"), a wholly ownedsubsidiary of AmTrust, pursuant to which AIIM has agreed to provide investment management services to the Company. Effective January 1, 2018, AIIMprovides investment management services for a quarterly fee of 0.02125% of the average value of the account. Prior to that date, the fee was payable at a rateof 0.0375%. The agreement may be terminated upon 30 days written notice by either party. The Company recorded approximately $4,189 of investmentmanagement fees for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017 - $7,474, 2016 - $6,925) as a result of this agreement.OtherThe Company entered into time sharing agreements for the lease of aircraft owned by AmTrust Underwriters, Inc. ("AUI"), a wholly owned subsidiary ofAmTrust, and by AmTrust on March 1, 2011 and November 5, 2014, respectively. The agreements automatically renew for successive one-year terms unlessterminated in accordance with the provisions of the agreements. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company will reimburse AUI and AmTrust for actualexpenses incurred as allowed by Federal AviationF-47MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)10. Related Party Transactions (continued)Regulations. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an expense of $69 (2017- $39, 2016 - $61) for the use of the aircraft.NGHC Quota ShareMaiden Bermuda, effective March 1, 2010, had a 50% participation in the NGHC Quota Share, by which it received 25% of net premiums of the personallines automobile business and assumed 25% of the related net losses. On August 1, 2013, the Company received notice from NGHC of the termination of theNGHC Quota Share effective on that date. The Company and NGHC mutually agreed that the termination is on a run-off basis.11. Long-Term DebtSenior NotesAt December 31, 2018, both Maiden Holdings and its wholly owned subsidiary, Maiden NA, have outstanding publicly-traded debt offering of seniornotes which were issued in 2016 and 2013, respectively (the "Senior Notes"). The 2013 Senior Notes issued by Maiden NA are fully and unconditionallyguaranteed by Maiden Holdings. The Senior Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the Company.The following table details the Company's Senior Notes issuances outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017:December 31, 2018 2016 Senior Notes 2013 Senior Notes TotalPrincipal amount $110,000 $152,500 $262,500Less: unamortized issuance costs 3,610 4,196 7,806Carrying value $106,390 $148,304 $254,694 December 31, 2017 2016 Senior Notes 2013 Senior Notes TotalPrincipal amount $110,000 $152,500 $262,500Less: unamortized issuance costs 3,654 4,364 8,018Carrying value $106,346 $148,136 $254,482 Other details: Original debt issuance costs $3,715 $5,054 Maturity date June 14, 2046 Dec 1, 2043 Earliest redeemable date (for cash) June 14, 2021 June 1, 2019 Coupon rate 6.625% 7.75% Effective interest rate 7.07% 8.04% The interest expense incurred on the Senior Notes for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $19,106 (2017 - $22,996, 2016 - $27,827), of which $1,342was accrued at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. The issuance costs related to the Senior Notes were capitalized and are being amortized over the life of theSenior Notes. The amount of amortization expense was $212 for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017 - $264, 2016 - $346).On June 27, 2017, the Company fully redeemed all of the 2012 Senior Notes using a portion of the proceeds from the Preference Shares - Series D issuance(see related discussion in "Note 14. Shareholders' Equity"). The 2012 Senior Notes were redeemed at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principalamount of $100,000 plus accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount being redeemed up to, but not including, the redemption date. As a result, theCompany accelerated the amortization of the remaining 2012 Senior Notes issuance cost of $2,809 for the year ended December 31, 2017.The earliest redeemable date of the 2013 Senior Notes is June 1, 2019, since the Company did not redeem these senior notes on December 1, 2018, whichwas the five-year anniversary of the issuance of these notes. As long as the Company does not redeem the 2013 Senior Notes in subsequent quarters, theearliest redeemable date will continue to coincide with the interest payment dates of these Senior Notes.F-48MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)12. Commitments, Contingencies and Concentrationsa) Concentrations of Credit RiskAt December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company’s assets where significant concentrations of credit risk may exist include investments, cash and cashequivalents, loan to related party, reinsurance balances receivable and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (presented as part of other assets in theConsolidated Balance Sheet). Please refer to "Note 8. Reinsurance" for additional information regarding the Company's credit risk exposure on its reinsurancecounterparties.The Company manages concentration of credit risk in the investment portfolio through issuer and sector exposure limitations. The Company believes itbears minimal credit risk in its cash on deposit. The Company also monitors the credit risk related to the loan to related party and its reinsurance balancesreceivable, within which the largest balance is due from AmTrust. To mitigate credit risk, we generally have a contractual right of offset thereby allowing usto settle claims net of any premiums or loan receivable. The Company believes these balances as at December 31, 2018 will be fully collectible.b) Concentrations of RevenueDuring the year ended December 31, 2018, our gross premiums written from AmTrust accounted for $1,886,280 or 93.5% of our total gross premiumswritten (2017 – $1,993,478 or 95.9%, 2016 – $2,006,646 or 96.1%).c) BrokersWe market our Diversified Reinsurance segment through a combination of third-party intermediaries as well as directly through our own marketingefforts. The majority of our business within the Diversified Reinsurance segment was marketed directly through our own efforts and therefore the reliance onbrokers is not considered to be of significance for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.d) Letters of CreditAt December 31, 2018, we had letters of credit outstanding of $88,327 (2017 - $83,903). The letters of credit are for collateral purposes and are secured bycash and fixed maturities with a fair value of $111,134 at December 31, 2018 (2017 - $114,172).e) Employment AgreementsThe Company has entered into employment agreements with certain individuals. The employment agreements provide for executive benefits andseverance payments under certain circumstances.f) Operating Lease CommitmentsThe Company leases office spaces, an executive apartment, office equipment and company vehicles under various operating leases expiring in variousyears through 2022. The Company's total lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $2,318 (2017 - $2,196, 2016 - $1,616). Estimated futureminimum lease payments at December 31, 2018 under non-cancellable operating leases for the next four years are as follows: December 31, 20182019$1,44220201,22820217722022750 $4,192g) Other CommitmentsThe Company has an unfunded commitment on its investment in limited partnerships of approximately $414 at December 31, 2018 (2017 - $306). TheCompany also has a remaining unfunded commitment on its investments in special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities of approximately $7,359at December 31, 2018. There were no such commitments outstanding at December 31, 2017.h) Other CollateralIn the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into reinsurance agreements that may include terms which could require the Company tocollateralize certain of its obligations.i) Deposit InsuranceThe Company maintains cash and cash equivalents balances at financial institutions in the U.S., Bermuda and other international jurisdictions. In theU.S., the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation secures accounts up to $250. In certain other international jurisdictions, there exist similar protections.Management monitors balances in excess of insured limits and believes they do not represent a significant credit risk to the Company.F-49MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)12. Commitments and Contingencies (continued)j) Legal ProceedingsExcept as noted below, the Company is not a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, the Company is subject to routine legalproceedings, including arbitrations, arising in the ordinary course of business. These legal proceedings generally relate to claims asserted by or against theCompany in the ordinary course of insurance or reinsurance operations. Based on the Company's opinion, the eventual outcome of these legal proceedings isnot expected to have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.In April 2009, the Company learned that Bentzion S. Turin, the former Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings andMaiden Bermuda, sent a letter to the U.S. Department of Labor claiming that his employment with the Company was terminated in retaliation for corporatewhistleblowing in violation of the whistleblower protection provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Mr. Turin alleged that he was terminated forraising concerns regarding corporate governance with respect to the negotiation of the terms of the Trust Preferred Securities Offering. He seeks reinstatementas Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda, back pay and legal fees incurred. On December 31,2009, the U.S. Secretary of Labor found no reasonable cause for Mr. Turin’s claim and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. Mr. Turin objected to theSecretary's findings and requested a hearing before an administrative law judge in the U.S. Department of Labor. The Company moved to dismiss Mr. Turin'scomplaint, and its motion was granted by the Administrative Law Judge on June 30, 2011. On July 13, 2011, Mr. Turin filed a petition for review of theAdministrative Law Judge's decision with the Administrative Review Board in the U.S. Department of Labor. On March 29, 2013, the Administrative ReviewBoard reversed the dismissal of the complaint on procedural grounds, and remanded the case to the administrative law judge. The administrative hearingbegan in September 2014, and the hearings concluded in November 2018. The Company believes that it had good and sufficient reasons for terminating Mr.Turin's employment and that the claim is without merit. The Company will continue to vigorously defend itself against this claim.A putative class action complaint was filed against Maiden Holdings, Arturo M. Raschbaum, Karen L. Schmitt, and John M. Marshaleck in the UnitedStates District Court for the District of New Jersey on February 11, 2019, alleging that Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5(and Section 20(a) for control person liability) by making misrepresentations about the Company and its business, including the Company’s riskmanagement and underwriting policies and practices. Plaintiffs further claim that these misrepresentations inflated the price of Maiden Holdings' commonstock, and that when the truth about the misrepresentations was revealed, the Company’s stock price fell, causing Plaintiffs to incur losses. Maiden has notyet been served with the complaint, but believe the claims are without merit and intends to vigorously defend itself. There exist and the Company expectsadditional lawsuits to be filed against the Company, its subsidiaries and its respective officers due to the diminution in value of our securities as a result ofour operating results and financial condition. It is currently uncertain as to the effect of such litigation on our business, operating results and financialconditions.F-50MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)13. Earnings per Common ShareThe following is a summary of the elements used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per common share:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Numerator: Net (loss) income from continuing operations $(450,292) $(147,649) $79,060Add: net (income) loss from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests (219) (151) 842Net (loss) income attributable to Maiden from continuing operations (450,511) (147,800) 79,902Dividends on preference shares – Series A, C and D (25,636) (29,156) (24,785)Dividends on convertible preference shares – Series B — — (8,971)Amount allocated to participating common shareholders(1) (17) (23) (7)(Loss) income attributable to Maiden common shareholders, before discontinuedoperations (476,164) (176,979) 46,139Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax expense and amount allocated toparticipating common shareholders (94,113) (22,096) (30,922)Numerator for basic and diluted EPS - net (loss) income allocated to Maiden commonshareholders after assumed conversion(2) $(570,277) $(199,075) $15,217Denominator: Weighted average common shares – basic 83,050,362 85,678,232 77,534,860Potentially dilutive securities: Share options and restricted share units(2) — — 1,152,083Adjusted weighted average common shares and assumed conversions – diluted 83,050,362 85,678,232 78,686,943Basic (loss) earnings from continuing operations per share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders: $(5.74) $(2.06) $0.60Basic loss from discontinued operations per share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders (1.13) (0.26) (0.40)Basic (loss) earnings per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders: $(6.87) $(2.32) $0.20Diluted (loss) earnings from continuing operations per share attributable to Maidencommon shareholders: $(5.74) $(2.06) $0.58Diluted loss from discontinued operations per share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders (1.13) (0.26) (0.39)Diluted (loss) earnings per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders: $(6.87) $(2.32) $0.19(1)This represents earnings allocated to the holders of non-vested restricted shares issued to the Company's employees under the Amended and Restated 2007 Share Incentive Plan. The 2018 and 2017 amounts allocatedto the holders of non-vested restricted shares excluded undistributed losses during the year.(2)The effect of mandatory convertible preference shares were excluded in the calculation of diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2016 (for the period that the convertible shares were outstanding) as they wereanti-dilutive. On September 15, 2016, the Company's $165,000 mandatory convertible Preference Shares - Series B were automatically converted into 12,069,090 of the Company's common shares at a conversion rateof 3.6573 per preference share. Please refer to "Note 14. Shareholders' Equity" and "Note 15. Share Compensation and Pension Plans" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for the terms andconditions of each of these anti-dilutive instruments.At December 31, 2018, 710,543 share options and restricted share units (2017 – 1,688,010; 2016 – 24,000) were excluded from diluted earnings percommon share because they were anti-dilutive.F-51MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)14. Shareholders’ EquityAt December 31, 2018, the aggregate authorized share capital of the Company is 150,000,000 shares from which the Company has issued 87,938,537common shares, of which 82,948,577 common shares are outstanding, and 18,600,000 preference shares, all of which are outstanding. The remaining43,461,463 shares are undesignated at December 31, 2018.a) Common SharesThe following table shows the summary of changes in the Company's common shares outstanding:For the Year Ended December 31, 201820172016Outstanding shares – January 1 82,974,895 86,271,109 73,721,140Mandatory conversion of preference shares – Series B — — 12,069,090Issuance of vested restricted shares and restricted share units 198,983 246,382 251,027Shares repurchased(1) (234,801) (3,705,256) (35,258)Exercise of options 9,500 162,660 265,110Outstanding shares – December 31 82,948,577 82,974,895 86,271,109(1)In 2018, the Company repurchased 205,000 (2017 - 3,667,134) common shares under its share repurchase authorization. In addition, shares were repurchased from employees inrespect of tax obligations arising from the vesting of restricted shares and performance based shares. See further details below in item (f).The Company's common shares have a par value of $0.01 per share. The holders of our common shares are entitled to receive dividends and are allocatedone vote per common share, subject to downward adjustment under certain circumstances. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company's Board ofDirectors declared and paid dividends to common shareholders of $0.35 per common share (2017 - $0.60, 2016 - $0.57).b) Preference Shares – Series DOn June 15, 2017, the Company issued and authorized a total of 6,000,000, 6.7% Preference Shares – Series D (the "Preference Shares - Series D"), parvalue $0.01 per share, at a price of $25 per preference share. The Company's total net proceeds from the offering was $144,942, after deducting issuance costsof $5,058, which were recognized as a reduction in additional paid-in capital. The Preference Shares – Series D have no stated maturity date and areredeemable in whole or in part at the sole option of the Company any time after June 15, 2022, subject to certain regulatory restrictions at a redemption priceof $25 per preference share plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. Additionally, at any time prior toJune 15, 2022, the Company may redeem all but not less than all of the Series D Preference Shares at a redemption price of $25 per share, plus declared andunpaid dividends, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption subject to certain conditions and regulatory approval.Dividends on the Preference Shares – Series D are non-cumulative. Consequently, in the event a dividend is not declared on the Preference Shares – SeriesD for any dividend period, holders of Preference Shares – Series D will not be entitled to receive a dividend for such period, and such undeclared dividendwill not accrue and will not be payable. The holders of Preference Shares – Series D will be entitled to receive dividend payments only when, as and ifdeclared by the Company's Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors. Any such dividends will be payable from, andincluding, the date of original issue on a non-cumulative basis, quarterly in arrears.To the extent declared, these dividends will accumulate, with respect to each dividend period, in an amount per share equal to 6.7% of the $25 liquidationpreference per annum. During any dividend period, so long as any Preference Shares – Series D remain outstanding, unless the full dividends for the latestcompleted dividend period on all outstanding Preference Shares – Series D have been declared and paid, no dividend shall be paid or declared on thecommon shares.The holders of the Preference Shares – Series D have no voting rights other than the right to elect up to two directors if preference share dividends are notdeclared and paid for six or more dividend periods. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company declared and paid dividends on the PreferenceShares – Series D of $7,538 or $1.2563 per share (2017 - $5,025 or $0.8375 per share). No dividends were declared by the Company's Board of Directors onthe Preference Shares - Series D for the fourth quarter of 2018 and the first quarter of 2019. At March 1, 2019, if preference share dividends are not declaredand paid for four more dividend periods, then the holders of the Preference Shares - Series D will be entitled to vote for the election of a total of twoadditional members of the Company's Board of Directors.c) Preference Shares – Series COn November 25, 2015, the Company issued and authorized a total of 6,600,000 7.125% Preference Shares – Series C (the "Preference Shares - Series C"),par value $0.01 per share, at a price of $25 per preference share. The Company's total net proceeds from the offering was $159,485, after deducting issuancecosts of $5,515, which were recognized as a reduction in additional paid-in capital. The Preference Shares – Series C have no stated maturity date and areredeemable in whole or in part at the sole option of the Company any time after December 15, 2020 at a redemption price of $25 per preference share plus anydeclared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends.F-52MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)14. Shareholders’ Equity (continued)Dividends on the Preference Shares – Series C are non-cumulative. Consequently, in the event a dividend is not declared on the Preference Shares – SeriesC for any dividend period, holders of Preference Shares – Series C will not be entitled to receive a dividend for such period, and such undeclared dividendwill not accrue and will not be payable. The holders of Preference Shares – Series C will be entitled to receive dividend payments only when, as and ifdeclared by the Company's Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors. Any such dividends will be payable from, andincluding, the date of original issue on a non-cumulative basis, quarterly in arrears.To the extent declared, these dividends will accumulate, with respect to each dividend period, in an amount per share equal to 7.125% of the $25liquidation preference per annum. During any dividend period, so long as any Preference Shares – Series C remain outstanding, unless the full dividends forthe latest completed dividend period on all outstanding Preference Shares – Series C have been declared and paid, no dividend shall be paid or declared onthe common shares.The holders of the Preference Shares – Series C have no voting rights other than the right to elect up to two directors if preference share dividends are notdeclared and paid for six or more dividend periods. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company declared and paid dividends on the PreferenceShares – Series C of $8,816 or $1.3359 per share (2017 - $11,756 or $1.7813 per share, 2016 -$12,410 or $1.8803 per share). No dividends were declared bythe Company's Board of Directors on the Preference Shares - Series C for the fourth quarter of 2018 and the first quarter of 2019. At March 1, 2019, ifpreference share dividends are not declared and paid for four more dividend periods, then the holders of the Preference Shares - Series C will be entitled tovote for the election of a total of two additional members of the Company's Board of Directors.d) Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares – Series BIn October 2013, the Company issued and authorized a total of 3,300,000 7.25% Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares – Series B (the "PreferenceShares – Series B"), par value $0.01, at a price of $50 per preference share. The Company's total net proceeds from the offering was $159,675, after deductingissuance costs of $5,325, which were recognized as a reduction in additional paid-in capital. The Preference Shares – Series B were not redeemable.The Company paid cumulative dividends on each of the Preference Shares – Series B at a rate of 7.25% per annum on the initial liquidation preference of$50 per share (equivalent to $3.625 per annum per Preference Share – Series B or $0.90625 per quarter except on the initial payment date which was$0.745139). Dividends accrued and accumulated from the date of issuance and, to the extent that the Company had lawfully available funds to pay dividendsand the Board of Directors declared a dividend payable, it paid dividends quarterly each year commencing on December 15, 2013, up to, and including,September 15, 2016 in cash.On September 15, 2016, each of the outstanding Preference Share – Series B were automatically converted into 12,069,090 of the Company's commonshares at a conversion rate of $3.6573 per preference share based on the volume weighted average price per share of the Company’s common shares over theforty consecutive trading day period beginning on, and including, the forty-second scheduled trading day immediately preceding September 15, 2016 (the"final averaging period"). The mandatory conversion date is the third business day immediately following the last trading day of the final averaging period.The Company declared and paid dividends on the Preference Shares – Series B of $8,971 or $2.7188 per share for the year ended December 31, 2016.e) Preference Shares - Series AOn August 22, 2012, the Company issued and authorized a total of 6,000,000 8.25% Preference Shares – Series A (the "Preference Shares – Series A"), parvalue $0.01 per share, at a price of $25 per preference share. The Company's total net proceeds from the offering was $145,041, after deducting issuance costsof $4,959, which were recognized as a reduction in additional paid-in capital. The Preference Shares – Series A have no stated maturity date and areredeemable in whole or in part at the sole option of the Company any time after August 29, 2017 at a redemption price of $25 per preference share plus anydeclared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends.Dividends on the Preference Shares – Series A are non-cumulative. Consequently, in the event a dividend is not declared on the Preference Shares – SeriesA for any dividend period, holders of Preference Shares – Series A will not be entitled to receive a dividend for such period, and such undeclared dividendwill not accrue and will not be payable. The holders of Preference Shares – Series A will be entitled to receive dividend payments only when, as and ifdeclared by the Company's Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors. Any such dividends will be payable from, andincluding, the date of original issue on a non-cumulative basis, quarterly in arrears.To the extent declared, these dividends will accumulate, with respect to each dividend period, in an amount per share equal to 8.25% of the $25liquidation preference per annum. During any dividend period, so long as any Preference Shares – Series A remain outstanding, unless the full dividends forthe latest completed dividend period on all outstanding Preference Shares – Series A have been declared and paid, no dividend shall be paid or declared onthe common shares.The holders of the Preference Shares – Series A have no voting rights other than the right to elect up to two directors if preference share dividends are notdeclared and paid for six or more dividend periods. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company declared and paid dividends on the PreferenceShares - Series A of $9,282 or $1.5469 per share (2017 and 2016 - $12,375 or $2.0625 per share). No dividends were declared by the Company's Board ofDirectors on the Preference Shares - Series A for the fourth quarter of 2018 and the first quarter of 2019. At March 1, 2019, if preference share dividends arenot declared and paid for four more dividend periods, then the holders of the Preference Shares - Series A will be entitled to vote for the election of a total oftwo additional members of the Company's Board of Directors.F-53MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)14. Shareholders’ Equity (continued)f) Treasury SharesOn February 21, 2017, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to $100,000 of the Company's common shares from time to timeat market prices. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 205,000 common shares (2017 - 3,667,134) at an average price pershare of $3.31 (2017 - $6.84) under the Company's share repurchase plan. At December 31, 2018, the Company has a remaining authorization of $74,245(2017 - $74,924) for share repurchases.In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased a total of 29,801 shares (2017 - 38,122, 2016 - 35,258) at an averageprice per share of $6.52 (2017 - $15.06, 2016 - $13.33) from employees, which represent withholdings in respect of tax obligations on the vesting ofrestricted shares and performance based shares.g) Accumulated Other Comprehensive IncomeThe following tables set forth financial information regarding the changes in the balances of each component of AOCI for the years ended December 31,2018, 2017 and 2016:For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change in netunrealized gains oninvestment Foreign currencytranslationadjustments TotalBeginning balance $21,889 $(8,583) $13,306Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications (108,726) 2,651 (106,075)Amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income, net of tax 27,075 — 27,075Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income (81,651) 2,651 (79,000)Ending balance (59,762) (5,932) (65,694)Less: AOCI attributable to noncontrolling interest — (78) (78)Ending balance, Maiden shareholders $(59,762) $(5,854) $(65,616)For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change in netunrealized gains oninvestment Foreign currencytranslationadjustments TotalBeginning balance $(20,716) $35,604 $14,888Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 44,421 (44,187) 234Amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income, net of tax (1,816) — (1,816)Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) 42,605 (44,187) (1,582)Ending balance 21,889 (8,583) 13,306Less: AOCI attributable to noncontrolling interest — (48) (48)Ending balance, Maiden shareholders $21,889 $(8,535) $13,354For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Change in netunrealized gains oninvestment Foreign currencytranslationadjustments TotalBeginning balance $(54,112) $30,231 $(23,881)Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 32,820 5,373 38,193Amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income, net of tax 576 — 576Net current period other comprehensive income 33,396 5,373 38,769Ending balance (20,716) 35,604 14,888Less: AOCI attributable to noncontrolling interest — (109) (109)Ending balance, Maiden shareholders $(20,716) $35,713 $14,997F-54MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)14. Shareholders’ Equity (continued)The following table presents details about amounts reclassified from AOCI:Details about AOCI Components Consolidated Statements of Income Line Item that IncludesReclassification For the Year Ended December 31,Unrealized (losses) gains on AFSsecurities 2018 2017 2016 Net realized (losses) gains on investment $(21,243) $1,816 $(576) Net impairment losses recognized in earnings (5,832) — — Total before tax (27,075) 1,816 (576) Income tax expense — — — Total after tax $(27,075) $1,816 $(576)15. Share Compensation and Pension PlansThe Company’s Amended and Restated 2007 Share Incentive Plan (the "Plan"), provides for grants of options, restricted shares and restricted share units.New shares are issued upon exercise of options and vesting of restricted shares and share units. The total number of common shares currently reserved forissuance under the Plan is 10,000,000. The Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the "Committee").Share OptionsExercise prices of options are established at or above the fair market value of the Company’s common shares at the date of grant. Under the Plan, unlessotherwise determined by the Committee and provided in an award agreement, 25% of the options will become exercisable on the first anniversary of the grantdate, with an additional 6.25% of the options vesting each quarter thereafter based on the grantee’s continued employment over a four-year period, and willexpire ten years after grant date.The fair value of each option grant is separately estimated for each vesting date. The fair value of each option is amortized into compensation expense ona straight-line basis between the grant date for the award and each vesting date. The Company has estimated the fair value of all share option awards on thedate of the grant by applying the Black-Scholes-Merton multiple-option pricing valuation model. The application of this valuation model involvesassumptions that are judgmental and highly sensitive in the determination of compensation expense.The following table shows all options granted, exercised, forfeited and expired under the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: Number of Share Options Weighted Average Exercise Price WeightedAverage Grant-Date Fair Value Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value Range of Exercise PricesOutstanding, December 31, 20151,926,199 $6.96 4.15 years $15,306 $3.28 - $13.98Granted24,000 $13.12 $2.45 $13.12Exercised(265,110) $7.28 $1,453 Expired(1,000) $7.67 Outstanding, December 31, 20161,684,089 $7.00 3.36 years $17,598 $3.28 - $13.98Exercised(162,660) $6.64 $955 Expired(4,660) $9.92 Outstanding, December 31, 20171,516,769 $7.03 2.45 years $1,100 $3.28 - $13.98Granted275,000 $7.07 $1.36 $3.24 - $7.20Exercised(9,500) $3.28 $5,715 Expired(1,038,510) $6.50 Forfeited(85,935) $7.23 Outstanding, December 31, 2018657,824 $7.92 4.40 years $— $3.24 - $13.98Total exercisable at December 31, 2018467,824 $8.28 2.46 years $— $4.45 - $13.98F-55MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)15. Share Compensation and Pension Plans (continued)The weighted average grant date fair value was $2.08 (2017 - $2.13, 2016 - $2.10) for all options outstanding at December 31, 2018. There was $178(2017 - $12) of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested options at December 31, 2018 which will be recognized during the next 2.24years. Cash in the amount of $31 was received from employees as a result of employee share option exercises during the year ended December 31, 2018(2017 – $1,081, 2016 – $1,931). In connection with these exercises, there was no tax benefit realized by the Company.Restricted Shares and Restricted Share UnitsThe fair value of each restricted share or restricted share unit is determined based on the market value of the Company's common shares on the date ofgrant. The total estimated fair value is amortized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period as determined by the Committee.Performance-Based Restricted Share Units ("PB-RSU")The Committee approved the formation of a long-term incentive program under the Plan on March 1, 2011. On that date, the Committee determined toaward PB-RSU to certain senior leaders of the Company. The formula for determining the amount of PB-RSU awarded uses a combination of a percentage ofthe employee's base salary (based on a benchmarking analysis from our compensation consultant) divided by the closing price on NASDAQ of our commonshares on that date. The grants are performance based which require that certain criteria such as non-GAAP operating return on common equity, underwritingperformance, revenue growth and operating expense be met during the performance period to attain a payout. Each metric has a corresponding weightedpercentage with a target and maximum level of performance goal set to achieve a payout. All prior, current and future PB-RSU are paid 50% based on certaincriteria stated above, while the other 50% of the payout is based upon the recommendation of the Company's CEO and the Committee's ultimate discretion ofindividual contribution to business results and strategic success for the performance period. Settlement of the grants can be made in either common shares orcash upon the decision of the Committee and the performance cycles are for three years. Beginning in 2014, the Committee approved an annual award of PB-RSU to certain senior leaders of the Company with each annual award vesting over three years.Non-Performance-Based Restricted Share Units ("NPB-RS")Beginning in 2012, the Committee approved an annual award of NPB-RSU with each annual award vesting over three years. The total fair value of shareunits vested during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $897 (2017 - $633, 2016 - $1,068).Discretionary Non-Performance-Based Restricted Shares ("NPB-RS")Beginning in 2013, the Committee approved an annual award of NPB-RS with each annual award vesting either over two or three years. The total fairvalue of restricted shares vested during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $400 (2017 - $357, 2016 - $379). The following table shows a summary ofactivity under the Company's restricted share awards: Non-Performance-BasedRestricted Share Units Non-Performance-BasedRestricted Shares Performance Based RestrictedShare Units(1) Number of RestrictedUnits WeightedAverageGrant-DateFair Value Number of RestrictedShares WeightedAverageGrant-DateFair Value Number of RestrictedUnits WeightedAverageGrant-DateFair ValueNon-vested at December 31, 2015 138,128 $12.07 53,152 $13.22 745,482 $12.05Awards granted 75,988 $13.16 23,000 $12.90 355,544 $13.11Awards vested (94,931) $11.24 (29,949) $12.67 (85,847) $12.29Awards forfeited — $— — $— (169,458) $10.02Non-vested at December 31, 2016 119,185 $13.42 46,203 $13.42 845,721 $12.88Awards granted 25,000 $10.55 17,500 $16.75 284,130 $16.75Awards vested (46,927) $13.50 (26,477) $13.49 (110,976) $12.20Awards forfeited — $— — $— (208,411) $11.73Non-vested at December 31, 2017 97,258 $12.65 37,226 $14.93 810,464 $14.60Awards granted 25,000 $8.75 268,971 $5.79 734,668 $7.20Awards vested (71,928) $12.47 (27,726) $14.43 (99,931) $13.88Awards forfeited (25,330) $13.16 (17,500) $9.36 (597,556) $11.15Non-vested at December 31, 2018 25,000 $8.75 260,971 $5.94 847,645 $10.71(1)For Performance Based Shares, the number of shares is stated at the maximum number that can be attained if the performance conditions are met. Forfeitures represent sharesforfeited due to vesting below the maximum attainable as a result of the Company not fully meeting the performance conditions.There was $91 and $1,298 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted share units and restricted shares at December 31, 2018, both ofwhich will be recognized during the next 0.42 years and 2.62 years, respectively. Total share-based expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 was$1,276 (2017 - $2,938, 2016 - $3,414).F-56MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)15. Share Compensation and Pension Plans (continued)Pension PlansThe Company provides pension benefits to eligible employees principally through various defined contribution plans sponsored by the Company whichvary by subsidiary. The Company’s expenses for its defined contribution plans for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $1,543 (2017 - $1,386, 2016 -$1,515).16. Statutory Requirements and Dividend RestrictionsOur insurance and reinsurance operations are subject to insurance and/or reinsurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate, themost significant of which are Bermuda and Sweden. These regulations include certain liquidity and solvency requirements whereby restrictions are imposedon the amount of dividends or other distributions, such as loans or cash advances, available to shareholders without prior approval of the insuranceregulatory authorities.The statutory capital and surplus and statutory net income (loss) of our principal operating subsidiaries in their respective jurisdictions were as follows: Maiden Bermuda Maiden LF Maiden GFStatutory Capital and Surplus December 31, 2018 $869,886 $7,607 $6,192December 31, 2017 1,205,991 8,552 6,417 Statutory Net (Loss) Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 $(389,372) $(462) $98For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 (167,307) (441) (242)For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 87,888 756 —a) BermudaMaiden Bermuda is registered as a Class 3B reinsurer under The Insurance Act 1978 (Bermuda), amendments thereto and related regulations (the"Insurance Act"). Under the Insurance Act, Maiden Bermuda is subject to enhanced capital requirements in addition to minimum solvency and liquidityrequirements and must maintain statutory economic capital and surplus at a level at least equal to its ECR which is the greater of its minimum solvencymargin ("MSM") and the required capital calculated by reference to the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement ("BSCR").The BMA is the group supervisor of the Company. Under the Insurance Act 1978, the Company is required to ensure it can meet its MSM and ECR.Throughout 2018 and at December 31, 2018, Maiden Bermuda has met the MSM and liquidity requirements. However, the Company and Maiden Bermudafailed to meet the requirements to hold sufficient capital to cover their respective ECR requirements as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018. TheCompany had communicated such conditions to the BMA and is following the guidelines of a reportable “event” as stipulated by Bermuda insurance law.The Company has taken the following actions to remediate the breach including: (1) completed the sale of Maiden US on December 27, 2018; (2) capitalinjections into Maiden Bermuda by Maiden Holdings and Maiden NA of $125,000 on December 31, 2018 and $70,000 in January 2019; (3) entered into thePartial Termination Amendment with AmTrust effective January 1, 2019; and (4) entered into amendments with AmTrust which terminated the AmTrustQuota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share effective January 1, 2019. Please see "Note 18. Subsequent Events" for further informationregarding these amendments.As a result of these actions and pending the finalization and regulatory approval of the New LPT/ADC MTA entered into by Maiden Bermuda and Enstaron March 1, 2019 (please see "Note 18. Subsequent Events" for further details), the Company estimates that it and Maiden Bermuda will have sufficientcapital in excess of the respective ECR requirements and that this position should improve throughout 2019.Under the Insurance Act, Maiden Bermuda is prohibited from declaring or paying dividends of more than 25% of its total statutory capital and surplus, asshown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet, unless at least seven days before payment of the dividends it files with the BMA an affidavit thatit will continue to meet its minimum capital requirements as described above. Maiden Bermuda must obtain the BMA’s prior approval before reducing itstotal statutory capital, as shown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet, by 15% or more. Maiden Bermuda is restricted in paying dividends thatwould result in Maiden Bermuda failing to comply with the ECR as calculated based on the BSCR or cause Maiden Bermuda to fail to meet its relevantmargins.At December 31, 2018, the maximum dividend Maiden Bermuda could pay, without a signed affidavit, having met minimum levels of statutory capitaland surplus requirements was $0 (2017 - $301,498). During the year ended December 31, 2018, dividends from Maiden Bermuda to Maiden Holdings, Ltd.were $0 (2017 - $105,000, 2016 -$445,000). Maiden Bermuda has voluntarily undertaken with the BMA not to make any capital distributions of any kind,which would include but is not limited to payment of dividends, without the express consent of the BMA.F-57MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)16. Statutory Requirements and Dividend Restrictions (continued)b) SwedenThe Company has two Swedish domiciled insurance subsidiaries in Sweden, Maiden LF and Maiden GF, both regulated by the SwedishFinansinspektionen ("Swedish FSA").Maiden LF was required to maintain a minimum level of statutory capital and surplus of $4,243 at December 31, 2018 (2017 - $4,442). This requirementwas met by Maiden LF throughout the year. Maiden LF is subject to statutory and regulatory restrictions under the Swedish FSA that limit the maximumamount of annual dividends or distributions paid by Maiden LF to Maiden Holdings. At December 31, 2018, Maiden LF is allowed to pay dividends ordistributions not exceeding $1,873 (2017 - $2,507).Maiden GF was granted a general insurance license effective September 14, 2016 with an approved level of initial statutory capital and surplus of $6,135.Maiden GF was required to maintain a minimum level of statutory capital and surplus of $4,243 at December 31, 2018 (2017 - $4,442). This requirement wasmet by Maiden GF throughout the year. Maiden GF is subject to statutory and regulatory restrictions under the Swedish FSA that limit the maximum amountof annual dividends or distributions paid by Maiden GF to Maiden Holdings. As of December 31, 2018, Maiden GF is not allowed to pay dividends ordistributions as it has cumulative losses from inception.17. TaxationUnder current Bermuda law, Maiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda have received an undertaking from the Bermuda government exempting them fromall local income, withholding and capital gains taxes until March 31, 2035. At the present time, no such taxes are levied in Bermuda. Maiden Holdings andMaiden Bermuda believe that they operate in a manner such that they will not be considered to be engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. Accordingly,Maiden Holdings and Maiden Bermuda have not recorded any provision for U.S. taxation.Our U.S. subsidiaries are subject to federal, state and local corporate income taxes and other taxes applicable to U.S. corporations. The provision forfederal income taxes has been determined under the principles of the consolidated tax provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and Regulations. Shouldour U.S. subsidiaries pay a dividend outside the U.S. group, withholding taxes will apply. Tax year 2016 is currently under examination while 2015 and 2017remain subject to examination in the U.S by the Internal Revenue Service. The Company was examined in prior years and those exams were closed withoutany impact on our operations.The Company has subsidiary and branch operations in various other locations around the world, including Australia, Germany, Ireland, Sweden and theU.K., that are subject to relevant taxes in those jurisdictions. None are under examination but generally remain subject to examination in all applicablejurisdictions for tax years from 2015 through 2018.Deferred income taxes have not been accrued with respect to certain undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries as it is the intention that such earningswill remain reinvested or will not be taxable. If the earnings were to be distributed, as dividends or otherwise, such amounts may be subject to withholdingtax in the country of the paying entity. Currently, however, no withholding taxes have been accrued.There were no unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. (Loss) income before taxes and income tax (benefit) expense for the yearsended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows:For the Year Ended December 31, 201820172016(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes – Domestic (Bermuda) $(424,667) $(140,874) $78,651(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes – Foreign (U.S. and others) (25,184) (13,532) 822Total (loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes $(449,851) $(154,406) $79,473 Current tax expense – Domestic (Bermuda) $— $— $—Current tax expense – Foreign (U.S. and others) 501 669 490Total current tax expense $501 $669 $490 Deferred tax expense – Domestic (Bermuda) $— $— $—Deferred tax benefit – Foreign (U.S. and others) (60) (7,426) (77)Total deferred tax benefit $(60) $(7,426) $(77) Total income tax expense (benefit) $441 $(6,757) $413The following table is a reconciliation of the actual income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 to the amount computed byapplying the effective tax rate of 0.0% under Bermuda law to income before income taxes:F-58MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)17. Taxation (continued)For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes $(449,851) $(154,406) $79,473Less: income tax expense (benefit) 441 (6,757) 413Net (loss) income from continuing operations $(450,292) $(147,649) $79,060Reconciliation of effective tax rate (% of income before income taxes) Bermuda tax rate — % — % — %U.S. taxes at statutory rates 1.1 % 9.6 % (5.8)%Rate change in the U.S. — % 3.2 % — %Valuation allowance in respect of U.S. taxes (1.1)% (8.3)% 5.8 %Other jurisdictions (0.1)% (0.1)% 0.5 %Actual tax rate (0.1)% 4.4 % 0.5 %Deferred income taxes reflect the tax impact of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting andincome tax purposes. The significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:December 31, 2018 2017Deferred tax assets: Net operating losses $44,119 $39,923Capital loss carry-forward 12,345 —Others 548 643Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance 57,012 40,566Valuation allowance 56,326 39,934Deferred tax assets, net 686 632Deferred tax liabilities: Net unrealized gains on investment 33 78Deferred tax liabilities 33 78Net deferred tax asset $653 $554The net deferred tax asset at December 31, 2018 was $653 (2017 - $554). A valuation allowance has been established against the net U.S. deferred taxassets which is primarily attributable to net operating losses and capital losses. At this time, we believe it is necessary to establish a valuation allowanceagainst the net deferred tax assets, other than the Alternative Minimum Tax credit due to insufficient positive evidence regarding the utilization of theselosses. During 2018, the Company recorded an increase in the valuation allowance of $16,392 (2017 - decrease of $23,479). At December 31, 2018, theCompany has an available net operating loss carry-forward of approximately $208,853 (2017 - $189,403) for income tax purposes which expires beginningin 2029. At December 31, 2018, the Company also has a capital loss carry-forward of $58,785 (2017 - $0) which will expire in 2023.F-59MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)18. Subsequent EventsAmTrust AgreementsEffective January 1, 2019, the Company, through its subsidiary Maiden Bermuda, and AmTrust entered into the Partial Termination Amendment. ThePartial Termination Amendment provided for the cut-off of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small Commercial Business, comprisingworkers’ compensation, general liability, umbrella liability, professional liability (including cyber liability) insurance coverages, and U.S. Specialty Risk andExtended Warranty ("Terminated Business") as of December 31, 2018. Under the Partial Termination Amendment, the ceding commission payable by MaidenBermuda for its remaining in-force business immediately prior to January 1, 2019 shall increase by 5 percentage points with respect to in-force remainingbusiness (excluding Terminated Business) and related unearned premium as of January 1, 2019. The amendment resulted in Maiden Bermuda returningapproximately $716,100 in unearned premium to AII, which nets to $480,000 after consideration of ceding commission and brokerage. In January 2019, aspart of this amendment, the Company transferred cash and investments of $480,000. On or before May 30, 2019, Maiden Bermuda shall report to AII theactual unearned premium applicable to the Terminated Business as of December 31, 2018. In the event that actual unearned premium exceeds the estimatedunearned premium, Maiden Bermuda shall return assets to AII in an amount equal to the difference by transfer of certain assets held in trust. In the event thatthe estimated unearned premium exceeds the actual unearned premium, AII shall return the difference to Maiden Bermuda by designating assets in an amountequal to the difference as collateral.On January 11, 2019, the Company converted a portion of the existing trust accounts used for collateral on the AmTrust Quota Share to a Funds Withheldarrangement, which is permitted collateral under the AmTrust Quota Share. The Company transferred cash and investments of $575,000 to AmTrust as FundsWithheld which bears an annual interest rate of 3.5% subject to annual adjustment.On January 30, 2019, Maiden Bermuda and AmTrust, through its wholly owned subsidiaries AII, AEL and AIU DAC, agreed to terminate on a run-off basisthe (i) AmTrust Quota Share; and (ii) European Hospital Liability Quota Share 20% and AIU DAC cedes 40% to Maiden Bermuda of AmTrust’s EuropeanHospital Liability business. Each termination was effective as of January 1, 2019.On January 30, 2019, in connection with the termination of the reinsurance agreements described above, the Company and AmTrust entered into (i) asecond amendment to the Master Agreement between the parties, originally entered into on July 3, 2007, to remove the provisions requiring AmTrust toreinsure business with the Company; and (ii) an amendment to the Loan Agreement between Maiden Bermuda, AmTrust and AII, originally entered into onNovember 16, 2007. The Amendment to the Loan Agreement provides for the extension of the maturity date to January 1, 2025 and acknowledges that due tothe termination of the AmTrust Quota Share that no further loans or advances may be made pursuant to the Loan Agreement.Reinsurance Agreements with EnstarOn March 1, 2019, the Company and Enstar terminated the Master Transaction Agreement between the parties dated as of November 9, 2018 (the “OldLPT MTA”) and simultaneously signed the New LPT/ADC MTA pursuant to which an Enstar subsidiary will assume liabilities for loss reserves as ofDecember 31, 2018 associated with the quota share reinsurance agreements between Maiden Bermuda and AmTrust in excess of a $2,441,359 retention up to$675,000. The $2,441,359 retention will be subject to adjustment for paid losses subsequent to December 31, 2018. The New LPT/ADC MTA and associatedreinsurance agreement will provide Maiden Bermuda with $175,000 in adverse development cover over its carried AmTrust reserves at December 31, 2018.The New LPT/ADC MTA will be accounted for as retroactive reinsurance. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding $500,000 would result in a deferred gainwhich would be recognized over the settlement period in proportion to cumulative losses collected over the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoverable.Consequently, cumulative adverse development subsequent to December 31, 2018, in excess of $500,000, may result in significant losses from operationsuntil periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals and other closing conditions.Sale of AVS Automotive VersicherungsService GmbH (“AVS”)On January 10, 2019, Maiden Global completed the sale of its wholly owned subsidiary, AVS, and its related European subsidiaries to Allianz Partners(“Allianz”). AVS, which is organized under the laws of Germany, operates as an insurance producer in Germany and was a wholly owned subsidiary ofMaiden Global prior to its sale. The Company’s proceeds from the sale of AVS include an undisclosed cash payment at closing and a three-year quota sharereinsurance agreement with Allianz. AVS and its subsidiaries work with German and Austrian auto retailers, original equipment manufacturers and relatedcredit providers to design and distribute auto dealer and consumer insurance products. All of AVS's employees have joined Allianz and the company namewill remain unchanged subsequent to its sale.F-60MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)19. Condensed Quarterly Financial Data — UnauditedThe following tables summarize our quarterly financial data:2018 Quarters Ended(3) March 31 June 30 September 30(1)(4) December 31(1)Total revenues from continuing operations $553,765 $540,267 $555,662 $515,113Net income (loss) from continuing operations 12,348 (5,535) (240,413) (216,692)Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income tax 9,995 8,215 (59,819) (52,504)Net income (loss) $22,343 $2,680 $(300,232) $(269,196)Net income (loss) attributable to Maiden common shareholders $13,727 $(5,913) $(308,839) $(269,235)Comprehensive loss – attributable to Maiden (53,997) (31,411) (319,704) (218,482)Basic earnings (loss) from continuing operations per share attributable to Maidencommon shareholders $0.05 $(0.17) $(3.00) $(2.61)Basic earnings (loss) from discontinued operations per share attributable toMaiden common shareholders 0.12 0.10 (0.72) (0.64)Basic earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders $0.17 $(0.07) $(3.72) $(3.25)Diluted earnings (loss) from continuing operations per share attributable toMaiden common shareholders $0.04 $(0.17) $(3.00) $(2.61)Diluted earnings (loss) from discontinued operations per share attributable toMaiden common shareholders 0.12 0.10 (0.72) (0.64)Diluted earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders $0.16 $(0.07) $(3.72) $(3.25)2017 Quarters Ended(3) March 31 June 30 September 30(4) December 31(2)Total revenues from continuing operations $560,084 $563,116 $496,544 $519,074Net income (loss) from continuing operations 14,727 (1,927) (43,983) (116,466)Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income tax 11,774 (14,408) (11,071) (8,391)Net income (loss) $26,501 $(16,335) $(55,054) $(124,857)Net income (loss) attributable to Maiden common shareholders $20,490 $(22,359) $(63,596) $(133,587)Comprehensive income (loss) – attributable to Maiden 27,117 3,658 (44,547) (157,767)Basic earnings (loss) from continuing operations per share attributable to Maidencommon shareholders $0.10 $(0.09) $(0.61) $(1.49)Basic earnings (loss) from discontinued operations per share attributable toMaiden common shareholders 0.14 (0.17) (0.13) (0.10)Basic earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders $0.24 $(0.26) $(0.74) $(1.59)Diluted earnings (loss) from continuing operations per share attributable toMaiden common shareholders $0.10 $(0.09) $(0.61) $(1.49)Diluted earnings (loss) from discontinued operations per share attributable toMaiden common shareholders 0.13 (0.17) (0.13) (0.10)Diluted earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Maiden commonshareholders $0.23 $(0.26) $(0.74) $(1.59)(1)During the third and fourth quarters of 2018, the Company increased the prior year reserves mainly in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment. The Company recorded unfavorable reserve development in the AmTrustReinsurance segment which reduced its net income, net income attributable to Maiden common shareholders and comprehensive income by approximately $210,433 or $2.53 per basic and diluted commonshare during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and approximately $151,874 or $1.83 per basic and diluted share during the three months ended December 31, 2018.(2)During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company increased the prior year reserves mainly in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment. The Company recorded unfavorable reserve development which reduced its net income,net income attributable to Maiden common shareholders and comprehensive income during the three months ended December 31, 2017 by approximately $139,024 or $1.66 per basic and diluted common share.(3)During the third quarter of 2018, the Company made the strategic decision to divest its U.S. treaty reinsurance operations. Except as explicitly described as discontinued operations, all amounts presented above relateto the Company's continuing operations except for net income, net income attributable to Maiden common shareholders and comprehensive income. Please see “Note 6. Discontinued Operations" for additionalinformation related to discontinued operations. All prior years presented in the Condensed Quarterly Financial Data have been reclassified to conform to this new presentation.(4)The reclassification of net loss from discontinued operations for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 has been modified from previously reported numbers in the Form 10Q filed for September 30,2018 due to changes in estimates regarding segment allocations for general and administrative expenses, net investment income and income tax.F-61Schedule IMAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES (in thousands of U.S. dollars)December 31, 2018 Amortized Cost(1) Fair Value Amount at Which Shown in the Balance SheetAFS fixed maturities: U.S. treasury bonds $138,625 $139,072 $139,072U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 1,485,716 1,453,134 1,453,134U.S. agency bonds – other 129,741 129,233 129,233Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds 11,212 10,072 10,072Asset-backed securities 216,072 215,082 215,082Corporate bonds 1,128,614 1,104,975 1,104,975Total AFS fixed maturities 3,109,980 3,051,568 3,051,568HTM fixed maturities: Corporate bonds 957,845 940,727 957,845Municipal bonds 57,836 57,285 57,836Total HTM fixed maturities 1,015,681 998,012 1,015,681Other investments 23,435 23,716 23,716Total investments $4,149,096 $4,073,296 $4,090,965(1) Original cost of other investments and, for fixed maturities, original cost reduced by repayments and adjusted for amortization of premiums or discountsS-1Schedule IIMAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS — PARENT COMPANY As of December 31, 2018 and 2017(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2018 2017ASSETS Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (Amortized cost 2018 - $0; 2017 - $68,952) $— $68,965Other investments, at fair value (Cost 2018 - $500; 2017 - $500) 500 500Cash and cash equivalents 7,273 9,886Investment in subsidiaries 883,462 1,401,547Balances due from subsidiaries 73 79,376Goodwill — 5,972Other assets 4,923 4,260Total assets $896,231 $1,570,506LIABILITIES Accrued expenses and other liabilities $4,602 $14,810Balances due to subsidiaries 230,965 217,176Senior notes - principal amount 110,000 110,000Less: unamortized debt issuance costs 3,611 3,654Senior notes, net 106,389 106,346Total liabilities 341,956 338,332EQUITY Preference shares 465,000 465,000Common shares ($0.01 par value; 87,938,537 and 87,730,054 shares issued in 2018 and 2017, respectively;82,948,577 and 82,974,895 shares outstanding in 2018 and 2017, respectively) 879 877Additional paid-in capital 749,418 748,113Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (65,616) 13,354(Accumulated deficit) retained earnings (563,891) 35,472Treasury shares, at cost (4,989,960 and 4,755,159 shares in 2018 and 2017, respectively) (31,515) (30,642)Total equity 554,275 1,232,174Total liabilities and equity $896,231 $1,570,5061) Maiden Holdings has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the $152.5 million 2013 Senior Notes - 7.75% issued by its wholly owned subsidiary, MaidenNA. The Senior Notes are an unsecured and unsubordinated obligation of Maiden Holdings.S-2Schedule IIMAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME — PARENT COMPANY For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands of U.S. dollars)For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Revenues Net investment income $1,039 $885 $1,693Net realized gains on investment (1,532) 5,466 1,990 (493) 6,351 3,683Expenses General and administrative expenses 25,991 20,092 17,008Interest and amortization expenses 7,331 7,328 3,988Foreign exchange losses (gains) 6,324 (819) 1,371 39,646 26,601 22,367Loss before equity in earnings of consolidated subsidiaries (40,139) (20,250) (18,684)Equity in (loss) earnings of consolidated subsidiaries (504,485) (149,646) 67,664Net (loss) income (544,624) (169,896) 48,980Dividends on preference shares (25,636) (29,156) (33,756)Net (loss) income attributable to Maiden common shareholders $(570,260) $(199,052) $15,224 Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Maiden $(623,594) $(171,539) $87,744S-3Schedule IIMAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — PARENT COMPANY For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands of U.S. dollars)For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities Net (loss) income $(544,624) $(169,896) $48,980Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Equity in loss (earnings) of consolidated subsidiaries 504,485 149,646 (67,664)Depreciation and amortization of debt issuance cost and bond premium and discount 656 131 207Net realized losses (gains) on investment 1,532 (5,466) (1,990)Foreign exchange losses (gains) 6,324 (819) 1,371Share-based compensation expense 1,276 2,938 3,414Changes in assets – (increase) decrease: Balance due from subsidiaries 78,992 (5,159) (7,222)Other assets (751) 305 (125)Changes in liabilities – increase (decrease) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 2,244 478 (216)Balances due to subsidiaries 13,789 22,640 84,504Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 63,923 (5,202) 61,259Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities Purchases of fixed maturities – available-for-sale (37,412) (74,893) (16,203)Purchases of other investments — (500) —Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities – available-for-sale 80,542 22,806 44,475Proceeds from maturities, paydowns and calls of fixed maturities – available-for-sale 24,240 15 —Proceeds from sales of other investments — 9,894 350Dividends from subsidiaries 1,033 105,652 —Contributions to subsidiaries (66,391) (100,751) (107,546)Purchase of fixed assets (506) (3,410) —Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 1,506 (41,187) (78,924)Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities Senior notes, net of issuance costs — — 106,285Preference shares issuance, net of issuance costs — 144,942 (143)Dividends paid – preference shares (25,636) (29,156) (33,756)Dividends paid – Maiden common shares (41,555) (51,634) (43,127)Issuance of common shares 31 1,081 1,931Repurchase of common shares (873) (25,651) (470)Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (68,033) 39,582 30,720Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash (9) 16 16Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (2,613) (6,791) 13,071Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 9,886 16,677 3,606Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $7,273 $9,886 $16,677S-4Schedule IIIMAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (In thousands of U.S. dollars) December 31, 2018 For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Deferred commission andotheracquisition expenses Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses Unearned premiums Net premiums earned Net investment income Net loss and LAE Amortization of deferred commission andother acquisition expenses General and admin.expenses Net premiums writtenDiversified Reinsurance$18,405 $105,589 $64,506 $112,487 $— $71,441 $38,749 $17,396 $129,319AmTrust Reinsurance370,037 2,947,547 1,135,913 1,913,715 — 1,806,995 615,991 3,845 1,885,278Total - Reportable Segments388,442 3,053,136 1,200,419 2,026,202 — 1,878,436 654,740 21,241 2,014,597Other— 2,840 — — 136,285 1,685 — 43,699 —Total$388,442 $3,055,976 $1,200,419 $2,026,202 $136,285 $1,880,121 $654,740 $64,940 $2,014,597 December 31, 2017 For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Deferred commission andotheracquisition expenses Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses Unearned premiums Net premiums earned Net investment income Net loss and LAE Amortization of deferred commission andother acquisitionexpenses General and admin. expenses Net premiums writtenDiversified Reinsurance$20,240 $90,697 $51,598 $83,015 $— $54,714 $29,018 $15,976 $82,521AmTrust Reinsurance359,964 2,290,981 1,179,284 1,909,644 — 1,498,881 614,777 3,052 1,954,856Total - Reportable Segments380,204 2,381,678 1,230,882 1,992,659 — 1,553,595 643,795 19,028 2,037,377Other— 5,044 — — 124,135 1,838 2 33,976 —Total$380,204 $2,386,722 $1,230,882 $1,992,659 $124,135 $1,555,433 $643,797 $53,004 $2,037,377 December 31, 2016 For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Deferred commission andotheracquisition expenses Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses Unearned premiums Net premiums earned Net investment income Net loss and LAE Amortization of deferred commission andother acquisition expenses General and admin.expenses Net premiums writtenDiversified Reinsurance$20,424 $75,451 $48,158 $81,967 $— $51,795 $31,249 $15,543 $79,243AmTrust Reinsurance339,173 1,757,728 1,151,633 1,843,621 — 1,225,830 584,820 2,896 1,888,428Total - Reportable Segments359,597 1,833,179 1,199,791 1,925,588 — 1,277,625 616,069 18,439 1,967,671Other— 12,228 — — 108,689 11,887 (546) 31,815 —Total$359,597 $1,845,407 $1,199,791 $1,925,588 $108,689 $1,289,512 $615,523 $50,254 $1,967,671S-5Schedule IVMAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.SUPPLEMENTARY REINSURANCE INFORMATION (In thousands of U.S. dollars)For the Year Ended December 31, (a) Gross (b) Ceded to othercompanies (c) Assumed fromother companies (d) Net amount (a) - (b) + (c) Percentage ofamount to net(c)/(d)2018 Premiums – General Insurance $11,024 $3,201 $2,006,774 $2,014,597 99.6%2017 Premiums – General Insurance 5,765 40,714 2,072,326 2,037,377 101.7%2016 Premiums – General Insurance 8,045 121,358 2,080,984 1,967,671 105.8%S-6Schedule VIMAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE OPERATIONS (In thousands of U.S. dollars) Net loss and LAE Paid loss and LAEFor the Year Ended December 31, Current Year Prior Year 2018 $1,431,484 $448,637 $1,163,7662017 1,271,860 283,573 1,058,4912016 1,158,435 131,077 958,530S-7Exhibit 10.27ENDORSEMENT NO. 4to theAMENDED AND RESTATEDQUOTA SHARE REINSURANCE AGREEMENT(hereinafter referred to as the “Agreement”)betweenAMTRUST INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE, LTD.Hamilton, Bermuda(hereinafter referred to as the “Company”)andMAIDEN REINSURANCE LTD.Hamilton, Bermuda(hereinafter referred to as the “Reinsurer”)IT IS HEREBY AGREED, effective 12:01 a.m., Eastern Standard Time, July 31, 2018, Paragraph A. of Article XXI - TERM ANDTERMINATION shall be deleted in its entirety and the following substituted therefor:A.This Agreement shall remain in effect until July 1, 2019, and shall automatically renew for successive three-yearperiods thereafter, unless the Reinsurer or Company elects to terminate this Agreement effective as of July 1, 2019 or asof the expiration of any successive three-year period. If the Reinsurer or Company elects to so terminate thisAgreement, it shall give written notice to the other party hereto not less than five months prior to July 1, 2019 or not lessthan nine months prior to the expiration of any successive three-year period.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto, by their respective duly authorized officers, have executed this ENDORSEMENT NO.4 to the Agreement as of the dates recorded below:AMTRUST INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE, LTD.By: __________________________________________Name:Title:Dated:MAIDEN REINSURANCE LTD.By: __________________________________________Name:Title:Dated:Exhibit 21.1 SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT Subsidiary Note JurisdictionMaiden Holdings, Ltd. (1) Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (2) BermudaMaiden Holdings North America, Ltd. DelawareMaiden Re Insurance Services, LLC (3) DelawareMaiden Global Servicing Company, LLC (3) DelawareMaiden Life Försäkrings AB SwedenMaiden General Försäkrings AB SwedenRegulatory Capital Limited IrelandMaiden Global Holdings Ltd. EnglandAVS Automotive VersicherungsService GmbH (4) GermanyOVS Opel VersicherungsService GmbH (5) AustriaVCIS Germany GmbH (6) GermanyMaiden Australia Holdings PTY Ltd. (7) Australia(1)All subsidiaries are 100% wholly owned by Maiden Holdings, Ltd. unless otherwise noted.(2)65% owned by Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and 35% owned by Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd.(3)100% wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd.(4)100% wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Global Holdings Ltd. Sold on January 10, 2019(5)50% owned subsidiary of AVS Automotive VersicherungsService GmbH. Sold on January 10, 2019(6)60% owned subsidiary of AVS Automotive VersicherungsService GmbH. Sold on January 10, 2019(7)100% wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Global Holdings Ltd.Exhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No. 333-166934 on Form S-8 of our reports dated March 14,2019, relating to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and subsidiaries (the"Company"), and the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting, appearing in this Annual Report on Form10-K of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. for the year ended December 31, 2018. /s/ Deloitte Ltd. Hamilton, BermudaMarch 14, 2019Exhibit 23.2Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Maiden Holdings, Ltd.Hamilton, Bermuda We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-166934), and Form S-3ASR(Registration No. 333-207904) of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. of our report dated March 6, 2017, except for the effect of discontinued operations discussed inNote 6, as to which the date is March 14, 2019 relating to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules which appear in this Form10-K. /s/ BDO USA, LLP New York, New YorkMarch 14, 2019EXHIBIT 31.1 CERTIFICATION I, Lawrence F. Metz certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)for the registrant and have: (a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including any consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. (c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recentfiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materiallyaffect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controlover financial reporting.March 14, 2019 /s/ LAWRENCE F. METZ Lawrence F. Metz President and Chief Executive Officer EXHIBIT 31.2 CERTIFICATION I, Patrick J. Haveron, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f))for the registrant and have: (a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including any consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. (c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recentfiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materiallyaffect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controlover financial reporting. March 14, 2019 /s/ PATRICK J. HAVERON Patrick J. Haveron Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), theundersigned officer of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer's knowledge, that: The Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a)or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial conditionand results of operations of the Company. March 14, 2019By: /s/ LAWRENCE F. METZ Lawrence F. Metz President and Chief Executive Officer The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350,chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Report. Exhibit 32.2 CERTIFICATION Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), theundersigned officer of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer's knowledge, that: The Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a)or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial conditionand results of operations of the Company. March 14, 2019By: /s/ PATRICK J. HAVERON Patrick J. Haveron Chief Financial Officer The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350,chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Report.  UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549FORM 10-K/AAmendment #1ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018Commission File Number: 001-34042MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.(Exact Name of Registrant As Specified in Its Charter)Bermuda98-0570192(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)94 Pitts Bay RoadPembroke HM 08, Bermuda(Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code)(441) 298-4900(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredCommon Shares, par value $0.01 per share NASDAQ Global Select MarketSeries A Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share New York Stock Exchange, Inc.Series C Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share New York Stock Exchange, Inc.Series D Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share New York Stock Exchange, Inc.Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NoneIndicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No xIndicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No oIndicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T(§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No oIndicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’sknowledge, in the definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. oIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, accelerated filer, non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. Seethe definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):Large Accelerated Filer xAccelerated Filer oNon-Accelerated Filer o(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller Reporting Company o Emerging growth company oIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No xThe aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2018 (the last business day of the registrant’s mostrecently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $532.9 million based on the closing sale price of the registrant’s common shares on the NASDAQ Global SelectMarket on that date. As of April 12, 2019, 83,041,135 common shares were outstanding. EXPLANATORY NOTEThis Amendment No. 1 on Form 10‑K/A (the “Amended Filing”) amends the Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (“Maiden”, or the “Company”) Annual Report onForm 10‑K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 15, 2019 (the “OriginalFiling”). We are filing this Amendment No. 1 to include the information required by Part III of Form 10‑K that was not included in the Original Filing, as wedid not file our definitive proxy statement within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. As required by Rule 12b-15 under theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, new certificates of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer are being filed as exhibits to thisAmendment No. 1 on Form 10‑K/A.Except as described above, no other changes have been made to the Original Filing. The Original Filing continues to speak as of the date of the OriginalFiling, and we have not updated the disclosures contained therein to reflect any events which occurred at a date subsequent to the filing of the OriginalFiling. Accordingly, this Amendment No. 1 should be read in conjunction with our filings with the SEC subsequent to the date of the Original Filing.MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PART III Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance4Item 11.Executive Compensation10Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters20Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence22Item 14.Principal Accounting Fees and Services24 PART IV Item 15.Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules25Signatures 26 PART IIIITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.Set forth below is biographical information with respect to each member of our Board of Directors.Barry D. Zyskind, 47, has served as non-executive Chairman of our Board of Directors since June 2007 and is a Founding Shareholder of the Company.Since 1998, Mr. Zyskind has served as the President, Chief Executive Officer and director of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. (“AmTrust”), a multinationalproperty and casualty insurer specializing in commercial lines coverage for small to mid-size businesses, and Chairman since 2016. Mr. Zyskind is also adirector of several of AmTrust's wholly owned subsidiaries. Prior to joining AmTrust, Mr. Zyskind was an investment banker at Janney Montgomery ScottLLC in New York. Mr. Zyskind holds an M.B.A. from New York University's Stern School of Business. Mr. Zyskind is the son-in-law of Leah Karfunkel, whois a major shareholder of the Company and serves on the board of directors of AmTrust and National General Holding Corporation (“NGHC”), a holdingcompany of the former GMAC Insurance personal lines companies. Mr. Zyskind has been a director of NGHC since 2013.Simcha G. Lyons, 72, has been a member of our Board of Directors since June 2007, and he currently serves as Chairman of the Nominating and CorporateGovernance Committee and as a member of the Audit Committee and the Compensation Committee. Since 2005, Mr. Lyons has served as a senior advisor tothe Ashcroft Group, LLC of Washington, D.C., a strategic consulting firm that was founded by the former Attorney General of the United States, JohnAshcroft. Mr. Lyons also serves as a Senior Advisor to the Ashcroft Law Firm and as a Senior Advisor to Banner Public Affairs, a politicallobbying/consulting company in Washington DC. In 2017, Mr. Lyons was appointed to the Board of Directors of Better Air Ltd., an Australianbiotechnology company, and to BSD Growth Fund PCC Limited, a Gibraltar Experienced Investor Fund. Mr. Lyons previously served by appointment of thePresident of the United States on the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. In addition, Mr. Lyons has been the chairman of Lyons Global InsuranceServices, LLC since 2009. Since 2003, he has also served as chairman of Lyons Global Advisors Ltd., a political consulting firm. Prior to 2002, Mr. Lyonswas Vice-Chairman of Raskas Foods of St. Louis, Missouri.Raymond M. Neff, 77, has been a member of our Board of Directors since June 2007, and he currently serves as Chairman of the Audit Committee and as amember of the Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. He is also chairman of Sabal Palm Bank since 2007,chairman and CEO of Beacon Aviation Insurance Services since 2010, and on the board of directors of the not-for-profit Sarasota Gulf Coast CEO Forum.Since 1999, Mr. Neff has served as President of Neff & Associates, Inc. and Insurance Home Office Services, LLC. He previously worked at the FCCI InsuranceGroup from 1986 to 1999, most recently as President and Chief Executive Officer from 1987 to 1999. He was previously Chairman of the Board of the FloridaWorkers' Compensation Joint Underwriting Association. Mr. Neff has held various positions at the Department of Labor and Employment Security and theDepartment of Insurance for the State of Florida. Mr. Neff previously worked at an insurance consulting group, a multi-line insurance agency and theDepartment of Insurance for the State of Michigan. Mr. Neff holds a B.S. in Mathematics and Accounting from Central Michigan University and an M.A. inActuarial Science from the University of Michigan. Mr. Neff is a Member of the American Academy of Actuaries and an Associate of the Society of Actuaries.Yehuda L. Neuberger, 42, has been a member of our Board of Directors since January 2008. Mr. Neuberger is a private equity investor, investing across abroad spectrum of companies. Mr. Neuberger serves on the board of CUJO LLC, a global artificial intelligence company. Mr. Neuberger also serves in aleadership and board capacity with numerous, large not-for-profit organizations. Between December 2001 and December 2013, Mr. Neuberger held varioussenior leadership positions (including Executive Vice President and Director) at American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC. Prior to joining AmericanStock Transfer, Mr. Neuberger practiced as an attorney with the law firm of Weil, Gotshal & Manges. Mr. Neuberger holds a B.S. from Johns HopkinsUniversity and a J.D. from Harvard Law School. Mr. Neuberger is the son-in-law of George Karfunkel, who is a Founding Shareholder of the Company, as wellas a major shareholder and a director of AmTrust.Steven H. Nigro, 59, has been a member of our Board of Directors since July 2007, Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors since August 2018 and ourLead Independent Director since November 2016, and currently serves as Chairman of the Compensation Committee, a member of the Audit Committee andthe Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Mr. Nigro has over 35 years of experience in financial services and specializes in mergers andacquisitions and capital raising for the insurance industry. In September 2012, Mr. Nigro became the Managing Partner of TAG Financial Institutions Group,LLC, an investment and merchant bank focusing on the financial services industry with specific concentration in the insurance industry. From 2011 to 2012,he was the Managing Director and Head of the Financial Services practice at Allegiance Capital Corporation. In 2005, Mr. Nigro co-founded Pfife HudsonGroup, an investment bank specializing in the insurance industry and previously served as a Managing Director at Rhodes Financial Group, LLC and Hales& Company, both financial advisory firms catering exclusively to the insurance industry. From 1994 to 1998 he was Chief Financial Officer and Treasurerand a Director of Tower Group, Inc., an insurance holding company where he was responsible for financial and regulatory management, strategic planningand corporate finance. Mr. Nigro served as a Director of Clear Blue Financial Holdings, LLC from October 2015 through September 2016 and is currently adirector of AEU Holdings, LLC. Mr. Nigro began his career with Arthur Young and Co. and is a Certified Public Accountant in New York. Mr. Nigrograduated from the University at Albany with a major in Accounting and minor in Economics.Corporate GovernanceBoard IndependenceMessrs. Lyons, Neff and Nigro are “independent directors” under the rules of the NASDAQ Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") and the New York StockExchange ("NYSE"). NASDAQ and the NYSE rules require that a majority of the Board of Directors be independent, and we are in compliance with thisrequirement. The independent directors held separate executive sessions without senior management on at least four occasions in 2018, and neither thechairman, chief executive officer (the "CEO") nor any member of management, at any level, attended any of the executive sessions of the independentdirectors.4Board Meetings and Committees; Attendance at Annual General MeetingThe Board of Directors held nine meetings in 2018. Each director attended at least 75% of the aggregate of the total number of meetings held in 2018 ofthe Board and any committee on which he served. All directors are expected to make every effort to attend the 2019 Annual General Meeting, and eachdirector attended the 2018 Annual General Meeting.Board CommitteesOur Board of Directors has established an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, eachcomprised entirely of independent directors within the meaning of the rules of NASDAQ and NYSE.Audit CommitteeWe have a separately-designated standing Audit Committee. The Audit Committee assists our Board of Directors in monitoring the integrity of ourfinancial statements, the independent auditor's qualifications and independence, performance of our independent auditors and our internal audit function, theestablishment and maintenance of proper internal accounting controls and procedures, the treatment of employees' concerns regarding accounting andauditing matters as reported to our whistleblower hotline, and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The Audit Committee's responsibilitiesalso include appointing (subject to shareholder ratification), reviewing, determining funding for and overseeing our independent auditors and their services.Further, the Audit Committee, to the extent it deems necessary or appropriate, among its several other responsibilities, shall:•review and approve all related party transactions, as well as any subsequent modifications thereto, for actual or potential conflict of interestsituations on an ongoing basis;•review and discuss with appropriate members of our management and the independent auditors our audited financial statements, relatedaccounting and auditing principles, practices and disclosures;•review and discuss our audited annual and unaudited quarterly financial statements prior to the filing of such statements;•establish procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints we receive regarding accounting, internal accounting controls orauditing matters, and the confidential, anonymous submission by employees of concerns regarding our financial statements or accountingpolicies;•review reports from the independent auditors on all critical accounting policies and practices to be used for our financial statements and discusswith the independent auditor the critical accounting policies and practices used in the financial statements;•assist the Enterprise Risk Management Committee in its responsibility for oversight of risk management, including cybersecurity;•obtain reports from our management and internal auditors that we and our subsidiaries are in compliance with the applicable legal requirementsand our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and advise our Board of Directors about these matters; and•monitor the adequacy of our operating and internal controls as reported by management and the independent or internal auditors.We have adopted a policy that requires that all related party transactions be approved by our Audit Committee. In response to an annual questionnaire, werequire directors, director nominees and executive officers to submit a description of any current or proposed related party transaction and provides updatesduring the year. In addition, we will provide the Audit Committee any similar available information with respect to any known transactions with beneficialowners of 5% or more of our voting securities. If management becomes aware of any potential transactions during the year, management presents suchtransactions for approval by the Audit Committee. In the event management becomes aware of any transaction that was not approved under the policy,management will present the transaction to the Audit Committee for its action as soon as reasonably practicable, which may include termination, amendmentor ratification of the transaction. The Audit Committee will approve only those transactions that are in, or are not inconsistent with, the best interests ofMaiden and our shareholders, as is determined in good faith in accordance with its business judgment. Unless otherwise indicated below, each of theserelated party transactions was approved by our Audit Committee.Mr. Neff is the chairman of our Audit Committee and the other members are Messrs. Lyons and Nigro. All the members of the Audit Committee areindependent both under SEC rules and as that term is defined in the listing standards of NASDAQ and NYSE. The Board of Directors has determined thatMessrs. Lyons, Neff and Nigro are “audit committee financial experts.”The Audit Committee has adopted a charter, which is currently available on our website at www.maiden.bm. Information on our website is notincorporated by reference into this report and does not otherwise form a part of this report.During 2018, the Audit Committee met five times.5REPORT OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEEThe Audit Committee has reviewed and discussed the audited consolidated financial statements of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. with management and theindependent auditors for the year ended December 31, 2018. The Audit Committee has discussed with the independent auditors the matters required to bediscussed by the Statement on Auditing Standards No. 1301, as adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board in Rule 3200T.The Audit Committee has received the written disclosures and the letter from the independent auditors required by applicable requirements of the PublicCompany Accounting Oversight Board in Rule 3526 regarding the independent auditors' communications with the Audit Committee concerningindependence. The Audit Committee has discussed with the independent auditors the independent auditors' independence. The independent auditors and theCompany's internal auditors had full access to the Audit Committee, including meetings without management present as needed.Based on the Audit Committee’s review and discussions referred to above, the Audit Committee recommended to the Board of Directors that theCompany's audited consolidated financial statements be included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with theSEC on March 15, 2019.Raymond M. Neff, ChairmanSimcha G. LyonsSteven H. NigroCompensation CommitteeThe Compensation Committee’s responsibilities include, among other responsibilities:•reviewing and approving corporate and individual goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and othernamed executive officers;•evaluating the performance of our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers in light of such corporate and individual goals andobjectives and, based on that evaluation, together with the other independent directors if directed by the Board of Directors, determining the basesalary and bonus of the Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers and reviewing the same on an ongoing basis;•reviewing all related party transactions involving compensatory matters;•establishing and administering equity-based compensation under the Amended and Restated 2007 Share Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) and any otherincentive plans and approving all grants made pursuant to such plans; and•making recommendations to our Board of Directors regarding non-employee director compensation and any equity-based compensation plans.Please refer to the Compensation Discussion and Analysis within this Amended Filing for additional discussion of our policies and procedures fordetermining and establishing executive compensation.Mr. Nigro is the chairman of our Compensation Committee and the other members of our Compensation Committee are Messrs. Neff and Lyons. All themembers of the Compensation Committee are independent both under SEC rules and as that term is defined in the listing standards of NASDAQ and NYSE.The Compensation Committee has adopted a charter. The charter is currently available on our website at www.maiden.bm. Information on our website isnot incorporated by reference into this report and does not otherwise form a part of this report.During 2018, the Compensation Committee met two times.Nominating and Corporate Governance CommitteeThe Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s responsibilities with respect to assisting our Board of Directors include, among otherresponsibilities:•establishing the criteria for membership on our Board of Directors and certain subsidiaries;•reviewing periodically the structure, size and composition of our Board of Directors and making recommendations to the board as to any necessaryadjustments;•identifying individuals qualified to become directors for recommendation to our Board of Directors;•identifying and recommending for appointment to our Board of Directors, directors qualified to fill vacancies on any committee of our Board ofDirectors;•having sole authority to select, retain and terminate any consultant or search firm to identify director candidates and having sole authority toapprove the consultant or search firm’s fees and other retention terms;•considering matters of corporate governance, developing and recommending to the board a set of corporate governance principles and our Code ofBusiness Conduct and Ethics, as well as recommending to the board any modifications thereto;•considering questions of actual or possible conflicts of interest, including related party transactions, of members of our Board of Directors and ofsenior executives of our Company;6•developing and recommending to our Board of Directors for its approval an annual board and committee self-evaluation process to determine theeffectiveness of their functioning; and•exercising oversight of the evaluation of the board, its committees and management.Mr. Lyons is the chairman of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the other members are Messrs. Neff and Nigro. All the membersof the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are independent both under SEC rules and as that term is defined in the listing standards ofNASDAQ and NYSE.In carrying out its function to nominate candidates for election to our Board of Directors, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considersthe mix of skills, experience, character, commitment, and diversity of background, all in the context of the requirements of our Board of Directors at thatpoint in time. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee interprets diversity to include viewpoints, background, expertise, industry knowledgeand geography, as well as more traditional characteristics of diversity, such as race and gender. We believe that the commitment of the Board and theCommittee to greater diversity in its governing committees is demonstrated by the current structure of the Board and the varied skills sets of our directors.The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee believes that each candidate should be an individual who has demonstrated integrity and ethics insuch candidate's personal and professional life, has an understanding of elements relevant to the success of a publicly-traded company and has established arecord of professional accomplishment in such candidate's chosen field. Each candidate should be prepared to participate fully in Board of Directorsactivities, including attendance at, and active participation in, meetings of the Board of Directors, and not have other personal or professional commitmentsthat would, in the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee's judgment, interfere with or limit such candidate's ability to do so. Each candidateshould also be prepared to represent the best interests of all of our shareholders and not just one particular constituency. Additionally, in determining whetherto recommend a director for re-election, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also considers the director's past attendance at Board ofDirectors and committee meetings and participation in and contributions to the activities of our Board of Directors.The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers recommendations for director candidates submitted by shareholders. In order for anindividual recommended by a shareholder to be eligible for election as a director and considered by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committeefor the 2019 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, the Corporate Secretary must receive the shareholder's recommendation pursuant to the requirementsof our bye-laws as will be set forth in our Proxy to be filed later this year.A shareholder recommending an individual for election as a director must provide the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee with thecandidate's name, age, principal occupation or employment, background and relationship with the proposing shareholder, share ownership, a brief statementoutlining the reasons the candidate would be an effective director and information relevant to the considerations described above as well as a statementregarding the individual’s willingness to serve as a director. Shareholders should send the required information to the Corporate Secretary, Ideation House,2nd Floor, 94 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM08, Bermuda. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may require further information. Suchrecommendations must be sent via registered, certified or express mail (or other means that allow the shareholder to determine when the recommendation wasreceived by us). The Corporate Secretary will send any shareholder recommendations to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee forconsideration at a future committee meeting. Individuals recommended by shareholders in accordance with these procedures will receive the sameconsideration as other individuals evaluated by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has adopted a charter. The charter is currently available on our website at www.maiden.bm.Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report and does not otherwise form a part of this report.During 2018, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee met four times.Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and EthicsWe have adopted corporate governance guidelines and a code of business conduct and ethics that apply to all of our directors, officers and employees.These documents will be made available in print, free of charge, to any shareholder requesting a copy in writing to the Corporate Secretary, Maiden Holdings,Ltd., Ideation House, 2nd Floor, 94 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM08 Bermuda. A copy of our Corporate Governance Guidelines and our Code of BusinessConduct and Ethics is available on our website at www.maiden.bm. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report and does nototherwise form a part of this report.Communications with the Board of Directors and Audit CommitteeShareholders and other interested parties may communicate with members of the Board of Directors (either individually or as a body) by addressing thecorrespondence to that individual or body to The Board of Directors, c/o Corporate Secretary, Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Ideation House, 2nd Floor, 94 Pitts BayRoad, Pembroke HM08, Bermuda or by calling (441) 298-4900.Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting ComplianceSection 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires officers, directors and persons who own more than ten (10) percent of a class of equity securities registeredpursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with both the SEC and the principal exchange upon whichsuch securities are traded or quoted. Officers, directors and persons holding greater than ten (10) percent of the outstanding shares of a class of Section 12-registered equity securities (“Reporting Persons”) are also required to furnish copies of any such reports filed pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Exchange Actwith the Company. Based solely on a review of the copies of such forms furnished to the Company and written representations that no other reports wererequired, the Company believes that from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 all but one (Karen Schmitt) Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable toits Reporting Persons were complied with in a timely manner.7Risk Management OversightThe Board of Directors has the ultimate oversight responsibility for the risk management function of the Company. The Company has implemented anenterprise-wide approach to risk management and has established an Enterprise Risk Management Committee (the “ERMC”) which consists of members ofthe Company's executive management. The members of the ERMC include senior executives, including our chief executive officer, chief financialofficer/chief operating officer, chief actuary, chief risk officer, general counsel and senior compliance officer. The ERMC oversees the Company's frameworkfor the identification, assessment, measurement, reporting of and management of exposure to the Company's risk on an enterprise-wide basis. Our AuditCommittee receives a quarterly enterprise risk management overview from executive management, which includes updates on areas includingoperational/strategic risk, financial risk, legal/compliance risk, and emerging risks.The Audit Committee assists the ERMC in its responsibility for oversight of risk management. In particular, the Audit Committee focuses on majorfinancial risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such risks, and discusses with our independent auditor the policiesgoverning the process by which senior management and the various units of the Company assess and manage our financial risk exposure andoperational/strategic risk.The Company has separated the positions of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. This separation enhances Board administration andcommunication, allows for consistent Board leadership and allows the Chief Executive Officer to focus on managing the Company.Risks Related to Compensation Practices and PoliciesOur Compensation Committee has reviewed our material compensation policies and practices applicable to our employees, including our namedexecutive officers, and concluded that these policies and practices do not create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us. OurCompensation Committee assessed the Company's compensation and benefits programs to determine if the programs' provisions and operations createundesired or unintentional risk of a material nature. We do not have any programs where the ability of a participant may directly affect variability of payout.Rather, we support the use of base salary, performance based compensation, and retirement plans that are generally uniform in design and operationthroughout the Company and with all levels of employees.Based on the foregoing, we believe that our compensation policies and practices do not create inappropriate or unintended significant risk to theCompany as a whole. We also believe that our incentive compensation arrangements provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond ourCompany's ability to effectively identify and manage significant risks, are compatible with our effective internal controls and our risk management practices,and are supported by the oversight and administration of the Compensation Committee with regard to executive compensation programs.Executive OfficersThe table below sets forth the names, ages and positions of our executive officers (who are also our named executive officers ("NEOs")) as of the date ofthis Amended Filing:Name Age Position(s)Lawrence F. Metz 46 President and Chief Executive OfficerPatrick J. Haveron 57 Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating OfficerWilliam Jarman 44 Senior Vice President, Chief ActuaryDenis M. Butkovic 46 Senior Vice President, General Counsel and SecretaryMichael Haines 63 Senior Vice President - FinanceSet forth below are descriptions of the backgrounds of each of our NEOs.Lawrence F. Metz, President and Chief Executive Officer, has served in that role since September 2018. He previously served as Executive Vice President,General Counsel and Secretary since February 2016, and as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from June 2009 to February 2016. Mr. Metzis also a director of several of our wholly owned subsidiaries. From 2007 to 2009, Mr. Metz served as Vice President, General Counsel - US Operations andAssistant Secretary of AmTrust. From 2004 to 2007, Mr. Metz served as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of a publicly-traded provider ofinformation management and business process optimization solutions. Mr. Metz holds a B.S. from the University of Wisconsin - Madison and a J.D. fromFordham University School of Law. Mr. Metz serves on the Board of Overseers of the RAND Institute for Civil Justice, and formerly served as the Chair andVice Chair of the Legal Subcommittee of the Legal and Government Affairs Committee of the Property Casualty Insurers Association of America, and alsoformerly served on the Board of Advisors of the RAND Center for Corporate Ethics and Governance.Patrick J. Haveron, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, has served in that role since September 2018, and hadserved as President of our wholly owned subsidiary Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. since February 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Haveron was an Executive VicePresident and had served in that role since November 2009. Mr. Haveron is also a director of several of our wholly owned subsidiaries. From 2004 to 2009,Mr. Haveron was President and Chief Executive Officer of Preserver Group, Inc., a publicly-traded property and casualty insurer, after having served in avariety of financial and executive leadership roles since 1988. Mr. Haveron was also Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Tower Group, Inc.,a publicly-traded property and casualty insurer, from 2007 to 2009 after its acquisition of Preserver in 2007. Mr. Haveron has previously served on the boardof governors of the Property Casualty Insurers Association of America, and holds a B.S. from the University of Scranton.8William Jarman, Senior Vice President and Chief Actuary, has served in that role since November 2012. Mr. Jarman previously served as Vice President -Managing Actuary from 2009 to 2012 and as Assistant Vice President - Pricing Actuary from 2004 to 2009. Mr. Jarman served in a variety of actuarial rolesfor AIG, Cigna Property and Casualty, and Prudential Property and Casualty since 1996. Mr. Jarman previously served in actuarial roles with AmericanInternational Insurance Company from 1999 to 2004; CIGNA Property and Casualty Insurance Company from 1997 to 1999; and Prudential Property andCasualty Insurance Company from 1996 to 1997. Mr. Jarman is a Fellow of the Casualty Actuarial Society and a member of the American Academy ofActuaries. Mr. Jarman holds a B.S. in Actuarial Science from Pennsylvania State University.Denis M. Butkovic, Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, has served in that role since October 2018. Mr. Butkovic is also a director ofseveral of our wholly owned subsidiaries. From 2016 to 2018, Mr. Butkovic was Director of Business Development, M&A for Bristol-Myers Squibb. From2004 to 2016 he served several positions for American International Group, Inc. (AIG), including Deputy General Counsel, Global Lead Attorney for thecompany’s property and casualty companies and operations from 2011 to 2016. Additional positions with AIG included Associate General Counsel, LeadCorporate Attorney U.S./Canada from 2007 to 2011 and Assistant General Counsel, Mergers and Acquisitions from 2004 to 2007. Mr. Butkovic heldcorporate associate positions with Kirkland & Ellis from 2000 to 2004 and with Stroock & Stroock & Lavan, LLP from 1998 to 2000. Mr. Butkovic holds aB.A. in Economics and Political Science from the University of Michigan and a J.D. from Fordham University School of Law, and is a member of the NewYork State Bar Association.Michael Haines, Senior Vice President, Finance, has served in that role since January 2019. From 2012 to 2018, Mr. Haines served as Senior VicePresident and Chief Financial Officer for Financial Guaranty Insurance Company. From 2005 to 2011, Mr. Haines served as Managing Vice President andChief Accounting Officer for Tower Group Companies and as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for its predecessor company, Preserver Group.From 1992 to 2005, Mr. Haines was employed by Amalgamated Life Insurance Company, serving as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from1998 to 2005. Mr. Haines began his career with Ernst & Young from 1988 to 1992. Mr. Haines is a Certified Public Accountant, a Fellow of the CharteredAccountants in England and Wales and a Chartered Global Management Accountant. He received his BA (Hons) from Hatfield, England with a degree inBusiness Studies and a major in Accountancy.Retired Executive OfficersTwo of our executive officers announced their retirements during 2018. Our former President and Chief Executive Officer (“Retired CEO”) Arturo M.Raschbaum announced his retirement on August 9, 2018, which became effective on September 1, 2018. Our former Chief Financial Officer (“Retired CFO”)Karen Schmitt’s retirement became effective March 1, 2019. Due to the requirements of the disclosure rules, both Mr. Raschbaum’s and Ms. Schmitt’scompensation is disclosed in the Summary Compensation Table and other related tables.9ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATIONCOMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSISThe material elements of our executive compensation philosophy, strategy and plans covering our NEOs are discussed below. The CompensationCommittee is responsible for establishing, implementing and monitoring our compensation programs, philosophy and objectives.OverviewThe objectives of our executive compensation philosophy are to retain those executives whom we believe will be essential to our growth, to attract othertalented and dedicated executives and to motivate each of our executives to develop our overall profitability and drive shareholder value. To achieve thesegoals, we intend to offer each executive an overall compensation package that is competitive, and a substantial portion of which will be tied to theachievement of specific performance objectives. Our overall strategy is to compensate our NEOs with a mix of cash compensation, in the form of base salaryand bonus, and equity compensation, in the form of share options, restricted share and restricted share unit awards.Our Compensation Committee is responsible for establishing the compensation of the Company’s NEOs. The CEO and CFO/COO participate in thereview and refinement of our executive compensation program. The CEO and CFO/COO meet with the Compensation Committee to discuss compensationpackages for the other NEOs and senior managers and to review the performance of the Company and each executive, other than themselves, and makerecommendations with respect to the appropriate base salary, annual cash bonus and grants of long-term equity incentive awards. After considering theserecommendations and other relevant considerations, the Compensation Committee determines the annual compensation package for each executive. TheCompensation Committee, with input from the independent members of our Board of Directors, evaluates the performance of our CEO and CFO/COO todetermine their appropriate compensation package. In setting annual compensation packages, the Compensation Committee was assisted by its independentcompensation consultant who provided advice on market pay practices, pay design and mix and market pay levels.For analysis and determination of 2018 compensation, the Company, and separately the Compensation Committee, utilized industry proxy competitiveexecutive compensation data provided by our compensation consultant (Mercer) during 2017 as well as the reinsurance industry surveys of Willis TowersWatson Data Services, Property and Casualty Reinsurance Compensation Survey and the PWC Bermuda International Business Compensation Survey for theInsurance and Reinsurance Industry to analyze the competitive compensation elements of base salary, long term and annual incentives, total directcompensation and Bermuda benefits for our named executive officers and other company executives. Industry proxy peers selected and analyzed were basedupon company mission, assets and percentage of premium categorized as reinsurance. Peers benchmarked for 2018 compensation analysis included: EverestRe Group, Ltd., Axis Capital Holdings, Ltd., Renaissance Re Holdings, Ltd., Aspen Insurance Holdings, Validus Holdings, Ltd., Argo Group InternationalHoldings, Ltd., Third Point Reinsurance Ltd., Greenlight Capital Re Ltd. Reinsurance Group of American, Inc., Markel Corporation and AlleghanyCorporation. Our compensation philosophy is to target the executive compensation elements of base salary and incentives at 50th percentile/median ofindustry.Executive CompensationWe believe that our NEOs’ overall compensation packages are market competitive and include reasonable pay elements that align the interests of ourNEOs with those of our shareholders and are tied to the achievement of our business plan. Our executive compensation packages include both fixed andvariable elements. Described below is each element of our NEOs compensation packages.Fixed CompensationSalary. The Company provides a competitive-level of base salaries to our NEOs for performance of day-to-day services. Each year, the CompensationCommittee reviews each NEO’s base salary to determine whether an adjustment is warranted or required. In determining base salaries for our NEOs, theCommittee considers a number of factors, including:•Competitive market data derived from our compensation peer group and compensation surveys;•Past individual performance;•Past Company performance;•Internal pay equity;•Recommendations of Messrs. Metz and Haveron;•Feedback from each independent director on the Board of Directors; and•Advice from our independent compensation consultant.Upon their respective appointments in September 2018 to President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer/Chief Operating Officer, thebase salary of Mr. Metz was increased from $461,900 to $725,000, and the base salary of Mr. Haveron was increased from $520,000 to $600,000.Variable CompensationAnnual Bonus Plan. Historically, payouts under our annual bonus plan were based upon achieved performance against pre-determined performance goals.However, for the 2018 performance year, the Compensation Committee determined that performance metrics set at the beginning of the year were no longervalid due to the substantial changes the Company underwent10during 2018 as a result of the Strategic Review initiated by our Board. Therefore, the Compensation Committee determined that 2018 annual bonus payoutswould be made in its sole discretion, taking into account individual and corporate performance.Determination of 2018 Cash Bonus Payouts to our CEO and CFO/COOThe Compensation Committee determined the CEO’s and CFO/COO’s 2018 annual bonus payout by taking into account the CEO's and CFO/COO’scritical management and leadership accomplishments and their effectiveness in the following:•Managing the Company's overall business and operating strategy;•Successfully leading the Strategic Review process via a series of the following transformational transactions to improve the solvency of theCompany, simplify the organizational structure of the Company and cure the ECR breach and position the Company for improved results in 2019and beyond including the following:◦Renewal Rights Agreement with Transatlantic Reinsurance Company;◦Sale of Maiden Reinsurance North America, Inc. to Enstar Holdings (US) LLC;◦Sale of U.S. casualty facultative reinsurance team to Sompo Group;◦Sale of AVS Automotive Versicherungs Service GmbH and related European subsidiaries to Allianz Partners, including a three-year quota sharereinsurance agreement with Allianz;◦Sale of Maiden Russia;◦Negotiating the partial termination of the AmTrust Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement on a cut-off basis effective January 1, 2019 and thennegotiating the ultimate termination of both the remaining AmTrust Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement and European Hospital LiabilityQuota Share Agreement on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2019; and◦Negotiating Master Transaction Agreements with Enstar to protect the Company’s loss reserve position and strengthen and stabilize its capitalposition and solvency ratios.•Maintaining an effective working relationship and improving communication with the Board of Directors;•Reducing operating expenses by more than $50 million on an annualized basis; and•Enhancing the risk management framework for the Company.As a result of the foregoing accomplishments in 2018 and in early 2019, the Compensation Committee approved a cash bonus of $250,000 for each ofMessrs. Metz and Haveron.Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation. Long-term equity incentive compensation is designed to increase shareholder value, align the interests ofour NEOs with those of our stockholders, and encourage retention of our NEOs over a sustained time period. We have designed our pay arrangements suchthat a majority of our CEO’s and a significant portion of our other NEOs’ total target compensation is comprised of long-term equity awards. This emphasison long-term incentives reflects our desire to reward our NEOs for effective long-term management decisions that drive shareholder value and provide ourNEOs the opportunity to accumulate a meaningful ownership position in the Company.The Compensation Committee set each NEO’s long-term incentive target value based on a number of factors, including internal pay equityconsiderations, peer group pay practices, advice from the compensation consultant and the NEO’s scope of duties and responsibilities, tenure, experience,and performance expectations. Generally, the Compensation Committee sets each NEO’s long-term equity awards target value at median of our peer group,subject to adjustment to reflect the foregoing factors.For each NEO (other than the Retired CEO), the number of PSUs that may be earned is based on achieved performance against two equally weightedperformance metrics (individual performance goals and corporate performance goals). The number of performance shares earned can range from 0% to 200%of target. Earned performance shares are settled in a like number of shares of common stock following the completion of the performance period. Thedescriptions and tables below show the Compensation Committee previously approved corporate performance goals and each goal's respective weight:2018-2020 PSU Grants (excluding Retired CEO)Each NEO’s long-term target value was awarded in the form of performance share units (“PSUs") on February 19, 2018. The number of shares (at targetperformance) subject to each PSU grant was determined by dividing the grant’s target value by the Company’s closing share price on the date of grant.However, due to substantial changes to the Company’s structure during 2018, the Compensation Committee determined that the performance metrics setat the beginning of 2018 were no longer appropriate given these changes. Therefore, the Compensation Committee determined it would be appropriate toterminate and settle the 2018-2020 PSUs as of December 31, 2018 based on achieved performance through the end of the truncated performance period andprorated to reflect the portion of the performance period that had elapsed through December 31, 2018. During that period, the Company did not achievethreshold performance with respect to the first three performance measures listed in the above table. The Company did achieve performance above thresholdbut below target performance goal for Expense Efficiency Ratio (i.e., 3.47%), which resulted in a payout equal to 7.66% of each NEO’s target number ofperformance shares, subject to proration.11Business Performance Metric Weight 2018-20 Target 2018-20 Actual as %of Target (1 yearperformance) 2018-20 CalculatedPayoutOROE 40.00% 15.00% —% —%Combined Ratio 30.00% 99.00% —% —%Revenue Growth 20.00% 10.00% —% —%Operating Expenses 10.00% 2.81% 76.63% 7.66%Total 100.00% 7.66%2017-2019 PSU GrantsFor the same reasons that the 2018-2020 PSU grants were terminated and settled at the end of 2018, the Compensation Committee approved thetermination and settlement of the 2017-2019 PSUs based on actual performance through the end of the truncated performance period and prorated to reflectthe portion of the performance period that had elapsed through December 31, 2018. The table below shows the Compensation Committee approved corporateperformance goals, each goal's respective weight, achieved performance against the performance goals and the percentage of target earned:Business Performance Metric Weight 2017-19 Target 2017-19 Actual as % ofTarget (average 2 yearperformance) 2017-19 CalculatedPayoutOROE 40.00% 14.50% —% —%Combined Ratio 30.00% 99.00% —% —%Revenue Growth 20.00% 10.00% 29.50% 5.90%Operating Expenses 10.00% 2.75% 91.51% 9.15%Total 100.00% 15.05%2016-2018 PSU GrantsWith respect to the 2016-2018 PSU grants, the table below shows the Compensation Committee approved corporate performance goals, each goal'srespective weight, achieved performance against the performance goals and the percentage of target earned:Business Performance Metric Weight 2016-18 Target 2016-18 Actual as % ofTarget 2016-18 CalculatedPayoutOROE 40.00% 13.00% 4.10% 1.64%Combined Ratio 30.00% 97.50% —% —%Revenue Growth 20.00% 10.00% 40.67% 8.13%Operating Expenses 10.00% 2.65% 92.24% 9.22%Total 100.00% 18.99%With this final settlement, a total of 106,278 common shares were issued to a total of eight employees, which included the CEO, CFO/COO and othersenior leaders in March 2019.Promotion AwardsDuring 2018, the Compensation Committee approved the following promotion awards:•On August 8, 2018, the grant of restricted shares, with a grant date fair value of $1,000,000, to Mr. Metz in recognition of his appointment to theposition of President and CEO. These restricted shares vest one-third on each anniversary of the grant date.•On November 6, 2018, the grant of restricted shares, with a grant date fair value of $405,965, to Mr. Haveron in recognition of his appointment to theposition of CFO/COO. These restricted shares vest one-third on each anniversary of the grant date.Other Compensation and BenefitsBenefits. The Company provides a competitive level of benefits to our employees, including our NEOs, in the form of life insurance coverage, 401(k)retirement plan, health care coverage and disability benefits. These health and welfare plans help ensure that the Company has a productive and focusedworkforce through reliable and competitive health and other benefits. The Company does not provide our NEOs with supplemental health care, disability orretirement benefits.Perquisites. The Company provides limited perquisites to our NEOs, such as supplemental life insurance coverage, car allowance and executive physical.In addition, NEOs who reside and/or work in Bermuda receive allowances for housing/accommodations, commuting and tax gross-ups. These type ofperquisites are commonly provided to executive officers who reside overseas as expatriates.12Change in Control and Severance Arrangements. We do not maintain change in control agreements with any of our named executive officers. We do notprovide any severance benefits other than as may be provided in an executive's employment agreement.At our 2018 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, based on the response we received from our shareholders on the advisory votes regarding thecompensation of our named executive officers and the frequency of voting on executive compensation (95.3% of the Company's shareholders voted in favor),the Board intends to continue its current compensation practices which link executive pay to Company performance and hold advisory votes on executivecompensation every year.COMPENSATION COMMITTEE REPORTThe Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis with executive management. Based on its review,the Compensation Committee recommended to the Board of Directors that the Compensation Discussion and Analysis be included in this Amended Filing.Steven H. Nigro, ChairmanSimcha G. LyonsRaymond M. Neff132018 SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLEName and PrincipalPosition Year Salary Bonus(1) Stock Awards OptionAwards Non-EquityIncentive PlanCompensation(2) All OtherCompensation TotalLawrence F. MetzPresident and ChiefExecutive, MaidenHoldings, Ltd. 2018 $547,913 $250,000 $1,230,950(3) $— $— $22,158(4) $2,051,021 2017 $461,900 $— $230,950(5) $— $150,000 $14,500(4) $857,350 2016 $461,900 $— $230,950(5) $— $83,165 $14,202(4) $790,217Patrick J. HaveronChief Financial Officer& Chief OperatingOfficer, MaidenHoldings, Ltd. andPresident, MaidenReinsurance Ltd. 2018 $543,600 $250,000 $665,965(7) $— $— $284,101(6) $1,743,666 2017 $501,600 $— $250,800(5) $— $117,563 $241,120(8) $1,111,083 2016 $501,600 $— $250,800(5) $— $104,207 $268,390(8) $1,124,997Arturo M. RaschbaumFormer President andChief ExecutiveOfficer, MaidenHoldings, Ltd. 2018 $670,833 $250,000 $— $— $— $2,333,661(9) $3,254,494 2017 $1,000,000 $250,000 $— $— $— $201,754(10) $1,451,754 2016 $1,000,000 $460,000 $1,000,000(11) $— $— $217,423(10) $2,677,423Karen L. SchmittExecutive VicePresident - Financeand Former ChiefFinancial Officer,Maiden Holdings, Ltd. 2018 $600,000 $— $390,000(12) $— $— $2,314,764(13) $3,304,764 2017 $600,000 $— $390,000(5) $— $187,500 $329,237(8) $1,506,737 2016 $600,000 $— $390,000(5) $— $174,510 $338,560(8) $1,503,070Thomas H. HighetFormer President,Maiden ReinsuranceNorth America(formerly ownedsubsidiary) 2018 $309,423 $— $235,000(12) $— $— $11,375(14) $555,798 2017 $450,000 $— $225,000(5) $— $84,375 $12,391(15) $771,766 2016 $450,000 $— $225,000(5) $— $70,116 $12,391(15) $757,50714(1)Amount shown reflects discretionary cash awards for Executive's performance during that year granted in the first quarter of the following year.(2)Represents cash awards earned for performance in accordance with the Annual Incentive Plan and reported in the Compensation and Management Discussion.(3)Represents the aggregate grant date fair market value of performance based restricted share unit awards granted to the named executive officer as determined inaccordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic No. 718, "Compensation Stock Discussion," using the assumptions described in Note 14 to the FinancialStatements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. The value of the performance based restricted shares at grant date fair market value inFebruary 2018 was $230,950, but this grant was partially paid out in March 2019 and was retired. At the discretion of the Compensation Committee in August 2018,Mr. Metz was granted 135,135 restricted shares subject to a three year vesting with one third vested on the first anniversary of the grant date, one third on the secondanniversary of the grant date and the remaining on the third anniversary of the grant date. The restricted shares were awarded with voting and dividend rights. Thevalue of the restricted shares at grant date fair market value for Mr. Metz was $1,000,000.(4)Amount shown reflects payments related to life insurance, car allowance and executive physical.(5)Represents the aggregate grant date fair market value of performance based restricted share unit awards granted to the named executive officer as determined inaccordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic No. 718, "Compensation Stock Discussion," using the assumptions described in Note 15 to the FinancialStatements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019. The value of the performance based restricted shares at grant date fairmarket value for Ms. Schmitt was $390,000, Mr. Haveron was $250,800, Mr. Metz was $230,950 and Mr. Highet was $225,000. At maximum plan performance, theperformance based restricted share units would be estimated at 200% value of the grant date fair market value variable to the fair market value of common shares as ofthe settlement date. For the February 2017 grant, Messrs. Metz and Haveron received partial payouts and more fully described in this Amended Filing and was retired.For the February 2016 grant, Messrs. Metz and Haveron received payouts and more fully described in this Amended Filing.(6)Amount shown reflects the costs related to commuting to our office in Bermuda and related lodging expenses, car allowance, tax equalization, life insurance, andBermuda Social Insurance.(7)Represents the aggregate grant date fair market value of performance based restricted share unit awards granted to the named executive officer as determined inaccordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic No. 718, "Compensation Stock Discussion," using the assumptions described in Note 15 to the FinancialStatements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019. The value of the performance based restricted shares at grant date fairmarket value in February 2018 was $260,000, but this grant was partially paid out in March 2019 and was retired. At maximum plan performance, the performancebased restricted share units would be estimated at 200% value of the grant date fair market value variable to the fair market value of common shares as of the settlementdate. At the discretion of the Compensation Committee in November 2018, Mr. Haveron was granted 111,836 restricted shares subject to a three year vesting with onethird vested on the first anniversary of the grant date, one third on the second anniversary of the grant date and the remaining on the third anniversary of the grant date.The restricted shares were awarded with voting and dividend rights. The value of the restricted shares at grant date fair market value for Mr. Haveron was $405,965.(8)Amount shown reflects the costs related to commuting to our office in Bermuda and related lodging expenses, car allowance, tax equalization, life insurance andBermuda social insurance.(9)Mr. Raschbaum retired from his position as President and Chief Executive Officer on September 1, 2018. On September 30, 2018, Mr. Raschbaum signed a separationagreement with Maiden Holdings, Ltd, agreeing to forfeit any of his remaining outstanding equity in exchange for a release payment of $2,200,000 which he receivedin the fourth quarter of 2018. Amount shown reflects this payment as well as costs related to commuting to our office in Bermuda and associated lodging expenses, taxequalization, life insurance, and Bermuda social insurance.(10)Amount shown reflects payments related to the costs of commuting to our office in Bermuda and associated lodging expenses, tax equalization, life insurance, andBermuda social insurance.(11)Amount shown reflects the grant date fair market value of restricted share units granted to Mr. Raschbaum. The restricted share units vest one third on the firstanniversary of the grant date, one third on the second anniversary of the grant date and one third on the third anniversary of the grant date. See footnote 9 above.(12)Represents the aggregate grant date fair market value of performance based restricted share unit awards granted to the named executive officer as determined inaccordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic No. 718, "Compensation Stock Discussion," using the assumptions described in Note 15 to the FinancialStatements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019. The value of the performance based restricted shares at grant date fairmarket value for Ms. Schmitt was $390,000 and Mr. Highet was $235,000. At maximum plan performance, the performance based restricted share units would beestimated at 200% value of the grant date fair market value variable to the fair market value of common shares as of the settlement date. Per her settlement agreement,Ms. Schmitt forfeited her outstanding grants of restricted share units. Mr. Highet resigned from the Company on August 29, 2018 and thus forfeited his outstandinggrants of restricted share units.(13)Ms. Schmitt retired from her position as Chief Financial Officer effective September 1, 2018 with a retirement date of March 1, 2019 under her new position asExecutive Vice President - Finance. Ms. Schmitt signed a separation agreement with Maiden Holdings, Ltd. for which she received a payment of $2,000,000 on August31, 2018 and another payment for $1,325,000 in March 2019 subsequent to her retirement from the Company on March 1, 2019. Amount shown reflects the thirdquarter 2018 payment only as well as payments related to commuting to our office in Bermuda and related lodging expenses, car allowance, tax equalization, lifeinsurance and Bermuda social insurance.(14)Amount shown reflects payments related to life insurance, car allowance and executive physical.(15)Amount shown reflects payments related to life insurance and car allowance.15GRANTS OF PLAN-BASED AWARDS IN 2018 Estimated Future Payouts UnderEquity Incentive Plan Awards All Other StockAwards: Name Grant Date Target(1)Maximum (#) Number of Sharesof Stock Units andRestricted Shares(#) Grant Date FairValue of StockAwards (2)Lawrence F. Metz February 19, 2018 32,07664,152 135,135 $1,230,950Patrick J. Haveron February 19, 2018 36,11172,222 111,836 $665,965Arturo M. Raschbaum February 19, 2018 —— — $—Karen L. Schmitt February 19, 2018 54,167108,334 — $390,000Thomas H. Highet February 19, 2018 32,63965,278 — $235,000(1)Represents target grant of performance restricted share units for the 2018-2020 Long Term Incentive Plan (LTIP). The LTIP was retired at the end of 2018 and this grant,in addition to the 2017-2019 cycle performance restricted share unit grants were vested for settlement in 2019 based on the pro-rated performance through 2018 and apartial portion of the original target for Mr. Metz and Mr. Haveron. Mr. Highet, who resigned on August 27, 2018, and Ms. Schmitt who retired on March 1, 2019 haveforfeited their grants. For Mr. Metz, this represents $230,950 granted under the LTIP, for Mr. Haveron this represents $260,000 granted under the LTIP though thesewere partially paid out as more fully described in this Amended Filing.(2)Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of option awards, restricted shares and performance restricted share unit awards granted to our named executive officers asdetermined in accordance with ASC 718 using the assumptions described in the "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Note 15. Share Compensation andPension Plans" included under Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,2018.Employment AgreementsLawrence F. Metz, Patrick J. Haveron and William JarmanWe have entered into employment agreements for three year terms for Mr. Metz and Mr. Haveron effective November 11, 2011 and Mr. Jarman effectiveNovember 1, 2017. Each employment agreement is virtually the same for these three individuals except for salary and title. Below is a summary of the keyterms of these employment agreements. We do not currently maintain key man life insurance policies with respect to any of our senior management.Messrs. Metz’s and Haveron’s agreements automatically renewed for three additional years in 2017 and were extended for one additional year throughNovember 1, 2021. Mr. Jarman’s agreement will expire on October 31, 2020 unless terminated earlier pursuant to the terms of the employment agreement.The employment agreements will automatically renew for successive three year periods unless the Company or the respective employee provide 90 days'notice of its or his/her intention not to renew the employment agreement. Messrs. Metz, Haveron and Jarman receive housing and/or accommodationallowances and commuting allowances regarding their working time in Bermuda.Under the employment agreements, we are able to terminate each executive's employment at any time for “cause” and, upon such an event, we will haveno further compensation or benefit obligation to such executive after the date of termination. Cause is defined in the agreement as (i) a material breach of theemployment agreement by the executive, but only if such breach is not cured within 30 days following written notice by the Company to the executive ofsuch breach, assuming such breach may be cured; (ii) conviction of any act or course of conduct involving moral turpitude; or (iii) engagement in any willfulact or willful course of conduct constituting an abuse of office or authority that significantly and adversely affects our business or reputation. No act, failureto act or course of conduct on the executive's part will be considered willful unless done, or omitted to be done, by him not in good faith and withoutreasonable belief that his action, omission or course of conduct was in our best interests.Under the employment agreements, the executives have agreed to keep confidential all information regarding the Company received during the term ofemployment and thereafter. Each executive also agreed that during the term of employment and for a two-year period beginning upon termination of theemployment, he or she will not solicit any of our customers with whom he had dealings or senior employees or solicit any entity that he knows has beencontacted by us regarding a possible acquisition by us for purposes of acquiring that entity. Each executive has also agreed to a non-compete provision ofone year from the date of termination of the agreement, and a non-solicitation of clients and employees for two years from the date of termination of theagreement.16OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR-END 2018The following table sets forth the option and stock awards held by the named executive officers as of December 31, 2018: Option Awards Share AwardsName Number ofSecuritiesUnderlyingUnexercisedOptions (#)Exercisable (1) OptionExercise Price OptionExpiration Date Number ofShares or Unitsof Stock ThatHave NotVestedUnexercised Market Value ofShares or Unitsof Stock ThatHave NotVested (2) Equity IncentivePlan Awards:Number ofUnearnedShares, Units orOther RightsThat Have NotVested (#) Equity IncentivePlan Awards:Market orPayout Value ofUnearnedShares, Units orOther RightsThat Have NotVested (3)Lawrence F. Metz 8,000 $5.11 6/1/2019 135,135 $1,000,000 17,549(4) $28,956 50,000 $7.25 3/4/2020 13,788(4) $22,750 32,076(4) $52,925Patrick J. Haveron 30,000 $7.25 3/4/2020 111,836 $405,965 19,058(4) $31,446 14,973(4) $24,705 36,111(4) $59,583Arturo M. Raschbaum —(5)$— —(6) Karen L. Schmitt 32,200 $4.45 2/24/2019 (7) 50,000 $7.25 3/4/2020 (7) Thomas H. Highet — $— (8) (1)Under the Plan, 25% of the options will become exercisable on the first anniversary of the grant date, with an additional 6.25% of the options vesting each quarter thereafterbased on the executive's continued employment over a four-year period.(2)These restricted shares granted shall vest one-third annually on the each anniversary of the grant date over a three-year period. The restricted shares have both dividend andvoting rights.(3)To calculate the value in this column, the closing price of the Company's stock as per NASDAQ on December 31, 2018 of $1.65 was used.(4)These restricted share units shall vest based upon the achievement of certain performance criteria relating to return on equity, combined ratio, revenue growth and operatingexpense during the respective performance period assigned to such grants (usually three years). The target award listed in this column represents 100% of the target award, and0% to 200% of such target award may vest depending upon the degree to which the performance targets are met. The LTIP was retired at the end of 2018 and this grant, inaddition to the 2017-2019 and 2018-2020 cycle performance restricted share unit grants were vested for settlement in 2019 based on the pro-rated performance through 2018and a partial portion of the original target for Mr. Metz and Mr. Haveron. Mr. Highet, who resigned on August 27, 2019, and Ms. Schmitt who retired on March 1, 2019 haveforfeited their grants under the LTIP. For Mr. Metz, this represents $230,950 granted under the LTIP and for Mr. Haveron this represents $260,000 granted under the LTIP.(5)Mr. Raschbaum retired from his position as President and Chief Executive Officer effective September 1, 2018. On September 30, 2018, Mr. Raschbaum signed a separationagreement with Maiden Holdings, Ltd, in which he agreed to forfeit his remaining outstanding equity in exchange for a release payment of $2,200,000 that he received in thefourth quarter 2018. Mr. Raschbaum’s remaining outstanding equity that he forfeited included: 229,514 vested unexercised share options granted at $3.28 with an expirationdate of November 12, 2018; 333,333 vested unexercised share options granted at $7.25 with an expiration date of November 12, 2019; and 333,333 vested unexercised shareoptions granted at $7.85 with an expiration date of November 12, 2020.(6)In accordance with Mr. Raschbaum’s separation agreement entered into on September 30, 2018, he forfeited 25,330 non-performance restricted stock units that were scheduledto vest on February 15, 2019.(7)Ms. Schmitt retired from the Company on March 1, 2019. Upon her retirement, Ms. Schmitt forfeited the following three target grants of restricted share units: 29,635, 23,284and 54,167. These restricted share units were to vest based upon the achievement of certain performance criteria relating to return on equity, combined ratio, revenue growthand operating expense during the respective performance period assigned to such grant (usually three years). The target grants listed above represent 100% of the target award,and 0% to 200% of such target awards could have vested depending upon the degree to which the performance targets were met.(8)Mr. Highet resigned from the Company on August 29, 2018 upon the completion of the renewal rights transaction with TransAtlantic Reinsurance. Upon his resignation, Mr.Highet forfeited the following three target grants of restricted share units: 17,097, 13,433 and 32,639. These restricted share units were to vest based upon the achievement ofcertain performance criteria relating to return on equity, combined ratio, revenue growth and operating expense during the respective performance period assigned to suchgrants (usually three years). The target grants listed above represent 100% of the target award, and 0% to 200% of such target awards could have vested depending upon thedegree to which the performance targets were met.17OPTION EXERCISES AND STOCK VESTED IN 2018With respect to our named executive officers, this table shows the stock options exercised by such officers during 2018 (disclosed under the “OptionAwards” columns). The dollar value reflects the total pre-tax value realized by such officers, not the grant-date fair value or recognized compensationexpense disclosed elsewhere in this Amended Filing. Value from these option exercises were only realized to the extent our stock price increased relative tothe stock price at grant (exercise price). This table also shows the stock awards paid out under the grants made by the Compensation Committee in February2018. Option Awards Stock AwardsName Number of SharesAcquired onExercise Value Realized onExercise Number of SharesAcquired on Vesting Value Realized onVestingLawrence F. Metz — $— 6,191(1) Arturo M. Raschbaum — $— — Karen L. Schmitt — $— 24,704 Patrick J. Haveron — $— 15,793 Thomas H. Highet — $— 7,484(2) (1) Does not include an additional 3,226 common share disposition resulting from withholding of securities for the payment of tax liability.(2) Does not include an additional3,845 common share disposition resulting from withholding of securities for the payment of tax liability.CEO Pay Ratio. We are providing the following information about the relationship of the annual total compensation of our employees and the annualtotal compensation of our CEO. For 2018, our last completed fiscal year:•the median of the annual total compensation of all employees of our company (other than our CEO) was $154,156, and•the annual total compensation of our CEO, as reported in the Summary Compensation Table included on page 14 of this Amended Filing, was$2,051,021.Based on this information for fiscal year 2018, we reasonably estimate that the ratio of our CEO’s annual total compensation to the annual totalcompensation of our median employee was 13.3:1. Our pay ratio estimate has been calculated in a manner consistent with Item 402(u) of Regulation S-Kusing the data and assumptions summarized below.To identify our median employee, we first determined our employee population as of December 31, 2018 (the “Determination Date”). We had 86employees, representing all full-time, part-time, seasonal and temporary employees as of the Determination Date. This number does not include any employeeidentified as operating in countries for which data privacy restrictions apply nor independent contractors or “leased” workers, as permitted by the applicableSEC rules.We then measured the employee population’s total target cash compensation for the period beginning on January 1, 2018 and ending on December 31,2018. This compensation measurement was calculated by totaling, for each employee, his or her base salary and target annual cash incentive award for 2018.We annualized compensation for any employees who were employed for less than the full fiscal year, but we did not annualize the compensation foremployees in temporary or seasonal positions.Once we identified our median employee, we then determined that employee’s total compensation, including any perquisites and other benefits, in thesame manner that we determine the total compensation of our named executive officers for purposes of the Summary Compensation Table disclosed above.For 2018, the total compensation of our median employee was determined to be $135,177. This total compensation amount for our median employee wasthen compared to the 2018 total compensation of our CEO as reported in the Summary Compensation Table to determine the pay ratio.Given the different methodologies that various public companies will use to determine their pay ratio, the pay ratio disclosed above should not be used asa basis for comparison between or among companies.PENSION BENEFITS AND NON-QUALIFIED DEFERRED COMPENSATIONWe do not have any qualified or non-qualified defined benefit plans.POTENTIAL PAYMENTS UPON TERMINATION OR CHANGE-IN-CONTROLWe do not maintain change in control agreements with any of our named executive officers and none of our equity awards vest upon a change in controlof the Company. We do not provide for severance benefits for any of our named executive officers.18DIRECTOR COMPENSATION FOR 2018In 2018, we paid an annual cash retainer of $100,000 to each non-employee director of the Company. We also reimbursed our directors for reasonableexpenses they incur in attending meetings of the Board of Directors or any of its committees. Directors may also be eligible in the future for awards under thePlan. Employee directors received no compensation for service on the Board of Directors or any board committee. For his service as Lead IndependentDirector, Mr. Nigro received an additional annual cash retainer of $20,000.It is our intention that annually, on or around June 1, each non-employee director will receive a grant of 6,000 restricted share units which will vest on thefirst anniversary of the grant. Each non-employee director received a grant of 6,000 restricted share units on June 1, 2018. For his service as Lead IndependentDirector, Mr. Nigro received an additional annual grant of 1,000 restricted share units.Mr. Zyskind has never accepted a retainer, any Board of Directors or committee fees or any options or other equity-based awards for his service as non-executive Chairman of our Board of Directors.The following table provides the amount of compensation paid to the non-employee directors of the Company for 2018:Name Fees Earned or Paid inCash(1) Restricted Share Units(2) TotalBarry D. Zyskind $— $— $—Raymond M. Neff 100,000 52,500 152,500Simcha G. Lyons 100,000 52,500 152,500Yehuda L. Neuberger 100,000 52,500 152,500Steven H. Nigro 120,000 61,250 181,250(1)The amounts represent annual cash retainer for board service and, as applicable, retainers for board committee service or service as chairman of a board committee and feesfor attendance at board meetings and, as applicable, committee meetings.(2)Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of restricted share units held by the director determined in accordance with ASC 718, using the assumptions described in "Notesto Consolidated Financial Statements Note 15. Share Compensation and Pension Plans" included under Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data included inour Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the fiscal year 2018 on March 15, 2019.The following table represents restricted share units awarded in 2018 and options outstanding at December 31, 2018 for each director: Name Grant Date FairValue Stock Awards Options Outstandingat December 31,2018Barry D. Zyskind $— — —Raymond M. Neff $8.75 6,000 48,000Simcha G. Lyons $8.75 6,000 24,000Yehuda L. Neuberger $8.75 6,000 48,000Steven H. Nigro $8.75 7,000 18,000All restricted share units granted to the directors will vest on the first anniversary of June 1, 2018, the date of the grant.Equity Compensation Plan Information (through fiscal 2018)Plan category Number of securities tobe issued upon exerciseof outstanding options,warrants and rights (a) Weighted-averageexercise price ofoutstanding options,warrants and rights (b) Number of securitiesremaining available for futureissuance under equitycompensation plans (excludingsecurities reflected in column(a)) (c)Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 1,117,910(1)$4.66 6,360,986Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders — — —Total 1,117,910 $4.66 6,360,986(1)The performance based restricted share units included in this number were calculated as if such units vested at 100% at the end of the performance period.19ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERSSECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERSThe following table sets forth certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common shares by each person or group known by us toown more than 5% of our common shares. Ownership percentages are based on 84,957,096 common shares outstanding as of April 12, 2019. We refer to BarryZyskind, Michael Karfunkel and George Karfunkel as our “Founding Shareholders” in this Amended Filing. Michael Karfunkel passed away on April 27,2016.Name and Address of Beneficial Owner Amount and Natureof BeneficialOwnership Percent of ClassBarry D. Zyskind, c/o Maiden Holdings, Ltd.Ideation House, 2nd Floor, 94 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM08, Bermuda 6,374,292(1)7.5%Leah Karfunkel c/o Maiden Holdings, Ltd.Ideation House, 2nd Floor, 94 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM08, Bermuda 6,792,600(2)8.0%683 Capital Partners, LP3 Columbus Circle, Suite 2205, New York, NY 10019 7,876,964(3)9.3%Dimensional Fund Advisors LPBuilding One, 6300 Bee Cave Road, Austin, TX 78746 6,588,465(4)7.8%Catalina Holdings (Bermuda) Ltd.Cumberland House, 1 Victoria Street (7th floor), Hamilton HM11, Bermuda 6,643,981(5)7.8%(1)Based on Amendment No. 2 to Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on June 23, 2016, and Form 4 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2017. Mr. Zyskind holds 220,000 of thesecommon shares as a custodian for his children under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act.(2)Based on Amendment No. 6 to Schedule 13D of Leah Karfunkel filed with the SEC on June 23, 2016, Leah Karfunkel beneficially owns 5,500,470 common shares heldindirectly as a trustee of the Michael Karfunkel 2005 Family Trust. Leah Karfunkel is the wife of Michael Karfunkel. Leah Karfunkel disclaims beneficial ownership of theseshares held by the HOD Foundation, a charitable foundation.(3)Based on Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on March 22, 2019; 683 Capital Partners, LP (“683 Capital”) jointly filed with 3 other Reporting Persons: 683 Capital GP, LLC(“683 GP” the General Partner of 683 Capital), 683 Capital Management, LLC (“683 Management” the investment manager of 683 GP) and Ari Zweiman, the managingmember of 683 GP and 683 Management.(4)Based on Amendment No. 5 to Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 8, 2019.(5)Based on Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on September 14, 2018.20SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF MANAGEMENTSet forth below is information concerning the beneficial ownership of our common shares by each director, by our executive officers named in theSummary Compensation Table below and by all our directors and executive officers as a group as of April 12, 2019. For purposes of the table below, theamounts and percentage of shares beneficially owned are reported on the basis of regulations of the SEC governing the determination of beneficial ownershipof securities. Under the rules of the SEC, a person is deemed to be a “beneficial owner” of a security if that person has or shares “voting power,” whichincludes the power to vote or to direct the voting of such security, or “investment power,” which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the dispositionof such security. Also, options which are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 12, 2019 are considered outstanding and beneficiallyowned by the person holding the options for the purposes of computing beneficial ownership of that person, but are not treated as outstanding for the purposeof computing the percentage ownership of any other person.Name of Beneficial Owner** Amount & Nature ofBeneficial Ownership Percent ofClass(1)Barry D. Zyskind 6,374,292(2)7.5%Arturo M. Raschbaum 433,171(3)*Karen L. Schmitt 355,948(4)*Patrick J. Haveron 1,242,458(5)1.5%Thomas H. Highet 47,799(6)*Lawrence F. Metz 885,076(7)1.0%Simcha G. Lyons 76,505(8)*Raymond M. Neff 420,500(9)*Yehuda L. Neuberger 319,000(10)*Steven H. Nigro 47,000(11)*All executive officers and directors as a group (10 persons) 10,201,749 12.0%*Less than one percent.**The address of each beneficial owner listed in the table is c/o Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Ideation House, 2nd Floor, 94 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM08, Bermuda.(1)Based on 84,957,096 common shares outstanding at April 12, 2019 plus shares that the beneficial owner has the right to acquire within 60 days of April 12, 2019 upon exerciseof share options.(2)Mr. Zyskind holds 220,000 of these common shares as a custodian for his children under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act.(3)Mr. Raschbaum is no longer a named executive officer of the Company and no longer makes public filings regarding his common share holdings of the Company, thus this isbased on the most recent public filings. Mr. Raschbaum retired from his position as President and Chief Executive Officer on September 1, 2018. On September 30, 2018, Mr.Raschbaum signed a separation agreement with Maiden Holdings, Ltd, in which he agreed to forfeit any of his remaining outstanding equity in exchange for a release payment of$2,200,000 which he received during the fourth quarter of 2018. He forfeited 896,180 vested share options which were granted on November 12, 2008, November 12, 2009 andNovember 12, 2010 and 25,330 restricted share units which were scheduled to vest into common shares in February 2019.(4)Ms. Schmitt is no longer a named executive officer of the Company and no longer makes public filings regarding her common share holdings of the Company, thus this is basedon the most recent public filings. The amount shown above includes vested options to acquire 82,200 common shares granted on February 24, 2009 and March 4, 2010. Ms.Schmitt announced her retirement in the third quarter 2018 with a planned retirement date of March 1, 2019. As part of a signed separation agreement with Maiden Holdings,Ltd, Ms. Schmitt agreed to forfeit any of her remaining unvested performance restricted share units in exchange for a release payment for which she received a payment of$2,000,000 on August 31, 2018 and another payment for $1,325,000 in March 2019. She forfeited unvested performance restricted share units of 29,635, 23,284 and 54,167granted on February 15, 2016, February 21, 2017 and February 19, 2018, respectively.(5)The amount shown above includes vested options to acquire 30,000 common shares granted to Mr. Haveron on March 4, 2010. It also includes 111,836 restricted shares vestingone third annually on the anniversary of the grant date into common shares on November 6, 2019, November 6, 2020 and November 6, 2021, respectively, and 967,742restricted shares vesting 50% on March 20, 2020 and 50% on March 20, 2021 which Mr. Haveron has the ability to vote, but is restricted from transferring until their respectivevesting dates.(6)Mr. Highet is no longer a named executive officer of the Company and no longer makes public filings regarding his common share holdings of the Company, thus this is basedon the most recent public filings. Mr. Highet resigned from the Company on August 29, 2018 upon completion of the renewal rights transaction with TransAtlantic Re.(7)The amount shown above includes vested options to acquire 58,000 common shares granted on June 1, 2009 and March 4, 2010. It also includes 135,135 restricted sharesvesting one third annually on the anniversary of the grant date into common shares on August 8, 2019, August 8, 2020 and August 8, 2021, respectively, and 645,161 restrictedshares vesting 50% on March 20, 2020 and 50% on March 20, 2021 which Mr. Metz has the ability to vote, but is restricted from transferring until their respective vesting dates.(8)The amount shown above includes vested options to acquire 24,000 common shares granted on June 1, 2013, June 1, 2014, June 1, 2015 and June 1, 2016. It does not include6,000 restricted share units which vest into common shares on June 1, 2019.(9)The amount shown above includes vested options to acquire 48,000 common shares granted on June 1, 2009, June 1, 2010, June 1, 2011, June 1, 2012, June 1, 2013, June 1,2014, June 1, 2015 and June 1, 2016. It does not include 6,000 restricted share units which vest into common shares on June 1, 2019.(10)The amount shown above includes vested options to acquire 48,000 common shares granted on June 1, 2009, June 1, 2010, June 1, 2011, June 1, 2012, June 1, 2013, June 1,2014 June 1, 2015 and June 1, 2016. It does not include 6,000 restricted share units which vest into common shares on June 1, 2019.(11)The amount shown above includes vested options to acquire 18,000 common shares granted on June 1, 2014, June 1, 2015 and June 1, 2016. It does not include 7,000 restrictedshare units which vest into common shares on June 1, 2019.21ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.Founding Shareholders and Related AgreementsThe Founding Shareholders of the Company are Michael Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind. Michael Karfunkel passed away on April 27,2016. Based on each individual's most recent public filing as of April 12, 2019, Leah Karfunkel (wife of Michael Karfunkel) owns or controlsapproximately 8.0% of the outstanding shares of the Company, and Barry Zyskind (our non-executive chairman) owns or controls approximately 7.5% of theoutstanding shares of the Company. George Karfunkel owns or controls less than 5.0% of the outstanding shares of the Company based on his most recentpublic filings. Leah Karfunkel and George Karfunkel are directors of AmTrust, and Barry Zyskind is the president, chief executive officer and chairman ofAmTrust. Leah Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind own or control approximately 53.9% of the ownership interests of Evergreen Parent GP, LLC,the ultimate parent of AmTrust. AmTrust owns 1.5% of the issued and outstanding shares of National General Holdings Corporation ("NGHC"), and LeahKarfunkel, individually, through a grantor retained annuity trust and through the Michael Karfunkel 2005 Family Trust (which is controlled by LeahKarfunkel) owns 39.4% of the outstanding common shares of NGHC. Barry Zyskind is a director of NGHC.Our Arrangements with AmTrust and Its SubsidiariesMaster Agreement and AmTrust Quota Share Reinsurance AgreementEffective July 1, 2007, the Company and AmTrust entered into a master agreement, as amended (the "Master Agreement"), by which they caused MaidenReinsurance Ltd. ("Maiden Bermuda"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and AmTrust's Bermuda reinsurance subsidiary, AmTrust InternationalInsurance, Ltd. ("AII"), to enter into a quota share reinsurance agreement (the "Reinsurance Agreement") by which AII retrocedes to Maiden Bermuda anamount equal to 40% of the premium written by subsidiaries of AmTrust, net of the cost of unaffiliated inuring reinsurance and 40% of losses. The MasterAgreement further provided that AII receives a ceding commission of 31% of ceded written premiums. On June 11, 2008, Maiden Bermuda and AII amendedthe Reinsurance Agreement to add Retail Commercial Package Business to the Covered Business. AII receives a ceding commission of 34.375% on RetailCommercial Package Business.On December 31, 2018, Maiden Bermuda entered into, effective January 1, 2019, a Partial Termination Amendment (the “Partial TerminationAmendment”) with AmTrust, through its wholly owned subsidiary AII, by which the parties agreed to amend the Reinsurance Agreement that was currentlyin-force and was set to expire on June 30, 2019. The Partial Termination Amendment provided for the cut-off of the ongoing and unearned premium ofAmTrust’s Small Commercial Business (specifically workers’ compensation, general liability, umbrella liability, professional liability and cyber liabilityinsurance coverages) and U.S. Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty as of December 31, 2018, with the remainder of the Reinsurance Agreement remainingin place. The Partial Termination Amendment resulted in Maiden Bermuda returning approximately $716,100,000 in unearned premium to AmTrust, orapproximately $480,000,000 net of applicable ceding commission and brokerage, subject to adjustment. In addition, Maiden Bermuda paid AmTrust fiveadditional percentage points of ceding commission on the remaining unearned premium over the term of the remaining contract. Subsequently, on January30, 2019, Maiden Bermuda and AII agreed to terminate the Reinsurance Agreement on a run-off basis effective as of January 1, 2019.AmTrust European Hospital Liability Quota Share Agreement ("European Hospital Liability Quota Share")Effective April 1, 2011, Maiden Bermuda entered into a quota share reinsurance contract with AmTrust Europe Limited ("AEL") and AmTrustInternational Underwriters DAC ("AIU DAC"), both wholly owned subsidiaries of AmTrust. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, Maiden Bermuda assumed40% of the premiums and losses related to policies classified as European Hospital Liability, including associated liability coverages and policies coveringphysician defense costs, written or renewed on or after April 1, 2011. The contract also covered policies written or renewed on or before March 31, 2011, butonly with respect to losses that occurred, accrued or arose on or after April 1, 2011. The maximum limit of liability attaching shall be €5,000,000(€10,000,000 effective January 1, 2012) or currency equivalent (on a 100% basis) per original claim for any one original policy. Maiden Bermuda will pay aceding commission of 5%.Effective July 1, 2016, the contract was amended such that Maiden Bermuda assumes from AEL 32.5% of the premiums and losses of all policies writtenor renewed on or after July 1, 2016 until June 30, 2017 and 20% of all policies written or renewed on or after July 1, 2017. On January 30, 2019, MaidenBermuda and AEL and AIU DAC agreed to terminate the European Hospital Liability Quota Share on a run-off basis effective as of January 1, 2019.For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded approximately $622,495,000 of commission expense as a result of both of these quotashare arrangements with AmTrust.Collateral provided to AmTrusta) AmTrust Quota Share Reinsurance AgreementIn order to provide AmTrust's U.S. insurance subsidiaries with credit for reinsurance on their statutory financial statements, AII, as the direct reinsurer ofthe AmTrust's insurance subsidiaries, has established trust accounts ("Trust Accounts") for their benefit. Maiden Bermuda has agreed to provide appropriatecollateral to secure its proportional share under the Reinsurance Agreement of AII's obligations to the AmTrust subsidiaries to whom AII is required toprovide collateral. This collateral may be in the form of (a) assets loaned by Maiden Bermuda to AII for deposit into the Trust Accounts, pursuant to a loanagreement between those parties, (b) assets transferred by Maiden Bermuda for deposit into the Trust Accounts, (c) a letter of credit obtained by MaidenBermuda and delivered to an AmTrust subsidiary on AII's behalf, or (d) premiums withheld by an AmTrust subsidiary at Maiden Bermuda's request in lieu ofremitting such premiums to AII. Maiden Bermuda may provide any or a combination of these forms of collateral, provided that the aggregate value thereofequals Maiden Bermuda's proportionate share of its obligations under the Reinsurance Agreement with AII. Maiden Bermuda satisfied its collateralrequirements under the Reinsurance Agreement with AII as follows:22•by lending funds in the amount of $167,975,000 at December 31, 2018 pursuant to a loan agreement entered into between those parties. Advancesunder the loan are secured by promissory notes. This loan was assigned by AII to AmTrust effective December 31, 2014 and is carried at cost.Effective December 18, 2017, interest is payable at a rate equivalent to the Federal Funds Effective Rate ("Fed Funds") plus 200 basis points perannum. Prior to that date, the interest was payable at a rate equivalent to one-month LIBOR plus 90 basis points per annum. On January 30, 2019, inconnection with the termination of the reinsurance agreements described above, the Company and AmTrust entered into an amendment to the LoanAgreement between Maiden Bermuda, AmTrust and AII, originally entered into on November 16, 2007. The Amendment to the Loan Agreementprovides for the extension of the maturity date to January 1, 2025 and acknowledges that due to the termination of the Reinsurance Agreement thatno further loans or advances may be made pursuant to the Loan Agreement; and•effective December 1, 2008, Maiden Bermuda entered into a Reinsurer Trust Assets Collateral agreement to provide to AII sufficient collateral tosecure its proportional share of AII's obligations to the U.S. AmTrust subsidiaries. The amount of the collateral, at December 31, 2018 wasapproximately $3,650,418,000 and the accrued interest was $23,283,000.b) European Hospital Liability Quota ShareAEL requested that Maiden Bermuda provide collateral to secure its proportional share under the European Hospital Liability Quota Share agreement.The amount of the collateral at December 31, 2018 was approximately $249,948,000 and the accrued interest was $1,976,000.Brokerage AgreementEffective July 1, 2007, the Company entered into a reinsurance brokerage agreement with AII Reinsurance Broker Ltd. ("AIIB"), a wholly ownedsubsidiary of AmTrust. Pursuant to the brokerage agreement, AIIB provides brokerage services relating to the Reinsurance Agreement and the EuropeanHospital Liability Quota Share agreement for a fee equal to 1.25% of the premium assumed. The brokerage fee is payable in consideration of AIIB's brokerageservices. AIIB is not the Company's exclusive broker. The agreement may be terminated upon 30 days written notice by either party. The Company recordedapproximately $24,103,000 of reinsurance brokerage expense for the year ended December 31, 2018, and deferred reinsurance brokerage of approximately$14,199,000 at December 31, 2018, as a result of this agreement. The brokerage agreement was terminated as of March 15, 2019.Asset Management AgreementEffective July 1, 2007, the Company entered into an asset management agreement with All Insurance Management Limited (“AIIM”), a wholly ownedsubsidiary of AmTrust, pursuant to which AIIM has agreed to provide investment management services to the Company. Effective January 1, 2018, AIIMprovides investment management services for a quarterly fee of 0.02125% of the average value of the account. Prior to that date, the fee was payable at a rateof 0.0375%. The agreement may be terminated upon 30 days written notice by either party. The Company recorded approximately $4,189,000 of investmentmanagement fees for the year ended December 31, 2018 as a result of this agreement.OtherThe Company entered into time sharing agreements for the lease of aircraft owned by AmTrust Underwriters, Inc. (“AUI”), a wholly owned subsidiary ofAmTrust, and by AmTrust on March 1, 2011 and November 5, 2014, respectively. The agreements automatically renew for successive one-year terms unlessterminated in accordance with the provisions of the agreements. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company will reimburse AUI and AmTrust for actualexpenses incurred as allowed by Federal Aviation Regulations. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an expense of approximately$69,000 for the use of the aircraft.Our Arrangements with NGHC and Its SubsidiariesMaiden Bermuda, effective March 1, 2010, had a 50% participation in the NGHC Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement ("NGHC Quota Share"), by which itreceived 25% of net premiums of the personal lines automobile business and assumed 25% of the related net losses. On August 1, 2013, the Companyreceived notice from NGHC of the termination of the NGHC Quota Share effective on that date. The Company and NGHC mutually agreed that thetermination is on a run-off basis.Review, Approval or Ratification of Transactions with Related PersonsConflicts of interest could arise with respect to business opportunities that could be advantageous to any or all of AmTrust or its subsidiaries, NGHC or itssubsidiaries, and the Company or our subsidiaries. In addition, potential conflicts of interest may arise should the interests of AmTrust and/or NGHC and/orthe Company diverge. From time to time, AmTrust and/or NGHC and/or the Company may be presented with opportunities to insure, reinsure or acquire thesame book of business. Because of the overlaps between our and AmTrust's shareholders, the Company and AmTrust have agreed that in such cases, theopportunities will be referred to a committee of independent directors of each company to decide whether that company wishes to pursue the opportunity.Pursuant to its charter, our independent Audit Committee must review and approve in advance or ratify any transaction or relationship of any size in whichwe and any related party have a direct or indirect material interest. The Audit Committee will consider all of the relevant facts and circumstances including (ifapplicable), but not limited to, (i) the benefits to us; (ii) the impact on a director's independence in the event the related person is a director, a director'simmediate family member or an entity in which a director is a partner, shareholder or executive officer; (iii) the availability of other sources for comparableproducts or services; (iv) the terms of the transaction; and (v) the terms available to unrelated third parties or to employees generally. When considering thesefactors, the Audit Committee members will apply their business judgment based upon all relevant facts and circumstances known at that time, in accordancewith their fiduciary duties to our shareholders.23Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider ParticipationMr. Nigro is the chairman of our Compensation Committee and the other members of our Compensation Committee are Messrs. Lyons and Neff. None ofthe members of our Compensation Committee has been an officer or employee of the Company or had a relationship during 2018 requiring disclosure underItem 404 of Regulation S-K.During 2018:•None of our directors served as a member of the compensation committee of another entity;•None of our executive officers served as a director of another entity; and•None of our executive officers served as a member of the compensation committee of another entity. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES.Audit and Non-Audit FeesThe following table presents the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered to us by Deloitte Ltd. and by BDO USA, LLP for our fiscal yearsended December 31, 2018 and 2017: 2018 2017Audit Fees (1) $2,719,944 $2,678,732Audit-Related Fees (2) 46,000 148,999Tax Fees (3) 62,400 5,750Total (4)(5) $2,828,344 $2,833,481 (1)Audit fees relate to professional services rendered in connection with: (i) the integrated audit of our annual financial statements and internal controls over financial reporting; (ii)the reviews of our quarterly consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-Q quarterly reports and (iii) services performed in connection with filings of registrationstatements and comfort letters.(2)Audit-related fees relate to assurance and related services rendered to us that are not classified as audit fees.(3)Tax fees relate to services rendered to us for tax compliance, tax planning and advice.(4)Total fees for 2018 consist of Deloitte fees of $2,428,344 and BDO fees of $400,000.(5)Total fees for 2017 consist of Deloitte fees of $2,352,227 and BDO fees of $481,254.Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures of the Audit CommitteeWe and our Audit Committee are committed to ensuring the independence of our auditors, both in fact and in appearance.Pursuant to its charter, the Audit Committee pre-approves all audit and permitted non-audit services, including engagement fees and terms thereof, to beperformed for us by the independent auditors, subject to the exceptions for certain non-audit services approved by the Audit Committee prior to thecompletion of the audit in accordance with Section 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Audit Committee must also pre-approve allinternal control-related services to be provided by the independent auditors. The Audit Committee will generally pre-approve a list of specific services andcategories of services, including audit, audit-related and other services, for the upcoming or current fiscal year, subject to a specified cost level. Any materialservice not included in the approved list of services must be separately pre-approved by the Audit Committee. In addition, all audit and permissible non-audit services in excess of the pre-approved cost level, whether or not such services are included on the pre-approved list of services, must be separately pre-approved by the Audit Committee.The Audit Committee may form and delegate to a subcommittee consisting of one or more members (provided that such person(s) are independentdirectors) its authority to grant pre-approvals of audit, permitted non-audit services and internal control-related services, provided that decisions of suchsubcommittee to grant pre-approvals shall be presented to the full Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting.The Audit Committee pre-approved all fees in the period from January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018.24PART IVITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES(b) ExhibitsThe exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index starting on page E-1 following the signature page are filed herewith, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein byreference.ExhibitNo. Description Reference31.1 Section 302 Certification of CEO †31.2 Section 302 Certification of CFO †32.1 Section 906 Certification of CEO †32.2 Section 906 Certification of CFO †† Filed herewith.25SIGNATURESIn accordance with Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,thereunto duly authorized. MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. By: April 30, 2019 /s/ Lawrence F. Metz Lawrence F. MetzPresident and Chief Executive Officer 26Exhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATION I, Lawrence F. Metz, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.;2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisreport;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others withinthose entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; andd.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's mostrecent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likelyto materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting ; and5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, tothe registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; andb.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internalcontrol over financial reporting. Dated: April 30, 2019 /s/Lawrence F. Metz ___________________________ Name: Lawrence F. MetzTitle: President and Chief Executive Officer(Principal Executive Officer)Exhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATION I, Patrick J. Haveron, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.;2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisreport;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others withinthose entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; andd.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's mostrecent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likelyto materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting ; and5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, tothe registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; andb.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internalcontrol over financial reporting. Dated: April 30, 2019 /s/ Patrick J. Haveron___________________ Name: Patrick J. HaveronTitle: Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer)Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), theundersigned officer of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer's knowledge, that: The Company's Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements ofSection 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, thefinancial condition and results of operations of the Company.Dated: April 30, 2019 /s/ Lawrence F. Metz______________________________ Name: Lawrence F. MetzTitle: President and Chief Executive OfficerThe foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) ofSection 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Report.Exhibit 32.2 CERTIFICATION Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), theundersigned officer of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer's knowledge, that: The Company's Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements ofSection 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, thefinancial condition and results of operations of the Company.Dated: April 30, 2019 /s/ Patrick J. Haveron______________________ Name: Patrick J. HaveronTitle: Chief Financial OfficerThe foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) ofSection 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Report.

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