Maiden Holdings, Ltd.
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _________ to _________ Commission File Number: 001-34042 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. (Exact Name of Registrant As Specified in Its Charter) (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) Bermuda 98-0570192 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 94 Pitts Bay Road Pembroke HM 08, Bermuda (Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code) (441) 298-4900 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share Series A Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share Series C Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share Trading symbol(s) MHLD MH.PA MH.PC Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered NASDAQ Capital Market New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange MH.PD New York Stock Exchange Series D Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in the definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, accelerated filer, non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large Accelerated Filer Non-Accelerated Filer ☐ ☒ Accelerated Filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller Reporting Company Emerging growth company ☐ ☒ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2019 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $44.7 million based on the closing sale price of the registrant’s common shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market on that date. As of March 10, 2020, 83,163,540 common shares were outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A with respect to the registrant’s 2020 annual general meeting of the shareholders to be filed within 120 days after the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I PART II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation PART III Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 7. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Item 16. Signatures Exhibits Consolidated Financial Statements Page 2 13 32 32 33 33 34 35 67 67 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 E-1 F-1 i Special Note About Forward-Looking Statements PART I Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than purely historical information, including estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives and expected operating results and the assumptions upon which those statements are based are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements include general statements both with respect to us and the insurance industry and generally are identified with the words "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "predict", "estimate", "intend", "plan", "project", "seek", "potential", "possible", "could", "might", "may", "should", "will", "would", "will be", "will continue", "will likely result" and similar expressions. In light of the risks and uncertainties inherent in all forward-looking statements, the inclusion of such statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should not be considered as a representation by us or any other person that our objectives or plans or other matters described in any forward-looking statement will be achieved. These statements are based on current plans, estimates, assumptions and expectations. Actual results may differ materially from those projected in such forward-looking statements and therefore, you should not place undue reliance on them. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements are set forth in Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We caution that the list of important risk factors is not intended to be and is not exhaustive. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law, and all subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this paragraph. If one or more risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from what we projected. Any forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect our current view with respect to future events and are subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth, strategy and liquidity. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements which speak only as of the dates of the documents in which such statements were made. References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the terms "we","us","our","the Company" or other similar terms mean the consolidated operations of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and our consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the term "Maiden Holdings" means Maiden Holdings, Ltd. only. References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to $ are to the lawful currency of the United States, unless otherwise indicated. Any discrepancies in the tables included herein between the amounts listed and the totals thereof are due to rounding. 1 Item 1. Business. General Overview Maiden Holdings is a Bermuda-based holding company, previously focused on serving the needs of regional and specialty insurers in the United States of America ("U.S."), Europe and select other global markets. We currently operate internationally providing branded auto and credit life insurance products through insurer partners to retail clients in the European Union ("EU") and other global markets through Maiden Global Holdings, Ltd. ("Maiden Global"). These products also produce reinsurance programs which were underwritten by Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. ("Maiden Reinsurance"), which is now domiciled in Vermont in the U.S., effective March 16, 2020. Certain international credit life business is written on a primary basis by Maiden Life Försäkrings AB ("Maiden LF") and general insurance business is written on a primary basis by Maiden General Försäkrings AB ("Maiden GF"). We are not currently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting. We are also running off the liabilities associated with AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. ("AmTrust") contracts terminated in early 2019 as discussed below. We have recently entered into a retroactive reinsurance agreement and a commutation agreement that further reduces our exposure to and limits the potential volatility related to these AmTrust liabilities, which are discussed in "Note 1 — Organization " of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data". As discussed below, the sale of our wholly owned subsidiary, Maiden Reinsurance North America, Inc. ("Maiden US"), the Partial Termination Amendment (as defined below) and the termination of both of our quota share contracts with AmTrust materially reduced our gross and net premiums written in 2019. We have significantly reduced our operating expenses and continue to take steps to reduce these costs further. Our business consists of two reportable segments: Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance. Our Diversified Reinsurance segment consists of a portfolio of predominantly property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualty insurance companies located primarily in Europe. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes the run-off of all business ceded by AmTrust to Maiden Reinsurance, primarily the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share, as defined below. Recent Developments Since the third quarter of 2018, we have engaged in a series of strategic measures that have dramatically reduced the required regulatory capital needed to operate our business, materially strengthened our solvency ratios, re-domiciled Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont in the U.S. and ceased active reinsurance underwriting. During that period, we have also significantly increased our estimate of ultimate losses and loss reserves while purchasing reinsurance protection against further loss reserve volatility and as a result, have improved the ultimate economic value of the Company. We believe these measures have given the Company the ability to more flexibly allocate capital to those activities most likely to produce the greatest returns for shareholders. The measures we ultimately have taken were initiated in early 2018, when our Board of Directors initiated a review of strategic alternatives (the "Strategic Review") to evaluate ways to increase shareholder value after a period of continuing higher than targeted combined ratios and lower returns on equity than planned. The Strategic Review has resulted in a series of transactions that have transformed our operations and materially reduced the risk on our balance sheet. These transactions include: On August 29, 2018, we entered into a Renewal Rights Agreement (“Renewal Rights”) with Transatlantic Reinsurance Company ("TransRe"), pursuant to which we sold, and TransRe purchased, Maiden US's rights to: (i) renew its treaty reinsurance agreements upon their expiration or cancellation, (ii) solicit renewals of and replacement coverages for the treaty reinsurance agreements and (iii) replicate and use the products and contract forms used in Maiden US’s business. The payment received for sale of the Renewal Rights was $7.5 million, subject to potential additional amounts payable in the future in accordance with the agreement, however, no additional fees have been recognized to date. On December 27, 2018, we completed the sale agreement ("U.S. Sale Agreement") with Enstar Holdings (US) LLC ("Enstar U.S."), pursuant to which Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. (“Maiden NA”) sold Maiden US to Enstar U.S. for a gross consideration of $286.4 million. Also, pursuant to the terms of the U.S. Sale Agreement, (i) Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, Enstar U.S.’s Bermuda reinsurance affiliate (“Cavello”) and Maiden Reinsurance entered into a novation agreement and a retrocession agreement pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with the U.S. treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Reinsurance were novated and retroceded, respectively, to Cavello in exchange for total ceding commissions of $14.0 million. As a result of the above decision to divest all of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations, these operations were classified as discontinued operations, and except as explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented herein relate to our continuing operations, except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders. Effective January 1, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. (“AII”) amended the quota share agreement between Maiden Reinsurance and AII, originally entered into on July 1, 2007 (“AmTrust Quota Share”) that was in-force and set to expire on June 30, 2019 ("Partial Termination Amendment"). The Partial Termination Amendment provided for the cut-off of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small Commercial Business and U.S. Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty business ("Terminated Business") as of December 31, 2018, with the remainder of the AmTrust Quota Share remaining in place. The Partial Termination Amendment resulted in Maiden Reinsurance returning $648.0 million in unearned premium to AII, or approximately $436.8 million net of applicable ceding commission and brokerage. During January 2019, Maiden Reinsurance transferred cash and investments of $480.0 million to AII based on provisional estimates. The excess of estimated unearned premium, net of applicable ceding commission and brokerage over the actual amount of approximately $43.2 million was returned by AII to Maiden Reinsurance during the second quarter of 2019. On January 30, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust agreed to terminate on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2019: (i) the remaining business subject to the AmTrust Quota Share with AII; and (ii) the European Hospital Liability quota share reinsurance 2 contract ("European Hospital Liability Quota Share") with AmTrust’s wholly owned subsidiaries AmTrust Europe Limited ("AEL") and AmTrust International Underwriters DAC ("AIU DAC"). These transactions are broadly referred to herein as the "Final AmTrust QS Terminations". The Company has no exposure to European Hospital Liability business after January 1, 2020 and all prior policies were written on a claims-made basis. Effective July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII entered into a Commutation and Release Agreement (which is broadly referred to herein as the "AmTrust WC Commutation"), which provided for AII to assume all reserves ceded by AII to Maiden Reinsurance with respect to its proportional 40% share of the ultimate net loss under the AmTrust Quota Share related to: (a) all losses incurred in Accident Year 2017 and Accident Year 2018 under California workers' compensation policies and as defined in the AmTrust Quota Share ("Commuted California Business"); and (b) all losses incurred in Accident Year 2018 under New York workers' compensation policies ("Commuted New York Business" and together with the Commuted California Business, "Commuted Business") in exchange for the release and full discharge of Maiden Reinsurance of all of its obligations to AII with respect to the Commuted Business. The Commuted Business does not include any business classified by AII as Specialty Program or Specialty Risk business. AII and Maiden Reinsurance agreed that the Commuted Business shall be discharged by Maiden Reinsurance's transfer of cash and invested assets in the amount of $312.8 million ("Commutation Payment") which is the sum of the net ceded reserves in the amount of $330.7 million with respect to the Commuted Business as of December 31, 2018 less payments in the amount of $17.9 million made by Maiden Reinsurance with respect to the Commuted Business from January 1, 2019 through July 31, 2019. Settlement of the Commutation Payment occurred on August 12, 2019 and Maiden Reinsurance paid AII approximately $6.3 million in interest related to the Commutation Payment premium, calculated at the rate of 3.30% per annum from January 1, 2019 through August 12, 2019. Maiden Reinsurance received a no objection letter from the Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA") regarding the Commutation and Release Agreement. AII and Maiden Reinsurance also agreed that, as of July 31, 2019, the AmTrust Quota Share shall be deemed amended as applicable so that the Commuted Business is no longer included as part of the Covered Business under the AmTrust Quota Share. This change, along with the other changes described in "Note 10 - Related Party Transactions", are broadly referred to as the "Post Termination Endorsement No. 1". Effective on July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance entered into the loss portfolio and adverse development cover agreement ("LPT/ADC Agreement") with Enstar Group Limited ("Enstar") pursuant to which Cavello assumed the loss reserves as of December 31, 2018 associated with the AmTrust Quota Share in excess of an approximately $2.2 billion retention, up to $600.0 million in exchange for a retrocession premium of $445.0 million. The $2.2 billion retention will be subject to adjustment for paid losses subsequent to December 31, 2018. The LPT/ADC Agreement provides Maiden Reinsurance with $155.0 million in adverse development cover over its carried AmTrust Quota Share loss reserves at December 31, 2018. The LPT/ADC Agreement meets the criteria for risk transfer and therefore has been accounted for as retroactive reinsurance. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding $445.0 million would result in a deferred gain which will be recognized over the settlement period in proportion to cumulative losses collected over the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoverable. Consequently, cumulative adverse development subsequent to December 31, 2018 may result in significant losses from operations until periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings. At December 31, 2019, the deferred gain liability recognized for retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement was approximately $113.0 million. Amortization of the deferred gain will not occur until paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention under the LPT/ADC Agreement, which is estimated to be in 2024. Effective March 16, 2020, we re-domesticated our principal operating subsidiary, Maiden Reinsurance, to the State of Vermont in the U.S. Filings had previously been made with the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation ("Vermont DFR"), the Vermont Secretary of State as well as with the Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA") to provide notice of the Company's intent to re-domicile from Bermuda. Maiden Reinsurance is now subject to the statutes and regulations of Vermont in the ordinary course of business.We determined that re-domesticating Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont will enable us to better align our operations, capital and resources with our liabilities, which originate mostly in the U.S., resulting in a more efficient structure. The re- domestication, in combination with the transactions completed pursuant to the Strategic Review, will continue to strengthen the Company’s capital position and solvency ratios. The re-domestication does not apply to our parent holding company, which remains a Bermuda-based holding company. Securities issued by Maiden Holdings are not affected by the re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance. On January 10, 2019, we completed the sale of AVS Automotive VersicherungsService GmbH (“AVS”) and related European subsidiaries to Allianz Partners (“Allianz”) as part of the Strategic Review. AVS, organized under the laws of Germany, operates as an insurance producer in Germany and was a wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Global prior to its sale. In November 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and National General Holdings Corporation ("NGHC") agreed to fully and finally settle and commute all rights, obligations and liabilities, known and unknown, of each other under the NGHC Quota Share (as defined below). Maiden Reinsurance paid NGHC $2.2 million representing the loss reserve balance as at September 30, 2019. As part of the Strategic Review during the fourth quarter of 2018, Maiden Holdings contributed as capital 35% of its ownership in Maiden Reinsurance to Maiden NA. Additionally, the proceeds of the sale of Maiden US were partially used by Maiden NA, among other things, to settle inter-company balances due to its Bermuda affiliates and as described below. In December 2018 and January 2019, Maiden NA contributed its proportionate share of capital contributions in the aggregate amount of $68.3 million in cash to Maiden Reinsurance. Maiden NA also maintains a portfolio of short-term investments, along with other strategic investments of $53.9 million at December 31, 2019. We believe Maiden NA’s investments will create opportunities to utilize net operating loss carry-forwards ("NOL") which total $222.5 million as of December 31, 2019. These NOLs are not presently recognized as deferred tax assets as a full valuation allowance is currently carried against them. For further details please see "Note 16 — Taxation" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10–K. Taken together, the Company believes these measures should generate additional income for Maiden NA in a tax-efficient manner while sharing in the improvement in profitability we anticipate in Maiden Reinsurance as a result of the measures enacted in the Strategic Review. 3 Prior to the transactions associated with the Strategic Review, we had entered into a series of significant capital markets transactions. For additional details of these transactions prior to 2018, please refer to our Annual Reports on Form 10–K for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Further details of these and other capital transactions are discussed in the Capital Resources section of Item 7 "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" as well as the related discussion in our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements specifically "Note 7 — Long-Term Debt" and "Note 13 — Shareholders’ Equity" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10–K. Business Strategy The significant operating losses of recent years resulted in the Strategic Review initiated by our Board of Directors. We believe that the transactions and initiatives taken as a result of the Strategic Review have substantially improved our capital position and will return us to operating profitability. We will continue to evaluate our operating strategy during 2020 while leveraging the significant assets and capital we retain. In addition to restoring operating profitability, our strategic focus will center on creating the greatest risk-adjusted shareholder returns, whether via asset and capital management or active reinsurance underwriting, or a combination of both. Our present assessment of the reinsurance marketplace along with our current operating profile is that the risk-adjusted returns that may be produced via active reinsurance underwriting are likely to present more limited opportunities compared to other strategic initiatives which may produce greater shareholder value. Our future results, and our ability to generate an improved risk-adjusted return on capital, may be impacted by risks and trends set forth in Item 1A, "Risk Factors", and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Principal Operating Subsidiaries Maiden Reinsurance, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, is a reinsurance company licensed in the state of Vermont in the U.S. and began operations in June 2007. On March 16, 2020, the re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance from Bermuda was completed. The re-domestication does not apply to Maiden Holdings which remains a Bermuda-based holding company. Maiden NA is our wholly owned U.S. holding company and is domiciled in the State of Delaware in the U.S. Maiden Global, a wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Holdings, operates as a reinsurance services and holding company. Maiden Global is organized under the laws of England and Wales. Maiden LF and Maiden GF, both wholly owned subsidiaries of Maiden Holdings, are insurance companies organized under the laws of Sweden and write credit life insurance and general insurance, respectively, on a primary basis in support of Maiden Global’s business development efforts. Our Reportable Segments Our business consists of two reportable segments: Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance. As a result of the strategic decision to divest all of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations as discussed above, we revised the composition of these reportable segments. As noted previously, we are not currently engaged in any active reinsurance underwriting in either reportable segment. Our Diversified Reinsurance segment now only consists of a portfolio of predominantly property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualty insurance companies located primarily in Europe. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes the run-off of all business ceded by AmTrust to Maiden Reinsurance, primarily the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. Both contracts in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment were terminated effective January 1, 2019. In addition to our reportable segments, the results of operations of the former NGHC Quota Share segment (which was commuted in November 2019) have been included in the "Other" category. Financial data relating to our two reportable segments is included in Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3. Segment Information" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The table below compares net premiums earned, by reportable segment, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums earned for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) Diversified Reinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Total Net Premiums Earned % of Total Net Premiums Earned % of Total $ $ 83,691 364,071 447,762 18.7% $ 81.3% 112,487 1,913,715 100.0% $ 2,026,202 5.5% 94.5% 100.0% Financial data relating to the geographical areas in which we operate and relating to our principal products may be found in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3. Segment Information" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 4 Diversified Reinsurance Segment In this segment, Maiden Reinsurance wrote treaties on both a quota share basis and excess of loss basis outside the U.S. whereas Maiden LF and GF write business in Europe on a primary basis. We presently have a limited number of in force reinsurance contracts that are renewals of existing contracts. The net premiums written by our Diversified Reinsurance segment's operating subsidiaries, after intercompany reinsurance, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) Maiden Reinsurance Maiden LF Maiden GF Total Net Premiums Written % of Total Net Premiums Written % of Total $ $ 36,074 7,412 5,665 49,151 73.4% $ 120,584 15.1% 11.5% 5,069 3,666 100.0% $ 129,319 93.2% 4.0% 2.8% 100.0% Please refer to Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for a discussion on the performance of our Diversified Reinsurance segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Maiden Reinsurance was previously focused on developing a portfolio of assumed reinsurance within Europe and globally since the advent of Solvency II (referred to as "European Capital Solutions"). As a result of our A.M. Best rating being downgraded to B++ (Good) with negative outlook and implications in November 2018, the European Capital Solutions business was adversely affected and a significant amount of this business was either non– renewed at January 1, 2019 or terminated pursuant to contractual provisions in the underlying reinsurance contracts. The net premiums written in European Capital Solutions for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, ($ in thousands) Net premiums written 2019 2018 Net Premiums Written Net Premiums Written 42,753 $ (1,519) $ Additionally, Maiden Global’s business development teams partner with automobile manufacturers, dealer associations and local primary insurers to design and implement point of sale insurance programs which generate revenue for the auto manufacturer and insurance premiums for the primary insurer ("IIS business"). Typically, the primary insurer agrees to reinsure an agreed upon percentage of the underlying business to Maiden Reinsurance as part of the overall arrangement. Maiden Reinsurance is generally not obligated to underwrite the original equipment automobile manufacturers' (the "OEM's") programs that Maiden Global designs. The breakdown of IIS business by line of business for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) Personal Auto - Quota Share Reinsurance Credit Life - Insurance Total Net Premiums Written $ $ 31,081 19,631 50,712 % of Total 61.3% $ 38.7% 100.0% $ Net Premiums Written 70,060 16,492 86,552 % of Total 80.9% 19.1% 100.0% For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company's net written premiums for Personal Auto on a quota share reinsurance basis significantly decreased compared to 2018 primarily due to a lower quota share cession percentage which declined from 65% in 2018 to 50% in 2019 in the German auto programs. We have also historically generated fee income when Maiden Global participates in transactions and collects a fee for designing and facilitating the sale of insurance programs; prior to 2019, a significant portion of our fee income was generated by AVS and its subsidiaries in Germany and Austria through its point of sale producers in select OEM's dealerships. On January 10, 2019, we completed the sale of AVS to Allianz. In addition to a fee for the sale of AVS, we entered into a three–year quota share reinsurance agreement with Allianz for certain German automobile policies that we have historically reinsured. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, this fee income was earned within the following locations: For the Year Ended December 31, ($ in thousands) United Kingdom Australia Germany Other Total 2019 2018 Fee Income % of Total Fee Income % of Total 952 721 — — 56.9% $ 43.1% —% —% 1,673 100.0% $ 1,320 1,433 5,772 1,156 9,681 13.6% 14.8% 59.6% 12.0% 100.0% $ $ 5 AmTrust Reinsurance Segment General Until we terminated our reinsurance contracts with AmTrust, they were our largest client. AmTrust is a multinational specialty property and casualty insurance holding company with operations in the U.S., Europe and Bermuda. In January 2019, via the Partial Termination Amendment and Final AmTrust QS Terminations, we terminated both of the reinsurance contracts that comprise this segment. Apart from certain unearned premiums in the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share that have been earned subsequent to December 31, 2018, we had no new premium written within this segment during 2019. Information relating to our principal founding shareholders that are affiliated with AmTrust may be found in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 10. Related Party Transactions" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Through our reinsurance agreements with AmTrust, we reinsured specific lines of business within the following AmTrust business segments: • Small commercial business insurance, which includes U.S. workers’ compensation, commercial package and other low-hazard property and casualty insurance products; • Specialty risk and extended warranty coverage for consumer and commercial goods and custom designed coverages, such as accidental damage plans and payment protection plans offered in connection with the sale of consumer and commercial goods, in the U.S., U.K. and certain other global markets and European hospital liability; and • Specialty program which includes package products, general liability, commercial auto liability, excess and surplus lines programs and other specialty commercial property and casualty insurance to a narrowly defined, homogeneous group of small and middle market companies. AmTrust Quota Share Under the AmTrust Quota Share with AII, effective July 1, 2007 and through 2018, we reinsured 40% of AmTrust’s premium written, net of reinsurance with unaffiliated reinsurers, relating to all lines of business that existed on the effective date. We also had the option to reinsure additional programs, in addition to the original lines of business entered into by AmTrust since the effective date of the AmTrust Quota Share. As AmTrust expanded into new lines of business, pursuant to the terms of the AmTrust Quota Share, we had selectively added some of those lines and opted not to participate in others. Consequently our share of AmTrust's overall gross premiums written declined below 40% over time. As a result of the Partial Termination Amendment and the Final AmTrust QS Terminations described previously, our active reinsurance contracts with AmTrust were terminated, effective January 1, 2019. Also, effective July 31, 2019, we concurrently entered into the AmTrust WC Commutation along with Post Termination Endorsement No. 1 which were described previously. European Hospital Liability Quota Share On April 1, 2011, Maiden Reinsurance entered into the European Hospital Liability Quota Share with AEL and AIU DAC to cover those entities' medical liability business in Europe, primarily Italy and France. These contracts were terminated on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2019 as part of the Final AmTrust QS Terminations. For more information, please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 10. Related Party Transactions" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Risk Management Our Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM") framework reflects the ‘three lines of defense’ approach to risk management, which involves (1) individual functions having responsibility for identifying and managing risks; (2) the ERM Committee providing oversight and guidance to individual functions; and (3) internal audit performing independent reviews. Our Board has overall responsibility for oversight of the ERM program and has delegated this oversight to its Audit Committee. Our ERM Committee monitors and oversees the risk environment and provides direction to mitigate, to an acceptable level, the most significant and material risks that may adversely affect our ability to achieve our goals. The ERM Committee continually reviews factors that may impact our organizational risk and develops and implements strategies and action plans to mitigate key risks. Our ERM program is designed to achieve the following: • Establish a process to assess strategies and business decisions on a risk/reward basis; • Establish a risk governance structure with clearly defined roles and responsibilities; • Identify and assess all material risks from internal and external sources; • Manage risks within our risk appetite; and • Effective review and reporting of major loss events. The first line of defense assists with the identification of risks, creation of appropriate responses to risks, and maintain them within the risk appetite and tolerances that the ERM Committee believes are necessary to achieve our business strategies and objectives. The mitigation of risks is achieved through the application and operation of controls, transferring of risk or tolerating risks within risk appetite. 6 Our internal audit department assesses the adequacy and effectiveness of our risk management framework and mitigating controls and coordinates risk- based audits to evaluate and address risk within targeted areas of our business. The core functions of this department are to (1) assess the adequacy and effectiveness of our internal control systems; (2) coordinate risk-based audits and compliance reviews; and (3) carry out other initiatives to evaluate and address risk within targeted areas of our business. Internal audit integrates testing of the risk management framework into its annual test plans. Our Audit Committee, comprised solely of independent directors, meets at least quarterly to assess whether management is addressing risk issues in a timely and appropriate manner. The Audit Committee receives a quarterly update on capital and risk management. Our risk appetite and tolerances have been formally approved by the Audit Committee. On a group basis and for our operating entities, we monitor our capital position relative to our regulatory requirements. Due to the re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance to the State of Vermont in the U.S. in March 2020, we will not file a Group Solvency Self-Assessment ("GSSA") for the 2019 year. Our Audit Committee had historically reviewed the GSSA which was required to be filed annually with the BMA and used to understand current and prospective risks and the associated capital requirements. The GSSA documented our internal self-assessment of capital. As a property and casualty holding company, our insurance subsidiaries are in the business of assuming risk. Our primary risks are categorized as follows: • Insurance risk - the risk that insured losses are higher than our expectations. This includes losses arising from inadequate loss reserves, losses from larger than expected non-catastrophe current accident year losses, and catastrophe losses that exceed our expectation or our reinsurance limits. We are not currently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting and as a result our insurance risk from premiums is immaterial; • Investment risk - the risk of loss in our investment portfolio potentially caused by fluctuations in interest rates, credit spreads, foreign exchange rates and inflation on both assets and liabilities; • Liquidity risk - the risk that the group does not have sufficient unrestricted or liquid funds to pay losses or meet contractual obligations as they become due; and • Operational risk - the risk of loss from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems and/or external events, which also includes legal risks. Our Financial Strength Ratings A.M. Best has developed a rating system to provide an opinion of an insurer’s or reinsurer’s financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to its policyholders. Each rating reflects that rating agency’s independent opinion of the capitalization, management and sponsorship of the entity to which it relates, and is neither an evaluation directed to investors in our common shares nor a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our common shares. A.M. Best maintains a letter scale rating system ranging from "A++" (Superior) to "F" (In Liquidation). On November 14, 2018, A.M. Best downgraded the financial strength rating of Maiden Reinsurance, our primary operating subsidiary, to B++ (Good) from A- (Excellent) and the long-term issuer credit rating to “bbb” from “a-”, with negative outlook and implications. In February 2019, we requested from A.M. Best to withdraw our financial strength rating. On February 28, 2019, A.M. Best approved the withdrawal with a final rating as "B++" (Good) with negative outlook and implications. As a result, we do not have a financial strength rating from any of the major rating agencies that cover our industry. As we continue to evaluate our ongoing business strategy, the lack of a financial strength rating from one of the major rating agencies may limit or negatively impact our ability to market and sell our products. It may also require us to use collateral more frequently to secure client relationships, which could impact our unrestricted liquidity. Both of these factors would be key considerations as to whether and when we resume active underwriting. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses General We are required by applicable insurance laws and regulations in the U.S. and Sweden and by U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP") to establish loss reserves to cover our estimated liability for the payment of all loss and loss adjustment expenses ("loss and LAE") incurred with respect to premiums earned on the policies and treaties that we write. These reserves are balance sheet liabilities representing estimates of loss and LAE which we are ultimately required to pay for insured or reinsured claims that have occurred as of or before the balance sheet date. The loss and LAE reserves on our balance sheet represent management’s best estimate of the outstanding liabilities associated with our premium earned. In developing this estimate, management considers the results of internal and external actuarial analyses, trends in those analyses as well as industry trends. Our opining independent actuary certifies that the reserves established by management make a reasonable provision for our unpaid loss and LAE obligations. These amounts include case reserves and provisions for Incurred But Not Reported ("IBNR") reserves. Case reserves are established for losses that have been reported to us, and not yet paid. IBNR reserves represent the estimated cost of losses that have occurred but have not been reported to us and include a provision for additional development on case reserves. We establish case reserves based on information from the ceding company, reinsurance intermediaries, and when appropriate, consultations with independent legal counsel. The IBNR reserves are established by management based on reported loss and LAE and actuarially determined estimates of ultimate loss and LAE. A variety of standard actuarial methods are calculated to estimate ultimate loss and LAE. The majority of our business is reserved individually by cedant and line of business, with the remainder reserved in homogeneous groupings. Ultimate loss selections are accumulated across the reserve segments, and appropriate actuarial judgment is applied to determine the final selection 7 of estimated ultimate losses. Ultimate losses are converted to IBNR reserves by subtracting inception to date paid losses and case reserves from those amounts. The combined total of case and IBNR results in indicated reserves which are the basis for the carried reserves for financial statements. Ultimate losses are also used to estimate premium and commission accruals for accounts with adjustable features. Loss reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability; rather, loss reserves are estimates of what we expect the ultimate resolution and administration of claims will cost. These estimates are based on actuarial and statistical projections and on our assessment of currently available data, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors. Loss reserve estimates are refined as experience develops and as claims are reported and resolved. Establishing an appropriate level of loss reserves is an inherently uncertain process. In addition, the relatively long reporting periods between when a loss occurs and when it may be reported to our claims department for our casualty lines of business also increase the uncertainties of our reserve estimates in such lines. To assist us in establishing appropriate reserves for loss and LAE, we analyze a significant amount of internal data and external insurance industry information with respect to the pricing environment and loss settlement patterns. In combination with our individual account pricing analyses and our internal loss settlement patterns, this industry information is used to guide our loss and LAE estimates. These estimates are reviewed quarterly, at a high level of detail, and any adjustments are reflected in earnings in the periods in which they are determined. For additional information concerning our reserves, see Item 7,"Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies — Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense" and "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9 — Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses" included under Item 8 "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data", for further information regarding the specific actuarial models we utilize and the uncertainties in establishing the reserve for loss and LAE. Our Employees On March 11, 2020, we had approximately 53 full-time and part-time employees who are located in Bermuda, the U.S., the U.K., Germany, Ireland and Sweden. We believe that our employee relations are good. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements. Regulatory Matters General The insurance and reinsurance industry are subject to regulatory and legislative oversight and regulation in various markets in which we operate. U.S. Insurance Regulation Until its re-domestication to Vermont, Maiden Reinsurance was regulated as a registered Class 3B general business insurer under the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda, as amended, and related regulations. As of March 16, 2020, Maiden Reinsurance is an affiliated reinsurer organized under the laws of the state of Vermont. Regulatory, supervisory and administrative authority over insurance companies is primarily delegated to the states with the exception of federal authority over boycott, coercion and intimidation, federal antitrust laws and where federal law is enacted specifically to regulate the business of insurance. Among other things, state insurance departments regulate insurer solvency standards, insurer and agent licensing, authorized investments, loss and expense reserves and provisions for unearned premiums, and deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders. Maiden Reinsurance is required to file detailed financial statements and other reports with the Vermont DFR. These financial statements are subject to the supervision, regulation and periodic examination by the Vermont DFR. State Insurance Department Examinations Maiden Reinsurance is subject to the financial supervision and regulation of the state in which it is domiciled. As part of their regulatory oversight process, state insurance departments conduct periodic detailed examinations of the financial reporting of insurance companies domiciled in their states, not less frequently than once every five years. Examinations may be carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other states under guidelines promulgated by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). Statutory Accounting Principles Statutory accounting principles ("SAP") are a basis of accounting developed to assist insurance regulators in monitoring and regulating the solvency of insurance companies. SAP is primarily concerned with measuring an insurer's surplus to policyholders. Accordingly, statutory accounting focuses on valuing assets and liabilities of insurers at financial reporting dates in accordance with appropriate insurance law and regulatory provisions applicable in each insurer's domiciliary state. U.S. GAAP is concerned with a company's solvency, but is also concerned with other financial measurements, principally income and cash flows. Accordingly, U.S. GAAP gives more consideration to appropriate matching of revenue and expenses and accounting for management's stewardship of assets than does SAP. As a direct result, different assets and liabilities and different amounts of assets and liabilities will be reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP compared to SAP. Statutory accounting practices established by the NAIC and adopted in part by Vermont will determine, among other things, the amount of statutory surplus and statutory net income of Maiden Reinsurance, and thus determine, in part, the amount of funds that could be available to pay as dividends. Holding Company Regulation Maiden Reinsurance is subject to the U.S. statutory holding company laws of its state of domicile. The insurance holding company laws and regulations apply directly to individual insurers, indirectly to non-insurance entities, and provide regulators the ability to look at any entity within an insurance holding company system. State regulations generally provide that each insurance 8 company in an insurance holding company system must register with the insurance department of its state of domicile. These laws vary from state to state, but each state has enacted legislation which requires licensed insurers that are subsidiaries of insurance holding companies to register and file with state regulatory authorities certain reports including information concerning their capital structure, ownership, financial condition and general business operations. All transactions involving the insurers in a holding company system and their affiliates must be fair and reasonable and, if material, require prior notice and non-disapproval by the state insurance department of their domicile. Further, state insurance holding company laws typically place limitations on the amounts of dividends or other distributions payable by insurers. Any capital distribution of any kind out of Maiden Reinsurance would be done consistent with Vermont regulations or as may be required, with the prior approval of the Vermont DFR. State insurance holding company laws also require prior notice and state insurance department approval of changes in control of an insurer or its holding company. "Control" is generally defined as the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of the company, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract (except a commercial contract for goods or non-management services) or otherwise. Maiden Reinsurance is domiciled in Vermont where any beneficial owner of 10% or more of the outstanding voting securities of an insurance company or its holding company is presumed to have acquired control, unless this presumption is rebutted. Therefore, an investor who intends to acquire beneficial ownership of 10% or more of our outstanding voting securities may need to comply with these laws and would be required to file notices and reports with the Vermont DFR and receive approval from the Vermont DFR or rebut the presumption of control before such acquisition. Additionally, the Model Holding Company Act and Model Holding Company Regulation address “enterprise” risk - the risk that an activity, circumstance, event, or series of events involving one or more affiliates of an insurer that, if not remedied promptly, is likely to have a material adverse effect upon the financial condition or liquidity of the insurer or its insurance holding company system as a whole. The Vermont DFR adopted the requirement for a holding company to annually submit an Enterprise Risk Report with the state commissioner. In 2012, the NAIC adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (“ORSA”) Model Act (the “ORSA Model Act”), which requires domestic insurers to maintain a risk management framework and establishes a legal requirement for domestic insures to conduct an ORSA in accordance with the NAIC’s ORSA Guidance Manual. The ORSA Model Act provides that domestic insurers, or their insurance group, must regularly conduct an ORSA consistent with a process comparable to the ORSA Guidance Manual process. The ORSA Model Act also provides that, no more than once a year, an insurer's domiciliary regulator may request that an insurer submit an ORSA summary report, or any combination of reports that together contain the information described in the ORSA Guidance Manual, with respect to the insurer and/or the insurance group of which it is a member. Vermont has adopted its version of the ORSA Model Act and the Company believes that a Vermont statutory exemption (8 V.S.A. Section 3586) presently exempts the Company from the requirements of Vermont’s version of the ORSA Model Act. Risk-Based Capital U.S. insurers are also subject to risk-based capital ("RBC") guidelines that provide a method to measure the total adjusted capital (statutory capital and surplus plus other adjustments) of insurance companies taking into account the risk characteristics of a company's investments and products. The RBC formulas establish capital requirements for four categories of risk: asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk and business risk. For each category, the capital requirement is determined by applying factors to asset, premium and reserve items, with higher factors applied to items with greater underlying risk and lower factors for less risky items. Insurers that have less statutory capital than the RBC calculation required are considered to have inadequate capital and are subject to varying degrees of regulatory action depending upon the level of capital inadequacy. Maiden Reinsurance will file its first RBC reports in 2021 after the completion of the 2020 calendar year, but estimate that it exceeds Vermont's RBC requirements and that these ratios should further improve as the amount of capital required to operate Maiden Reinsurance continues to decline based on our current expected business strategy. Reinsurance The ability of an insurer to take credit for the reinsurance purchased from reinsurance companies is a significant component of reinsurance regulation. Typically, an insurer will only enter into a reinsurance agreement if it can obtain credit to its reserves on its statutory financial statements for the reinsurance ceded to the reinsurer. With respect to U.S. domiciled reinsurers that reinsure U.S. insurers, credit is usually granted when the reinsurer is licensed, certified or accredited in a state where the primary insurer is domiciled or, in some instances, in a state in which the primary insurer is licensed. States also generally permit primary insurers to take credit for reinsurance if the reinsurer is (i) domiciled in a state with a credit for reinsurance law that is substantially similar to the standards in the primary insurer's state of domicile, and (ii) meets certain financial requirements. Credit for reinsurance purchased from a reinsurer that does not meet the foregoing conditions is generally allowed to the extent that such reinsurer secures its obligations with qualified collateral. We are able to take credit for all reinsurance purchased and all cedants are able to take credit for reinsurance they purchase from us. NAIC Ratios The NAIC Insurance Regulatory Information System ("IRIS") was developed to help state regulators identify companies that may require special attention. IRIS is comprised of statistical and analytical phases consisting of key financial ratios whereby financial examiners review annual statutory basis statements and financial ratios. Each ratio has an established "usual range" of results and assists state insurance departments in executing their statutory mandate to oversee the financial condition of insurance companies. A ratio result falling outside the usual range of IRIS ratios is not considered a failing result; rather unusual values are viewed as part of the regulatory early monitoring system. Furthermore, in some years, it may not be unusual for financially sound companies to have several ratios with results outside the usual ranges. An insurance company may fall out of the usual range for one or more ratios because of specific transactions that are in themselves immaterial. Generally, an insurance company will become subject to regulatory scrutiny and may be subject to regulatory action if it falls outside the usual ranges of four or more of the 9 ratios. Because Maiden Reinsurance recently completed its re-domestication to Vermont in 2020, it is possible that it may produce unusual ratios outside the usual ranges for more than four tests, principally due to the lack of prior year statutory data which is required for many of the ratios to be computed. State Legislative and Regulatory Changes From time to time, various regulatory and legislative changes are proposed in the insurance industry. Among the proposals that have in the past been or are at present being considered are proposals in various state legislatures (some of which proposals have been enacted) to conform portions of their insurance laws and regulations to various model acts adopted by the NAIC. While we are not engaged in any active reinsurance underwriting currently, our insurance subsidiaries are required to comply with a wide variety of laws and regulations applicable to insurance or reinsurance companies, both in the jurisdictions in which they are organized and where they may sell insurance and reinsurance products. The insurance and regulatory environment, in particular for offshore insurance and reinsurance companies, has become subject to increased scrutiny in many jurisdictions, including the U.S., various states within the U.S. and the EU. In the past, there have been Congressional and other initiatives in the U.S. regarding increased supervision and regulation of the insurance industry. It is not possible to predict the future impact of changes in laws and regulations on our operations. The cost of complying with any new legal requirements affecting our subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, our subsidiaries may not always be able to obtain or maintain necessary licenses, permits, authorizations or accreditations. They also may not be able to fully comply with, or to obtain appropriate exemptions from, the laws and regulations applicable to them. Any failure to comply with applicable law or to obtain appropriate exemptions could result in restrictions on either the ability of the company in question, as well as potentially its affiliates, to do business in one or more of the jurisdictions in which they operate or on brokers on which we rely to produce business for us. In addition, any such failure to comply with applicable laws or to obtain appropriate exemptions could result in the imposition of fines or other sanctions. Any of these sanctions could have a material adverse effect on our business. To date, no material fine, penalty or restriction has been imposed on us for failure to comply with any insurance law or regulation. International Standards U.S. federal and state regulators have committed in principle to adopting international standards with respect to basic regulatory issues such as accounting, risk management and corporate governance. International regulatory considerations are increasingly being deliberated by the NAIC and could increase regulatory burdens for Maiden Reinsurance and have the potential to negatively impact all U.S. insurers, regardless of size. Various trade associations and industry participants are aggressively working to impact the NAIC adoption of these standards. However, the final outcome of these deliberations is unknown at this time. Federal Although the regulation of the business of insurance and reinsurance is predominantly performed by the states, federal initiatives, such as the Dodd- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank"), often have an impact on the insurance industry. From time to time, various federal regulatory and legislative changes have been proposed in the insurance and reinsurance industry. Turmoil in the financial markets has increased the likelihood of changes in the way the financial services industry is regulated. While we cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of possible governmental initiatives, there may be increased regulatory intervention in our industry in the future. On January 13, 2017, the U.S. Department of the Treasury ("U.S. Treasury Department") and the office of the U.S. Trade Representative, ("USTR"), announced the successful completion of negotiations for a "covered agreement" in the meaning of the Dodd-Frank Act for the U.S. and an Agreement under Article 218 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union for the EU. The agreement covers three areas of prudential oversight: (1) reinsurance; (2) group supervision; and (3) the exchange of information between insurance supervisors. On September 22, 2017, the U.S. Treasury Department, USTR, and the EU formally signed the Covered Agreement. The agreement requires states to eliminate reinsurance collateral within 5 years or risk preemption. In exchange, the EU will not impose local presence requirements on U.S. firms operating in the EU, and effectively must defer to U.S. group capital regulation for U.S. entities of EU-based firms. The U.S. Treasury Department and USTR also released a U.S. policy statement clarifying their interpretation of the Covered Agreement in several key areas including capital, group supervision and reinsurance. Over the coming months, state regulators working through the NAIC will make key decisions on whether and how to modify state laws and regulations to comport with the provisions of the covered agreement. Bermuda is not covered under this agreement. Sweden Insurance Regulation Maiden LF and Maiden GF are subject to regulation and supervision by Finansinpektionen, the Swedish financial supervisory authority (the “Swedish FSA”). As Sweden is a member of the EU, the Swedish FSA supervision is recognized across all locations within the EU. Generally, the Swedish FSA has broad supervisory and administrative powers over such matters as licenses, standards of solvency, investments, methods of accounting, form and content of financial statements, minimum capital and surplus requirements, passporting permissions, approval of directors and officers, and annual and other report filings. In general, such regulation is for the protection of policyholders rather than shareholders. The Company believes that it is in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations pertaining to its business that would have a material effect on its financial position in the event of non-compliance. 10 Certain Bermuda Law Considerations Maiden Holdings has been designated as non-resident for exchange control purposes by the BMA and is required to obtain the permission of the BMA for the issue and transfer of all of its shares. The BMA has given its consent for: (a) the issue and transfer of Maiden Holdings' common shares, up to the amount of its authorized capital from time to time, to and among persons that are non-residents of Bermuda for exchange control purposes; and (b) the issue and transfer of up to 20% of Maiden Holdings' common shares in issue from time to time to and among persons resident in Bermuda for exchange control purposes. Transfers and issues of Maiden Holdings' common shares to any resident in Bermuda for exchange control purposes may require specific prior approval under the Exchange Control Act 1972. Because we are designated as non-resident for Bermuda exchange control purposes, we are allowed to engage in transactions, and to pay dividends to Bermuda non-residents who are holders of our common shares, in currencies other than the Bermuda Dollar. The Economic Substance Act 2018, as amended (“ESA”) came into effect in Bermuda in December 2018 and impacts every Bermuda registered entity engaged in a “relevant activity” requiring impacted entities to maintain a substantial economic presence in Bermuda and to satisfy economic substance requirements. Under the ESA, insurance or holding entity activities (both as defined in the ESA and the Economic Substance Regulations 2018, as amended) are relevant activities. To the extent that the ESA applies to any of our Bermuda entities, we are required to demonstrate compliance with economic substance requirements by filing an annual economic substance declaration with the Bermuda Registrar of Companies. Any entity that must satisfy economic substance requirements but fails to do so could face automatic disclosure to competent authorities in the EU of the information filed by the entity with the Bermuda Registrar of Companies in connection with the economic substance requirements. Additionally, a company may also face penalties, restriction or regulation of its business activities and may be struck off as a registered entity in Bermuda for failure to satisfy economic substance requirements. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 ("TRIA"), which was previously amended and extended in 2005, 2007 and again in 2015 by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015 ("TRIPRA"), was enacted to ensure the availability of insurance coverage for terrorist acts in the U.S. This law renewed the prior federal terrorism risk insurance program. It was extended through December 31, 2020 with certain modifications in the provisions of the expiring program. There is no assurance that TRIA will be extended beyond 2020 on either a temporary or permanent basis and its expiration (or renewal on a substantially modified basis) could have an adverse effect on our clients, the industry or us. TRIA does not apply to reinsurers directly but does apply directly to insurers and to excess and surplus lines insurers. The TRIPRA has had some impact on our reinsurance clients, but not all due to the lines of business covered by TRIA. Also, in general, our reinsurance contracts contain inuring language regarding any potential recoveries from TRIA. Additional material addressing TRIA and TRIPRA, including U.S. Treasury Department issued interpretive letters, are contained on the U.S. Treasury Department’s website. Taxation of the Company and its Subsidiaries The following summary of certain taxation matters is based upon current law. Legislative, judicial or administrative changes may be forthcoming that could affect this summary. Certain subsidiaries are subject to taxation related to operations in Australia, Germany, Sweden, the U.K. and the U.S. The discussion below covers only the principal locations in which the Company or its subsidiaries are subject to taxation. Bermuda Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance each have received from the Minister of Finance an assurance under The Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act, 1966 to the effect that in the event that there is any legislation enacted in Bermuda imposing tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then the imposition of any such tax shall not be applicable to Maiden Holdings or Maiden Reinsurance or to any of their operations or the shares, debentures or other obligations of Maiden Holdings or Maiden Reinsurance until March 31, 2035. These assurances are subject to the proviso that they are not construed to prevent the application of any tax or duty to such persons as are ordinarily resident in Bermuda (Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance are not currently so designated) or to prevent the application of any tax payable in accordance with the provisions of The Land Tax Act, 1967 of Bermuda or otherwise payable in relation to the property leased to us. Sweden Maiden LF and Maiden GF are subject to Swedish taxation on net profits irrespective of whether the profits are generated through business in general or capital. To the extent that net profits are generated, profits are taxed at a rate of 22%. Foreign entities are subject to tax in Sweden only to the extent they have a permanent establishment in Sweden or if the income is related to certain types of assets, typically real estate, or partnership income. Dividends paid to foreign shareholders may be subject to withholding tax with a maximum of 30% although in many cases tax is reduced as a result of a tax treaty or under domestic legislation. A foreign entity is deemed to have a permanent establishment in Sweden under the rules very similar to those applied by The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD"). Other than Maiden LF and Maiden GF, we believe that the Company has operated and will continue to operate its business in a manner that will not cause it to be treated as having a permanent establishment in Sweden. There is no withholding tax on interest paid by a Swedish borrower to a foreign lender. United Kingdom Maiden Global is tax resident in the U.K. and is currently subject to corporation tax in the U.K. on its trading and other taxable profits. The main rate of U.K. corporation tax is currently 19%. Non-U.K. resident corporations are within the scope of corporation tax in the U.K. if they carry on a trade in the U.K. through a permanent establishment. Reinsurance business developed by Maiden Global is underwritten by Maiden Reinsurance. Other than in respect of Maiden Global, we believe that the Company has operated 11 and will continue to operate its business in a manner that will not cause it to be treated as carrying on a trade within the U.K. Any U.K. source income of non-U.K. resident corporations may be subject to U.K. withholding tax, subject to the availability of treaty relief or any other applicable exemptions. Dividends paid by Maiden Global are not subject to U.K. withholding tax. Interest paid by Maiden Global may be subject to U.K. withholding tax at a rate of up to 20%, subject to the availability of treaty relief or any other applicable exemptions. United States of America Recent tax reform commonly referred to as The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "2017 Act") was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The 2017 Act lowered the corporate U.S. tax rate to 21%, eliminated the alternative minimum tax, limited the deductibility of interest expense and requires a one-time tax on a deemed repatriation of untaxed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. In the context of the taxation of U.S. property/casualty insurance companies such as the Company, the 2017 Act also modified the loss reserve discounting rules and the proration rules that apply to reduce reserve deductions to reflect the lower corporate income tax rate. In addition, the 2017 Act included certain provisions intended to eliminate certain perceived tax advantages of companies (including insurance companies) that have legal domiciles outside the U.S. but have certain U.S. connections and U.S. persons investing in such companies. For example, the 2017 Act includes a base erosion anti-avoidance tax (the "BEAT") that could make affiliate reinsurance between U.S. and non-U.S. members of our group economically unfeasible. As discussed in more detail below, the 2017 Act also revised the rules applicable to passive foreign investment companies ("PFICs") and controlled foreign corporations ("CFCs"). Although we are currently unable to predict the ultimate impact of the 2017 Act on our business, shareholders and results of operations, it is possible that the 2017 Act may increase the U.S. federal income tax liability of U.S. members of our group that cede risk to non-U.S. group members and may affect the timing and amount of U.S. federal income taxes imposed on certain U.S. shareholders. Further, it is possible that other legislation could be introduced and enacted by the current Congress or future Congresses that could have an adverse impact on us. Additionally, tax laws and interpretations regarding whether a company is engaged in a U.S. trade or business or whether a company is a CFC or a PFIC or has related person insurance income ("RPII") are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. There are currently only recently proposed regulations regarding the application of the PFIC rules to an insurance company. Further, the regulations regarding RPII have been in proposed form since 1991. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying such rules may be forthcoming. The Company cannot be certain if, when or in what form such regulations or pronouncements may be provided and whether such guidance will have a retroactive effect. Maiden NA and its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Maiden NA Companies") transact business in and are subject to taxation in the U.S. Other than the Maiden NA Companies, we believe that we have operated and will continue to operate our business in a manner that will not cause us to be treated as engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. As noted above, Maiden Reinsurance re-domesticated from Bermuda to Vermont as of March 16, 2020 and will be subject to U.S. taxation as a domestic corporation from the effective date of the re-domestication. On this basis, other than the Maiden NA Companies, we do not expect to be required to pay U.S. corporate income taxes (other than withholding and excise taxes as described below). The maximum federal corporate income tax rate has been reduced by the 2017 Act to 21% for a foreign corporation’s income that is effectively connected with a trade or business in the U.S. In addition, U.S. branches of foreign corporations may be subject to the branch profits tax, which imposes a tax on U.S. branch after-tax earnings that are deemed repatriated out of the U.S., for a potential maximum effective federal tax rate of approximately 44% on the net income connected with a U.S. trade or business. Foreign corporations not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. are subject to U.S. income tax, effected through withholding by the payer, on certain fixed or determinable annual or periodic gains, profits and income derived from sources within the U.S. as enumerated in Section 881(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, such as dividends and interest on certain investments. The U.S. also imposes an excise tax on insurance and reinsurance premiums paid to foreign insurers or reinsurers with respect to risks of a U.S. person located wholly or partly within the U.S. or risks of a foreign person engaged in the conduct of a U.S. trade or business located in the U.S. The rate of tax applicable to reinsurance premiums paid to Maiden Reinsurance by U.S. insurance companies was 1% of gross premiums. Where You Can Find More Information We maintain our principal website at www.maiden.bm. The information on our websites is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We make available, free of charge through our principal website, our financial information, including the information contained in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). We also make available, free of charge through our principal website, our Audit Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee Charter, and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. Such information is also available in print for any shareholder who sends a request to Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Ideation House, 94 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM 08, Bermuda, Attention: Secretary. Reports and other information we file with the SEC may also be viewed at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or viewed or obtained at the SEC Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the SEC Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 800-SEC-0330. Any shareholder or other interested party who desires to contact any member of the Board (or our Board as a group) may do so in writing to the following address: Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Ideation House, 94 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM 08, Bermuda, Attention: Secretary. Communications are distributed to the Board, or to any individual directors as appropriate, depending on the facts and circumstances outlined in the communication. 12 Item 1A. Risk Factors. Introduction Investing in our securities carries risk. Managing risk effectively is critical to our success, and our organization is built around intelligent risk assumptions and prudent risk management. We have identified what we believe reflect key significant risks to the organization, and in turn to our shareholders, which are outlined below. Any of the risks described below could result in a significant or material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. In addition to these enumerated risks, we face numerous other strategic, operational and emerging risks that could in the aggregate lead to shortfalls to our long-term goals or add to short-term volatility in our earnings. The following review of important risk factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with other cautionary statements that are included herein or elsewhere. The words or phrases believe, anticipate, estimate, project, plan, expect, intend, hope, forecast, evaluate, will likely result or will continue or words or phrases of similar import generally involve forward-looking statements. All of the risks that may affect our financial or operating performance may not be material at this time but may become material in the future. As used in these Risk Factors, the terms "we", "our" or "us" may, depending upon the context, refer to the Company, to one or more of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries or to all of them taken as a whole. Business We have incurred significant operating losses in recent years. There can be no assurance that we will return to active underwriting or to operating profitability. We produced net losses of $131.9 million in 2019 and $544.4 million in 2018, primarily the result of loss reserve strengthening and adverse prior year development of loss reserves. We have taken significant actions in the second half of 2018 and during 2019 to strengthen our capital position, and restructure our business by disposing of unprofitable operations and terminating reinsurance agreements in both of our reporting segments while significantly reducing headcount and overhead expenses. We have also purchased additional reinsurance protection to eliminate potential volatility of loss reserves from this legacy business. While we believe these actions will help restore operating profitability, there can be no assurance that these actions will achieve their intended effects or that such reinsurance will be sufficient to protect us against further adverse loss reserve development. Finally, we have not as yet determined if and when we may resume active underwriting of risks which would result in increased revenue. Our shareholders’ equity declined significantly in 2018 and 2019 and there can be no assurance it will not decrease further. Due to our results of operations in recent years and in particular 2018 and 2019, our shareholders' equity declined by 8.4% during 2019. We have taken significant actions in the second half of 2018 and during 2019 to improve our capital position, and restructure our business by disposing of unprofitable operations and terminating reinsurance agreements while significantly reducing headcount and overhead expenses. While we believe these actions will increase shareholders' equity, there can be no assurance that these actions will achieve their intended effects. We have also purchased additional reinsurance protection to eliminate potential volatility of loss reserves from this legacy business. There can be no assurance that this reinsurance or that the timing and accounting recognition of recoveries under that reinsurance agreement will be sufficient to protect us against further declines in shareholders’ equity. While we continue to believe we will operate as a going concern, there can be no assurance that this will continue to be the case if further significant declines in our shareholders’ equity occur. The inability of management to successfully implement its business strategy could result in a further decline of capital or materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Management continues to evaluate various operating strategies that are likely to be significantly different than our prior strategic business focus. This may involve changes to our approaches to asset and capital management and we may or may not resume active reinsurance underwriting in the future. Further, as part of its re-domestication to the State of Vermont in the U.S., Maiden Reinsurance expects to closely consult with the Vermont DFR before it considers resuming active reinsurance underwriting and on matters related to capital management and business strategy. There can be no assurance that the implementation of the new business plan will succeed or will be satisfactory to the Vermont DFR which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition. Our actual losses may be greater than our reserve for loss and LAE, which would negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. Our success depends upon our ability to assess accurately the risks associated with the businesses that we will reinsure. Significant periods of time often elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to an insurer and the reporting of the loss by the insurer to its reinsurer and the ultimate disposition of that loss. The reserves we establish represent estimates of amounts needed to pay reported losses and unreported losses and the related loss adjustment expense. Loss reserves are only an estimate of what an insurer or reinsurer anticipates the ultimate costs of claims to be and do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Estimating loss reserves is a difficult and complex process involving many variables, inherent uncertainty, statistical modeling, and subjective judgments. As part of our reserving process, we review historical data as well as perform actuarial and statistical projections using proprietary models and consider the impact of various factors such as: trends in claim frequency and severity; changes in operations; emerging economic and social trends; inflation; and changes in the regulatory and litigation environments. This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future events. In addition, reserving models that are capable of estimating reserves using a variety of methodologies are utilized during the reserving process. There is no precise method, however, for evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of reserves, and actual results are likely to differ from original estimates. Reserve models can introduce further process and parameter risk when data and methodologies are interpreted or utilized in a manner which is 13 inconsistent with the actual underlying characteristics of the reinsured exposure. These risks could arise due to incorrect use of the models, or the use of a model or methodology that is inappropriate. In addition, unforeseen losses, the type or magnitude of which we cannot predict, may emerge in the future. Given the inherent uncertainty in the reserving process and models used for reserve estimation, we may not accurately react to the reporting and payment of loss in the projection of our reserve for loss and LAE. We will establish or adjust reserves for our insurance subsidiaries in part based upon loss data received from the ceding companies with which we do business. There is a time delay that elapses between the receipt and recording of claims results by the ceding insurance companies and the receipt and recording of those results by us. Accordingly, establishment and adjustment of reserves for our insurance subsidiaries is dependent upon timely and accurate estimate reporting from cedants and agents. While we have adjusted our reserves to a level we believe to be sufficient to cover losses assumed by us when we recognize adverse developments, there can be no assurance that losses will not deviate from our reserves, possibly by material amounts. We have experienced repeated significant adverse development of our loss reserves in recent years. Further, the additional reinsurance protection we have purchased to protect against further adverse development in loss reserves may be insufficient compared to the actual losses that emerge and we may need to recognize further adverse development which would reduce our results of operations and shareholders' equity, possibly materially. To the extent our actual reported losses exceed expected losses, the carried estimate of the ultimate losses will be increased, which would represent unfavorable reserve development, and in turn could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Our internal control and reporting systems might not be effective in the future, which could increase the risk that we would become subject to restatements of our financial results or to regulatory action or litigation or other developments that could adversely affect our business. Our ability to produce accurate financial statements and comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations is largely dependent on our maintenance of internal control and reporting systems, as well as on our ability to attract and retain qualified management and accounting and actuarial personnel to further develop our internal accounting function and control policies. If we fail to effectively establish and maintain such reporting and accounting systems or fail to attract and retain personnel who are capable of designing and operating such systems, these failures will increase the likelihood that we may be required to restate our financial results to correct errors or that we will become subject to legal and regulatory infractions, which may entail civil litigation and investigations by regulatory agencies including the SEC. In addition, if our management team were to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and our financial flexibility and the value of our common shares could be adversely impacted. The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain. As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued insurance or reinsurance contracts that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract is issued. Our exposure to these uncertainties could be exacerbated by an increase in insurance and reinsurance contract disputes, arbitration and litigation. Our business is subject to risks related to litigation. Losses from legal and regulatory actions may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, operating results, cash flows, financial condition and prospects. We may from time to time be subject to litigation or other legal or regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business relating to our current and past business operations, including, but not limited to, disputes over coverage or claims adjudication, including claims alleging that we have acted in bad faith in the administration of claims by our policyholders, disputes with our agents, producers and termination of contracts and related claims and disputes with former employees. We also cannot determine with any certainty what new theories of recovery may evolve or what their impact may be on our business. We also may be subject to litigation from security holders due to the diminution in value of our securities as a result of our operating results and financial condition. Defending against these actions may require us to utilize significant resources in our defense as well as result in a significant amount of time by our senior management. An adverse resolution of one or more lawsuits or arbitrations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a particular fiscal quarter or year. Our reinsurers may not pay losses in a timely fashion, or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. At December 31, 2019, we had a net balance due to us from one reinsurer, Cavello, of $620.7 million, consisting of losses due from Cavello under the retrocession agreement of $62.7 million and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses under the retroactive reinsurance agreement of $558.0 million. Cavello has provided collateral in the form of a letter of credit in the amount of $445.0 million to AmTrust under the LPT/ADC Agreement and is subject to additional collateral funding requirements. We may or may not use retrocessional and reinsurance coverage to limit our exposure to risks. Any retrocessional or reinsurance coverage that we obtain may be limited, and credit and other risks associated with our retrocessional and reinsurance arrangements may result in losses which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We have provided reinsurance to our clients and in turn we may or may not retrocede reinsurance we have assumed to other insurers and reinsurers. If we do not use retrocessional coverage or reinsurance, our exposure to losses will be greater than if we did obtain such coverage. If we do obtain retrocessional or reinsurance coverage, some of the insurers or reinsurers to whom we may retrocede coverage or reinsure with may be domiciled in Bermuda or other non-U.S. locations. We would be subject to credit and other risks that depend upon the financial strength of these reinsurers. Further, we will be subject to credit risk with respect 14 to any retrocessional or reinsurance arrangements because the ceding of risk to reinsurers and retrocessionaires would not relieve us of our liability to the clients or companies we insure or reinsure. Our failure to establish adequate reinsurance or retrocessional arrangements or the failure of any retrocessional arrangements to protect us from overly concentrated risk exposure could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. We may attempt to mitigate such risks by retaining collateral or trust accounts for premium and claims receivables, but nevertheless we cannot be assured that reinsurance will be fully collectable in the case of all potential claims outcomes. The failure of any of the loss limitation methods we have employed or could employ in the future could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. We seek to limit loss exposure through loss limitation provisions in policies we write, such as limitations on the amount of losses that can be claimed under a policy, limitations or exclusions from coverage and provisions relating to choice of forum, which are intended to assure that our policies are legally interpreted as intended. There can be no assurance that these contractual provisions will be enforceable in the manner expected or that disputes relating to coverage will be resolved in our favor. If the loss limitation provisions in the policies are not enforceable or disputes arise concerning the application of such provisions, the losses we incur could be materially higher than expected and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Our efforts to develop products, expand in targeted markets or modify our business and strategic plans may not be successful and may create enhanced risks. As noted, we are not presently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting. However, any new business initiatives involving the development of new products or expanding existing products in new or historically targeted markets may involve substantial capital and operating expenditures, which may negatively impact our results of operations and shareholders' equity. In addition, the demand for new products or in new markets may not meet our expectations. To the extent we are able to market new products or expand in new markets, our risk exposures may change and the data and models we use to manage such exposures may not be as sophisticated as those we use in existing markets or with existing products. This, in turn, could lead to losses in excess of expectations. Additionally, the re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance to the U.S. may limit our ability to reinsure risk outside of the U.S. and may have an adverse effect on our capital and ability to write new business. As part of our ongoing efforts to continually improve our performance, we regularly evaluate our business plans and strategies, which may result in changes to our business plans and initiatives, some of which may be material. We are subject to increasing risks related to our ability to successfully implement our evolving plans and strategies. Changing plans and strategies requires significant management of time and effort, and may divert management’s attention from our core operations and competencies, and our efforts to improve our capital position and solvency. Moreover, modifications we undertake to our operations may not immediately result in improved financial performance. Therefore, risks associated with implementing or changing our business strategies and initiatives, including risks related to developing or enhancing the operations, controls and other infrastructure required for these strategies and initiatives, may not have a positive impact on our publicly reported results until many years after implementation. The risk that we may fail to have the ability to carry out our business plans may have an adverse effect on our long-term results of operations and financial condition. We depend on the policies, procedures and expertise of ceding companies for the business we have written in the past; these companies may have failed to accurately assess and price the risks they have underwritten, which may lead us to inaccurately assess and price the risks we assumed. While we are not presently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting, our participation in property and casualty reinsurance markets means the success of our prior underwriting efforts depends, in part, upon the policies, procedures and expertise of the ceding companies making the original underwriting decisions. As common among reinsurers, we do not separately evaluate each of the individual risks assumed under reinsurance treaties. We face the risk that these ceding companies may have failed to accurately assess the risks that they assumed initially, which, in turn, may lead us to inaccurately assess the risks we assumed. If we have failed to establish and receive appropriate pricing or failed to contractually limit our exposure to such risks, we could face significant losses on these contracts, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial results. The inherent uncertainty of models and the use of such models as a tool to evaluate risk may have an adverse impact on our financial results. We use our own proprietary models to provide us with an objective risk assessment relating to risks in our reinsurance portfolio. These models help us to inform management and other stakeholders of capital requirements and to improve the risk/return profile or minimize the amount of capital required to cover the risks in each reinsurance contract in our overall portfolio of reinsurance contracts. However, given the inherent uncertainty of modeling techniques and the application of such techniques, these models and databases may not accurately address the emergence of a variety of matters which might be deemed to impact certain of our coverages. Accordingly, these models may understate the exposures we are assuming and our financial results may be adversely impacted, perhaps significantly. The failure of our underwriting process could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. As noted, we are not presently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting. Previously, we sought to manage our loss exposure by maintaining a disciplined underwriting process throughout our (re)insurance operations. Underwriting is a matter of judgment, involving important assumptions about matters that are inherently unpredictable and beyond our control, and for which historical experience and probability analysis may not provide sufficient guidance. The failure of any of the underwriting risk management strategies that we employ could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Prior to ceasing active reinsurance underwriting, we relied on internal controls and underwriting guidelines to limit our risk exposure within prescribed parameters. However, our controls and monitoring efforts may have been ineffective, permitting one 15 or more underwriters to exceed underwriting authority and causing us to (re)insure risks outside the agreed upon guidelines. To the extent that our underwriters exceeded their authorities, agreed to inappropriate contract terms and conditions or were influenced by broker incentives, or if there was inaccurate underwriting data captured and reported leading to licensing and sanction breaches, our financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. We may be required to accelerate the amortization of deferred acquisition costs or establish premium deficiency reserves. Deferred acquisition costs represent incremental direct costs related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. The balances of such costs are capitalized as an asset and amortized into income over the expected lives of the underlying insurance contracts. On an ongoing basis, we test these assets recorded on our balance sheet to determine whether the amounts are recoverable under current assumptions. To date, we have concluded that no such premium deficiency exists. If facts and circumstances change, these tests and reviews could lead to the establishment of a premium deficiency reserve which would require a write down in the carried value of our deferred acquisition costs. Such results could have an adverse effect on the results of our operations and our financial condition. Failure of our information technology systems could disrupt our business and adversely impact our profitability. We believe our information technology and application systems are critical to our business and reputation. We have licensed certain systems and data from third parties. We cannot be certain that we will have access to these, or comparable service providers, or that our technology or applications will continue to operate as intended. A major defect or failure in our internal controls or information technology and application systems could result in management distraction, harm to our reputation, a loss or delay of revenues or increased expense. Technology breaches or failures, including, but not limited to, those resulting from cyber-attacks on us or our business partners and service providers, could disrupt or otherwise negatively impact our business. Information technology and application systems can streamline many business processes and ultimately reduce the cost of operations, however, technology initiatives present certain risks. Our business is dependent upon our employees and outsources ability to perform, in an efficient and uninterrupted fashion, necessary business functions. Like all companies, our information technology systems are vulnerable to data breaches, interruptions or failures due to events that may be beyond our control, including, but not limited to, natural disasters, theft, terrorist attacks, computer viruses, hackers and general technology failures. Our information technology systems include the Internet and third-party hosted services. We use information systems to process financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and for regulatory financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. We also use information systems for electronic communications with customers and our various locations. A shutdown or inability to access one or more of our facilities, a power outage, a security breach, or a failure of one or more of our information technology, telecommunications or other systems could significantly impair our ability to perform such functions on a timely basis. These incidents could be caused by malicious or disruptive software, computer hackers, rogue employees, cyber-attacks, failures of telecommunications systems or other catastrophic events. If sustained or repeated, such a business interruption, system failure or service denial could result in a deterioration of our ability to write and process business, provide customer service, pay claims in a timely manner or perform other necessary business functions. Furthermore, a significant portion of the communications between our employees and our business, banking and investment partners depends on information technology and electronic information exchange. In addition, we may suffer financial and reputational damage because of lost or misappropriated confidential information belonging to us, and may become subject to legal action and increased regulatory oversight. We could also be required to spend significant financial and other resources to remedy any damage caused to repair or replace information systems. We believe that we have established and implemented appropriate security measures, controls and procedures to safeguard our information technology systems and to prevent unauthorized access to such systems and any data processed and/or stored in such systems, and we periodically employ third parties to evaluate and test the adequacy of such systems, controls and procedures. In addition, we have established a business continuity plan which is designed to ensure that we are able to maintain all aspects of our key business processes functioning in the midst of certain disruptive events, including any disruptions to or breaches of our information technology systems. We continue to make investments in technologies, cyber-insurance and training. Our business continuity plans are tested and evaluated for adequacy. Despite these safeguards, disruptions to and breaches of our information technology systems are possible and may negatively impact our business. Like most major corporations, the Company’s information systems are a target of attacks. Although we have experienced no known material or threatened cases involving unauthorized access to our information technology systems and data or unauthorized appropriation of such data to date, we have no assurance that such technology breaches will not occur in the future. Ongoing economic uncertainty could materially and adversely affect our business, our liquidity and financial condition. Global economies and financial markets have, from time to time, experienced significant disruption or deterioration and likely will experience periods of disruption or deterioration in the future. In addition, U.S. federal and state governments continue to experience significant structural fiscal deficits, creating uncertainty as to levels of taxation, inflation, regulation and other economic fundamentals that may impact future growth prospects. Significantly greater economic, fiscal and monetary uncertainty remains in Europe, due to the combination of poor economic growth, high unemployment and significant sovereign deficits which have called into question the future of the common currency used across most of Europe. European economic activity appears likely to remain volatile in the near future and to potentially have a continuing impact on the U.S. economy. The spread of COVID-19 around the world has created significant economic uncertainty which may have a material effect on the global economy and financial markets. Continuation of these conditions may potentially affect (among other aspects of our business) the demand for and claims made under our products, the ability of clients, counterparties and others to establish or maintain their relationships with us, our ability to access and efficiently use internal and external capital resources and our investment performance. 16 Our agency mortgage-backed securities ("Agency MBS") constitute 29.3% of our fixed maturity investments at December 31, 2019. As with other fixed income investments, the fair value of these securities fluctuates depending on market and other general economic conditions and the interest rate environment. Changes in interest rates can expose us to changes in the prepayment rate on these investments. In periods of declining interest rates, mortgage prepayments generally increase and mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") are prepaid more quickly, requiring us to reinvest the proceeds at lower market rates. Conversely, in periods of rising rates, mortgage prepayments generally fall, preventing us from taking full advantage of the higher level of rates. However, economic conditions may curtail prepayment activity on the underlying mortgages if refinancing is difficult, thus limiting prepayments on the MBS portfolio. In the event that these conditions persist and result in a prolonged period of economic uncertainty, our results of operations, our financial condition and/or liquidity, and our prospects could be materially and adversely affected. We may face substantial exposure to losses from terrorism, acts of war and political instability. We may have exposure to losses resulting from acts of terrorism, acts of war and political instability as a reinsurer of U.S. domiciled insurers. U.S. insurers are required by state and federal law to offer coverage for terrorism in certain commercial lines. These risks are inherently unpredictable, although recent events may lead to increased frequency and severity. It is difficult to predict the occurrence of these perils with statistical certainty or to estimate the amount of loss an occurrence will generate. We closely monitor the amount and types of coverage we provide for terrorism risk under insurance policies and reinsurance treaties. We often seek to exclude or limit terrorism when we cannot reasonably evaluate the risk of loss or charge an appropriate premium for such risk. Even in cases where we have deliberately sought to exclude coverage, we may not be able to eliminate our exposure to terrorist acts, and thus it is possible that these acts could have a material adverse effect on us. Liquidity, Capital Resources and Investments We may not have sufficient unrestricted liquidity to meet our obligations. Maiden Holdings is a holding company. As a result, we do not have, and will not have, any significant operations or assets other than our ownership of the shares of our subsidiaries. Dividends and other permitted payments from our operating subsidiaries are expected to be our sole source of funds to meet ongoing cash requirements at Maiden Holdings, including debt service payments and other expenses. As of December 31, 2019 and as of the date hereof, our insurance subsidiaries ability to make distributions are limited by regulatory restrictions. Maiden Holdings may need to borrow funds from its subsidiaries if funds from dividends are not available to meet ongoing cash requirements. The impact of applicable regulatory capital requirements such as risk based capital ratios under U.S. law could impact the ability of Maiden Reinsurance to pay future cash dividends. Maiden Reinsurance uses trust accounts, loan to related party, funds withheld and letters of credit to meet collateral requirements. Consequently, cash and cash equivalents and investments are pledged in favor of ceding companies in order to comply with relevant insurance regulations or contractual requirements. At December 31, 2019, restricted cash and cash equivalents and fixed maturity investments used as collateral were $1.5 billion and represents 77.6% of the fair value of our total fixed maturity investments and cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash and cash equivalents) at that date. At December 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance had $383.0 million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and fixed maturity investments. Based on our current estimate of 2020 financial projections, we believe we will have sufficient liquidity to meet and fulfill our obligations including payments due under our 2013 Senior Notes and 2016 Senior Notes. However, should operating results deteriorate, or should additional collateral be required under our contractual arrangements with reinsureds prior to the receipt of recoveries under reinsurance agreements we have entered into, we cannot assure that we will maintain sufficient unrestricted liquidity to meet those obligations. We may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors. We also may not be able to grow significantly without additional capital. Our future business needs are uncertain and we may need to raise additional funds to further capitalize Maiden Reinsurance or our IIS business. We anticipate that any such additional funds would be raised through equity, debt, hybrid financings or entering into reinsurance agreements. While we currently have no commitment from any lender with respect to a credit facility or a loan facility, we may enter into an unsecured revolving credit facility or a term loan facility with one or more syndicates of lenders. Any equity, debt or hybrid financing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us. Recent turbulence in the financial markets due to the spread of COVID-19 may limit our ability to access the credit or equity markets. If we are able to raise capital through equity financings, the interest of shareholders in our Company would be diluted, and the securities we issue may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of our common shares. We no longer have an S&P rating or A.M. Best rating. The absence of credit ratings on our outstanding securities could impact our ability to obtain additional debt or hybrid capital at reasonable terms or at all. Credit ratings are an opinion by third parties of our financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to our future policyholders. The lack of a credit rating may make it difficult for investors to evaluate an investment in our securities and for us to raise additional capital in the future on acceptable terms or at all. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities take negative actions against us. Finally, our operating results in the last several years may make investors reluctant to commit capital to us at reasonable valuations and/or pricing. Our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient, and in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all. The availability of additional financing will also depend on a variety of other factors such as market conditions, the general availability of capital, the volume of trading activities and the overall availability of capital to the financial services industry. As such, we may be forced to delay raising capital, issue shorter maturity securities than we prefer, or bear an unattractive cost of capital which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility. If we cannot obtain adequate capital, our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. 17 We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common shares for the foreseeable future and there can be no assurance that dividends on the preference shares will resume in the near future. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to strengthen our regulatory capital and solvency ratios, improve our liquidity and working capital and for other general corporate purposes. The insurance laws and regulations of our insurance subsidiaries generally contain restrictions on the ability to pay dividends or distributions to Maiden Holdings, which may restrict our ability to pay dividends on common or preferred shares. Any capital distribution of any kind out of Maiden Reinsurance would be done consistent with Vermont regulation or as may be required, with the prior approval of the Vermont DFR. Any future determination to pay dividends on our common shares will be at the discretion of our Board, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our Board considers relevant. Maiden Holdings has issued a total of $630.0 million in Preference Shares since 2012, of which $465.0 million remains outstanding at December 31, 2019. Holders of our Preference Shares may receive dividends on a non-cumulative basis and are required to be paid before common shareholders are eligible for dividend payments. Our Board of Directors have not declared dividends on the Preference Shares since the December 1, 2018 dividend date and there can be no assurance that the authorization and declaration of dividends on the Preference Shares will resume in the near future. At March 15, 2020, because preference share dividends have not been declared and paid for six quarterly dividend periods, the holders of the Preference Shares series A, C and D are collectively entitled to vote for the election of a total of two additional members of the Company's Board of Directors. There can be no assurance as to the impact on our operations should the election of such additional board members occur. Our failure to comply with restrictive covenants contained in the documents governing our Senior Notes or any future credit facility could trigger prepayment obligations, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The indentures governing our Senior Notes contain covenants that impose restrictions on us and certain of our subsidiaries with respect to, among other things, the incurrence of liens and the disposition of capital stock of these subsidiaries. In addition, any future credit facility may require us and/or certain of our subsidiaries to comply with certain covenants, which may include the maintenance of a minimum consolidated net tangible worth and restrictions on the payment of dividends. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default under the indentures or any future credit facility, which, if not cured or waived, could result in us being required to repay the notes or any amounts outstanding under such credit facility prior to maturity. We believe we are in compliance with all of the covenants in the Indentures governing the Senior Notes. However, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if we were found to be in default of these covenants. For more details on our indebtedness, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included under Item 7 and "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - "Note 7 — Long-Term Debt" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A significant amount of our invested assets are subject to changes in interest rates and market volatility. If we are unable to realize our investment objectives, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Investment income is an important component of our consolidated net income. At December 31, 2019, total investments of $1.9 billion represented 94.6% of our total cash and investments, of which $31.7 million or 1.6% were in other investments, a combination of investments in limited partnerships and equity investments. As a result of market conditions prevailing at a particular time, the allocation of our portfolio to various asset types may vary. The fair market value of these assets and the investment income from these assets will fluctuate depending on general economic and market conditions. We classify our fixed maturity investments as available-for-sale ("AFS") and therefore changes in the market value are reflected in our shareholders’ equity. Our Board has established our investment policies and our executive management is implementing our investment strategy with the assistance of our investment managers. Although these guidelines stress diversification and capital preservation, our investment results will be subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to changes in the business, financial condition or results of operations of the entities in which we invest, as well as changes in general economic conditions and overall market conditions, interest rate fluctuations and market volatility. Given our reliance on external investment managers, we are also exposed to operational risks, which may include, but are not limited to, a failure of these managers to follow our investment policy guidelines, a failure to maintain proper internal controls, technological and staffing deficiencies and inadequate disaster recovery plans. Our investment portfolio consists of substantially all interest rate-sensitive instruments, such as bonds, which may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies and domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. Changes in interest rates could have an adverse effect on the value of our investment portfolio and future investment income. For example, changes in interest rates can expose us to prepayment risks on U.S. Government Agency MBS included in our investment portfolio (all Agency MBS are currently "AA+" rated by S&P). Increases in interest rates will decrease the fair market value of our investments in fixed-income securities. If increases in interest rates occur during periods when we sell investments to satisfy liquidity needs, we may experience investment losses. In addition, a declining interest rate environment can result in reductions in our investment yield as new funds and proceeds from sales and maturities of fixed income securities are reinvested at lower rates which reduces our overall profitability. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, inflation, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. In order to limit our exposure to unexpected interest rate increases which would reduce the value of our fixed income securities and reduce our shareholders' equity, we attempt to maintain the duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio combined with our cash and cash equivalents, both restricted and unrestricted, within a reasonable range of the duration of our loss reserves. As a result of the LPT/ADC Agreement, our liability duration will be materially shortened and if we do not correspondingly shorten the duration of the investments in our investment portfolio, our risk of exposure to unexpected changes in interest rates could adversely affect our operations and financial condition. 18 At December 31, 2019 and 2018, these respective durations in years were as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, Fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents Reserve for loss and LAE(1) 2019 2018 3.0 4.2 4.2 4.5 (1) The duration regarding our reserve for loss and LAE at December 31, 2019 is gross of LPT/ADC Agreement reserves. The differential in duration between these assets and liabilities may fluctuate over time and in the case of fixed maturities, is affected by factors such as market conditions, asset allocations and prepayment speeds in the case of Agency MBS. We believe we have historically mitigated our exposure to liquidity risk through prudent duration management and strong operating cash flow. Our business has undergone significant changes in the last year. As previously noted, the Strategic Review has resulted in a series of transactions that have transformed our operations and materially reduced the risk on our balance sheet. As a result of the transactions entered into from the Strategic Review, our gross and net premiums written will continue to be materially lower going forward and investment income will continue to be a significantly larger portion of our revenues. We believe this will significantly reduce our operating cash flow. However, we generally expect negative operating cash flows to be met or exceeded by positive investing cash flows. Overall, we expect our cash flows, together with our existing capital base and unrestricted cash and investments to be sufficient to meet cash requirements and to operate our business. The LPT/ADC Agreement will shorten the duration of our liabilities which in turn may require us to adjust the duration of our fixed maturities which could lower our investment income. We also have very limited property catastrophe exposures which could cause an immediate need for cash. However, if we do not structure our investment portfolio so that it is appropriately matched with our reinsurance liabilities or our operating cash flow declines, we may be forced to liquidate investments prior to maturity at a significant loss to cover such liabilities. For this or any of the other reasons discussed above, investment losses could significantly decrease our asset base, which would adversely affect our ability to conduct business. Any significant decline in our investment income would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The determination of the fair values of our investments and whether a decline in the fair value of an investment is other-than-temporary are based on management’s judgment and may prove to be incorrect. We hold a significant amount of assets without readily available, active, quoted market prices or for which fair value cannot be measured from actively quoted prices. These assets are generally deemed to require a higher degree of judgment used in measuring fair value. The assumptions used by management to measure fair values could turn out to be wrong and the actual amounts that may be realized in an orderly transaction with a willing market participant could be either lower or higher than our estimates of fair value. We review our investment portfolio for factors that may indicate that a decline in the fair value of an investment is other-than-temporary. This evaluation is based on subjective factors, assumptions and estimates and may prove to be materially incorrect, which may result in us recognizing additional losses in the future as new information emerges or recognizing losses currently that may never materialize in the future in an orderly transaction with a willing market participant. We may be adversely impacted by claims inflation. Our operations, like those of other property and casualty insurers and reinsurers, are susceptible to the effects of claims inflation because premiums are established before the ultimate amounts of loss and LAE are known. Although we consider the potential effects of claims inflation when setting premium rates, our premiums may not fully offset the effects of inflation and essentially result in our underpricing the risks we insure and reinsure. Our reserve for loss and LAE includes assumptions about future payments for settlement of claims and claims handling expenses, such as the value of replacing property and associated labor costs for the property business we write, the value of medical treatments and litigation costs. To the extent claims inflation causes these costs to increase above reserves established for these claims, we will be required to increase our loss reserves with a corresponding reduction in our net income in the period in which the deficiency is identified, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. A decrease in the fair value of our subsidiaries may result in future impairments. The determination of impairments taken on our investments and loans varies by type of asset and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. Management updates its evaluations regularly and reflects impairments in operations as such evaluations are revised. There can be no assurance that our management has accurately assessed the level of impairments taken in our financial statements. Furthermore, additional impairments may need to be taken in the future, which could materially impact our financial position or results of operations. Historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments. Regulation We have significantly improved our capital ratios in 2019; however if we are unable to sustain this improvement, it could lead to regulatory restrictions. Prior to the re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont, the Company cured a breach of the ECR (based on the Bermuda regulations applicable at that time) on both a Group basis and for Maiden Reinsurance by significantly reducing the amount of required capital necessary to operate our business through a series of measures and by purchasing additional reinsurance protection for our loss reserves via the LPT/ADC Agreement with Enstar during 2019. However, while the Company expects to maintain satisfactory capital ratios as proscribed by the Vermont DFR for both the Group and Maiden Reinsurance, there can be no assurance that the actions we have taken to improve our capital position can be maintained or will be considered satisfactory by the Vermont DFR, which may have a material adverse effect on our business. 19 There can also be no assurance that the re-formulation of our longer term business plan will produce sufficient operating profitability to sustain the improvements in our capital position we have achieved. This could lead to imposition of regulatory restrictions by the Vermont DFR if such circumstances were to occur. Compliance by our insurance subsidiaries with the legal and regulatory requirements to which they are subject is expensive. Any failure to comply could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our insurance subsidiaries are required to comply with a wide variety of laws and regulations applicable to insurance or reinsurance companies, both in the jurisdictions in which they are organized and where they sell their insurance and reinsurance products. The insurance and regulatory environment has become subject to increased scrutiny in many jurisdictions, including the U.S., various states within the U.S. and the EU. In the past, there have been Congressional and other initiatives in the U.S. regarding increased supervision and regulation of the insurance industry. It is not possible to predict the future impact of changes in laws and regulations on our operations. The cost of complying with any new legal requirements affecting our subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, our subsidiaries may not always be able to obtain or maintain necessary licenses, permits, authorizations or accreditations. They also may not be able to fully comply with, or to obtain appropriate exemptions from, the laws and regulations applicable to them. Any failure to comply with applicable law or to obtain appropriate exemptions could result in restrictions on either the ability of the company in question, as well as potentially its affiliates, to do business in one or more of the jurisdictions in which they operate or on brokers on which we rely to produce business for us. In addition, any such failure to comply with applicable laws or to obtain appropriate exemptions could result in the imposition of fines or other sanctions. Any of these sanctions could have a material adverse effect on our business. To date, no fine, penalty or restriction has been imposed on us for failure to comply with any insurance law or regulation. Our industry is highly regulated and we are subject to significant legal restrictions and these restrictions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, cash flows and prospects. The financial services industry is the focus of increased regulatory scrutiny as various state and federal governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations conduct inquiries and investigations into the products and practices of the companies within this industry. Governmental authorities in the United States and worldwide have become increasingly interested in potential risks posed by the insurance industry as a whole, and to commercial and financial systems in general. Among the proposals that are being considered is the possible introduction of global regulatory standards for the amount of capital that insurance groups must maintain across the group, such as the development of the risk-based global insurance capital standard for internationally active insurance groups being developed by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors as well as the U.S. group capital calculation being developed by the NAIC. Please see Item 1. "Business - Regulatory Matters" for further discussion. While we cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of possible governmental initiatives, there may be increased regulatory intervention in the insurance and financial services industry in the future. Europe Under EU Freedom of Services, a firm authorized in a European Economic Area ("EEA") state can offer certain products or services in other EEA states if it has the relevant passport. Maiden LF is established in an EEA state (Sweden) and has passports for a number of EEA states. Maiden LF is licensed by the Swedish financial regulator (Finansinspektionen) to write insurance and reinsurance of short-term life insurance (Class 1a) and supplementary insurance to Class 1a (Class 1b). We cannot predict the impact laws and regulations adopted in the EU or other non-U.S. jurisdictions may have on the financial markets generally or our businesses, results of operations or cash flows. It is possible that changes in such laws and regulations may alter our business practices. They may also limit our ability to engage in capital or liability management, require us to raise additional capital, and impose burdensome requirements and additional costs. It is possible that the laws and regulations adopted in foreign jurisdictions will differ from one another, and that they could be inconsistent with the laws and regulations of other jurisdictions including the U.S. United States Our U.S. subsidiaries are subject to a complex and extensive array of laws and regulations that are administered and enforced by state insurance regulators, state securities administrators, state banking authorities, the SEC, FINRA, the DOL, the IRS and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. See Item 1. “Business-Regulatory Matters” for a summary of certain of the U.S. state and federal laws and regulations applicable to our business. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could subject us to administrative penalties imposed by a particular governmental or self-regulatory authority, unanticipated costs associated with remedying such failure or other claims, harm to our reputation, or interruption of our operations, any of which could have a material and adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, these statutes and regulations may, in effect, restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to write new business or, as indicated below, distribute funds to Maiden Holdings. In recent years, some U.S. state legislatures have considered or enacted laws that may alter or increase state authority to regulate insurance companies and insurance holding companies. Moreover, the NAIC and state insurance regulators regularly re-examine existing laws and regulations and interpretations of existing laws and develop new laws. The new interpretations or laws may be more restrictive or may result in higher costs to us than current statutory requirements. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank") impacts the reinsurance industry in several areas, including tort reform, corporate governance and the taxation of reinsurance companies. Dodd-Frank prohibits a state from denying credit for reinsurance if the state of domicile of the insurer purchasing the reinsurance recognizes credit for reinsurance. 20 Changes in accounting principles and financial reporting requirements could result in material changes to our reported results of operations and financial condition. U.S. GAAP and related financial reporting requirements are complex, continually evolving and may be subject to varied interpretation by the relevant authoritative bodies. Such varied interpretations could result from differing views related to specific facts and circumstances. Changes in U.S. GAAP and financial reporting requirements, or in the interpretation of U.S. GAAP or those requirements, could result in material changes to our reported results and financial condition. Legislation enacted in Bermuda in response to the European Union’s review of harmful tax competition could adversely affect our operations. Pursuant to the Economic Substance Act 2018 (as amended) of Bermuda (the “ESA”) that came into force on January 1, 2019, a registered entity, other than an entity which is resident for tax purposes in certain jurisdictions outside Bermuda (“non-resident entity”), that carries on as a business any one or more of the “relevant activities” referred to in the ESA must comply with economic substance requirements. The ESA may require in-scope Bermuda entities which are engaged in such “relevant activities” to be directed and managed in Bermuda, have an adequate level of qualified employees in Bermuda, incur an adequate level of annual expenditure in Bermuda, maintain adequate physical presence in Bermuda or perform core income-generating activities in Bermuda. The list of “relevant activities” includes carrying on any one or more of: banking, insurance, fund management, financing, leasing, headquarters, shipping, distribution and service center, intellectual property and holding entities. To the extent that the ESA applies to Maiden Holdings, we will be required to demonstrate compliance with the ESA and file an economic substance declaration with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda on an annual basis. Any entity that must satisfy economic substance requirements but fails to do so could face financial penalties, a restriction of its business activities, automatic reporting by the Bermuda authorities to competent authorities in the European Union on an entity's non-compliance or may be struck off as a registered entity in Bermuda. If any one of the foregoing were to occur it may adversely effect the business operations of Maiden Holdings. Corporate Governance and Risks Related to an Investment in our Securities Our holding company structure and certain regulatory and other constraints affect our ability to pay dividends and make other payments. Maiden Holdings is a holding company. As a result, we do not have, and will not have, any significant operations or assets other than our ownership of the shares of our subsidiaries. We expect that dividends and other permitted distributions from Maiden Reinsurance, Maiden Global (and its subsidiaries), Maiden LF, Maiden GF and Maiden NA (and its subsidiaries) will be our sole source of funds to pay dividends to common and preference shareholders and meet ongoing cash requirements, including debt service payments, if any, and other expenses. The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our cash requirements at the holding company level could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any capital distribution of any kind out of Maiden Reinsurance would be done consistent with Vermont regulation or as may be required, with the prior approval of the Vermont DFR. The timing and amount of any cash dividends on our common and preference shares are at the discretion of the Board and will depend upon the results of operations and cash flows, our financial position and capital requirements, and any other factors that our Board deems relevant. Our Board of Directors have not declared dividends on the Preference Shares since the December 1, 2018 dividend date and there can be no assurance that the authorization and declaration of dividends on the Preference Shares will resume in the near future. At March 15, 2020, because preference share dividends will not have been declared and paid for six quarterly dividend periods, the holders of the Preference Shares series A, C and D are collectively entitled to vote for the election of a total of two additional members of the Company's Board of Directors. There can be no assurance as to the impact on the Company's operations should the election of such additional board members occur. Our common shares may be at risk for delisting from the NASDAQ Capital Market in the future. Delisting could adversely affect the liquidity of our common shares and the market price of our common shares could decrease. On October 25, 2019, Maiden Holdings transferred the listing of its common shares from the NASDAQ Global Select Market to the NASDAQ Capital Market. The NASDAQ Capital Market is a continuous trading market that operates in substantially the same manner as the NASDAQ Global Select Market and listed companies must meet certain financial requirements and comply with the NASDAQ corporate governance requirements. The Company’s common shares continue to trade under the symbol “MHLD”. Following submission of the transfer application, we became eligible for an additional 180- day period to regain compliance if we meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards, with the exception of the bid price requirement, for the NASDAQ Capital Market. Our common shares were historically listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. NASDAQ has minimum requirements that a company must meet to remain listed on either NASDAQ market. These requirements include maintaining a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share. Until recently, the closing prices of our common shares has been below $1.00 per share throughout 2019, and it is possible that NASDAQ may notify us that we have failed to meet the minimum listing requirements and initiate the delisting process in the future. If our common shares were to be delisted, the liquidity of our common shares would be adversely affected and the market price of our common shares could decrease further. Our failure to be listed on NASDAQ or another established securities market could have a material adverse effect on the value of your investment in us. The Preference Shares are equity and are subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities. The Preference Shares are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness. As such, the Preference Shares will rank junior to all of our indebtedness and other non-equity claims of our creditors with respect to assets available to satisfy the claims during liquidation. At December 31, 2019, our total consolidated debt was $262.5 million and our total consolidated liabilities were $3.1 billion. We may incur additional debt and liabilities in the future. Our existing and future indebtedness may restrict payments of 21 dividends on the Preference Shares. Additionally, unlike indebtedness, where principal and interest would customarily be payable on specified due dates, in the case of preference shares, dividends are payable only if declared by our Board (or a duly authorized committee of the Board). Our Board of Directors have not declared dividends on the Preference Shares since the December 1, 2018 dividend date and there can be no assurance that the authorization and declaration of dividends on the Preference Shares will resume in the near future. We have risks related to the Company’s Senior Notes. Maiden NA issued the 2013 Senior Notes in the principal amount of $152.5 million, all of which is currently outstanding and is subject to a guarantee by Maiden Holdings. Maiden Holdings has issued the 2016 Senior Notes in the principal amount of $110.0 million, all of which is currently outstanding (the 2016 Senior Notes collectively with the 2013 Senior Notes, the "Senior Notes"). If we are unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating and investment activities, our ability to pay our obligations on our Senior Notes could be adversely affected. We may also incur additional indebtedness in the future. The level of debt outstanding could adversely affect our financial flexibility. Our indebtedness could have adverse consequences, including: • • • • • • • limiting our ability to pay dividends to our common and preference shareholders; limiting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; increasing our vulnerability to changing economic, regulatory and industry conditions; limiting our ability to compete and our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry; limiting our ability to borrow additional funds; requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, thereby, reducing funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other purposes; and impacting regulators assessment of our capital position, adequacy and flexibility and therefore, the financial strength ratings of rating agencies and regulators assessment of our solvency. A few significant shareholders may influence or control the direction of our business. If the ownership of our common shares continues to be highly concentrated, it may limit your ability and the ability of other shareholders to influence significant corporate decisions. The interests of our significant shareholders may not be fully aligned with our interests, and this may lead to a strategy that is not in our best interest. Although they do not have any voting agreements or arrangements, our Founding Shareholders or other significant shareholders could exercise significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, and their concentrated holdings may delay or deter possible changes in control of Maiden Holdings, which may reduce the market price of our common shares. Dividends on the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares are non-cumulative. Dividends on the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares are non-cumulative and payable only out of lawfully available funds of the Company under Bermuda law. Consequently, if our Board (or a duly authorized committee of the Board) does not authorize and declare a dividend for any dividend period with respect to the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares, holders of the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares would not be entitled to receive any such dividend, and such unpaid dividend will not accumulate and will never be payable. We will have no obligation to pay dividends for a dividend period on or after the dividend payment date for such period if the Board (or a duly authorized committee of the Board) has not declared such dividend before the related dividend payment date. If dividends on the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares are authorized and declared with respect to any subsequent dividend period, we will be free to pay dividends on any other series of preference shares and/or our common shares. Under Bermuda law, we will not be permitted to pay dividends on the Preference Shares (even if such dividends have been previously declared) if there are reasonable grounds for believing that we are, or would after the payment be, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due; or the realizable value of our assets would thereby be less than our liabilities. Voting Rights for Shareholders of Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares may be invoked. Whenever dividends on any Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares have not been declared and paid for the equivalent of six or more dividend periods, whether or not for consecutive dividend periods (a “nonpayment event”), the holders of the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares will be entitled to vote for the election of a total of two additional members of the Board of Maiden Holdings (the “preference shares directors”), provided that the election of any such directors shall not cause us to violate the corporate governance requirement of any exchange, on which our securities may be listed or quoted, that listed or quoted companies must have a majority of independent directors. In that event, the new directors shall be elected at a special meeting called at the request of the holders of record of at least 20% of the aggregate voting power of the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares (unless such request is received less than 90 days before the date fixed for the next annual or special meeting of the shareholders of Maiden Holdings, in which event such election shall be held at such next annual or special meeting of shareholders, and at each subsequent annual meeting). Our Board of Directors have not authorized or declared a dividend since the dividend period starting on December 1, 2018 with respect to the Series A, Series C and Series D Preference Shares. At March 15, 2020, because preference share dividends have not been declared and paid for six quarterly dividend periods, the holders of the Preference Shares Series A, C and D are collectively entitled to vote for the election of a total of two additional members of the Company's Board of Directors. There can be no assurance as to the impact on our operations should the election of such additional board members occur. 22 Our revenues and results of operations may fluctuate as a result of factors beyond our control, which may cause the price of our shares to be volatile. The revenues and results of operations of reinsurance companies historically have been subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties. In addition, we are not in engaged in active reinsurance underwriting currently and may not do so for the foreseeable future. This has resulted in a significant reduction in our revenues. Our profitability can also be affected significantly by: • • • • • • • fluctuations in interest rates, inflationary pressures and other changes in the investment environment that impact returns on invested assets; changes in the frequency or severity of claims; volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made, weather-related and other natural catastrophes, terrorist attacks or pandemics, such as the spread of the COVID-19 virus; price competition; inadequate loss and LAE reserves; cyclical nature of the property and casualty insurance market; and negative developments in the specialty property and casualty reinsurance sectors in which we operate. These factors may cause the price of the Company's shares to be volatile. The market price for our ordinary shares has been and may continue to be highly volatile, and if there is a further sustained decline in our share price there could be limited liquidity for our ordinary shares. The market price for our ordinary shares has fluctuated significantly. Future sales of our common shares by our shareholders or us, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common shares. As of March 10, 2020, 83,163,540 common shares were outstanding. In addition, we have reserved 10,664,487 common shares for issuance under our 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan. As of March 10, 2020, the total options outstanding was 319,176 and the total restricted shares outstanding was 1,803,715. Sales of substantial amounts of our shares, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the prevailing price of the shares and may make it more difficult for us to sell our equity securities in the future, or for shareholders to sell their shares, at a time and price that they deem appropriate. Provisions in our bye-laws may reduce or increase the voting rights of our shares. In general, and except as provided under our bye-laws and as provided below, the common shareholders have one vote for each common share held by them and are entitled to vote, on a non-cumulative basis, at all meetings of shareholders. However, if, and so long as, the shares of a shareholder are treated as "controlled shares" (as determined pursuant to Sections 957 and 958 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "IRS Code")) of any U.S. Person (as that term is defined in the risk factors under the section captioned "Taxation" within this Item on page 35 that owns shares directly or indirectly through non-U.S. entities) and such controlled shares constitute 9.5% or more of the votes conferred by our issued shares, the voting rights with respect to the controlled shares owned by such U.S. Person will be limited, in the aggregate, to a voting power of less than 9.5%, under a formula specified in our bye-laws. The formula is applied repeatedly until the voting power of all 9.5% U.S. Shareholders has been reduced to less than 9.5%. In addition, our Board may limit a shareholder’s voting rights when it deems it appropriate to do so to (i) avoid the existence of any 9.5% U.S. Shareholder; and (ii) avoid certain material adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences to us, to any of our subsidiaries or any direct or indirect shareholder or its affiliates. "Controlled shares" include, among other things, all shares that a U.S. Person is deemed to own directly, indirectly or constructively (within the meaning of section 958 of the IRS Code). The amount of any reduction of votes that occurs by operation of the above limitations will generally be reallocated proportionately among our other shareholders whose shares were not "controlled shares" of the 9.5% U.S. Shareholder so long as such reallocation does not cause any person to become a 9.5% U.S. Shareholder. Under these provisions, certain shareholders may have their voting rights limited, while other shareholders may have voting rights in excess of one vote per share. Moreover, these provisions could have the effect of reducing the votes of certain shareholders who would not otherwise be subject to the 9.5% limitation by virtue of their direct share ownership. We are authorized under our bye-laws to request information from any shareholder for the purpose of determining whether a shareholder’s voting rights are to be reallocated under the bye-laws. If any holder fails to respond to this request or submits incomplete or inaccurate information, we may, in our sole discretion, eliminate or adjust the shareholder’s voting rights. Anti-takeover provisions in our bye-laws could impede an attempt to replace or remove our directors, which could diminish the value of our common shares. Our bye-laws contain provisions that may entrench directors and make it more difficult for shareholders to replace directors even if the shareholders consider it beneficial to do so. In addition, these provisions could delay or prevent a change of control that a shareholder might consider favorable. For example, these provisions may prevent a shareholder from receiving the benefit from any premium over the market price of our common shares offered by a bidder in a potential takeover. Even in the absence of an attempt to effect a change in management or a takeover attempt, these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common shares if they are viewed as discouraging changes in management and takeover attempts in the future. Examples of provisions in our bye-laws that could have such an effect include the following: • our Board may reduce the total voting power of any shareholder to avoid adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences to us or any direct or indirect holder of our shares or its affiliates; and 23 • our Board may, in their discretion, decline to record the transfer of any common shares on our share register, if they are not satisfied that all required regulatory approvals for such transfer have been obtained or if they determine such transfer may result in a non-de minimis adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequence to us or any direct or indirect holder of shares or its affiliates. It may be difficult for a third party to acquire us. Provisions of our organizational documents may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, amalgamation, tender offer or other change of control that holders of our shares may consider favorable. These provisions impose various procedural and other requirements that could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect various corporate actions. These provisions could: • • • • have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us; discourage bids for our securities at a premium over the market price; adversely affect the price of, and the voting and other rights of the holders of our securities; or impede the ability of the holders of our securities to change our management. U.S. persons who own our shares may have more difficulty in protecting their interests than U.S. persons who are shareholders of a U.S. corporation. The Companies Act, which applies to us, differs in certain material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. As a result of these differences, U.S. persons who own our shares may have more difficulty protecting their interests than U.S. persons who own shares of a U.S. corporation. Set forth below is a summary of certain significant provisions of the Companies Act, including modifications adopted pursuant to our bye-laws, applicable to us which differ in certain respects from provisions of Delaware corporate law. Because the following statements are summaries, they do not discuss all aspects of Bermuda law that may be relevant to us and our shareholders. Interested Directors. Bermuda law provides that if a director has a personal interest in a transaction to which the company is also a party and if the director discloses the nature of this personal interest at the first opportunity, either at a meeting of directors or in writing to the directors, then the company will not be able to declare the transaction void solely due to the existence of that personal interest and the director will not be liable to the company for any profit realized from the transaction. In addition, Bermuda law and our bye-laws provide that, after a director has made the declaration of interest referred to above, he is allowed to be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present and to vote on a transaction in which he has an interest, unless disqualified from doing so by the chairman of the relevant board meeting. Under Delaware law, such transaction would not be voidable if: • • • • the material facts as to such interested director’s relationship or interests are disclosed or are known to the board of directors and the board in good faith authorizes the transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested directors; such material facts are disclosed or are known to the shareholders entitled; to vote on such transaction and the transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the majority of shares entitled to vote thereon; or the transaction is fair as to the corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified. Under Delaware law, such interested director could be held liable for a transaction in which such director derived an improper personal benefit. Mergers and Similar Arrangements. The amalgamation or merger of a Bermuda company with another company or corporation (other than certain affiliated companies) requires the amalgamation agreement to be approved by the company’s board of directors and by its shareholders. Under our bye- laws, we may, with the approval of a majority of votes cast at a general meeting of our shareholders at which a quorum is present, amalgamate or merge with another Bermuda company or with a body incorporated outside Bermuda. In the case of an amalgamation or merger, a shareholder that did not vote in favour of the amalgamation or merger may apply to a Bermuda court for a proper valuation of such shareholder’s shares if such shareholder is not satisfied that fair value has been paid for such shares. Under Delaware law, with certain exceptions, a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all the assets of a corporation must be approved by the board of directors and a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote thereon. Under Delaware law, a shareholder of a corporation participating in certain major corporate transactions may, under certain circumstances, be entitled to appraisal rights pursuant to which such shareholder may receive cash in the amount of the fair value of the shares held by such shareholder (as determined by a court) in lieu of the consideration such shareholder would otherwise receive in the transaction. Shareholders’ Suit. The rights of shareholders under Bermuda law are not as extensive as the rights of shareholders under legislation or judicial precedent in many U.S. jurisdictions. Class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under the laws of Bermuda. However, the Bermuda courts ordinarily would be expected to follow English case law precedent, which would permit a shareholder to commence an action in the name of the company to remedy a wrong done to the company where the act complained of is alleged to be beyond the corporate power of the company, is illegal or would result in the violation of our memorandum of association or bye-laws. Furthermore, consideration would be given by the court to acts that are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of our shareholders than actually approved it. The winning party in such an action generally would be able to recover a portion of attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with such action. Our bye-laws provide that shareholders waive all claims or rights of action that they might have, individually or in the right of the company, against any director or officer for any act or failure to act in the performance of such director’s or officer’s duties, except with respect to any fraud or dishonesty of such director or officer. Class 24 actions and derivative actions generally are available to shareholders under Delaware law for, among other things, breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste and actions not taken in accordance with applicable law. In such actions, the court has discretion to permit the winning party to recover attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with such action. Indemnification of Directors. We may indemnify our directors or officers in their capacity as directors or officers of any loss arising or liability attaching to them by virtue of any rule of law in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust of which a director or officer may be guilty in relation to the company other than in respect of his or her own fraud or dishonesty. Under Delaware law, a corporation may indemnify a director or officer of the corporation against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred in defense of an action, suit or proceeding by reason of such position if such director or officer acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, such director or officer had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers. We are a Bermuda company and it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against us or our directors and executive officers. We are incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and our holding company is based in Bermuda. In addition, all of our directors and officers reside outside Bermuda and a substantial portion of our assets will be and the assets of these persons are, and will continue to be, located in jurisdictions outside Bermuda. As such, it may be difficult or impossible to effect service of process within the U.S. upon us or those persons or to recover against us or them on judgments of U.S. courts, including judgments predicated upon civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Further, no claim may be brought in Bermuda against us or our directors and officers in the first instance for violation of U.S. federal securities laws because these laws have no extraterritorial jurisdiction under Bermuda law and do not have force of law in Bermuda. A Bermuda court may, however, impose civil liability, including the possibility of monetary damages, on us or our directors and officers if the facts alleged in a complaint constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Bermuda law. We have been previously advised by Conyers Dill & Pearman Limited, our Bermuda counsel, that there is doubt as to whether the courts of Bermuda would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our directors and officers, as well as the experts named in this Report, predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or original actions brought in Bermuda against us or these persons predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws. Further, we have been advised by Conyers Dill & Pearman Limited that there is no treaty in effect between the U.S. and Bermuda providing for the enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, and there are grounds upon which Bermuda courts may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Some remedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including some remedies available under the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be allowed in Bermuda courts as contrary to that jurisdiction’s public policy. Because judgments of U.S. courts are not automatically enforceable in Bermuda, it may be difficult for you to recover against us based upon such judgments. Relationship with AmTrust Significant changes in our reinsurance relationship with AmTrust have reduced our current and future revenues and create significant uncertainty for sources of future liquidity. During 2019, we, through our subsidiary Maiden Reinsurance, executed the Partial Termination Amendment, the Final QS Termination, the WC Commutation and Post-Termination Endorsement No. 1 with AmTrust. In the first quarter of 2020, we also executed Post Termination Endorsement No. 2. These transactions served to eliminate all new premium revenues from AmTrust, return certain unearned premiums to AmTrust, commuted and returned certain workers’ compensation loss reserves to AmTrust, capped the loss corridor on certain program business reinsured from AmTrust and increased the levels of collateral provided to AmTrust as security against the obligations Maiden has assumed under the reinsurance contracts with AmTrust. While these transactions have contributed significantly to the reduction in required regulatory capital needed to operate our business and the subsequent strengthening of our capital ratios, these transactions have resulted in a significant reduction in revenues which is likely to continue for the foreseeable future as we are not presently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting. As a result, our financial condition could be adversely affected by these actions. As a result of this loss of revenue, we will need to rely on unrestricted cash from operations and returns on our investments to fund our operations, maintain liquidity and meet our financial obligations and capital allocation priorities. While we believe we have sufficient sources to meet these obligations, deterioration in our results of operations or other adverse financial events could impact our ability to continue meeting these obligations. Our initial arrangements with AmTrust were negotiated while we were its affiliate. The arrangements could be challenged as not reflecting terms that we would agree to in arm’s-length negotiations with an independent third party; moreover, our business relationship with AmTrust and its subsidiaries may present, and may make us vulnerable to, possible adverse tax consequences, difficult conflicts of interest, and legal claims that we have not acted in the best interest of our shareholders. We entered into a quota share agreement with AII, which reinsures AmTrust’s insurance company subsidiaries, and a Master Agreement with AmTrust, pursuant to which Maiden Reinsurance entered into the quota share agreement. Because (i) Leah Karfunkel (wife of the late Michael Karfunkel), George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind (the Company's non-executive chairman) collectively own or control approximately 53.5% of the outstanding common shares of Evergreen Parent GP, LLC, the ultimate parent of AmTrust, (ii) our Founding Shareholders sponsored our formation, and (iii) based on each individual's most recent public filing as of December 31, 2019, Leah Karfunkel owns or controls approximately 8.1% of the outstanding shares of the Company and Barry Zyskind owns or controls approximately 7.6% of the outstanding shares of the Company, we may be deemed to be an affiliate of AmTrust. George Karfunkel now owns or controls less than 5.0% of the outstanding shares of the Company based on his most recent public filings. Due to our close business relationship with AmTrust, we may be presented with situations involving conflicts of interest with respect to the agreements and other arrangements we will enter into with AmTrust and its subsidiaries, exposing us to possible claims that we have not acted in the best interest of our shareholders. The arrangements between us and AmTrust were modified after they were originally entered into and there could be future modifications. 25 Our non-executive Chairman of the Board currently holds the positions of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of AmTrust. These dual positions may present, and make us vulnerable to, difficult conflicts of interest and related legal challenges. Barry Zyskind, our non-executive Chairman of the Board, is the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of AmTrust and, as such, he does not serve our Company on a full-time basis. Mr. Zyskind is expected to continue in both of his positions for the foreseeable future. Conflicts of interest could arise with respect to business opportunities that could be advantageous to AmTrust or its subsidiaries, on the one hand, and us or our subsidiary, on the other hand. In addition, potential conflicts of interest may arise should the interests of the Company and AmTrust diverge. However, the Audit Committee of our Board, which consists entirely of independent directors, does exclusively review and approve all related party transactions. The amount of collateral we provide to AmTrust could limit our unrestricted liquidity and impact our ability to fulfill our obligations in certain circumstances. As a result of our use of trust accounts, funds withheld, letters of credit and a loan, a substantial portion of our assets will not be available to us for other uses, which could reduce our financial flexibility and could impact our ability to fulfill our obligations in certain circumstances. If further collateral is required to be provided to any other AmTrust subsidiaries under applicable law or regulatory requirements, Maiden Reinsurance will provide collateral to the extent required. At December 31, 2019, $2.2 billion was provided by us as collateral to AmTrust, AII and AEL in the form of trusts, letters of credit, funds withheld and a loan. The collateral above includes the transfer of cash and investments totaling $575.0 million to AmTrust from existing trust accounts used for collateral on the AmTrust Quota Share to a funds withheld arrangement during January 2019, which bears an annual interest rate of 3.5%, subject to annual adjustment. Maiden Reinsurance is not a party to the reinsurance agreements between AII and AmTrust’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries or the related reinsurance trust agreements and has no rights thereunder. If one or more of these AmTrust subsidiaries withdraws Maiden Reinsurance’s assets from their trust account or misapplies withheld funds that are due to Maiden Reinsurance and that subsidiary is or becomes insolvent, we believe it may be more difficult for Maiden Reinsurance to recover any such amounts to which we are entitled than it would be if Maiden Reinsurance had entered into reinsurance and trust agreements with these AmTrust subsidiaries directly. AII has agreed to immediately return to Maiden Reinsurance any collateral provided by Maiden Reinsurance that one of those subsidiaries improperly utilizes or retains, and AmTrust has agreed to guarantee AII’s repayment obligation and AII’s payment obligations under its loan agreement with Maiden Reinsurance. We are subject to the risk that AII and/or AmTrust may be unable or unwilling to discharge these obligations. Employee Issues We are dependent on our key executives. We may not be able to attract and retain key employees or successfully integrate our new management team to fully implement our newly formulated business strategy. Our success depends largely on our senior management, which includes, among others, Lawrence F. Metz, our President and Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), and Patrick J. Haveron, our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") and Chief Operating Officer ("COO"). We have entered into employment agreements with both of these executive officers. In addition to the officers listed above, we require key staff with actuarial, legal, reinsurance, accounting and administrative skills. As a result of the Strategic Review, we have a significantly smaller staff and given our current business circumstances, it may be difficult for us to retain staff and recruit competent new executives and staff. Our inability to attract and retain additional personnel or the loss of the services of any of our senior executives or key employees could delay or prevent us from fully implementing our business strategy and could significantly and negatively affect our business. Our employee attrition recently has been high and may affect our ability to adequately manage our business. We have sold Maiden US as well as terminated and sold certain lines of business. As we are not currently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting and our portfolio of loss reserves continues to reduce, we have continued to reduce headcount commensurately. This elevated attrition may affect our ability to manage our business as we train these new employees and integrate them into our company. In addition, if we decide to resume active reinsurance underwriting, our present employee base may be insufficient in the requisite skills or quantity to commence such activities and there can be no assurance that we can recruit or attract the requisite personnel to implement such strategy on a timely basis if such a decision is made. Our business in Bermuda could be adversely affected by Bermuda employment restrictions. Currently, Maiden Holdings employs seven non-Bermudians in our Bermuda office including our President and CEO and our CFO/COO. Under Bermuda law, non-Bermudians (other than spouses of Bermudians, holders of permanent residents’ certificates and holders of working residents’ certificates) may not engage in any gainful occupation in Bermuda without a valid government work permit. A work permit may be granted or renewed upon showing that, after proper public advertisement, no Bermudian, spouse of a Bermudian, or holder of a permanent resident’s or working resident’s certificate who meets the minimum standards reasonably required by the employer has applied for the job. Work permits are issued with expiry dates that range from one, three, five, six or, in certain circumstances for key executives, ten years. We may not be able to use the services of one or more of our non- Bermudian employees if we are not able to obtain work permits for them, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. International Operations Our offices that operate in jurisdictions outside Bermuda and the U.S. are subject to certain limitations and risks that are unique to foreign operations. Our international operations are regulated in various jurisdictions with respect to licensing requirements, currency, reserves, employees and other matters. International operations may be harmed by political developments in foreign countries, which may 26 be hard to predict in advance. Regulations governing technical reserves and remittance balances in some countries may hinder remittance of profits and repatriation of assets. The U.K.'s vote in favor of leaving the EU could adversely affect us. The U.K. formally left the E.U. on January 31, 2020 and the transition period, due to expire on December 31, 2020, has started. Although the U.K. is now no longer a Member State of the E.U., the provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement relating to the transition period provide that (unless expressly provided otherwise in the Withdrawal Agreement) that E.U. law is to be applicable to and in the U.K. to produce the same legal effect as it did prior to U.K.’s exit from the E.U. The relationship between the U.K and the E.U following the transition period is unknown. The risks associated with the potential consequences that may follow Brexit, including volatility in financial markets, exchange rates and interest rates, are uncertain. These uncertainties could increase the volatility of, or adversely affect, our investment results in particular periods or over time. Brexit could adversely affect European or worldwide political, regulatory, economic or market conditions and could contribute to instability in global political institutions and regulatory agencies which, in turn, could adversely affect our business, results of our operations and our financial condition. Foreign currency fluctuations may reduce our net income and our capital levels adversely affecting our financial condition. We conduct business in a variety of non-U.S. currencies, the principal exposures being the euro and the British pound. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are exposed to changes in currency exchange rates. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, and exchange rate fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar may materially impact our results of operations and financial position. Our principal exposure to foreign currency risk is our obligation to settle claims in foreign currencies. In addition, we maintain and expect to continue to maintain a portion of our investment portfolio in investments denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. While the Company may be able to match its foreign currency denominated assets against its net reinsurance liabilities both by currency and duration to protect the Company against foreign exchange and interest rate risks, a natural offset does not exist for all currencies. We may employ various strategies (including hedging) to manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. To the extent that these exposures are not fully hedged or the hedges are ineffective, our results or equity may be reduced by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates that could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. At December 31, 2019, no such hedges or hedging strategies were in force or had been entered into. Insurance and Reinsurance Markets The property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industry is cyclical in nature, which may affect our overall financial performance. Historically, the financial performance of the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industry has tended to fluctuate in cyclical periods of price competition and excess capacity (known as a soft market) followed by periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity (known as a hard market). Although the financial performance of an individual insurance or reinsurance company is dependent on its own specific business characteristics, the profitability of most property and casualty insurance and reinsurance companies tends to follow this cyclical market pattern. In recent years, the market has been in a competitive environment in which underwriting capacity has expanded, risk selection became less disciplined and price competition increased sharply. During that period, market participants' capital levels have continued to improve due to positive earnings and improved values of risk assets over that time. In addition, an influx of new market participants with different operating models than traditional reinsurers such as us have entered the market place. While many of these new market participants specialize in property catastrophe oriented business and do not directly compete with us, they are influencing competitive conditions in the broader reinsurance market. This additional underwriting capacity resulted in increased competition from other insurance and reinsurance companies expanding the types or amounts of business they write, or from companies seeking to maintain or increase market share at the expense of underwriting discipline. Because this cyclicality is due in large part to the actions of our competitors and general economic factors beyond our control, we cannot predict with certainty the timing or duration of changes in the market cycle. These cyclical patterns, the actions of our competitors, and general economic factors could cause our revenues and net income to fluctuate, which may cause the price of our common shares to be volatile. The ultimate outcome of these events and their market impact is not known at this time. Negative developments in the U.S. workers’ compensation insurance industry could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In 2019, reinsurance of U.S. workers’ compensation insurance was 12.4% of total net premiums earned, which is our largest exposure to a particular line of business and written entirely in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment. Furthermore, 39.3% of our AmTrust Reinsurance segment's reserve for loss and LAE at December 31, 2019 were related to U.S. workers' compensation risks. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes all business ceded by AmTrust to Maiden Reinsurance, primarily the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. Both contracts in this segment have been terminated effective January 1, 2019. Negative developments in the economic, competitive or regulatory conditions affecting the U.S. workers’ compensation insurance industry could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, if legislators in our larger markets were to enact legislation to increase the scope or amount of benefits for employees under U.S. workers’ compensation insurance policies without related loss control measures, or if regulators made other changes to the regulatory system governing U.S. workers’ compensation insurance, this could negatively affect the U.S. workers’ compensation insurance industry in the affected markets. 27 Reinsurance is a highly competitive industry. The reinsurance industry is highly competitive. While we are not currently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting, if and when we were to resume such activity we would compete with major U.S. and non-U.S. reinsurers, including other Bermuda-based reinsurers, on an international and regional basis. Many of these entities have significantly larger amounts of capital, higher ratings from rating agencies and more resources than us. We currently do not have a financial strength or credit rating from S&P or A.M. Best and the lack of such ratings will likely limit the opportunities we have to write new reinsurance business if we resume active underwriting. Historically, periods of increased capacity levels in our industry have led to increased competition which puts pressure on reinsurance pricing. In recent years, significant increases in the use of risk-linked securities and derivative and other non-traditional risk transfer mechanisms and vehicles are being developed and offered by other parties, including entities other than insurance and reinsurance companies. The availability of both these non- traditional products and sources of capital could reduce the demand for traditional insurance and reinsurance and if we were to resume active reinsurance underwriting it may result in fewer contracts written, lower premium rates, increased expenses for customer acquisition and retention and less favorable policy terms and conditions, which could have a material adverse impact on our growth and profitability. Consolidation in the insurance and reinsurance industry and increased competition on premium rates could lead to lower margins for us and less demand for our products and services if and when we resume active reinsurance underwriting. The insurance and reinsurance industry continues to undergo a process of consolidation as industry participants seek to enhance their product and geographic reach, client base, operating efficiency and general market power through merger and acquisition activities. It is possible that the larger combined entities resulting from these mergers and acquisition activities may seek to use the benefits of consolidation, including improved efficiencies and economies of scale, to, among other things, implement price reductions for their products and services to increase their market shares. Consolidation among primary insurance companies may also lead to reduced use of reinsurance as the resulting larger companies may be able to retain more risk and may also have bargaining power in negotiations with reinsurers. We are not presently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting. If and when we do decide to resume active reinsurance underwriting, these competitive pressures could compel us to write business at unprofitable operating margins. As the insurance and reinsurance industry consolidates, competition may become more intense and the importance of acquiring and properly servicing each customer will become greater. If and when we do decide to resume active reinsurance underwriting, we could incur greater expenses relating to customer acquisition and retention, which could reduce our operating margins. When the property-casualty insurance industry has exhibited a greater degree of competition, premium rates have come under downward pressure as a result. Clients, Brokers and Financial Institutions Our business has historically been dependent upon reinsurance brokers and other producers, including third party administrators and financial institutions, and the failure to develop or maintain these relationships could materially adversely affect our ability to market our products and services. While we are not presently engaged in active reinsurance underwriting, our failure to further develop or maintain relationships with brokers and other producers, including third party administrators and financial institutions, from whom we expect to receive our business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our reliance on brokers subjects us to their credit risk. In accordance with industry practice, we anticipate that we will frequently pay amounts owed on claims under our reinsurance contracts to brokers, and these brokers in turn are required to pay and will pay these amounts over to the clients that have purchased reinsurance from us. If a broker fails to make such a payment, it is highly likely that we will be liable to the client for the deficiency under local laws or contractual obligations, notwithstanding the broker’s obligation to make such payment. Likewise, when the client pays premiums for these policies to brokers for payment over to us, these premiums are considered to have been paid and, in most cases, the client will no longer be liable to us for those amounts, whether or not we actually receive the premiums from the brokers. Consequently, we will assume a degree of credit risk associated with brokers with whom we work with respect to some of our reinsurance business. We could incur substantial losses and reduced liquidity if one of the financial institutions we use in our operations fails. We have exposure to counterparties in many different industries and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, and other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty. In addition, with respect to secured transactions, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the obligation. We maintain cash balances, including restricted cash held in trust accounts, significantly in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits at various depository institutions. We also maintain cash balances in foreign banks and institutions. If one or more of these financial institutions were to fail, our ability to access cash balances may be temporarily or permanently limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. 28 Taxation We may become subject to taxes in Bermuda after 2035, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results and on an investment in our shares. The Bermuda Minister of Finance, under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966, as amended, of Bermuda, has given each of Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance an assurance that if any legislation is enacted in Bermuda that would impose tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then the imposition of any such tax will not be applicable to Maiden Holdings, Maiden Reinsurance or any of their respective operations or their respective shares, debentures or other obligations (except insofar as such tax applies to persons ordinarily resident in Bermuda or to any taxes payable by them in respect of real property or leasehold interests in Bermuda held by them) until March 31, 2035. Given the limited duration of the Minister of Finance’s expected assurance, we cannot be certain that we will not be subject to any Bermuda tax after March 31, 2035. Since Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance are incorporated in Bermuda, we will be subject to changes in law or regulation in Bermuda that may have an adverse impact on our operations, including imposition of tax liability. The financial results of our operations may be affected by measures taken in relation to Bermuda in response to the OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting ("BEPS") project. The OECD has published reports and launched a global dialog among member and non-member countries on measures to limit harmful tax competition. These measures are largely directed at counteracting the effects of jurisdictions perceived by the OECD to be tax havens or offering preferential tax regimes. The OECD has not listed Bermuda as an uncooperative tax haven jurisdiction because Bermuda has committed to eliminating harmful tax practices and to embracing international tax standards for transparency, exchange of information and the elimination of any aspects of the regimes for financial and other services that attract business with no substantial domestic activity. We are not able to predict what changes will arise from the commitment or whether such changes will subject us to additional taxes. In addition, in 2015, the OECD published its final series of BEPS reports related to its attempt to coordinate multilateral action on international tax rules. The proposed actions include an examination of the definition of a “permanent establishment” and the rules for attributing profit to a permanent establishment. One of these reports covers “country-by-country” reporting, which calls for the provision, at a country-specific level, of information such as affiliate and non-affiliate revenues, profit or loss before tax, income taxes paid and accrued, capital, number of employees and tangible assets. It is expected that some countries, including some EU countries, would deem a failure to implement country-by-country reporting to be sufficient rationale to place another country on a “black-list”, thus potentially restricting in some way business between the two countries. Bermuda has agreed to implement country-by-country reporting in 2016 for 2017 reporting. The implementation and ongoing requirements of country-by-country reporting will require significant management, time and resources. Although we believe Bermuda’s agreement to implement country-by-country reporting has reduced the likelihood that Bermuda would appear on a “black-list”, some uncertainty remains. Any changes in the tax law of an OECD member state in response to the BEPS reports and recommendations could subject us to additional taxes. Our operations may be affected by the introduction of an EU financial transaction tax ("FTT"). On February 14, 2013, the EU Commission published a proposal for a Directive for a common FTT in those EU Member States which choose to participate (''the FTT Zone"), currently Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia and Slovakia. The FTT proposed at that time had a broad scope and would apply to financial transactions where at least one party to the transaction is established in the FTT Zone and either that party or another party is a financial institution established in the FTT Zone. "Financial institution" covers a wide range of entities, including insurance and reinsurance undertakings. "Financial transaction" includes the sale and purchase of a financial instrument, a transfer of risk associated with a financial instrument and the conclusion or modification of a derivative. A financial institution could be deemed to be "established" in the FTT Zone even if it has no business presence there, if the underlying financial instrument is issued in the FTT Zone. On December 9, 2019, the German finance minister issued a revised proposal for a FTT to the FTT Zone members. The revised proposal has a more limited scope than previously envisaged, applying to financial transactions that mainly involve the acquisition of shares issued by listed companies located in a participating member state with a market capitalization above €1 billion. The minimum standard rate would be 0.2%. However, there would be exclusions for some transactions (initial public offerings, market making activities, intra-group transactions, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, securities lending and securities borrowing buy-sell back and sell-buy back agreements) and an exemption for pension funds. The FTT proposal remains subject to negotiation between the participating EU Member States and there is not yet an agreement as to the form it should take. It may, therefore, be altered prior to any implementation, the timing of which remains unclear. The introduction of FTT could have an adverse effect on the Company's economic performance. OECD proposals on the taxation of the digital economy may apply to our activities. On May 31, 2019, the OECD published a “Programme of Work” designed to address the tax challenges created by an increasing digitalized economy which was divided into two pillars. Pillar One addresses the broader challenge of a digitalized economy and focuses on the allocation of group profits among taxing jurisdictions based on a market based concept rather than historical “permanent establishment” concepts. Pillar Two addresses the remaining BEPs risk of profit shifting to entities in low tax jurisdictions by introducing a global minimum tax and a proposed tax on base eroding payments, which would operate through a denial of a deduction or imposition of source-based taxation (including withholding tax) on certain payments. The OECD held public consultations on the Pillars at the end of 2019 and hopes that the reforms are agreed to by the participating members by the end of 2020 such that it gets incorporated into local jurisdiction tax laws and treaties sometime shortly thereafter. The proposal to date has been written broadly enough to potentially apply to our activities, and we are unable to determine at this time whether it would have a material adverse impact on our operations and results. 29 We may be subject to U.S. federal income tax, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and on an investment in our shares. If either Maiden Holdings or Maiden Reinsurance were considered to be engaged in a trade or business in the U.S., it could be subject to U.S. federal income and additional branch profits taxes on the portion of its earnings that are effectively connected to such U.S. business or in the case of Maiden Reinsurance, if it is entitled to benefits under the U.S. income tax treaty with Bermuda and if Maiden Reinsurance were considered engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. through a permanent establishment. Maiden Reinsurance could be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of its earnings that are attributable to its permanent establishment in the U.S., in which case its results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Maiden Holdings is, and Maiden Reinsurance was, a Bermuda company. We intend to manage our business so that Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance should operate in such a manner that neither of these companies should be treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business and, thus, should not be subject to U.S. federal taxation (other than the U.S. federal excise tax on insurance and reinsurance premium income attributable to insuring or reinsuring U.S. risks and U.S. federal withholding tax on certain U.S. source investment income). Maiden Reinsurance will be subject to U.S. taxation as a domestic corporation from the effective date of the approval of its re-domestication in 2020. However, because (i) there is considerable uncertainty as to which activities constitute being engaged in a trade or business within the U.S.; (ii) a significant portion of Maiden Reinsurance’s business was reinsurance of AmTrust’s insurance subsidiaries; (iii) our non-executive Chairman of the Board is AmTrust’s Chief Executive Officer, and one of our directors is related to a significant shareholder of AmTrust; and (iv) we have an asset management agreement with a subsidiary of AmTrust and may also have additional contractual relationships with AmTrust and its subsidiaries in the future, we cannot be certain that the IRS will not contend successfully that we are engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. U.S. Persons who hold our shares may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at ordinary income rates on their proportionate share of Maiden Reinsurance’s related person insurance income. If U.S. persons are treated as owning 25% or more of Maiden Reinsurance’s shares (by vote or by value) (as is expected to be the case) and the RPII of Maiden Reinsurance (determined on a gross basis) were to equal or exceed 20% of Maiden Reinsurance’s gross insurance income in any taxable year and direct or indirect insureds (and persons related to those insureds) own directly or indirectly through entities 20% or more of the voting power or value of our shares, then a U.S. Person who owns any shares of Maiden Reinsurance (directly or indirectly through non-U.S. entities) on the last day of the taxable year (including the last day of 2020 on which Maiden Reinsurance was treated as a non-U.S. corporation) would be required to include in its income for U.S. federal income tax purposes such person’s pro rata share of Maiden Reinsurance’s RPII for the entire taxable year, determined as if such RPII were distributed proportionately only to U.S. Persons at that date, regardless of whether such income is distributed. In addition, any RPII that is includible in the income of a U.S. tax-exempt organization generally will be treated as unrelated business taxable income. The amount of RPII earned by Maiden Reinsurance (generally, premium and related investment income from the direct or indirect insurance or reinsurance of any direct or indirect U.S. holder of shares or any person related to such holder) will depend on a number of factors, including the identity of persons directly or indirectly insured or reinsured by Maiden Reinsurance. At December 31, 2019, we believe that either (i) the direct or indirect insureds of Maiden Reinsurance (and related persons) should not directly or indirectly own 20% or more of either the voting power or value of our shares or (ii) the RPII (determined on a gross basis) of Maiden Reinsurance should not equal or exceed 20% of Maiden Reinsurance’s gross insurance income for the taxable year ended December 31, 2019 and we do not expect both of these thresholds to be exceeded prior to the effective date of the re-domestication. However, we cannot be certain that this will be the case because some of the factors which determine the extent of RPII may be beyond our control. U.S. Persons who dispose of our shares may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at the rates applicable to dividends on a portion of their gains if any. The RPII rules provide that if a U.S. Person disposes of shares in a non-U.S. insurance corporation in which U.S. Persons own 25% or more of the shares (even if the amount of gross RPII is less than 20% of the corporation’s gross insurance income or the ownership of its shares by direct or indirect insureds and related persons is less than the 20% threshold), any gain from the disposition will generally be treated as a dividend to the extent of the holder’s share of the corporation’s undistributed earnings and profits that were accumulated during the period that the holder owned the shares (whether or not such earnings and profits are attributable to RPII). In addition, such a holder will be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, regardless of the amount of shares owned by the holder. These RPII rules should not apply to dispositions of our shares because Maiden Holdings will not be directly engaged in the insurance business. The RPII provisions, however, have never been interpreted by the courts or the U.S. Treasury Department in final regulations, and regulations interpreting the RPII provisions of the Code exist only in proposed form. It is not certain whether these regulations will be adopted in their proposed form or what changes or clarifications might ultimately be made thereto or whether any such changes, as well as any interpretation or application of the RPII rules by the IRS, the courts, or otherwise, might have retroactive effect. The U.S. Treasury Department has authority to impose, among other things, additional reporting requirements with respect to RPII. Accordingly, the meaning of the RPII provisions and the application thereof to Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance is uncertain. U.S. Persons who hold our shares will be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences if Maiden Holdings is considered to be a passive foreign investment company. If Maiden Holdings is considered a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Person who owns directly or, in some cases, indirectly (e.g. through a non-U.S. partnership) any of our shares will be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including subjecting the investor to a greater tax liability than might otherwise apply and subjecting the investor to a tax on amounts in advance of when such tax would otherwise be imposed, in which case your investment could be materially adversely affected. In addition, if Maiden Holdings were considered a PFIC, upon the death of any U.S. individual owning our shares, such individual’s heirs or estate would not be entitled to a "step-up" in the basis of the 30 shares which might otherwise be available under U.S. federal income tax laws. We believe that we are not, and we currently do not expect to become, a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes; however, there can be no assurance that we will not be deemed a PFIC by the IRS. There are currently only proposed regulations regarding the application of the PFIC provisions to an insurance company. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying these rules may be forthcoming. We cannot predict what impact, if any, such guidance would have on a shareholder that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation. U.S. Persons who hold 10% or more of Maiden Holdings’ shares directly or through foreign entities may be subject to taxation under the U.S. CFC rules. Each 10% U.S. shareholder of a foreign corporation that is a CFC at any time during a taxable year that owns shares in the foreign corporation directly or indirectly through foreign entities on the last day of the foreign corporation's taxable year during which it is a CFC must include in its gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes its pro rata share of the CFC's "subpart F income," even if the subpart F income is not distributed. In addition, upon a sale of shares of a CFC, certain 10% U.S. shareholders may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a portion of their gain at ordinary income rates. The Company believes that because of the dispersion of the share ownership in Maiden Holdings, no U.S. Person who owns Maiden Holdings’ shares directly or indirectly through foreign entities should be treated as a 10% U.S. shareholder of Maiden Holdings or of any of its foreign subsidiaries. However, Maiden Holdings’ shares may not be as widely dispersed as we believe due to, for example, the application of certain ownership attribution rules, and no assurance may be given that a U.S. Person who owns our shares will not be characterized as a 10% U.S. shareholder, in which case such U.S. Person may be subject to taxation under U.S. CFC rules. U.S. tax reform legislation, as well as possible future tax legislation and regulations, could materially adversely affect an investment in our shares. The 2017 Act amends a range of U.S. federal tax rules applicable to individuals, businesses and international taxation, with certain provisions intended to eliminate certain perceived tax advantages of companies (including insurance companies) that have legal domiciles outside the U.S. but have certain U.S. connections and U.S. persons investing in such companies. For example, the 2017 Act includes a BEAT that could make affiliate reinsurance between U.S. and non-U.S. members of our group economically unfeasible. In addition, the 21% corporate income tax rate could lead to higher after-tax income for most U.S. insurance companies in the long term that could result in increased competition for our products and services. The 2017 Act may also increase the likelihood that we or our non-U.S. subsidiaries will be deemed to be CFCs for U.S. federal tax purposes. Specifically, the 2017 Act expands the definition of "10% U.S. shareholder" for CFC purposes to include U.S. persons who own 10% or more of the value of a foreign corporation’s shares, rather than only looking to voting power held. As a result, the "voting cut-back" provisions included in our Amended and Restated Bye-laws that limit the voting power of any shareholder to 9.5% of the total voting power of our capital stock will be ineffective in avoiding "10% U.S. shareholder" status for U.S. persons who own 10% or more of the value of our shares. The 2017 Act also expands certain attribution rules for stock ownership in a way that would cause foreign subsidiaries in a foreign parented group that includes at least one U.S. subsidiary to be treated as CFCs. In the event a corporation is characterized as a CFC, any "10% U.S. shareholder" of the CFC is required to include its pro rata share of certain insurance and related investment income in income for a taxable year, even if such income is not distributed. In addition, U.S. tax exempt entities subject to the unrelated business taxable income ("UBTI") rules that own 10% or more of the value of our non-U.S. subsidiaries that are characterized as CFCs may recognize UBTI with respect to such investment. In addition to changes in the CFC rules, the 2017 Act contains modifications to certain provisions relating to PFIC status that could, for example, discourage U.S. persons from investing in our company. The 2017 Act makes it more difficult for a non-U.S. insurance company to avoid PFIC status under an exception for certain non-U.S. insurance companies engaged in the active conduct of an insurance business. The 2017 Act limits this exception to a non-U.S. insurance company that would be taxable as an insurance company if it were a U.S. corporation and that maintains insurance liabilities of more than 25% of such company’s assets for a taxable year (or maintains reserves that at least equal 10% of its assets, is predominantly engaged in an insurance business and satisfies a facts and circumstances test that requires a showing that the failure to exceed the 25% threshold is due to runoff-related or rating- related circumstances) (the "Reserve Test"). While we believe that we should satisfy this reserve test for the foreseeable future, we cannot assure you that this will continue to be the case in future years. In addition, the IRS has been considering other changes to the PFIC rules for several years. The IRS recently issued the proposed regulations intended to clarify the application of the PFIC provisions to an insurance company and provide guidance on a range of issues relating to PFICs including the application of the look-through rule, the treatment of income and assets of certain U.S. insurance subsidiaries for purposes of the look-through rule and the extension of the look-through rule to 25% or more owned partnerships (the “2019 Proposed Regulations”). The 2019 Proposed Regulations define insurance liabilities for purposes of the Reserve Test, tighten the Reserve Test and the statutory cap on insurance liabilities, and provide guidance on the runoff-related and rating-related circumstances for purposes of the 10% test. The 2019 Proposed Regulations provide that a non-U.S. insurance company may only qualify for an exception to the PFIC rules if, among other things, the non-U.S. insurance company’s officers and employees perform its substantial managerial and operational activities (taking into account activities of officers and employees of certain related entities in certain cases). The 2019 Proposed Regulations also provide that an active conduct percentage test must be satisfied for the insurance company exception to apply, which test compares the expenses for services of officers and employees of the non-U.S. insurer and certain related entities incurred for the production of premium and certain investment income to all such expenses regardless of the service provider. The 2019 Proposed Regulations also introduce attribution rules that, taken together with other provisions of the regulations, could result in a U.S. Person that directly owns any shares in a non-PFIC being treated as an indirect shareholder of a lower tier PFIC subject to the general PFIC rules described herein. This proposed regulation will not be effective unless and until adopted in final form. Because the Company cannot predict the likelihood of finalization of the proposed regulations or the scope, nature, or impact of the proposed regulations on it, should they be formally adopted or enacted or whether its non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries will be able to satisfy the Reserve Test in future years, and the interaction of the PFIC look-through rules is not clear, no assurance may be given that the Company will not be characterized as a PFIC. 31 Although we are currently unable to predict the ultimate impact of the 2017 Act on our business, shareholders and results of operations, it is possible that the 2017 Act may increase the U.S. federal income tax liability of U.S. members of our group that cede risk to non-U.S. group members and may affect the timing and amount of U.S. federal income taxes imposed on certain U.S. shareholders. Further, it is possible that other legislation could be introduced and enacted by the current Congress or future Congresses that could have an adverse impact on us. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations regarding whether a company is engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. is a PFIC, or whether U.S. Persons would be required to include in their gross income the "subpart F income" of a CFC or RPII are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. There currently are only recently proposed regulations regarding the application of the PFIC rules to insurance companies, and the regulations regarding RPII have been in proposed form since 1991. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying such rules may be forthcoming. The Company cannot be certain if, when, or in what form such regulations or pronouncements may be implemented or made, or whether such guidance will have a retroactive effect. Further, it is possible that other legislation could be introduced and enacted in the future that would have an adverse impact on us. We may be subject to U.K. taxes, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and on an investment in our shares. A company which is resident in the U.K. for U.K. corporation tax purposes is subject to U.K. corporation tax in respect of its worldwide income and gains. While Maiden Global is a U.K. company, neither Maiden Holdings nor Maiden Reinsurance are incorporated in the U.K. Nevertheless, Maiden Holdings or Maiden Reinsurance would be treated as being resident in the U.K. for U.K. corporation tax purposes if its central management and control were exercised in the U.K. The concept of central management and control is indicative of the highest level of control of a company’s affairs, which is wholly a question of fact. The directors and officers of both Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance intend to manage their affairs so that both companies are resident in Bermuda, and not resident in the U.K., for U.K. tax purposes. However, HM Revenue & Customs could challenge our tax residence status. A company which is not resident in the U.K. for U.K. corporation tax purposes can nevertheless be subject to U.K. corporation tax at the rate of 19% if it carries on a trade in the U.K. through a permanent establishment in the U.K., but the charge to U.K. corporation tax is limited to profits (both income profits and chargeable gains) attributable directly or indirectly to such permanent establishment. The directors and officers of Maiden Reinsurance intend to operate the business of Maiden Reinsurance in such a manner that it does not carry on a trade in the U.K. through a permanent establishment in the U.K. Nevertheless, HM Revenue & Customs might contend successfully that Maiden Reinsurance is trading in the U.K. through a permanent establishment in the U.K. because there is considerable uncertainty as to the activities which constitute carrying on a trade in the U.K. through a permanent establishment in the U.K. The U.K. has no income tax treaty with Bermuda. Companies that are neither resident in the U.K. nor entitled to the protection afforded by a double tax treaty between the U.K. and the jurisdiction in which they are resident are liable to income tax in the U.K., at the basic rate of 20%, on the profits of a trade carried on in the U.K., where that trade is not carried on through a permanent establishment in the U.K. The directors and officers of Maiden Reinsurance intend to operate the business in such a manner that Maiden Reinsurance will not fall within the charge to income tax in the U.K. (other than by way of deduction or withholding). In addition, diverted profits tax ("DPT") applies to foreign companies with sales in the U.K. (such as Maiden Reinsurance) that design their affairs to avoid creating a taxable presence (in the form of a permanent establishment) in the U.K., or to U.K. companies that enter into transactions with connected companies which lack economic substance to exploit differentials in tax rates. DPT is charged at 25% of the profits representing the contribution of the U.K. activities to the group’s results. If either Maiden Holdings or Maiden Reinsurance were treated as being resident in the U.K. for U.K. corporation tax purposes, or if Maiden Reinsurance were treated as carrying on a trade in the U.K., whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise, or if DPT applied, the results of our operations would be materially adversely affected. Any arrangements (including with regard to the provision of services or financing) between Maiden Global and any non-U.K. resident members of the group are subject to the U.K. transfer pricing regime. Consequently, if any such arrangement were found not to be on arm’s length terms and, as a result, a U.K. tax advantage was being obtained, an adjustment would be required to compute U.K. tax profits as if such arrangement were on arm’s length terms. Any transfer pricing adjustment could adversely impact the tax charge suffered by Maiden Global. The U.K. has implemented the BEPS recommendation for "country-by-country" reporting. As a result, our approach to transfer pricing may become subject to greater scrutiny from the U.K. tax authorities. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. We currently lease office space in Pembroke, Bermuda (our corporate headquarters), the U.S., the U.K., Germany, Ireland and Netherlands for the operation of our business. We also lease a property for an employee's use in Bermuda. We renew and enter into new leases in the ordinary course of business as needed. We believe that the office space from these leased properties is sufficient for us to conduct our operations for the foreseeable future. To date, the cost of acquiring and maintaining our office space has not been material to us as a whole. 32 Item 3. Legal Proceedings. We may become involved in various claims and legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of our business, which are not likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity. Except as noted below, we are not a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we are subject to routine legal proceedings, including arbitrations, arising in the ordinary course of business. These legal proceedings generally relate to claims asserted by or against us in the ordinary course of insurance or reinsurance operations. Based on our opinion, the eventual outcome of these legal proceedings is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. In April 2009, we learned that Bentzion S. Turin, the former Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance, sent a letter to the U.S. Department of Labor claiming that his employment with the Company was terminated in retaliation for corporate whistleblowing in violation of the whistleblower protection provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Mr. Turin alleged that he was terminated for raising concerns regarding corporate governance with respect to the negotiation of the terms of the Trust Preferred Securities Offering. He seeks reinstatement as Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance, back pay and legal fees incurred. On December 31, 2009, the U.S. Secretary of Labor found no reasonable cause for Mr. Turin’s claim and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. Mr. Turin objected to the Secretary's findings and requested a hearing before an administrative law judge in the U.S. Department of Labor. The Company moved to dismiss Mr. Turin's complaint, and its motion was granted by the Administrative Law Judge on June 30, 2011. On July 13, 2011, Mr. Turin filed a petition for review of the Administrative Law Judge's decision with the Administrative Review Board in the U.S. Department of Labor. On March 29, 2013, the Administrative Review Board reversed the dismissal of the complaint on procedural grounds, and remanded the case to the administrative law judge. The administrative hearing began in September 2014 and concluded in November 2018. We believe that we had good and sufficient reasons for terminating Mr. Turin's employment and that the claim is without merit. We will continue to vigorously defend ourself against this claim. A putative class action complaint was filed against Maiden Holdings, Arturo M. Raschbaum, Karen L. Schmitt, and John M. Marshaleck in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey on February 11, 2019, alleging that Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 (and Section 20(a) for control person liability) by making misrepresentations about the Company and its business, including the Company’s risk management and underwriting policies and practices. Plaintiffs further claim that these misrepresentations inflated the price of Maiden Holdings' common shares, and that when the truth about the misrepresentations was revealed, our stock price fell, causing Plaintiffs to incur losses. The Company has not yet been served with an amended complaint, but believes the claims are without merit and intends to vigorously defend itself. There exist and we expect additional lawsuits to be filed against us, our subsidiaries and our respective officers due to the diminution in value of our securities as a result of our operating results and financial condition. It is currently uncertain as to the effect of such litigation on our business, operating results and financial conditions. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable. 33 Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. PART II Our common shares began publicly trading on NASDAQ Stock Market LLC ("NASDAQ") under the symbol "MHLD" on May 6, 2008. At March 10, 2020, the last reported sale price of our common share was $1.09 per share and there were 26 holders of record of our common shares. This figure does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of our common shares because shares are frequently held in "street name" by securities dealers and others for the benefit of beneficial owners who may vote the shares. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we declared quarterly dividends totaling $0.35 per common share, however, no dividends have been declared by our Board of Directors on the common shares since the fourth quarter of 2018. The quarterly dividend was $0.15 per common share for the first two quarters of 2018 and subsequently reduced to $0.05 per common share for the third quarter of 2018. The future declaration and payment of dividends to holders of common shares will be at the discretion of our Board and is subject to specified legal, regulatory, financial and other restrictions. Please see "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 15. Statutory Requirements and Dividend Restrictions" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion regarding dividend restrictions on subsidiary's ability to transfer funds to Maiden Holdings. On February 21, 2017, our Board approved the repurchase of up to $100.0 million of our common shares from time to time at market prices. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company did not repurchase any common shares under its share repurchase authorization. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased a total of 205,000 common shares at an average price per share of $3.31 under its share repurchase authorization. At December 31, 2019, we have a remaining authorization of $74.2 million for share repurchases. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2019, we repurchased a total of 23,220 (2018 - 29,801) shares at an average price per share of $0.78 (2018 - $6.52) from employees, which represent withholdings in respect of tax obligations on the vesting of restricted shares and performance based shares. Our common shares are currently listed on NASDAQ. NASDAQ has minimum requirements that a company must meet to remain listed on NASDAQ. These requirements include maintaining a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share. As previously reported on a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with SEC on April 19, 2019, the Company received a letter from NASDAQ informing us that we did not meet the requirement to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. After consultation with NASDAQ, the Company applied to transfer the listing of its common shares from the NASDAQ Global Select Market to the NASDAQ Capital Market effective on October 25, 2019. The NASDAQ Capital Market is a continuous trading market that operates in substantially the same manner as the NASDAQ Global Select Market and listed companies must meet certain financial requirements and comply with the NASDAQ corporate governance requirements. The Company’s common shares continue to trade under the symbol “MHLD”. We did not repurchase any common shares under our share repurchase authorization during the three months ended December 31, 2019. Also, subsequent to December 31, 2019 and through the period ended March 10, 2020, no repurchase of common shares was made. For further information, please see "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 13. Shareholders' Equity" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Also, please see "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 14. Share Compensation and Pension Plans" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion about the Company's equity compensation plans. 34 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Item 1, "Business - General Overview" on page 2. Except as explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented herein relate to the Company's continuing operations except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders. Amounts in tables may not reconcile due to rounding differences. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risk and uncertainties. Please see the "Special Note About Forward-Looking Statements" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by any forward-looking statements contained in this discussion and analysis. You should review the "Risk Factors" set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein. Overview Maiden Holdings is a Bermuda-based holding company, previously focused on serving the needs of regional and specialty insurers in the U.S., Europe and select other global markets. We operate internationally providing branded auto and credit life insurance products through insurer partners to retail clients in the EU and other global markets through Maiden Global. These products also produce reinsurance programs which are underwritten by Maiden Reinsurance. Certain international credit life business is written on a primary basis by Maiden LF and general insurance business is written on a primary basis by Maiden GF. We are also running off the liabilities associated with AmTrust contracts terminated in early 2019 as discussed below. In addition, we are not actively underwriting reinsurance business currently. We have also entered into a retroactive reinsurance agreement and a commutation agreement that further reduces our exposure to and limits the potential volatility related to these AmTrust liabilities, which are discussed in "Note 1. Organization" of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data". As discussed in Item 1. "Business", the sale of Maiden US, the Partial Termination Amendment and the termination of both of our quota share contracts with AmTrust materially reduced our gross and net premiums written in 2019. We have significantly reduced our operating expenses and continue to take steps to reduce these costs further. We expect to continue to re–evaluate our operating strategy during 2020 while leveraging the significant assets and capital we retain. In addition to restoring operating profitability, our strategic focus will center on creating the greatest risk-adjusted shareholder returns, whether via asset and capital management or active reinsurance underwriting, or a combination of both. Our present assessment of the reinsurance marketplace along with our current operating profile is that the risk-adjusted returns that may be produced via active reinsurance underwriting are likely to present more limited opportunities compared to other strategic initiatives which may produce greater shareholder value. Our business consists of two reportable segments: Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance. As a result of the strategic decision to divest all of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations as discussed in more detail below, we revised the composition of our reportable segments in the fourth quarter of 2018. Our Diversified Reinsurance segment now only consists of a portfolio of predominantly property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualty insurance companies located primarily in Europe. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes the run-off of all business ceded by AmTrust to Maiden Reinsurance, primarily the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. Please refer to Item 1. "Business - Our Reportable Segments" section for further discussion on our reportable segments. Recent Developments Since the third quarter of 2018, we have engaged in a series of strategic measures that have dramatically reduced the required regulatory capital needed to operate our business, materially strengthened our solvency ratios, re-domiciled Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont in the U.S. and ceased active reinsurance underwriting. During that time, we significantly increased our estimate of ultimate losses and loss reserves while purchasing reinsurance protection against further loss reserve volatility and as a result, have improved the ultimate economic value of the Company. We believe these measures have given the Company the ability to more flexibly allocate capital to those activities most likely to produce the greatest returns for shareholders. The measures we have taken were initiated in early 2018, when our Board of Directors initiated a Strategic Review to evaluate ways to increase shareholder value after a period of continuing higher than targeted combined ratios and lower returns on equity than planned. This Strategic Review has resulted in a series of transactions that have transformed our operations and materially reduced the risk on our balance sheet. These transactions include: On August 29, 2018, we entered into a Renewal Rights Agreement with TransRe, pursuant to which we sold, and TransRe purchased Maiden US's rights to: (i) renew its treaty reinsurance agreements upon their expiration or cancellation, (ii) solicit renewals of and replacement coverages for the treaty reinsurance agreements and (iii) replicate and use the products and contract forms used in Maiden US’s business. The payment received for sale of the Renewal Rights was $7.5 million, subject to potential additional amounts payable in the future in accordance with the agreement but no additional amounts to the fee have been recognized to date. 35 On December 27, 2018, we completed the U.S. Sale Agreement with Enstar U.S., pursuant to which Maiden NA sold Maiden US for gross consideration of $286.4 million. Also, pursuant to the terms of the U.S. Sale Agreement, Maiden Reinsurance entered into a novation agreement and a retrocession agreement pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with the U.S. treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Reinsurance were either novated or retroceded to Cavello, Enstar U.S.’s Bermuda reinsurance affiliate, in exchange for a ceding commission of $14.0 million. As a result of the above decision to divest all of our U.S. treaty reinsurance operations, these operations are now classified as discontinued operations, and except as explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented herein relate to our continuing operations, except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders. Effective January 1, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII amended the AmTrust Quota Share. The Partial Termination Amendment provided for the cut- off of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small Commercial Business and U.S. Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty business as of December 31, 2018, with the remainder of the AmTrust Quota Share remaining in place. The Partial Termination Amendment resulted in Maiden Reinsurance returning approximately $648.0 million in unearned premium to AII, or approximately $436.8 million net of applicable ceding commission and brokerage. On January 30, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust agreed to terminate on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2019 (i) the remaining business under the AmTrust Quota Share with AII; and (ii) the European Hospital Liability Quota Share with AEL and AIU DAC. The Company has no exposure to European Hospital Liability business after January 1, 2020 and all prior policies were written on a claims-made basis. Effective as of July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII entered into a Commutation and Release Agreement which provided for AII to re-assume all reserves ceded by AII to Maiden Reinsurance related to: (a) all losses incurred in Accident Year 2017 and Accident Year 2018 under Commuted California Business; and (b) all losses incurred in Accident Year 2018 under Commuted New York Business in exchange for the release and full discharge of Maiden Reinsurance of all of its obligations to AII with respect to the Commuted Business. The Commuted Business excludes any business classified by AII as Specialty Program or Specialty Risk business. AII and Maiden Reinsurance agreed that the Commuted Business shall be discharged by Maiden Reinsurance's transfer of cash and invested assets in the amount of $312.8 million which is the sum of the net ceded reserves in the amount of $330.7 million with respect to the Commuted Business as of December 31, 2018 less payments in the amount of $17.9 million made by Maiden Reinsurance with respect to the Commuted Business from January 1, 2019 through July 31, 2019. Settlement of the Commutation Payment occurred on August 12, 2019 and Maiden Reinsurance paid AII approximately $6.3 million in interest related to the Commutation Payment calculated at the rate of 3.30% per annum from January 1, 2019 through August 12, 2019. Maiden Reinsurance received a no objection letter from the BMA regarding the Commutation and Release Agreement. AII and Maiden Reinsurance also agreed that, as of July 31, 2019, the AmTrust Quota Share shall be deemed amended as applicable so that the Commuted Business is no longer included as part of the Covered Business under the AmTrust Quota Share. Effective on July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance entered into the LPT/ADC Agreement with Enstar pursuant to which Cavello assumed the loss reserves as of December 31, 2018 associated with the AmTrust Quota Share in excess of an approximately $2.2 billion retention, up to $600.0 million in exchange for a retrocession premium of $445.0 million. The $2.2 billion retention will be subject to adjustment for paid losses subsequent to December 31, 2018. The LPT/ADC Agreement provides Maiden Reinsurance with $155.0 million in adverse development cover over its carried AmTrust Quota Share loss reserves at December 31, 2018. The LPT/ADC Agreement meets the criteria for risk transfer and therefore has been accounted for as retroactive reinsurance. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding $445.0 million would result in a deferred gain which will be recognized over the settlement period in proportion to cumulative losses collected over the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoverable. Consequently, cumulative adverse development subsequent to December 31, 2018 may result in significant losses from operations until periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings. At December 31, 2019, the deferred gain liability recognized for retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement was approximately $113.0 million. Amortization of the deferred gain will not occur until paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention under the LPT/ADC Agreement, which is estimated to be in 2024. Effective March 16, 2020, we re-domesticated our principal operating subsidiary, Maiden Reinsurance, to the State of Vermont in the U.S. Filings had previously been made with the Vermont DFR, the Vermont Secretary of State as well as with the BMA to provide notice of the Company's intent to re- domicile from Bermuda. Maiden Reinsurance is now subject to the statutes and regulations of Vermont in the ordinary course of business. We determined that re-domesticating Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont enables us to better align our capital and resources with our liabilities, which originate mostly in the U.S., resulting in a more efficient structure.The re-domestication, in combination with the transactions completed pursuant to the Strategic Review, will continue to strengthen the Company’s capital position and solvency ratios. The re-domestication does not apply to Maiden Holdings, which will remain a Bermuda-based holding company. Securities issued by Maiden Holdings are not affected by the re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance. As part of the Strategic Review during the fourth quarter of 2018, Maiden Holdings contributed as capital 35% of its ownership in Maiden Reinsurance to Maiden NA. Additionally, the proceeds of the sale of Maiden US were partially used by Maiden NA, among other things, to settle inter-company balances due to its Bermuda affiliates and as described below. In December 2018 and January 2019, Maiden NA contributed its proportionate share of capital contributions in the aggregate amount of $68.3 million in cash. Maiden NA also now maintains a portfolio of cash and other short-term investments of $27.0 million, along with other strategic investments of $26.9 million at December 31, 2019. We believe Maiden NA’s investments will create opportunities to utilize NOL which total $222.5 million as of December 31, 2019. These NOLs are not presently recognized as deferred tax assets as a full valuation allowance is currently carried against them (for further details please see "Note 16. Taxation" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10–K). Taken together, we believe these 36 measures should generate additional income for Maiden NA in a tax-efficient manner, while sharing in the improvement in profitability anticipated in Maiden Reinsurance as a result of the measures enacted in the Strategic Review. Capital Transactions On October 25, 2019, the Company transferred the listing of its common shares from the NASDAQ Global Select Market to the NASDAQ Capital Market. The NASDAQ Capital Market is a continuous trading market that operates in substantially the same manner as the NASDAQ Global Select Market and listed companies must meet certain financial requirements and comply with the NASDAQ corporate governance requirements. The Company’s common shares continue to trade under the symbol “MHLD”. There were no other capital transactions during 2018 and 2019. 2019 Financial Highlights For the Year Ended December 31, Summary Consolidated Statement of Income Data: Net loss from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax Net loss Net loss - to Maiden common shareholders Basic and diluted loss per common share: Net loss - Maiden common shareholders(2)(9) Dividends per common share Gross premiums written Net premiums earned Underwriting loss(3) Net investment income Combined ratio(4) Non-GAAP measures: Non-GAAP operating loss(1) Basic and diluted loss per common share: Non-GAAP operating loss - Maiden common shareholders(1)(9) Non-GAAP combined ratio(11) Non-GAAP operating return on average common shareholders' equity(1) 2019 2018 Change $ (109,362) ($ in thousands except per share data) $ (450,292) $ (22,541) (131,903) (131,903) (1.59) — (528,593) 447,762 (183,753) 97,837 (94,113) (544,405) (570,260) (6.87) 0.35 2,017,798 2,026,202 (520,219) 136,285 148.6 % 127.7 % 340,930 71,572 412,502 438,357 5.28 (0.35) (2,546,391) (1,578,440) 336,466 (38,448) 20.9 $ (26,514) $ (466,062) $ 439,548 (0.32) 123.5 % (40.2)% (5.61) 127.7 % (108.8)% 5.29 (4.2) 68.6 37 At December 31, Consolidated Financial Condition Total investments and cash and cash equivalents(5) Total assets Reserve for loss and LAE Senior notes - principal amount Maiden common shareholders' equity Maiden shareholders' equity Total capital resources(6) Ratio of debt to total capital resources(13) Book Value calculations: Book value per common share(7) Accumulated dividends per common share Book value per common share plus accumulated dividends Change in book value per common share plus accumulated dividends Diluted book value per common share(8) Non-GAAP measures: Adjusted book value per common share(10) Adjusted Maiden shareholders' equity(12) Adjusted total capital resources(12) Ratio of debt to adjusted total capital resources(14) $ $ $ $ $ 2019 2018 Change 1,974,544 ($ in thousands except per share data) $ 4,421,954 $ 3,568,196 2,439,907 262,500 42,718 507,718 770,218 5,287,460 3,126,134 262,500 89,275 554,275 816,775 34.1 % 32.1% (2,447,410) (1,719,264) (686,227) — (46,557) (46,557) (46,557) 2.0 0.51 4.27 4.78 $ $ (10.7)% 1.08 4.27 5.35 $ $ (0.57) — (0.57) 0.50 $ 1.08 $ (0.58) 1.87 $ 1.08 $ 620,668 883,168 554,275 816,775 29.7 % 32.1% 0.79 66,393 66,393 (2.4) (1) Non-GAAP operating loss, non-GAAP operating loss per common share and non-GAAP operating return on average common equity are non-GAAP financial measures. Please see "Key Financial Measures" for additional information and a reconciliation to the nearest U.S. GAAP financial measure of net (loss) income. (2) Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 12. Earnings per Common Share" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the calculation of basic and diluted (loss) earnings per common share. (3) Underwriting loss is a non-GAAP measure and is calculated as net premiums earned plus other insurance revenue less net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses directly related to underwriting activities. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information. (4) Combined ratio is calculated by adding together the net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio. (5) Total investments and cash and cash equivalents includes both restricted and unrestricted. (6) Total capital resources is the sum of the Company's principal amount of debt and Maiden shareholders' equity. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information. (7) Book value per common share is calculated using common shareholders’ equity (shareholders' equity excluding the aggregate liquidation value of our preference shares) divided by the number of common shares outstanding. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information. (8) Diluted book value per common share is calculated by dividing common shareholders' equity, adjusted for assumed proceeds from the exercise of dilutive options, by the number of outstanding common shares plus dilutive options and restricted share units (assuming exercise of all dilutive share based awards). (9) During a period of loss, the basic weighted average common shares outstanding is used in the denominator of the diluted loss per common share computation as the effect of including potential dilutive shares would be anti-dilutive. (10) Adjusted book value per common share is a non-GAAP measure that is calculated using Maiden common shareholders' equity, adjusted for unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance, divided by the number of common shares outstanding. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information. (11) Non-GAAP combined ratio is calculated by excluding the impact of the unamortized deferred gain liability on retroactive reinsurance from the net loss and LAE ratio, and then adding together the expense ratio and the net adjusted loss and LAE ratio. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information. (12) Adjusted Maiden shareholders' equity and adjusted total capital resources are calculated by adding the unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance to the GAAP Maiden shareholders' equity and GAAP total capital resources, respectively. The deferred gain arises from the LPT/ADC Agreement relating to losses from the AmTrust Quota Share. Under U.S. GAAP, the deferred gain shall be amortized over the estimated remaining settlement period. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information. (13) Ratio of debt to total capital resources is calculated using the total principal amount of debt divided by the sum of total capital resources. (14) Ratio of debt to adjusted total capital resources is calculated using the total principal amount of debt divided by the sum of adjusted total capital resources. 38 Key Financial Measures Revenues We historically derived the majority of our revenues from premiums on reinsurance contracts, net of any reinsurance or retrocessional coverage purchased and to a minor extent from premiums from insurance policies. Reinsurance premiums are a function of the amount and types of policies and contracts we write, as well as prevailing market prices. Our prices are determined before our ultimate costs, which may extend far into the future, are known. As a result of the significant strategic transactions implemented during 2018 and 2019, our gross and net premiums written will continue to be materially lower going forward and our net investment income will increasingly become a significantly larger portion of our total revenues compared to prior periods. The Company's revenues also include fee income as well as income generated from our investment portfolio. The Company's investment portfolio is comprised of fixed maturity investments held as AFS and other investments. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, our fixed maturity investments are carried at fair market value and any unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") as a separate component of shareholders' equity. If unrealized losses are considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired due to a credit-related event, such impairment losses are recognized within earnings as a realized loss under total other-than-temporary impairment losses. Other investments in limited partnerships and start-up insurance entities are carried at fair market value with any unrealized gains or losses included in earnings under net realized gains (losses) on investment. Our investments made by special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities are carried at cost. Any indication of impairment is recognized in income. Expenses Our expenses currently consist largely of net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses, general and administrative expenses, interest and amortization expenses, foreign exchange and other gains or losses, the latter of which includes on a non-recurring basis any gains or losses from the disposal of subsidiaries. Net loss and LAE has three main components: (1) losses paid, which are actual cash payments to insureds, net of recoveries from reinsurers; (2) change in outstanding loss or case reserves, which represent cedants' best estimate of the likely settlement amount for known claims, less the portion that can be recovered from reinsurers; and (3) change in IBNR reserves, which we establish to respond to changes in the values of claims that have been reported to us but are not yet settled, as well as claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to us. The portion recoverable from reinsurers is deducted from the gross estimated loss. Commission and other acquisition expenses include commissions, brokerage fees and insurance taxes. Commissions and brokerage fees are usually calculated as a percentage of premiums and depend on the market and line of business and can, in certain instances, vary based on loss sensitive features of reinsurance contracts. Commission and other acquisition expenses are reported after: (1) deducting commissions received on ceded reinsurance; (2) deducting the part of commission and other acquisition expenses relating to unearned premiums; and (3) including the amortization of previously deferred commission and other acquisition expenses. General and administrative expenses include personnel expenses (including share-based compensation expense), rent expenses, legal and professional fees, information technology costs and other general operating expenses. General and administrative expenses are allocated to the reportable segments on an actual basis except salaries and benefits where management’s judgment is applied; however general corporate expenses are not allocated to the segments. Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, management uses certain key financial measures, some of which are non-GAAP measures, to evaluate the Company's financial performance and the overall growth in value generated for the Company’s common shareholders. Management believes that these measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, explain the Company’s results to investors in a manner that allows for a more complete understanding of the underlying trends in the Company’s business. The non- GAAP measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The calculation of some of these key financial measures including the reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the nearest GAAP measure and relevant discussions are found within Item 7 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" on page 64. These key financial measures are: Non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP diluted operating loss per common share: Management believes that the use of non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP diluted operating loss per share enables investors and other users of the Company’s financial information to analyze its performance in a manner similar to how management analyzes performance. Management also believes that these measures generally follow industry practice and, therefore, allow the users of financial information to compare the Company’s performance with its industry peer group, and that the equity analysts and certain rating agencies which follow the Company, and the insurance industry as a whole, generally exclude these items from their analyses for the same reasons. Non- GAAP operating loss should not be viewed as a substitute for U.S. GAAP net loss. Non-GAAP operating loss is an internal performance measure used by management that focuses on the underlying fundamentals of the Company's operations by excluding, on a recurring basis: (1) net realized gains or losses on investment; (2) total other-than-temporary impairment losses; (3) foreign exchange gains or losses; (4) loss and related activity from our NGHC Quota Share run-off operations; and (5) the portion of favorable or unfavorable prior year reserve development for which we have ceded the risk under retroactive reinsurance agreements and related changes in amortization of the deferred gain. It also excludes on a non-recurring basis: (1) loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax; and (2) separation costs incurred due to retirement of former executives. We exclude net realized gains or losses on investment, other-than-temporary impairment losses and foreign exchange gains or losses as we believe these are influenced by market opportunities and other factors. We do not believe results from our commuted NGHC Quota Share run-off operations, results from our discontinued operations, separation costs paid to our former executives and ceded risks under retroactive reinsurance agreements are representative of our ongoing and future business. We believe all of these amounts are largely independent of our business and any potential future underwriting process and including them distorts the analysis of trends in our operations. Underwriting loss is a non-GAAP measure and is calculated as net premiums earned plus other insurance revenue less net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses directly related to underwriting activities. For purposes of these non-GAAP operating measures, the fee-generating business which is included in our Diversified Reinsurance segment, is considered part of the underwriting operations of the Company. Management believes that this measure is important in evaluating the underwriting performance of the Company and its segments. This measure is also a useful tool to measure the profitability of the Company separately from the investment results and is also a widely used performance indicator in the insurance industry. A reconciliation of the Company's underwriting results can be found in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 3. Segment Information" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. Combined ratio is commonly used in the insurance and reinsurance industry in conjunction with underwriting income (loss) as a measure of underwriting profitability. Management measures underwriting results on an overall basis and for each segment on the basis of the combined ratio. The combined ratio is the sum of the net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio and the computations of each component are described below. A combined ratio under 100% indicates underwriting profitability, as the net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses are less than the net premiums earned and other insurance revenue on that business. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3. Segment Reporting" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. While an important metric of success, underwriting loss and combined ratio do not reflect all components of profitability, as they do not recognize the impact of investment income earned on premiums between the time premiums are received and the time loss payments are ultimately paid to clients. Because we do not manage our cash and investments by segment, investment income and interest expense are not allocated to the reportable segments. Certain general and administrative expenses are generally allocated to segments based on actual costs incurred. The "net loss and LAE ratio" is derived by dividing net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. The "commission and other acquisition expense ratio" is derived by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. The "general and administrative expense ratio" is derived by dividing general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. The "expense ratio" is the sum of the commission and other acquisition expense ratio and the general and administrative expense ratio. Non-GAAP Operating Return on Average Common Equity ("Non-GAAP Operating ROACE"): Management uses non-GAAP operating return on average common shareholders' equity as a measure of profitability that focuses on the return to common shareholders. It is calculated using non-GAAP operating loss available to common shareholders (as defined above) divided by average common shareholders' equity. Book Value per Common Share and Diluted Book Value per Common Share: Book value per common share and diluted book value per common share are non-GAAP measures. Management uses growth in both of these metrics as a prime measure of the value we are generating for our common shareholders, as management believes that growth in each metric ultimately results in growth in the Company’s common share price. These metrics are impacted by the Company’s net loss and external factors, such as interest rates, which can drive changes in unrealized gains or losses on our investment portfolio, as well as share repurchases. Ratio of Debt to Total Capital Resources: Management uses this non-GAAP measure to monitor the financial leverage of the Company. This measure is calculated using the total principal amount of debt divided by the sum of total capital resources. Non-GAAP underwriting income (loss), Non-GAAP loss and LAE ratio, and Non-GAAP combined ratio: Management has further adjusted underwriting loss, as defined above, as well as the reported loss and LAE ratios and reported combined ratios by recognizing into income the unamortized deferred gain arising from the LPT/ADC Agreement. The deferred gain represents amounts fully recoverable from Cavello and management believes adjusting for this shows the ultimate economic benefit of the LPT/ADC Agreement on Maiden's underwriting income (loss). We believe reflecting the economic benefit of this retroactive reinsurance agreement is helpful for understanding future trends in our operations. Adjusted Total Maiden Shareholders' Equity, Adjusted Total Capital Resources, Ratio of debt to Adjusted Total Capital Resources and Adjusted Book Value per Common Share: Management has adjusted GAAP Maiden shareholders' equity by adding the unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance arising from the LPT/ADC Agreement to Maiden shareholders' equity. As a result, by virtue of this adjustment, management has also adjusted Total Capital Resources and computed the Ratio of debt to Adjusted Capital Resources and Adjusted Book Value per Common Share. The deferred gain represents amounts fully recoverable from Cavello and management believes adjusting for this shows the ultimate economic benefit of the LPT/ADC Agreement. We believe reflecting the economic benefit of this retroactive reinsurance agreement is helpful for understanding future trends in our operations, which will improve Maiden shareholders' equity over the settlement period. 39 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates It is important to understand our accounting policies in order to understand our financial position and results of operations. The Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The following presents a discussion of those accounting policies and estimates that management believes are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgment. If actual events differ significantly from the underlying assumptions and estimates used by management, there could be material adjustments to prior estimates that could potentially adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. These critical accounting policies and estimates should be read in conjunction with "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report Form 10-K for a full understanding of the Company’s accounting policies. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses General: The amount of time that elapses before a claim is reported to the cedant and then subsequently reported to the reinsurer is commonly referred to in the industry as the reporting tail. Lines of business for which claims are reported quickly are commonly referred to as short-tailed lines; and lines of business for which a longer period of time elapses before claims are reported to the reinsurer are commonly referred to as long-tailed lines. In general, for reinsurance, the time lags are longer than for primary business due to the delay that occurs between the cedant becoming aware of a loss and reporting the information to its reinsurer(s). The delay varies by reinsurance market (country of cedant), type of treaty, whether losses are paid by the cedant and the size of the loss. The delay could vary from a few weeks to a year or sometimes longer. Because a significant amount of time can elapse, particularly on longer-tail lines of business written on an excess of loss basis, between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance company (the primary company or the cedant), the subsequent reporting to the reinsurance company ("the reinsurer") and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event by the reinsurer, the Company’s liability for unpaid loss and LAE ("loss reserves") is based largely upon estimates. The Company categorizes loss reserves into two types of reserves: reported outstanding loss reserves ("case reserves") and IBNR reserves. Case reserves represent, for each individual claim, an estimate of unpaid losses, either by the Company’s cedants or the Company’s claims handling professionals, and recorded by the Company. IBNR reserves represent a provision for claims that have been incurred but not yet reported to the Company, as well as future loss development on losses already reported, in excess of the case reserves. The Company updates its estimates for each of the aforementioned categories primarily on a quarterly basis using information received from its cedants. For excess of loss treaties, cedants generally are required to report losses that either (i) exceed 50% of their retention; or (ii) have a reasonable probability of exceeding the retention; or (iii) meet defined reporting criteria. All excess of loss reinsurance claims that are reserved are reviewed on a periodic basis. In addition, reserves for loss and LAE are reviewed every quarter for each cedant. For proportional treaties, cedants are required to give a periodic statement of account, generally monthly or quarterly. These periodic statements typically include information regarding premiums written, premiums earned, unearned premiums, ceding commissions, brokerage amounts, applicable taxes, paid losses and reported outstanding losses. They can be submitted up to ninety days after the close of the reporting period. Some proportional treaties have specific language requiring earlier notice of serious claims. For all lines, the Company’s objective is to reasonably estimate ultimate loss and LAE. Total loss reserves are then calculated by subtracting losses paid. Similarly, IBNR reserves are calculated by subtracting case reserves from total loss reserves. IBNR is the estimated liability for: (1) changes in the values of claims that have been reported to us but are not yet settled; (2) claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported; and (3) claims that are closed but subsequently reopened. Each claim is settled individually based upon its merits, and particularly for longer-tailed lines of business, it is not unusual for a claim to take several years after being initially reported to be settled and paid, especially if legal action is involved. These claims may also require changes in anticipated future payments due to changes in medical conditions or changes in expected inflationary pressures. As a result, the reserve for loss and LAE includes significant estimates for IBNR reserves. The reserve for IBNR is generally estimated by management based on various factors, including actuarial analysis and actual loss experience to date. Our actuaries employ standard actuarial methodologies to determine estimated ultimate loss reserves. In selecting management's best estimate of loss and LAE reserves, we consider the range of results produced by many actuarial methods and the appropriateness of those estimates. These actuarial methodologies are described in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses" included under Item 8 "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data". The reserve for loss and LAE at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows: December 31, Reserve for reported loss and LAE Reserve for losses incurred but not reported Reserve for loss and LAE 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) $ $ 1,271,358 $ 1,168,549 2,439,907 $ 1,619,776 1,506,358 3,126,134 40 The loss reserves in the table above exclude the impact of the LPT/ADC Agreement. While management believes that our case reserves and IBNR are sufficient to cover losses assumed by us, there can be no assurance that losses will not deviate from our reserves, possibly by material amounts. The analysis of the appropriateness of the reserve for IBNR is reviewed quarterly, with adjustments made as appropriate. To the extent that actual reported losses exceed expected losses, the carried estimate of the ultimate losses may be increased (i.e. unfavorable reserve development), and to the extent actual reported losses are less than our expectations, the carried estimate of ultimate losses may be reduced (i.e. favorable reserve development). We record any changes in our loss reserve estimates and the related reinsurance recoverable in the periods in which they are determined. Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses under the LPT/ADC Agreement are recorded as a deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance on the Consolidated Balance Sheet which represents the cumulative adverse development under the AmTrust Quota Share covered under the LPT/ADC Agreement at December 31, 2019. Amortization of the deferred gain will not occur until paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention under the LPT/ADC Agreement, which is estimated to be in 2024. Loss reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, loss reserves are estimates of what we reasonably expect the ultimate resolution and administration of claims will cost. These estimates are based on actuarial projections and on our assessment of currently available data, as well as estimates of future trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors. Loss reserve estimates are refined as experience develops and as claims are reported and resolved. In addition, the relatively long periods between when a loss occurs and when it may be reported to our claims department for our casualty reinsurance lines of business also increase the uncertainties of reserve estimates in such lines. With the guidance of the methods described in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses" included under Item 8 "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report Form 10-K, actuarial judgment is applied in the determination of ultimate losses. In general, the Company’s segments have varying levels of seasoning with which the Company has direct experience and as a result, differing methods are utilized to estimate loss and LAE reserves within each segment. In our Diversified Reinsurance segment, we have books of business that have been in runoff for several years, as well as books of business that have been underwritten only during the last few years. In general, we utilize the Expected Loss Ratio ("ELR") approach at the onset of reserving an account, the Bornhuetter-Ferguson ("BF") method for business with less but maturing loss experience, and then, as the experience matures, the Loss Development ("LD") method is utilized. The runoff book of business primarily uses the LD method due to its maturity and the amount of experience which has emerged over the years. For proportional business, the Company relies heavily on the actual contract experience, whereas for excess of loss business, there will be more usage of industry and/or Company specific benchmark assumptions in the reserving process. The Company underwrote the AmTrust Reinsurance segment from July 1, 2007 until the Final AmTrust QS Terminations effective January 1, 2019. A large portion of the exposure in the underlying book of business has significant seasoning, and allows for a significant amount of credibility in using parameters derived from historical experience to calculate reserve estimates. Some segments of the book are a result of recent acquisitions or newer markets for AmTrust. These segments require a greater level of assumptions and professional judgment in deriving reserve levels, which inherently implies a wider range of reasonable estimates. In addition, changes to case reserving and claims settlement practices by AmTrust have required the use of methods which adjust historical paid and incurred losses to reflect the current basis. As a result, we have tended to rely on a weighted approach which primarily employs the LD method for aspects of the segment with ample historical data, while also considering the ELR or BF method for exposure resulting from recent acquisitions, or a relative business with a more limited level of experience. The LD method can also be based on AmTrust specific historical information, historical information adjusted to current levels, or information derived from industry sources, with actuarial judgment being used as to the credibility weighting employed. The Frequency-Severity ("FS") method is also considered for segments of the AmTrust book for which claim count information is available. The Company’s actuarial analysis of this book of business is more refined in that it utilizes a combination of quarterly and annual data instead of contract period data in totality. Additional data detailing items such as the class of business, state of occurrence, claim counts, and the frequency and severity of claims is available in many instances, further enhancing the loss reserve analysis. Significant Assumptions Employed in the Estimation of Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses: The most significant assumptions used at December 31, 2019 to estimate the reserve for loss and LAE within our reporting segments are as follows: • the information developed from internal and independent external sources can be used to develop meaningful estimates of the likely future performance of business bound by the Company; • the loss and exposure information provided by ceding companies, insureds and brokers in support of their reinsurance submissions have been used by the Company's pricing actuaries to derive meaningful estimates of the likely future performance of business bound with respect to each contract and policy; • historic loss development and trend experience may be used to predict future loss development and trends; • no significant emergence of losses or types of losses that are not represented in the information supplied to the Company by its brokers, ceding companies and insureds will occur; and • the Company is able to identify and properly adjust for changes to case reserving and claims settlement rates in the underlying data. The five assumptions above most significantly influence the Company’s determination of initial expected loss ratios and expected loss reporting and payment patterns that are the key inputs which impact potential variability in the estimate of the reserve for loss and LAE and are applicable to each of the Company’s business segments. These factors are combined with the actuarial judgment exercised by our reserving actuaries, and validated by the external review of our reserving levels. While there can be no assurance that any of the above assumptions will prove to be correct, we believe that this process represents a realistic and appropriate 41 basis for estimating the reserve for loss and LAE. Loss emergence factors and expected loss ratios used in the reserving process are based on a blend of our own direct experience, cedant experience and industry benchmarks, when appropriate. The benchmarks selected were those that we believe are most similar to our underwriting business. Factors Creating Uncertainty in the Estimation of the Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses: While management does not at this time include an explicit or implicit provision for uncertainty in its reserve for loss and LAE, certain of the Company’s business lines are by their nature subject to additional uncertainties, which are discussed in detail below. In addition, the Company’s reserves are subject to additional factors which add to the uncertainty of estimating reserve for loss and LAE. Time lags in the reporting of losses can also introduce further ambiguity to the process of estimating reserve for loss and LAE. The inherent uncertainty of estimating the Company’s reserve for loss and LAE increases principally due to: • the lag in time between the time claims are initially reported to the ceding company and the time they are ultimately reported through one or more reinsurance broker intermediaries to the Company; • the differing case reserving practices among ceding companies; • changes to characteristics of a claim over time, such as future medical needs or assessment of liability; • the diversity of loss development patterns among different types of reinsurance treaties or contracts; and • the Company’s need to rely on its ceding companies for loss information, which also exposes the Company to changes in the reserving philosophy of the ceding company and the adequacy of its underlying case reserves. To verify the accuracy and completeness of the information provided to us by our ceding company counterparties, the Company’s actuaries, accountants and claims personnel perform claims reviews, and at times also accounting and financial audits, of the Company’s ceding companies. Any material findings are communicated to the ceding companies and utilized in the establishment or revision of the Company’s case reserves and related IBNR reserve. On occasion, these reviews reveal that the ceding company’s reported loss and LAE do not comport with the terms of the contract held with the Company. In such events, the Company strives to resolve the outstanding differences in an amicable fashion. The large majority of such differences are resolved in this manner. In the infrequent instance where an amicable solution is not feasible, the Company’s policy is to vigorously defend its position in litigation or arbitration. At December 31, 2019, the Company was not involved in any material claims litigation or arbitration proceedings. Due to the large volume of potential transactions that must be recorded in the insurance and reinsurance industry, backlogs in the recording of the Company’s business activities can also impair the accuracy of its loss and LAE reserve estimates. At December 31, 2019, there were no significant backlogs related to the processing of policy or contract information in any of our reporting segments. The Company assumes in its loss and LAE reserving process that, on average, the time period between the recording of expected losses and the reporting of actual losses are predictable when measured in the aggregate and over time. The time period over which all losses are expected to be reported to the Company varies significantly by line of business. This period can range from a few quarters for some lines, such as property, to many years for some casualty lines of business. To the extent that actual reported losses are reported more quickly or more slowly than expected, the Company may adjust its estimate of ultimate loss accordingly. Potential Volatility in the Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses: In addition to the factors creating uncertainty in the Company’s estimate of loss and LAE, the Company’s estimated reserve for loss and LAE can change over time because of unexpected changes in the external environment. Potential changing external factors include: • changes in the inflation rate for goods and services related to the covered damages; • changes in the general economic environment that could cause unanticipated changes in claim frequency or severity; • changes in the litigation environment regarding the representation of plaintiffs and potential plaintiffs; • changes in the judicial and/or arbitration environment regarding the interpretation of policy and contract provisions relating to the determination of coverage and/or the amount of damages awarded for certain types of claims; • changes in the social environment regarding the general attitude of juries in the determination of liability and damages; • changes in the legislative environment regarding the definition of damages; • new types of injuries caused by new types of injurious activities or exposures; and • changes in ceding company case reserving and reporting patterns. Our estimate of loss reserves has changed materially for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The change in the loss reserve estimate from the prior year is referred to as Prior Year Development ("PPD"). We experienced adverse PPD of $112.5 million and $403.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, incurred primarily within the AmTrust Reinsurance segment. Please refer to “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses” included under Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K for further details. The Company creates a statistical distribution around the estimate of reserve for loss and LAE based on an assumption of the volatility inherent in the estimate. The assumption of volatility is primarily based on parameters underlying the BSCR model. With the re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont effective March 16, 2020, we anticipate utilizing a different model in future years. This model may have lesser or greater volatility than the BSCR model. The coefficient of variation of the underlying 42 distribution of reserves has not changed since December 31, 2018. Due to significant adverse PPD for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the expected range of reasonable reserves was widened at December 31, 2018 to one full standard deviation from the mean of the statistical distribution, as the uncertainty inherent in the reserve estimate has surpassed previous expectations. Despite additional adverse PPD for the year ended December 31, 2019, no changes were made in this variable for our estimate as of December 31, 2019.The range of reasonable reserves remains one full standard deviation from the mean at December 31, 2019, although the dollars represented by the range have declined commensurately with the underlying reserves. Based on this reasonable range of reserves, our required reserves after reinsurance recoverable could increase by approximately $196.4 million, or 8.3%, of our consolidated net loss and LAE reserves excluding the impact of the LPT/ADC Agreement. If the LPT/ADC Agreement were to be considered, the variance in our required reserves would decrease to $154.4 million, or 8.5% of our consolidated net loss and LAE reserves. Premiums and Commissions and Other Acquisition Expenses For pro-rata contracts and excess-of-loss contracts where no deposit or minimum premium is specified in the contract, premium written is recognized based on estimates of ultimate premiums provided by the ceding companies. Initial estimates of premium written are recognized in the period in which the underlying risks are incepted. Subsequent adjustments, based on reports of actual premium by the ceding companies, or revisions in estimates, are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Reinsurance premiums assumed are generally earned on a pro rata basis over the terms of the underlying policies or reinsurance contracts. Contracts and policies written on a "losses occurring" basis cover claims that may occur during the term of the contract or policy, which is typically twelve months. Accordingly, the premium is earned evenly over the contract term. Contracts which are written on a "risks attaching" basis cover claims from all underlying insurance policies written during the terms of such contracts. Premiums earned on such contracts extend beyond the original term of the reinsurance contract, typically resulting in recognition of premiums earned over a twenty-four-month period. Reinsurance premiums on specialty risk and extended warranty are earned based on the estimated program coverage period. These estimates are based on the expected distribution of coverage periods by contract at inception, because a single contract may contain multiple coverage period options and these estimates are revised based on the actual coverage period selected by the original insured. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written which is applicable to the unexpired term of the contract or policy in force. These premiums can be subject to estimates based upon information received from ceding companies and any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined. The Company provides proportional and non-proportional reinsurance coverage to cedants (insurance companies). Cedants' actual premiums are unknown at the time they enter into reinsurance agreement so treaties are based upon estimates of those premiums at the time the treaties are written and are typically adjusted as premiums are known. Reporting delays are inherent in the reinsurance industry and vary in length by type of treaty. As delays can vary from a few weeks to a year or sometimes longer, the Company produces accounting estimates to report premiums and commission and other acquisition expenses until it receives the cedants’ actual results. Under proportional treaties, the Company shares proportionally in both the premiums and losses of the cedant and pays the cedant a commission to cover the cedants' acquisition expenses. Under this type of treaty, the Company’s ultimate premiums written and earned and acquisition expenses are not known at the inception of the treaty and must be estimated until the cedant reports its actual results to the Company. Under non-proportional treaties, the Company is typically exposed to loss events in excess of a predetermined dollar amount or loss ratio and receives a deposit or minimum premium, which is subject to adjustment depending on the premium volume written by the cedant. Reported premiums written and earned and commission and other acquisition expenses on proportional treaties are generally based upon reports received from cedants and brokers, supplemented by the Company’s own estimates of premiums written and commission and other acquisition expenses for which ceding company reports have not been received. Premium and acquisition expense estimates are determined at the individual treaty level based upon contract provisions. The determination of estimates requires a review of the Company’s experience with cedants, a thorough understanding of the individual characteristics of each line of business and the ability to project the impact of current economic indicators on the volume of business written and ceded by the Company’s cedants. Estimates for premiums and commission and other acquisition expenses are updated continuously as new information is received from the cedants. Differences between such estimates and actual amounts are recorded in the period in which estimates are changed or the actual amounts are determined. Assessing whether or not a reinsurance contract meets the condition for risk transfer requires judgment. The determination of risk transfer is critical to reporting premiums written and is based, in part, on the use of actuarial and pricing models and assumptions. If we determine that a reinsurance contract does not transfer sufficient risk, we account for the contract as a deposit liability rather than a premium written. Acquisition expenses represent the costs of writing business that vary with, and are primarily related to, the production of the business. Acquisition expenses that are related to successful contracts are deferred and recognized as expense over the same period in which the related premiums are earned. Only certain expenses incurred in the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts are capitalized. Those expenses include incremental direct costs of contract acquisition that result directly from and are essential to the contract transaction and would not have been incurred had the contract transaction not occurred. All other acquisition-related expenses, such as costs incurred for soliciting business, administration, and unsuccessful acquisition or renewal efforts are charged to expense as incurred. Administrative expenses, including rent, depreciation, occupancy, equipment, and all other general overhead expenses are considered indirect and are expensed as incurred. 43 The Company considers anticipated investment income in determining the recoverability of these deferred costs and believes they are fully recoverable. A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of anticipated losses and loss adjustment expenses, unamortized acquisition expenses and anticipated investment income exceed unearned premium. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K on page F-26 for a discussion on the fair value methodology and valuation techniques used by the Company to determine the fair value of the financial instruments held at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Other-Than-Temporary Impairment ("OTTI") of Investments Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K on page F-12 for a discussion on the OTTI evaluation performed by the Company. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized $0.2 million of OTTI losses in its results of operation (2018 - $5.8 million). Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 4. Investments" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K on page F-21 for further details. 44 Results of Operations The following table sets forth our selected Consolidated Statement of Income data for each of the years indicated: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Net premiums earned Other insurance revenue Net loss and LAE Commission and other acquisition expenses General and administrative expenses(1) Underwriting loss(2) Other general and administrative expenses(1) Net investment income Net realized gains (losses) on investment Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Foreign exchange and other gains Interest and amortization expenses Income tax benefit (expense) Net loss from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax Income attributable to noncontrolling interests Dividends on preference shares Net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders Ratios Net loss and LAE ratio(3) Commission and other acquisition expense ratio(4) General and administrative expense ratio(5) Expense ratio(6) Combined ratio(7) $ $ $ ($ in thousands) $ (528,593) $ $ (531,850) 447,762 2,841 (452,829) (169,760) (11,767) (183,753) (35,451) 97,837 27,860 (165) 2,719 (19,320) 911 (109,362) (22,541) — — $ (131,903) $ 2,017,798 2,014,597 2,026,202 9,681 (1,880,121) (654,740) (21,241) (520,219) (43,699) 136,285 (1,529) (5,832) 4,461 (19,318) (441) (450,292) (94,113) (219) (25,636) (570,260) 100.5% 37.6% 10.5% 48.1% 148.6% 92.3% 32.2% 3.2% 35.4% 127.7% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Underwriting related general and administrative expenses is a non-GAAP measure. Please refer to "General and Administrative Expenses" below for additional information related to these corporate expenses and the reconciliation to those presented in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Underwriting loss is a non-GAAP measure and is calculated as net premiums earned plus other insurance revenue less net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses directly related to underwriting activities. Calculated by dividing net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. Calculated by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. Calculated by dividing all general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. Calculated by adding together commission and other acquisition expense ratio and general and administrative expense ratio. Calculated by adding together net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio. 45 The discussion below is a comparison of our operating results for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: Net Loss Net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $131.9 million compared to net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders of $570.3 million for the same period in 2018. The net improvement in results for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was primarily due to the following: • net loss from continuing operations of $109.4 million compared to net loss from continuing operations of $450.3 million for the same period in 2018 largely due to the following factors: • underwriting loss of $183.8 million compared to underwriting loss of $520.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 which resulted in a combined ratio of 148.6% compared to 127.7% in the prior period. The reduction in the underwriting loss and the increased combined ratio was principally due to the impact of: ◦ adverse prior year loss development of $112.5 million or 25.0 percentage points in 2019 compared to $403.2 million or 19.8 percentage points for the same period in 2018 incurred primarily within the AmTrust Reinsurance segment for each respective period. The adverse development of $112.5 million in 2019 included $113.0 million of losses covered under the LPT/ADC Agreement which has been recorded in the balance sheet as a deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance but will ultimately be recoverable; ◦ higher loss ratios for current year premiums earned during 2019 primarily within the AmTrust Reinsurance segment (which excludes the Terminated Business under the Partial Termination Amendment) which caused significant changes in the mix of business being earned in 2019 compared to 2018 for the remaining in-force business; and ◦ increased ceding commission rates payable which increased by five percentage points for the remaining in-force business immediately prior to January 1, 2019 (excluding Terminated Business) and related unearned premium as of January 1, 2019 under the Partial Termination Amendment with AmTrust (impact of approximately $18.7 million). • realized gains on investment of $27.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to realized losses of $1.5 million for the same period in 2018 and impairment losses in investments of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $5.8 million in 2018. • net loss from discontinued operations of $22.5 million compared to a net loss from discontinued operations of $94.1 million in 2018 primarily as a result of the Settlement and Commutation Agreement entered into between the Company and Enstar on July 31, 2019 which caused a net additional loss of $16.7 million to be recognized. The 2018 loss from discontinued operations included the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets of $74.2 million that was recognized due to the sale of Maiden US partly offset by the proceeds of the sale of the Renewal Rights of $7.5 million; and • no dividends were paid to preference shareholders during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $25.6 million of dividends paid in 2018. Our Board of Directors have not declared dividends on any of our Preference Shares since the fourth quarter of 2018. Net Premiums Written The table below compares net premiums written by our reportable segments, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums written, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change in ($ in thousands) Diversified Reinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Total Total % of Total Total % of Total $ $ $ 49,151 (581,001) (531,850) (9.3)% $ 129,319 6.4% $ (80,168) 109.3 % 1,885,278 93.6% (2,466,279) 100.0 % $ 2,014,597 100.0% $ (2,546,447) % (62.0)% (130.8)% (126.4)% Net premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased significantly compared to 2018 due to the following: • Premiums written in the Diversified Reinsurance segment decreased by $80.2 million or 62.0% due to non-renewals in our European Capital Solutions business combined with lower premiums written in German Auto programs within our IIS business; and • Premiums written in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment decreased significantly due to the termination of both the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share effective January 1, 2019, therefore no new business has been written in this segment during 2019. The negative premiums written for the AmTrust Reinsurance segment are primarily the result of the Partial Termination Amendment resulted in Maiden Reinsurance returning approximately $648.0 million in unearned premium to AII, or $436.8 million net of applicable ceding commission and brokerage. Please refer to the analysis below of our Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance segments for further details. 46 Net Premiums Earned Net premiums earned decreased by $1.6 billion or 77.9% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The table below compares net premiums earned by our reportable segments, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums earned, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: Change in $ (28,796) For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) Diversified Reinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Total Total % of Total Total % of Total $ $ 83,691 364,071 447,762 18.7% $ 81.3% 112,487 1,913,715 5.5% $ 94.5% (1,549,644) 100.0% $ 2,026,202 100.0% $ (1,578,440) % (25.6)% (81.0)% (77.9)% Net premiums earned in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased by $1.5 billion or 81.0% compared to 2018 due to the terminations of the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share effective January 1, 2019. Please refer to the analysis of our AmTrust Reinsurance segment on page 51 for further discussion. Net premiums earned in our Diversified Reinsurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased by $28.8 million or 25.6% compared to the same period in 2018 driven by reductions in the quota share for German Auto Programs within our IIS business caused by a lower quota share cession percentage which declined from 65% in 2018 to 50% in 2019. Please refer to the analysis of our Diversified Reinsurance segment on page 50 for further discussion. Other Insurance Revenue All of our Other Insurance Revenue is produced by our Diversified Reinsurance segment. Please refer to the analysis of our Diversified Reinsurance segment on page 50 for further discussion. Net Investment Income, Net Realized Gains on Investment and Net Impairment Losses Recognized in Earnings Net investment income decreased by $38.4 million or 28.2% compared to 2018, primarily due to the decline in average investable assets of 11.5%. The decline in investable assets is due to the lack of active reinsurance underwriting which has materially reduced our revenues and is responsible for significant negative operating cash flows as we run-off our existing reinsurance liabilities. This was also driven by the decline in average book yields to 2.7% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 3.3% in 2018. The following table details the Company's average investable assets and average book yield for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, Average investable assets(1) Average book yield(2) 2019 2018 $ ($ in thousands) $ 3,679,285 2.7% 4,158,154 3.3% (1) The average of our total investments, cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents, funds withheld and loan to related party held during the year. (2) Ratio of net investment income over average investable assets at fair value. Net Realized Gains on Investment - Net realized gains on investment were $27.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to net realized losses on investment of $1.5 million for the same period in 2018. The realized gains for the year ended December 31, 2019 were primarily driven by sales of fixed maturities during the second quarter of 2019 in anticipation of completing and funding the LPT/ADC Agreement with Enstar as well as sales of fixed maturities during the third quarter of 2019 for the settlement of the Commutation Payment to AmTrust. Net Impairment Losses Recognized in Earnings - The Company recognized $0.2 million of OTTI losses in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Net Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Net loss and LAE decreased by $1.4 billion, or 75.9%, during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 largely due to the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share and European Hospital Liability Quota Share agreements and Commutation and Release Agreement. The loss ratio was impacted by net adverse prior year reserve development of $112.5 million or 25.0 percentage points during 2019 compared to $403.2 million or 19.8 percentage points during 2018. This development, which is discussed in greater detail in the individual segment discussion and analysis, was primarily in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment where significant reserve strengthening occurred in both respective periods. The adverse development of $112.5 million in 2019 included $113.0 million of losses covered under the LPT/ADC Agreement that has been recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as a deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance but will ultimately be recoverable. The net loss and LAE ratio increased to 100.5% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 92.3% for 2018 due to significant reduction in net premiums earned resulting mainly from the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share and European Hospital Liability Quota Share. 47 Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses Commission and other acquisition expenses decreased by $485.0 million or 74.1% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 due to significantly lower earned premiums in both of our reportable segments. Under the Partial Termination Amendment with AmTrust, Maiden Reinsurance agreed to pay five additional percentage points of ceding commission with respect to in-force remaining business (excluding Terminated Business) and related unearned premium over the term of the contract which increased commissions by approximately $18.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. As a result, the commission and other acquisition expense ratio increased to 37.6% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 32.2% for 2018 driven by this increase in ceding commission fees payable to AmTrust as of January 1, 2019. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses include expenses which are segregated for analytical purposes as a component of underwriting income. General and administrative expenses comprise: For the Year Ended December 31, General and administrative expenses – segments General and administrative expenses – corporate Total general and administrative expenses 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) 11,767 $ 35,451 47,218 $ 21,241 43,699 64,940 $ $ Total general and administrative expenses decreased by $17.7 million, or 27.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018. The general and administrative expense ratio increased to 10.5% for the years ended December 31, 2019 from 3.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018 as a result of significantly lower earned premiums compared to the prior period due to the Final AmTrust QS Terminations effective January 1, 2019 and non-renewals within our International business in the Diversified Reinsurance segment. The decreased corporate expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 were largely due to significant non-recurring compensation benefits of $5.5 million paid under certain executive separation agreements in 2018, as well as lower salary, benefits and other corporate expenses associated with the Strategic Review and related headcount reductions since late 2018. Interest and Amortization Expenses The interest and amortization expenses related to the outstanding senior notes issued by Maiden Holdings in 2016 and Maiden NA in 2013 ("Senior Notes") were $19.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 7 — Long-Term Debt" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K for further details on the Senior Notes. The weighted average effective interest rate for the Senior Notes was 7.6% for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Foreign Exchange and Other Gains Net foreign exchange and other gains of $2.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2019 were realized compared to net foreign exchange and other gains of $4.5 million realized in 2018. 2019 included other gains of $4.3 million due to proceeds received from the sale of AVS and its related European subsidiaries to Allianz Partners on January 10, 2019. Excluding the gain of $4.3 million related to the sale of AVS and $0.1 million of other gains, net foreign exchange losses of $1.7 million were realized during the year ended December 31, 2019 due to the impact of the recent weakening of the U.S. dollar on the re-measurement of net loss reserves and related liabilities denominated in British pound and euro. Net foreign exchange gains of $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 were primarily attributable to the impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar on the re-measurement of net loss reserves and related liabilities mainly denominated in euro and British pound. Income Tax (Benefit) Expense The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $0.9 million and an income tax expense of $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These amounts relate to income tax incurred on the earnings and income tax benefits generated on the losses of our US and international subsidiaries. The effective rate of income tax was (0.8)% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 0.1% for the year ended December 31, 2018. Dividends on Preference Shares For the year ended December 31, 2019, no dividends were paid to preference shareholders compared to $25.6 million of preference share dividends declared and paid for the same period in 2018. Our Board of Directors have not declared any dividends since the fourth quarter of 2018. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 13 — Shareholders’ Equity" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on our preference shares. 48 Underwriting Results by Reportable Segment Diversified Reinsurance Segment The underwriting results and associated ratios for our Diversified Reinsurance segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Net premiums earned Other insurance revenue Net loss and LAE Commission and other acquisition expenses General and administrative expenses Underwriting loss Ratios Net loss and LAE ratio Commission and other acquisition expense ratio General and administrative expense ratio Expense ratio Combined ratio $ $ $ ($ in thousands) $ 52,408 $ $ 49,151 83,691 2,841 (49,905) (29,898) (8,872) $ (2,143) $ 57.7% 34.5% 10.3% 44.8% 102.5% 131,518 129,319 112,487 9,681 (71,441) (38,749) (17,396) (5,418) 58.5% 31.7% 14.2% 45.9% 104.4% The combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased to 102.5% compared to 104.4% in 2018 as discussed in the respective sections on net loss, commissions and administrative expenses below. Premiums - Gross premiums written decreased by $79.1 million, or 60.2% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to non-renewals and terminated contracts pursuant to contractual provisions in our European Capital Solutions business resulting from the downgrade and subsequent withdrawal of Maiden Reinsurance's credit rating; and a lower quota share cession percentage from German auto programs within our IIS business which declined from 65% in 2018 to 50% in 2019. Net premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased by $80.2 million or 62.0% mainly due to non-renewals in our European Capital Solutions business for 2019 and lower net premiums written in our German Auto programs due to a lower quota share percentage as discussed above. Net premiums earned decreased by $28.8 million, or 25.6%, during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily due to lower earned premiums from German Auto programs caused by lower quota share cessions and non-renewals within our European Capital Solutions business in line with the reasons discussed above. Other Insurance Revenue - Other insurance revenue, which represents fee income from our IIS business that is not directly associated with premium revenue assumed by the Company as well as other income earned from transitional services relating to the sale of Maiden US, decreased by $6.8 million or 70.7% to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. This was primarily due to the sale of AVS and its subsidiaries on January 10, 2019 as a substantial portion of our fee income was generated by AVS and its subsidiaries in Germany and Austria through its point of sale producers in select OEM's dealerships. The table below shows other insurance revenue by source for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change Change International Other income Total Diversified Reinsurance NM - not meaningful ($ in thousands) $ $ 1,673 $ 1,168 2,841 $ 9,681 $ — 9,681 $ (8,008) 1,168 (6,840) % (82.7)% NM (70.7)% 49 Net Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Net loss and LAE decreased by $21.5 million, or 30.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018. Net loss and LAE ratios were 57.7% and 58.5% for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The net loss and LAE ratio decreased by 0.8 points for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The 2019 loss ratio was impacted by favorable prior year loss development which was $1.5 million or 1.7 percentage points during 2019, compared to the impact of adverse development of $2.3 million or 1.9 percentage points on the loss ratio in 2018. The 2019 development was driven by favorable experience in German Auto programs and facultative reinsurance run-off lines. The 2018 development was due to adverse development in facultative reinsurance run-off lines partially offset by favorable development in International auto programs. The impact on the net loss and LAE ratios should be considered in conjunction with the commission and other acquisition expense ratio as changes to either ratio can be effected by the changes in the mix of business and the impact of the increase in the commission and other acquisition expense rates on pro-rata contracts with loss sensitive features. As a result of these factors, as well as the impact on the loss ratio described above, the combined ratio decreased by 1.9 points for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018. Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses - Commission and other acquisition expenses decreased by $8.9 million, or 22.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to the decline in earned premiums. The commission and other acquisition expense ratios increased 2.8 percentage points to 34.5% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 31.7% for 2018 primarily due to the change in the mix of pro rata versus excess of loss premiums written during the year. Please refer to the reasons for the changes in the combined ratio discussed in the preceding paragraph. General and Administrative Expenses - General and administrative expenses decreased by $8.5 million, or 49.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018. The general and administrative expense ratio decreased to 10.3% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 14.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018 as a result of the Company's sale of AVS and its subsidiaries on January 10, 2019, which caused lower compensation costs, legal and other professional fees incurred compared to the prior period. The decline in related expenses is in line with decreased other insurance revenue due to the sale of AVS in 2019. The overall expense ratio (including commission and other acquisition expenses) was 44.8% and 45.9% for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. AmTrust Reinsurance Segment The AmTrust Reinsurance segment reported an underwriting loss of $181.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $513.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The underwriting loss was primarily driven by significantly lower earned premiums combined with the impact of significantly higher initial current year loss ratios, and higher commissions paid for premiums earned during the year ended December 31, 2019. The underwriting results and associated ratios for the AmTrust Reinsurance segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Net premiums earned Net loss and LAE Commission and other acquisition expenses General and administrative expenses Underwriting loss Ratios Net loss and LAE ratio Commission and other acquisition expense ratio General and administrative expense ratio Expense ratio Combined ratio 50 $ $ $ ($ in thousands) $ (581,001) $ $ (581,001) 364,071 (402,612) (139,862) (2,895) $ (181,298) $ 110.6% 38.4% 0.8% 39.2% 149.8% 1,886,280 1,885,278 1,913,715 (1,806,995) (615,991) (3,845) (513,116) 94.4% 32.2% 0.2% 32.4% 126.8% The combined ratio increased by 23.0 percentage points to 149.8% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 126.8% during the same period in 2018 due to the following factors: • • • impact of adverse prior year loss development which was $113.7 million or 31.3 percentage points during 2019 compared to $399.2 million or 20.9 points during 2018. Adverse development of $113.7 million in 2019 included $113.0 million of losses covered under the LPT/ADC Agreement that has been recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as a deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance but will ultimately be recoverable. ◦ Prior year adverse development in 2019 was primarily driven by Commercial Auto Liability of $118.5 million and General Liability of $116.7 million primarily from accident years 2014 to 2018, partly offset by favorable development in Workers Compensation of $113.0 million primarily from accident years 2016 to 2018; and ◦ Prior year adverse development in 2018 was largely due to Workers' Compensation, primarily driven by accident years 2014 to 2016 due to an increased expectation of loss development at later maturities. Other significant adverse loss development occurred in European Hospital Liability, General Liability and Commercial Auto lines where elevated loss activity had been observed. The adverse loss development in European Hospital Liability was partly caused by the failure of the Italian government to implement a law passed in April 2017 which was expected to reduce medical malpractice costs, and also by a reduced expectation with regards to the ultimate amount of no-payment claims. higher loss ratios for current year premiums earned during the year primarily due to the Partial Termination Amendment which caused significant changes in the mix of business being earned in 2019 compared to 2018. These changes resulted in a higher current year loss ratio for the remaining in-force business; and increase in the ceding commission rates payable which increased by five percentage points for the remaining in-force business immediately prior to January 1, 2019 (excluding Terminated Business) and related unearned premium as of January 1, 2019 under the Partial Termination Amendment which increased commissions by approximately $18.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Premiums - Gross and net premiums written decreased significantly during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 reflecting the Final AmTrust QS Terminations as of January 1, 2019, therefore no new business has been written under these contracts during 2019. Gross and net premiums written also decreased for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 due to the Partial Termination Amendment with AmTrust which resulted in Maiden Reinsurance returning approximately $648.0 million in unearned premium to AII, or approximately $436.8 million net of applicable ceding commission and brokerage causing negative premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2019. The table below shows net premiums written by category for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change in Total % of Total Total % of Total $ % ($ in thousands) Net Premiums Written Small Commercial Business Specialty Program $ (324,311) 55.8% $ 1,092,615 57.9% $ (1,416,926) Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty Total AmTrust Reinsurance $ (25,869) (230,821) (581,001) 4.5% 39.7% 336,847 455,816 17.9% 24.2% (362,716) (686,637) 100.0% $ 1,885,278 100.0% $ (2,466,279) (129.7)% (107.7)% (150.6)% (130.8)% Net premiums earned decreased by $1.5 billion, or 81.0% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 mainly due to the terminations of the AmTrust Quota Share and European Hospital Liability Quota Share as of January 1, 2019. The table below details net premiums earned by category for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change in ($ in thousands) Net Premiums Earned Small Commercial Business Specialty Program Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty Total AmTrust Reinsurance Total % of Total Total % of Total $ % $ $ 91,723 138,380 133,968 364,071 25.2% $ 1,167,581 61.0% $ (1,075,858) 38.0% 36.8% 345,805 400,329 18.1% 20.9% (207,425) (266,361) 100.0% $ 1,913,715 100.0% $ (1,549,644) (92.1)% (60.0)% (66.5)% (81.0)% 51 Net Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Net loss and LAE decreased by $1.4 billion, or 77.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 due to significantly lower earned premiums as a result of the recent termination of both quota share agreements with AmTrust. Net loss and LAE ratios increased to 110.6% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 94.4% for 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the net loss and LAE ratio increased by 16.2 points compared to 2018 due to the following factors: • the impact of adverse prior year loss development which was $113.7 million or 31.3 points during 2019, compared to $399.2 million or 20.9 points during 2018. Adverse development of $113.7 million in 2019 included $113.0 million of losses covered under the LPT/ADC Agreement that has been recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as a deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance but will ultimately be recoverable. • The adverse prior year loss development in 2019 was driven by Commercial Auto Liability of $118.5 million and General Liability of $116.7 million primarily from accident years 2014 to 2018, partly offset by favorable development in Workers Compensation of $113.0 million primarily from accident years 2016 to 2018; and • The adverse prior year loss development in 2018 was largely from Workers Compensation, driven by accident years 2014 to 2016 due to an increased expectation of loss development at later maturities. Other significant adverse loss development occurred in European hospital liability, and General Liability and Commercial Auto lines where elevated loss activity had been observed. The adverse loss development in European hospital liability was partly caused by the failure of the Italian government to implement a law passed in April 2017 which was expected to reduce medical malpractice costs, and also by a reduced expectation with regards to the ultimate amount of no-payment claims. • higher current year loss ratios for for the remaining in-force business due to the Partial Termination Amendment which caused significant changes in the mix of business being earned in 2019 compared to 2018. Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses - Commission and other acquisition expenses decreased by $476.1 million, or 77.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared the same period in 2018 due to significantly lower earned premiums as a result of terminating both quota share agreements with AmTrust effective January 1, 2019. Under the Partial Termination Amendment with AmTrust, Maiden Reinsurance agreed to pay five additional percentage points of ceding commission with respect to the remaining in-force business immediately prior to January 1, 2019 (excluding Terminated Business) and related unearned premium over the term of the contract which increased commissions by approximately $18.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. As a result, the commission and other acquisition expense ratio increased to 38.4% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 32.2% in 2018. General and Administrative Expenses - General and administrative expenses decreased slightly by $1.0 million, or 24.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The general and administrative expense ratio increased to 0.8% for the years ended December 31, 2019 compared to 0.2% in 2018 as a result of significantly lower earned premiums due to the termination of both quota share agreements with AmTrust as of January 1, 2019. The overall expense ratio (including commission and other acquisition expenses) increased to 39.2% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 32.4% in 2018 primarily due to the higher ceding commission rates discussed above. 52 Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity Maiden Holdings is a holding company and transacts no business of its own. We therefore rely on cash flows in the form of dividends, advances, loans and other permitted distributions from our subsidiaries to pay expenses and make dividend payments on our common and preference shares. The jurisdictions in which our operating subsidiaries are licensed to write business impose regulations requiring companies to maintain or meet statutory solvency and liquidity requirements and also place restrictions on the declaration and payment of dividends and other capital distributions. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had investable assets of $2.8 billion compared to $4.6 billion as of December 31, 2018. Investable assets are the combined total of our investments, cash and cash equivalents, loan to a related party and funds withheld receivable. The decrease in investable assets is primarily the result of significant negative operating cash flows during 2019, particularly as a result of certain contract terminations and strategic transactions that have occurred during the year that required the disbursement of cash and investments. As discussed previously in the "Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Overview" section, the most significant of these transactions are: • • • • the Partial Termination Amendment with AII became effective January 1, 2019 and we transferred cash and investments totaling $436.8 million to AII for the return of unearned premium, net of applicable ceding commissions; on January 30, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust agreed to terminate on a run-off basis (i) the remaining business under the AmTrust Quota Share with AII; and (ii) the European Hospital Liability Quota Share with AEL and AIU DAC. Both terminations were effective on January 1, 2019; the Commutation and Release Agreement, which was effective July 31, 2019. On August 12, 2019, as part of this agreement, we transferred cash and investments of $312.8 million to AII which was the sum of the net ceded reserves of $330.7 million with respect to the Commuted Business as of December 31, 2018 less payments in the amount of $17.9 million made by Maiden Reinsurance with respect to the Commuted Business from January 1, 2019 through July 31, 2019. Maiden Reinsurance paid AII approximately $6.3 million in interest related to the Commutation Payment premium, calculated at the rate of 3.30% per annum from January 1, 2019 through August 12, 2019; and the LPT/ADC Agreement, which was dated as of July 31, 2019. Under this agreement, Cavello assumed the loss reserves as of December 31, 2018 associated with the AmTrust Quota Share in excess of an approximately $2.2 billion retention up to $600.0 million, in exchange for a retrocession premium of $445.0 million which we fully paid in cash and transferred to Cavello on August 12, 2019. Maiden Reinsurance paid Cavello approximately $7.3 million in interest related to the LPT/ADC Agreement premium, calculated at the rate of 2.64% per annum from January 1, 2019 through August 12, 2019. During 2018 and 2019, Maiden Reinsurance did not pay any dividends to Maiden Holdings and Maiden NA. Prior to its re-domestication to Vermont, Maiden Reinsurance had voluntarily undertaken with the BMA not to make capital distributions of any kind, including the payment of any dividends, without the express consent of the BMA. Prior to its re-domestication, the amount of dividends that could be distributed by Maiden Reinsurance was limited by Bermuda law and Bermuda regulatory requirements. Maiden Reinsurance was required to maintain certain measures of solvency and liquidity in accordance with the BSCR. Maiden Reinsurance was also restricted from paying dividends that would result in either Maiden Reinsurance failing to comply with the ECR as calculated based on the BSCR or cause Maiden Reinsurance to fail to meet its relevant margins. At December 31, 2019, the statutory capital and surplus of Maiden Reinsurance under Bermuda regulation was $922.0 million. As previously indicated, Maiden Reinsurance completed its re-domestication on March 16, 2020. The Vermont DFR will now also be the Company's group supervisor. The re-domestication does not apply, however, to Maiden Holdings, which remains a Bermuda-based holding company. Prior to the re- domestication of Maiden Reinsurance, pursuant to Bermuda law, the Company was required to ensure that the value of the group's assets exceeded the amount of the group's liabilities by the aggregate minimum margin of solvency of each qualifying member of the group. We were required to maintain available group capital and surplus at a level equal to or in excess of the Group ECR which is established by reference to either the Group BSCR model or an approved group internal capital model. As of December 31, 2019, as a result of the transactions described above, we estimate that both the Company and Maiden Reinsurance met and exceeded the respective MSM and ECR ratios as required by Bermuda insurance legislation. We expect to work closely with the Vermont DFR on Maiden Reinsurance's longer term business plan, including any active underwriting, capital management or other strategic initiatives. Certain initiatives may require prior approval as stipulated by Vermont law or the Vermont DFR. Maiden Holdings has two Swedish domiciled operating subsidiaries, Maiden LF and Maiden GF, which are both regulated by the Swedish FSA. At December 31, 2019, Maiden LF and Maiden GF each had a statutory capital and surplus of $10.2 million and $8.9 million, respectively, exceeding the amounts required to be maintained of $5.3 million and $3.0 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019. Maiden LF and Maiden GF are subject to statutory and regulatory restrictions under the Swedish FSA that limit the maximum amount of annual dividends or distributions paid by Maiden LF and Maiden GF to Maiden Holdings. At December 31, 2019, Maiden LF and Maiden GF are allowed to pay dividends or distributions not exceeding $1.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, Maiden LF and Maiden GF did not pay any dividends to Maiden Holdings. Maiden Holdings’ wholly owned U.K. subsidiary, Maiden Global, operates as a reinsurance services and holding company. Maiden Global is subject to regulation by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA"). At December 31, 2019, Maiden 53 Global is allowed to pay dividends or distributions not exceeding $4.1 million. During 2019 and 2018, Maiden Global paid dividends to Maiden Holdings of $5.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Operating, investing and financing cash flows Our sources of funds historically have consisted of premium receipts net of commissions and brokerage, investment income, net proceeds from capital raising activities, and proceeds from sales, maturities, pay downs and redemption of investments. Cash is used primarily to pay loss and LAE, ceded reinsurance premium, general and administrative expenses, interest expense and dividends, with the remainder in excess of our operating requirements, made available to our investment managers for investment in accordance with our investment policy. Our business has undergone significant changes in the past two years. As previously noted above, the Strategic Review resulted in a series of transactions that have materially reduced our balance sheet risk and have transformed our operations. As a result of the transactions entered into from the Strategic Review, we are not engaged in any active underwriting of reinsurance business thus our net premiums written will continue to be materially lower in 2020 and investment income will become a significantly larger portion of our total revenues. This has caused significant negative operating cash flow as we run off the AmTrust Reinsurance reserves as shown in the table below. We expect this trend to continue going forward into 2020 and beyond. We expect to use funds from cash and investment portfolios, collected premiums on reinsurance contracts in force or being run-off, investment income and proceeds from investment sales and redemptions to meet our expected claims payments and operational expenses. The premium for the LPT/ADC Agreement with Enstar and the Commutation and Release Agreement with AmTrust was paid from restricted cash and investments. Claim payments will be principally from the run-off of existing reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses. A significant portion of those liabilities are collateralized and claim payments will be funded by using this collateral which should provide sufficient funding to fulfill those obligations. We generally expect negative operating cash flows to be partly offset by positive investing cash flows. Overall, we continue to expect our cash flows to be sufficient to meet our cash requirements and to operate our business. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and unrestricted fixed maturity investments were $435.0 million and $356.6 million, respectively. The table below summarizes our operating, investing and financing cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash Total (decrease) increase in cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents Less: change in cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations ($ in thousands) $ (1,142,601) $ 913,177 (18) (382) (229,824) — Total change in cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations $ (229,824) $ 182,289 32,899 (68,033) (1,556) 145,599 6,113 139,486 Cash Flows from Operating Activities Cash flows used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $1.1 billion compared to cash flows provided by operating activities of $182.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, a decrease of $1.3 billion. Cash flows used in discontinued operations were $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $21.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2018. Cash flows used in continuing operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $1.1 billion compared to cash flows provided by continuing operations of $203.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The significant decrease in operating cash flows from continuing operations was primarily the result of the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share, including the Partial Termination Amendment and the Commutation and Release Agreement, and the termination of the European Hospital Liability Quota Share, which significantly decreased gross premiums written in 2019 compared to 2018. The decrease in operating cash flows also includes the new funds withheld arrangement with AmTrust in 2019. A total of $599.6 million cash and cash equivalents was transferred to AmTrust as a result of the Partial Termination Amendment and the Commutation and Release Agreement, as well as an additional $812.1 million transferred for the funds withheld arrangement and claims payments net of premium adjustments for the AmTrust Quota Share during the year ended December 31, 2019. Cash Flows from Investing Activities Cash flows from investing activities consist primarily of proceeds from the sales and maturities of investments and payments for investments acquired. Net cash provided by investing activities was $913.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $32.9 million for the same period in 2018 primarily due to the sale of fixed maturity investments in the third quarter of 2019 which were made to settle the Commutation Payment of $312.8 million and retrocession premium of $445.0 million under the LPT/ADC Agreement. Cash flows used in discontinued operations was $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to cash flows provided by discontinued operations of $104.9 million for the same period in 2018. Cash flows provided by continuing 54 operations was $919.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to cash flows used in continuing operations of $72.0 million for the same period in 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the proceeds from the sales, maturities and calls exceeded the purchases of fixed maturity securities by $924.0 million compared to an outflow of $309.6 million for the same period in 2018. The net outflow in 2018 was reduced by the proceeds from the sale of discontinued operations of $255.9 million. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Cash flows used in financing activities were $0.02 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $68.0 million for the same period in 2018. The Company did not have any capital transactions during the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2018. No dividends were paid on common or preference shares during 2019. Prior to the re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont, which will be the Company's group supervisor, the Company had voluntarily undertaken with the BMA not to make capital distributions of any kind, including the payment of any common or preference share dividends, without the express consent of the BMA. The cash outflow during the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily relates to dividends paid to holders of preference shares of $25.6 million and dividends paid to holders of common shares of $41.6 million. Restrictions, Collateral and Specific Requirements Maiden Reinsurance is generally required to post collateral security with respect to any reinsurance liabilities it assumes from ceding insurers domiciled in the U.S. to obtain credit on their U.S. statutory financial statements with respect to reinsurance recoverables due to them. Consequently, cash and cash equivalents and investments are pledged in favor of ceding companies to comply with relevant insurance regulations or contractual requirements. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, restricted cash and cash equivalents and fixed maturity investments used as collateral were $1.5 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively. This collateral represents 77.6% and 91.9% of the fair value of our total fixed maturity investments and cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash and cash equivalents) at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The following table provides additional information on those assets used as collateral at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, ($ in thousands) Diversified Reinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Other Total As a % of Consolidated Balance Sheet captions Restricted Cash & Equivalents 22,905 $ 2019 Fixed Maturities Total $ 67,709 $ 90,614 Restricted Cash & Equivalents 21,470 $ 2018 Fixed Maturities $ 92,750 $ 36,176 1,380,963 1,417,139 — — — 106,720 1,958 3,812,090 6,640 Total 114,220 3,918,810 8,598 $ 59,081 $ 1,448,672 $ 1,507,753 $ 130,148 $ 3,911,480 $ 4,041,628 100.0% 78.9% 79.6% 100.0% 96.2% 96.3% Maiden Reinsurance has also loaned funds to AmTrust totaling $168.0 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, to partially satisfy its collateral requirements with AII. Advances under the loan have been secured by promissory notes and the loan is carried at cost. On January 30, 2019, in connection with the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share reinsurance agreements, the Company and AmTrust entered into an amendment to the Loan Agreement between Maiden Reinsurance, AmTrust and AII, originally entered into on November 16, 2007, extending the maturity date to January 1, 2025 and pursuant to which the parties acknowledged that due to the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share, no further loans or advances may be made pursuant to the Loan Agreement. On January 11, 2019, a portion of the existing trust accounts used for collateral on the AmTrust Quota Share were converted to a funds withheld arrangement. The Company transferred cash and investments of $575.0 million to AmTrust as a funds withheld receivable which bears an annual interest rate of 3.5%, subject to annual adjustment. Also, Maiden Reinsurance transferred cash of €45.1 million ($51.2 million) to AIU DAC as a funds withheld receivable as collateral for the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. AIU DAC pays Maiden Reinsurance a fixed annual interest rate of 0.5% on the average daily funds withheld balance commencing on January 24, 2019, subject to annual adjustment. Collateral arrangements with ceding insurers may subject our assets to security interests or require that a portion of our assets be pledged to, or otherwise held by, third parties. Although the investment income derived from these assets, while held in trust, accrues to our benefit, the investment of these assets is governed by the terms of the letter of credit facilities or the investment regulations of the state or territory of domicile of the ceding insurer, which may be more restrictive than the investment regulations applicable to us under U.S. law in the State of Vermont. The restrictions may result in lower investment yields on these assets, which may adversely affect our profitability. We do not anticipate that the restrictions on liquidity resulting from restrictions on the payments of dividends by our subsidiary companies or from assets committed in trust accounts or those assets used to collateralize letter of credit facilities will have a material impact on our ability to carry out our normal business activities. 55 Investments The investment of our funds is designed to ensure safety of principal while generating current income. Accordingly, our funds are invested in liquid, investment-grade fixed income securities which are all designated as AFS at December 31, 2019. Please see "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 4 — Investments" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion on our AFS securities. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury bond decreased by 77 basis points to 1.92%. The 10-year U.S. Treasury rate is the key risk-free determinant in the fair value of many of the securities in our AFS portfolio. The continuing downward shift in the U.S. Treasury yield curve during the year ended December 31, 2019 reflects a more accommodative Federal Reserve policy primarily due to global trade tensions and uncertainty and investor appetite for relatively risk-free investments amid concerns regarding future global economic growth. The movement in the market values of our AFS fixed maturity portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2019 generated $80.5 million of net unrealized gains primarily due to the recent trend of lower long-term interest rates along with lower inflation expectations as a result of slower global economic growth, which have increased bond prices during the year ended December 31, 2019. Please see "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Capital Resources" on page 61 for further information. At December 31, 2019, we consider the levels of cash and cash equivalents we are holding to be within our targeted ranges. During periods when interest rates experience greater volatility, we have periodically maintained more cash and cash equivalents to better assess current market conditions and opportunities within our defined risk appetite, and may do so in future periods. To limit our exposure to unexpected interest rate increases which would reduce the value of our fixed income securities and reduce our shareholders' equity, we attempt to maintain the duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio combined with our cash and cash equivalents, both restricted and unrestricted, within a reasonable range of the duration of our loss reserves. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, these respective durations in years were as follows: December 31, Fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents Reserve for loss and LAE(1) 2019 2018 3.0 4.2 4.2 4.5 (1) The duration regarding our reserve for loss and LAE at December 31, 2019 is gross of LPT/ADC Agreement reserves. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the weighted average duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio decreased by 1.2 years to 3.0 years while the duration for reserve for loss and LAE decreased by 0.3 years to 4.2 years. The differential in duration between these assets and liabilities may fluctuate over time and, in the case of fixed maturities, historically has been affected by factors such as market conditions, changes in asset mix and prepayment speeds in the case of both our Agency MBS and commercial mortgage-backed securities. At December 31, 2019, the duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio had decreased compared to December 31, 2018 due to sales of fixed maturities as a result of entering into both the LPT/ADC Agreement with Enstar and the Commutation and Release Agreement with AmTrust. Due to the impact of these agreements, the duration of our reserve for loss and LAE has decreased similarly and the differential between asset and liability duration remains comparable to December 31, 2018. The average yield and average duration of our fixed maturities, by asset class, and our cash and cash equivalents (both restricted and unrestricted) are as follows: December 31, 2019 Fixed maturities U.S. treasury bonds U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds Asset-backed securities Corporate bonds Municipal bonds Total fixed maturities Cash and cash equivalents Total Original or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Average yield(1) Average duration(2) $ 94,921 $ 704 $ — $ 95,625 ($ in thousands) 533,296 11,796 187,881 981,441 4,091 6,717 (1,291) 538,722 294 821 (91) (532) 11,999 188,170 31,140 (15,725) 996,856 55 — 4,146 1,813,426 39,731 (17,639) 1,835,518 107,278 — — 107,278 $ 1,920,704 $ 39,731 $ (17,639) $ 1,942,796 2.5% 2.9% 1.2% 3.8% 2.9% 4.6% 3.0% 0.6% 2.8% 0.7 4.1 4.6 0.9 3.4 1.4 3.2 0.0 3.0 56 December 31, 2018 AFS fixed maturities U.S. treasury bonds Original or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Average yield(1) Average duration(2) $ 138,625 $ 448 $ (1) $ 139,072 ($ in thousands) U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 1,485,716 3,491 (36,073) 1,453,134 U.S. agency bonds – other Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds Asset-backed securities Corporate bonds Total AFS fixed maturities HTM fixed maturities Corporate bonds Municipal bonds Total HTM fixed maturities Cash and cash equivalents Total 129,741 11,212 216,072 1,128,614 3,109,980 957,845 57,836 40 66 425 (548) 129,233 (1,206) (1,415) 10,072 215,082 6,525 10,995 (30,164) 1,104,975 (69,407) 3,051,568 3,872 (20,990) 940,727 — (551) 1,015,681 3,872 (21,541) 330,989 — — 57,285 998,012 330,989 $ 4,456,650 $ 14,867 $ (90,948) $ 4,380,569 2.6% 3.0% 2.8% 3.4% 4.2% 3.0% 3.1% 3.7% 3.2% 3.7% 2.1% 3.1% 1.1 5.8 1.0 5.1 2.4 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.0 4.4 0.0 4.2 (1) Average yield is calculated by dividing annualized investment income for each sub-component of AFS and HTM securities and cash and cash equivalents (including amortization of premium or discount) by amortized cost. (2) Average duration in years. The following table summarizes the Company's fixed maturity investment portfolio holdings by contractual maturity at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed Asset-backed securities Total fixed maturities AFS fixed maturities HTM fixed maturities AFS fixed maturities HTM fixed maturities Fair Value Amortized cost Fair Value Amortized Cost $ 165,908 $ — $ 130,756 $ 612,986 329,732 1,108,626 538,722 188,170 — — — — — 703,347 549,249 1,383,352 1,453,134 215,082 2,020 394,875 618,786 1,015,681 — — $ 1,835,518 $ — $ 3,051,568 $ 1,015,681 At December 31, 2019, 100.0% of the Company’s U.S. agency bond holdings are mortgage-backed. Additional details on the Agency MBS at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: December 31, ($ in thousands) U.S. agency bonds - mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed GNMA – fixed rate GNMA - variable rate FNMA – fixed rate FHLMC – fixed rate Total U.S. agency bonds - mortgage-backed U.S. agency bonds - fixed rate Total U.S. agency bonds 2019 2018 Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total $ 33,079 7,075 241,905 256,663 538,722 — 6.1% $ 1.3% 44.9% 47.7% 100.0% —% 152,626 10,773 742,749 546,986 1,453,134 129,233 9.6% 0.7% 46.9% 34.6% 91.8% 8.2% $ 538,722 100.0% $ 1,582,367 100.0% 57 Our Agency MBS portfolio is 29.3% of our fixed maturity investments at December 31, 2019. Given the relative size of this portfolio to our total investments, if faster prepayment patterns were to occur over an extended period of time, this could potentially limit the growth in our investment income in certain circumstances, or even potentially reduce the total amount of investment income we could earn. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, 99.7% and 98.7%, respectively, of our fixed maturity investments consisted of investment grade securities. We define a security as being below investment grade if it has an S&P credit rating of BB+ or equivalent, or less. The following summarizes the credit ratings of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2019 and 2018: Ratings(1) at December 31, ($ in thousands) U.S. treasury bonds U.S. agency bonds AAA AA+, AA, AA- A+, A, A- BBB+, BBB, BBB- BB+ or lower Total 2019 2018 Amortized cost Fair value Amortized cost Fair value $ 94,921 $ 95,625 $ 138,625 $ 533,296 99,212 101,491 540,002 438,731 5,773 538,722 99,542 101,467 549,479 445,202 5,481 1,615,457 137,172 183,142 139,072 1,582,367 135,119 178,674 1,132,993 1,113,710 866,043 52,229 848,348 52,290 $ 1,813,426 $ 1,835,518 $ 4,125,661 $ 4,049,580 (1) Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent Holdings by sector and financial strength rating of our corporate bonds at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: December 31, 2019 Corporate bonds Basic Materials Communications Consumer Energy Financial Institutions Industrials Technology Total Corporate bonds December 31, 2018 Corporate bonds Basic Materials Communications Consumer Energy Financial Institutions Industrials Technology Total Corporate bonds (1) Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent AAA, AA+, AA, AA- A+, A, A- BBB+, BBB, BBB- BB+ or lower Fair Value % of Corporate bonds Ratings(1) —% —% 0.2% 0.9% 3.1% —% —% 4.2% 1.4% 4.0% 19.6% 3.8% 10.7% 3.5% 1.2% 44.2% 0.6% 2.4% 8.3% 6.1% 30.1% 1.8% 1.7% 51.0% Ratings(1) —% $ —% —% —% 0.6% —% —% 0.6% $ ($ in thousands) 19,517 64,159 279,940 107,369 443,983 53,279 28,609 996,856 2.0% 6.4% 28.1% 10.8% 44.5% 5.3% 2.9% 100.0% AAA, AA+, AA, AA- A+, A, A- BBB+, BBB, BBB- BB+ or lower Fair Value % of Corporate bonds 2.1% 5.0% 16.0% 3.6% 9.8% 3.7% 0.9% 41.1% 0.7% $ —% 0.3% 0.7% 0.3% —% 0.6% ($ in thousands) 73,696 175,924 602,756 195,259 822,245 103,349 72,473 3.6% 8.6% 29.5% 9.6% 40.1% 5.0% 3.6% 2.6% $ 2,045,702 100.0% —% 0.9% 0.2% 1.4% 3.2% —% 0.7% 6.4% 0.8% 2.7% 13.0% 3.9% 26.8% 1.3% 1.4% 49.9% 58 At December 31, 2019, the Company’s ten largest corporate holdings, 89.4% of which are U.S. dollar denominated and 52.4% of which are in the Financial Institutions sector, at fair value and as a percentage of all fixed income securities, were as follows: December 31, 2019 Rabobank Nederland Utrec, 3.875% Due 2/8/2022 BNP Paribas, 5.00% Due 1/15/2021 Electricite de France, 4.625%, Due 9/11/2024 UBS Group Funding (Jersey) Ltd, 2.65% Due 2/1/2022 Bank of New York Mellon Corp, 3.00%, Due 2/24/2025 Pepsico Inc., 3.60%, Due 3/1/2024 BAT International Finance PLC, 3.95%, Due 6/15/2025 Allergan Funding SCS, 3.80%, Due 3/15/2025 Daimler Finance North America LLC, 3.30%, Due 5/19/2025 Goldman Sachs Group Inc., 3.625%, Due 1/22/2023 % of Holdings Based on Fair Value of All Fixed Income Securities Fair Value ($ in thousands) $ 19,893 19,706 17,494 17,175 16,642 15,972 15,868 15,764 13,422 13,061 1.1% 1.1% 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% Rating(1) A+ A+ A- A- A A+ BBB+ BBB A- BBB+ Total $ 164,997 8.8% (1) Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent At December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, we hold the following non-U.S. dollar denominated securities: December 31, 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) Non-U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds Total non-U.S. dollar denominated AFS securities Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total $ $ 310,323 11,999 322,322 96.3% $ 3.7% 100.0% $ 338,712 10,072 348,784 97.1% 2.9% 100.0% At December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, these non-U.S. securities are invested in the following currencies: December 31, ($ in thousands) Euro British Pound Canadian Dollar All other 2019 2018 Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total $ 272,493 42,342 5,364 2,123 84.5% $ 284,440 13.1% 1.7% 0.7% 37,469 5,658 21,217 81.6% 10.7% 1.6% 6.1% 100.0% Total non-U.S. dollar denominated AFS securities $ 322,322 100.0% $ 348,784 The net decrease in non-U.S. dollar denominated fixed maturities is primarily due to sales of Australian dollar denominated corporate bonds during the year ended December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, all of the Company's non-U.S. government and supranational issuers have a rating of A or higher by S&P. 59 For our non-U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds, the following table summarizes the composition of the fair value of our fixed maturity investments at December 31, 2019 and 2018 by ratings: Ratings(1) at December 31, 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) AAA AA+, AA, AA- A+, A, A- BBB+, BBB, BBB- BB+ or lower $ Total non-U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds $ Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total 481 21,231 137,584 145,546 5,481 310,323 0.2% $ 6.8% 44.3% 46.9% 1.8% 100.0% $ 2,258 28,725 148,204 148,672 10,853 338,712 0.7% 8.5% 43.7% 43.9% 3.2% 100.0% (1) Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent The Company does not employ any credit default protection against any of the fixed maturities held in non-U.S. dollar denominated currencies at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Other Balance Sheet Changes The following table summarizes the Company's other material balance sheet changes at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 2018 Change Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses $ 623,422 $ 71,901 $ ($ in thousands) Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses Funds withheld receivable Reserve for loss and LAE Unearned premiums Deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance Accrued expenses and other liabilities NM - not meaningful 77,356 684,441 2,439,907 220,269 112,950 32,444 388,442 27,039 3,126,134 1,200,419 — 66,183 551,521 (311,086) 657,402 (686,227) (980,150) 112,950 (33,739) Change % 767.1 % (80.1)% 2,431.3 % (22.0)% (81.7)% NM (51.0)% The Company's deferred commission and other acquisition expenses decreased by 80.1% and unearned premiums decreased by 81.7% primarily due to the Partial Termination Amendment with AmTrust on a cut-off basis and the termination of the remaining business under both quota share contracts with AmTrust which are now in run-off with no new business written beginning January 1, 2019. Accrued expenses and other liabilities decreased by 51.0% as at December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 due to reductions in reinsurance balances payable as a result of the aforementioned termination of both AmTrust reinsurance contracts effective January 1, 2019. The Company's reserve for loss and LAE decreased by 22.0% primarily due to the recent commutation of workers' compensation reserves during 2019 in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment. Funds withheld receivable increased by $657.4 million due to the conversion of a portion of the existing trust accounts used for collateral on the AmTrust Quota Share into a funds withheld arrangement and the establishment of a funds withheld arrangement on the AIU DAC portion of the European Hospital Liability Quota Share, both of which are permitted collateral options under each respective agreement, on January 11, 2019. Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses increased by $551.5 million at December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 as a result of the LPT/ADC Agreement pursuant to which Cavello assumed loss reserves as of December 31, 2018 associated with the AmTrust Quota Share of $445.0 million. In addition, reinsurance recoverables further increased by $113.0 million due to adverse prior year reserve development on loss reserves subject to that agreement, with a corresponding deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2019. Capital Resources Capital resources consist of funds deployed in support of our operations. Total capital resources decreased by $46.6 million, or 5.7% at December 31, 2019, compared to December 31, 2018 due to the net loss attributable to common shareholders partly offset by unrealized gains on our investment portfolio. The Company’s management believes its current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet its cash requirements for the next twelve months. 60 The following table shows the movement in total capital resources at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 2018 Change Preference shares Common shareholders' equity Total Maiden shareholders' equity Senior Notes - principal amount Total capital resources $ 465,000 $ 465,000 $ ($ in thousands) 42,718 507,718 262,500 89,275 554,275 262,500 — (46,557) (46,557) — $ 770,218 $ 816,775 $ (46,557) Change % — % (52.2)% (8.4)% — % (5.7)% The major factors contributing to the net decrease in capital resources were as follows: Maiden shareholders' equity Total shareholders' equity at December 31, 2019 decreased by $46.6 million, or 8.4%, compared to December 31, 2018 due to the following factors: • net loss attributable to Maiden of $131.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 partly offset by; • net increase in AOCI of $83.5 million which arose due to: 1) an increase in net unrealized gains on investment of $81.8 million resulting from the net increase in the fair value of our investment portfolio relating to market price movements due to declining interest rates during 2019; and 2) an increase in cumulative translation adjustments of $1.7 million due to the effect of the recent depreciation of the euro relative to the original currencies on our non-U.S. dollar net liabilities (excluding non-U.S. dollar AFS fixed maturities); and • net increase in share based transactions of $1.9 million. On February 21, 2017, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to $100.0 million of the Company's common shares from time to time at market prices. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company did not repurchase any common shares under its share repurchase authorization whereas during 2018, 205,000 common shares were repurchased at an average price of $3.31 per share. At December 31, 2019, the Company had a remaining authorization of $74.2 million for share repurchases. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 13 — Shareholders’ Equity" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the equity instruments issued by the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018. On October 25, 2019, the Company transferred the listing of its common shares from the NASDAQ Global Select Market to the NASDAQ Capital Market. The NASDAQ Capital Market is a continuous trading market that operates in substantially the same manner as the NASDAQ Global Select Market and listed companies must meet certain financial requirements and comply with the NASDAQ’s corporate governance requirements. The Company’s common shares continue to trade under the symbol “MHLD”. Book Value per Common Share and Diluted Book Value per Common Share At December 31, 2019, book value per common share decreased by 52.8% and diluted book value per common share decreased by 53.7%, compared to December 31, 2018. This was primarily due to our net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders of $131.9 million during the year partly offset by net unrealized gains on our investment portfolio of $81.8 million and an increase in cumulative translation adjustments of $1.7 million reported in other comprehensive income during the year. Please see "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Investments" on page 57 for further information on the change in fair value of our fixed maturity investment portfolio. 61 Book value and diluted book value per common share at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were computed as follows: December 31, Ending Maiden common shareholders’ equity Proceeds from assumed conversion of dilutive options Numerator for diluted book value per common share calculation Common shares outstanding Shares issued from assumed conversion of dilutive options and restricted share units Denominator for diluted book value per common share calculation Book value per common share Diluted book value per common share Senior Notes 2019 2018 ($ in thousands except share and per share data) 89,275 42,718 $ $ — $ 42,718 $ 362 89,637 83,148,458 82,948,577 1,818,797 84,967,255 398,390 83,346,967 $ $ 0.51 $ 0.50 $ 1.08 1.08 Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 7 — Long-Term Debt and Note 13 — Shareholders’ Equity" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the Senior Notes. The Senior Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the Company. The ratio of Debt to Total Capital Resources at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was computed as follows: December 31, Senior notes - principal amount Maiden shareholders’ equity Total capital resources Ratio of debt to total capital resources Financial Strength Ratings 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) $ 262,500 507,718 770,218 $ 262,500 554,275 816,775 34.1% 32.1% $ $ On November 14, 2018, A.M. Best downgraded the financial strength rating to B++ (Good) with negative outlook and implications from A- (Excellent) and the long-term issuer credit rating to “bbb” from “a-”, with negative outlook and implications, of Maiden Reinsurance, the Company's primary operating subsidiary. In February 2019, we requested from A.M. Best to withdraw our rating. On February 28, 2019, A.M. Best approved the withdrawal with a final rating as "B++" (Good) with negative outlook and implications. 62 Non-GAAP Measures The calculation, reconciliation to nearest GAAP measure and discussion of relevant non-GAAP measures (as defined in the Non-GAAP Financial Measures on page 39) used by management are as follows: Non-GAAP operating loss Non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP diluted operating loss per common share can be reconciled to the nearest U.S. GAAP financial measure as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, Net loss - Maiden common shareholders Add (subtract): Net realized (gains) losses on investment Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Foreign exchange and other gains Loss from NGHC Quota Share run-off Unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax Separation costs incurred due to retirement of former executives Non-GAAP operating loss - Maiden common shareholders Diluted loss per share - Maiden common shareholders Add (subtract): Net realized (gains) losses on investment Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Foreign exchange and other gains Loss from NGHC Quota Share run-off Unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax Separation costs incurred due to retirement of former executives Non-GAAP diluted operating loss per common share 2019 2018 ($ in thousands except per share data) $ (131,903) $ (570,260) (27,860) 165 (2,719) 312 112,950 22,541 — 1,529 5,832 (4,461) 1,685 — 94,113 5,500 $ $ (26,514) $ (466,062) (1.59) $ (6.87) (0.34) — (0.03) 0.01 1.36 0.27 — $ (0.32) $ 0.02 0.07 (0.05) 0.02 — 1.13 0.07 (5.61) Non-GAAP operating loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders was $26.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $466.1 million for the same period in 2018. This was largely due to a non-GAAP underwriting loss of $70.8 million compared to a non-GAAP underwriting loss of $520.2 million in the prior period. The non-GAAP underwriting and operating results for the year ended December 31, 2019 reflect the recognition into income of the deferred gain arising from the LPT/ADC Agreement relating to losses subject to that agreement which are fully recoverable from Cavello, to show the ultimate economic benefit to the Company. The amount recognized as a deferred gain for the year ended December 31, 2019 under the LPT/ADC Agreement was $113.0 million, which is the portion of unfavorable loss development for which we have ceded the risk under the LPT/ADC Agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the non-GAAP operating loss is primarily the result of underwriting results not covered by the LPT/ADC Agreement, specifically the run-off of AmTrust Quota Share business with losses occurring after December 31, 2018 (including the additional ceding commission paid under the Partial Termination Amendment) as well as claims related to the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. The improvement in non-GAAP underwriting results in the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was primarily due to a reduction in the amount of adverse loss development that was incurred compared to the prior year period in our AmTrust Reinsurance segment. Please see the "Results of Operations" on page 51 for further details regarding the impact of adverse development under the "AmTrust Reinsurance Segment" section. 63 Non-GAAP Operating ROACE The improvement in Non-GAAP Operating ROACE for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 reflects the relative improvement in non-GAAP operating results and was computed as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, and at December 31, 2019 2018 Non-GAAP operating loss - Maiden common shareholders Opening Maiden common shareholders’ equity Ending Maiden common shareholders’ equity Average Maiden common shareholders’ equity Non-GAAP Operating ROACE Non-GAAP Underwriting Results and Combined Ratio $ ($ in thousands) $ (26,514) 89,275 42,718 65,997 (466,062) 767,174 89,275 428,225 (40.2)% (108.8)% The following summarizes our non-GAAP underwriting results for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Net premiums earned Other insurance revenue Non-GAAP net loss and LAE(1) Commission and other acquisition expenses General and administrative expenses Non-GAAP underwriting loss Ratios: Non-GAAP net loss and LAE ratio(1) Commission and other acquisition expense ratio General and administrative expense ratio Expense ratio Non-GAAP combined ratio(1) $ $ $ ($ in thousands) $ (528,593) $ $ (531,850) 447,762 2,841 (339,879) (169,760) (11,767) $ (70,803) $ 2,017,798 2,014,597 2,026,202 9,681 (1,880,121) (654,740) (21,241) (520,219) 75.4% 37.6% 10.5% 48.1% 123.5% 92.3% 32.2% 3.2% 35.4% 127.7% (1) Non-GAAP net loss and LAE, non-GAAP net loss and LAE ratio, and non-GAAP combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2019 exclude adverse prior year reserve development subject to the LPT/ADC Agreement. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 39 for definitions of Non-GAAP underwriting loss, net loss and LAE, non-GAAP net loss and LAE ratio, and non-GAAP combined ratio. The non-GAAP underwriting results as well as the non-GAAP loss and LAE and ratios and non-GAAP combined ratios reflect the recognition into income of the deferred gain arising from the LPT/ADC Agreement relating to losses subject to the AmTrust Quota Share agreement which are fully recoverable from Cavello to show the ultimate economic benefit to Maiden. As shown in the table below, adjusted for the recognition into income of the unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance of $113.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2019, the non-GAAP underwriting loss was $70.8 million compared to $520.2 million in 2018. The non-GAAP combined ratio during the year ended December 31, 2019 was 123.5% compared to 127.7% during 2018. For the Year Ended December 31, Combined ratio Less: Unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance Non-GAAP combined ratio 2019 2018 148.6% 25.1% 123.5% 127.7% —% 127.7% 64 Non-GAAP Net Loss and LAE As noted previously, the recognition of the unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance of $113.0 million reduced net loss and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2019 in the calculation of non-GAAP Loss and LAE as shown in the table below: For the Year Ended December 31, Net loss and loss adjustment expenses Less: Unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance Non-GAAP net loss and loss adjustment expenses 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) 452,829 $ 1,880,121 112,950 — 339,879 $ 1,880,121 $ $ Adjusted for the recognition into income of the deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance of $113.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2019, non-GAAP net loss and LAE was $339.9 million compared to net loss and LAE of $1.9 billion incurred in 2018, and the non-GAAP net loss and LAE ratio was 75.4% compared to 92.3% in 2018. These non-GAAP measures include the recognition of $9.3 million (or 2.1 net loss and LAE ratio and combined ratio percentage points) for the year ended December 31, 2019 related to the application of the $40.5 million loss corridor cap on AmTrust program business during the year ended December 31, 2019, pursuant to the previously announced Post-Termination Endorsement of the reinsurance contracts between the Company and AmTrust. Adjusted Shareholders' Equity, Adjusted Total Capital Resources, Adjusted Book Value per Common Share and Ratio of Debt to Total Adjusted Capital Resources The improvement in Adjusted Shareholders' Equity, Adjusted Total Capital Resources and Adjusted Book Value per Common Share at December 31, 2019 reflects the addition of the unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance to the GAAP Maiden shareholders' equity as depicted in the computations below. As noted previously, the deferred gain arises from the LPT/ADC Agreement with Cavello relating to losses subject to that agreement which are fully recoverable from Cavello. The inclusion of the unamortized deferred gain in these metrics better reflects the ultimate economic benefit of the LPT/ADC Agreement, which will improve Maiden shareholders' equity over the settlement period under the terms of the agreement. Reconciliation of Maiden's shareholders' equity to Adjusted Total Capital Resources The following table computes Maiden's adjusted shareholders' equity and adjusted total capital resources by recognizing the unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 2018 Change Preference shares Common shareholders' equity Total Maiden shareholders' equity Unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance Adjusted Maiden shareholders' equity Senior Notes - principal amount Adjusted total capital resources NM- not meaningful $ 465,000 $ 465,000 $ ($ in thousands) 42,718 507,718 112,950 620,668 262,500 89,275 554,275 — 554,275 262,500 $ 883,168 $ 816,775 $ — (46,557) (46,557) 112,950 66,393 — 66,393 Change % — % (52.2)% (8.4)% NM 12.0 % — % 8.1 % Reconciliation of Book Value per Common Share to Adjusted Book Value per Common Share The adjusted book value per common share as reconciled for the recognition of the unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were computed as follows: December 31, Book value per common share Unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance Adjusted book value per common share Ratio of Debt to Adjusted Total Capital Resources 2019 2018 $ $ 0.51 $ 1.36 1.87 $ 1.08 — 1.08 Management uses this non-GAAP measure to monitor the financial leverage of the Company. This measure is calculated using the total principal amount of debt divided by the sum of adjusted total capital resources as computed in the table above. The ratio of Debt to Adjusted Total Capital Resources at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was computed as follows: 65 December 31, Senior notes - principal amount Adjusted Maiden shareholders’ equity Adjusted total capital resources Ratio of debt to adjusted total capital resources Currency and Foreign Exchange 2019 2018 ($ in thousands) $ 262,500 620,668 883,168 $ 262,500 554,275 816,775 29.7% 32.1% $ $ We conduct business in a variety of foreign (non-U.S.) currencies, the principal exposures being the euro and the British pound. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are exposed to changes in currency exchange rates. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, and exchange rate fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar may materially impact our results and financial position. Our principal exposure to foreign currency risk is our obligation to settle claims in foreign currencies. In addition, to minimize this risk, we maintain and expect to continue to maintain a portion of our investment portfolio in investments denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We may employ various strategies (including hedging) to manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. To the extent that these exposures are not fully hedged or the hedges are ineffective, our results of operations or equity may be adversely effected. At December 31, 2019, no such hedges or hedging strategies were in force or had been entered into. We measure monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at period end exchange rates, with the resulting foreign exchange gains and losses recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Revenues and expenses in foreign currencies are converted at quarterly average exchange rates during the year. The effect of the translation adjustments for foreign operations is included in AOCI. Net foreign exchange losses were $1.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to net foreign exchange gains of $6.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2018. Effects of Inflation The anticipated effects of inflation are considered explicitly in the pricing of the insured exposures, which are used as the initial estimates of reserves for loss and LAE. In addition, inflation is also implicitly accounted for in subsequent estimates of loss and LAE reserves, as the expected rate of emergence is in part predicated upon the historical levels of inflation that impact ultimate claim costs. To the extent inflation causes these costs, particularly medical treatments and litigation costs, to vary from the assumptions made in the pricing or reserving estimates, the Company will be required to change the reserve for loss and LAE with a corresponding change in its earnings in the period in which the variance is identified. The actual effects of inflation on the results of operations of the Company cannot be accurately known until claims are ultimately settled. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements At December 31, 2019, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined by Item 303(a) (4) of Regulation S-K. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" included under Item 8 "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data", of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion on recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted. 66 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. See our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto commencing on pages F-1 through F-60 below. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. 67 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures In connection with the preparation of this Report, our management has performed an evaluation, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) at December 31, 2019. Based on their evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, at December 31, 2019, our Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act and for the assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. As defined by the SEC, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In connection with the preparation of our annual consolidated financial statements, management has undertaken an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO") 2013. Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of those controls. Based on this evaluation, management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2019 based on those criteria. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting No changes were made in our internal controls over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d) – 15(f), during the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 68 Item 9B. Other Information. None. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. PART III The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the sections in the Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held in 2020 (the "Proxy Statement") captioned "Election of Directors", "Executive Officers", "Audit Committee", "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" and "Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee". We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for all employees. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available free of charge on our website at www.maiden.bm and is available in print to any shareholder who requests it. We intend to disclose any amendments to this code by posting such information on our website, and disclose any waivers of this code applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller and other executive officers who perform similar functions through such means or by filing a Form 8-K. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the sections in the Proxy Statement captioned "Compensation Discussion and Analysis", "Director Compensation for 2019", "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and "Compensation Committee Report". Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the sections in the Proxy Statement captioned "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners", "Equity Compensation Plan Information" and "Security Ownership of Management". Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the sections in the Proxy Statement captioned "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions", "Audit Committee", "Board Independence", "Compensation Committee" and "Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee". Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information responsive thereto in the section in the Proxy Statement captioned "Appointment of Independent Auditors of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.". Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. (a) Financial statements and schedules PART IV Financial statements listed in the accompanying index to our Consolidated Financial Statements starting on page F-1 are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and are included in Item 8. "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data". All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted. (b) Exhibits The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index starting on page E-1 following the signature page are filed herewith, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. None. 69 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Pembroke, Bermuda on March 18, 2020. SIGNATURES MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. By: /s/ Lawrence F. Metz Name: Lawrence F. Metz Title: President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature /s/ Lawrence F. Metz Lawrence F. Metz /s/ Patrick J. Haveron Patrick J. Haveron /s/ Michael J. Tait Michael J. Tait /s/ Barry D. Zyskind Barry D. Zyskind /s/ Raymond M. Neff Raymond M. Neff /s/ Simcha G. Lyons Simcha G. Lyons Title President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) Chairman Director Director /s/ Yehuda L. Neuberger Director Yehuda L. Neuberger /s/ Steven H. Nigro Steven H. Nigro /s/ Holly L. Blanchard Holly L. Blanchard /s/ Keith A. Thomas Keith A. Thomas Director Director Director 70 Date March 18, 2020 March 18, 2020 March 18, 2020 March 18, 2020 March 18, 2020 March 18, 2020 March 18, 2020 March 18, 2020 March 18, 2020 March 18, 2020 EXHIBIT INDEX Description Memorandum of Association (as amended) Bye-Laws Form of Common Share Certificate Registration Rights Agreement by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., dated as of July 3, 2007 Form of Indenture for Debt Securities by and among Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust Company, as trustee Second Supplemental Indenture, dated March 27, 2012, by and among Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust Company, as trustee Form of 8.000% Notes due 2042 (included in Exhibit 4.4) Certificate of Designations of 8.25% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series A, adopted on August 7, 2012 Form of stock certificate evidencing 8.25% Series A Preference Share (included in Exhibit 4.6) Third Supplemental Indenture, dated November 25, 2013, by and among Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust Company, as trustee Form of 7.75% Notes due 2043 (included in Exhibit 4.8) Certificate of Designations of 7.125% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series C, adopted on November 4, 2015 Form of stock certificate evidencing 7.125% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series C (included in Exhibit 4.10) Form of Indenture for Debt Securities by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd., and Wilmington Trust National Association, as trustee First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 14, 2016, by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd., as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust National Association, as trustee Certificate of Designations of 6.700% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series D, adopted on May 2, 2017 Form of stock certificate evidencing 6.700% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series D (included in Exhibit 4.14) Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan as of December 10, 2019 Form of Share Option Agreement for Employee Recipients of Options under 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan Form of Share Option Agreement for Non-Employee Recipients of Options under 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan Form of Employment Agreement by and between Maiden and Patrick J. Haveron, William T. Jarman and Lawrence F. Metz, dated as of November 1, 2011 Exhibit No. 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 10.1* 10.2* 10.3* 10.4* 10.5 Master Agreement by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., dated as of July 3, 2007 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Amendment No. 1 to the Master Agreement by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., dated as of September 17, 2007 Amendment No. 2 to the Master Agreement by and between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. dated as of January 30, 2019. Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and dated as of June 1, 2008 Loan Agreement by and between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden Insurance Company Ltd., dated as of November 16, 2007 E-1 Reference (1) (2) (3) (3) (4) (5) (5) (6) (6) (7) (7) (8) (8) (9) (9) (10) (10) † (11) † † (12) (3) (3) (13) (14) (15) 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 Amendment No. 1 to the Loan Agreement by and between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden Insurance Company Ltd., dated as of February 15, 2008 Amendment No. 2 to the Loan Agreement by and between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd., dated as of January 30, 2019. Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited and Maiden Insurance Company Ltd., dated as of July 3, 2007 First Amendment to Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited, Maiden Insurance Company Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., and Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., dated as of November 3, 2008 Second Amendment to Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited, Maiden Insurance Company Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Company, dated as of December 23, 2008 Third Amendment to Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited, Maiden Insurance Company Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., Maiden Reinsurance Company and Maiden Specialty Insurance Company dated as of September 1, 2009 Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited, Maiden Insurance Company Ltd., Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., Maiden Reinsurance Company and Maiden Specialty Insurance Company dated as of August 6, 2010 Asset Management Agreement by and between AII Insurance Management Limited and Maiden Life Försäkrings AB dated as of October 11, 2013 Reinsurance Brokerage Agreement by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AII Reinsurance Broker Ltd., dated as of July 3, 2007 Endorsement No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. dated as of July 26, 2011 Endorsement No. 2 to the Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. dated as of March 7, 2013 Endorsement No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Agreement between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. dated as of September 30, 2015 Endorsement No 4. to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. dated as of August 8, 2018. Endorsement No. 5 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. dated as of November 6, 2018. Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrust Europe Limited and/or AmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of April 1, 2011 Endorsement No. 1 to the Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrust Europe Limited and/or AmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of July 26, 2011 Endorsement No. 2 to the Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and AmTrust Europe Limited and/or AmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of August 7, 2012 Endorsement No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust Europe Limited and/or AmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of March 1, 2015 Endorsement No. 4 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust Europe Limited and/or AmTrust International Underwriters Limited dated as of July 1, 2016 Personal and Commercial Automobile Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and Integon National Insurance Company, dated as March 1, 2010 E-2 (15) (13) (3) (16) (16) (16) (16) (17) (3) (22) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (22) (23) (24) (25) (16) 10.30 10.31 10.32 Addendum No. 1 to Personal and Commercial Automobile Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and Integon National Insurance Company and others, dated as October 1, 2012 Termination of Personal and Commercial Automobile Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement by and between Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and Integon National Insurance Company and others, dated as August 1, 2013 Commutation and Release Agreement between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and Integon National Insurance Company dated November 1, 2019 10.33 Form of Indemnification Agreement between Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and its officers and directors 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101.1 Master Transaction Agreement, dated as of August 31, 2018, by and among Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd., Enstar Holdings (US) LLC and Enstar Group Limited. Partial Termination Endorsement to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract by and between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2008, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2009. AmTrust Quota Share Termination, dated January 30, 2019. AmTrust Europe Quota Share Termination, dated January 30, 2019. Master Agreement dated as of March 1, 2019, by and among Maiden Holdings, Ltd., Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and Enstar Group Limited. Adverse Development Cover Agreement by and between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, dated July 31, 2019 Commutation Agreement and Release between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, dated July 31, 2019 Post-Termination Endorsement No. 1 between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Contract, dated July 31, 2019 Master Collateral Agreement between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd., Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Technology Insurance Company, Inc., dated July 31, 2019 Post-Termination Endorsement No. 1 between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust Europe Limited and AmTrust International Underwriters DAC to the Quota Share Reinsurance Contract, dated January 13, 2020 Post-Termination Endorsement No. 2 between Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement, dated January 13, 2020 Subsidiaries of the registrant Consent of Deloitte Ltd. Section 302 Certification of CEO Section 302 Certification of CFO Section 906 Certification of CEO Section 906 Certification of CFO The following financial information from Maiden Holdings, Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, formatted in XBRL (eXtensive Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018; and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (18) (17) (27) (15) (28) (29) (13) (13) (30) (31) (31) (31) (31) † † † † † † † † † (1) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the SEC on May 18, 2010 (File No. 333- 166934). (2) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on S-8 initially filed with the SEC on January 17, 2020 (File No. 333- 235948). E-3 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on S-1 initially filed with the SEC on September 17, 2007, subsequently amended and declared effective May 6, 2008 (File No. 333-146137). Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on S-3 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2011 (File Nos. 333-172107 and 333-172107-01). Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 27, 2012 (File No. 001-34042). Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 22, 2012 (File No. 001-34042). Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 25, 2013 (File No. 001- 34042). Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 25, 2015 (File No. 001- 34042). (9) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 14, 2016 (File No. 001-34042). (10) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2017 (File No. 001-34042). (11) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on November 8, 2019. (12) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 filed with the SEC on March 13, 2012 (File No. 001-34042). (13) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 30, 2019 (File No. 001-34042). (14) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2009 (File No. 001-34042). (15) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with Amendment No. 2 to the registrant's Registration Statement on S-1 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2008 (No. 333-146137). (16) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 filed with the SEC on March 14, 2011 (File No. 001-34042). (17) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 filed with the SEC on March 4, 2014 (File No. 001-34042). (18) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 filed with the SEC on March 11, 2013 (File No. 001-34042). (19) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on August 9, 2016 (No. 001-34042). (20) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019 (File No. 001-34042). (21) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018 filed with the SEC on November 9, 2018 (No. 001-34042). (22) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2011 filed with the SEC on August 8, 2011 (No. 001-34042). (23) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2012 filed with the SEC on August 9, 2012 (File No. 001-34042). (24) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on March 1, 2018 (File No. 001-34042). (25) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on November 8, 2016 (No. 001-34042). (26) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with Amendment No. 3 to the registrant's Registration Statement on S-1 filed with the SEC on April 24, 2008 (No. 333-146137). (27) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2019 filed with the SEC on November 12, 2019 (No. 001-34042). (28) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 4, 2018 (File No. 001-34042). (29) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 3, 2019 (File No. 001-34042). (30) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 4, 2019 (File No. 001-34042). (31) Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2019 filed with the SEC on August 9, 2019 (No. 001-34042). † Filed herewith. * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement E-4 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Related Notes Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1 — Organization Note 2 — Significant Accounting Policies Note 3 — Segment Information Note 4 — Investments Note 5 — Fair Value Measurements Note 6 — Discontinued Operations Note 7 — Long-Term Debt Note 8 — Reinsurance Note 9 — Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Note 10 — Related Party Transactions Note 11 — Commitments, Contingencies and Concentrations Note 12 — Earnings Per Common Share Note 13 — Shareholders’ Equity Note 14 — Share Compensation and Pension Plans Note 15 — Statutory Requirements and Dividend Restrictions Note 16 — Taxation Note 17 — Subsequent Events F-1 Page F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-11 F-17 F-20 F-25 F-28 F-29 F-30 F-31 F-46 F-49 F-51 F-51 F-54 F-56 F-58 F-59 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Deloitte Ltd. Hamilton, Bermuda March 18, 2020 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017. F-2 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2019 2018 Investments: ASSETS Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost 2019 - $1,813,426; 2018 - $3,109,980) $ 1,835,518 $ Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses (includes $2,272,418 and $2,950,388 from related parties in 2019 and 2018, respectively) $ 2,439,907 $ LIABILITIES $ 3,568,196 $ 5,287,460 Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value 2018 - $998,012) Other investments Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash and cash equivalents Accrued investment income Reinsurance balances receivable, net (includes $38,278 from related parties in 2018) Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses Loan to related party Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses (includes $68,433 and $370,037 from related parties in 2019 and 2018, respectively) Funds withheld receivable (includes $632,305 from related parties in 2019) Other assets Assets held for sale Total assets Unearned premiums (includes $189,797 and $1,135,913 from related parties in 2019 and 2018, respectively) Deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance Accrued expenses and other liabilities (includes $20,049 and $50,975 from related parties in 2019 and 2018, respectively) Senior notes - principal amount Less unamortized issuance costs Senior notes, net Liabilities held for sale Total liabilities Commitments and Contingencies Preference shares EQUITY Common shares ($0.01 par value; 88,161,638 and 87,938,537 shares issued in 2019 and 2018, respectively; 83,148,458 and 82,948,577 shares outstanding in 2019 and 2018, respectively) Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Accumulated deficit Treasury shares, at cost (5,013,180 and 4,989,960 shares in 2019 and 2018, respectively) Total Maiden shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries Total equity Total liabilities and equity See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-3 — 31,748 1,867,266 48,197 59,081 18,331 12,181 623,422 167,975 77,356 684,441 9,946 — 220,269 112,950 32,444 262,500 7,592 254,908 — 3,051,568 1,015,681 23,716 4,090,965 200,841 130,148 27,824 67,997 71,901 167,975 388,442 27,039 10,700 103,628 3,126,134 1,200,419 — 66,183 262,500 7,806 254,694 85,114 3,060,478 4,732,544 465,000 465,000 882 751,327 17,836 (695,794) (31,533) 507,718 — 507,718 $ 3,568,196 $ 879 749,418 (65,616) (563,891) (31,515) 554,275 641 554,916 5,287,460 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) For the Year Ended December 31, Revenues Gross premiums written Net premiums written Change in unearned premiums Net premiums earned Other insurance revenue Net investment income Net realized gains (losses) on investment Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Total revenues Expenses Net loss and loss adjustment expenses Commission and other acquisition expenses General and administrative expenses Interest and amortization expenses Foreign exchange and other gains, net Total expenses Loss from continuing operations before income taxes Less: income tax (benefit) expense Net loss from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax Net loss Add: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net loss attributable to Maiden Dividends on preference shares Net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders Basic and diluted loss from continuing operations per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders Basic and diluted loss from discontinued operations per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders Basic and diluted loss per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders 2019 2018 $ $ (528,593) $ 2,017,798 (531,850) $ 2,014,597 979,612 447,762 2,841 97,837 27,860 (165) 11,605 2,026,202 9,681 136,285 (1,529) (5,832) 576,135 2,164,807 452,829 169,760 47,218 19,320 (2,719) 686,408 (110,273) (911) (109,362) (22,541) (131,903) — (131,903) — $ $ $ (131,903) $ (1.32) $ (0.27) (1.59) $ 1,880,121 654,740 64,940 19,318 (4,461) 2,614,658 (449,851) 441 (450,292) (94,113) (544,405) (219) (544,624) (25,636) (570,260) (5.74) (1.13) (6.87) Weighted average number of common shares - basic and diluted 83,061,259 83,050,362 See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F-4 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In thousands of U.S. dollars) For the Year Ended December 31, Net loss Other comprehensive income (loss) Net unrealized holdings gains (losses) on available-for-sale fixed maturities arising during the year Adjustment for reclassification of net realized (gains) losses recognized in net loss Foreign currency translation adjustment Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax Income tax benefit related to components of other comprehensive income Other comprehensive income (loss), after tax Comprehensive loss Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Other comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests 2019 2018 $ (131,903) $ (544,405) 97,135 (15,440) 1,772 83,467 63 83,530 (48,373) — (78) (78) (108,771) 27,075 2,651 (79,045) 45 (79,000) (623,405) (219) 30 (189) Comprehensive loss attributable to Maiden $ (48,451) $ (623,594) See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F-5 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (In thousands of U.S. dollars) For the Year Ended December 31, Preference shares – Series A, C and D Beginning balance Ending balance Common shares Beginning balance Exercise of options and issuance of common shares Ending balance Additional paid-in capital Beginning balance Exercise of options and issuance of common shares Share-based compensation expense Ending balance Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Beginning balance Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investment Foreign currency translation adjustment Ending balance Accumulated deficit Beginning balance Net loss attributable to Maiden Dividends on preference shares Dividends on common shares Ending balance Treasury shares Beginning balance Shares repurchased Ending balance Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries Beginning balance Acquisition of minority interest in subsidiaries Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Foreign currency translation adjustment Ending balance Total equity 2019 2018 $ 465,000 $ 465,000 465,000 465,000 879 3 882 749,418 (2) 1,911 751,327 (65,616) 81,758 1,694 17,836 (563,891) (131,903) — — (695,794) (31,515) (18) (31,533) 641 (719) — 78 — 877 2 879 748,113 29 1,276 749,418 13,354 (81,651) 2,681 (65,616) 35,472 (544,624) (25,636) (29,103) (563,891) (30,642) (873) (31,515) 452 — 219 (30) 641 $ 507,718 $ 554,916 See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F-6 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands of U.S. dollars) For the Year Ended December 31, Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss Less: Net loss from discontinued operations Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash flows from operating activities: Depreciation, amortization and share-based compensation Net realized (gains) losses on investment Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Foreign exchange and other gains, net Changes in assets – (increase) decrease: Reinsurance balances receivable, net Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses Accrued investment income Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses Funds withheld receivable Other assets Changes in liabilities – increase (decrease): Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses Unearned premiums Accrued expenses and other liabilities Net cash (used in) provided by continuing operations Net cash used in discontinued operations Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of fixed maturities Purchases of other investments Net proceeds from sale of discontinued operations Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities - available-for-sale Proceeds from maturities, paydowns and calls of fixed maturities Proceeds from sale and redemption of other investments Other, net Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities for continuing operations Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities for discontinued operations Net cash provided by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Issuance of common shares Repurchase of common shares Dividends paid – Maiden common shares Dividends paid – preference shares Net cash used in financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of year Less: cash and restricted cash and equivalent of discontinued operations, end of year Cash and restricted cash and equivalents of continuing operations, end of year Reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within Consolidated Balance Sheets: Cash and cash equivalents, end of year Restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of year Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and equivalents, end of year Non-cash investing activities Investments transferred out related to partial Termination Amendment and Commutation Investments transferred out for transactions under remaining AmTrust Quota Share business Investments transferred out related to discontinued operations Supplemental information on cash flows 2019 2018 $ (131,903) $ 22,541 (544,405) 94,113 7,820 (27,860) 165 (2,719) 53,440 (438,489) 9,476 172,871 (85,062) (5,181) (121,102) (560,609) (33,597) (1,140,209) (2,392) (1,142,601) (2,015,407) (8,788) — 1,032,438 1,906,947 858 3,242 919,290 (6,113) 913,177 — (18) — — (18) (382) (229,824) 337,102 107,278 — 107,278 $ 48,197 $ 59,081 107,278 $ 599,613 $ 812,068 68,262 6,179 1,529 5,832 (4,461) (824) (47,127) 752 (9,574) (12,887) 68,400 685,654 (25,106) (14,190) 203,885 (21,596) 182,289 (997,137) (18,383) 255,917 367,346 320,203 2,161 (2,063) (71,956) 104,855 32,899 31 (873) (41,555) (25,636) (68,033) (1,556) 145,599 191,503 337,102 (6,113) 330,989 200,841 130,148 330,989 176,865 — — $ $ $ $ Interest paid Taxes paid $ 32,702 $ 192 19,106 524 See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F-7 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 1. Organization Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (sometimes referred to as "Maiden Holdings" or "Parent Company") is a Bermuda-based holding company. Together with its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the "Company", "We" or "Maiden"), Maiden previously focused on serving the needs of regional and specialty insurers in the United States of America ("U.S."), Europe and select other global markets. The Company operates internationally through Maiden Global Holdings, Ltd. ("Maiden Global") providing branded auto and credit life insurance products through insurer partners to retail clients in the EU and other global markets. These products also produce reinsurance programs which are underwritten by Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. ("Maiden Reinsurance"). Maiden Reinsurance does not underwrite any direct insurance business. Certain international credit life business is written on a primary basis by Maiden Life Försäkrings AB ("Maiden LF") and general insurance business is written on a primary basis by Maiden General Försäkrings AB ("Maiden GF"). We are not presently actively underwriting reinsurance business. We are also running off the liabilities associated with AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. ("AmTrust") contracts we terminated in early 2019 as discussed below. Strategic Review Since 2018, we have engaged in a series of strategic measures that have dramatically reduced the required regulatory capital needed to operate our business, materially strengthened our solvency ratios, re-domiciled Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont in the U.S. and ceased active reinsurance underwriting. During that time, we significantly increased our estimate of ultimate losses and loss reserves while purchasing reinsurance protection against further loss reserve volatility and as a result, have improved the ultimate economic value of the Company. We believe these measures have given the Company the ability to more flexibly allocate capital to those activities most likely to produce the greatest returns for shareholders. The measures we ultimately have taken were initiated in early 2018, when our Board of Directors initiated a review of strategic alternatives (the "Strategic Review") to evaluate ways to increase shareholder value after a period of continuing higher than targeted combined ratios and lower returns on equity than planned. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, both the Company and its subsidiary Maiden Reinsurance failed to meet their requirements to hold sufficient capital to cover their respective enhanced capital requirements (“ECR”). The Company had communicated such conditions to the Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA") and is following the guidelines of a reportable “event” as stipulated by Bermuda insurance law. As part of both the Strategic Review and the remediation measures implemented to cure the breach of the ECR, a series of transactions were entered into including: (1) completed the sale of Maiden Reinsurance North America, Inc. ("Maiden US") on December 27, 2018; (2) Maiden Reinsurance's shareholders, Maiden Holdings and Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. ("Maiden NA"), made capital injections of $125,000 on December 31, 2018 and $70,000 on January 18, 2019 to Maiden Reinsurance from the sale proceeds of Maiden US; (3) entered into a partial termination amendment ("Partial Termination Amendment") with AmTrust effective January 1, 2019 which amended the quota share reinsurance agreement (“AmTrust Quota Share”) between Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust’s wholly owned subsidiary AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. (“AII”) (as more fully described in "Note 8 - Reinsurance"); (4) entered into amendments which terminated the AmTrust Quota Share and the European hospital liability quota share reinsurance contract ("European Hospital Liability Quota Share") with AmTrust’s wholly owned subsidiaries AmTrust Europe Limited ("AEL") and AmTrust International Underwriters DAC ("AIU DAC") effective January 1, 2019 (these transactions are broadly referred to herein as the "Final AmTrust QS Terminations"); (5) entered into the Loss Portfolio Transfer and Adverse Development Cover Agreement ("LPT/ADC Agreement") with Enstar Group Limited ("Enstar') pursuant to the revised Master Transaction Agreement entered into on March 1, 2019; and (6) entered into a Commutation and Release Agreement with AmTrust to commute certain workers' compensation business with AII as of January 1, 2019. As a result of the completion of these steps, both the Company and Maiden Reinsurance have sufficient capital in excess of the respective ECR requirements. Please see below for additional details regarding the LPT/ADC Agreement and the Commutation and Release Agreement. Discontinued Operations The Company made the strategic decision to divest its U.S. treaty reinsurance operations through the sale of Maiden US which was completed on December 27, 2018. Except as explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented herein relate to the Company's continuing operations except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders. Sale of U.S. treaty reinsurance operations The sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance business occurred in two parts: (a) On August 29, 2018, the Company entered into a Renewal Rights Agreement ("Renewal Rights") with Transatlantic Reinsurance Company ("TransRe"), pursuant to which the Company sold, and TransRe purchased, Maiden US's rights to: (i) renew Maiden US’s treaty reinsurance agreements upon their expiration or cancellation, (ii) solicit renewals of and replacement coverages for the treaty reinsurance agreements and (iii) replicate and use the products and contract forms used in Maiden US’s business. The sale was consummated on August 29, 2018. The Company continues to earn premiums and remain liable for losses occurring subsequent to August 29, 2018 for any policies in force prior to and as of August 29, 2018, until those policies expire. The payment received for the sale of the Renewal Rights was $7,500 subject to potential additional amounts payable in the future in accordance with the agreement, however no additional fees have been recognized to date. F-8 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 1. Organization (continued) (b) On December 27, 2018, the Company completed its sale agreement ("U.S. Sale Agreement") with Enstar Holdings (US) LLC ("Enstar U.S."), pursuant to which Maiden NA sold Maiden US to Enstar U.S. Pursuant to and subject to the terms of the U.S. Sale Agreement: (i) Maiden NA sold, and Enstar U.S. purchased, all of the outstanding common shares of Maiden US (“Maiden US Sale”) for gross consideration of $286,375; (ii) Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited ("Cavello"), Enstar’s Bermuda reinsurance affiliate, and Maiden Reinsurance entered into an agreement pursuant to which certain quota share reinsurance contracts between Maiden US and Maiden Reinsurance were novated to Cavello for a ceding commission Maiden Reinsurance of $12,250; (iii) Cavello and Maiden Reinsurance also entered into a retrocession agreement pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with the Company’s U.S. treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Reinsurance were retroceded to Cavello in exchange for a $1,750 ceding commission; and (iv) Maiden Reinsurance provided Enstar with a reinsurance cover for loss reserve development, up to a maximum of $25,000, when losses are more than $100,000 in excess of the net loss and loss adjustment expenses recorded as of June 30, 2018, for no additional consideration. As discussed above, Maiden NA completed the sale of Maiden US to Enstar U.S. for gross consideration of $286,375, which was subject to certain post-closing adjustments. In conjunction with the completion of the LPT/ADC Agreement discussed below, on July 31, 2019, Maiden NA and Enstar U.S. waived the post-closing adjustments set forth in the U.S. Sale Agreement and agreed to terminate the $25,000 excess of loss reinsurance agreement that Maiden Reinsurance provided to Enstar in relation to the Maiden US loss reserves acquired by Enstar. As a result of these agreements, Maiden recorded a net additional loss from discontinued operations of $16,714 for the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company determined that the sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations represented a strategic shift that has a major effect on its ongoing operations and financial results and that all of the held for sale criteria were met. Accordingly, all transactions related to the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations have been reported and presented as part of discontinued operations. Please refer to "Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" and "Note 6. Discontinued Operations" for additional information regarding the effect of the reclassifications on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. LPT/ADC Agreement with Enstar Pursuant to the LPT/ADC Agreement dated as of July 31, 2019 and effective as of January 1, 2019 entered into between Maiden Reinsurance and Cavello, Cavello assumed the loss reserves as of December 31, 2018 associated with the AmTrust Quota Share in excess of a $2,178,535 retention up to $600,000, in exchange for a retrocession premium of $445,000. The $2,178,535 retention is subject to adjustment for paid losses subsequent to December 31, 2018. The LPT/ADC Agreement provides Maiden Reinsurance with $155,000 in adverse development cover over its carried AmTrust Quota Share loss reserves at December 31, 2018. The LPT/ADC Agreement meets the criteria for risk transfer and therefore has been accounted for as retroactive reinsurance. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding $445,000 result in a deferred gain which will be recognized over the settlement period in proportion to cumulative losses collected over the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoverable. Consequently, cumulative adverse development subsequent to December 31, 2018 may result in significant losses from operations until periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings. At December 31, 2019, the deferred gain liability recorded for retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement was $112,950. Amortization of the deferred gain will not occur until paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention under the LPT/ADC Agreement, which is estimated to be in 2024. Under the terms of the LPT/ADC Agreement, the covered losses associated with the commutation with AmTrust, as discussed below in Commutation and Release Agreement - AmTrust Quota Share, are eligible to be covered but recoverable only when such losses are paid or settled by AII or its affiliates, provided such losses and other related amounts shall not exceed $312,786. Settlement of funding for the LPT/ADC Agreement occurred on August 12, 2019 and Maiden Reinsurance paid Enstar approximately $7,261 in interest related to the LPT/ADC Agreement premium, calculated at the rate of 2.64% per annum from January 1, 2019 through August 12, 2019. Commutation and Release Agreement - AmTrust Quota Share Effective July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII entered into the Commutation and Release Agreement which provided for AII to re-assume all reserves ceded by AII to Maiden Reinsurance with respect to: (a) all losses incurred in Accident Year 2017 and Accident Year 2018 under California workers' compensation policies and as defined in the AmTrust Quota Share ("Commuted California Business"); and (b) all losses incurred in Accident Year 2018 under New York workers' compensation policies ("Commuted New York Business" and together with the Commuted California Business "Commuted Business") in exchange for the release and full discharge of Maiden Reinsurance from all of its obligations to AII with respect to the Commuted Business. The Commuted Business excludes any business classified by AII as Specialty Program or Specialty Risk business. Maiden Reinsurance transferred cash and invested assets in the amount of $312,786 ("Commutation Payment") which is the sum of the net ceded reserves in the amount of $330,682 with respect to the Commuted Business as of December 31, 2018 less payments in the amount of $17,896 made by Maiden Reinsurance with respect to the Commuted Business from January 1, 2019 through July 31, 2019. Settlement of the Commutation Payment occurred on August 12, 2019 and Maiden Reinsurance paid AII approximately $6,335 in interest related to the Commutation Payment premium, calculated at the rate of 3.30% per annum from January 1, 2019 through August 12, 2019. Maiden Reinsurance received a no objection letter from the BMA regarding the Commutation and Release Agreement. F-9 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 1. Organization (continued) Re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance During the fourth quarter of 2019, our principal operating subsidiary, Maiden Reinsurance, submitted the necessary filings to discontinue its operations from Bermuda and to apply to be licensed and re-domesticate to the State of Vermont in the U.S. Filings were made with the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation ("Vermont DFR"), the Vermont Secretary of State as well as with the BMA to provide notice of the Company's intent to discontinue from Bermuda and re-domesticate to Vermont. Maiden Reinsurance completed the re-domestication to the State of Vermont on March 16, 2020. We have determined that re-domiciling Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont will enable us to better align our operations, capital and resources with our liabilities, which originate mostly in the U.S., resulting in a more efficient structure.The re-domestication, in combination with the Strategic Review previously taken and undertaken in close consultation with the BMA to de-risk the Company’s balance sheet, is expected to continue to strengthen the Company’s capital position and solvency ratios. While the Vermont DFR will become the group supervisor for the Company, the re-domestication does not apply to the parent holding company which remains a Bermuda-based holding company. Securities issued by Maiden Holdings are not affected by the re- domestication of Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont. Segments As a result of the strategic decision to divest all of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance operations noted above, the Company revised the composition of its reportable segments. As described in more detail under “Note 3 — Segment Information”, the reportable segments include: (i) Diversified Reinsurance which consists of a portfolio of property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualty insurance companies located primarily in Europe; and (ii) AmTrust Reinsurance which includes all business ceded to Maiden Reinsurance from subsidiaries of AmTrust. In addition to these reportable segments, the results of operations of the former National General Holdings Corporation Quota Share ("NGHC Quota Share") segment, which was commuted in November 2019, is included in the "Other" category. Certain prior year comparatives have been reclassified to conform to this new presentation. F-10 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2. Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Reporting and Consolidation — These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("U.S. GAAP") and include the accounts of Maiden Holdings and all of its subsidiaries. These Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the period and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. Certain prior year comparatives have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. The effect of these reclassifications had no impact on previously reported shareholders' equity or net loss. As part of the Strategic Review initiated by the Company's Board of Directors in 2018, the Company made the strategic decision to divest its U.S. treaty reinsurance operations through the sale of Maiden US, completed on December 27, 2018, which had a major effect on its ongoing operations and financial results. Accordingly, all of the remaining assets and liabilities related to the true up of sale consideration are classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as at December 31, 2018. The operating results of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance business for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 have been reclassified and presented as part of discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Except as explicitly described as held for sale or as discontinued operations, and unless otherwise noted, all discussions and amounts presented herein relate to the Company's continuing operations except for net loss, net loss attributable to Maiden and net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders. Please see “Note 6 — Discontinued Operations" for additional information related to discontinued operations. Estimates — The preparation of U.S. GAAP Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported and disclosed amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. The significant estimates include, but are not limited to, reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses ("loss and LAE") and deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance; recoverability of reinsurance balances receivable, reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and deferred commission and other acquisition expenses; valuation of financial instruments and deferred tax assets; and the determination of other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") of investments. Investments — The Company has historically classified its fixed maturity investments as either available-for-sale ("AFS") or held-to-maturity ("HTM"). The AFS portfolio is reported at fair value and any unrealized gains or losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"). The HTM portfolio at December 31, 2018 included securities for which the Company had the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption and was reported at amortized cost. When a security was transferred from AFS to HTM, the fair value at the time of transfer, adjusted for subsequent amortization, became the security's amortized cost. The net unrealized holdings gains of securities transferred from AFS to HTM at the designation date continue to be reported in the carrying value of the HTM securities and is amortized through other comprehensive income over the remaining life of the securities using the effective yield method in a manner consistent with the amortization of any premium or discount. When a security transferred from HTM to AFS, the security’s amortized cost basis carried over to the AFS category for subsequent amortization of the historical premium or discount, comparisons of fair value and amortized cost for determining unrealized holding gains and losses, and required disclosures of amortized cost. The difference between the security’s amortized cost and fair value at the date of transfer into the AFS portfolio is recognized as an unrealized gain or loss and recorded in AOCI. Due to the termination of both AmTrust quota share contracts effective January 1, 2019, the Company no longer believed that it had the positive ability to hold the securities in the HTM portfolio to maturity because this portfolio served as part of the collateral for the AmTrust Reinsurance segment loss reserves. Therefore, the Company reclassified and transferred all HTM securities to the AFS portfolio in the first quarter of 2019. Please see "Note 4 — Investments" for further details. The fair value of fixed maturity investments is generally determined from quotations received from third-party nationally recognized pricing services ("Pricing Service"), or when such prices are not available, by reference to broker or underwriter bid indications. Short-term investments comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase. The Company held no short-term investments as at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The Company's other investments comprise of unquoted investments. The Company accounts for its unquoted other investments at fair value in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 944-325, "Financial Services - Insurance - Investments - Other" ("ASC 944-325"). Unquoted other investments are comprised of investments in limited partnerships, which are reported at fair value based on the financial information received from the fund managers and other information available to management with changes in fair value recognized in net income, as well as investments in start-up insurance entities which are reported at fair value using recent private market transactions. Investments made by special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities are carried at cost less impairment, if any. Any indication of impairment is recognized in income when determined. Purchases and sales of investments are recorded on a trade date basis. Realized gains or losses on sales of investments are determined based on the first in first out cost method. Net investment income is recognized when earned and includes accrued interest and dividend income together with amortization of market premiums and discounts using the effective yield method, net of investment management fees. For U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities ("Agency MBS") and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and revised as necessary. Any adjustments required due to the change in effective yields and maturities are recognized on a prospective basis through yield adjustments. F-11 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued) A security is potentially impaired when its fair value falls below its amortized cost. On a quarterly basis, all potentially impaired securities are reviewed to determine whether the impairment is temporary or OTTI. OTTI assessments are inherently judgmental, especially where securities have experienced severe declines in fair value over a short period. The Company's review process begins with a quantitative analysis to identify securities to be further evaluated for potential classification as OTTI. For all identified securities, further fundamental analysis is performed that considers, but is not limited to, the following quantitative and qualitative factors: historic and implied volatility of the security; length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost; adverse conditions specifically related to the security or to specific conditions in an industry or geographic area; failure, if any, of the issuer of the security to make scheduled payments; and recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date. The Company recognizes OTTI losses within earnings for its impaired fixed maturity securities (i) for which the Company has the intent to sell the security or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery and (iii) for those securities which have a credit loss. In assessing whether a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. In instances in which a determination is made that an impairment exists but the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before the anticipated recovery of its remaining amortized cost basis, the impairment is separated into (i) the amount of the total impairment related to the credit loss and (ii) the amount of the total impairment related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total OTTI related to all other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. In periods after the recognition of OTTI on the fixed maturity securities, the Company accounts for such securities as if they had been purchased on the measurement date of the OTTI at an amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings. For fixed maturity securities in which an OTTI loss was recognized in earnings, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected will be amortized into net investment income. As the Company's investment portfolio is the largest component of its consolidated assets, any OTTI on fixed maturity securities could be material to the Company's financial condition and results particularly during periods of dislocation in the financial markets. Fair Value Measurements — ASC Topic 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" ("ASC 820") defines fair value as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between open market participants at the measurement date. Additionally, ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows: • Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 1 inputs include: U.S. Treasury bonds; • Level 2 — Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include: U.S. government-sponsored agency securities; non-U.S. government and supranational obligations; commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"); collateralized loan obligations ("CLO"); corporate and municipal bonds; and • Level 3 — Valuations based on models where significant inputs are not observable. The unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions about assumptions that market participants would use. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 3 inputs include: an investment in preference shares of a start-up insurance producer. The availability of observable inputs can vary and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires significantly more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by management in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in the Level 3 hierarchy. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as at the measurement date. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause a financial instrument to be reclassified between levels. For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, the Company uses the quoted market prices as fair value and includes these prices in the amounts disclosed in the Level 1 fair value hierarchy. The Company receives the quoted market prices from the Pricing Service which is a third-party nationally recognized provider. When quoted market prices are unavailable, the Company utilizes the Pricing Service to determine an estimate of fair value. The fair value estimates are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy. The Company challenges any prices for its investments which are considered not to be representative of fair value. If quoted market prices and estimates from the Pricing Service are unavailable, the Company produces an estimate of fair value based on dealer quotations for recent activity in positions with the same or similar characteristics to that investment being valued or through consensus pricing of a pricing service. The Company determines whether the fair value estimate is in the Level 2 or Level 3 hierarchy depending on the level of observable inputs available when estimating fair value. The Company bases its estimates of fair values for assets on the bid price as it represents the price a third-party market participant would be willing to pay in an orderly transaction. F-12 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Cash and Cash Equivalents — The Company maintains cash accounts in several banks and brokerage institutions. Cash equivalents consist of investments in money market funds and short-term investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less and are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are separately reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company maintains certain cash and investments in trust accounts used primarily as collateral for unearned premiums and loss and LAE reserves owed to insureds. The Company is required to maintain minimum balances in these restricted accounts based on pre-determined formulas. Please see "Note 4. (e) Investments" for additional details. Premiums and Related Expenses — For pro-rata contracts and excess-of-loss contracts where no deposit or minimum premium is specified in the contract, premium written is recognized based on estimates of ultimate premiums provided by the ceding companies. Initial estimates of premium written are recognized in the period in which the underlying risks are incepted. Subsequent adjustments, based on reports of actual premium by the ceding companies, or revisions in estimates, are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Reinsurance premiums assumed are generally earned on a pro-rata basis over the terms of the underlying policies or reinsurance contracts. Contracts and policies written on a "losses occurring" basis cover claims that may occur during the term of the contract or policy, which is typically twelve months. Accordingly, the premium is earned evenly over the term. Contracts which are written on a "risks attaching" basis cover claims which attach to the underlying insurance policies written during the terms of such contracts. Premiums earned on such contracts usually extend beyond the original term of the reinsurance contract, typically resulting in recognition of premiums earned over a 24-month period. Reinsurance premiums on specialty risk and extended warranty are earned based on the estimated program coverage period. These estimates are based on the expected distribution of coverage periods by contract at inception, because a single contract may contain multiple coverage period options, and these estimates are revised based on the actual coverage period selected by the original insured. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written which is applicable to the unexpired term of the contract or policy in force. These premiums can be subject to estimates based upon information received from ceding companies and any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Assumed and ceded reinsurance contracts that lack a significant transfer of risk are treated as deposits. No deposit contracts are held as at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Acquisition expenses represent the costs of writing business that vary with, and are primarily related to, the production of that business. Policy and contract acquisition expenses, including assumed commissions, are deferred and recognized as expense as the related premiums are earned. The Company considers anticipated investment income in determining the recoverability of these costs and believes they are fully recoverable. A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of anticipated losses and loss adjustment expenses, unamortized acquisition expenses less anticipated investment income exceed unearned premiums. Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Incurred — Loss and LAE represent the estimated ultimate net costs of all reported and unreported losses incurred through December 31 of the latest fiscal year. The reserve for loss and LAE is estimated using a statistical analysis of actuarial data and is not discounted for the time value of money. Although considerable variability is inherent in the estimates of reserves for loss and LAE, management believes that the reserve for loss and LAE is adequate based on known information to date. In estimating loss reserves, the Company utilizes a variety of standard actuarial methods. These estimates are continually reviewed and adjusted as necessary as experience develops or new information becomes available. Such adjustments are included and reported in current operations as favorable or unfavorable prior period development. Reinsurance — Reinsurance premiums and loss and LAE ceded to other companies are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for original policies issued and pursuant to the terms of the reinsurance contracts. The Company records premiums earned and loss and LAE incurred and ceded to other companies as reduction of premium revenue and loss and LAE, respectively. The unexpired portion of reinsurance purchased by the Company (retrocession or reinsurance premiums ceded) is included in other assets and amortized over the contract period in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. The ultimate amount of premiums, including adjustments, is recognized as premiums ceded and amortized over the applicable contract period to which they apply. Premiums earned are reported net of reinsurance in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses relate to the portion of reserves and paid losses and LAE that are ceded to other companies. Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses are separately recorded as an asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company remains contingently liable for all loss payments in the event of failure to collect from reinsurers. Accounting for Retroactive Reinsurance Agreements - Retroactive reinsurance agreements are reinsurance agreements under which a reinsurer agrees to reimburse the Company as a result of past insurable events. For these agreements, the excess of the amounts ultimately collectible under the agreement over the consideration paid is recognized as a deferred gain liability which is amortized into income over the settlement period of the ceded reserves once the paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention. The amount of the deferral is recalculated each period based on actual loss payments and updated estimates of ultimate losses. If the consideration paid exceeds the ultimate losses collectible under the agreement, the net loss on the retroactive reinsurance agreement is recognized within income immediately. On July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance entered into the LPT/ADC Agreement as discussed in "Note 1 — Organization". This transaction was accounted for as retroactive reinsurance pursuant to U.S. GAAP and a deferred gain liability is recognized for the amount which represents the cumulative adverse development of losses subject to the LPT/ADC Agreement. Amortization of the deferred gain will not begin until paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention under this agreement, which is estimated to be in 2024. F-13 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Debt Obligations and Deferred Debt Issuance Costs — Costs incurred in issuing debt are capitalized and amortized over the contractual life of the debt. The amortization of these costs are included in interest and amortization expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The unamortized amount of issuance costs is presented as a deduction from the related principal liability for senior notes in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Leases — The Company's leases are all currently classified as operating leases and none of them have non-lease components. For operating leases that have a lease term of more than twelve months, the Company recognized a lease liability (presented as part of accrued expenses and other liabilities) and a right-of-use asset (presented as part of other assets) in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets at the present value of the remaining lease payments until expiration. As the lease contracts generally do not provide an implicit discount rate, the Company used a weighted-average discount rate of 10%, representing its estimated secured incremental borrowing rate, in calculating the present value of the lease liability. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to include renewal, termination, or purchase options that are not reasonably certain of exercise when determining the term of the borrowing. The Company recognizes the related leasing expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. Goodwill and Intangible Assets — A purchase price that is in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired arising from a business combination is recorded as goodwill and is not amortized. Other intangible assets with a finite life are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset. Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are not amortized similar to goodwill. Goodwill and other indefinite life intangible assets were historically tested for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicated that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Finite life intangible assets were reviewed for indicators of impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicated that the carrying amount may not be recoverable, and tested for impairment if appropriate. For purposes of the annual impairment evaluation, goodwill was assigned to the applicable reporting unit of the acquired entities giving rise to the goodwill. The Company had established October 1 as the date for performing the annual impairment tests or when “triggering events” occur or circumstances changed that could have potentially reduced the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Goodwill was considered impaired if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeded its fair value. If goodwill or other intangible assets were impaired, they were written down to their estimated fair values with a corresponding loss reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The announced sale of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance operations resulted in a triggering event and consequently during the year ended December 31, 2018, the remaining balance of goodwill and intangible assets was written off as they were deemed to be permanently impaired due to the sale of the U.S. treaty reinsurance renewal rights and the sale of the U.S. Diversified Reinsurance business. Please refer to "Note 6 — Discontinued Operations" for further details of this disposal. Noncontrolling Interests — The Company accounts for noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries in accordance with ASC Topic 810 "Consolidations", and presents any noncontrolling shareholders' interest in the equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests is presented separately in the Consolidated Statements of Income. There are no remaining noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries as at December 31, 2019. Income Taxes — The Company accounts for income taxes using ASC Topic 740 "Income Taxes" for subsidiaries operating in taxable jurisdictions. Deferred income taxes reflect the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts used for income tax purposes. A valuation allowance is recorded if it is more likely than not that some or all of a deferred tax asset may not be realized. The Company considers future taxable income and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. In the event the Company determines that it will not be able to realize all or part of its deferred income tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred income tax assets would be charged to income in the period in which such determination is made. In addition, if the Company subsequently assesses that the valuation allowance is no longer needed, a benefit would be recorded to income in the period in which such determination is made. U.S. GAAP allows for the recognition of tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only where the position is more likely than not to be sustained assuming examination by tax authorities. A liability is established for any tax benefit claimed in a tax return in excess of this threshold. Income tax related interest and penalties would be included as income tax expense. The Company has not recorded or accrued any interest or penalties during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Share-Based Compensation Expense — The Company is authorized to issue restricted share awards and units, performance based restricted share units ("PB-RSUs"), share options and other equity-based awards to its employees and directors. The Company recognizes the compensation expense for share options, restricted share and share unit grants, based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant, over the requisite service vesting period. Forfeitures are accounted for when they occur. The estimated fair value of the grant will be amortized ratably over its vesting period as a charge to compensation expense (a component of general and administrative expenses) and an increase to additional paid-in capital in Consolidated Shareholders’ Equity. The estimated fair value of the PB-RSUs is recognized as a charge to compensation expense and an increase to additional paid-in capital in Consolidated Shareholders’ Equity following the satisfaction of certain criteria during the specified performance period. Forfeitures are accounted for if and when they occur. Earnings Per Share — Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and exclude any dilutive effects of options, restricted share units ("RSUs") and PB-RSUs. Dilutive earnings per share are computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period adjusted for the dilutive impact of share options, RSUs and PB-RSUs. F-14 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued) The two-class method is used to determine earnings per share based on dividends declared on common shares and participating securities (i.e. distributed earnings) and participation rights of participating securities in any undistributed earnings. Each unvested restricted share granted by the Company to certain senior leaders is considered a participating security and the two-class method is used to calculate net income attributable to Maiden common shareholders per common share – basic and diluted. However, any undistributed losses are not allocated to the participating securities. Treasury Shares — Treasury shares include common shares repurchased by the Company and not subsequently cancelled as well as share repurchases from employees, which represent withholdings in respect of tax obligations on the vesting of restricted shares and performance based shares. These shares are recorded at cost and result in a reduction of the total Maiden shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Foreign Currency Transactions — The functional currency of the Company and many of its subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. For these companies, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at year-end exchange rates, with resulting foreign exchange gains and losses recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Revenues and expenses in foreign currencies are converted at average exchange rates during the year. Monetary assets and liabilities include cash and cash equivalents, reinsurance balances receivable, reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, funds withheld receivable, reserve for loss and LAE and accrued expenses and other liabilities. Accounts that are classified as non-monetary such as deferred commission and other acquisition expenses and unearned premiums are not revalued. Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries and divisions, whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, are translated at year-end exchange rates. Revenues and expenses of these entities are translated at average exchange rates during the year. The effects of the foreign currency translation adjustment for foreign entities are included in AOCI. The amount of the cumulative translation adjustment at December 31, 2019 was $(4,160) (2018 - $(5,854)). Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment Accounting In June 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2018-07 that simplifies the accounting for share-based payments granted to non- employees for goods and services. Under the guidance, payments to non-employees would be aligned with the requirements for share-based payments granted to employees as FASB viewed the awards to both employees and non-employees to be economically similar and thus two different accounting models were not justified. The Company currently measures directors’ share-based payment awards at fair value as at their grant date; therefore the adoption of this standard on January 1, 2019 did not have any impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Codification Improvements In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-09 which includes clarifications to existing codifications or corrections of unintended application of guidance not expected to have a significant effect on current accounting practice or create a significant administrative cost to most entities. The amendments in this update include items raised for board consideration through the codification's feedback system that met the scope of this project, making the due diligence process necessary. The amendments affect a wide variety of topics in the codification and apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance. None of the topics deemed applicable upon adoption of this standard on January 1, 2019 had a material impact on the financial statements. Topic 842, Leases In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11 for targeted improvements related to ASU 2016-02 which provide entities with an additional transition method to apply the new leasing standard. Under the new optional transition method, an entity initially applies ASC 842 at the adoption date and recognizes a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. Topic 842 became effective for the Company during the first quarter of 2019 and was applied using a modified retrospective approach by electing the additional transition method permitted by ASU 2018-11. Under the additional transition method, the Company's reporting for the comparative periods presented in its financial statements will be in accordance with the pre-effective date lease accounting requirements under Topic 840. The Company adopted Topic 842 effective on January 1, 2019, by electing as a package the practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance of Topic 842, and applied consistently to all leases that had commenced before the effective date of adoption. The package of practical expedients allowed the Company to not reassess the following: whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and initial direct costs for any existing leases. In addition to electing the package of practical expedients, the Company made an accounting policy election to account for non-lease components separately from lease components. Furthermore, the Company made an accounting policy election not to recognize leases with an initial term of twelve months or less in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The adoption of this standard on January 1, 2019 impacted the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets by recognizing a lease liability within accrued expenses and other liabilities of $2,342 with an equivalent amount for the right-of-use asset presented as part of other assets, but the adoption did not have any impact on its results of operations or cash flows. Please refer to "Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies f) Operating Lease Commitments" for further disclosures regarding the impact of the adoption of Topic 842 in 2019. F-15 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08 to amend the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium. U.S. GAAP historically excluded certain callable debt securities from consideration of early repayment of principal even if the holder was certain that the call option would be exercised. As a result, upon the exercise of a call option on a callable debt security held at a premium, the unamortized premium was then recorded as a loss in earnings. The amendments in ASU 2017-08 affect all entities that hold investments in callable debt securities that have an amortized cost basis in excess of the amount that is repayable by the issuer at the earliest call date. The amendments shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium and require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. The Company holds a number of fixed maturities with callable features on its Consolidated Balance Sheets which includes certain securities purchased at a premium that are being amortized over their contractual maturity period. The Company has always handled the amortization of any premiums by amortizing to the earliest effective maturity date (including call dates); therefore, the adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2019 did not have any impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted Accounting for Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 "Financial Instruments: Credit Losses (Topic 326)" replacing the "incurred loss" impairment methodology with an approach based on "expected losses" to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The guidance requires financial assets to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the cost of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. ASU 2016-13 also modified the accounting for AFS debt securities, which must be individually assessed for credit losses when fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, in accordance with Subtopic 326-30, Financial Instruments: Credit Losses Available-for-Sale Debt Securities. Credit losses relating to AFS debt securities will be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than under the current OTTI methodology. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04 for targeted improvements related to ASU 2016-13 which clarify that an entity should include all expected recoveries in its estimate of the allowance for credit losses. In addition, for collateral dependent financial assets, the amendments mandate that an allowance for credit losses that is added to the amortized cost basis of the financial asset should not exceed amounts previously written off. It also clarifies FASB’s intent to include all reinsurance recoverables within the scope of Topic 944 to be within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, regardless of the measurement basis of those recoverables. The Company's reinsurance balances receivable and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses are its most significant financial assets within the scope of ASU 2016-13. The guidance is effective for public business entities, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies ("SRCs") as defined by the SEC, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The guidance is effective for all other entities, including public entities eligible to be SRCs, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As of December 31, 2019, the Company qualified for SRC status, as determined on the last business day of its most recent second quarter, and is thus eligible to follow the reporting deadlines and effective dates applicable to SRCs. Therefore Topic 326 will not be effective until the 2023 fiscal year. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of this guidance on its results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13 for changes to the disclosure framework related to Topic 820 which amends the disclosure requirements for fair value measurement. The following disclosure requirements were removed from Topic 820: (i) amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, (ii) policy for timing of transfers between levels, and (iii) valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. The following disclosure requirements were added to Topic 820: (i) changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and (ii) range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. For certain unobservable inputs, an entity may disclose other quantitative information (such as the median or arithmetic average) in lieu of the weighted average if the entity determines that other quantitative information would be a more reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted upon issuance of this Update. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of this Update and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. These amendments only impact disclosures made in "Note 5. Fair Value Measurements" therefore, the adoption of this standard will not impact the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, results of operations or cash flows. F-16 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 3. Segment Information The Company currently has two reportable segments: Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance. Our Diversified Reinsurance segment consists of a portfolio of predominantly property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualty insurance companies located primarily in Europe. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes all business ceded to by AmTrust, primarily the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share, which are in run-off effective January 1, 2019. In addition to our reportable segments, the results of operations of the former NGHC Quota Share segment, which was commuted in November 2019, have been included in the "Other" category. Please refer to "Note 10. Related Party Transactions" for additional information. As a result of the strategic decision to divest all of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance operations as discussed in "Note 1. Organization" and "Note 6. Discontinued Operations", the Company revised the composition of its reportable segments. Previously, the underwriting results associated with the discontinued operations of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance business were included within the Diversified Reinsurance segment and the operating results associated with the remnants of the U.S. excess and surplus business were included within the Other category. These are now excluded and all prior periods presented have been reclassified to conform to this new presentation. The Company evaluates segment performance based on segment profit separately from the results of our investment portfolio. General and administrative expenses are allocated to the reportable segments on an actual basis except salaries and benefits where management’s judgment is applied; however general corporate expenses are not allocated to the segments. In determining total assets by reportable segment, the Company identifies those assets that are attributable to a particular segment such as reinsurance balances receivable, reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, deferred commission and other acquisition expenses, loan to related party, restricted cash and investments, and funds withheld receivable. All remaining assets are allocated to Corporate. As discussed in "Note 1. Organization" and "Note 10. Related Party Transactions", the Partial Termination Amendment and the termination of the remaining business with AmTrust effective January 1, 2019 resulted in a significant reduction in gross premiums written. This was due to the return of unearned premium on certain lines covered by the Partial Termination Amendment, with no new business written in 2019 as a result of the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. The following tables summarize our reporting segment's underwriting results and the reconciliation of our reportable segments and Other category's underwriting results to our consolidated net loss from continuing operations: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Net premiums earned Other insurance revenue Net loss and LAE Commission and other acquisition expenses General and administrative expenses $ $ $ Diversified Reinsurance 52,408 49,151 83,691 2,841 (49,905) (29,898) (8,872) AmTrust Reinsurance $ (581,001) $ $ $ (581,001) 364,071 $ $ — (402,612) (139,862) (2,895) Underwriting loss $ (2,143) $ (181,298) $ Reconciliation to net loss from continuing operations Net investment income and realized gains on investment Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Interest and amortization expenses Foreign exchange and other gains, net Other general and administrative expenses Income tax benefit Net loss from continuing operations Net loss and LAE ratio(1) Commission and other acquisition expense ratio(2) General and administrative expense ratio(3) Expense ratio(4) Combined ratio(5) 57.7% 34.5% 10.3% 44.8% 102.5% F-17 110.6% 38.4% 0.8% 39.2% 149.8% Other — $ — $ — $ — (312) — — (312) Total (528,593) (531,850) 447,762 2,841 (452,829) (169,760) (11,767) (183,753) 125,697 (165) (19,320) 2,719 (35,451) 911 $ (109,362) 100.5% 37.6% 10.5% 48.1% 148.6% MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 3. Segment Information (continued) For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Net premiums earned Other insurance revenue Net loss and LAE Commission and other acquisition expenses General and administrative expenses $ $ $ Diversified Reinsurance 131,518 129,319 112,487 9,681 (71,441) (38,749) (17,396) AmTrust Reinsurance $ 1,886,280 $ $ $ 1,885,278 1,913,715 $ $ — (1,806,995) (615,991) (3,845) Underwriting loss $ (5,418) $ (513,116) $ (1,685) Reconciliation to net loss from continuing operations Net investment income and realized losses on investment Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Interest and amortization expenses Foreign exchange and other gains, net Other general and administrative expenses Income tax expense Net loss from continuing operations Net loss and LAE ratio(1) Commission and other acquisition expense ratio(2) General and administrative expense ratio(3) Expense ratio(4) Combined ratio(5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Calculated by dividing the net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. Calculated by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. Calculated by dividing general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue. Calculated by adding together the commission and other acquisition expense ratio and general and administrative expense ratio. Calculated by adding together the net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio. F-18 58.5% 31.7% 14.2% 45.9% 104.4% 94.4% 32.2% 0.2% 32.4% 126.8% $ (450,292) 92.3% 32.2% 3.2% 35.4% 127.7% Other — $ — $ — $ — Total 2,017,798 2,014,597 2,026,202 9,681 (1,685) (1,880,121) — — (654,740) (21,241) (520,219) 134,756 (5,832) (19,318) 4,461 (43,699) (441) MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 3. Segment Information (continued) The following tables summarize the financial position of our reportable segments including the reconciliation to the Company's consolidated total assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 Reinsurance balances receivable, net Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses Loan to related party Restricted cash and cash equivalents and investments Funds withheld receivable Other assets Total assets - reportable segments Corporate assets Total Assets December 31, 2018 Reinsurance balances receivable, net Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses Loan to related party Restricted cash and cash equivalents and investments Funds withheld receivable Other assets Total assets - reportable segments Corporate assets Assets held for sale Total Assets Diversified Reinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Total $ 11,729 $ — $ 2,773 8,923 — 90,614 52,136 1,670 557,950 68,433 167,975 1,417,139 632,305 — 167,845 2,843,802 — — $ 167,845 $ 2,843,802 $ 11,729 560,723 77,356 167,975 1,507,753 684,441 1,670 3,011,647 556,549 3,568,196 Diversified Reinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Total $ 29,030 $ 38,278 $ 1,743 18,405 — 114,220 27,039 — — 370,037 167,975 67,308 1,743 388,442 167,975 3,918,810 4,033,030 — 640 27,039 640 190,437 4,495,740 4,686,177 — — — — 497,655 103,628 $ 190,437 $ 4,495,740 $ 5,287,460 The following table shows an analysis of gross and net premiums written and net premiums earned by geographic location for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. In the case of reinsurance business assumed from AmTrust, the table refers to the location of the relevant AmTrust subsidiaries. For the Year Ended December 31, Gross premiums written – North America Gross premiums written – Other (predominantly Europe) Gross premiums written – Total Net premiums written – North America Net premiums written – Other (predominantly Europe) Net premiums written – Total Net premiums earned – North America Net premiums earned – Other (predominantly Europe) Net premiums earned – Total F-19 2019 2018 (567,380) $ 38,787 (528,593) $ (567,380) $ 35,530 (531,850) $ 363,498 $ 84,264 447,762 $ 1,591,745 426,053 2,017,798 1,590,466 424,131 2,014,597 1,635,855 390,347 2,026,202 $ $ $ $ $ $ MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 3. Segment Information (continued) The following tables set forth financial information relating to net premiums written by major line of business and reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, Net premiums written Diversified Reinsurance International Other Total Diversified Reinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Small Commercial Business Specialty Program Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty Total AmTrust Reinsurance Total Net Premiums Written 2019 2018 Total % of Total Total % of Total $ 49,193 (9.3)% $ 129,305 (42) 49,151 — % (9.3)% 14 129,319 (324,311) (25,869) (230,821) (581,001) 61.0 % 1,092,615 4.9 % 336,847 43.4 % 455,816 109.3 % 1,885,278 6.4% —% 6.4% 54.2% 16.7% 22.7% 93.6% $ (531,850) 100.0 % $ 2,014,597 100.0% The following tables set forth financial information relating to net premiums earned by major line of business and reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, Net premiums earned Diversified Reinsurance International Other Total Diversified Reinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Small Commercial Business Specialty Program Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty Total AmTrust Reinsurance Total Net Premiums Earned 4. Investments a) Fixed Maturities 2019 2018 Total % of Total Total % of Total $ 83,733 18.7 % $ 112,473 (42) 83,691 — % 14 18.7 % 112,487 91,723 138,380 133,968 364,071 20.5 % 1,167,581 30.9 % 29.9 % 345,805 400,329 81.3 % 1,913,715 5.5% —% 5.5% 57.6% 17.1% 19.8% 94.5% $ 447,762 100.0 % $ 2,026,202 100.0% The original or amortized cost, estimated fair value and gross unrealized gains and losses of fixed maturities at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows: December 31, 2019 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury bonds U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds Asset-backed securities Corporate bonds Municipal bonds Original or amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Fair value $ 94,921 $ 533,296 11,796 187,881 981,441 4,091 704 $ 6,717 294 821 31,140 55 — $ (1,291) (91) (532) (15,725) — 95,625 538,722 11,999 188,170 996,856 4,146 Total fixed maturity investments $ 1,813,426 $ 39,731 $ (17,639) $ 1,835,518 F-20 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 4. Investments (continued) December 31, 2018 AFS fixed maturities: U.S. treasury bonds U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed U.S. agency bonds – other Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds Asset-backed securities Corporate bonds Total AFS fixed maturities HTM fixed maturities: Corporate bonds Municipal bonds Total HTM fixed maturities Total fixed maturity investments Original or amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Fair value $ 138,625 $ 1,485,716 129,741 11,212 216,072 1,128,614 3,109,980 957,845 57,836 1,015,681 448 $ 3,491 40 66 425 6,525 10,995 3,872 — 3,872 (1) $ (36,073) (548) (1,206) (1,415) (30,164) (69,407) (20,990) (551) (21,541) 139,072 1,453,134 129,233 10,072 215,082 1,104,975 3,051,568 940,727 57,285 998,012 $ 4,125,661 $ 14,867 $ (90,948) $ 4,049,580 The Company has historically classified its fixed maturity investments as either AFS or HTM. The HTM portfolio at December 31, 2018 included securities for which we had the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption and was reported at amortized cost. However, due to the termination of both AmTrust quota share contracts effective January 1, 2019, the Company no longer believed that it had the positive ability to hold the securities in the HTM portfolio to maturity because the HTM portfolio was part of the collateral for the AmTrust Reinsurance segment loss reserves. Therefore, the Company reclassified and transferred all HTM securities to the AFS portfolio at their fair market value as at March 31, 2019. The carrying value of the HTM securities at the time of transfer was $1,011,878 and the related unrealized gains of $14,230 were added to AOCI. The contractual maturities of our fixed maturities are shown in the table below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. December 31, 2019 Maturity Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed Asset-backed securities Total fixed maturities Fixed maturities Amortized cost Fair value $ 167,277 $ 608,912 316,060 165,908 612,986 329,732 1,092,249 1,108,626 533,296 187,881 538,722 188,170 $ 1,813,426 $ 1,835,518 The following tables summarize fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position and the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position: December 31, 2019 Fixed maturities Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total Fair value Unrealized losses Fair value Unrealized losses Fair value Unrealized losses U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed $ 31,401 $ (257) $ 85,008 $ (1,034) $ 116,409 $ (1,291) Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds Asset-backed securities Corporate bonds 1,824 60,863 29,692 (22) (240) (305) 701 17,594 (69) (292) 2,525 78,457 159,216 (15,420) 188,908 Total temporarily impaired fixed maturities $ 123,780 $ (824) $ 262,519 $ (16,815) $ 386,299 $ (91) (532) (15,725) (17,639) F-21 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 4. Investments (continued) At December 31, 2019, there were approximately 104 securities in an unrealized loss position with a fair value of $386,299 and unrealized losses of $17,639. Of these securities, there were 67 securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater with a fair value of $262,519 and unrealized losses of $16,815. December 31, 2018 Fixed maturities U.S. treasury bonds Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total Fair value Unrealized losses Fair value Unrealized losses Fair value Unrealized losses $ 125 $ (1) $ — $ — $ 125 $ (1) U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed 416,147 (6,624) 838,091 (29,449) 1,254,238 (36,073) U.S. agency bonds – other Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds Asset-backed securities Corporate bonds Municipal bonds 26,838 4,024 74,801 (27) (252) (1,196) 17,462 3,770 5,793 (521) (954) (219) 44,300 7,794 80,594 (548) (1,206) (1,415) 1,052,765 (30,334) 286,542 (20,820) 1,339,307 (51,154) 20,379 (261) 36,906 (290) 57,285 (551) Total temporarily impaired fixed maturities $ 1,595,079 $ (38,695) $ 1,188,564 $ (52,253) $ 2,783,643 $ (90,948) At December 31, 2018, there were approximately 348 securities in an unrealized loss position with a fair value of $2,783,643 and unrealized losses of $90,948. Of these securities, there were 103 securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater with a fair value of $1,188,564 and unrealized losses of $52,253. OTTI The Company performs quarterly reviews of its fixed maturities in order to determine whether declines in fair value below the amortized cost basis should be considered other-than-temporary in accordance with applicable guidance. At December 31, 2019, we determined that unrealized losses on fixed maturities were primarily due to interest rates rising as well as the impact of foreign exchange rate changes on certain foreign currency denominated fixed maturities since their date of purchase. All fixed maturity securities continue to pay the expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Any credit-related impairment related to fixed maturity securities that the Company does not plan to sell and for which the Company is not more likely than not to be required to sell is recognized in net earnings, with the non-credit related impairment recognized in comprehensive earnings. Based on our analysis, our fixed maturity portfolio is of high credit quality and believe the amortized cost basis of the securities will be ultimately recovered. The Company continually monitors the credit quality of the fixed maturity investments to assess if it is probable that we will receive our contractual or estimated cash flows in the form of principal and interest. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized $165 in OTTI charges in earnings on one fixed maturity security (2018 - $5,832 on seventy-two fixed maturity securities). The following tables summarize the credit ratings of our fixed maturities as at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 U.S. treasury bonds U.S. agency bonds AAA AA+, AA, AA- A+, A, A- BBB+, BBB, BBB- BB+ or lower Amortized cost Fair value % of Total fair value $ 94,921 $ 533,296 99,212 101,491 540,002 438,731 5,773 95,625 538,722 99,542 101,467 549,479 445,202 5,481 5.2% 29.4% 5.4% 5.5% 29.9% 24.3% 0.3% Total fixed maturities(1) $ 1,813,426 $ 1,835,518 100.0% F-22 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 4. Investments (continued) December 31, 2018 U.S. treasury bonds U.S. agency bonds AAA AA+, AA, AA- A+, A, A- BBB+, BBB, BBB- BB+ or lower Total fixed maturities(1) (1) Based on Standard & Poor’s ("S&P"), or equivalent, ratings b) Other Investments Amortized cost Fair value $ 138,625 $ 139,072 1,615,457 1,582,367 137,172 183,142 135,119 178,674 1,132,993 1,113,710 866,043 52,229 848,348 52,290 % of Total fair value 3.4% 39.1% 3.3% 4.4% 27.5% 21.0% 1.3% $ 4,125,661 $ 4,049,580 100.0% The table below shows the fair value of the Company's other investments as at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 2018 Investment in limited partnerships Other Total other investments Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total $ $ 3,077 1,800 4,877 63.1% $ 36.9% 100.0% $ 3,833 1,500 5,333 71.9% 28.1% 100.0% The Company also holds other investments made by special purpose vehicles related to lending activities of $26,871 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $18,383). These investments are carried at cost less impairment, if any, with any indication of impairment recognized in income when determined. As these investments are carried at cost, they are not included in the table above. Please see "Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements" for additional information. The Company has remaining unfunded commitments on its investment in limited partnerships of $340 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $414) and in special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities of $767 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $7,359). c) Net Investment Income Net investment income was derived from the following sources for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, Fixed maturities Funds withheld Loan to related party Cash and cash equivalents and other Interest expense paid on LPT/ADC Agreement and Commutation Payment(1) Investment expenses 2019 2018 $ 83,839 $ 130,333 20,307 6,983 2,931 114,060 (13,596) (2,627) 686 6,442 3,173 140,634 — (4,349) 136,285 Net investment income $ 97,837 $ (1) Interest expense paid on LPT/ADC Agreement and Commutation Payment includes: a) Maiden Reinsurance paid Enstar approximately $7,261 in interest related to the LPT/ADC Agreement premium, calculated at the rate of 2.64% per annum from January 1, 2019 through August 12, 2019; and b) Maiden Reinsurance paid AII approximately $6,335 in interest related to the Commutation Payment premium, calculated at the rate of 3.30% per annum from January 1, 2019 through August 12, 2019. Settlement of funding for the LPT/ADC Agreement and Commutation Payment occurred on August 12, 2019 by Maiden Reinsurance's transfer of cash and invested assets as described in "Note 1. Organization". F-23 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 4. Investments (continued) d) Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Investment Realized gains or losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of the first in first out cost method. The following tables provide an analysis of net realized gains (losses) on investment included in the Consolidated Statements of Income: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Fixed maturities Other investments Net realized gains (losses) on investment For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Fixed maturities Other investments Net realized gains (losses) on investment Gross gains Gross losses Net 43,657 $ (15,899) $ 102 — 43,759 $ (15,899) $ Gross gains Gross losses Net 9,314 $ 2,275 11,589 $ (13,118) $ — (13,118) $ 27,758 102 27,860 (3,804) 2,275 (1,529) $ $ $ $ Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities were $1,032,438 and $367,346 for the years ended December 31, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, including those allocated to discontinued operations and classified as held for sale, were as follows at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively: December 31, Fixed maturities Deferred income tax Net unrealized gains (losses), net of deferred income tax Change, net of deferred income tax 2019 2018 22,092 $ (96) 21,996 $ 81,758 $ (59,729) (33) (59,762) (81,651) $ $ $ The portion of net unrealized losses recognized within net loss for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, that are related to other investments still held at the end of the respective reporting period were as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, Net gains recognized on other investments within net loss for the period Net realized gains recognized on other investments divested during period Net unrealized losses recognized on other investments still held at end of period 2019 2018 102 $ (591) (489) $ 2,275 (2,777) (502) $ $ e) Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments The Company is required to provide collateral for its reinsurance liabilities under various reinsurance agreements. The Company utilizes trust accounts to collateralize business with reinsurance counterparties. The assets in trust as collateral are primarily cash and highly rated fixed maturities. The fair values of these restricted assets were as follows at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, Restricted cash – third party agreements Restricted cash – related party agreements Total restricted cash Restricted investments – in trust for third party agreements at fair value (amortized cost: 2019 – $65,539; 2018 – $88,841) Restricted investments – in trust for related party agreements at fair value (amortized cost: 2019 – $1,366,873; 2018 – $3,870,731) Total restricted investments Total restricted cash and investments 2019 2018 $ 21,447 $ 37,634 59,081 21,420 108,728 130,148 65,678 89,596 1,382,994 1,448,672 $ 1,507,753 $ 3,804,215 3,893,811 4,023,959 F-24 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 5. Fair Value Measurements a) Fair Values of Financial Instruments ASC 825, "Disclosure About Fair Value of Financial Instruments", requires all entities to disclose the fair value of their financial instruments for both assets and liabilities recognized and not recognized within the balance sheet, and for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to determine the fair value of financial instruments held at December 31, 2019 and 2018. U.S. government and U.S. agency — Bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Government National Mortgage Association and the Federal National Mortgage Association. The fair values of U.S. treasury bonds are based on quoted market prices in active markets, and are included in the Level 1 fair value hierarchy. The Company believes the market for U.S. treasury bonds is an actively traded market given the high level of daily trading volume. The fair values of U.S. agency bonds are determined using the credit spread above the risk-free yield curve. As the yields for the risk-free yield curve and the credit spreads for these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of U.S. agency bonds are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy. Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds — These securities are generally priced by independent pricing services. The Pricing Service may use current market trades for securities with similar quality, maturity and coupon attributes. If no such trades are available, the Pricing Service typically uses analytical models which may incorporate credit spreads, interest rate data and market/sector news. As the significant inputs used to price non-U.S. government and supranational bonds are observable market inputs, the fair values are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy. Asset-backed securities — These securities comprise CMBS and CLO originated by a variety of financial institutions that on acquisition are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher. These securities are priced by independent pricing services. The pricing provider applies dealer quotes and other available trade information, prepayment speeds, yield curves and credit spreads to the valuation. As the significant inputs used to price the CMBS and CLO are observable market inputs, the fair values are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy. Corporate and municipal bonds — Bonds issued by corporations, U.S. state and municipality entities or agencies. that on acquisition are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher. These securities are generally priced by independent pricing services. The credit spreads are sourced from broker/dealers, trade prices and the new issue market. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, custodian pricing or non-binding quotes are obtained from broker- dealers to estimate fair values. As the significant inputs used to price corporate and municipal bonds are observable market inputs, the fair values are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy. Other investments — Includes unquoted investments comprised of investments in limited partnerships and other investments which includes investments in special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities as well as investments in start-up insurance entities. The fair values of the investments in limited partnerships are determined by the fund manager based on recent filings, operating results, balance sheet stability, growth and other business and market sector fundamentals. The fair value of these investments are measured using the NAV practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy. If there is a reporting lag between the current period end and the reporting date of the latest available fund valuation, fair values are estimated by starting with the most recently available valuation and adjusting for return estimates as well as any subscriptions and distributions that took place during the current period. The investments made by special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities are carried at cost less impairment, if any, with any indication of impairment recognized in income when determined. As these investments are carried at cost, they are not included in the fair value hierarchy below. The fair value of the start-up insurance entities are determined using recent private market transactions and as such, the fair value of these investments are included in the Level 3 fair value hierarchy. Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted amounts), accrued investment income, reinsurance balances receivable and certain other assets and liabilities — The carrying values reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for these financial instruments approximate their fair value due to their short term nature and are classified within the Level 2 fair value hierarchy. Loan to related party, reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and funds withheld receivable — The carrying values reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for these financial instruments approximate their fair value and are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy. Senior notes — The carrying value for these financial instruments includes the principal amounts of the notes less any unamortized issuance costs. The fair values of the senior notes are based on indicative market pricing obtained from a third-party service provider and, as such, are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy. b) Fair Value Hierarchy The Company’s estimates of fair value for its financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in ASC 820. The framework is based on the inputs used in the valuation process and gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and requires that observable inputs be used in the valuation methodology whenever available. In determining the level of the hierarchy in which the estimate is disclosed, the highest priority is given to unadjusted quoted prices in active trading markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs that reflect significant market assumptions. F-25 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 5. Fair Value Measurements (continued) At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company classified its financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the following valuation hierarchy: December 31, 2019 Fixed maturities U.S. treasury bonds U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds Asset-backed securities Corporate bonds Municipal bonds Other investments Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Fair Value Based on NAV Practical Expedient Total Fair Value $ 95,625 $ — $ — $ — $ — — — — — — 538,722 11,999 188,170 996,856 4,146 — $ 95,625 $ 1,739,893 $ — — — — — 1,800 1,800 — — — — — 3,077 95,625 538,722 11,999 188,170 996,856 4,146 4,877 $ 3,077 $ 1,840,395 As a percentage of total assets 2.7% 48.8% 0.1% 0.1% 51.7% December 31, 2018 Fixed maturities U.S. treasury bonds U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed U.S. agency bonds – other Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds Asset-backed securities Corporate bonds Other investments Total As a percentage of total assets Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Fair Value Based on NAV Practical Expedient Total Fair Value $ 139,072 $ — $ — $ — $ 139,072 — — — — — — 1,453,134 129,233 10,072 215,082 1,104,975 — — — — — — — — — — — 19,883 3,833 1,453,134 129,233 10,072 215,082 1,104,975 23,716 $ 139,072 $ 2,912,496 $ 19,883 $ 3,833 $ 3,075,284 2.6% 55.1% 0.4% 0.1% 58.2% The Company utilizes the Pricing Service to assist in determining the fair value of its investments; however, management is ultimately responsible for all fair values presented in the Company’s financial statements. This includes responsibility for monitoring the fair value process, ensuring objective and reliable valuation practices, and pricing of assets and liabilities and use of pricing sources. The Company analyzes and reviews the information and prices received from the Pricing Service to ensure that the prices provided represent a reasonable estimate of fair value. The Pricing Service was utilized to estimate fair value measurements for approximately 99.7% and 99.9% of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Pricing Service utilizes market quotations for fixed maturity securities that have quoted market prices in active markets. Since fixed maturities other than U.S. treasury bonds generally do not trade actively on a daily basis, the Pricing Service prepares estimates of fair value measurements using relevant market data, benchmark curves, sector groupings and matrix pricing and these have been classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately 0.3% and 0.1%, respectively, of the Level 2 fixed maturities are valued using the market approach. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, one security or $5,481 and one security or $5,676, respectively, of fixed maturities classified as Level 2, were priced using a quotation from a broker and/or custodian as opposed to the Pricing Service due to lack of information available. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company has not adjusted any pricing provided to it based on the review performed by its investment managers. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company transferred its investment in special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities out of Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy due to a change in accounting policy to report these investments at cost less any impairment instead of fair market value. No other transfers to or from Level 3 occurred during the respective periods. F-26 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 5. Fair Value Measurements (continued) c) Level 3 Financial Instruments At December 31, 2019, the Company has other investments of $1,800 (December 31, 2018 - $19,883) which includes investments in start-up insurance entities. The fair value of investments in start-up insurance entities was determined using recent private market transactions. Due to significant unobservable inputs in these valuations, the Company classifies the fair value estimate of these other investments as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. d) Financial Instruments not measured at Fair Value The following table presents the respective carrying value and fair value for the financial instruments not measured at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Financial Assets HTM – corporate bonds HTM - municipal bonds Total financial assets Financial Liabilities Senior Notes - MHLA – 6.625% Senior Notes - MHNC – 7.75% Total financial liabilities — $ — — $ — $ — — $ 957,845 $ 57,836 1,015,681 $ 110,000 $ 152,500 262,500 $ 86,460 $ 137,067 223,527 $ 110,000 $ 152,500 262,500 $ 940,727 57,285 998,012 75,240 143,960 219,200 $ $ $ $ F-27 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 6. Discontinued Operations Sale of U.S. Treaty Reinsurance operations As described in "Note 1. Organization", the Company entered into a Renewal Rights transaction with TransRe on August 29, 2018 and subsequently sold Maiden US on December 27, 2018 pursuant to the U.S. Sale Agreement with Enstar U.S. Maiden US was a substantial portion of the Diversified Reinsurance segment, therefore the Company concluded that the sale represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on its ongoing operations and financial results and that all of the held for sale criteria were met. Accordingly, all transactions related to the U.S. treaty reinsurance operations are reported and presented as part of the results from discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Income and any remaining assets and liabilities related to true up of sale consideration are classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as at December 31, 2018. As described in "Note 1 — Organization", Cavello and Maiden Reinsurance entered into a retrocession agreement pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with the U.S. treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Reinsurance were retroceded to Cavello on December 27, 2018. Previously, the assets and liabilities related to this business including the retrocession agreement were classified as held for sale, however, a decision has been made to reclassify them as held and used in the current period as it is now considered unlikely that these reserves will be novated in the foreseeable future; therefore, there are no remaining assets and liabilities classified as held for sale as at December 31, 2019. Furthermore, the assets and liabilities related to this business as at December 31, 2018 have been reclassified from held for sale to conform to the current presentation. The assets and liabilities classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as at December 31, 2018 comprise: ASSETS Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value Restricted cash and cash equivalents Other assets Total assets held for sale LIABILITIES Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses Accrued expenses and other liabilities Total liabilities held for sale 2018 63,560 6,113 33,955 103,628 6,363 78,751 85,114 $ $ $ $ The following table summarizes the major classes of items constituting the net loss from discontinued operations presented on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, Gross premiums written Net premiums written Net premiums earned Other insurance revenue Net investment income Net loss and loss adjustment expenses Commission and other acquisition expenses General and administrative expenses Amortization of intangible assets Income from discontinued operations Loss on disposal of discontinued operations Income tax (expense) benefit 2019 2018 $ $ $ — $ — $ — $ — — 6,363 — (2,392) — 3,971 (25,474) (1,038) 493,862 479,577 618,265 — 39,265 (474,711) (142,946) (26,739) (1,387) 11,747 (113,294) 7,434 (94,113) Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax $ (22,541) $ As described in "Note 1. Organization", as a result of the Settlement and Commutation Agreement entered into between the Company and Enstar U.S. on July 31, 2019, the Company recorded an additional loss from discontinued operations of $16,714 for the year ended December 31, 2019, which is included in the net loss from discontinued operations of $22,541. The loss on disposal of discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily includes the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets of $74,196 that was recognized due to the sale of Maiden US, net of the payment received for the sale of the Renewal Rights of $7,500. F-28 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 6. Discontinued Operations (continued) The goodwill and intangible assets historically were subject to annual impairment testing on October 1 or when “triggering events” occurred or circumstances changed that could have potentially reduced the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The sale of the Company's U.S. treaty reinsurance operations resulted in a triggering event and consequently during the year ended December 31, 2018, the remaining balance of goodwill and intangible assets were written off as they were deemed permanently impaired. 7. Long-Term Debt Senior Notes At December 31, 2019 and 2018, both Maiden Holdings and its wholly owned subsidiary, Maiden NA, have outstanding publicly-traded senior notes which were issued in 2016 and 2013, respectively (the "Senior Notes"). The 2013 Senior Notes issued by Maiden NA are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Maiden Holdings. The Senior Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the Company. The following tables detail the issuances outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 Principal amount Less: unamortized issuance costs Carrying value December 31, 2018 Principal amount Less: unamortized issuance costs Carrying value Other details: Original debt issuance costs Maturity date Earliest redeemable date (for cash) Coupon rate Effective interest rate $ $ $ $ $ 2016 Senior Notes 110,000 2013 Senior Notes 152,500 $ $ 3,565 4,027 106,435 $ 148,473 $ 2016 Senior Notes 110,000 2013 Senior Notes 152,500 $ $ 3,610 4,196 106,390 $ 148,304 $ Total 262,500 7,592 254,908 Total 262,500 7,806 254,694 3,715 $ 5,054 June 14, 2046 June 14, 2021 December 1, 2043 December 1, 2018 6.625% 7.07% 7.75% 8.04% The interest expense incurred on the Senior Notes for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $19,106 (2018 - $19,106), of which $1,342 was accrued at both December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The issuance costs related to the Senior Notes were capitalized and are being amortized over the effective life of the Senior Notes. The amortization expense was $214 for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018 - $212). Under the terms of the 2013 Senior Notes, the 2013 Senior Notes can be redeemed, in whole or in part after December 1, 2018 at Maiden NA's option at any time and from time to time, until maturity at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus accrued but unpaid interest on the principal amount being redeemed to, but not including, the redemption date. Maiden NA is required to give at least thirty and not more than sixty days notice prior to the redemption date. However, as part of the Company's remediation measures, the Company had previously voluntarily undertaken with the BMA to not voluntarily redeem the 2013 Senior Notes without its prior written approval. F-29 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 8. Reinsurance The Company uses reinsurance and retrocessional agreements ("ceded reinsurance") to mitigate volatility, reduce its exposure to certain risks and provide capital support. Additionally, Maiden Reinsurance entered into a number of retrocessional quota share agreements with a highly rated global insurer to cede certain lines of business from both of the Company's reportable segments. Effective July 1, 2018, Maiden Reinsurance commuted all of these retrocessional quota share agreements. Ceded reinsurance provides for the recovery of a portion of loss and LAE under certain circumstances without relieving the Company of its obligations to the policyholders. The Company remains liable to the extent that any of its reinsurers or retrocessionaires fails to meet their obligations. Loss and LAE incurred and premiums earned are reported after deduction for ceded reinsurance. In the event that one or more of our reinsurers or retrocessionaires are unable to meet their obligations under these agreements, the Company would not realize the full value of the reinsurance recoverable balances. The effect of ceded reinsurance on net premiums written and earned and on net loss and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, Premiums written Direct Assumed Ceded Net Premiums earned Direct Assumed Ceded Net Loss and LAE Gross loss and LAE Loss and LAE ceded Net 2019 2018 $ 16,637 $ 11,024 (545,243) 2,006,774 (3,244) (3,201) (531,850) $ 2,014,597 16,118 $ 434,559 (2,915) 10,733 2,032,161 (16,692) 447,762 $ 2,026,202 453,478 $ 1,885,232 (649) (5,111) 452,829 $ 1,880,121 $ $ $ $ $ As discussed in "Note 1 — Organization", on December 27, 2018, Cavello and Maiden Reinsurance entered into a retrocession agreement pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with the U.S. treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Reinsurance were retroceded to Cavello in exchange for a ceding commission. The balance of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses due from Cavello under this retrocession agreement was $62,699 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $70,158). On July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and Cavello entered into the LPT/ADC Agreement, pursuant to which Cavello assumed the loss reserves as of December 31, 2018 associated with the AmTrust Quota Share in excess of a $2,178,535 retention up to $600,000, in exchange for a retrocession premium of $445,000. The $2,178,535 retention is subject to adjustment for paid losses subsequent to December 31, 2018. Please see "Note 1 — Organization" for further details. The LPT/ADC Agreement provides Maiden Reinsurance with $155,000 in adverse development cover over its carried AmTrust Quota Share loss reserves at December 31, 2018. The LPT/ADC Agreement meets the criteria for risk transfer and is thus accounted for as retroactive reinsurance. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding $445,000 are recognized as a deferred gain liability and amortized into income over the settlement period of the ceded reserves in proportion to cumulative losses collected over the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoverable. The amount of the deferral is recalculated each period based on loss payments and updated estimates. Consequently, cumulative adverse development subsequent to December 31, 2018 may result in significant losses from operations until periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings. Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses under the retroactive reinsurance agreement was $557,950 while the deferred gain liability was $112,950 as of December 31, 2019. Amortization of the deferred gain will not occur until paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention under the LPT/ADC Agreement, which is estimated to be in 2024. Cavello has provided collateral in the form of a letter of credit in the amount of $445,000 to AmTrust under the LPT/ADC Agreement and is subject to additional collateral funding requirements as explained in "Note 10 — Related Party Transactions". Under the terms of the LPT/ADC Agreement, the covered losses associated with the Commutation and Release Agreement with AmTrust are eligible to be covered but recoverable only when such losses are paid or settled by AII or its affiliates, provided such losses and other related amounts do not exceed $312,786. Cavello's parent company, Enstar, has credit ratings of BBB from both Standard &Poor's and Fitch Ratings at December 31, 2019. The Company's reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses balance as at December 31, 2019 was $623,422 (2018 - $71,901) presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had no valuation allowance against reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses. F-30 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses General The Company uses both historical experience and industry-wide loss development factors to provide a reasonable basis for estimating future losses. In the future, certain events may be beyond the control of management, such as changes in law, judicial interpretations of law, and rates of inflation, which may favorably or unfavorably impact the ultimate settlement of the Company’s loss and LAE reserves. The anticipated effect of inflation is implicitly considered when estimating liabilities for loss and LAE. While anticipated changes in claim costs due to inflation are considered in estimating the ultimate claim costs, changes in the average severity of claims are caused by a number of factors that vary with the individual type of policy written. Ultimate losses are projected based on historical trends adjusted for implemented changes in underwriting standards, claims handling, policy provisions, and general economic trends. Those anticipated trends are monitored based on actual development and are modified if necessary. The reserving process begins with the collection and analysis of paid losses and incurred claims data for each of the Company's contracts. While reserves are mostly reviewed on a contract by contract basis, paid loss and incurred claims data is also aggregated into reserving segments. The segmental data is disaggregated by reserving class and further disaggregated by either accident year (i.e. the year in which the loss event occurred) or by underwriting year (i.e. the year in which the contract generating the premium and losses incepted). The Company in some cases uses underwriting year information to analyze our Diversified Reinsurance segment and subsequently allocate reserves to the respective accident years. The reserve for loss and LAE comprises: December 31, Reserve for reported loss and LAE Reserve for losses incurred but not reported ("IBNR") Reserve for loss and LAE 2019 2018 $ $ 1,271,358 $ 1,168,549 2,439,907 $ 1,619,776 1,506,358 3,126,134 The following table represents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending gross and net loss and LAE reserves: For the Year Ended December 31, Gross loss and LAE reserves, January 1 Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, January 1 Net loss and LAE reserves, January 1 Net incurred losses related to: Current year Prior years Net paid losses related to: Current year Prior years Retroactive reinsurance adjustment Effect of foreign exchange rate movements Other adjustments Net loss and LAE reserves, December 31 Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, December 31 Gross loss and LAE reserves, December 31 2019 2018 $ 3,126,134 $ 2,464,442 71,901 3,054,233 328,194 124,635 452,829 (101,654) (1,025,381) (1,127,035) (557,950) (5,592) — 24,883 2,439,559 1,431,484 448,637 1,880,121 (440,315) (723,451) (1,163,766) — (23,961) (77,720) 1,816,485 3,054,233 623,422 71,901 $ 2,439,907 $ 3,126,134 Commencing in 2015, Maiden Reinsurance entered into a number of retrocessional quota share agreements with a highly rated global insurer to cede certain lines of business from both of our reportable segments. Effective July 1, 2018, Maiden Reinsurance commuted all of these retrocessional quota share agreements. Actuarial Methods Used to Estimate Loss and LAE Reserves The Company utilizes a variety of standard actuarial methods in its analysis of loss reserves. The selections from these various methods are based on the loss development characteristics of the specific line of business and significant actuarial judgment. The actuarial methods utilized include: The Expected Loss Ratio ("ELR") method is a technique that multiplicatively applies an expected loss ratio to premium earned to yield estimated ultimate losses. The ELR assumption is generally derived from pricing information and historical experience F-31 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) of the business. This method is frequently used for the purpose of stability in the early valuations of an underwriting year with large and uncertain loss development factors. This technique does not take into account actual loss emergence for the underwriting year being projected. As an underwriting year matures and actual loss experience becomes more credible, other methods may be applied in determining the estimated ultimate losses. The Loss Development ("LD") method is a reserving method in which ultimate losses are estimated by applying a loss development factor to actual reported (or paid) loss experience. This method fully utilizes actual experience. Multiplication of underwriting year actual reported (or paid) losses by its respective development factor produces the estimated ultimate losses. The LD method is based upon the assumption that the relative change in a given underwriting year’s losses from one evaluation point to the next is similar to the relative change in prior underwriting years’ losses at similar evaluation points. In addition, this method is based on the assumption that the reserving and payment patterns as well as the claim handling procedures have not changed substantially over time. In the case where changes to the payment patterns or the claim handling procedures are identified, historical losses are adjusted to the current basis, and development factors are selected based on the relative change of the adjusted losses (the Berquist Sherman method is one example of this approach). When a company has a sufficiently reliable loss development history, a development pattern based on the company’s historical indications may be used to develop losses to ultimate values. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson ("BF") reserving technique is used for long-tailed or lower frequency, more volatile lines. It is also useful in situations where the reported loss experience is relatively immature and/or lacks sufficient credibility for the application of methods that are more heavily reliant on emerged experience. The BF method is an additive IBNR method that combines the ELR and LD techniques by splitting the expected loss into two pieces - expected reported (or paid) losses and expected unreported (or unpaid) losses. Expected unreported (unpaid) losses, estimated by the use of loss development factors, are added to the current actual reported (or paid) losses to produce an estimate of ultimate losses by underwriting year. The BF method introduces an element of stability that moderates the impact of inconsistent changes in paid and reported losses. The average frequency and severity ("FS") reserving technique is used for lines where claim count is available, and the estimate of loss development factors is more difficult due to volatility in historical data. The available data for such lines is usually more volatile in the estimation of future losses using the LD and BF reserving methods. The FS method uses historical data to estimate the average number of ultimate claims (frequency) and the average costs of closed claims (severity). The estimate of ultimate losses by underwriting year is the result of the multiplication of the ultimate number of claims and the average cost of a claim. With the guidance of the methods above, actuarial judgment is applied in the determination of ultimate losses. In general, the Company’s segments have varying levels of seasoning with which the Company has direct experience and as a result, differing methods are utilized to estimate loss and LAE reserves in each segment. In the Diversified Reinsurance segment, the Company utilizes the ELR approach at the onset of reserving an account, the BF method for business with less but maturing loss experience, and as the experience matures the LD method. For proportional or pro-rata business, the Company typically relies heavily on the actual historical contract experience to estimate reserving parameters such as loss development factors, whereas for excess of loss business there will be more usage of industry and/or Company benchmark assumptions. The Company underwrote the AmTrust Reinsurance segment from July 1, 2007 until the Final AmTrust QS Terminations effective January 1, 2019. A large proportion of the exposure in the underlying book of business has significant seasoning, and allows for a significant amount of credibility in using parameters derived from historical experience to calculate reserve estimates. Some segments of the book are a result of recent acquisitions or newer markets for AmTrust. These segments require a greater level of assumptions and professional judgment in deriving ultimate losses, which inherently implies a wider range of reasonable estimates. As a result, the Company has tended to rely on a weighted approach which primarily employs the LD method for aspects of the segment with ample historical data, while also considering the ELR or BF method for exposure resulting from recent acquisitions, or a relative business with a more limited level of experience. The FS method is also considered for segments of the AmTrust book of business for which claim count information is available. The Company’s actuarial analysis of this book of business is more refined in that it utilizes a combination of quarterly and annual data instead of contract period data in totality. Additional data detailing items such as class of business, state, claim counts, frequency and severity is available, further enhancing the reserve analysis. Prior Year Development Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years. The favorable or unfavorable development reflects changes in management's best estimate of the ultimate losses under the relevant reinsurance policies after considerable review of changes in actuarial assessments. The following table summarizes the favorable (adverse) prior period development experienced in each of our reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Diversified Reinsurance AmTrust Reinsurance Other Total $ 1,488 $ (113,722) $ (2,326) (399,200) (312) $ (1,685) (112,546) (403,211) F-32 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) During 2019, the Company increased incurred losses for 2018 and prior accident years by $124,635 or 4.1% of prior year net loss and LAE reserves compared to $448,637 or 18.4% in 2018. The $112,546 of net adverse development was primarily driven by $113,722 of adverse development in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment combined with net favorable development of $1,488 in the Diversified Reinsurance segment and net adverse development of $312 within the Other category. In addition, some premium for prior accident years is reported to us in subsequent periods. This leads to increases in the provision for loss and LAE in prior years during current periods, which is not considered adverse development. During 2019, incurred losses in the AmTrust segment increased $21,710 (2018 - $45,426) associated with $36,739 (2018 - $75,359) of premiums earned reported during 2019 attributable to 2018 and prior accident years. In the Diversified Reinsurance segment, net favorable prior year loss development was $1,488 for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018 - $2,326) primarily due to favorable reserve development in German Auto Programs as well as facultative reinsurance run-off lines. The adverse prior year loss development in 2018 was primarily due to adverse development in the European Capital Solutions business as well as in the facultative reinsurance run-off partially offset by favorable development in International Auto. In the AmTrust Reinsurance segment, net adverse prior year development was $113,722 for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018 - $399,200) primarily driven by Commercial Auto Liability of $118,462 and General Liability of $116,746 primarily from accident years 2014 to 2018, partly offset by favorable development in Workers Compensation of $113,003, gross of the increase in loss from prior year premium recognized during the current period, primarily from accident years 2016 to 2018. The adverse development for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes $9,286 recognized from application of the $40,500 loss corridor cap on AmTrust program business. Please see "Note 10. Related Party Transactions" for further details of the loss corridor. The development in 2018 for the AmTrust Reinsurance segment was largely from Workers' Compensation of $151,269 which represented nearly half of the adverse development, primarily driven by accident years 2014 to 2016, due to a higher expectation of loss development at later maturities as well as adverse development in European Hospital Liability of $95,794, driven by underwriting years 2011 to 2013, General Liability of $78,317, driven by accident years 2013 to 2017, and Commercial Auto liability of $76,207, primarily from accident years 2015 to 2017. The adverse loss development in European Hospital Liability was partly caused by the failure of the Italian government to implement a law passed in April 2017 which was expected to reduce medical malpractice costs, and also by a reduced expectation with regards to the ultimate amount of no-payment claims. Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses under the LPT/ADC Agreement with Cavello of $557,950, which included a deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance of $112,950, was recognized in the year ended December 31, 2019 in the reconciliation of our beginning and ending gross and net loss and LAE reserves presented above. The deferred gain represents the cumulative adverse development under the AmTrust Quota Share covered under the LPT/ADC Agreement at December 31, 2019. Amortization of the deferred gain will not occur until paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention under the LPT/ADC Agreement, which is estimated to be in 2024. Under the Commutation and Release Agreement with AmTrust on July 1, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance transferred cash and invested assets of $312,786 which is the sum of the net ceded reserves of $330,682 with respect to the Commuted Business as of December 31, 2018 less payments of $17,896 made by Maiden Reinsurance with respect to the Commuted Business from January 1, 2019 through July 31, 2019. Settlement of the commutation occurred on August 12, 2019 and is reflected in the reconciliation of our beginning and ending gross and net loss and LAE reserves presented above under net paid losses related to prior years. Our Other category incurred net adverse prior year development of $312 for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018 - $1,685) due to increased reserves in the run-off of the NGHC Quota Share which was commuted in November 2019. a) Claims Development The following is a summary of the Company's incurred and paid loss development by accident year, net of reinsurance, from the last nine calendar years including the total reserve for losses, IBNR, plus development on reported loss and LAE for both of our reportable segments, Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance, as of December 31, 2019. Information prior to 2019 is included as unaudited supplementary information. Only nine years of information has been presented as it was impractical to obtain the sufficiently detailed additional information on earlier years. The incurred and paid amounts have been translated from the local currency to U.S. dollars using the December 31, 2019 spot rate for all years presented in the table below in order to isolate changes in foreign exchange rates from loss development. Information regarding our Other category has not been presented in the development tables below but is included in the reconciliation, as these losses include amounts from our former NGHC Quota Share segment which was commuted in November 2019. As a reinsurer of primarily quota share contracts, claim counts are available on a very limited basis. Therefore claim counts have not been provided in the tables below as it is impractical to do so. F-33 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) The Diversified Reinsurance segment incurred and paid losses are analyzed by the following lines of business: (1) International; and (2) European Capital Solutions. The AmTrust Reinsurance segment incurred and paid losses are analyzed by the following lines of business: (1) Workers’ Compensation; (2) Commercial Auto Liability; (3) General Liability; (4) European Hospital Liability; and (5) All Other Lines. There are a number of factors to consider when evaluating the information in these tables: • In the Diversified Reinsurance segment, contracts are written on both an accident year and underwriting year basis, some are multi-line and the majority of the premium is associated with proportional contracts. Many proportional treaty reinsurance contracts are submitted using quarterly bordereau reporting by underwriting year. However, the remaining losses can generally only be allocated to accident years based on estimated premium earning and loss reporting patterns. Further estimates are required to allocate losses to line of business. Multi-line accounts are generally analyzed on an individual basis by line of business, but are booked in the Company’s records to a contract, rather than to each individual line of business within a contract. For the purpose of this disclosure allocations are made to the various lines of business. Management’s assumptions and allocation procedures for these tables may produce results that differ from the actual loss emergence reported by line of business each quarter; • The AmTrust Reinsurance segment consists primarily of two contracts, the European Hospital Liability Quota Share and a much larger quota share that includes all other covered business, the AmTrust Quota Share. There is also a small amount of excess of loss business that has not been written since 2009 which is included as a reconciling item. Maiden receives several cession statements and uses these to report premiums in three categories - Small Business Commercial, Specialty Program and Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty in Note 3. Segment Information. The tables provided include allocations of IBNR reserves to line of business by accident year. Management’s assumptions and allocation procedures for these tables may produce results that differ from the actual loss emergence reported by line of business each quarter; and • For both segments, the premium and exposure for prior accident years is often reported to us in subsequent periods, as reporting lags exist from an insurer to a reinsurer. This leads to increases in the provision for loss and LAE in prior years, but does not reduce expected income (and in many cases can result in additional income). Diversified Reinsurance Segment The following tables represent information on the Company's incurred loss and LAE and cumulative paid loss and LAE, both net of reinsurance, since 2011 for our Diversified Reinsurance segment. The development tables below included reserves acquired from the loss portfolio transfer agreement associated with the GMAC International Insurance Services ("IIS") business as at November 30, 2010 of $98,827. For the purposes of disclosure, the reserves from the loss portfolio transfer was allocated to the original accident year. Many pro-rata contracts are big enough that specific company development patterns are used. The ELR from the pricing of the account is typically used for the first year or more until the data suggests an alternative result is likely. Use of the ELR method transitions to the BF and then the LD method. For smaller contracts, benchmark development patterns may be used in both the pricing to establish the ELR and the reserving. The use of benchmark patterns is more prevalent in excess of loss business and the movement to experience based methods is slower. Diversified Reinsurance - International The international business written by our IIS team is mainly proportional treaty business, a significant portion of which is Personal Auto quota share but also comprises credit life quota share. Life and personal accident business is also written on a direct basis by Maiden LF. The IIS team works with insurance partners, automobile manufacturers and their related credit providers and other organizations to design and implement insurance programs in both auto distribution-related and other consumer insurance products. For the auto quota share exposure, our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from account pricing analyses. Payment and reporting patterns are short-tailed, and the movement away from the ELR to BF or LD methods typically happens very rapidly. Credit life reserves are primarily a function of reporting lag, typically only one or several months on average. The reserves are calculated using a FS methodology, where the frequency is a function of the average claims lag and the average per claims severity. F-34 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) Incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance At December 31, 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total IBNR Unaudited Unaudited $ 79,487 $ 78,840 $ 78,727 $ 78,476 $ 76,857 $ 78,931 $ 80,932 $ 80,625 $ 81,665 $ Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 49,772 48,321 48,342 48,525 48,483 48,313 48,692 48,937 48,896 50,292 48,576 48,850 48,955 49,037 49,298 49,017 48,969 44,973 50,106 51,424 50,926 51,527 51,747 52,136 42,760 48,529 48,397 48,291 48,065 48,141 42,980 44,394 44,885 44,323 44,339 38,763 40,767 40,105 40,064 36,855 36,308 35,234 45,000 42,954 36,408 986 4 52 (135) 187 (224) (146) 956 3,388 9,317 Cumulative paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance $ 478,806 $ 14,385 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unaudited Unaudited $ 34,452 $ 43,364 $ 48,163 $ 49,897 $ 51,487 $ 53,002 $ 54,482 $ 56,164 $ 57,601 Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 24,326 45,078 46,695 47,932 48,350 48,582 48,723 48,837 48,902 23,614 40,318 42,698 43,785 44,112 44,695 44,808 44,822 24,294 43,591 46,072 47,416 47,884 48,099 48,177 23,859 42,138 44,409 45,632 45,889 45,995 Diversified Reinsurance - International For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Total net reserves 21,864 39,449 41,502 42,533 42,947 22,590 36,708 38,537 39,284 19,185 33,592 35,333 20,818 37,349 17,003 417,413 $ 61,393 F-35 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) Diversified Reinsurance - European Capital Solutions The European Capital Solutions business is mainly a portfolio of assumed reinsurance in Europe which is now in run-off. Maiden Reinsurance began writing treaty reinsurance contracts under this initiative in 2016 therefore only four calendar years of the Company's incurred and paid loss development by accident year have been provided in the tables below. Diversified Reinsurance - European Capital Solutions Incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance At December 31, 2019 For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: Total For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: Total Total net reserves 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total IBNR 1,052 2,333 11,380 5,487 20,252 Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 2016 $ 4,839 $ 4,911 $ 5,318 $ 5,563 $ 2017 2018 2019 2016 $ 2017 2018 2019 8,699 10,085 22,617 8,997 24,490 15,381 $ 54,431 $ Cumulative paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 780 $ 2,311 $ 3,271 $ 1,926 4,070 3,188 4,635 5,744 8,321 3,195 21,895 $ 32,536 The following tables represent information on the Company's incurred loss and LAE and cumulative paid loss and LAE, both net of reinsurance, by significant line of business since 2011 for our AmTrust Reinsurance segment. All data shown for the AmTrust in the tables that follow are from the Company’s quota share contracts with AmTrust, both the multi-year AmTrust Quota Share and the annually renewable European Hospital Liability Quota Share. AmTrust purchases significant reinsurance for losses above $10 million covered by the AmTrust Quota Share. The Company’s share of AmTrust’s losses net of reinsurance in the AmTrust Quota Share is generally 40%. Additionally, for the Specialty Program portion of Covered Business only, AmTrust will be responsible for ultimate net loss otherwise recoverable from Maiden Reinsurance to the extent that the loss ratio to Maiden Reinsurance, which shall be determined on an inception to date basis from July 1, 2007 through the date of calculation, is between 81.5% and 95%. Above and below the defined corridor, Maiden Reinsurance has reinsured losses at its proportional 40% share per the AmTrust Quota Share. Effective July 31, 2019, the Loss Corridor was amended such that the maximum amount covered is $40,500, the amount calculated by Maiden Reinsurance for the Loss Corridor coverage as of March 31, 2019. Any development above this maximum amount will be subject to the coverage of the LPT/ADC Agreement. Recoverables from the LPT/ADC Agreement are displayed in the column "Impact of ADC" in the tables below. Amounts have been allocated to Accident Year and line of business according to the timing of the respective losses, based on the currently projected payout patterns. These allocations may shift over time as actual payments are made and payout patterns are re–estimated. Please refer to "Note 1 — Organization" for additional information. F-36 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) AmTrust Reinsurance: Workers’ Compensation This reserve class consists of the Workers’ Compensation portion of the AmTrust Quota Share. The business is written in the U.S. by AmTrust from both their Small Commercial Business and Specialty Program business units. The Small Commercial Business unit focuses on writing smaller, niche workers' compensation exposures in generally low-hazard occupations. Workers’ Compensation business written in the Specialty Program unit is typically part of programs consisting of multiple lines of business. The business is produced by managing general agents with AmTrust regularly adding new programs and terminating or renegotiating unprofitable ones. Our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from historical performance after the consideration of loss and premium trends. Since it is proportional exposure, and due to the size and the classes of business insured by AmTrust, this reserving class is much shorter tailed than a traditional workers compensation book, and the transition to the BF and the LD methods happens relatively quickly, within the first several years. F-37 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) Workers' Compensation For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2008 $ 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2008 $ 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance (excluding impact of ADC) At December 31, 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total IBNR Impact of ADC Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 80,800 $ 102,240 106,799 104,923 81,493 $ 102,245 113,880 125,549 136,960 82,438 $ 103,864 118,209 130,712 168,016 237,019 81,240 $ 109,213 120,243 132,728 173,946 245,765 379,589 82,301 $ 106,204 125,020 133,995 171,040 238,392 365,515 474,140 83,039 $ 105,901 124,073 133,916 172,692 242,447 382,260 474,212 528,906 83,622 $ 107,165 123,968 135,379 181,616 261,915 419,748 526,269 568,006 615,957 84,710 $ 110,175 127,215 138,600 192,087 276,249 457,363 551,145 627,728 654,362 592,566 83,952 $ 109,664 127,381 139,685 188,879 273,571 455,521 545,271 603,529 613,577 580,528 12,751 $ 3,734,309 $ 28 $ 2,287 4,933 7,253 9,945 21,269 47,774 58,111 89,376 72,161 70,919 2,227 386,283 $ 2,962 4,612 6,591 7,943 12,885 20,974 41,920 59,535 72,793 93,752 105,435 — 429,402 Cumulative paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited 68,400 $ 71,963 61,322 33,089 72,823 $ 83,464 82,614 69,357 45,030 76,018 $ 89,462 95,120 91,414 88,382 56,249 77,370 $ 93,425 103,280 105,584 119,059 121,182 69,512 78,161 $ 96,396 108,171 114,107 138,706 168,785 189,954 86,695 79,230 $ 98,811 114,639 115,966 150,543 199,300 268,467 246,616 110,051 81,159 $ 100,103 115,014 122,579 158,807 216,527 321,258 338,642 284,501 111,508 82,436 $ 101,823 115,959 124,315 164,512 227,502 355,414 388,640 380,602 274,596 110,954 Total net reserves excluding impact of ADC Impact of ADC Total net reserves including impact of ADC $ $ All outstanding liabilities prior to 2008, net of reinsurance F-38 82,709 102,877 116,332 125,843 168,154 234,342 370,176 417,736 428,651 448,551 409,986 3,907 2,909,264 687 825,732 (429,402) 396,330 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) AmTrust Reinsurance: General Liability This reserve class consists of the General Liability portion of the AmTrust Quota Share. The business is written in the U.S. by AmTrust from both their Small Commercial Business and Specialty Program business units. The Small Commercial Business unit focuses on writing smaller niche business, typically under-served by the broader insurance market, which typically have limits of $1,000. General Liability business written in the Small Commercial Business unit grew substantially following AmTrust’s renewal rights acquisition in 2014. Specialty Program business may contain a mix of exposures from retail operations, contractors, manufacturers, and other premises. Our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from historical performance after the consideration of loss and premium trends. This proportional exposure is medium tailed, and the IBNR is typically derived from the use of the initial ELR for the first several years following the earning of the exposure, followed by a transition to the BF and the LD methods. F-39 General Liability For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2008 $ 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) Incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance (excluding impact of ADC) At December 31, 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total IBNR Impact of ADC Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited $ 28,786 19,311 15,783 11,334 $ 31,921 28,384 28,850 24,731 21,281 33,051 $ 29,123 34,761 35,628 33,445 42,021 33,792 $ 30,902 36,455 40,557 42,450 43,116 65,469 34,169 $ 32,418 38,536 42,100 48,851 66,869 66,558 118,111 35,985 $ 34,040 38,298 45,303 50,800 68,641 77,930 95,766 98,149 36,627 $ 34,863 41,597 49,338 55,991 79,731 99,873 122,942 114,864 116,158 37,605 $ 35,138 42,884 52,746 59,948 89,204 111,970 139,518 120,911 133,533 121,991 36,996 $ 35,410 43,062 53,499 63,429 92,032 116,085 154,071 148,371 165,268 153,822 5,427 $ 1,067,472 $ 138 $ 846 674 553 2,499 4,705 8,374 26,113 36,850 63,568 86,599 5,611 236,530 $ 336 545 972 1,522 1,990 3,182 6,009 9,213 13,932 18,961 24,871 — 81,533 Cumulative paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited $ 20,935 $ 7,840 5,140 2,813 $ 26,288 13,904 11,187 6,072 5,084 29,384 $ 19,727 19,010 12,158 13,224 4,996 32,849 $ 24,298 26,429 22,963 18,020 10,226 3,503 32,423 $ 28,312 30,948 31,619 29,752 32,249 24,581 20,849 32,765 $ 30,924 34,125 39,350 40,864 44,698 36,026 33,963 6,402 34,935 $ 32,878 37,317 41,257 45,775 58,377 57,678 52,350 21,959 6,967 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2008, net of reinsurance Total net reserves excluding impact of ADC Impact of ADC Total net reserves including impact of ADC F-40 36,699 $ 33,473 39,214 47,141 53,526 70,074 77,259 79,291 45,855 27,001 7,907 $ $ 34,893 32,487 39,888 49,178 56,538 76,996 86,101 98,278 67,064 51,545 24,618 27 617,613 207 450,066 (81,533) 368,533 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) AmTrust Reinsurance: Commercial Auto Liability Commercial Auto Liability is written in the U.S. and included in the Small Commercial Business and Specialty Program business units within the AmTrust Quota Share. The Small Commercial Business unit focuses on writing smaller niche business, typically under-served by the broader insurance market, and policies typically have limits of $1,000. Auto Liability business written in the Small Commercial Business unit grew substantially following a large renewal rights acquisition completed by AmTrust in 2014. Commercial Auto Liability business written in the Specialty Program unit is typically part of programs consisting of multiple lines of business. Our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from historical performance after the consideration of loss and premium trends. This proportional exposure is relatively short tailed, and the transition to the BF and the LD methods happens relatively quickly, within the first several years. F-41 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) Commercial Auto Liability For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: Unaudited 2011 Incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance (excluding impact of ADC) At December 31, 2019 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total IBNR Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Impact of ADC $ 29,890 $ 22,183 26,239 16,193 32,769 $ 26,275 33,457 24,292 20,863 33,700 $ 28,551 37,154 29,577 32,691 33,473 34,522 $ 30,812 38,043 32,578 40,076 44,771 47,525 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total 34,584 $ 31,024 40,193 33,839 44,812 50,647 55,023 66,967 35,975 $ 30,468 40,523 34,790 48,116 59,702 73,966 92,955 121,828 35,521 $ 30,919 42,146 36,149 46,150 63,162 82,427 106,560 118,210 156,575 35,382 $ 31,033 41,996 36,065 45,753 62,163 89,299 119,141 144,077 189,257 177,150 35,542 $ 31,064 42,070 34,643 45,917 63,620 92,572 127,560 171,504 220,457 224,780 79,172 $ 1,168,901 $ 103 $ 498 1,616 343 17 325 408 4,427 14,692 47,729 93,666 54,012 217,836 $ 9 61 (22) 305 40 339 2,395 3,851 6,001 7,647 11,108 — 31,734 For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: Unaudited 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Cumulative paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance $ 25,207 $ 14,532 14,203 5,721 29,386 $ 18,736 21,050 12,333 6,693 30,975 $ 22,959 28,602 18,813 14,979 8,267 32,643 $ 26,975 34,855 25,808 26,508 19,865 8,450 33,536 $ 29,226 37,734 29,769 35,460 34,379 22,858 13,102 34,074 $ 29,829 39,413 32,362 43,745 48,122 42,960 39,179 19,071 34,803 $ 29,842 39,750 33,130 44,165 57,349 64,459 62,945 48,595 26,863 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total All outstanding liabilities prior to 2008, net of reinsurance Total net reserves excluding impact of ADC Impact of ADC Total net reserves including impact of ADC 35,284 $ 30,204 40,282 33,155 45,555 59,600 79,766 86,433 76,635 69,657 30,018 $ $ 36,968 31,194 40,395 33,451 45,751 62,331 87,458 107,707 113,174 115,623 67,080 9,456 750,588 26 418,339 (31,734) 386,605 F-42 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) AmTrust Reinsurance: European Hospital Liability AmTrust entered this line of business in Italy in 2010 when it believed there were significant opportunities in what had traditionally been an under- performing market. European Hospital Liability policies are written on a claim made basis. Maiden wrote a separate annually renewable contract covering this exposure in 2011 which is not part of the AmTrust Quota Share. Currently, most exposure remains in Italy with a modest amount of exposure to other European nations. The European Hospital Liability Quota Share is a claims made exposure, and in many instances claims are eventually closed with no liability. This phenomena is estimated during the reserving process, and can result in a provision for pure IBNR (reserves for claims which have not yet been reported) which is minimal or negative. This estimate will vary as the exposure matures which could result in changes to the level of reserves. Also, severity for known claims and expenses can increase over time, which requires a provision for IBNR. The net result is a relatively small amount of IBNR. Our initial underwriting year loss projections are generally based on the ELR method, derived from historical performance after the consideration of loss and premium trends. Loss reporting for this line is unique, as a large proportion of claims are initially reserved but eventually closed with no payment, as the insurer is found to have no liability after investigation of the fundamentals of the claim. In addition, the underlying insurance policies we assume are subject to deductibles on both a per claim and aggregate basis. For these reasons, the LD method is not typically employed in the estimate of loss. After the first several years, we utilize a FS methodology; frequency is estimated on a reported claim basis and adjusted for an estimate of the proportion of claims which will close with no payment, while severity is estimated on both a gross and net of deductible basis. Incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance At December 31, 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total IBNR Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited $ 49,278 $ 23,018 $ 35,631 $ 49,228 $ 46,827 $ 64,479 $ 62,523 $ 59,950 $ 62,206 $ (820) 79,120 80,638 79,856 102,396 91,598 86,732 112,088 116,921 48,611 61,072 63,708 83,695 76,528 98,090 103,900 50,574 53,255 57,043 63,471 80,033 47,151 45,778 59,603 65,533 44,146 50,821 66,517 40,641 51,781 44,242 85,260 68,661 69,033 53,894 31,379 15,763 6,642 7,854 9,101 7,260 9,530 12,564 6,313 6,457 Cumulative paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance $ 607,017 $ 64,901 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited $ 1,088 $ 4,310 $ 12,717 $ 23,336 $ 28,547 $ 35,469 $ 41,037 $ 45,196 $ 48,949 4,769 15,247 34,701 45,197 58,108 68,517 76,481 2,963 14,905 25,644 39,128 49,188 55,123 4,171 11,748 24,420 34,757 39,001 3,444 10,952 22,612 28,858 3,554 10,557 17,492 1,268 4,380 913 82,557 62,317 46,004 34,656 23,268 7,507 2,248 11,371 318,877 $ 288,140 F-43 European Hospital Liability For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Total net reserves MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) AmTrust Reinsurance: All Other Lines This category includes all lines except Workers' Compensation, General Liability and Commercial Auto from the AmTrust Small Commercial Business and Specialty Program Divisions. The predominant exposures are property and auto physical damage. Incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance (excluding impact of ADC) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited At December 31, 2019 Total IBNR Impact of ADC $ 27,630 12,516 14,440 18,822 $ 28,724 20,349 15,182 19,948 14,697 $ 28,715 11,959 24,718 26,343 18,443 17,806 29,149 $ 13,329 15,484 27,509 19,426 17,630 20,597 29,237 $ 14,309 16,078 22,359 21,898 28,058 25,268 52,706 29,070 $ 14,492 16,105 22,616 18,673 22,918 26,021 54,857 79,654 29,576 $ 16,088 17,071 23,376 19,850 21,313 24,958 49,631 74,948 104,637 29,574 $ 15,653 17,059 23,506 20,260 21,669 26,278 49,463 72,384 96,812 96,910 29,519 $ 14,617 15,438 21,469 19,578 21,735 24,929 47,882 73,602 92,904 103,489 37,945 $ 503,107 $ 252 $ 259 159 29 2,023 2,429 3,350 2,849 9,276 9,381 2,048 2,550 34,605 $ — — — — 82 131 62 167 166 151 65 — 824 Cumulative paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited Unaudited $ 25,776 $ 29,710 $ 29,900 $ 7,891 12,373 13,840 8,084 12,332 16,424 10,308 8,743 13,012 17,571 14,031 11,877 31,217 $ 11,093 15,375 21,279 16,033 15,997 12,028 29,388 $ 13,105 15,748 22,044 16,936 17,509 20,277 28,929 29,177 $ 13,870 16,058 22,715 17,946 20,258 20,940 45,208 42,795 30,833 $ 15,224 16,919 23,892 18,205 20,456 22,018 42,631 69,805 48,903 30,683 $ 15,051 16,786 23,661 18,685 20,447 26,194 41,962 65,452 80,726 56,539 Total net reserves excluding impact of ADC Impact of ADC Total net reserves including impact of ADC $ $ All outstanding liabilities prior to 2008, net of reinsurance F-44 29,234 14,009 15,285 21,481 17,559 19,343 21,405 44,179 63,234 80,735 86,455 22,095 435,014 (2) 68,091 (824) 67,267 All Other Lines For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2008 $ 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year: 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued) Reconciliation of Development Tables to Consolidated Balance Sheet The following table represents a reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the reserve for loss and LAE in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2019: Diversified Reinsurance International European Capital Solutions Other reconciling items Total Diversified Reinsurance - Segment AmTrust Reinsurance Workers' Compensation General Liability Commercial Auto Liability European Hospital Liability All Other Lines Total Other reconciling items Total AmTrust Reinsurance - Segment Total reserves and LAE b) Claims duration disclosure Total Net Reserves (including impact of ADC) December 31, 2019 Reinsurance Recoverables on unpaid claims Total Gross Reserves $ 61,393 $ 2,773 $ 32,536 8,088 102,017 396,330 368,533 386,605 288,140 67,267 1,506,875 207,593 1,714,468 — 62,699 65,472 429,402 81,533 31,734 — 824 543,493 14,457 557,950 $ 1,816,485 $ 623,422 $ 64,166 32,536 70,787 167,489 825,732 450,066 418,339 288,140 68,091 2,050,368 222,050 2,272,418 2,439,907 The following unaudited supplementary information represents the average annual percentage payout of net loss and LAE by age, net of reinsurance, for both our reportable segments at December 31, 2019: Diversified Reinsurance International European Capital Solutions AmTrust Reinsurance Workers' Compensation General Liability Commercial Auto Liability European Hospital Liability All other lines Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Average annual payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance 50.0% 17.3% 18.3% 6.2% 12.0% 11.2% 55.5% 38.0% 24.1% 31.2% 10.9% 18.0% 8.2% 30.5% 5.0 % 17.9 % 19.1 % 14.0 % 19.7 % 12.6 % (0.5)% 1.0% 24.5% 9.8% 16.8% 20.2% 11.4% 2.7% —% —% 6.2% 15.2% 15.4% 8.5% 7.9% — % — % 3.5 % 10.3 % 6.2 % 8.5 % (0.6)% —% —% 3.2% 8.3% 4.3% 7.6% 3.4% 1.0 % — % 1.4 % 6.3 % 1.1 % 5.9 % 4.0 % — % 1.0 % 3.5 % 1.2 % — % (1.5)% (1.4)% The average annual payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, is calculated using the amount of claims paid in each development year and is compared with the estimated incurred claims as of the most recent period presented. F-45 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 10. Related Party Transactions The Founding Shareholders of the Company were Michael Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind. Based on each individual's most recent public filing, Leah Karfunkel (wife of the late Michael Karfunkel) owns or controls approximately 8.1% of the outstanding shares of the Company and Barry Zyskind (the Company's non-executive chairman) owns or controls approximately 7.6% of the outstanding shares of the Company. George Karfunkel owns or controls less than 5.0% of the outstanding shares of the Company. Leah Karfunkel and George Karfunkel are directors of AmTrust, and Barry Zyskind is the president, chief executive officer and chairman of AmTrust. Leah Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind own or control approximately 53.5% of the ownership interests of Evergreen Parent LP, the ultimate parent of AmTrust. AmTrust The following describes transactions between the Company and AmTrust: AmTrust Quota Share Effective July 1, 2007, the Company and AmTrust entered into a master agreement, as amended ("Master Agreement"), by which they caused Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust's Bermuda reinsurance subsidiary, AII, to enter into the AmTrust Quota Share by which AII retrocedes to Maiden Reinsurance an amount equal to 40% of the premium written by subsidiaries of AmTrust, net of the cost of unaffiliated inuring reinsurance and 40% of losses. The Master Agreement further provided that AII receive a ceding commission of 31% of ceded premiums written. On June 11, 2008, Maiden Reinsurance and AII amended the AmTrust Quota Share to add Retail Commercial Package Business to the Covered Business. AII receives a ceding commission of 34.375% on Retail Commercial Package Business. On July 1, 2016, the agreement was renewed through June 30, 2019. Effective July 1, 2018, the amount AEL ceded to Maiden Reinsurance was reduced to 20%. Effective July, 1 2013, for the Specialty Program portion of Covered Business only, AII was responsible for ultimate net loss otherwise recoverable from Maiden Reinsurance to the extent that the loss ratio to Maiden Reinsurance, which shall be determined on an inception to date basis from July 1, 2007 through the date of calculation, is between 81.5% and 95% ("Loss Corridor"). Above and below the Loss Corridor, Maiden Reinsurance continued to reinsure losses at its proportional 40% share of the AmTrust Quota Share. Effective July 31, 2019, the Loss Corridor was amended such that the maximum amount covered is $40,500, the amount calculated by Maiden Reinsurance for the Loss Corridor coverage as of March 31, 2019. Any development above this maximum amount will be subject to the coverage of the LPT/ADC Agreement. Please refer to Note 1. "Organization" for additional information. Effective January 1, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII entered into the Partial Termination Amendment which amended the AmTrust Quota Share. The Partial Termination Amendment provided for the cut-off of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small Commercial Business, comprising workers’ compensation, general liability, umbrella liability, professional liability (including cyber liability) insurance coverages, and U.S. Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty ("Terminated Business") as of December 31, 2018. Under the Partial Termination Amendment, the ceding commission payable by Maiden Reinsurance for its remaining in-force business immediately prior to January 1, 2019 increased by five percentage points with respect to in-force remaining business (excluding Terminated Business) and related unearned premium as of January 1, 2019. The Partial Termination Amendment resulted in Maiden Reinsurance returning approximately $647,980 in unearned premium to AII, or approximately $436,760 net of applicable ceding commission and brokerage as calculated during the second quarter of 2019. Subsequently, on January 30, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII agreed to terminate the remaining business subject to the AmTrust Quota Share on a run-off basis effective as of January 1, 2019. Effective July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII entered into a Commutation and Release Agreement which provided for AII to assume all reserves ceded by AII to Maiden Reinsurance with respect to its proportional 40% share of the ultimate net loss under the AmTrust Quota Share related to the Commuted Business. Please refer to Note 1. "Organization" for additional information. AII and Maiden Reinsurance also agreed that, as of July 31, 2019, the AmTrust Quota Share shall be deemed amended as applicable so that the Commuted Business is no longer included as part of the Covered Business under the AmTrust Quota Share. On January 30, 2019, in connection with the termination of the reinsurance agreement described above, the Company and AmTrust entered into a second amendment to the Master Agreement between the parties, originally entered into on July 3, 2007, to remove the provisions requiring AmTrust to reinsure business with the Company. European Hospital Liability Quota Share Effective April 1, 2011, Maiden Reinsurance entered into a quota share reinsurance contract with AEL and AIU DAC, both wholly owned subsidiaries of AmTrust. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, Maiden Reinsurance assumed 40% of the premiums and losses related to policies classified as European Hospital Liability, including associated liability coverages and policies covering physician defense costs, written or renewed on or after April 1, 2011. The contract also covers policies written or renewed on or before March 31, 2011, but only with respect to losses that occur, accrue or arise on or after April 1, 2011. The maximum limit of liability attaching shall be €5,000 (€10,000 effective January 1, 2012) or currency equivalent (on a 100% basis) per original claim for any one original policy. Maiden Reinsurance paid a ceding commission of 5% on contracts assumed under the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. F-46 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 10. Related Party Transactions (continued) Effective July 1, 2016, the contract was amended such that Maiden Reinsurance assumes from AEL 32.5% of the premiums and losses of all policies written or renewed on or after July 1, 2016 until June 30, 2017 and 20% of all policies written or renewed on or after July 1, 2017. Subsequently, on January 30, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance, AEL and AIU DAC agreed to terminate the European Hospital Liability Quota Share on a run-off basis effective as of January 1, 2019. The table below shows the effect of both of these quota share arrangements with AmTrust on the Company's Consolidated Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively: For the Year Ended December 31, Gross and net premiums written Net premiums earned Net loss and loss adjustment expenses Commission and other acquisition expenses Collateral provided to AmTrust a) AmTrust Quota Share 2019 $ (581,001) $ 364,711 (402,679) (139,862) 2018 1,886,280 1,928,208 (1,810,667) (622,495) In order to provide AmTrust's U.S. insurance subsidiaries with credit for reinsurance on their statutory financial statements, AII, as the direct reinsurer of the AmTrust's insurance subsidiaries, has established trust accounts ("Trust Accounts") for their benefit. Maiden Reinsurance has agreed to provide appropriate collateral to secure its proportional share under the AmTrust Quota Share of AII's obligations to the AmTrust subsidiaries to whom AII is required to provide collateral. This collateral may be in the form of (a) assets loaned by Maiden Reinsurance to AII for deposit into the Trust Accounts, pursuant to a loan agreement between those parties, (b) assets transferred by Maiden Reinsurance for deposit into the Trust Accounts, (c) a letter of credit obtained by Maiden Reinsurance and delivered to an AmTrust subsidiary on AII's behalf, or (d) premiums withheld by an AmTrust subsidiary at Maiden Reinsurance's request in lieu of remitting such premiums to AII. Maiden Reinsurance may provide any or a combination of these forms of collateral, provided that the aggregate value thereof equals Maiden Reinsurance's proportionate share of its obligations under the AmTrust Quota Share. Maiden Reinsurance satisfied its collateral requirements under the AmTrust Quota Share with AII as follows: i. by lending funds of $167,975 at December 31, 2019 and 2018 pursuant to a loan agreement entered into between those parties. Advances under the loan are secured by promissory notes. This loan was assigned by AII to AmTrust effective December 31, 2014 and is carried at cost. Effective December 18, 2017, interest is payable at a rate equivalent to the Federal Funds Effective Rate ("Fed Funds") plus 200 basis points per annum. Please see "Note 4. (c) Investments" for the total amount of interest earned from this loan. The interest income on the loan was approximately $6,983 for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018 - $6,442) and the effective yield was 4.2% (2018 - 3.8%). On January 30, 2019, in connection with the termination of the reinsurance agreements described above, the Company and AmTrust entered into an amendment to the Loan Agreement between Maiden Reinsurance, AmTrust and AII, originally entered into on November 16, 2007, extending the maturity date to January 1, 2025 and acknowledges that due to the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share, no further loans or advances may be made pursuant to the Loan Agreement; ii. effective December 1, 2008, the Company entered into a Reinsurer Trust Assets Collateral agreement to provide to AII sufficient collateral to secure its proportional share of AII's obligations to the U.S. AmTrust subsidiaries. The amount of the collateral at December 31, 2019 was approximately $1,155,955 (2018 - $3,650,418) and the accrued interest was $7,366 (2018 - $23,283). Please refer to "Note 4. (e) Investments" for additional information. iii. on January 11, 2019, a portion of the existing trust accounts used for collateral on the AmTrust Quota Share were converted to a funds withheld arrangement. The Company transferred cash and investments of $575,000 to AmTrust as a funds withheld receivable which bears an annual interest rate of 3.5%, subject to annual adjustment. At December 31, 2019, the balance of funds withheld was $575,000 and the accrued interest was $5,073. The interest income on the funds withheld receivable was approximately $19,572 for the year ended December 31, 2019. Pursuant to the terms of the LPT/ADC Agreement, Maiden Reinsurance, Cavello and AmTrust and certain of its affiliated companies entered into a Master Collateral Agreement (“MCA”) to define and enable the operation of collateral provided under the AmTrust Quota Share. Under the MCA, Cavello provided letters of credit to AmTrust on behalf of Maiden Reinsurance in an amount representing its obligations under the LPT/ADC Agreement. As these letters of credit replaced other collateral previously provided directly by Maiden Reinsurance to AmTrust, the MCA coordinates the collateral protection that will be provided to AmTrust to ensure that no gaps in collateral funding occur by operation of the LPT/ADC Agreement and related MCA. As a result of entering into both the LPT/ADC Agreement and the MCA, certain post-termination endorsements (“PTEs”) to the AmTrust Quota Share between AII and Maiden Reinsurance were required. Effective July 31, 2019, the PTEs: i) enable the operation of both the LPT/ADC Agreement and MCA by making provision for certain forms of collateral, including letters of credit provided by Cavello on Maiden Reinsurance’s behalf, and further defines the permitted use and return of collateral; and ii) increase the required funding percentage for Maiden Reinsurance under the collateral arrangements between the parties to 105% of its obligations, subject to a minimum excess funding requirement of $54,000, as may be mutually amended by the parties from time to time. Under certain defined conditions, Maiden Reinsurance may be required to increase this funding percentage to 110%. F-47 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 10. Related Party Transactions (continued) b) European Hospital Liability Quota Share Collateral has been provided to both AEL and AIU DAC under the European Hospital Liability Quota Share agreement: for AEL, the amount of collateral in reinsurance trust accounts at December 31, 2019 was approximately $253,631 (2018 - $249,948) and the accrued interest was $1,821 (2018 - $1,976); and for AIUL, in January 2019, Maiden Reinsurance transferred cash of €45,113 ($51,244) to AIU DAC as a funds withheld receivable. AIU DAC pays Maiden a fixed annual interest rate of 0.5% on the average daily funds withheld balance commencing on January 24, 2019, subject to annual adjustment. At December 31, 2019, the funds withheld balance was $57,305 and the accrued interest was $269. The interest income on the funds withheld receivable was approximately $268 for the year ended December 31, 2019. Please refer to "Note 4. (e) Investments" for additional information. Brokerage Agreement Effective July 1, 2007, the Company entered into a reinsurance brokerage agreement with AII Reinsurance Broker Ltd. ("AIIB"), a wholly owned subsidiary of AmTrust. Pursuant to the brokerage agreement, AIIB provided brokerage services relating to the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share for a fee equal to 1.25% of the premium assumed. AIIB was not the Company's exclusive broker. The brokerage agreement was terminated as of March 15, 2019. Maiden Reinsurance recorded approximately $4,559 of reinsurance brokerage expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018 - $24,103), and deferred reinsurance brokerage of $2,372 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $14,199) as a result of this agreement. Asset Management Agreement Effective July 1, 2007, the Company entered into an asset management agreement with AII Insurance Management Limited ("AIIM"), a wholly owned subsidiary of AmTrust, pursuant to which AIIM agreed to provide investment management services to the Company. Effective January 1, 2018, AIIM provides investment management services for a quarterly fee of 0.02125% of the average value of the account. Prior to that date, the fee was payable at a rate of 0.0375%. The agreement may be terminated upon 30 days written notice by either party. The Company recorded approximately $2,512 of investment management fees for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018 - $4,189) under this agreement. NGHC Quota Share AmTrust owns 1.5% of the issued and outstanding shares of National General Holdings Corporation ("NGHC"), and Leah Karfunkel, individually, through a grantor retained annuity trust and through the Michael Karfunkel 2005 Family Trust (which is controlled by Leah Karfunkel) owns 39.3% of the outstanding common shares of NGHC. Barry Zyskind is a director of NGHC. Maiden Reinsurance, effective March 1, 2010, had a 50% participation in the NGHC Quota Share, by which it received 25% of net premiums of the personal lines automobile business and assumed 25% of the related net losses. On August 1, 2013, the Company and NGHC mutually agreed to the termination of the NGHC Quota Share effective on that date on a run-off basis. In November 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and NGHC mutually agreed to fully and finally settle and commute all rights, obligations and liabilities, known and unknown, of each other under the NGHC Quota Share. Maiden Reinsurance paid NGHC $2,248 constituting the loss reserve balance as at September 30, 2019. Insurance Management Services Agreement Effective August 31, 2019, the Company entered into an agreement with Risk Services - Vermont, Inc. ("Risk Services"), an affiliate of AmTrust. Pursuant to the agreement, Risk Services agreed to provide insurance management services to the Company including regulatory compliance services in connection with the re-domestication, licensing and operation of Maiden Reinsurance in the State of Vermont. The initial term of the agreement is three years and will automatically renew for an additional three years until either party gives written notice of its intention to terminate this agreement at least three months prior to the commencement of the next applicable period. The fee for this agreement is an initial $100 retainer for re-domestication services and $100 annually and reimbursement for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Risk Services pursuant to the terms of the agreement. The Company recorded approximately $101 of fees for the year ended December 31, 2019. F-48 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 11. Commitments, Contingencies and Concentrations a) Concentrations of Credit Risk At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s assets where significant concentrations of credit risk may exist include investments, cash and cash equivalents, loan to related party, reinsurance balances receivable, funds withheld receivable and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses. Please refer to "Note 8. Reinsurance" for additional information regarding the Company's credit risk exposure on its reinsurance counterparties including the impact of the LPT/ADC Agreement effective January 1, 2019. The Company requires its reinsurers to have adequate financial strength. The Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors its concentration of credit risk on an ongoing basis. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible. Letters of credit are provided by its reinsurers for material amounts recoverable as discussed further in "Note 8 — Reinsurance". The Company manages concentration of credit risk in the investment portfolio through issuer and sector exposure limitations. The Company believes it bears minimal credit risk in its cash on deposit. The Company also monitors the credit risk related to the loan to related party, funds withheld receivable and its reinsurance balances receivable, within which the largest balances are due from AmTrust. AmTrust has a financial strength/credit rating of A- from A.M. Best at December 31, 2019. To mitigate credit risk, the Company generally has a contractual right of offset thereby allowing claims to be settled net of any premiums or loan receivable. The Company believes these balances as at December 31, 2019 will be fully collectible. b) Concentrations of Revenue During the year ended December 31, 2019, net premiums earned from AmTrust accounted for $364,711 or 81.5% of total net premiums earned (2018 – $1,928,208 or 95.2%). c) Brokers The Company formerly marketed its Diversified Reinsurance segment through third-party intermediaries as well as directly through its own marketing efforts. The majority of business within the Diversified Reinsurance segment was marketed directly through the Company's own efforts therefore reliance on brokers is not of significance for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. d) Letters of Credit At December 31, 2019, the Company had letters of credit outstanding of $66,652 (2018 - $88,327) for collateral purposes which are secured by cash and fixed maturities with a fair value of $86,032 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $111,134). e) Employment Agreements The Company has entered into employment agreements with certain individuals. The employment agreements provide for executive benefits and severance payments under certain circumstances. f) Operating Lease Commitments The Company leases office spaces, housing, office equipment and company vehicles under various operating leases expiring in various years through 2022. The Company did not enter into any new lease arrangements during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company's leases are all currently classified as operating leases and none of them have non-lease components. For operating leases that have a lease term of more than twelve months, the Company recognized a lease liability and a right-of-use asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at the present value of the remaining lease payments until expiration. As the lease contracts generally do not provide an implicit discount rate, the Company used the weighted-average discount rate of 10%, representing its secured incremental borrowing rate, in calculating the present value of the lease liability. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the sole discretion of the Company and none of the current lease renewal options are deemed to be reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to include renewal, termination, or purchase options that are not reasonably certain of exercise when determining the effective term of the borrowing. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company's weighted-average remaining lease term is approximately 2.6 years. At December 31, 2019, the Company's future lease obligations of approximately $2,342 was calculated based on the present value of future annual rental commitments excluding taxes, insurance and other operating costs for non-cancellable operating leases discounted using its secured incremental borrowing rate. This amount has been recognized on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as a lease liability of $2,342 within accrued expenses and other liabilities with an equivalent amount for the right-of-use asset presented as part of other assets. Under the guidance, the Company continues to recognize the related leasing expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company's total lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $1,776 (2018 - $2,318) which was recognized within net income consistent with the accounting treatment applicable in prior periods under Topic 840. The operating cash outflows from operating leases included in the measurement of the lease liability during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $1,363. F-49 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 11. Commitments, Contingencies and Concentrations (continued) At December 31, 2019, the scheduled maturity of the Company's operating lease liabilities are expected to be as follows: 2020 2021 2022 Discount for present value Total discounted operating lease liabilities g) Other Commitments December 31, 2019 $ $ 1,172 741 741 (312) 2,342 The Company has remaining unfunded commitments on its investment in limited partnerships of approximately $340 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $414). The Company also has remaining unfunded commitments on its investments in special purpose vehicles focused on lending activities of approximately $767 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $7,359). h) Other Collateral In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into reinsurance agreements that may include terms which could require the Company to collateralize certain of its obligations. i) Deposit Insurance The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents balances at financial institutions in the U.S., Bermuda and other international jurisdictions. In the U.S., the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation secures accounts up to $250. In certain other international jurisdictions, there exist similar protections. Management monitors balances in excess of insured limits and believes they do not represent a significant credit risk to the Company. j) Legal Proceedings Except as noted below, the Company is not a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, the Company is subject to routine legal proceedings, including arbitrations, arising in the ordinary course of business. These legal proceedings generally relate to claims asserted by or against the Company in the ordinary course of insurance or reinsurance operations. Based on the Company's opinion, the eventual outcome of these legal proceedings is not expected to have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations. In April 2009, the Company learned that Bentzion S. Turin, the former Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance, sent a letter to the U.S. Department of Labor claiming that his employment with the Company was terminated in retaliation for corporate whistle-blowing in violation of the whistle-blower protection provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Mr. Turin alleged that he was terminated for raising concerns regarding corporate governance with respect to the negotiation of the terms of the Trust Preferred Securities Offering. He seeks reinstatement as Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance, back pay and legal fees incurred. On December 31, 2009, the U.S. Secretary of Labor found no reasonable cause for Mr. Turin’s claim and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. Mr. Turin objected to the Secretary's findings and requested a hearing before an administrative law judge in the U.S. Department of Labor. The Company moved to dismiss Mr. Turin's complaint, and its motion was granted by the Administrative Law Judge on June 30, 2011. On July 13, 2011, Mr. Turin filed a petition for review of the Administrative Law Judge's decision with the Administrative Review Board in the U.S. Department of Labor. On March 29, 2013, the Administrative Review Board reversed the dismissal of the complaint on procedural grounds, and remanded the case to the administrative law judge. The administrative hearing began in September 2014 and concluded in November 2018. The Company believes that it had good and sufficient reasons for terminating Mr. Turin's employment and that the claim is without merit. The Company will continue to vigorously defend itself against this claim. A putative class action complaint was filed against Maiden Holdings, Arturo M. Raschbaum, Karen L. Schmitt, and John M. Marshaleck in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey on February 11, 2019, alleging that Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 (and Section 20(a) for control person liability) by making misrepresentations about the Company and its business, including the Company’s risk management and underwriting policies and practices. Plaintiffs further claim that these misrepresentations inflated the price of Maiden Holdings' common shares, and that when the truth about the misrepresentations was revealed, the Company’s stock price fell, causing Plaintiffs to incur losses. The Company has not yet been served with an amended complaint, but believes the claims are without merit and intends to vigorously defend itself. There exist and the Company expects additional lawsuits to be filed against the Company, its subsidiaries and its respective officers due to the diminution in value of our securities as a result of our operating results and financial condition. It is currently uncertain as to the effect of such litigation on our business, operating results and financial conditions. F-50 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 12. Earnings per Common Share The following is a summary of the elements used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per common share: For the Year Ended December 31, Numerator: Net loss from continuing operations Net income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests Net loss attributable to Maiden from continuing operations Dividends on preference shares – Series A, C and D Amount allocated to participating common shareholders(1) Loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders, before discontinued operations Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax expense Net loss allocated to Maiden common shareholders 2019 2018 $ (109,362) $ (450,292) — (109,362) — — (109,362) (22,541) $ (131,903) $ (219) (450,511) (25,636) (17) (476,164) (94,113) (570,277) Denominator: Weighted average number of common shares – basic and diluted(2) Basic and diluted loss from continuing operations per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders: Basic and diluted loss from discontinued operations per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders Basic and diluted loss per share attributable to Maiden common shareholders: 83,061,259 83,050,362 $ $ (1.32) $ (0.27) (1.59) $ (5.74) (1.13) (6.87) (1) (2) This represents dividends paid to the holders of non-vested restricted shares issued to the Company's employees under the Amended and Restated 2007 Share Incentive Plan. The 2018 amount excluded the share in undistributed losses during the year. Please refer to "Note 13. Shareholders' Equity" and "Note 14. Share Compensation and Pension Plans" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the terms and conditions of securities that could potentially be dilutive in the future. 13. Shareholders’ Equity At December 31, 2019, the aggregate authorized share capital of the Company is 150,000,000 shares from which the Company has issued 88,161,638 common shares, of which 83,148,458 common shares are outstanding, and 18,600,000 preference shares, all of which are outstanding. The remaining 43,238,362 shares are undesignated at December 31, 2019. a) Common Shares The following table shows the summary of changes in the Company's common shares outstanding: For the Year Ended December 31, Outstanding shares – January 1 Issuance of vested restricted shares and restricted share units Shares repurchased(1) Exercise of options Outstanding shares – December 31 2019 82,948,577 2018 82,974,895 223,101 (23,220) — 198,983 (234,801) 9,500 83,148,458 82,948,577 (1) In 2018, the Company repurchased 205,000 common shares under its share repurchase authorization. In addition, shares were repurchased from employees in respect of tax obligations arising from the vesting of restricted shares and performance based shares. See further details below in item (f). The Company's common shares have a par value of $0.01 per share. The holders of our common shares are entitled to receive dividends and are allocated one vote per common share, subject to downward adjustment under certain circumstances. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company's Board of Directors declared no dividends to common shareholders (2018 - $0.35). b) Preference Shares – Series D On June 15, 2017, the Company issued and authorized a total of 6,000,000, 6.7% Preference Shares – Series D (the "Series D"), par value $0.01 per share, at a price of $25 per preference share. The Series D have no stated maturity date and are redeemable in whole or in part at the sole option of the Company any time after June 15, 2022, subject to certain regulatory restrictions at a redemption price of $25 per preference share plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. Additionally, at any time prior to June 15, 2022, the Company may redeem all but not less than all of the Series D at a redemption price of $25 per share, plus declared and unpaid dividends, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption subject to certain conditions and regulatory approval. F-51 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 13. Shareholders’ Equity (continued) Dividends on the Series D are non-cumulative. Consequently, in the event a dividend is not declared on the Series D for any dividend period, holders of Series D will not be entitled to receive a dividend for such period, and such undeclared dividend will not accrue and will not be payable. The holders of Series D will be entitled to receive dividend payments only when, as and if declared by the Company's Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors. During any dividend period, so long as any Series D remain outstanding, unless the full dividends for the latest completed dividend period on all outstanding Series D have been declared and paid, no dividend shall be paid or declared on the common shares. The holders of the Series D, together with other preference share series, have no voting rights other than the right to elect up to two directors if preference share dividends are not declared and paid for six or more dividend periods. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company did not declare or pay dividends on the Series D shares (2018 - $7,538 or $1.2563 per share). No dividends have been declared by the Company's Board of Directors on the Series D shares since the fourth quarter of 2018. At March 15, 2020, because preference share dividends have not been declared and paid for six quarterly dividend periods, the holders of the Preference Share Series A, Series C and Series D are collectively entitled to vote for the election of a total of two additional members of the Company's Board of Directors. c) Preference Shares – Series C On November 25, 2015, the Company issued and authorized a total of 6,600,000 7.125% Preference Shares – Series C (the "Series C"), par value $0.01 per share, at a price of $25 per preference share. The Series C have no stated maturity date and are redeemable in whole or in part at the sole option of the Company any time after December 15, 2020 at a redemption price of $25 per preference share plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. Dividends on the Series C are non-cumulative. Consequently, in the event a dividend is not declared on the Series C for any dividend period, holders of Series C will not be entitled to receive a dividend for such period, and such undeclared dividend will not accrue and will not be payable. During any dividend period, so long as any Series C remain outstanding, unless the full dividends for the latest completed dividend period on all outstanding Series C have been declared and paid, no dividend shall be paid or declared on the common shares. The holders of the Series C, together with other preference share series, have no voting rights other than the right to elect up to two directors if preference share dividends are not declared and paid for six or more dividend periods. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company did not declare or pay dividends on the Series C shares (2018 - $8,816 or $1.3359 per share). No dividends have been declared by the Company's Board of Directors on the Series C shares since the fourth quarter of 2018. At March 15, 2020, because preference share dividends have not been declared and paid for six quarterly dividend periods, the holders of the Preference Share Series A, Series C and Series D are collectively entitled to vote for the election of a total of two additional members of the Company's Board of Directors. d) Preference Shares - Series A On August 22, 2012, the Company issued and authorized a total of 6,000,000 8.25% Preference Shares – Series A (the "Series A"), par value $0.01 per share, at a price of $25 per preference share. The Series A have no stated maturity date and are redeemable in whole or in part at the sole option of the Company any time after August 29, 2017 at a redemption price of $25 per preference share plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. Dividends on the Series A are non-cumulative. Consequently, in the event a dividend is not declared on the Series A for any dividend period, holders of Series A will not be entitled to receive a dividend for such period, and such undeclared dividend will not accrue and will not be payable. During any dividend period, so long as any Series A remain outstanding, unless the full dividends for the latest completed dividend period on all outstanding Series A have been declared and paid, no dividend shall be paid or declared on the common shares. The holders of the Series A, together with other preference share series, have no voting rights other than the right to elect up to two directors if preference share dividends are not declared and paid for six or more dividend periods. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company did not declare or pay dividends on the Series A shares (2018 - $9,282 or $1.5469 per share). No dividends have been declared by the Company's Board of Directors on the Series A shares since the fourth quarter of 2018. At March 15, 2020, because preference share dividends have not been declared and paid for six quarterly dividend periods, the holders of the Preference Share Series A, Series C and Series D are collectively entitled to vote for the election of a total of two additional members of the Company's Board of Directors. f) Treasury Shares On February 21, 2017, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to $100,000 of the Company's common shares from time to time at market prices. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 205,000 common shares at an average price per share of $3.31 under the Company's share repurchase plan. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company has a remaining authorization of $74,245 for share repurchases. No repurchases were made during the year ended December 31, 2019 under the share repurchase plan. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company repurchased a total of 23,220 shares (2018 - 29,801) at an average price per share of $0.78 (2018 - $6.52) from employees, which represent withholdings in respect of tax obligations on the vesting of restricted shares and performance based shares. F-52 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 13. Shareholders’ Equity (continued) g) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income The following tables set forth financial information regarding the changes in the balances of each component of AOCI for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Beginning balance Other comprehensive income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income, net of tax Net current period other comprehensive income Ending balance, Maiden shareholders For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Beginning balance Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income, net of tax Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income Ending balance Less: AOCI attributable to noncontrolling interest Ending balance, Maiden shareholders The following table presents details about amounts reclassified from AOCI: Consolidated Statements of Income Line Item that Includes Reclassification Net realized gains (losses) on investment Net impairment losses recognized in earnings Total before tax Income tax expense Total after tax F-53 Change in net unrealized gains on investment Foreign currency translation adjustments $ (59,762) $ (5,932) $ 97,198 (15,440) 81,758 1,772 — 1,772 $ 21,996 $ (4,160) $ Change in net unrealized gains on investment Foreign currency translation adjustments $ 21,889 $ (8,583) $ (108,726) 27,075 (81,651) (59,762) — 2,651 — 2,651 (5,932) (78) $ (59,762) $ (5,854) $ Total (65,694) 98,970 (15,440) 83,530 17,836 Total 13,306 (106,075) 27,075 (79,000) (65,694) (78) (65,616) For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ 15,605 $ (165) 15,440 — $ 15,440 $ (21,243) (5,832) (27,075) — (27,075) MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 14. Share Compensation and Pension Plans The Company’s Amended and Restated 2007 Share Incentive Plan ("2007 Plan"), provides for grants of options, restricted shares and restricted share units. New shares are issued upon exercise of options and vesting of restricted shares and share units. The total number of common shares currently reserved for issuance under the Plan is 10,000,000. The 2007 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the "Committee"). Share Options Exercise prices of options are established at or above the fair market value of the Company’s common shares at the date of grant. Under the Plan, unless otherwise determined by the Committee and provided in an award agreement, 25% of the options will become exercisable on the first anniversary of the grant date, with an additional 6.25% of the options vesting each quarter thereafter based on the grantee’s continued employment over a four-year period, and will expire ten years after grant date. The fair value of each option grant is separately estimated for each vesting date. The fair value of each option is amortized into compensation expense on a straight-line basis between the grant date for the award and each vesting date. The Company has estimated the fair value of all share option awards on the date of the grant by applying the Black-Scholes-Merton multiple-option pricing valuation model. The application of this valuation model involves assumptions that are judgmental and highly sensitive in the determination of compensation expense. The following table shows all options granted, exercised, forfeited and expired under the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Grant- Date Fair Value Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value 2.45 years $ 1,100 $ 5,715 Range of Exercise Prices $3.28 - $13.98 $3.24 - $7.20 Outstanding, December 31, 2017 Granted Exercised Expired Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2018 Granted Expired Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2019 Total exercisable at December 31, 2019 Number of Share Options 1,516,769 $ 275,000 $ (9,500) $ (1,038,510) $ (85,935) $ 657,824 $ 7,500 $ (119,320) $ (61,875) $ 484,129 $ 390,379 $ 1.36 0.25 7.03 7.07 $ 3.28 6.50 7.23 7.92 1.31 $ 5.78 7.15 8.44 8.90 4.40 years $ — $3.24 - $13.98 3.63 years 2.53 years $ $ — — $1.31 - $13.98 $3.24 - $13.98 The weighted average grant date fair value was $2.29 (2018 - $2.08) for all options outstanding at December 31, 2019. There was $65 (2018 - $178) of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested options at December 31, 2019 which will be recognized during the next 1.25 years. There were no options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2018, cash in the amount of $31 was received from employees as a result of employee share option exercises. In connection with these exercises, there was no tax benefit realized by the Company. Restricted Shares and Restricted Share Units The fair value of each restricted share or restricted share unit is determined based on the market value of the Company's common shares on the date of grant. The total estimated fair value is amortized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period as determined by the Committee, which varies between 2 to 3 years for employees and 1 year for directors. Performance-Based Restricted Share Units ("PB-RSU") The Committee approved the formation of a long-term incentive program under the Plan on March 1, 2011. On that date, the Committee determined to award PB-RSU to certain senior leaders of the Company. The formula for determining the amount of PB-RSU awarded uses a combination of a percentage of the employee's base salary (based on a benchmarking analysis from our compensation consultant) divided by the closing price on NASDAQ of our common shares on that date. The grants were performance based which required that certain criteria such as non-GAAP operating return on common equity, underwriting performance, revenue growth and operating expense be met during the performance period to attain a payout. Each metric had a corresponding weighted percentage with a target and maximum level of performance goal set to achieve a payout. All prior PB-RSU were paid 50% based on certain criteria stated above, while the other 50% of the payout was based upon the recommendation of the Company's CEO and the Committee's ultimate discretion of individual contribution to business results and strategic success for the performance period. Settlement of the grants were made in common shares upon the decision of the Committee and the performance cycles were for three years. Beginning in 2014 and ending in 2018 with final payouts in 2019, the Committee approved an annual award of PB-RSU to certain senior leaders of the Company with each annual award vesting over three years. F-54 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 14. Share Compensation and Pension Plans (continued) Non-Performance-Based Restricted Share Units ("NPB-RSU") Beginning in 2012, the Committee approved an annual award of NPB-RSU with each annual award vesting over three years. The total fair value of share units vested during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $219 (2018 - $897). Starting in fiscal year 2019, the Company has changed its practice of awarding a fixed number of restricted share units to the non-employee directors and instead intends to grant such directors $65 worth of compensation in the form of either restricted share units, stock options or cash. For 2019, the compensation was granted in the form of cash to each director. It is the Company's intention that annually, on or around June 1, each non-employee director will receive a grant of $65 worth of compensation which, if non-cash compensation, will vest on the first anniversary of the grant. Discretionary Non-Performance-Based Restricted Shares ("NPB-RS") Beginning in 2013, the Committee approved an annual award of NPB-RS with each annual award vesting either over two or three years. The total fair value of restricted shares vested during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $582 (2018 - $400). The following table shows a summary of activity under the Company's restricted share awards: Non-vested at December 31, 2017 Awards granted Awards vested Awards forfeited Non-vested at December 31, 2018 Awards granted Awards vested Awards forfeited Non-vested at December 31, 2019 Non-Performance-Based Restricted Share Units Non-Performance-Based Restricted Shares Performance Based Restricted Share Units(1) Number of Restricted Units Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Restricted Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value 97,258 $ 25,000 $ (71,928) $ (25,330) $ 25,000 $ 12.65 8.75 12.47 13.16 8.75 37,226 $ 268,971 $ (27,726) $ (17,500) $ 260,971 $ — $ — 1,669,490 $ (25,000) $ 8.75 — $ — $ — — (91,823) $ (19,841) $ 1,818,797 $ 14.93 5.79 14.43 9.36 5.94 0.79 6.34 1.26 1.24 Number of Restricted Units 810,464 $ 734,668 $ (99,931) $ (597,556) $ 847,645 $ — $ (83,751) $ (763,894) $ — $ Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value 14.60 7.20 13.88 11.15 10.71 — 13.16 10.44 — (1) For Performance Based Shares, the number of shares is stated at the maximum number that can be attained if the performance conditions are met. Forfeitures represent shares forfeited due to vesting below the maximum attainable as a result of the Company not fully meeting the performance conditions. There was $1,827 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted shares at December 31, 2019, which will be recognized during the next 1.70 years. Total share-based expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $1,911 (2018 - $1,276). Pension Plans The Company provides pension benefits to eligible employees principally through various defined contribution plans sponsored by the Company which vary by subsidiary. The Company’s expenses for its defined contribution plans for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $774 (2018 - $1,543). 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan During the 2019 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders of the Company held on December 10, 2019, the 2007 Plan was terminated and replaced with the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan ("2019 Plan"). The Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") the Form S-8 "Securities offered to employees pursuant to employee benefit plans" on January 20, 2020, which covers the offer and resale of up to 11,289,956 of the Company's common shares, par value $0.01 per share. Such shares may be offered and sold from time to time by certain officers and directors of the Company who have acquired or will acquire such shares pursuant to the 2019 Plan. See the SEC filing for further details regarding the 2019 Plan. F-55 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 15. Statutory Requirements and Dividend Restrictions Our insurance and reinsurance operations are subject to insurance and/or reinsurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate. These regulations include certain liquidity and solvency requirements whereby restrictions are imposed on the amount of dividends or other distributions, such as loans or cash advances, available to shareholders without prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities. The statutory capital and surplus and statutory net (loss) income of our principal operating subsidiaries in their respective jurisdictions were as follows: Statutory Capital and Surplus December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Statutory Net (Loss) Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Maiden Reinsurance(1) Maiden LF Maiden GF $ 921,984 $ 869,883 10,234 $ 7,588 $ (103,521) $ (389,373) (785) $ (482) 8,902 6,182 408 88 (1) Statutory Capital and Surplus and Statutory Net Loss is prior to Maiden Reinsurance's re-domestication to Vermont. a) Bermuda Maiden Reinsurance was registered as a Class 3B reinsurer under The Insurance Act 1978 (Bermuda), amendments thereto and related regulations (the "Insurance Act"). Under the Insurance Act, Maiden Reinsurance was subject to enhanced capital requirements in addition to minimum solvency and liquidity requirements. Maiden Reinsurance was also required to maintain statutory economic capital and surplus at a level at least equal to its Enhanced Capital Requirement ("ECR") which is the greater of its minimum solvency margin ("MSM") and the required capital calculated by reference to the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement ("BSCR"). Prior to its re-domestication of Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont, pursuant to Bermuda law, the Company was required to ensure that the value of the group's assets exceeded the amount of the group's liabilities by the aggregate minimum margin of solvency of each qualifying member of the group ("Group MSM"). Since December 31, 2013, the Company has been required to maintain available group capital and surplus at a level equal to or in excess of the Group Enhanced Capital Requirement ("Group ECR") which is established by reference to either the Group Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement ("Group BSCR") model or an approved group internal capital model. Both the Company and Maiden Reinsurance met and exceeded their respective MSM and ECR ratios as required by Bermuda insurance legislation at December 31, 2019. Under the Insurance Act, prior to its re-domestication to Vermont, Maiden Reinsurance was prohibited from declaring or paying dividends of more than 25% of its total statutory capital and surplus, as shown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet, unless at least seven days before payment of the dividend, it files with the BMA an affidavit that it will continue to meet its minimum capital requirements as described above. Maiden Reinsurance was also required to obtain the BMA’s prior approval before reducing its total statutory capital, as shown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet, by 15% or more. Maiden Reinsurance was also restricted in paying dividends that would result in Maiden Reinsurance failing to comply with the ECR as calculated based on the BSCR or cause it to fail to meet its relevant margins. Finally, prior to its re-domestication to Vermont, Maiden Reinsurance had voluntarily undertaken with the BMA not to make any capital distributions of any kind, including the payment of any common or preference share dividends, without the express consent of the BMA. At December 31, 2019, the maximum dividend Maiden Reinsurance could pay, without a signed affidavit, having met minimum levels of statutory capital and surplus was $0 (2018 - $0). No dividends were paid during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. b) United States of America During the fourth quarter of 2019, our principal operating subsidiary, Maiden Reinsurance, submitted the necessary filings to discontinue its operations from Bermuda and to apply to be licensed and re-domesticate to the State of Vermont in the U.S. Filings were made with the Vermont DFR, Vermont Secretary of State as well as with the BMA to provide notice of the Company's intent to discontinue from Bermuda and re-domesticate to Vermont. Maiden Reinsurance completed the re-domestication on March 16, 2020. We have determined that re-domiciling Maiden Reinsurance to Vermont enables us to better align our operations, capital and resources with our liabilities, which originate mostly in the U.S., resulting in a more efficient structure.The re- domestication, in combination with the Strategic Review previously taken and undertaken in close consultation with the BMA to de-risk the Company’s balance sheet, is expected to continue to strengthen the Company’s capital position and solvency ratios. Under Vermont statutory regulations, no captive insurance company may pay a dividend out of, or other distribution with respect to, capital or surplus without the prior approval of the Commissioner. Approval of an ongoing plan for the payment of dividends or other distributions shall be conditioned upon the retention, at the time of each payment, of capital or surplus in excess of amounts specified by, or determined in accordance with formulas approved by, the Commissioner. Notwithstanding the provisions of 11B Vermont Statutes Annotated chapter 13, a captive insurance may make such distributions as are in conformity with its purposes and approved by the Commissioner. F-56 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 15. Statutory Requirements and Dividend Restrictions (continued) c) Sweden The Company has two Swedish domiciled insurance subsidiaries in Sweden, Maiden LF and Maiden GF, both regulated by the Swedish Finansinspektionen ("Swedish FSA"). Maiden LF was required to maintain a minimum level of statutory capital and surplus of $5,296 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $4,372). This requirement was met by Maiden LF throughout the year. The statutory assets were approximately $16,501 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $13,206) and statutory capital and surplus was approximately $10,234 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $7,588). Maiden LF is subject to statutory and regulatory restrictions under the Swedish FSA that limit the maximum amount of annual dividends or distributions paid by Maiden LF to Maiden Holdings. As of December 31, 2019, Maiden LF is allowed to pay dividends or distributions not exceeding $975 (2018 - $1,801). No dividends were paid during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Maiden GF was required to maintain a minimum level of statutory capital and surplus of $2,951 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $2,867). This requirement was met by Maiden GF throughout the year. The statutory assets were approximately $10,940 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $7,257) and statutory capital and surplus was approximately $8,902 at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $6,182). Maiden GF is subject to statutory and regulatory restrictions under the Swedish FSA that limit the maximum amount of annual dividends or distributions paid by Maiden GF to Maiden Holdings. As of December 31, 2019, Maiden GF is allowed to pay dividends or distributions not exceeding $252 (2018 - $0). No dividends were paid during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. F-57 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 16. Taxation Under current Bermuda law, Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance have received an undertaking from the Bermuda government exempting them from all local income, withholding and capital gains taxes until March 31, 2035. At the present time, no such taxes are levied in Bermuda. Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance believe that they operate in a manner such that they will not be considered to be engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. Accordingly, Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance have not recorded any provision for U.S. taxation. Our U.S. subsidiaries are subject to federal, state and local corporate income taxes and other taxes applicable to U.S. corporations. The provision for federal income taxes has been determined under the principles of the consolidated tax provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and Regulations. Should our U.S. subsidiaries pay a dividend outside the U.S. group, withholding taxes will apply. Tax years 2017 and 2018 are subject to examination in the U.S by the Internal Revenue Service. The Company was examined in prior years and those exams were closed without any impact on our operations. The Company has subsidiary operations in various other locations around the world, including Australia, Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom, that are subject to relevant taxes in those jurisdictions. These subsidiaries are not under examination but generally remain subject to examination in all applicable jurisdictions for tax years from 2016 through 2019. Deferred income taxes have not been accrued with respect to certain undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries as it is the intention that such earnings will remain reinvested or will not be taxable. If the earnings were to be distributed, as dividends or otherwise, such amounts may be subject to withholding tax in the country of the paying entity. Currently, however, no withholding taxes have been accrued. There were no unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Loss before taxes and income tax (benefit) expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, Loss from continuing operations before income taxes – Domestic (Bermuda) Loss from continuing operations before income taxes – Foreign (U.S. and others) Total loss from continuing operations before income taxes Current tax expense – Domestic (Bermuda) Current tax expense – Foreign (U.S. and others) Total current tax expense Deferred tax expense – Domestic (Bermuda) Deferred tax benefit – Foreign (U.S. and others) Total deferred tax benefit Total income tax (benefit) expense 2019 2018 (60,583) $ (49,690) (110,273) $ (424,667) (25,184) (449,851) — $ 112 112 $ — $ (1,023) (1,023) $ (911) $ — 501 501 — (60) (60) 441 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ The following table is a reconciliation of the actual income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 to the amount computed by applying the effective tax rate of 0.0% under Bermuda law to the Company's loss from continuing operations before income taxes: For the Year Ended December 31, Loss from continuing operations before income taxes Less: income tax expense Net loss from continuing operations Reconciliation of effective tax rate (% of income before income taxes) Bermuda tax rate U.S. taxes at statutory rates Valuation allowance in respect of U.S. taxes Other jurisdictions Actual tax rate 2019 2018 (110,273) $ (449,851) (911) 441 (109,362) $ (450,292) $ $ — % 0.2 % 0.7 % (0.1)% 0.8 % — % 1.1 % (1.1)% (0.1)% (0.1)% F-58 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 16. Taxation (continued) Deferred income taxes reflect the tax impact of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and income tax purposes. The significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: December 31, Deferred tax assets: Net operating losses Capital loss carry-forward Interest limitation Others Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net Deferred tax liabilities: Net unrealized gains on investment Deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax asset 2019 2018 $ 46,735 $ 6,338 2,338 513 55,924 55,569 355 96 96 259 $ $ 44,119 12,345 — 548 57,012 56,326 686 33 33 653 The net deferred tax asset at December 31, 2019 was $259 (2018 - $653). A valuation allowance has been established against the net U.S. deferred tax assets which is primarily attributable to net operating losses and capital losses. At this time, the Company believes it is necessary to establish a valuation allowance against the U.S. net deferred tax assets, other than the Alternative Minimum Tax credit, due to insufficient positive evidence regarding the utilization of these losses. During 2019, the Company recorded a decrease in the valuation allowance of $757 (2018 - increase of $16,392). At December 31, 2019, the Company has available net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $222,547 (2018 - $208,853) for income tax purposes which expire beginning in 2029. At December 31, 2019, the Company also has a capital loss carry-forward of $30,183 (2018 - $58,785) which will expire in 2023. 17. Subsequent Events Effective March 16, 2020, Maiden Reinsurance discontinued as a Bermuda company and completed its re-domestication to the State of Vermont. Bermuda is a Solvency II equivalent jurisdiction and the State of Vermont is not such a jurisdiction; therefore, to strengthen the collateral provided under the respective agreements to reflect the impact of the re-domestication, concurrent with the date of Maiden Reinsurance’s re-domestication to Vermont, Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust agreed to: 1) amend the AmTrust Quota Share pursuant to Post Termination Endorsement No. 2 effective March 16, 2020; and 2) amend the European Hospital Liability Quota Share pursuant to Post Termination Endorsement No. 1 effective March 16, 2020. Pursuant to the terms of Post Termination Endorsement No. 2 to the AmTrust Quota Share, Maiden Reinsurance will strengthen the collateral protection provided by Maiden Reinsurance to AII by increasing the required funding percentage for Maiden Reinsurance under the collateral arrangements between the parties to 110% of its obligations, subject to a minimum excess funding requirement of $54,000, as may be mutually amended by the parties from time to time. Post Termination Endorsement No. 2 also sets forth conditions by which the funding percentage will be reduced and the sequence of how collateral will be utilized as obligations as defined under the AmTrust Quota Share are satisfied. Pursuant to the terms of Post Termination Endorsement No. 1 to the European Hospital Liability Quota Share, Maiden Reinsurance will strengthen the collateral protection provided by Maiden Reinsurance to AEL and AIU DAC by increasing the required funding percentage for Maiden Reinsurance under the collateral arrangements between the parties to the greater of 120% of the Exposure (as defined therein) and the amount of security required to offset the increase in the Solvency Capital Requirement (“SCR”) that results from the changes in the SCR which arise out of Maiden Reinsurance's re-domestication as compared to the SCR calculation if Maiden Reinsurance had remained domesticated in a Solvency II equivalent jurisdiction with a solvency ratio above 100% and provided collateral equivalent to 100% of the Exposure. F-59 DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT'S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Exhibit 4.16 As of March 10, 2020, Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (“we,” “us,” “our” or “the Company”) has six classes of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”): (1) our Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Shares”); (2) our 8.25% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series A, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series A Preference Shares”); (3) our 7.125% Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, Series C, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series C Preference Shares”); (4) Series D Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series D Preference Shares”); and (5) our 6.625% Notes due 2046 (the “2046 Senior Notes”). In addition, Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. (“Maiden Holdings NA”), our wholly owned subsidiary, has one class of security registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act: its 7.75% Notes due 2043 (the “2043 Senior Notes”), which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company. As of December 31, 2019, our aggregate authorized share capital is 150,000,000 Common Shares from which the Company has issued 88,161,638 Common Shares, of which 83,148,458 Common Shares are outstanding, and 18,600,000 preference shares, all of which are outstanding. The remaining 43,238,362 Common Shares are undesignated at December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, 6,000,000 shares of our Series A Preference Shares were issued and outstanding, 6,600,000 shares of our Series C Preference Shares were issued and outstanding and 6,000,000 shares of our Series D Preference Shares were issued and outstanding. DESCRIPTION OF COMMON SHARES The following description of our Common Shares is a summary and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our Memorandum of Association and Bye-laws, effective May 2, 2017 (the “Bye-laws”), each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10‑K of which this Exhibit 4.16 is a part, to applicable Bermuda law and to the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market (“NASDAQ”). Dividends Holders of our Common Shares are entitled to receive dividends when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor, subject to any contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends and to any restrictions on the payment of dividends that we may be subject to imposed by the terms of any outstanding preference shares or debt securities. We are currently prevented from paying dividends in respect of our Common Shares due to our nonpayment of dividends in respect of our outstanding Preference Shares. Common Shares Holders of our Common Shares will have no pre-emptive, redemption, conversion or sinking fund rights. Subject to the limitation on voting rights described below, holders of our Common Shares are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of holders of our Common Shares. Most matters to be approved by holders of our Common Shares require approval by a simple majority vote. Under our Bye-laws, the holders of at least a majority of the Common Shares voting in person or by proxy at a meeting must generally approve an amalgamation with another company. The Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda (the “Companies Act”) provides that a resolution to remove our auditor before the expiration of its term of office must be approved by at least two-thirds of the votes cast at a meeting of our shareholders. The quorum for general meetings of our shareholders is two or more persons holding or representing a majority of the outstanding Common Shares on an unadjusted basis. Our board of directors has the power to approve our discontinuation from Bermuda to another jurisdiction. Under our Bye-laws, the rights attached to any class of our shares, common or preferred, may be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of at least a majority of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a resolution passed by a majority of the votes cast at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of the class. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of shares are entitled to share equally and ratably in our assets, if any, remaining after the payment of all our debts and liabilities and the liquidation preference of any outstanding preferred shares. All outstanding shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Authorized but unissued shares may, subject to any rights attaching to existing shares, be issued at any time and at the discretion of the board of directors without the approval of our shareholders, with such rights, preferences and limitations as the board may determine. Limitation on Voting Rights In general, and except as provided under our Bye-laws and as provided below, the common shareholders have one vote for each common share held by them and are entitled to vote, on a non-cumulative basis, at all meetings of shareholders. However, if, and so long as, the shares of a shareholder are treated as “controlled shares” (as determined pursuant to sections 957 and 958 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)) of any U.S. Person (that owns shares directly or indirectly through non-U.S. entities) and such controlled shares constitute 9.5% or more of the votes conferred by our issued shares (each such person, a “9.5% U.S. Shareholder”), the voting rights with respect to the controlled shares owned by such U.S. Person will be limited, in the aggregate, to a voting power of less than 9.5%, under a formula specified in our Bye-laws. The formula is applied repeatedly until the voting power of all 9.5% U.S. Shareholders has been reduced to less than 9.5%. In addition, our board may limit a shareholder’s voting rights when it deems it appropriate to do so to (i) avoid the existence of any 9.5% U.S. Shareholder; and (ii) avoid certain material adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences to us, any of our subsidiaries or any direct or indirect shareholder or its affiliates. “Controlled shares” include, among other things, all shares that such U.S. Person is deemed to own directly, indirectly or constructively (within the meaning of section 958 of the Code). The amount of any reduction of votes that occurs by operation of the above limitations will generally be reallocated proportionately amongst other shareholders whose shares were not “controlled shares” of the 9.5% U.S. Shareholder so long as such reallocation does not cause any person to become a 9.5% U.S. Shareholder. Under these provisions, certain shareholders may have their voting rights limited, while other shareholders may have voting rights in excess of one vote per share. Moreover, these provisions could have the effect of reducing the votes of certain shareholders who would not otherwise be subject to the 9.5% limitation by virtue of their direct share ownership. We are authorized to require any shareholder to provide information as to that shareholder’s beneficial share ownership, the names of persons having beneficial ownership of the shareholder’s shares, relationships with other shareholders or any other facts the directors may deem relevant to a determination of the number of Common Shares attributable to any person. If any holder fails to respond to this request or submits incomplete or inaccurate information, we may, in our sole discretion, eliminate the shareholder’s voting rights. Pursuant to our Bye-laws, a shareholder must give notice within ten days of the date the shareholder acquires actual knowledge that it is the direct or indirect holder of controlled shares of 9.5% or more of the voting power of all our issued and outstanding shares. No shareholder will be liable to any other shareholder or to us for any losses or damages resulting from the shareholder’s failure to respond to, or submission of incomplete or inaccurate information in response to, a request from us for information as to the shareholder’s beneficial share ownership or from the shareholder’s failure to give the notice described in the previous sentence. All information provided by the shareholder will be treated by us as confidential information and will be used by us solely for the purpose of establishing whether any 9.5% U.S. Shareholder exists (except as otherwise required by applicable law or regulation). If we are required or entitled to vote at an annual or special general meeting (or to act by unanimous written consent in lieu of a general meeting) of any directly held non-U.S. subsidiary, our directors would refer the subject matter of the vote to our shareholders and seek direction from such shareholders as to how our directors should vote on the resolution proposed by the non-U.S. subsidiary. In such cases, the voting rights of our shareholders will be subject to the same restriction on voting power as set forth above. Substantially similar provisions are contained in the bye-laws (or equivalent governing documents) of the non-U.S. subsidiaries. Restrictions on Transfer, Issuance and Repurchase Our directors may decline to register the transfer of any shares if they have reason to believe that such transfer may expose us or any direct or indirect shareholder or its affiliates to non-de minimis adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences in any jurisdiction. Similarly, we could be restricted from issuing or repurchasing shares if our directors believe that such issuance or repurchase may result in a non-de minimis adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequence to us or any direct or indirect shareholder or its affiliates. Our directors also may, in their absolute discretion, decline to register the transfer of any shares if they have reason to believe that registration of the transfer under the Securities Act or under any U.S. state securities laws or under the laws of any other jurisdiction is required and such registration has not been duly effected. In addition, our directors may decline to approve or register a transfer of shares unless all applicable consents, authorizations, permissions or approvals of any governmental body or agency in Bermuda, the United States or any other applicable jurisdiction required to be obtained prior to such transfer shall have been obtained. We are authorized to request information from any holder or prospective acquirer of shares as necessary to give effect to the transfer, issuance and repurchase restrictions described above, and may decline to effect any transaction if complete and accurate information is not received as requested. Conyers Dill & Pearman Limited, our Bermuda counsel, has advised us that while the precise form of the restrictions on transfer contained in our Bye- laws is untested, as a matter of general principle, restrictions on transfers are enforceable under Bermuda law and are not uncommon. A proposed transferee will be permitted to dispose of any shares purchased that violate the restrictions and as to the transfer of which registration is refused. The proposed transferor of those shares will be deemed to own those shares for dividend, voting and reporting purposes until a transfer of such shares has been registered on our shareholders register. If the directors refuse to register a transfer for any reason, they must notify the proposed transferor and transferee within three months of such refusal. Our Bye-laws also provide that our board of directors may suspend the registration of transfers for any reason and for such periods as it may determine, provided that it may not suspend the registration of transfers for more than 45 days in any period of 365 consecutive days. The voting restrictions and restrictions on transfer described above may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of Maiden. Bye-laws Our Bye-laws provide for our corporate governance, including the establishment of share rights, modification of those rights, issuance of share certificates, calls on shares which are not fully paid, forfeiture of shares, the transfer of shares, alterations of capital, the calling and conduct of general meetings, proxies, the appointment and removal of directors, conduct and power of directors, the payment of dividends, the appointment of an auditor and our winding-up. Our Bye-laws provide that shareholders may only remove a director for cause prior to the expiration of that director’s term at a meeting of shareholders at which a majority of the holders of shares voting thereon vote in favor of that action. Our Bye-laws may only be amended by a resolution adopted by the board of directors and by resolution of the shareholders. Transfer Agent Our registrar and transfer agent for our Common Shares is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company. Listing Our Common Shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “MHLD.” Differences in Corporate Law Dividends Bermuda law does not permit payment of dividends or distributions of contributed surplus by a company if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company, after the payment is made, would be unable to pay its liabilities as they become due, or that the realizable value of the company’s assets would be less, as a result of the payment, than its liabilities. The excess of the consideration paid on issue of shares over the aggregate par value of such shares must (except in certain limited circumstances) be credited to a share premium account. Share premium may be distributed in certain limited circumstances, for example to pay up unissued shares which may be distributed to shareholders in proportion to their holdings, but is otherwise subject to limitation. Under Delaware law, subject to any restrictions contained in the company’s certificate of incorporation, a company may pay dividends out of surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and for the preceding fiscal year. Delaware law also provides that dividends may not be paid out of net profits at any time when capital is less than the capital represented by the outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets. Mergers and Similar Arrangements The amalgamation of a Bermuda company with another company or corporation (other than certain affiliated companies) requires the amalgamation agreement to be approved by the company’s board of directors and by its shareholders. Under our Bye-laws, we may, with the approval of at least majority of the votes cast at a general meeting of our shareholders at which a quorum is present, amalgamate with another Bermuda company or with a body incorporated outside Bermuda. In the case of an amalgamation, a shareholder may apply to a Bermuda court for a proper valuation of such shareholder’s shares if such shareholder is not satisfied that fair value has been paid for such shares. Under Delaware law, with certain exceptions, a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all the assets of a corporation must be approved by the board of directors and the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote thereon. Under Delaware law, a shareholder of a corporation participating in certain major corporate transactions may, under certain circumstances, be entitled to appraisal rights pursuant to which the shareholder may receive cash in the amount of the fair value of the shares held by that shareholder (as determined by a court) in lieu of the consideration that the shareholder would otherwise receive in the transaction. Delaware law does not provide shareholders of a corporation with voting or appraisal rights when the corporation acquires another business through the issuance of its stock or other consideration (i) in exchange for the assets of the business to be acquired; (ii) in exchange for the outstanding stock of the corporation to be acquired; (iii) in a merger of the corporation to be acquired with a subsidiary of the acquiring corporation; or (iv) in a merger in which the corporation’s certificate of incorporation is not amended and the corporation issues less than 20% of its common shares outstanding prior to the merger. Takeovers Bermuda law provides that where an offer is made for shares of another company and, within four months of the offer, the holders of not less than 90% of the shares which are the subject of the offer (other than shares held by or for the offeror or its subsidiaries) accept, the offeror may by notice require the nontendering shareholders to transfer their shares on the terms of the offer. Dissenting shareholders may apply to the court within one month of the notice objecting to the transfer. The test is one of fairness to the body of the shareholders and not to individuals and the burden is on the dissenting shareholder to prove unfairness, not merely that the scheme is open to criticism. Delaware law provides that a parent corporation, by resolution of its board of directors and without any shareholder vote, may merge with any subsidiary of which it owns at least 90% of the outstanding shares of each class of stock that is entitled to vote on the transaction. Upon any such merger, dissenting shareholders of the subsidiary would have appraisal rights. Interested Directors Bermuda law and our Bye-laws provide that if a director has an interest in a material contract or proposed material contract with us or any of our subsidiaries or has a material interest in any person that is a party to such a contract, the director must disclose the nature of that interest at the first opportunity either at a meeting of directors or in writing to the directors. Our Bye-laws provide that, after a director has made such a declaration of interest, he is allowed to be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present and to vote on a transaction in which he has an interest, unless disqualified from doing so by the chairman of the relevant board meeting. Under Delaware law such transaction would not be voidable if (i) the material facts as to such interested director’s relationship or interests are disclosed to or are known by the board of directors and the board in good faith authorizes the transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested directors, (ii) such material facts are disclosed to or are known by the shareholders entitled to vote on such transaction and the transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the majority of shares entitled to vote thereon or (iii) the transaction is fair as to the corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified. Under Delaware law, such interested director could be held liable for a transaction in which such director derived an improper personal benefit. Shareholder’s Suit The rights of shareholders under Bermuda law are not as extensive as the rights of shareholders under legislation or judicial precedent in many U.S. jurisdictions. Class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under the laws of Bermuda. However, the Bermuda courts ordinarily would be expected to follow English case law precedent, which would permit a shareholder to commence an action in our name to remedy a wrong done to us where the act complained of is alleged to be beyond our corporate power or is illegal or would result in the violation of our memorandum of association or Bye-laws. Furthermore, consideration would be given by the court to acts that are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of shareholders than actually approved it. The winning party in such an action generally would be able to recover a portion of attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with such action. Our Bye-laws provide that shareholders waive all claims or rights of action that they might have, individually or in the right of the Company, against any of our directors or officers for any act or failure to act in the performance of such director’s or officer’s duties, except with respect to any fraud or dishonesty of such director or officer. Class actions and derivative actions generally are available to shareholders under Delaware law for, among other things, breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste and actions not taken in accordance with applicable law. In such actions, the court has discretion to permit the winning party to recover attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with such action. Inspection of Corporate Records Members of the general public have the right to inspect our public documents available at the office of the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda, which includes our memorandum of association (including our objects and powers) and alterations to our memorandum of association, including any increase or reduction of our authorized capital. Our shareholders have the additional right to inspect our Bye-laws, minutes of general meetings and our audited financial statements, which must be presented to the annual general meeting of shareholders. Our register of shareholders is also open to inspection by shareholders and to members of the public without charge. We are required to maintain a share register in Bermuda but may establish a branch register outside Bermuda. We are required to keep at our registered office a register of our directors and officers which is open for inspection by members of the public without charge. Bermuda law does not, however, provide a general right for shareholders to inspect or obtain copies of any other corporate records. Delaware law permits any shareholder to inspect or obtain copies of a corporation’s shareholder list and its other books and records for any purpose reasonably related to such person’s interest as a shareholder. Insurance Regulations Concerning Change of Control State insurance laws intended primarily for the protection of policyholders contain certain requirements that must be met prior to any change of control of an insurance company or insurance holding company that is domiciled, or in some cases, having such substantial business that it is deemed commercially domiciled, in that state. These requirements may include the advance filing of specific information with the state insurance commission, a public hearing on the matter, and review and approval of the change of control by the state agencies. We have an insurance subsidiary domiciled in Vermont. Under the insurance laws in this state, “control” is presumed to exist through the ownership of 10% or more of the voting securities of an insurance company or any company that controls the insurance company. Any purchase of our shares that would result in the purchaser owning more than 10% of our voting securities will be presumed to result in the acquisition of control of our insurance subsidiaries and require prior regulatory approval. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERENCE SHARES The following description of our preference shares is a summary and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the pertinent sections of our Bye-laws and the Certificates of Designations creating the respective series of preference shares, each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10‑K of which this Exhibit 4.16 is a part, and to applicable Bermuda law. General Our Bye-laws authorize our board of directors, subject to any limitations prescribed by law, to issue preference shares in one or more series without shareholder approval. We may issue additional shares of preference shares in one or more series as authorized by our board of directors. Each such series of preference shares will have the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, as will be determined by the board of directors. The purpose of authorizing the board of directors to issue preference shares and determine its rights and preferences is to eliminate delays and uncertainties associated with a shareholder vote on specific issuances. The issuance of preference shares, while providing desirable flexibility in connection with possible acquisition and other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discourage a third party from acquiring, a majority of our outstanding voting shares. Our board of directors may issue preference shares with voting and conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power of the holders of our Common Shares. There are no current agreements or understandings for the issuance of preference shares and our board of directors has no present intention to issue any preference shares. The preference shares will be, when issued, fully paid and nonassessable. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, each series will rank on a parity as to dividends and distributions in the event of a liquidation with each other series of preference shares and, in all cases, will be senior to our Common Shares. Dividend Rights Unless otherwise set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of our preference shares of each series will be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our board of directors, out of our assets legally available therefor, cash dividends at the rates and on the dates as set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Holders of our preference shares will be entitled to receive dividends in preference to and in priority over dividends on Common Shares and may be cumulative or non-cumulative as determined by our board of directors. We will generally be able to pay dividends and distribute assets to holders of our preference shares only if we have satisfied our obligations on our debt that is then due and payable. If the applicable prospectus supplement so provides, as long as any preference shares are outstanding, no dividends will be declared or paid or any distributions will be made on our Common Shares unless the accrued dividends on each series of preference shares have been declared and paid. Each series of preference shares will be entitled to dividends as described in the applicable prospectus supplement. Different series of preference shares may be entitled to dividends at different dividend rates or based upon different methods of determination. Except as provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, no series of preference shares will be entitled to participate in our earnings or assets. Dividends on the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares will not be mandatory. Holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares will be entitled to receive only when, as and if declared by the Company’s board of directors or a duly authorized committee of the board, out of lawfully available funds for the payment of dividends under Bermuda law, non-cumulative cash dividends from the original issue date of each respective series, quarterly on the 15th day of March, June, September and December of each year. These dividends will accumulate with respect to a particular dividend period, on the liquidation preference amount of $25 per share at an annual rate of 8.25% with respect to the Series A Preference Shares, 7.125% with respect to the Series C Preference Shares, and 6.700% with respect to the Series D Preference Shares. In the event that we issue additional Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, dividends on such additional shares may accumulate from the original issue date of each respective series or any other date we specify at the time such additional shares are issued. Dividends, if so declared, will be payable to holders of record of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares as they appear on our books on the applicable record date, which shall be March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1, as applicable, immediately preceding the applicable dividend payment date or such other record date fixed by our board of directors (or a duly authorized committee of the board) that is not more than 60 nor less than 10 days prior to such dividend payment date (each, a “dividend record date”). These dividend record dates will apply regardless of whether a particular dividend record date is a business day. A dividend period is the period from and including a dividend payment date to but excluding the next dividend payment date, except that the initial dividend period for each of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares commenced on and included the original issue date of such series and ended on and excluded the next scheduled dividend payment date of such series. Dividends payable on the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. If any date on which dividends would otherwise be payable is not a business day, then the dividend payment date will be the next succeeding business day with the same force and effect as if made on the original dividend payment date, and no additional dividends shall accumulate on the amount so payable from such date to such next succeeding business day. Dividends on the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Series Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares will not be cumulative. Accordingly, if our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee of the board, does not declare a dividend on the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares payable in respect of any dividend period before the related dividend payment date, such dividend will not accumulate and will not be payable and we will have no obligation to pay a dividend for that dividend period on the dividend payment date or at any future time, whether or not dividends are declared for any future dividend period on the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares or any other preference shares we may issue in the future. So long as any Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares remain outstanding for any dividend period, unless the full dividends for the latest completed dividend period on all outstanding Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares and parity shares (as defined below) have been declared and paid (or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof has been set aside): • • no dividend shall be paid or declared on our Common Shares, or any other junior shares (other than a dividend payable solely in junior shares); and no Common Shares or other junior shares shall be purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired for consideration by us, directly or indirectly (other than (1) as a result of a reclassification of junior shares for or into other junior shares, or the exchange or conversion of one junior share for or into another junior share, or (2) through the use of the proceeds of a substantially contemporaneous sale of junior shares, in each case as permitted by our bye-laws in effect on the date of issuance of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable). As used herein, “junior shares” means any class or series of our capital shares that ranks junior to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares either as to the payment of dividends or as to the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding- up. At present, junior shares consist solely of our Common Shares. When dividends are not paid (or duly provided for) in full on any dividend payment date (or, in the case of parity shares (as defined below) having dividend payment dates different from the dividend payment dates pertaining to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares on a dividend payment date falling within the related dividend period for the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares) upon the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares and any parity shares, all dividends declared by our board of directors or a duly authorized committee of the board upon the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares and all such parity shares and payable on such dividend payment date (or, in the case of parity shares having dividend payment dates different from the dividend payment dates pertaining to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares on a dividend payment date falling within the related dividend period for the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares) shall be declared by the board or such committee pro rata so that the respective amounts of such dividends shall bear the same ratio to each other as all declared but unpaid dividends per Series A Preference Share, Series C Preference Share, Series D Preference Share, as applicable, and all parity shares payable on such dividend payment date (or, in the case of parity shares having dividend payment dates different from the dividend payment dates pertaining to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares on a dividend payment date falling within the related dividend period for the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares) bear to each other. As used herein, “parity shares” means any class or series of our capital shares that ranks equally with the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares with respect to the payment of dividends and in the distribution of assets on our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up. At present, our Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares rank equally with each other. As of March 15, 2020, we have not declared and paid dividends in respect of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares for six or more dividend periods, which constitutes a nonpayment event (as defined below). Certain Bermuda Restrictions on Payment of Dividends The Companies Act limits our ability to pay dividends. Under Bermuda law, a company shall not declare and pay dividends if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company is or would, after the declaration or payment, be unable to pay its liabilities as they become due or that the realizable value of its assets would thereby be less than its liabilities. In addition, our ability to pay dividends depends, in part, on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. Payment of Additional Amounts We will make all payments on the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, free and clear of and without withholding or deduction at source for, or on account of, any present or future taxes, fees, duties, assessments or governmental charges of whatever nature imposed or levied by or on behalf of Bermuda or any other jurisdiction in which we are organized (a “taxing jurisdiction”) or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein, unless such taxes, fees, duties, assessments or governmental charges are required to be withheld or deducted by (1) the laws (or any regulations or rulings promulgated thereunder) of a taxing jurisdiction or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein or (2) an official position regarding the application, administration, interpretation or enforcement of any such laws, regulations or rulings (including, without limitation, a holding by a court of competent jurisdiction or by a taxing authority in a taxing jurisdiction or any political subdivision thereof). If a withholding or deduction at source is required, we will, subject to certain limitations and exceptions described below, pay to the holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, such additional amounts as dividends as may be necessary so that every net payment made to such holders, after the withholding or deduction, will not be less than the amount provided for in the applicable Certificate of Designations for such series to be then due and payable. We will not be required to pay any additional amounts for or on account of: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) any tax, fee, duty, assessment or governmental charge of whatever nature that would not have been imposed but for the fact that such holder was a resident, citizen, domiciliary or national of, or engaged in business or maintained a permanent establishment or was physically present in, the relevant taxing jurisdiction or any political subdivision thereof or otherwise had some connection with the relevant taxing jurisdiction other than by reason of the mere ownership of, or receipt of payment under, such Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, or any Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, presented for payment more than 30 days after the Relevant Date. The “Relevant Date” means, in respect of any payment on such series, as applicable, the date on which such payment first becomes due and payable, but if the full amount of the moneys payable has not been received by the dividend disbursing agent on or prior to such due date, it means the first date on which, the full amount of such moneys having been so received and being available for payment to holders, notice to that effect shall have been duly given to the holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable; any estate, inheritance, gift, sale, transfer, personal property or similar tax, assessment or other governmental charge or any tax, assessment or other governmental charge that is payable otherwise than by withholding or deduction from payment of the liquidation preference of such series; any tax, fee, assessment or other governmental charge that is payable otherwise than by withholding or deduction from payment of the liquidation preference of or any dividends on the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable; any tax, fee, duty, assessment or other governmental charge that is imposed or withheld by reason of the failure by the holder of such Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares to comply with any reasonable request by us addressed to the holder within 90 days of such request (1) to provide information concerning the nationality, citizenship, residence or identity of the holder or (2) to make any declaration or other similar claim or satisfy any information or reporting requirement, which is required or imposed by statute, treaty, regulation or administrative practice of the relevant taxing jurisdiction or any political subdivision thereof as a precondition to exemption from all or part of such tax, fee, duty, assessment or other governmental charge; any withholding or deduction required to be made pursuant to any EU Directive on the taxation of savings implementing the conclusions of the ECOFIN Council meetings of 26-27 November 2000, 3 June 2003 or any law implementing or complying with, or introduced in order to conform to, such EU Directive; or (6) any combination of items (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). In addition, we will not pay additional amounts with respect to any payment on any such Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, to any holder who is a fiduciary, partnership, limited liability company or other pass-thru entity other than the sole beneficial owner of such Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, if such payment would be required by the laws of the relevant taxing jurisdiction (or any political subdivision or relevant taxing authority thereof or therein) to be included in the income for tax purposes of a beneficiary or partner or settlor with respect to such fiduciary or a member of such partnership, limited liability company or other pass-thru entity or a beneficial owner to the extent such beneficiary, partner or settlor would not have been entitled to such additional amounts had it been the holder of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable. If we become obligated to pay any additional amounts as a result of a change in tax law, we will also have the option to redeem the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and/or Series D Preference Shares. See “- Tax Redemption.” Liquidation Preference Upon any dissolution, liquidation or “winding up” of the Company, the holders of each series of preference shares will be entitled to receive out of our assets, whether from capital, surplus or earnings, and before any distribution of any assets is made on Common Shares, the amount per share fixed by the board of directors for that series of preference shares, as reflected in the applicable prospectus supplement, plus unpaid dividends, if any, to the date fixed for distribution. Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of our preference shares will be entitled to no further participation in any distribution made in conjunction with any dissolution, liquidation or “winding up.” Upon our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares and any parity shares are entitled to receive out of our assets available for distribution to shareholders, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, if any, but before any distribution of assets is made to holders of our Common Shares or any of our other shares ranking junior as to such a distribution to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares, a liquidating distribution in the amount of $25 per share plus any declared and unpaid dividends on each respective series of preference shares to, but excluding, the date of liquidation of such series of preference shares, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. If in any such distribution, our assets or proceeds thereof are not sufficient to pay the liquidating distribution, distributions will be made pro rata as to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares and any parity shares but only to the extent we have assets available after satisfaction of all liabilities to creditors. Holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares will not be entitled to any other amounts from us after they have received their full liquidation preference. In any such distribution, if our assets are not sufficient to pay the liquidation preferences in full to all holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares and all holders of any parity shares, the amounts paid to the holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares and to the holders of any parity shares will be paid pro rata in accordance with the respective aggregate liquidation preferences of those holders. In any such distribution, the liquidation distribution of any holder of preference shares means the amount payable to such holder in such distribution, including any declared but unpaid dividends (and any unpaid, accrued cumulative dividends in the case of any holder of shares on which dividends accrue on a cumulative basis). If the liquidation preference has been paid in full to all holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares and any holders of parity shares and shares ranking senior to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares with respect to the distributions of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of our other shares shall be entitled to receive all of our remaining assets according to their respective rights and preferences. For purposes of this section, a consolidation, amalgamation, merger, arrangement, reincorporation, de-registration or reconstruction involving the Company or the sale or transfer of all or substantially all of the shares or the property or business of the Company will not be deemed to constitute a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up. Redemption A series of preference shares may be redeemable, in whole or in part, at our option, and may be subject to mandatory redemption in connection with a sinking fund. The terms, times, redemption prices and types of consideration of the redemption will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. The applicable prospectus supplement will also specify the number of shares of the series that we will redeem in each year commencing after a specified date, at a specified redemption price per share, together with an amount equal to any accrued and unpaid dividends to the date of redemption. If, after giving notice of redemption to the holders of a series of preference shares, we deposit with a designated bank funds sufficient to redeem the series of preference shares, then from and after the deposit, all shares called for redemption will no longer be outstanding for any purpose, other than the right to receive the redemption price and the right, if applicable, to convert the preference shares into our Common Shares or other securities prior to the date fixed for redemption. Except as indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, the preference shares are not subject to any mandatory redemption at the option of the holder. Under Bermuda law, the source of funds that may be used by a company to pay amounts to shareholders on the redemption of their shares in respect of the nominal or par value of their shares is limited to (1) the capital paid up on the shares being redeemed, (2) funds of the company otherwise available for payment of dividends or distributions or (3) the proceeds of a new issuance of shares made for purposes of the redemption, and in respect of the premium over the nominal or par value of their shares is limited to (a) funds otherwise available for dividends or distributions or (b) out of the company’s share premium account before the redemption date. Under Bermuda law, no redemption may be made by us if there are reasonable grounds for believing that (1) we are or, after giving effect to redemption of shares, would be unable to pay our liabilities as they become due, or (2) the realizable value of our assets would thereby be less than our liabilities, or (3) we are or, after such redemption, would be in breach of applicable individual or group solvency and liquidity requirements or applicable individual or group enhanced capital requirements or such other applicable rules, regulations or restrictions as may from time to time be issued or imposed by the Bermuda Monetary Authority (the “BMA”) (or any successor agency or then-applicable regulatory authority) pursuant to then-applicable law. In addition, if the redemption price is to be paid out of funds otherwise available for dividends or distributions, no redemption may be made if the realizable value of our assets would thereby be less than the aggregate of our liabilities. Preference shares also may not be redeemed if as a result of the redemption, our issued share capital would be reduced below the minimum capital specified in our Memorandum of Association. Our ability to effect a redemption of any of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares is subject to regulatory approval. Our ability to effect a redemption of any of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares may be subject to the performance of our subsidiaries. Distributions to us from our insurance subsidiaries will also be subject to applicable insurance laws and regulatory constraints. The Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares are not subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund, retirement fund, purchase fund or other similar provisions. Except as described below, in each case, the Series A Preference Shares are not redeemable prior to August 29, 2017, the Series C Preference Shares are not redeemable prior to December 15, 2020, and the Series D Preference Shares are not redeemable prior to June 15, 2022. On and after those dates, as applicable, the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares will be redeemable at our option, in whole or in part, upon not less than 30 days nor more than 60 days notice, at a redemption price equal to $25 per Series A Preference Share, $25 per Series C Preference Share, or $25 per Series D Preference Share, as applicable, plus declared and unpaid dividends, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption of such series, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends on such series. Holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares will have no right to require the redemption of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable. At any time prior to August 29, 2017 (with respect to the Series A Preference Shares), December 15, 2020 (with respect to the Series C Preference Shares), and June 15, 2022 (with respect to the Series D Preference Shares), the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, are redeemable at our option if we have submitted to the holders of our Common Shares a proposal for an amalgamation, consolidation, merger, arrangement, reconstruction, reincorporation, de-registration or any other similar transaction involving the Company that requires, or we have submitted any proposal for any other matter that, as a result of any change in Bermuda law after the original issue date of such series (whether by enactment or official interpretation) that requires, in either case, a vote of the holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares at the time outstanding, as applicable, voting separately as a single class (alone or with one or more other classes or series of preference shares). Our option to redeem the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares under such circumstances shall be for all of the outstanding shares of such series upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days prior written notice, and at a redemption price of $26 per Series A Preference Share, $26 per Series C Preference Share, or $26 per Series D Preference Share, as applicable, plus declared and unpaid dividends on such series, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption or such series, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. The redemption price for any shares of Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, shall be payable on the redemption date of such series to the holders of such shares against book entry transfer or surrender of the certificate(s) evidencing such shares to us or our agent. Any declared but unpaid dividends on such series called for redemption payable on a redemption date that occurs subsequent to the dividend record date for a dividend period shall not be paid to the holder entitled to receive the redemption price on the redemption date, but rather shall be paid to the holder of record of the redeemed shares on such dividend record date relating to the dividend payment date provided in “- Dividends” above. Prior to delivering notice of redemption as provided below, we will file with our corporate records a certificate signed by one of our officers affirming our compliance with the redemption provisions under the Companies Act relating to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, and stating that there are reasonable grounds for believing that we are, and after the redemption will be, able to pay our liabilities as they become due and that the redemption will not cause us to breach any provision of applicable Bermuda law or regulation. We will mail a copy of this certificate with the notice of any redemption. If the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares are to be redeemed, the notice of redemption shall be given by first class mail to the holders of record of such series to be redeemed, mailed not less than 30 days nor more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for redemption thereof (provided that, if the preference shares of the series called for redemption are held in book-entry form through The Depository Trust Company, or “DTC,” we may give such notice in any manner permitted by DTC). Each notice of redemption will include a statement setting forth: • • • • the redemption date; the number of preference shares of such series called for redemption to be redeemed and, if less than all the preference shares held by such holder are to be redeemed, the number of such preference shares to be redeemed from such holder; the redemption price; and that the shares should be delivered via book entry transfer or the place or places where holders may surrender certificates evidencing the shares of such series called for redemption for payment of the redemption price. If notice of redemption of any Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares has been given and if the funds necessary for such redemption have been set aside by us for the benefit of the holders of any Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares so called for redemption, then, from and after the redemption date, no further dividends will be declared on such shares, such shares shall no longer be deemed outstanding and all rights of the holders of such shares will terminate, except the right to receive the redemption price, without interest. In case of any redemption of only part of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, at the time outstanding, the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares to be redeemed shall be selected either pro rata or in such other manner as we may determine to be fair and equitable. Our ability to redeem the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares as described above or pursuant to a tax event, as described below under “- Tax Redemption,” may be limited by the terms of our agreements governing our indebtedness and by the provisions of other agreements that we may enter into. Tax Redemption We will have the option to redeem for cash the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares at any time in whole or from time to time in part, upon not less than 30 days nor more than 60 days prior written notice in accordance with the procedures described under “- Redemption” above, at a redemption price of $25 per share of each series, as applicable, plus declared and unpaid dividends, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends on such series, at any time following the occurrence of a tax event (as defined). A “tax event” means as a result of a “change in tax law” there is a substantial probability that we or any successor corporation would be required to pay any additional amounts with respect to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable. Prior to any redemption upon a tax event, we will be required to deliver a certificate signed by two executive officers of the Company to the transfer agent for the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, confirming that a tax event has occurred and is continuing (as reasonably determined by us). A “change in tax law” means (a) a change in or amendment to laws, regulations or rulings of any jurisdiction, political subdivision or taxing authority described in the next sentence, (b) a change in the official application or interpretation of those laws, regulations or rulings, (c) any execution of or amendment to any treaty affecting taxation to which any jurisdiction, political subdivision or taxing authority described in the next sentence is party, or (d) a decision rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction in Bermuda or any taxing jurisdiction or any political subdivision, whether or not such decision was rendered with respect to us, in each case described in (a) - (d) above occurring after the date of original issuance of such series. The jurisdictions, political subdivisions and taxing authorities referred to in the previous sentence are (a) Bermuda or any political subdivision or governmental authority of or in Bermuda with the power to tax, (b) any jurisdiction from or through which we or our dividend disbursing agent are making payments on the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares of Series D Preference Shares or any political subdivision or governmental authority of or in that jurisdiction with the power to tax or (c) any other jurisdiction in which the Company or a successor corporation is organized or generally subject to taxation or any political subdivision or governmental authority of or in that jurisdiction with the power to tax. In addition, we will have the option to redeem for cash any or all Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares at any time in whole or from time to time in part, upon not less than 30 days nor more than 60 days prior written notice in accordance with the procedures set forth under “- Redemption” above, at a redemption price of $25 per share of each series, as applicable, plus declared and unpaid dividends, if any, on such series to, but excluding, the applicable date of redemption, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends, if the entity formed by a consolidation, merger or amalgamation involving us or the entity to which we convey, transfer or lease substantially all our properties and assets is required to pay additional amounts in respect of any tax, assessment or governmental charge imposed on any holder of Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, as a result of a change in tax law that occurred after the date of the consolidation, merger, amalgamation, conveyance, transfer or lease. Variation or Exchange At any time following a tax event or a capital disqualification event (as defined below), we may, without the consent of any holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares of the Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, vary the terms of such series of preference shares or exchange such preference shares for new securities, which (1) in the case of a tax event, would eliminate the substantial probability that we or any successor corporation would be required to pay any additional amounts with respect to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, as a result of a change in tax law or (2) in the case of a capital disqualification event, would cause the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, to become securities that qualify as Tier 2 capital (where capital is subdivided into tiers) or its equivalent under then-applicable capital adequacy regulations (as defined below) imposed upon us by the BMA or any successor agency or then-applicable regulatory authority, including under the BMA’s enhanced capital requirements, for purposes of determining the solvency margin, capital adequacy ratios or any other comparable ratios, regulatory capital resource or levels of the Company or any member thereof. In either case, the terms of the varied securities or new securities considered in the aggregate cannot be less favorable, including from a financial perspective, to holders than the terms of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, prior to being varied or exchanged (as reasonably determined by the Company); provided that no such variation of terms or securities received in exchange shall change the specified denominations, or any payment of dividend on, the redemption dates (other than any extension of the period during which an optional redemption may not be exercised by the Company) or currency of, the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, reduce the liquidation preference thereof or the dividend payable thereon, lower the ranking of the securities or change the foregoing list of items that may not be so amended as part of such variation or exchange. Further, no such variation of terms or securities received in exchange shall impair the right of a holder of the securities to institute suit for the payment of any amounts due (as provided under the applicable Certificate of Designations), but unpaid with respect to such holder’s securities. Prior to any variation or exchange, we will be required to (1) receive an opinion of independent legal advisers of recognized standing to the effect that holders and beneficial owners of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable (including as holders and beneficial owners of the varied or exchanged securities), will not recognize income, gain or loss for United States federal income tax purposes as a result of such variation or exchange and will be subject to United States federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case had such variation or exchange not occurred; and (2) deliver a certificate signed by two executive officers of the Company to the transfer agent for the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, confirming that (a) a capital disqualification event or a tax event has occurred and is continuing (as reasonably determined by the Company) and (b) that the terms of the varied or new securities, considered in the aggregate, are not less favorable, including from a financial perspective, to holders than the terms of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, prior to being varied or exchanged (as reasonably determined by the Company). Any variation or exchange of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares described above will be made after notice is given to the holders of the applicable series of preference shares not less than 30 nor more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for variation or exchange, as applicable. As used herein, (1) a “capital disqualification event” means the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares do not qualify, in whole or in part (including as a result of any transitional or grandfathering provisions or otherwise), for purposes of determining the solvency margin, capital adequacy ratio or any other comparable ratio, regulatory capital resource or level, of the Company or any subsidiary thereof, where capital is subdivided into tiers, as Tier 2 capital securities under then-applicable capital adequacy regulations imposed upon us by the BMA or any successor agency or then-applicable regulatory authority (which would include, without limitation, our individual and group enhanced capital requirements under BMA capital regulations), except as a result of any applicable limitation on the amount of such capital; and (2) “capital adequacy regulations” means the solvency margins, capital adequacy regulations or any other regulatory capital rules applicable to us from time to time on an individual or group basis pursuant to Bermuda law and/or the laws of any other relevant jurisdiction and which set out the requirements to be satisfied by financial instruments to qualify as solvency margin or additional solvency margin or regulatory capital (or any equivalent terminology employed by the then-applicable capital adequacy regulations). Sinking Fund The applicable prospectus supplement for any series of preference shares will state the terms, if any, of a sinking fund for the purchase or redemption of that series. None of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares is subject to a sinking fund. Conversion and Exchange The applicable prospectus supplement for any series of preference shares will state the terms, if any, on which shares of that series are convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Common Shares or, if applicable, other securities. None of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares have conversion rights. Voting Rights Under ordinary circumstances, the holders of preference shares have no voting rights except as required by law. The applicable prospectus supplement may provide voting rights for holders of our preference shares. Except as provided below, the holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference will have no voting rights. Whenever dividends on any Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares shall have not been declared and paid for the equivalent of six or more dividend periods, whether or not for consecutive dividend periods (a “nonpayment event”), the holders of the applicable Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, voting together as a single class with holders of any and all other series of voting preference shares (as defined below) then outstanding, will be entitled to vote for the election of a total of two additional members of the board of directors of the Company (the “preference shares directors”), provided that the election of any such directors shall not cause us to violate the corporate governance requirement of any exchange on which our securities may be listed or quoted that listed or quoted companies must have a majority of independent directors. In that event, the new directors shall be elected at a special meeting called at the request of the holders of record of at least 20% of the aggregate voting power of the applicable Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares, Series D Preference Shares or of any other series of voting preference shares (unless such request is received less than 90 days before the date fixed for the next annual or special meeting of the shareholders of the Company, in which event such election shall be held at such next annual or special meeting of shareholders), and at each subsequent annual meeting. As used herein, “voting preference shares” means any other class or series of our preference shares ranking equally with the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares as to dividends and the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company and upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable. Whether a plurality, majority or other portion of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, and any other voting preference shares have been voted in favor of any matter shall be determined by reference to the aggregate voting power, as determined under our Bye-laws, of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, and voting preference shares voted. If and when dividends on an applicable series of preference shares for at least four consecutive dividend periods following a nonpayment event have been paid in full (or declared and a sum sufficient for such payment shall have been set aside), the holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, shall be divested of the foregoing voting rights (subject to revesting in the event of each subsequent nonpayment event) and, if such voting rights for all other holders of voting preference shares have terminated, the term of office of each preference shares director so elected shall terminate and the number of directors on the board of directors of the Company shall automatically decrease by two. In determining whether dividends have been paid for four dividend periods following a nonpayment event, we may take account of any dividend we elect to pay for such a dividend period after the regular dividend payment date for that period has passed. Any preference shares director may be removed at any time without cause by the holders of record of a majority of the aggregate voting power, as determined under our Bye-laws, of Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, and any other shares of voting preference shares then outstanding (voting together as a single class) when they have the voting rights described above. So long as a nonpayment event shall continue, any vacancy in the office of a preference shares director (other than prior to the initial election after a nonpayment event) may be filled by the written consent of the preference shares director remaining in office, or if none remains in office, by a vote of the holders of record of a majority of the outstanding Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, and any other shares of voting preference shares then outstanding (voting together as a single class) when they have the voting rights described above. Any vote of shareholders to remove, or to fill a vacancy in the office of, a preference shares director may be taken only at a special general meeting of such shareholders, called as provided above for an initial election of preference shares director after a nonpayment event (unless such request is received less than 90 days before the date fixed for the next annual or special meeting of the shareholders of the Company, in which event such election shall be held at such next annual or special general meeting of shareholders). The preference shares directors shall each be entitled to one vote per director on any matter. Each preference shares director elected at any special general meeting of shareholders or by written consent of the other preference shares director shall hold office until the next annual meeting of the shareholders of the Company if such office shall not have previously terminated as above provided. Subject to the provisions described under “- Variation or Exchange” and in the second succeeding paragraph below, our Bye-laws provide that the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference may, whether or not the Company is being wound-up, be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power represented by the issued Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, or with the sanction of a resolution passed by at least two-thirds of the voting power represented by the votes cast at a separate general meeting of the holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, in accordance with the Companies Act. Our Bye-laws also provide that rights conferred upon the holders of the capital shares of any class (including the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares and Series D Preference Shares) issued with preferred or other rights shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of additional capital shares ranking pari passu therewith or senior thereto. The Companies Act provides that in certain circumstances, non-voting shares have the right to vote (for example without limitation, converting a limited liability company to unlimited liability company, discontinuance of a company from Bermuda, or conversion of preference shares into redeemable preference shares). Notwithstanding the foregoing, our Bye-laws contain a provision limiting the voting rights of any U.S. person, as defined in the Code, who owns (directly, indirectly or constructively under the Code) shares with more than 9.5% of the total voting power of all shares entitled to vote generally at an election of directors to 9.5% of such voting power. Without the consent of the holders of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, so long as such action does not materially and adversely affect the special rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers of such series, taken as a whole, the board of directors of the Company may, by resolution, amend, alter, supplement or repeal any terms of such shares: • • to cure any ambiguity, or to cure, correct or supplement any provision contained in the applicable Certificate of Designations for the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares that may be defective or inconsistent; or to make any provision with respect to matters or questions arising with respect to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, that is not inconsistent with the provisions of the applicable Certificate of Designations; provided that any such amendment, alteration, supplement or repeal of any terms of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, effected in order to conform (a) the terms of the Series A Preference Shares to the description of the terms of such series set forth under “Description of Series A Preference Shares” in our prospectus supplement dated as of August 23, 2012; (b) the terms of the Series C Preference Shares to the description of such series set forth under “Description of Series C Preference Shares” in our prospectus supplement dated as of November 20, 2015; and (c) the terms of the Series D Preference Shares to the description of such series set forth under “Description of Series D Preference Shares” in our prospectus supplement dated as of June 12, 2017, shall be deemed not to materially and adversely affect the special rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers of the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares, as applicable, taken as a whole. The foregoing voting provisions will not apply with respect to the Series A Preference Shares, Series C Preference Shares or Series D Preference Shares if, at or prior to the time when the act with respect to which such vote would otherwise be required shall be effected, all outstanding shares of such series shall have been redeemed or called for redemption upon proper notice and sufficient funds shall have been set aside by us for the benefit of the holders of such series to effect such redemption. Transfer Agent and Registrar We will select the transfer agent, registrar and dividend disbursement agent for a series of preference shares, and each one will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. The registrar for preference shares will send notices to shareholders of any meetings at which holders of our preference shares have the right to vote on any matter. DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES OF MAIDEN HOLDINGS NORTH AMERICA, LTD. The following description of Maiden NA’s debt securities is a summary and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the Notes, the Form of Indenture for Debt Securities by and among Maiden Holdings NA, the Company, as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust Company, as trustee, and the Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 25, 2013, each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10‑K of which this Exhibit 4.16 is a part. In this section, references to the “notes” refer only to Maiden NA’s 2043 Senior Notes. General The notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of Maiden NA and rank equally in right of payment with all of Maiden NA’s other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness from time to time outstanding. The notes mature on December 1, 2043, unless previously redeemed in full by Maiden NA as provided below under “- Optional Redemption” or “- Redemption for Changes in Withholding Taxes.” The notes bear interest at the rate of 7.75% per annum from November 25, 2013 to maturity or early redemption. Interest on the notes is payable on the 1st day of March, June, September and December of each year to the persons in whose names such notes were registered at the close of business on the immediately preceding 15th day of February, May, August or November (whether or not a business day), respectively. Interest payments in the respect of the notes will equal the amount of interest accrued from and including the immediately preceding interest payment date in respect of which interest has been paid or duly provided for (or from and including the date of issue, if no interest has been paid or duly provided for with respect to the notes), to, but not including, the applicable interest payment date or stated maturity date or date of earlier redemption, as the case may be. Interest on the notes will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year comprised of twelve 30-day months. If any interest payment date, redemption date or the maturity date falls on a day that is not a business day, the payment due on that interest payment date, redemption date or the maturity date will be made on the next business day, and without any interest or other payment in respect of such delay. The principal, interest, if any, and additional amounts, if any, on the notes will be payable through DTC as described under “- Same-Day Funds Payment.” Maiden NA issued the notes in an aggregate principal amount of $152,500,000. The indenture governing the notes does not limit the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities which Maiden NA may issue thereunder and provides that Maiden NA may issue debt securities thereunder from time to time in one or more series. Maiden NA may, from time to time, without the consent of or notice to holders of the notes, issue and sell additional debt securities ranking equally and ratably with the notes in all respects and having the same terms as the notes (other than the issue date, and to the extent applicable, issue price, initial date of interest accrual and initial interest payment date of such additional debt securities), so that such additional debt securities shall be consolidated and form a single series with the notes for all purposes, including voting; provided, that such additional debt securities are fungible with the previously issued notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The notes are not entitled to the benefit of any mandatory redemption or sinking fund or to redemption or repurchase at the option of the holders upon a change of control, a change in management, an asset sale or any other specified event. The notes were issued only in fully registered form without coupons in minimum denominations of $25 and integral multiples of $25 in excess thereof. The notes may be presented for transfer (duly endorsed or accompanied by a written instrument of transfer, if so required by Maiden NA or the security registrar) or exchanged for other notes (containing identical terms and provisions, in any authorized denominations, and of a like aggregate principal amount) at the office or agency maintained by Maiden NA for such purposes (initially the corporate trust office of the trustee). Such transfer or exchange will be made without service charge, but Maiden NA may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge and any other expenses then payable. The indenture does not contain any provisions that would limit the Company’s or Maiden NA’s ability to incur indebtedness or that would afford holders of the notes protection in the event of a sudden and significant decline in Maiden NA’s credit quality or a takeover, recapitalization or highly leveraged or similar transaction involving Maiden NA. Accordingly, the Company and/or Maiden NA could in the future enter into transactions that could increase the amount of indebtedness outstanding at that time or otherwise affect their respective capital structure or credit rating. Guarantee We fully and unconditionally guarantee all payments on the notes. The guarantee is the senior unsecured obligation of the Company and ranks equally in right of payment with all other existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness of the Company from time to time outstanding. The guarantee is effectively subordinated to all existing and future secured obligations of the Company to the extent of the security thereof and structurally subordinated to all existing and future obligations of the Company’s subsidiaries, including claims with respect to trade payables. Optional Redemption The notes may be redeemed, for cash, in whole or in part, on or after December 1, 2018, at Maiden NA’s option, at any time and from time to time, until maturity at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued but unpaid interest on the principal amount being redeemed to, but not including, the redemption date. Maiden NA will mail a notice of any redemption to each holder of notes to be redeemed, at its registered address, by first-class mail (with a copy to the trustee) at least 30 and not more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for redemption. Unless Maiden NA or the Company defaults on payment of the redemption price, interest will cease to accrue on the notes or portions thereof called for redemption on the applicable redemption date. If fewer than all of the notes are to be redeemed, the trustee will select, not more than 60 days prior to the redemption date, the particular notes or portions thereof for redemption from the outstanding notes not previously called by lot or any other method as the trustee deems fair and appropriate. The trustee will make this selection from the then outstanding notes that have not been previously called for redemption. The trustee is required to notify Maiden NA in writing of the notes that it has selected for redemption and, in the case of any note selected for partial redemption, the principal amount of such note to be redeemed. Additionally, the notes and the portions thereof that the trustee selects for redemption must be in a minimum amount of $25 or integral multiples of $25 in excess thereof. The provisions of the indenture that apply to notes that are called for redemption also apply to portions of notes that are called for redemption. Payment of Additional Amounts If any taxes, assessments or other governmental charges are imposed by the jurisdiction, other than the United States, where the Company or Maiden NA, or any of their respective successors (a “Payor”), is organized or otherwise considered to be a resident for tax purposes, any jurisdiction, other than the United States, from or through which the Payor makes a payment on the notes, or, in each case, any political organization or governmental authority thereof or therein having the power to tax (the “Relevant Tax Jurisdiction”) in respect of any payments under the notes, the Payor will pay to each holder of the notes, to the extent it may lawfully do so, such additional amounts as may be necessary in order that the net amounts paid to such holder will be not less than the amount specified in such notes to which such holder is entitled; provided, however, the Payor will not be required to make any payment of additional amounts for or on account of: • • • • • any tax, assessment or other governmental charge which would not have been imposed but for (1) the existence of any present or former connection between such holder (or between a fiduciary, settlor, beneficiary, member or shareholder of, or possessor of a power over, such holder, if such holder is an estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company or corporation) and the Relevant Tax Jurisdiction (other than by reason of the mere ownership of, or receipt of payment under, the notes) including, without limitation, such holder (or such fiduciary, settlor, beneficiary, member, shareholder or possessor) being or having been a citizen or resident thereof or being or having been present or engaged in trade or business therein or having or having had a permanent establishment therein or (2) the presentation of a note (where presentation is required) for payment on a date more than 30 days after (x) the date on which such payment became due and payable or (y) the date on which payment thereof is duly provided for, whichever occurs later; any estate, inheritance, gift, sales, transfer, personal property or similar tax, assessment or other governmental charge; any tax, assessment or other governmental charge which is payable otherwise than by withholding from payment of (or in respect of) principal of, premium, if any, or any interest on, the notes; any tax, assessment or other governmental charge that is imposed or withheld by reason of the failure by the holder or the beneficial owner of the notes to comply with a request of the Payor addressed to the holder to provide information, documents or other evidence concerning the nationality, residence or identity of the holder or such beneficial owner which is required by a statute, treaty, regulation or administrative practice of the Relevant Tax Jurisdiction as a precondition to exemption from all or part of such tax, assessment or other governmental charge; or • any combination of the above; nor will additional amounts be paid with respect to any payment of the principal of, or any premium or interest on, any notes to any holder who is a fiduciary or partnership or limited liability company or other than the sole beneficial owner of such payment to the extent such payment would be required by the laws of the Relevant Tax Jurisdiction to be included in the income for tax purposes of a beneficiary or settlor with respect to such fiduciary or a member of such partnership or limited liability company or beneficial owner who would not have been entitled to such additional amounts had it been the holder of such notes. The Payor will provide the trustee with the official acknowledgment of the relevant tax authority (or, if such acknowledgment is not available, a certified copy thereof) evidencing the payment of any withholding taxes by the Payor. Copies of such documentation will be made available to the holders of the notes or the paying agent, as applicable, upon written request therefor. All references in this section to principal of, premium, if any, and interest on the notes will include any additional amounts payable by the Payor in respect of such principal, such premium, if any, and such interest. Redemption for Changes in Withholding Taxes Maiden NA is entitled to redeem the notes, at its option, at any time, for cash, in whole but not in part, upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ prior written notice, at 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus any accrued but unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption (subject to the right of holders of record on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date), in the event that the Payor has become or would become obligated to pay, on the next date on which any amount would be payable with respect to the notes, any additional amounts as a result of: • • a change in or an amendment to the laws (including any regulations promulgated thereunder) of a Relevant Tax Jurisdiction, which change or amendment is announced: (1) in the case of Maiden NA, after the date of original issuance of the notes and (2) in the case of any successor to Maiden NA or the Company, after the date such successor becomes the successor to Maiden NA or the Company, as the case may be; or any change in or amendment to any official position regarding the application or interpretation of such laws or regulations, which change or amendment is announced: (1) in the case of Maiden NA, after the date of original issuance of the notes and (2) in the case of any successor to Maiden NA or the Company, after the date such successor becomes the successor to Maiden NA or the Company, as the case may be, and, in each case, the Payor cannot avoid such obligation by taking reasonable measures available to it. Before any notice of redemption of the notes is delivered to the holder as described above, Maiden NA will deliver to the trustee, at least 30 days before the date set for redemption, in each case, an officers’ certificate and an opinion of independent legal counsel of recognized standing stating that the Payor has or will become obligated to pay additional amounts as a result of a change in tax laws or regulations or the application or interpretation of such laws or regulations. Book-Entry System The certificates representing the notes will be issued in the form of one or more fully-registered global notes without coupons (the “Global Note”) and will be deposited with, or on behalf of DTC and registered in the name of Cede & Co., as the nominee of DTC. Except in limited circumstances, the notes will not be issuable in definitive form. Unless and until they are exchanged in whole or in part for the individual notes represented thereby, any interests in the Global Note may not be transferred except as a whole by DTC to a nominee of DTC or by a nominee of DTC to DTC or another nominee of DTC or by DTC or any nominee of DTC to a successor depository or any nominee of such successor. DTC has advised us that DTC is a limited-purpose trust company organized under the New York Banking Law, a “banking organization” within the meaning of the New York Banking Law, a member of the Federal Reserve System, a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code, and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act. DTC holds securities that its participants (“Direct Participants”) deposit with DTC. DTC also facilitates the post-trade settlement among Direct Participants of sales and other securities transactions in deposited securities, through electronic computerized book-entry transfers and pledges between Direct Participants’ accounts. This eliminates the need for physical movement of securities certificates. Direct Participants include both U.S. and non-U.S. securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations, and certain other organizations. DTC is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”). DTCC is the holding company for DTC, National Securities Clearing Corporation and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, all of which are registered clearing agencies. DTCC is owned by the users of its regulated subsidiaries. Access to the DTC system is also available to others such as both U.S. and non-U.S. securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies and clearing corporations that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a Direct Participant, either directly or indirectly. The rules applicable to DTC and its Participants are on file with the SEC. The information in this section concerning DTC and DTC’s book-entry system has been obtained from sources that we believe to be reliable, but we take no responsibility for the accuracy thereof. Registration, Transfer, Payment, and Paying Agent Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, each series of debt securities will be issued in registered form only, without coupons. The indenture, however, provides that Maiden NA may also issue debt securities in bearer form only, or in both registered and bearer form. Purchasers of bearer securities will be subject to certification procedures and may be affected by limitations under United States tax laws. The terms of the bearer securities of the particular series and the applicable procedures and limitations will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, registered securities will be issued in minimum denominations of $2,000 or any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof, and bearer securities will be issued in minimum denominations of $5,000. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the debt securities will be payable and may be surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange and, if applicable, for exchange for other securities or property, at an office or agency maintained by Maiden NA in Wilmington, Delaware. However, Maiden NA, at its option, may make payments of interest on any interest payment date on any registered security by check mailed to the address of the person entitled to receive that payment or by wire transfer to an account maintained by the payee with a bank located in the United States. Any interest not punctually paid or duly provided for on any interest payment date with respect to the debt securities of any series will forthwith cease to be payable to the holders of those debt securities on the applicable regular record date and may either be paid to the persons in whose names those debt securities are registered at the close of business on a special record date for the payment of the interest not punctually paid or duly provided for to be fixed by the Trustee, notice whereof shall be given to the holders of those debt securities not less than 10 days prior to the special record date, or may be paid at any time in any other lawful manner, all as completely described in the indenture. Subject to certain limitations imposed on debt securities issued in book-entry form, the debt securities of any series will be exchangeable for other debt securities of the same series and of a like aggregate principal amount and tenor of different authorized denominations upon surrender of those debt securities at the designated place or places. In addition, subject to certain limitations imposed upon debt securities issued in book-entry form, the debt securities of any series may be surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange thereof at the designated place or places if duly endorsed or accompanied by a written instrument of transfer. No service charge shall be made for any registration of transfer or exchange, redemption or repayment of debt securities, or for any exchange of debt securities for other securities or property, but Maiden NA may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in connection with certain of those transactions. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, Maiden NA will not be required to: • • • issue, register the transfer of or exchange debt securities of any series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before any selection of debt securities of that series of like tenor and terms to be redeemed and ending at the close of business on the day of that selection; register the transfer of or exchange any registered security, or portion of any registered security, called for redemption, except the unredeemed portion of any registered security being redeemed in part; or issue, register the transfer of or exchange a debt security which has been surrendered for repurchase at the option of the holder, except the portion, if any, of the debt security not to be repurchased. Book-Entry Debt Securities The debt securities of a series may be issued in whole or in part in the form of one or more global debt securities. Global debt securities will be deposited with, or on behalf of, a depositary identified in the applicable prospectus supplement relating thereto. Global debt securities may be issued in either registered or bearer form and in either temporary or permanent form. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part for individual certificates evidencing debt securities, a global debt security may not be transferred except as a whole by the depositary to its nominee or by the nominee to the depositary or by the depositary or its nominee to a successor depositary or to a nominee of the successor depositary. Maiden NA anticipates that global debt securities will be deposited with, or on behalf of DTC and that global debt securities will be registered in the name of DTC’s nominee, Cede & Co. Maiden NA also anticipates that the following provisions will apply to the depository arrangements with respect to global debt securities. Additional or differing terms of the depository arrangements will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. DTC has advised us that it is: • • • • • a limited-purpose trust company organized under the New York Banking Law; a “banking organization” within the meaning of the New York Banking Law; a member of the Federal Reserve System; a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code; and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act. DTC holds securities that its participants deposit with DTC. DTC also facilitates the settlement among its participants of securities transactions, including transfers and pledges, in deposited securities through electronic computerized book-entry changes in participants’ accounts, which eliminates the need for physical movement of securities certificates. Direct participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations, and other organizations. DTC is a wholly owned subsidiary of DTCC. DTCC is the holding company for DTC, National Securities Clearing Corporation and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, all of which are registered clearing agencies. DTCC is owned by the users of its regulated subsidiaries. Access to the DTC system is also available to others, sometimes referred to in this section as indirect participants, that clear transactions through or maintain a custodial relationship with a direct participant either directly or indirectly. Indirect participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks and trust companies. The rules applicable to DTC and its participants are on file with the SEC. Purchases of debt securities within the DTC system must be made by or through direct participants, which will receive a credit for the debt securities on DTC’s records. The ownership interest of the actual purchaser or beneficial owner of a debt security is, in turn, recorded on the direct and indirect participants’ records. Beneficial owners will not receive written confirmation from DTC of their purchases, but beneficial owners are expected to receive written confirmations providing details of the transactions, as well as periodic statements of their holdings, from the direct or indirect participants through which they purchased the debt securities. Transfers of ownership interests in debt securities are to be accomplished by entries made on the books of participants acting on behalf of beneficial owners. Beneficial owners will not receive certificates representing their ownership interests in the debt securities except in the limited circumstances described below. To facilitate subsequent transfers, all debt securities deposited by participants with DTC will be registered in the name of DTC’s nominee, Cede & Co. The deposit of debt securities with DTC and their registration in the name of Cede & Co. will not change the beneficial ownership of the debt securities. DTC has no knowledge of the actual beneficial owners of the debt securities. DTC’s records reflect only the identity of the direct participants to whose accounts the debt securities are credited. Those participants may or may not be the beneficial owners. The participants are responsible for keeping account of their holdings on behalf of their customers. Conveyance of notices and other communications by DTC to direct participants, by direct participants to indirect participants and by direct and indirect participants to beneficial owners will be governed by arrangements among them, subject to any legal requirements in effect from time to time. Redemption notices shall be sent to DTC or its nominee. If less than all of the debt securities of a series are being redeemed, DTC will reduce the amount of the interest of direct participants in the debt securities in accordance with its procedures. A beneficial owner of debt securities shall give notice to elect to have its debt securities repurchased or tendered, through its participant to the Trustee and shall effect delivery of such debt securities by causing the direct participant to transfer the participant’s interest in such debt securities, on DTC’s records, to the Trustee. The requirement for physical delivery of debt securities in connection with a repurchase or tender will be deemed satisfied when the ownership rights in such debt securities are transferred by direct participants on DTC’s records and followed by a book-entry credit of such debt securities to the Trustee’s DTC account. In any case where a vote may be required with respect to the debt securities of any series, neither DTC nor Cede & Co. will give consents for or vote such global debt securities. Under its usual procedures, DTC will mail an omnibus proxy to Maiden NA as soon as possible after the record date. The omnibus proxy assigns the consenting or voting rights of Cede & Co. to those direct participants to whose accounts the debt securities are credited on the record date identified in a listing attached to the omnibus proxy. Principal of and premium, if any, and interest, if any, on the global debt securities will be paid to Cede & Co., as nominee of DTC. DTC’s practice is to credit direct participants’ accounts on the relevant payment date unless DTC has reason to believe that it will not receive payments on the payment date. Payments by direct and indirect participants to beneficial owners will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is the case with securities held for the account of customers in bearer form or registered in “street name.” Those payments will be the responsibility of participants and not of DTC or Maiden NA, subject to any legal requirements in effect from time to time. Payment of principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, to Cede & Co. is Maiden NA’s responsibility, disbursement of payments to direct participants is the responsibility of DTC, and disbursement of payments to the beneficial owners is the responsibility of direct and indirect participants. Except as described in this section, owners of beneficial interests in a global debt security will not be entitled to have debt securities registered in their names and will not receive physical delivery of debt securities. Accordingly, each beneficial owner must rely on the procedures of DTC to exercise any rights under the debt securities and the indenture. The laws of some jurisdictions may require that some purchasers of securities take physical delivery of securities in definitive form. These laws may impair the ability to transfer or pledge beneficial interests in global debt securities. DTC is under no obligation to provide its services as depositary for the debt securities of any series and may discontinue providing its services at any time. Neither we, Maiden NA nor the Trustee will have any responsibility for the performance by DTC or its participants or indirect participants under the rules and procedures governing DTC. As noted above, owners of beneficial interests in a global debt security will not receive certificates representing their interests. However, if • • • DTC notifies Maiden NA that it is unwilling or unable to continue as a depositary for the global debt securities of any series or if DTC ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Exchange Act and a successor depositary is not appointed by Maiden NA within 90 days of the notification or of Maiden NA’s becoming aware of DTC’s ceasing to be so registered, as the case may be, Maiden NA determines, in its sole discretion, not to have the debt securities of any series represented by one or more global debt securities, or an Event of Default under the indenture has occurred and is continuing with respect to the debt securities of any series and DTC wishes to exchange such global debt securities for definitive certificated debt securities, Maiden NA will prepare and deliver certificates for the debt securities of that series in exchange for beneficial interests in the global debt securities. Any beneficial interest in a global debt security that is exchangeable under the circumstances described in the preceding sentence will be exchangeable for debt securities in definitive certificated form registered in the names that the depositary shall direct. It is expected that these directions will be based upon directions received by the depositary from its participants with respect to ownership of beneficial interests in the global debt securities. We obtained the information in this section and elsewhere in this section concerning DTC and DTC’s book-entry system from sources that we believe to be reliable, but neither we nor any applicable underwriters, agents or dealers take any responsibility for the accuracy of this information. Same-Day Funds Payment All payments of principal, premium if any, and interest in respect of notes in book-entry form will be made by us in immediately available funds to the accounts specified by DTC. Listing The notes are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “MHNC.” Governing Law The indenture, the guarantees and the notes will be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York applicable to agreements made or instruments entered into and, in each case, performed in that state. Concerning the Trustee Wilmington Trust Company is the trustee under the indenture with respect to the notes. Maiden NA maintains corporate trust relationships in the ordinary course of business with the trustee. Outstanding Debt Securities In determining whether the holders of the requisite principal amount of outstanding debt securities have given any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, or waiver under the indenture: • • • • the principal amount of an original issue discount security that shall be deemed to be outstanding for these purposes shall be that portion of the principal amount of the original issue discount security that would be due and payable upon acceleration of the original issue discount security as of the date of the determination, the principal amount of any Indexed Security that shall be deemed to be outstanding for these purposes shall be the principal amount of the Indexed Security determined on the date of its original issuance, the principal amount of a debt security denominated in a foreign currency shall be the U.S. dollar equivalent, determined on the date of its original issuance, of the principal amount of the debt security, and a debt security owned by Maiden NA or any obligor on the debt security or any affiliate of Maiden NA or such other obligor shall be deemed not to be outstanding. Redemption and Repurchase The debt securities of any series may be redeemable at Maiden NA’s option or may be subject to mandatory redemption by Maiden NA as required by a sinking fund or otherwise. In addition, the debt securities of any series may be subject to repurchase by Maiden NA at the option of the holders. The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms and conditions regarding any optional or mandatory redemption or option to repurchase the debt securities of the related series. Exchange The terms and conditions, if any, on which debt securities of any series are exchangeable for shares of our Common Shares or other securities or property will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Guarantees by the Company Unless specified otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, Maiden NA’s obligations under the debt securities will be fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured and unsubordinated or subordinated basis by the Company, as the case may be. The guarantee will be the Company’s direct obligation, ranking equally and ratably in right of payment with all of its other existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated or subordinated obligations, as the case may be, other than obligations preferred by law. the Company’s obligations under any guarantee will be limited to the maximum amount permitted under applicable federal or state law. Certain Covenants Any material covenants applicable to the debt securities of any series not described in this section will be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. Merger, Consolidation, and Transfer of Assets The indenture provides that neither Maiden NA nor the Company, as guarantor, may, in any transaction or series of related transactions, consolidate or amalgamate with or merge into any other person or sell, lease, assign, transfer, or otherwise convey all or substantially all of their assets to any other person unless: • in such transaction or transactions involving Maiden NA, either (1) Maiden NA shall be the continuing person (in the case of a merger) or (2) the successor person (if other than Maiden NA) formed by or resulting from the consolidation or amalgamation or merger or to which such sale, assignment, transfer, lease or other conveyance of all or substantially all of the properties and assets of Maiden NA is made, shall be a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United States or Bermuda, and such successor person shall expressly assume the due and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any, and interest, if any, on all the debt securities outstanding under the indenture and the due and punctual performance of all of Maiden NA’s other obligations under the indenture and the debt securities outstanding thereunder, including any applicable exchange rights of holders; • • • in such transaction or transactions involving the Company, either (1) the Company shall be the continuing person (in the case of a merger) or (2) the successor person (if other than the Company) formed by or resulting from the consolidation or amalgamation or merger or to which such sale, assignment, transfer, lease or other conveyance of all or substantially all of the properties and assets of the Company is made, shall be a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United States or Bermuda, and such successor person shall expressly assume the due and punctual performance of all of the Company’s obligations under the indenture and the debt securities outstanding thereunder; immediately after giving effect to such transaction or transactions, no Event of Default under the indenture, and no event which, after notice or lapse of time or both would become an Event of Default under the indenture, shall have occurred and be continuing; and the Trustee shall have received an officer’s certificate and opinion of counsel from Maiden NA or the Company, as applicable, to the effect that all conditions precedent provided for in the indenture have been satisfied. Upon any consolidation or amalgamation by Maiden NA or the Company, as guarantor, with, or Maiden NA’s or the Company’s merger into, any other person or any sale, assignment, transfer, lease, or conveyance of all of the properties and assets of Maiden NA or the Company, as applicable, to any person in accordance with the provisions of the indenture described above, the successor person formed by the consolidation or amalgamation or into which Maiden NA or the Company, as the case may be, is merged or to which the sale, assignment, transfer, lease, or other conveyance is made shall succeed to, and be substituted for, Maiden NA or the Company, as guarantor, and may exercise every right and power of Maiden NA or the Company, as applicable, under the indenture with the same effect as if such successor person had been named as Maiden NA or the Company, as applicable, therein; and thereafter, except in the case of a lease, the predecessor person shall be released from all obligations and covenants under the indenture and the debt securities issued under that indenture. Limitations on Liens on Stock of Subsidiaries Under the indenture, Maiden NA and the Company covenant that, so long as any of the notes are outstanding, neither Maiden NA nor the Company will, nor will they permit any subsidiary to, create, assume, incur, guarantee or otherwise permit to exist any Indebtedness secured by any mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest or other encumbrance upon any shares of capital stock of any Designated Subsidiary (whether such shares of stock are now owned or hereafter acquired) without effectively providing concurrently that the notes (and, if the Company and Maiden NA so elect, any other Indebtedness of the Company or Maiden NA that is not subordinate to the notes and with respect to which the governing instruments of such Indebtedness require, or pursuant to which the Company or Maiden NA, as applicable, is otherwise obligated, to provide such security) will be secured equally and ratably with, or prior to, such Indebtedness for at least the time period such other Indebtedness is so secured. For purposes of the indenture, “capital stock” of any person means any and all shares, interests, rights to purchase, warrants, options, participations or other equivalents of or interests in (however designated) equity of such person, including preferred stock, but excluding any debt securities convertible into such equity. The term “Designated Subsidiary” means any present or future consolidated subsidiary of the Company, the consolidated net worth of which constitutes at least 10% of our consolidated net worth. As of the date of original issuance of the notes, our only Designated Subsidiaries were Maiden NA, Maiden Insurance Company Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Company. The term “Indebtedness” means, without duplication, with respect to any person, whether or not contingent: the principal of and any premium and interest on (a) indebtedness of such person for money borrowed or (b) indebtedness evidenced by notes, debentures, bonds or other similar instruments for the payment of which such person is responsible or liable; all capitalized lease obligations of such person; all obligations of such person issued or assumed as the deferred purchased price of property, all conditional sale obligations and all obligations under any title retention agreement (but excluding trade accounts payable arising in the ordinary course of business); all obligations of such person for the reimbursement of any obligor on any banker’s acceptance, bank guarantees, surety bonds or similar credit transaction; and any amendments, modifications, refundings, renewals or extensions of any indebtedness or obligation described as Indebtedness in clauses (1) through (4) above; (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) if and to the extent any of the preceding items (other than letters of credit) would appear as a liability upon a balance sheet of such person prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; provided, however, the term “Indebtedness” includes all of the following items, whether or not any such items would appear as a liability on a balance sheet of such person prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles: (i) all Indebtedness of others secured by any mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest or other encumbrance on any property or asset of such person (whether or not such Indebtedness is assumed by such person); (ii) to the extent not otherwise included, any guarantee by such person of Indebtedness of any other person; and (iii) preferred stock or other equity interests providing for mandatory redemption or sinking fund or similar payments issued by any subsidiary of such person. Limitations on Disposition of Stock of Designated Subsidiaries The indenture also provides that, so long as any of the notes are outstanding and except in a transaction otherwise governed by the indenture, neither we nor Maiden NA will issue, sell, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of any shares of, securities convertible into, or warrants, rights or options to subscribe for or purchase shares of, capital stock (other than preferred stock having no voting rights of any kind) of any Designated Subsidiary (other than to Maiden NA or us or another Designated Subsidiary); nor will we or Maiden NA permit any Designated Subsidiary to issue (other than to us or Maiden NA or another Designated Subsidiary) any shares (other than director’s qualifying shares) of, or securities convertible into, or warrants rights or options to subscribe for or purchase shares of, capital stock (other than preferred stock having no voting rights of any kind) of any Designated Subsidiary, if, after giving effect to any such transaction and the issuance of the maximum number of shares issuable upon the conversion or exercise of all such convertible securities, warrants, rights or options, we or Maiden NA, as the case may be, would own, directly or indirectly, less than 80% of the shares of capital stock of such Designated Subsidiary (other than non-voting preferred stock); provided, however, that (1) any issuance, sale, assignment, transfer or other disposition permitted by us or Maiden NA pursuant to this covenant may only be made for at least a fair market value consideration as determined by the board of directors of the Company or Maiden NA pursuant to a resolution adopted in good faith and (2) the foregoing will not prohibit any such issuance or disposition of securities if required by any law or any regulation or order of any applicable governmental or insurance regulatory authority. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (1) we or Maiden NA, as the case may be, may merge or consolidate any Designated Subsidiary into or with another direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company or Maiden NA, the shares of capital stock of which the Company owns at least 70%, and (2) we or Maiden NA, as the case may be, may, subject to the provisions described under “Description of Debt Securities - Certain Covenants - Merger, Consolidation, and Transfer of Assets” below, sell, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of the entire capital stock of any Designated Subsidiary at one time for at least a fair market value consideration as determined by the board of directors of the Company or Maiden NA, as the case may be, pursuant to a resolution adopted in good faith. Events of Default Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, an Event of Default with respect to the debt securities of any series is defined in the indenture as being: (1) (2) (3) (4) failure to pay interest for 30 days after the date payment is due and payable on any debt security of that series; failure to pay principal or premium, if any, on any debt security of that series when due, either at maturity, upon any redemption, by declaration or otherwise; failure to make any sinking fund payment or payment under any analogous provision when due with respect to any debt security of that series; other than in accordance with the terms of the indenture, the cessation of a guarantee of any debt security of that series to be in full force and effect, or the declaration of a guarantee of any debt security of that series to be null and void and unenforceable, or the finding of a guarantee of any debt security of that series to be invalid, or the denial by the Company, as guarantor, of its liability under its guarantee; (5) failure to perform any other covenant for 60 days after notice of such performance was required; (6) specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency, or reorganization with respect to Maiden NA, the Company or any Significant Subsidiary of Maiden NA or the Company; or (7) any other Event of Default established for the debt securities of that series. No Event of Default with respect to any particular series of debt securities necessarily constitutes an Event of Default with respect to any other series of debt securities. Events of Default with respect to our subordinated debt securities may be different than those with respect to our senior debt securities. The Trustee is required to give notice to holders of the debt securities of any series within 90 days after the Trustee has knowledge of a default relating to such debt securities; provided, however, that the Trustee may withhold such notice except a default in payment of principal, premium, if any, interest, if any, Additional Amounts, if any, or sinking fund payments, if any, in respect of such debt securities or a default or in the delivery of securities or property upon exchange of such debt securities in accordance with their terms, if the Trustee, in good faith, determines it is in the best interest of such holders to do so. If an Event of Default specified in clause (6) above occurs with respect to Maiden NA or the Company and is continuing, then the principal of all the debt securities and interest, if any, thereon shall automatically become immediately due and payable. If any other Event of Default with respect to the debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, either the Trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of that series then outstanding may declare the principal of, or if debt securities of that series are original issue discount securities, such lesser amount as may be specified in the terms of that series of debt securities, and interest, if any, thereon to be due and payable immediately. However, upon specified conditions, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of that series then outstanding may rescind and annul any such acceleration and its consequences. The indenture provides that no holders of debt securities of any series may institute any proceedings, judicial or otherwise, with respect to the indenture, or for the appointment of a receiver or Trustee, or for any remedy thereunder, except in the case of failure of the Trustee, for 60 days, to act after it has received a written request to institute proceedings in respect of an Event of Default from the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, as well as an offer of indemnity reasonably satisfactory to it, and no inconsistent direction has been given to the Trustee during such 60 day period by the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of that series. Notwithstanding any other provision of the indenture, the holder of a debt security will have the right, which is absolute and unconditional, to receive payment of the principal of and premium, if any, and interest, if any, and any Additional Amounts on that debt security on the respective due dates for those payments and, in the case of any debt security which is exchangeable for other securities or property, to exchange that debt security in accordance with its terms, and to institute suit for the enforcement of those payments and any right to effect such exchange, and this right shall not be impaired without the consent of such holder. Subject to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act requiring the Trustee, during the continuance of an Event of Default under the indenture, to act with the requisite standard of care, the Trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of debt securities of any series unless those holders have offered the Trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or of exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee. Within 120 days after the close of each fiscal year, Maiden NA and the Company, as guarantor, must deliver to the Trustee an officers’ certificate stating whether or not each certifying officer has knowledge of any default under the indenture and, if so, specifying each such default and the nature and status thereof. Modification, Waivers, and Meetings The indenture permits Maiden NA, the Company, as guarantor, and the Trustee, with the consent of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series issued under the indenture and affected by a modification or amendment (voting as separate classes), to modify or amend any of the provisions of the indenture or of the debt securities of the applicable series or the rights of the holders of the debt securities of the applicable series under the indenture. However, no modification or amendment shall, among other things: • • change the stated maturity of the principal of, or premium, if any, or any installment of interest, if any, on or any Additional Amounts, if any, with respect to any debt securities, or reduce the principal of or any premium on any debt securities or reduce the rate (or modify the calculation of such rate) of interest on or the redemption or repurchase price of any debt securities, or any Additional Amounts with respect to any debt securities, or change Maiden NA’s obligation to pay Additional Amounts, or • • • • • • • • • reduce the amount of principal of any original issue discount securities that would be due and payable upon acceleration of the maturity of any debt security, or adversely affect any right of repayment or repurchase at the option of any holder, or release the Company, as guarantor, from any of its obligations under its guarantee or the indenture other than in accordance with the terms of the indenture, change any place where or the currency in which any debt securities are payable, or adversely affect the right, if any, of holders to exchange any debt securities for other securities or property in accordance with their terms, or impair the holder’s right to institute suit to enforce the payment of any debt securities on or after their stated maturity or the right to exchange any debt securities in accordance with their terms, or reduce the percentage of the outstanding debt securities of any series whose holders must consent to any modification or amendment or any waiver of compliance with specific provisions of such indenture or specified defaults under the indenture and their consequences, or reduce the requirements for a quorum or voting at a meeting of holders of the applicable debt securities, without, in each case, obtaining the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt security affected by the modification or amendment. The indenture also contains provisions permitting Maiden NA, the Company, as guarantor, and the Trustee, without the consent of the holders of any debt securities, to modify or amend the indenture, among other things: • • • • • • • to add to the Events of Default or covenants in a manner that benefits the holders of all or any series of debt securities issued under the indenture; to provide for security of debt securities of any series or add guarantees; to add to or change any provisions of the indenture to facilitate the issuance of bearer securities; to establish the form or terms of debt securities of any series and any related coupons; to cure any ambiguity or correct or supplement any provision in such indenture which may be defective or inconsistent with other provisions in the indenture, or to make any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the indenture, or to make any change necessary to comply with any requirement of the SEC in connection with the indenture under the Trust Indenture Act, in each case which shall not adversely affect the interests of the holders of any series of debt securities; to amend or supplement any provision contained in the indenture, provided that the amendment or supplement does not apply to any outstanding debt securities issued before the date of the amendment or supplement and entitled to the benefits of that provision; or to conform the terms of the indenture or the debt securities to the description thereof contained in any prospectus or other offering document or memorandum relating to the offer and sale of those debt securities. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series may waive Maiden NA’s or the Company’s compliance with some of the restrictive provisions of the indenture, which may include covenants, if any, which are specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series may, on behalf of all holders of debt securities of that series, waive any past default under the indenture with respect to the debt securities of that series and its consequences, except a default (i) in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest, if any, on the debt securities of that series, (ii) in the delivery of securities or property upon the exchange of any debt securities of that series in accordance with their terms, or (iii) in respect of a covenant or provision which cannot be modified or amended without the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt security of the affected series. The indenture contains provisions for convening meetings of the holders of a series of debt securities. A meeting may be called at any time by the Trustee, and also, upon Maiden NA’s request, or the request of holders of at least 10% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of a series. Notice of a meeting must be given in accordance with the provisions of the indenture. Except for any consent which must be given by the holder of each outstanding debt security affected in the manner described above, any resolution presented at a meeting or adjourned meeting duly reconvened at which a quorum, as described below, is present may be adopted by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series. However, any resolution with respect to any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver, or other action which may be made, given or taken by the holders of a specified percentage, other than a majority, in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of a series may be adopted at a meeting or adjourned meeting duly reconvened at which a quorum is present by the affirmative vote of the holders of that specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series. Any resolution passed or decision taken at any meeting of holders of debt securities of any series duly held in accordance with the indenture will be binding on all holders of debt securities of that series and the related coupons, if any. The quorum at any meeting called to adopt a resolution, and at any reconvened meeting, will be persons holding or representing a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of a series, subject to exceptions; provided, however, that if any action is to be taken at that meeting with respect to a consent or waiver which may be given by the holders of a supermajority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of a series, the persons holding or representing that specified supermajority percentage in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series will constitute a quorum. Discharge, Defeasance, and Covenant Defeasance Satisfaction and Discharge Upon Maiden NA’s direction, the indenture shall cease to be of further effect with respect to the debt securities of any series specified by Maiden NA, subject to the survival of specified provisions of the indenture, including Maiden NA’s obligation to repurchase such debt securities at the option of the holders thereof or to exchange such debt securities into other securities or property in accordance with their terms, if applicable, and Maiden NA’s obligation to pay Additional Amounts in respect of such debt securities to the extent described below, when: • either (A) all outstanding debt securities of that series and, in the case of bearer securities, all related coupons have been delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, subject to exceptions, or (B) all debt securities of that series and, if applicable, any related coupons have become due and payable or will become due and payable at their maturity within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year, and Maiden NA has deposited with the Trustee, in trust, funds in the currency in which the debt securities of that series are payable in an amount sufficient to pay the entire indebtedness on the debt securities of that series and, if applicable, related coupons, including the principal thereof and, premium, if any, and interest, if any, thereon, and, to the extent that (x) the debt securities of that series provide for the payment of Additional Amounts and (y) the amount of any Additional Amounts which are or will be payable is at the time of deposit reasonably determinable by Maiden NA, in the exercise of its sole discretion, those Additional Amounts, to the date of such deposit, if the debt securities of that series have become due and payable, or to the maturity or redemption date of the debt securities of that series, as the case may be; • • Maiden NA has paid all other sums payable under the indenture with respect to the debt securities of that series (including amounts payable to the Trustee); and the Trustee has received an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel to the effect that all conditions precedent to the satisfaction and discharge of the indenture have been satisfied. If the debt securities of any series provide for the payment of Additional Amounts, Maiden NA will remain obligated, following the deposit described above, to pay Additional Amounts on those debt securities to the extent that they exceed the amount deposited in respect of those Additional Amounts as described above. Defeasance and Covenant Defeasance Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, Maiden NA may elect with respect to the debt securities of the particular series either: • to defease and discharge itself and the Company, as guarantor, from any and all obligations with respect to those debt securities (“full defeasance”), except for, among other things: (1) the obligation to pay Additional Amounts, if any, upon the occurrence of specified events of taxation, assessment, or governmental charge with respect to payments on those debt securities to the extent that those Additional Amounts exceed the amount deposited in respect of those amounts as provided below; (2) the obligations to register the transfer or exchange of those debt securities; (3) the obligation to replace temporary or mutilated, destroyed, lost, or stolen debt securities; (4) the obligation to maintain an office or agency in respect of those debt securities; (5) the obligation to hold moneys for payment in respect of those debt securities in trust; and (6) the obligation, if applicable, to repurchase those debt securities at the option of the holders thereof or to exchange those debt securities for other securities or property in accordance with their terms, or to be released from its obligations and to release the Company, as guarantor, of its obligations with respect to those debt securities under certain covenants in the indenture and, if applicable, other covenants as may be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, and any omission to comply with those obligations shall not constitute a default or an Event of Default with respect to those debt securities (“covenant defeasance”), in either case upon the irrevocable deposit with the Trustee, or other qualifying Trustee, in trust for that purpose, of an amount in the currency in which those debt securities are payable at maturity or, if applicable, upon redemption, and/or government obligations which through the payment of principal and interest in accordance with their terms will provide money, in an amount sufficient to pay the principal of and any premium and any interest on, and, to the extent that (x) those debt securities provide for the payment of Additional Amounts and (y) the amount of the Additional Amounts which are or will be payable is at the time of deposit reasonably determinable by Maiden NA, in the exercise of its sole discretion, the Additional Amounts with respect to, those debt securities, and any mandatory sinking fund or analogous payments on those debt securities, on the due dates for those payments, whether at maturity, upon redemption, upon repayment at the option of the holder or otherwise. The full defeasance or covenant defeasance described above shall only be effective if, among other things: it shall not result in a breach or violation of, or constitute a default under, the indenture or any other material agreement or instrument to which Maiden NA, the Company, as guarantor, or any of their subsidiaries are a party or are bound; in the case of full defeasance, Maiden NA shall have delivered to the Trustee an opinion of independent counsel reasonably acceptable to the Trustee confirming that: (A) Maiden NA has received from, or there has been published by, the Internal Revenue Service a ruling; or (B) since the date of the indenture, there has been a change in applicable federal income tax law, in either case to the effect that, and based on this ruling or change the opinion of counsel shall confirm that, the holders of the debt securities of the applicable series will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of the full defeasance and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case if the defeasance had not occurred; in the case of covenant defeasance, Maiden NA shall have delivered to the Trustee an opinion of independent counsel reasonably acceptable to the Trustee to the effect that the holders of the debt securities of the applicable series will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of the covenant defeasance and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case if the covenant defeasance had not occurred; if the cash and government obligations deposited are sufficient to pay the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series on a particular redemption date, Maiden NA shall have given the Trustee irrevocable instructions to redeem those debt securities on that date; no Event of Default or default which with notice or lapse of time or both would become an Event of Default with respect to debt securities of the applicable series shall have occurred and be continuing on the date of the deposit into trust; and, solely in the case of full defeasance, no Event of Default arising from specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency, or reorganization with respect to Maiden NA, the Company, as guarantor, or any of their Significant Subsidiaries or default which with notice or lapse of time or both would become such an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing during the period ending on the 91st day after the date of the deposit into trust; and Maiden NA shall have delivered to the Trustee an officers’ certificate and legal opinion to the effect that all conditions precedent to the full defeasance or covenant defeasance, as the case may be, have been satisfied. • • • • • • • • • In the event Maiden NA effects covenant defeasance with respect to debt securities of any series and those debt securities are declared due and payable because of the occurrence of any Event of Default other than an Event of Default with respect to the covenants as to which covenant defeasance has been effected, which covenants would no longer be applicable to the debt securities of that series after covenant defeasance, the amount of monies and/or government obligations deposited with the Trustee to effect covenant defeasance may not be sufficient to pay amounts due on the debt securities of that series at the time of any acceleration resulting from that Event of Default. However, Maiden NA would remain liable to make payment of those amounts due at the time of acceleration. The applicable prospectus supplement may further describe the provisions, if any, permitting or restricting full defeasance or covenant defeasance with respect to the debt securities of a particular series. Concerning the Trustee The indenture provides that there may be more than one Trustee under the indenture, each with respect to one or more series of debt securities. If there are different Trustees for different series of debt securities, each Trustee will be a Trustee separate and apart from any other Trustee under the indenture. Unless otherwise indicated in any applicable prospectus supplement, any action permitted to be taken by a Trustee may be taken by such Trustee only with respect to the one or more series of debt securities for which it is the Trustee under the indenture. Any Trustee under the indenture may resign or be removed with respect to one or more series of debt securities. All payments of principal of, and premium, if any, and interest on, and all registration, transfer, exchange, authentication and delivery (including authentication and delivery on original issuance of the debt securities) of, the debt securities of a series will be effected by the Trustee with respect to that series at an office designated by the trustee in Wilmington, Delaware. Under the Trust Indenture Act, the indenture is deemed to contain limitations on the right of the Trustee, should it become a creditor of Maiden NA or the Company, as guarantor, to obtain payment of claims in some cases or to realize on certain property received in respect of any such claim as security or otherwise. The Trustee may engage in other transactions with Maiden NA or the Company. If it acquires any conflicting interest relating to any of its duties with respect to the debt securities, however, it must eliminate the conflict or resign as Trustee. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of any series of debt securities then outstanding will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for exercising any remedy available to the Trustee with respect to such series of debt securities, provided that the direction would not conflict with any rule of law or with the indenture or with any series of debt securities or with any series of debt securities, such direction would not be unduly prejudicial to the rights of another holders of the debt securities (or any other series), and the Trustee may take any other action deemed proper by the Trustee which is not inconsistent with such direction. The Trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture at the request of any of the holders of the debt securities, unless they shall have offered to the Trustee security and indemnity reasonably satisfactory to the Trustee. Wilmington Trust Company is the Trustee under the indenture. We maintain corporate trust relationships in the ordinary course of business with the Trustee. DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES OF MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. The following description of the Company’s debt securities is a summary and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the Notes, the Form of Indenture for Debt Securities and the First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 14, 2016 (the “Maiden Indenture”), each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10‑K of which this Exhibit 4.16 is a part. In this section, references to the “notes” refer only to the Company’s 2046 Senior Notes. General The notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the Company and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Company’s other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness from time to time outstanding. The notes mature on June 14, 2046, unless previously redeemed in full by the Company as provided below under “- Optional Redemption” or “- Redemption for Changes in Withholding Taxes.” The notes bear interest at the rate of 6.625% per annum from June 14, 2016 to maturity or early redemption. Interest on the notes is payable on the 14th day of March, June, September and December of each year to the persons in whose names such notes were registered at the close of business on the immediately preceding 28th day of February and 30th day of May, August and November (whether or not a business day), respectively. Interest payments in the respect of the notes will equal the amount of interest accrued from and including the immediately preceding interest payment date in respect of which interest has been paid or duly provided for (or from and including the date of issue, if no interest has been paid or duly provided for with respect to the notes), to, but not including, the applicable interest payment date or stated maturity date or date of earlier redemption, as the case may be. Interest on the notes will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year comprised of twelve 30-day months. If any interest payment date, redemption date or the maturity date falls on a day that is not a business day, the payment due on that interest payment date, redemption date or the maturity date will be made on the next business day, and without any interest or other payment in respect of such delay. The principal, interest, if any, and additional amounts, if any, on the notes will be payable through DTC as described under “- Same-Day Funds Payment.” We issued the notes in an aggregate principal amount of $110 million. The Maiden Indenture governing the notes does not limit the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities which we may issue thereunder and provides that we may issue debt securities thereunder from time to time in one or more series. We may, from time to time, without the consent of or notice to holders of the notes, issue and sell additional debt securities ranking equally and ratably with the notes in all respects and having the same terms as the notes (other than the issue date, and to the extent applicable, issue price, initial date of interest accrual and initial interest payment date of such additional debt securities), so that such additional debt securities shall be consolidated and form a single series with the notes for all purposes, including voting; provided, that such additional debt securities are fungible with the previously issued notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The notes are not entitled to the benefit of any mandatory redemption or sinking fund or to redemption or repurchase at the option of the holders upon a change of control, a change in management, an asset sale or any other specified event. The notes were issued only in fully registered form without coupons in minimum denominations of $25 and integral multiples of $25 in excess thereof. The notes may be presented for transfer (duly endorsed or accompanied by a written instrument of transfer, if so required by the Company or the security registrar) or exchanged for other notes (containing identical terms and provisions, in any authorized denominations, and of a like aggregate principal amount) at the office or agency maintained by the Company for such purposes (initially the Corporate Trust Office of the trustee). Such transfer or exchange will be made without service charge, but we may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge and any other expenses then payable. The Maiden Indenture does not contain any provisions that would limit our ability to incur indebtedness or that would afford holders of the notes protection in the event of a sudden and significant decline in our credit quality or a takeover, recapitalization or highly leveraged or similar transaction involving the Company. Accordingly, we could in the future enter into transactions that could increase the amount of indebtedness outstanding at that time or otherwise affect their respective capital structure or credit rating. Guarantee The notes will not be guaranteed by any of our subsidiaries. Optional Redemption The notes may be redeemed, for cash, in whole or in part, on or after June 14, 2021, at our option, at any time and from time to time, until maturity at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued but unpaid interest on the principal amount being redeemed to, but not including, the redemption date. We will mail a notice of any redemption to each holder of notes to be redeemed, at its registered address, by first-class mail (with a copy to the trustee) at least 30 and not more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for redemption. Unless we default on payment of the redemption price, interest will cease to accrue on the notes or portions thereof called for redemption on the applicable redemption date. If fewer than all of the notes are to be redeemed, the trustee will select, not more than 60 days prior to the redemption date, the particular notes or portions thereof for redemption from the outstanding notes not previously called by lot or any other method as the trustee deems fair and appropriate. The trustee will make this selection from the then outstanding notes that have not been previously called for redemption. The trustee is required to notify us in writing of the notes that it has selected for redemption and, in the case of any note selected for partial redemption, the principal amount of such note to be redeemed. Additionally, the notes and the portions thereof that the trustee selects for redemption must be in a minimum amount of $25 or integral multiples of $25 in excess thereof. The provisions of the Maiden Indenture that apply to notes that are called for redemption also apply to portions of notes that are called for redemption. Payment of Additional Amounts If any taxes, assessments or other governmental charges are imposed by the jurisdiction, other than the United States, where we or any of our successors (a “Payor”), are organized or otherwise considered to be a resident for tax purposes, any jurisdiction, other than the United States, from or through which the Payor makes a payment on the notes, or, in each case, any political organization or governmental authority thereof or therein having the power to tax (the “Relevant Tax Jurisdiction”) in respect of any payments under the notes, the Payor will pay to each holder of the notes, to the extent it may lawfully do so, such additional amounts as may be necessary in order that the net amounts paid to such holder will be not less than the amount specified in such notes to which such holder is entitled; provided, however, the Payor will not be required to make any payment of additional amounts for or on account of: • • • • • • any tax, assessment or other governmental charge which would not have been imposed but for (1) the existence of any present or former connection between such holder (or between a fiduciary, settlor, beneficiary, member or shareholder of, or possessor of a power over, such holder, if such holder is an estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company or corporation) and the Relevant Tax Jurisdiction (other than by reason of the mere ownership of, or receipt of payment under, the notes) including, without limitation, such holder (or such fiduciary, settlor, beneficiary, member, shareholder or possessor) being or having been a citizen or resident thereof or being or having been present or engaged in trade or business therein or having or having had a permanent establishment therein or (2) the presentation of a note (where presentation is required) for payment on a date more than 30 days after (x) the date on which such payment became due and payable or (y) the date on which payment thereof is duly provided for, whichever occurs later; any estate, inheritance, gift, sales, transfer, personal property or similar tax, assessment or other governmental charge; any tax, assessment or other governmental charge which is payable otherwise than by withholding from payment of (or in respect of) principal of, premium, if any, or any interest on, the notes; any tax, assessment or other governmental charge that is imposed or withheld by reason of the failure by the holder or the beneficial owner of the notes to comply with a request of the Payor addressed to the holder to provide information, documents or other evidence concerning the nationality, residence or identity of the holder or such beneficial owner which is required by a statute, treaty, regulation or administrative practice of the Relevant Tax Jurisdiction as a precondition to exemption from all or part of such tax, assessment or other governmental charge; any withholding or deduction that is imposed on a payment pursuant to Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code and related Treasury regulations and pronouncements (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or “FATCA”) or any successor provisions and any regulations or official law, agreement or interpretations thereof implementing an intergovernmental approach thereto; or any combination of the above; nor will additional amounts be paid with respect to any payment of the principal of, or any premium or interest on, any notes to any holder who is a fiduciary or partnership or limited liability company or other than the sole beneficial owner of such payment to the extent such payment would be required by the laws of the Relevant Tax Jurisdiction to be included in the income for tax purposes of a beneficiary or settlor with respect to such fiduciary or a member of such partnership or limited liability company or beneficial owner who would not have been entitled to such additional amounts had it been the holder of such notes. The Payor will provide the trustee with the official acknowledgment of the relevant tax authority (or, if such acknowledgment is not available, a certified copy thereof) evidencing the payment of any withholding taxes by the Payor. Copies of such documentation will be made available to the holders of the notes or the paying agent, as applicable, upon written request therefor. All references in this section to principal of, premium, if any, and interest on the notes will include any additional amounts payable by the Payor in respect of such principal, such premium, if any, and such interest. Redemption for Changes in Withholding Taxes We are entitled to redeem the notes, at its option, at any time, for cash, in whole but not in part, upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ prior written notice, at 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus any accrued but unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption (subject to the right of holders of record on the relevant record date, whether or not a business day, to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date), in the event that the Payor has become or would become obligated to pay, on the next date on which any amount would be payable with respect to the notes, any additional amounts as a result of: • a change in or an amendment to the laws (including any regulations promulgated thereunder) of a Relevant Tax Jurisdiction, which change or amendment is announced: (1) in the case of the Company, after the date of original issuance of the notes and (2) in the case of any successor to the Company, after the date such successor becomes the successor to the Company; or • any change in or amendment to any official position regarding the application or interpretation of such laws or regulations, which change or amendment is announced: (1) in the case of the Company, after the date of original issuance of the notes and (2) in the case of any successor to the Company, after the date such successor becomes the successor to the Company, and, in each case, the Payor cannot avoid such obligation by taking reasonable measures available to it. Before any notice of redemption of the notes is delivered to the holder as described above, we will deliver to the trustee, at least 30 days before the date set for redemption, in each case, an officers’ certificate and an opinion of independent legal counsel of recognized standing stating that the Payor has or will become obligated to pay additional amounts as a result of a change in tax laws or regulations or the application or interpretation of such laws or regulations. Book-Entry System The certificates representing the notes will be issued in the form of one or more fully-registered global notes without coupons (the “Global Note”) and will be deposited with, or on behalf of DTC and registered in the name of Cede & Co., as the nominee of DTC. Except in limited circumstances, the notes will not be issuable in definitive form. Unless and until they are exchanged in whole or in part for the individual notes represented thereby, any interests in the Global Note may not be transferred except as a whole by DTC to a nominee of DTC or by a nominee of DTC to DTC or another nominee of DTC or by DTC or any nominee of DTC to a successor depository or any nominee of such successor. DTC has advised us that DTC is a limited-purpose trust company organized under the New York Banking Law, a “banking organization” within the meaning of the New York Banking Law, a member of the Federal Reserve System, a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code, and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act. DTC holds securities that its participants (“Direct Participants”) deposit with DTC. DTC also facilitates the post-trade settlement among Direct Participants of sales and other securities transactions in deposited securities, through electronic computerized book-entry transfers and pledges between Direct Participants’ accounts. This eliminates the need for physical movement of securities certificates. Direct Participants include both U.S. and non-U.S. securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations, and certain other organizations. DTC is a wholly owned subsidiary of DTCC. DTCC is the holding company for DTC, National Securities Clearing Corporation and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, all of which are registered clearing agencies. DTCC is owned by the users of its regulated subsidiaries. Access to the DTC system is also available to others such as both U.S. and non-U.S. securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies and clearing corporations that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a Direct Participant, either directly or indirectly. The rules applicable to DTC and its Participants are on file with the SEC. The information in this section concerning DTC and DTC’s book-entry system has been obtained from sources that the Company believes to be reliable, but the Company takes no responsibility for the accuracy thereof. Registration, Transfer, Payment, and Paying Agent Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, each series of debt securities will be issued in registered form only, without coupons. The Maiden Indenture, however, provides that the Company may also issue debt securities in bearer form only, or in both registered and bearer form. Purchasers of bearer securities will be subject to certification procedures and may be affected by limitations under United States tax laws. The terms of the bearer securities of the particular series and the applicable procedures and limitations will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, registered securities will be issued in minimum denominations of $2,000 or any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof, and bearer securities will be issued in minimum denominations of $5,000. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the debt securities will be payable and may be surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange and, if applicable, for exchange for other securities or property, at an office or agency maintained by the Company in Wilmington, Delaware. However, the Company, at its option, may make payments of interest on any interest payment date on any registered security by check mailed to the address of the person entitled to receive that payment or by wire transfer to an account maintained by the payee with a bank located in the United States. Any interest not punctually paid or duly provided for on any interest payment date with respect to the debt securities of any series will forthwith cease to be payable to the holders of those debt securities on the applicable regular record date and may either be paid to the persons in whose names those debt securities are registered at the close of business on a special record date for the payment of the interest not punctually paid or duly provided for to be fixed by the Trustee, notice whereof shall be given to the holders of those debt securities not less than 10 days prior to the special record date, or may be paid at any time in any other lawful manner, all as completely described in the Maiden Indenture. Subject to certain limitations imposed on debt securities issued in book-entry form, the debt securities of any series will be exchangeable for other debt securities of the same series and of a like aggregate principal amount and tenor of different authorized denominations upon surrender of those debt securities at the designated place or places. In addition, subject to certain limitations imposed upon debt securities issued in book-entry form, the debt securities of any series may be surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange thereof at the designated place or places if duly endorsed or accompanied by a written instrument of transfer. No service charge shall be made for any registration of transfer or exchange, redemption or repayment of debt securities, or for any exchange of debt securities for other securities or property, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in connection with certain of those transactions. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the Company will not be required to: • • • issue, register the transfer of or exchange debt securities of any series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before any selection of debt securities of that series of like tenor and terms to be redeemed and ending at the close of business on the day of that selection; register the transfer of or exchange any registered security, or portion of any registered security, called for redemption, except the unredeemed portion of any registered security being redeemed in part; or issue, register the transfer of or exchange a debt security which has been surrendered for repurchase at the option of the holder, except the portion, if any, of the debt security not to be repurchased. Book-Entry Debt Securities The debt securities of a series may be issued in whole or in part in the form of one or more global debt securities. Global debt securities will be deposited with, or on behalf of, a depositary identified in the applicable prospectus supplement relating thereto. Global debt securities may be issued in either registered or bearer form and in either temporary or permanent form. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part for individual certificates evidencing debt securities, a global debt security may not be transferred except as a whole by the depositary to its nominee or by the nominee to the depositary or by the depositary or its nominee to a successor depositary or to a nominee of the successor depositary. The Company anticipates that global debt securities will be deposited with, or on behalf of DTC, and that global debt securities will be registered in the name of DTC’s nominee, Cede & Co. The Company also anticipates that the following provisions will apply to the depository arrangements with respect to global debt securities. Additional or differing terms of the depository arrangements will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. DTC has advised us that it is: • • • • • a limited-purpose trust company organized under the New York Banking Law; a “banking organization” within the meaning of the New York Banking Law; a member of the Federal Reserve System; a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code; and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act. DTC holds securities that its participants deposit with DTC. DTC also facilitates the settlement among its participants of securities transactions, including transfers and pledges, in deposited securities through electronic computerized book-entry changes in participants’ accounts, which eliminates the need for physical movement of securities certificates. Direct participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations, and other organizations. DTC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of DTCC. DTCC is the holding company for DTC, National Securities Clearing Corporation and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, all of which are registered clearing agencies. DTCC is owned by the users of its regulated subsidiaries. Access to the DTC system is also available to others, sometimes referred to in this section as indirect participants, that clear transactions through or maintain a custodial relationship with a direct participant either directly or indirectly. Indirect participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks and trust companies. The rules applicable to DTC and its participants are on file with the SEC. Purchases of debt securities within the DTC system must be made by or through direct participants, which will receive a credit for the debt securities on DTC’s records. The ownership interest of the actual purchaser or beneficial owner of a debt security is, in turn, recorded on the direct and indirect participants’ records. Beneficial owners will not receive written confirmation from DTC of their purchases, but beneficial owners are expected to receive written confirmations providing details of the transactions, as well as periodic statements of their holdings, from the direct or indirect participants through which they purchased the debt securities. Transfers of ownership interests in debt securities are to be accomplished by entries made on the books of participants acting on behalf of beneficial owners. Beneficial owners will not receive certificates representing their ownership interests in the debt securities except in the limited circumstances described below. To facilitate subsequent transfers, all debt securities deposited by participants with DTC will be registered in the name of DTC’s nominee, Cede & Co. The deposit of debt securities with DTC and their registration in the name of Cede & Co. will not change the beneficial ownership of the debt securities. DTC has no knowledge of the actual beneficial owners of the debt securities. DTC’s records reflect only the identity of the direct participants to whose accounts the debt securities are credited. Those participants may or may not be the beneficial owners. The participants are responsible for keeping account of their holdings on behalf of their customers. Conveyance of notices and other communications by DTC to direct participants, by direct participants to indirect participants and by direct and indirect participants to beneficial owners will be governed by arrangements among them, subject to any legal requirements in effect from time to time. Redemption notices shall be sent to DTC or its nominee. If less than all of the debt securities of a series are being redeemed, DTC will reduce the amount of the interest of direct participants in the debt securities in accordance with its procedures. A beneficial owner of debt securities shall give notice to elect to have its debt securities repurchased or tendered, through its participant to the Trustee and shall effect delivery of such debt securities by causing the direct participant to transfer the participant’s interest in such debt securities, on DTC’s records, to the Trustee. The requirement for physical delivery of debt securities in connection with a repurchase or tender will be deemed satisfied when the ownership rights in such debt securities are transferred by direct participants on DTC’s records and followed by a book-entry credit of such debt securities to the Trustee’s DTC account. In any case where a vote may be required with respect to the debt securities of any series, neither DTC nor Cede & Co. will give consents for or vote such global debt securities. Under its usual procedures, DTC will mail an omnibus proxy to the Company as soon as possible after the record date. The omnibus proxy assigns the consenting or voting rights of Cede & Co. to those direct participants to whose accounts the debt securities are credited on the record date identified in a listing attached to the omnibus proxy. Principal of and premium, if any, and interest, if any, on the global debt securities will be paid to Cede & Co., as nominee of DTC. DTC’s practice is to credit direct participants’ accounts on the relevant payment date unless DTC has reason to believe that it will not receive payments on the payment date. Payments by direct and indirect participants to beneficial owners will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is the case with securities held for the account of customers in bearer form or registered in “street name.” Those payments will be the responsibility of participants and not of DTC or the Company, subject to any legal requirements in effect from time to time. Payment of principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, to Cede & Co. is the Company’s responsibility, disbursement of payments to direct participants is the responsibility of DTC, and disbursement of payments to the beneficial owners is the responsibility of direct and indirect participants. Except as described in this section, owners of beneficial interests in a global debt security will not be entitled to have debt securities registered in their names and will not receive physical delivery of debt securities. Accordingly, each beneficial owner must rely on the procedures of DTC to exercise any rights under the debt securities and the Maiden Indenture. The laws of some jurisdictions may require that some purchasers of securities take physical delivery of securities in definitive form. These laws may impair the ability to transfer or pledge beneficial interests in global debt securities. DTC is under no obligation to provide its services as depositary for the debt securities of any series and may discontinue providing its services at any time. Neither we, nor the Trustee will have any responsibility for the performance by DTC or its participants or indirect participants under the rules and procedures governing DTC. As noted above, owners of beneficial interests in a global debt security will not receive certificates representing their interests. However, if • • • DTC notifies the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as a depositary for the global debt securities of any series or if DTC ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Exchange Act and a successor depositary is not appointed by the Company within 90 days of the notification or of the Company’s becoming aware of DTC’s ceasing to be so registered, as the case may be, the Company determines, in its sole discretion, not to have the debt securities of any series represented by one or more global debt securities, or an Event of Default under the Maiden Indenture has occurred and is continuing with respect to the debt securities of any series and DTC wishes to exchange such global debt securities for definitive certificated debt securities, The Company will prepare and deliver certificates for the debt securities of that series in exchange for beneficial interests in the global debt securities. Any beneficial interest in a global debt security that is exchangeable under the circumstances described in the preceding sentence will be exchangeable for debt securities in definitive certificated form registered in the names that the depositary shall direct. It is expected that these directions will be based upon directions received by the depositary from its participants with respect to ownership of beneficial interests in the global debt securities. We obtained the information in this section and elsewhere in this section concerning DTC and DTC’s book-entry system from sources that we believe to be reliable, but neither we nor any applicable underwriters, agents or dealers take any responsibility for the accuracy of this information. Same-Day Funds Payment All payments of principal, premium if any, and interest in respect of notes in book-entry form will be made by us in immediately available funds to the accounts specified by DTC. Listing The 2046 Senior Notes are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “MHLA.” Governing Law The Maiden Indenture and the notes will be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York applicable to agreements made or instruments entered into and, in each case, performed in that state. Concerning the Trustee Wilmington Trust, National Association is the trustee under the Maiden Indenture with respect to the notes. The Company maintains corporate trust relationships in the ordinary course of business with the trustee. Outstanding Debt Securities In determining whether the holders of the requisite principal amount of outstanding debt securities have given any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, or waiver under the Maiden Indenture: • • • • the principal amount of an original issue discount security that shall be deemed to be outstanding for these purposes shall be that portion of the principal amount of the original issue discount security that would be due and payable upon acceleration of the original issue discount security as of the date of the determination, the principal amount of any Indexed Security that shall be deemed to be outstanding for these purposes shall be the principal amount of the Indexed Security determined on the date of its original issuance, the principal amount of a debt security denominated in a foreign currency shall be the U.S. dollar equivalent, determined on the date of its original issuance, of the principal amount of the debt security, and a debt security owned by the Company or any obligor on the debt security or any affiliate of the Company or such other obligor shall be deemed not to be outstanding. Redemption and Repurchase The debt securities of any series may be redeemable at the Company’s option or may be subject to mandatory redemption by the Company as required by a sinking fund or otherwise. In addition, the debt securities of any series may be subject to repurchase by the Company at the option of the holders. The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms and conditions regarding any optional or mandatory redemption or option to repurchase the debt securities of the related series. Exchange The terms and conditions, if any, on which debt securities of any series are exchangeable for shares of our Common Shares or other securities or property will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Certain Covenants Any material covenants applicable to the debt securities of any series not described in this section will be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. Merger, Consolidation, and Transfer of Assets The Maiden Indenture provides that the Company may not, in any transaction or series of related transactions, consolidate or amalgamate with or merge into any other person or sell, lease, assign, transfer, or otherwise convey all or substantially all of their assets to any other person unless: • • • in such transaction or transactions involving the Company, either (1) the Company shall be the continuing person (in the case of a merger) or (2) the successor person (if other than the Company) formed by or resulting from the consolidation or amalgamation or merger or to which such sale, assignment, transfer, lease or other conveyance of all or substantially all of the properties and assets of the Company is made, shall be a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United States or Bermuda, and such successor person shall expressly assume the due and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any, and interest, if any, on all the debt securities outstanding under the Maiden Indenture and the due and punctual performance of all of the Company’s other obligations under the Maiden Indenture and the debt securities outstanding thereunder, including any applicable exchange rights of holders; immediately after giving effect to such transaction or transactions, no Event of Default under the Maiden Indenture, and no event which, after notice or lapse of time or both would become an Event of Default under the Maiden Indenture, shall have occurred and be continuing; and the Trustee shall have received an officer’s certificate and opinion of counsel from the Company to the effect that all conditions precedent provided for in the Maiden Indenture have been satisfied. Upon any consolidation or amalgamation by the Company with, or the Company’s merger into, any other person or any sale, assignment, transfer, lease, or conveyance of all of the properties and assets of the Company to any person in accordance with the provisions of the Maiden Indenture described above, the successor person formed by the consolidation or amalgamation or into which the Company is merged or to which the sale, assignment, transfer, lease, or other conveyance is made shall succeed to, and be substituted for, the Company, and may exercise every right and power of the Company under the Maiden Indenture with the same effect as if such successor person had been named as the Company, therein; and thereafter, except in the case of a lease, the predecessor person shall be released from all obligations and covenants under the Maiden Indenture and the debt securities issued under that Maiden Indenture. Limitations on Liens on Stock of Subsidiaries Under the Maiden Indenture, we covenant that, so long as any of the notes are outstanding, we will not, nor will we permit any subsidiary to, create, assume, incur, guarantee or otherwise permit to exist any Indebtedness secured by any mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest or other encumbrance upon any shares of capital stock of any Designated Subsidiary (whether such shares of stock are now owned or hereafter acquired) without effectively providing concurrently that the notes (and, if we so elect, any other Indebtedness of the Company that is not subordinate to the notes and with respect to which the governing instruments of such Indebtedness require, or pursuant to which we are otherwise obligated, to provide such security) will be secured equally and ratably with, or prior to, such Indebtedness for at least the time period such other Indebtedness is so secured. For purposes of the Maiden Indenture, “capital stock” of any person means any and all shares, interests, rights to purchase, warrants, options, participations or other equivalents of or interests in (however designated) equity of such person, including preferred stock, partnership interests and limited liability company membership interests, but excluding any debt securities convertible into such equity. The term “Designated Subsidiary” means any present or future consolidated subsidiary of the Company, the consolidated net worth of which constitutes at least 10% of the Company’s consolidated net worth. As of the date of original issuance of the notes, the Company’s only Designated Subsidiaries were Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. The term “Indebtedness” means, without duplication, with respect to any person, whether or not contingent: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) the principal of and any premium and interest on (a) indebtedness of such person for money borrowed or (b) indebtedness evidenced by notes, debentures, bonds or other similar instruments for the payment of which such person is responsible or liable; all capitalized lease obligations of such person; all obligations of such person issued or assumed as the deferred purchased price of property, all conditional sale obligations and all obligations under any title retention agreement (but excluding trade accounts payable arising in the ordinary course of business); all obligations of such person for the reimbursement of any obligor on any banker’s acceptance, bank guarantees, surety bonds or similar credit transaction; and any amendments, modifications, refundings, renewals or extensions of any indebtedness or obligation described as Indebtedness in clauses (1) through (4) above; if and to the extent any of the preceding items (other than letters of credit) would appear as a liability upon a balance sheet of such person prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; provided, however, the term “Indebtedness” includes all of the following items, whether or not any such items would appear as a liability on a balance sheet of such person prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles: (i) (ii) (iii) all Indebtedness of others secured by any mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest or other encumbrance on any property or asset of such person (whether or not such Indebtedness is assumed by such person); to the extent not otherwise included, any guarantee by such person of Indebtedness of any other person; and preferred stock or other equity interests providing for mandatory redemption or sinking fund or similar payments issued by any subsidiary of such person. Limitations on Disposition of Stock of Designated Subsidiaries The Maiden Indenture also provides that, so long as any of the notes are outstanding and except in a transaction otherwise governed by the Maiden Indenture, we will not issue, sell, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of any shares of, securities convertible into, or warrants, rights or options to subscribe for or purchase shares of, capital stock (other than preferred stock having no voting rights of any kind) of any Designated Subsidiary (other than to the Company or another Designated Subsidiary); nor will we permit any Designated Subsidiary to issue (other than to the Company or another Designated Subsidiary) any shares (other than director’s qualifying shares) of, or securities convertible into, or warrants rights or options to subscribe for or purchase shares of, capital stock (other than preferred stock having no voting rights of any kind) of any Designated Subsidiary, if, after giving effect to any such transaction and the issuance of the maximum number of shares issuable upon the conversion or exercise of all such convertible securities, warrants, rights or options, we would own, directly or indirectly, less than 80% of the shares of capital stock of such Designated Subsidiary (other than non-voting preferred stock); provided, however, that (1) any issuance, sale, assignment, transfer or other disposition permitted by the Company pursuant to this covenant may only be made for at least a fair market value consideration as determined by the board of directors of the Company pursuant to a resolution adopted in good faith and (2) the foregoing will not prohibit any such issuance or disposition of securities if required by any law or any regulation or order of any applicable governmental or insurance regulatory authority. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (1) we may merge or consolidate any Designated Subsidiary into or with another direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company, the shares of capital stock of which we own at least 70%, and (2) we may, subject to the provisions described under “Description of Debt Securities of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. - Certain Covenants - Merger, Consolidation, and Transfer of Assets” below, sell, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of the entire capital stock of any Designated Subsidiary at one time for at least a fair market value consideration as determined by the board of directors of the Company pursuant to a resolution adopted in good faith. Events of Default Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, an Event of Default with respect to the debt securities of any series is defined in the Maiden Indenture as being: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) failure to pay interest for 30 days after the date payment is due and payable on any debt security of that series; failure to pay principal or premium, if any, on any debt security of that series when due, either at maturity, upon any redemption, by declaration or otherwise; failure to make any sinking fund payment or payment under any analogous provision when due with respect to any debt security of that series; failure to perform any other covenant for 60 days after notice of such performance was required; specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency, or reorganization with respect to the Company or any Significant Subsidiary of the Company; or any other Event of Default established for the debt securities of that series. No Event of Default with respect to any particular series of debt securities necessarily constitutes an Event of Default with respect to any other series of debt securities. Events of Default with respect to our subordinated debt securities may be different than those with respect to our senior debt securities. The Trustee is required to give notice to holders of the debt securities of any series within 90 days after the Trustee has knowledge of a default relating to such debt securities; provided, however, that the Trustee may withhold such notice except a default in payment of principal, premium, if any, interest, if any, Additional Amounts, if any, or sinking fund payments, if any, in respect of such debt securities or a default or in the delivery of securities or property upon exchange of such debt securities in accordance with their terms, if the Trustee, in good faith, determines it is in the best interest of such holders to do so. If an Event of Default specified in clause (5) above occurs and is continuing, then the principal of all the debt securities and interest, if any, thereon shall automatically become immediately due and payable. If any other Event of Default with respect to the debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, either the Trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of that series then outstanding may declare the principal of, or if debt securities of that series are original issue discount securities, such lesser amount as may be specified in the terms of that series of debt securities, and interest, if any, thereon to be due and payable immediately. However, upon specified conditions, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of that series then outstanding may rescind and annul any such acceleration and its consequences. The Maiden Indenture provides that no holders of debt securities of any series may institute any proceedings, judicial or otherwise, with respect to the Maiden Indenture, or for the appointment of a receiver or Trustee, or for any remedy thereunder, except in the case of failure of the Trustee, for 60 days, to act after it has received a written request to institute proceedings in respect of an Event of Default from the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, as well as an offer of indemnity reasonably satisfactory to it, and no inconsistent direction has been given to the Trustee during such 60 day period by the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of that series. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Maiden Indenture, the holder of a debt security will have the right, which is absolute and unconditional, to receive payment of the principal of and premium, if any, and interest, if any, and any Additional Amounts on that debt security on the respective due dates for those payments and, in the case of any debt security which is exchangeable for other securities or property, to exchange that debt security in accordance with its terms, and to institute suit for the enforcement of those payments and any right to effect such exchange, and this right shall not be impaired without the consent of such holder. Subject to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act requiring the Trustee, during the continuance of an Event of Default under the Maiden Indenture, to act with the requisite standard of care, the Trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the Maiden Indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of debt securities of any series unless those holders have offered the Trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or of exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee. Within 120 days after the close of each fiscal year, the Company must deliver to the Trustee an officers’ certificate stating whether or not each certifying officer has knowledge of any default under the Maiden Indenture and, if so, specifying each such default and the nature and status thereof. Modification, Waivers, and Meetings The Maiden Indenture permits the Company and the Trustee, with the consent of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series issued under the Maiden Indenture and affected by a modification or amendment (voting as separate classes), to modify or amend any of the provisions of the Maiden Indenture or of the debt securities of the applicable series or the rights of the holders of the debt securities of the applicable series under the Maiden Indenture. However, no modification or amendment shall, among other things: • • • • • • • • • • change the stated maturity of the principal of, or premium, if any, or any installment of interest, if any, on or any Additional Amounts, if any, with respect to any debt securities, or reduce the principal of or any premium on any debt securities or reduce the rate (or modify the calculation of such rate) of interest on or the redemption or repurchase price of any debt securities, or any Additional Amounts with respect to any debt securities, or change the Company’s obligation to pay Additional Amounts, or reduce the amount of principal of any original issue discount securities that would be due and payable upon acceleration of the maturity of any debt security, or adversely affect any right of repayment or repurchase at the option of any holder, or change any place where or the currency in which any debt securities are payable, or adversely affect the right, if any, of holders to exchange any debt securities for other securities or property in accordance with their terms, or impair the holder’s right to institute suit to enforce the payment of any debt securities on or after their stated maturity or the right to exchange any debt securities in accordance with their terms, or reduce the percentage of the outstanding debt securities of any series whose holders must consent to any modification or amendment or any waiver of compliance with specific provisions of such Maiden Indenture or specified defaults under the Maiden Indenture and their consequences, or reduce the requirements for a quorum or voting at a meeting of holders of the applicable debt securities, without, in each case, obtaining the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt security affected by the modification or amendment. The Maiden Indenture also contains provisions permitting the Company and the Trustee, without the consent of the holders of any debt securities, to modify or amend the Maiden Indenture, among other things: • • • • • • • to add to the Events of Default or covenants in a manner that benefits the holders of all or any series of debt securities issued under the Maiden Indenture; to provide for security of debt securities of any series or add guarantees; to add to or change any provisions of the Maiden Indenture to facilitate the issuance of bearer securities; to establish the form or terms of debt securities of any series and any related coupons; to cure any ambiguity or correct or supplement any provision in such Maiden Indenture which may be defective or inconsistent with other provisions in the Maiden Indenture, or to make any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the Maiden Indenture, or to make any change necessary to comply with any requirement of the SEC in connection with the Maiden Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act, in each case which shall not adversely affect the interests of the holders of any series of debt securities; to amend or supplement any provision contained in the Maiden Indenture, provided that the amendment or supplement does not apply to any outstanding debt securities issued before the date of the amendment or supplement and entitled to the benefits of that provision; or to conform the terms of the Maiden Indenture or the debt securities to the description thereof contained in any prospectus or other offering document or memorandum relating to the offer and sale of those debt securities. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series may waive the Company’s compliance with some of the restrictive provisions of the Maiden Indenture, which may include covenants, if any, which are specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series may, on behalf of all holders of debt securities of that series, waive any past default under the Maiden Indenture with respect to the debt securities of that series and its consequences, except a default (i) in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest, if any, on the debt securities of that series, (ii) in the delivery of securities or property upon the exchange of any debt securities of that series in accordance with their terms, or (iii) in respect of a covenant or provision which cannot be modified or amended without the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt security of the affected series. The Maiden Indenture contains provisions for convening meetings of the holders of a series of debt securities. A meeting may be called at any time by the Trustee, and also, upon the Company’s request, or the request of holders of at least 10% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of a series. Notice of a meeting must be given in accordance with the provisions of the Maiden Indenture. Except for any consent which must be given by the holder of each outstanding debt security affected in the manner described above, any resolution presented at a meeting or adjourned meeting duly reconvened at which a quorum, as described below, is present may be adopted by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series. However, any resolution with respect to any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver, or other action which may be made, given or taken by the holders of a specified percentage, other than a majority, in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of a series may be adopted at a meeting or adjourned meeting duly reconvened at which a quorum is present by the affirmative vote of the holders of that specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series. Any resolution passed or decision taken at any meeting of holders of debt securities of any series duly held in accordance with the Maiden Indenture will be binding on all holders of debt securities of that series and the related coupons, if any. The quorum at any meeting called to adopt a resolution, and at any reconvened meeting, will be persons holding or representing a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of a series, subject to exceptions; provided, however, that if any action is to be taken at that meeting with respect to a consent or waiver which may be given by the holders of a supermajority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of a series, the persons holding or representing that specified supermajority percentage in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series will constitute a quorum. Discharge, Defeasance, and Covenant Defeasance Satisfaction and Discharge Upon the Company’s direction, the Maiden Indenture shall cease to be of further effect with respect to the debt securities of any series specified by the Company, subject to the survival of specified provisions of the Maiden Indenture, including the Company’s obligation to repurchase such debt securities at the option of the holders thereof or to exchange such debt securities into other securities or property in accordance with their terms, if applicable, and the Company’s obligation to pay Additional Amounts in respect of such debt securities to the extent described below, when: • either (A) all outstanding debt securities of that series and, in the case of bearer securities, all related coupons have been delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, subject to exceptions, or (B) all debt securities of that series and, if applicable, any related coupons have become due and payable or will become due and payable at their maturity within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year, and the Company has deposited with the Trustee, in trust, funds in the currency in which the debt securities of that series are payable in an amount sufficient to pay the entire indebtedness on the debt securities of that series and, if applicable, related coupons, including the principal thereof and, premium, if any, and interest, if any, thereon, and, to the extent that (x) the debt securities of that series provide for the payment of Additional Amounts and (y) the amount of any Additional Amounts which are or will be payable is at the time of deposit reasonably determinable by the Company, in the exercise of its sole discretion, those Additional Amounts, to the date of such deposit, if the debt securities of that series have become due and payable, or to the maturity or redemption date of the debt securities of that series, as the case may be; • • the Company has paid all other sums payable under the Maiden Indenture with respect to the debt securities of that series (including amounts payable to the Trustee); and the Trustee has received an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel to the effect that all conditions precedent to the satisfaction and discharge of the Maiden Indenture have been satisfied. If the debt securities of any series provide for the payment of Additional Amounts, the Company will remain obligated, following the deposit described above, to pay Additional Amounts on those debt securities to the extent that they exceed the amount deposited in respect of those Additional Amounts as described above. Defeasance and Covenant Defeasance Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the Company may elect with respect to the debt securities of the particular series either: • to defease and discharge itself from any and all obligations with respect to those debt securities (“full defeasance”), except for, among other things: (1) the obligation to pay Additional Amounts, if any, upon the occurrence of specified events of taxation, assessment, or governmental charge with respect to payments on those debt securities to the extent that those Additional Amounts exceed the amount deposited in respect of those amounts as provided below; (2) the obligations to register the transfer or exchange of those debt securities; (3) the obligation to replace temporary or mutilated, destroyed, lost, or stolen debt securities; (4) the obligation to maintain an office or agency in respect of those debt securities; (5) the obligation to hold moneys for payment in respect of those debt securities in trust; and (6) the obligation, if applicable, to repurchase those debt securities at the option of the holders thereof or to exchange those debt securities for other securities or property in accordance with their terms, or to be released from its obligations with respect to those debt securities under certain covenants in the Maiden Indenture and, if applicable, other covenants as may be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, and any omission to comply with those obligations shall not constitute a default or an Event of Default with respect to those debt securities (“covenant defeasance”), in either case upon the irrevocable deposit with the Trustee, or other qualifying Trustee, in trust for that purpose, of an amount in the currency in which those debt securities are payable at maturity or, if applicable, upon redemption, and/or government obligations which through the payment of principal and interest in accordance with their terms will provide money, in an amount sufficient to pay the principal of and any premium and any interest on, and, to the extent that (x) those debt securities provide for the payment of Additional Amounts and (y) the amount of the Additional Amounts which are or will be payable is at the time of deposit reasonably determinable by the Company, in the exercise of its sole discretion, the Additional Amounts with respect to, those debt securities, and any mandatory sinking fund or analogous payments on those debt securities, on the due dates for those payments, whether at maturity, upon redemption, upon repayment at the option of the holder or otherwise. The full defeasance or covenant defeasance described above shall only be effective if, among other things: it shall not result in a breach or violation of, or constitute a default under, the Maiden Indenture or any other material agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries are a party or are bound; in the case of full defeasance, the Company shall have delivered to the Trustee an opinion of independent counsel reasonably acceptable to the Trustee confirming that: (A) the Company has received from, or there has been published by, the Internal Revenue Service a ruling; or (B) since the date of the Maiden Indenture, there has been a change in applicable federal income tax law, in either case to the effect that, and based on this ruling or change the opinion of counsel shall confirm that, the holders of the debt securities of the applicable series will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of the full defeasance and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case if the defeasance had not occurred; in the case of covenant defeasance, the Company shall have delivered to the Trustee an opinion of independent counsel reasonably acceptable to the Trustee to the effect that the holders of the debt securities of the applicable series will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of the covenant defeasance and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case if the covenant defeasance had not occurred; if the cash and government obligations deposited are sufficient to pay the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series on a particular redemption date, the Company shall have given the Trustee irrevocable instructions to redeem those debt securities on that date; • • • • • • • • • no Event of Default or default which with notice or lapse of time or both would become an Event of Default with respect to debt securities of the applicable series shall have occurred and be continuing on the date of the deposit into trust; and, solely in the case of full defeasance, no Event of Default arising from specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency, or reorganization with respect to the Company or any of its Significant Subsidiaries or default which with notice or lapse of time or both would become such an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing during the period ending on the 91st day after the date of the deposit into trust; and the Company shall have delivered to the Trustee an officers’ certificate and legal opinion to the effect that all conditions precedent to the full defeasance or covenant defeasance, as the case may be, have been satisfied. In the event the Company effects covenant defeasance with respect to debt securities of any series and those debt securities are declared due and payable because of the occurrence of any Event of Default other than an Event of Default with respect to the covenants as to which covenant defeasance has been effected, which covenants would no longer be applicable to the debt securities of that series after covenant defeasance, the amount of monies and/or government obligations deposited with the Trustee to effect covenant defeasance may not be sufficient to pay amounts due on the debt securities of that series at the time of any acceleration resulting from that Event of Default. However, the Company would remain liable to make payment of those amounts due at the time of acceleration. The applicable prospectus supplement may further describe the provisions, if any, permitting or restricting full defeasance or covenant defeasance with respect to the debt securities of a particular series. Concerning the Trustee The Maiden Indenture provides that there may be more than one Trustee under the Maiden Indenture, each with respect to one or more series of debt securities. If there are different Trustees for different series of debt securities, each Trustee will be a Trustee separate and apart from any other Trustee under the Maiden Indenture. Unless otherwise indicated in any applicable prospectus supplement, any action permitted to be taken by a Trustee may be taken by such Trustee only with respect to the one or more series of debt securities for which it is the Trustee under the Maiden Indenture. Any Trustee under the Maiden Indenture may resign or be removed with respect to one or more series of debt securities. All payments of principal of, and premium, if any, and interest on, and all registration, transfer, exchange, authentication and delivery (including authentication and delivery on original issuance of the debt securities) of, the debt securities of a series will be effected by the Trustee with respect to that series at an office designated by the trustee in Wilmington, Delaware. Under the Trust Indenture Act, the Maiden Indenture is deemed to contain limitations on the right of the Trustee, should it become a creditor of the Company, to obtain payment of claims in some cases or to realize on certain property received in respect of any such claim as security or otherwise. The Trustee may engage in other transactions with the Company. If it acquires any conflicting interest relating to any of its duties with respect to the debt securities, however, it must eliminate the conflict or resign as Trustee. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of any series of debt securities then outstanding will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for exercising any remedy available to the Trustee with respect to such series of debt securities, provided that the direction would not conflict with any rule of law or with the Maiden Indenture or with any series of debt securities or with any series of debt securities, such direction would not be unduly prejudicial to the rights of another holders of the debt securities (or any other series), and the Trustee may take any other action deemed proper by the Trustee which is not inconsistent with such direction. The Trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the Maiden Indenture at the request of any of the holders of the debt securities, unless they shall have offered to the Trustee security and indemnity reasonably satisfactory to the Trustee. Wilmington Trust, National Association is the Trustee under the Maiden Indenture. We maintain corporate trust relationships in the ordinary course of business with the Trustee. Exhibit 10.2 MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. Share Option Agreement 1. Grant of Option. Maiden Holdings, Ltd., a Bermuda company (the “Company”), hereby grants to NAME (the “Participant”) an Option to purchase an aggregate of # SHARES ordinary shares, $.01 par value, of the Company (“Ordinary Shares”), at a price of $SHARE PRICE per share, purchasable as set forth in and subject to the terms and conditions herein. The date of grant of this Option is GRANT DATE (“Award Date”). This Option has been duly granted by the Company’s Board of Directors pursuant to the Company’s 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) and subject to the terms and provisions thereof. To the extent permissible under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time (the “Code”), or any successor thereto, it is intended that the Ordinary Shares shall be Incentive Stock Options within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code (“ISOs”). The aggregate Fair Market Value of the Ordinary Shares underlying this Option that may be exercised for the first time during any calendar year, together with any other incentive stock options which are exercisable for the first time under any Company plan during any such year, as determined in accordance with Section 422 of the Code, for the purpose of receiving ISO tax treatment, shall not exceed $100,000. Any capitalized terms not defined herein shall have the meaning set forth in the Plan. 2. (a) Exercise of Option and Provisions for Termination. Except as otherwise provided herein and subject to the right of cumulation provided herein, this Option may be exercised, prior to the 10th anniversary of the Award Date, as to not more than the following number of shares covered by this option during the respective periods set forth below: Number of Months From Award Date 0 up to 12 12 up to 15 15 up to 18 18 up to 21 21 up to 24 24 up to 27 27 up to 30 30 up to 33 33 up to 36 36 up to 39 39 up to 42 42 up to 45 45 up to 48 48 through 10th Anniversary Vested Percentage 0.00% 25.00% 31.25% 37.50% 43.75% 50.00% 56.25% 62.50% 68.75% 75.00% 81.25% 87.50% 93.75% 100.00% (b) The right of exercise provided herein shall be cumulative so that if the Option were not exercised to the maximum extent permissible during any such period it shall be exercisable, in whole or in part, with respect to all shares not so purchased at any time during any subsequent period prior to the expiration or termination of this Option. This Option may not be exercised at any time after the 10th anniversary of the Award Date. (c) Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, this Option shall be exercisable by Participant giving written notice of exercise to the Company on a form acceptable to the Company, specifying the number of shares to be purchased and the purchase price to be paid therefore and accompanied by payment in accordance with Section 3 hereof. Such exercise shall be effective upon receipt by the Treasurer of the Company of the written notice together with the required payment. Participant shall be entitled to purchase fewer than the number of shares purchasable hereunder at the date of exercise, provided that no partial exercise of this Option shall be for fewer than 100 shares. This Option shall become fully vested if Participant’s employment is terminated due to: (i) retirement on or after the Participant’s sixty-fifth birthday; (ii) retirement on or after the Participant’s fifty-fifth birthday with the consent of the Company; (iii) retirement at any age on account of total and permanent disability as determined by the Company; or (iv) death. (d) (e) In the event that Participant’s employment with the Company is terminated within twelve months of a Change of Control (as defined in the Plan), the Participant may exercise any portion of the Option which the Board of Directors, in accordance with the Plan, deems to be vested as of the termination date, for a period of ninety days following the date of such termination, but not beyond the 10th anniversary of the Award Date. (f) Except as provided in Subsections (d) and (e), this Option shall terminate immediately if Participant’s employment is terminated for any reason; provided, however, that except in the event of termination for Cause, death or total and permanent disability, any portion of this Option which was otherwise exercisable on the date of termination of such employment may be exercised within the three-month period following the date of such termination, but in no event after the 10th anniversary of the Award Date. Any such exercise may be made only to the extent of the number of shares subject to this Option, which are purchasable upon the date of such termination. In the event of death or total and permanent disability, this Option shall be exercisable within twelve months of the date of death or such disability by the Participant or, if applicable, by Participant’s personal representatives, heirs or legatees, to the same extent that Participant could have exercised this Option on the date of death or such disability. (g) 3. Payment of Purchase Price. (a) Payment of the Option Price for shares purchased upon exercise of this Option shall be made by delivery to the Company of cash or check payable to the order of the Company in an amount equal to the Option Price of such shares or, within the sole discretion of the Company, any other method of payment permitted by law, including, but not limited to, delivery of Ordinary Shares of the Company having an aggregate Fair Market Value (as defined below) as determined on the date of delivery equal to the Option Price of such shares. (b) For purposes, hereof, the Fair Market Value of any shares of the Company’s Ordinary Shares to be delivered to the Company in exercise of this Option shall be determined in accordance with the Plan. (c) If Participant, with the approval of the Company, elects to exercise this Option by delivery of Ordinary Shares of the Company, the certificate or certificates representing the Ordinary Shares of the Company to be delivered shall be duly executed in blank, with signature guaranteed, by Participant or shall be accompanied by a stock power, executed in blank suitable for purposes of transferring such shares to the Company. Fractional Ordinary Shares of the Company will not be accepted in payment of the purchase price of shares acquired upon exercise of this Option. (d) If a Participant pays the Option Price with Ordinary Shares which were received by the Participant upon exercise of one or more ISOs, and such Ordinary Shares have not been held by the Participant for at least the greater of (i) two years from the date the ISOs were granted or (ii) one year after the transfer of Ordinary Shares to the Participant, the use of such shares shall constitute a disqualifying disposition and the ISO underlying the shares used to pay the Option Price shall no longer satisfy all of the requirements of Section 422 of the Code. 4. Delivery of Shares. The Company shall, upon payment of the Option Price for the number of shares purchased and paid for, make prompt delivery of such shares to Participant; provided, that if any law or regulation requires the Company to take any action with respect to such shares before the issuance thereof, then the date of delivery of such shares shall be extended for the period necessary to complete such action. No shares shall be issued and delivered upon exercise of this Option unless and until, in the opinion of counsel for the Company, any applicable registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, any applicable listing requirements of any national securities exchange on which shares of the same class are then listed, and any other requirements of law or of any regulatory bodies having jurisdiction over such issuance and delivery, shall have been fully complied with. Non-transferability of Option. 5. Except as provided in Section 2(g) hereof or pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order, this Option is personal and no rights granted hereunder shall be transferred, assigned, pledged or hypothecated in anyway (whether by operation of law or otherwise) nor shall any such rights be subject to execution, attachment or similar process. Upon any attempt to transfer, assign, pledge, hypothecate or otherwise dispose of this Option or of such rights contrary to the provisions here, or upon the levy of any attachment or similar process upon this Option of such rights, this Option and such rights shall, at the election of the Company, become null and void. Rights as a Shareholder. 6. Participant shall have no rights as a shareholder with respect to any shares which may be purchased upon exercise of this Option unless and until a certificate or certificates representing such shares are duly issued and delivered to him. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, no adjustments shall be made for dividends or other rights for which the record date is prior to the date such share certificate is issued. 7. If there is any change in the corporate structure or shares of the Company, the Committee (as defined in the Plan) or the Board of Directors shall make any appropriate adjustments, including, but not limited to, such adjustments deemed necessary to prevent accretion, or to protect against dilution, in the number and kind of Ordinary Shares covered by this Option and in the applicable Option Price. Recapitalization. Extraordinary Corporate Transaction. 8. In the event of an extraordinary dividend or other distribution, merger, reorganization, consolidation, combination, sale of assets, split up, exchange or spin off or other extraordinary corporate transaction, the Committee or the Board of Directors may, in such manner and to such extent (if any) as it deems appropriate and equitable make provision for a cash payment or for the substitution or exchange of the Option or the cash, securities or property deliverable to the Participant pursuant to the Option based upon the distribution or consideration payable to holders of Ordinary Shares upon or in respect of such event; provided, however, that no such adjustment may be made that would cause this Option or the Plan to violate Section 422 of the Code (or any successor provision). 9. (a) Investment Representation, Etc. Participant represents that any shares purchased upon the exercise of this Option shall be acquired by Participant for his own account for investment and not with a view to or for sale in connection with, any distribution of such shares, nor with any present intention of distributing or selling such shares. Participant further represents that he has made detailed inquiry concerning the Company, that the officers of the Company have made available to Participant any and all written information which Participant has requested, that the officers of the Company have answered to Participant’s satisfaction all inquires made by him and that he has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters that he is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of an investment in the Company’s Ordinary Shares and able to bear the economic risk of that investment. By making payment upon exercise of this Option, Participant shall be deemed to have reaffirmed, as of the date of such payment, the representations made in this Section 9. (b) Unless at the time of the exercise of this Option a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended is in effect as to such Ordinary Shares underlying this Option, all share certificates representing Ordinary Shares issued to Participant upon exercise of this Option shall, at the election of the Company, have affixed thereto a legend substantially in the following form: “The ordinary shares represented by this certificate have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and may not be transferred, sold or otherwise disposed of in the absence of an effective registration statement with respect to the shares evidenced by this certificate, filed and made effective under the Securities Act of 1933, or an opinion of counsel satisfactory to the Company to the effect that registration under such Act is not required.” 10. (a) Miscellaneous. Except as provided herein, this Agreement may not be amended or otherwise modified unless evidenced in writing and signed by the Company and Participant. (b) All notices under this Agreement shall be mailed or delivered by hand to the parties at their respective addresses set forth beneath their names below or at such other address as may be designated in writing by either of the parties to one another. (c) Nothing contained herein shall be deemed an undertaking by the Company to continue Participant’s employment by the Company which may be terminated at any time at the sole discretion of the Company, except as provided in an employment agreement between the Company and Participant, if any. (d) This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Bermuda without regard to any conflicts or choice of law rules or principles that might otherwise refer construction or interpretation of this Agreement to the substantive law of another jurisdiction. Dated as of GRANT DATE MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. By: Title: Address: Ideation House, 2nd Floor 94 Pitts Bay Road Pembroke HM08, Bermuda PARTICIPANT’S ACCEPTANCE The undersigned hereby accepts the foregoing Option and agrees to the terms and conditions thereof. PARTICIPANT: Signature _______________________ NAME Date __________________________ Address: ADDRESS MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. Restricted Share Agreement Exhibit 10.3 This Restricted Share Agreement (this “Agreement”) effective as of [DATE] (the “Grant Date”), is between Maiden Holdings, Ltd., a Bermuda company, (the “Company”) and [] (the “Participant”). 1. Grant of Shares. The Company hereby grants to the Participant [] shares (the “Shares”) of the Company’s common shares, $.01 par value, as set forth in and subject to the terms and conditions herein. These Shares have been duly granted by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) pursuant to the Company’s 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). This Agreement shall be subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, which is incorporated herein by reference. Any capitalized terms not defined herein shall have the meaning set forth in the Plan. 2. Vesting of Shares and Provisions for Termination and Change in Control. (a) The Shares shall initially be unvested. The Shares shall vest fifty percent (50%) of the Shares on the first anniversary of the Grant Date. The Participant shall vest the remainder of the Shares on the second anniversary of the Grant Date. (b) If the Participant’s employment with the Company terminates for any reason prior to the second anniversary of the Grant Date and prior to the date the Company consummates a Change in Control, the Participant shall forfeit without compensation any Shares that remain unvested on the date that the termination of the Participant’s employment becomes effective, except in the event of (1) Participant’s death or permanent disability, in which Participant’s personal representatives, heirs or legatees shall be entitled to receive the unvested Shares pursuant to the aforementioned vesting schedule, or (2) a termination not for Cause, in which case Participant shall be entitled to receive the unvested Shares pursuant to the aforementioned vesting schedule. For “Cause,” for purposes of this Agreement shall include (A) Participant is convicted of any act or course of conduct involving moral turpitude; or (B) Participant engages in any willful act or willful course of conduct constituting an abuse of office or authority which significantly adversely affects the business or reputation of Company. No act, failure to act or course of conduct on Participant’s part shall be considered “willful” unless done, or omitted to be done, by Participant not in good faith and without reasonable belief that his action, omission or course of conduct was in the best interest of the Company. (c) If the Company consummates a Change in Control (as defined in the Plan) prior to the second anniversary of the Grant Date and the acquirer does not assume this Agreement, the Participant shall vest in one hundred percent (100%) of the Shares immediately prior to the time the Change in Control becomes effective. If the Company consummates a Change in Control (as defined in the Plan) prior to the second anniversary of the Grant Date and the acquirer assumes this Agreement, the Shares shall continue to vest in accordance with the schedule set forth in Section 2(a), provided, however, that if the Company or its successor terminates the Participant’s employment with the Company or its successor for any reason other than for Cause within twelve (12) months following the closing date of the Change of Control, the Participant shall vest in one hundred percent (100%) of the Shares on the date the termination of the Participant’s employment becomes effective. If the Company or its successor terminates the Participant’s employment for Cause or the Participant resigns his employment with the Company or its successor for any reason, the Participant shall forfeit without compensation any Shares that remain unvested on the date the termination of the Participant’s employment becomes effective. 3. Delivery of Shares. form, registered in the name of the Participant with notations regarding the applicable restrictions on transfer imposed under this Agreement or the Plan. (a) The Company shall, in its discretion, issue the Shares either (i) in certificate form as provided in Section 3(b); or (ii) in book entry (b) Prior to the date the Shares vest pursuant to Section 2, all certificates representing the Shares shall have endorsed thereon a legend substantially as follows: “The shares represented by this certificate are subject to restrictions set forth in the Maiden Holdings, Ltd. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan and a Restricted Share Agreement effective as of [DATE] with Maiden Holdings, Ltd., a copy of which plan and agreement is available for inspection at the offices of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. or will be made available on request.” 2, the Participant shall redeliver the certificates to the Company to be held by the Company or its designee until the Shares vest pursuant to Section 2. (c) If the Company delivers certificates representing the Shares to the Participant prior to the vesting of the Shares pursuant to Section (d) Promptly after the date any Shares vest pursuant to Section 2, the Company shall, as applicable, either remove the notations on any vested Shares issued in book entry form or deliver to the Participant a certificate or certificates evidencing the number of vested Shares. The Participant shall deliver to the Company any representations, documents or other assurances the Company or its counsel deems necessary or reasonably desirable to ensure compliance with all applicable legal and regulatory requirements. 4. Transferability of Shares. (a) Prior to the date on which the Shares vest pursuant to Section 2 of this Agreement, except as stated above with respect to a transfer of the Shares made to the Participant’s personal representatives, heirs or legatees, no rights granted hereunder shall be transferred, assigned, pledged or hypothecated in any way (whether by operation of law or otherwise) nor shall any such rights be subject to execution, attachment or similar process. Upon any attempt to transfer, assign, pledge, hypothecate or otherwise dispose of unvested Shares or of such rights contrary to the provisions here, or upon the levy of any attachment or similar process upon any unvested Shares of such rights, these Shares and such rights shall, at the election of the Company, become null and void. (b) Following the Company’s delivery to the Participant of the certificate representing the vested Shares pursuant to Section 3(d), the transfer or sale of the Shares shall be subject to the Company’s policy concerning insider trading, unless the Participant makes a valid election to transfer or sell the Common Shares in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the United States securities laws. 5. Rights as a Shareholder. The Participant shall have all the rights of a shareholder with respect to the Shares, including voting and dividend rights, subject only to the transfer and other restrictions set forth in this Agreement and in the Plan. 6. No Right to Employment. Neither the Shares nor this Agreement gives Participant the right to be retained by the Company in any capacity and Participant’s employment may be terminated at any time and for any reason. 7. Recapitalization. If there is any change in the corporate structure or shares of the Company, the Committee (as defined in the Plan) or the Board of Directors shall make any appropriate adjustments, including, but not limited to, such adjustments deemed necessary to prevent accretion, or to protect against dilution, in the number and kind of Shares. All adjustments shall be determined by the Committee or the Board in its sole discretion and such determination shall be binding on the Participant. 8. Extraordinary Corporate Transaction. In the event of an extraordinary dividend or other distribution, merger, reorganization, consolidation, combination, sale of assets, split up, exchange or spin off or other extraordinary corporate transaction, the Committee or the Board of Directors shall, in the manner determined by the Board or Committee in its sole discretion, make provision for a cash payment or for the substitution or exchange of the Shares awarded to the Participant pursuant to this Agreement based upon the distribution or consideration payable to holders of Common Shares upon or in respect of such event. 9. Compliance with Laws and Regulations. (a) The Company will not be obligated to issue or deliver any Shares to the Participant unless the issuance and delivery of such shares complies with applicable law, including, without limitation, the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, applicable state securities law and the requirements of any stock exchange or market upon which the Shares may then be listed, and shall be further subject to the approval of counsel for the Company with respect to such compliance. (b) In connection with the delivery of Shares to the Participant following the vesting of any Shares, the Participant shall execute and deliver to the Company such representations in writing as may be requested by the Committee or the Company that the Company may comply with the applicable requirements of federal and state securities laws. 10. Withholding. The Company (or any of its subsidiaries if the Participant is employed by a subsidiary) shall have the right to deduct from payments of any kind otherwise due to the Participant (including payment of salary or bonuses), or to withhold a number of the Shares otherwise having a fair market value (as determined on the vesting date) equal to, the minimum federal, state and local taxes of any kind required by law to be withheld with respect to the delivery of the Shares to the Participant. In the alternative, the Participant may make a timely election pursuant to Section 83(b) of the Internal Revenue Code or similar provision of state law (collectively, an “83(b) Election”) and provide to the Company a copy of such election and proof of filing. The Company advises the Participant to seek personal tax and financial advice as to the consequences of the transfer of the Shares under this Agreement and the taxability of the Shares. 11. Miscellaneous. (a) Except as provided herein, this Agreement may not be amended or otherwise modified unless evidenced in writing and signed by the Company and Participant. their names below or at such other address as may be designated in writing by either of the parties to one another. (b) All notices under this Agreement shall be mailed or delivered by hand to the parties at their respective addresses set forth beneath (c) Nothing contained herein shall be deemed an undertaking by the Company to continue Participant’s employment by the Company which may be terminated at any time at the sole discretion of the Company, except as provided in an employment agreement between the Company and Participant, if any. choice of law rules or principles that might otherwise refer construction or interpretation of this Agreement to the substantive law of another jurisdiction. (d) This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Bermuda without regard to any conflicts or (e) Shares earned and delivered under this Agreement shall be subject to any recoupment policy for awards under the Plan adopted by the Company as such policy exists from time to time. 12. Section 409A and 457A Compliance. This Agreement and the Shares are intended to comply with the short-term deferral exemption under Sections 409A and 457A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, (the “Code”) and any regulations, rulings, or guidance provided thereunder. The Company reserves the unilateral right to amend this Agreement upon written notice to the Participant to prevent taxation under Code Sections 409A and 457A. MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD. By: Name: Title: The undersigned hereby accepts the foregoing Shares and agrees to the terms and conditions thereof. PARTICIPANT’S ACCEPTANCE PARTICIPANT: Signature: Name: [NAME] Address: [ADDRESS] Date: Exhibit 10.43 POST-TERMINATION ENDORSEMENT NO. 1 to the QUOTA SHARE REINSURANCE CONTRACT Dated April 1, 2011 (hereinafter referred to as the “Contract”) between AMTRUST EUROPE LIMITED (“AEL”) Nottingham, England and AMTRUST INTERNATIONAL UNDERWRITERS DAC (“AIU”) Eire (hereinafter referred to collectively as the “Company”) and MAIDEN REINSURANCE LTD. Hamilton, Bermuda (hereinafter referred to as the “Reinsurer”) WHEREAS, Reinsurer intends to discontinue as a Bermuda company and to re-domicile in the State of Vermont in the United States (the “Re-Domestication”); and WHEREAS, the Reinsurer and the Company, desire to ensure that the security provided under the Contract has the same effect on AEL and AIU’s solvency ratios after completion of the Re-Domestication, subject to Reinsurer’s simultaneous execution of this Post-Termination Endorsement No. 1 and the related Post-Termination Endorsement No. 2 to the U.S. Quota Share, a copy of which is attached as Exhibit A. NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties agree to amend the Contract effective as of 12:01 a.m., Greenwich Mean Time, on the effective date of the Re-Domestication: 1. The section of this Contract entitled “Security” shall be deleted and the following substituted therefor: “Reinsurer acknowledges that, as of the date hereof, Bermuda is a Solvency II equivalent jurisdiction and Vermont is not and, as a result, the Solvency Capital Requirement (“SCR”) for each of AEL and AIU will be higher for AEL and AIU as a result of the Re-Domestication. Therefore, Reinsurer will post security for each of AEL and AIU equal to the greater of: (a) 120% of the Exposure; and (b) The amount of security required to offset the increase in the SCR that results from the changes in the SCR which arise out of the Re-Domestication as compared to the SCR calculation if the Reinsurer had remained domesticated in a Solvency II equivalent jurisdiction with a solvency ratio above 100% and provided collateral equivalent to 100% of the Exposure. Where “Exposure” is defined of the sum of the; (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) ceded unearned premium; plus ceded outstanding losses including IBNR, calculated by the Company at the best estimate level; plus balance of the ceded claims paid by the Company but not recovered from the Reinsurer; less ceded premium received by the Company and not yet passed onto the Reinsurer; plus over-riding commission due from the Reinsurer to the Company on ceded unearned premium or ceded premium received by the Company and not yet passed onto the Reinsurer. Upon the effective date of the Re-Domestication, the security required by this section shall be funded by Reinsurer in a form acceptable to the Company reasonably promptly (but in any event within five business days) based on the ceded unearned premium and outstanding losses including IBNR and SCR calculations reported by the Company to the Reinsurer in substantially the same format as the Quarterly Reports described below. The security shall be adjusted quarterly and based on the ceded unearned premium and outstanding losses including IBNR and SCR calculations reported by the Company to the Reinsurer. Quarterly, the Company shall provide the following written reports to the Reinsurer (the “Quarterly Reports”): i) within 14 days of the end of each calendar quarter, the amount of security required under item (a) above (i.e. 120% of Exposure) (the “Exposure Report”), and; ii) within 45 days of the end of each calendar quarter, the amount of additional security, if any, required under item (b) above (i.e the SCR Exposure) (the “SCR Report”). The SCR Report shall include a comparison, as of the end of the subject quarter, of each Company’s SCR based on the credit each Company receives for its cession to Reinsurer as a Vermont company and the credit each Company would have received had Reinsurer remained domiciled in a Solvency II equivalent jurisdiction in a format to be proposed by the Company, subject to Reinsurer’s consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. In the event that the amount of aggregate security required as set forth in the Exposure Report exceeds the amount of security then posted by the Reinsurer for either AEL or AIU or both (a “Deficiency”), the Reinsurer, as soon as practicable (but always within 14 days of the Quarterly Report), shall post such additional security in a form acceptable to the Company as necessary to eliminate the Deficiency. In the event that the amount of security required as set forth in the SCR Report exceeds the amount of security then posted by the Reinsurer for either AEL or AIU or both (a “Deficiency”), the Reinsurer, as soon as practicable (but always within 14 days of the Quarterly Report), shall post such additional security in a form acceptable to the Company as necessary to eliminate the Deficiency. In the event that the security required as set forth in the Quarterly Reports is less than the amount of security then posted for either AEL or AIU or both (“Excess Security”), AEL or AIU or each of them, as the case may be, shall, as soon as practicable (but always within 14 days of the SCR Report), return such Excess Security to the Reinsurer; provided that the Company may reallocate Excess Security posted for AEL or AIU to the other to the extent required to eliminate a Deficiency. In the event that the Reinsurer disputes the amount of security required as set forth in either Quarterly Report, the Reinsurer shall post security in accordance with the relevant Quarterly Report and the Company shall seek to resolve the dispute with the Reinsurer in good faith. 2 Solvency II Equivalence i) In the event that as of the end of any calendar quarter after the date of the Endorsement the Reinsurer; (a) is situated in a country whose solvency regime is deemed equivalent to that laid down in Directive 2009/138/EC in accordance with Article 172 or, with respect to AEL, the post-Brexit solvency regime as applicable to AEL; and (b) complies with the solvency requirements of that country, which for the purposes of this Endorsement shall mean an risk-based capital ratio of 300% of the Reinsurer’s Authorized Control Level or as otherwise defined in the EC Delegated Decision between the EC and the subject country or, with respect to AEL, as defined in the applicable post-Brexit equivalent to the EC Delegated Decision; the requirement that the Reinsurer post security for each of AEL and AIU equal to 120% of the Exposure shall be reduced to 110% of the Exposure for the following calendar quarter. (i) In the event that as of the end of any calendar quarter after the date of the Endorsement the Reinsurer; (a) is situated in a country whose solvency regime is deemed equivalent to that laid down in Directive 2009/138/EC in accordance with Article 172 or, with respect to AEL, the post-Brexit solvency regime as applicable to AEL; BUT (b) does not comply with the solvency requirements of that country; OR the Reinsurer shall post security for each of AEL and AIU equal to the greater of (i) 120% of the Exposure and (ii) such additional security as is required to eliminate the impact of the Reinsurer’s failure to comply with applicable solvency requirements on the Company’s SCR, notwithstanding that Reinsurer is situated in a country whose solvency regime is deemed equivalent to that laid down in Directive 2009/138/EC in accordance with Article 172 or, with respect to AEL, the post-Brexit solvency regime as applicable to AEL. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto, by their respective duly authorized officer, have executed this POST- TERMINATION ENDORSEMENT NO. 1 as of the dates set forth below: AMTRUST EUROPE LIMITED MAIDEN REINSURANCE LTD. By:___________________________ By:_________________________ Dated:_________________________ Dated:_______________________ AMTRUST INTERNATIONAL UNDERWRITERS DAC By:___________________________ Dated:_________________________ Exhibit 10.44 POST- TERMINATION ENDORSEMENT NO. 2 to the AMENDED AND RESTATED QUOTA SHARE REINSURANCE AGREEMENT (hereinafter referred to as the “Agreement”) between AMTRUST INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE, LTD. Hamilton, Bermuda (hereinafter referred to as the “Company”) and MAIDEN REINSURANCE LTD. Hamilton, Bermuda (hereinafter referred to as the “Reinsurer”) WHEREAS, Reinsurer intends to discontinue as a Bermuda company and to re-domicile in the State of Vermont in the United States (the “Re-Domestication”); and WHEREAS, Bermuda is a Solvency II equivalent jurisdiction and the State of Vermont is not such a jurisdiction, the Reinsurer and the Company agreed to strengthen the collateral protection provided by the Reinsurer under the Agreement, subject to Reinsurer’s simultaneous execution of this Post-Termination Endorsement No. 2 and the related Post-Termination Endorsement No. 1 to the European Quota Share, a copy of which is attached as Exhibit A. NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties agree to amend the Agreement effective as of 12:01 a.m., Eastern Standard Time, [Effective Date] as follows: 1. Paragraph A(5) of ARTICLE XXIII - SECURITY FOR REINSURER’S OBLIGATIONS is hereby deleted in its entirety and restated as follows: (5) The Company shall transfer Reinsurer Trust Assets deposited by or on behalf of the Reinsurer for Indirect Obligations (as defined in Post-Termination Endorsement No. 1 to the Agreement) into a Company Trust Account pursuant to Paragraph A(5) of ARTICLE XXIII - SECURITY FOR REINSURER’S OBLIGATIONS as set forth in Post-Termination Endorsement No. 1 to the Agreement, if any, to reinsurance trust accounts maintained by Reinsurer as Security for AEL and AIU pursuant to Post-Termination Endorsement No. 1 to reinsurance trust accounts established by the Reinsurer for the benefit of AEL and AIU, as the case may be, pursuant to the European Quota Share. 2. Paragraph B of ARTICLE XXIII - SECURITY FOR REINSURER’S OBLIGATIONS is hereby deleted in its entirety and restated as follows: B. The “Obligations” referred to herein means as of any date of determination the sum of: (1) The amount of Ultimate Net Loss ceded hereunder for which the Reinsurer is responsible to the Company but has not yet paid, including, without duplication, with respect to each Affiliate, the amount of ceded Ultimate Net Loss for which the Company is responsible to such Affiliate but has not yet paid; (2) The amount of ceded reserves hereunder for Ultimate Net Loss (including without limitation ceded reserves for claims reported but not resolved and losses incurred but not reported) for which the Reinsurer is responsible to the Company, including, without duplication, with respect to each Affiliate, the amount of ceded Ultimate Net Loss for which the Company is responsible to such Affiliate; (3) The amount of ceded reserves hereunder for Subject Premium, including, without duplication, with respect to each Affiliate, the amount of ceded reserves for unearned Affiliate Subject Premiums attributable to such Affiliate; and (4) The sum of (1), (2) and (3) multiplied by the Funding Percentage (“Excess Funding”). For the avoidance of doubt, the Obligations shall not include any business ceded under the European Quota Share. “Funding Percentage” means 10%, provided that, immediately upon a Reinsurer Change of Control in which any Person or group of Persons acting in concert, other than a Company Affiliate, in a transaction or series of transaction acquires ownership and control of more than 50% of the voting shares or assets of Reinsurer (a “COC Funding Trigger”), the Funding Percentage shall be 15%. Provided that the Risk-Based Capital ratio determined as of the end of the most recently completed calendar quarter is 500% or above, if (i) the sum of the Obligations (exclusive of the Excess Funding) is below $1 billion and (ii) there has not been a COC Funding Trigger, the Funding Percentage shall be reduced from 10% to 7.5%. Further, provided that the Risk-Based Capital ratio determined as of the end of the most recently completed calendar quarter is 400% or above if (i) the sum of the Obligations (exclusive of the Excess Funding) is below $500 million and (ii) there has not been a COC Funding Trigger, the Funding Percentage shall be reduced from 7.5% to 5%. In the event of a COC Funding Trigger, the Funding Percentage shall be 15% on the date of the COC Funding Trigger, notwithstanding that the sum of Obligations (exclusive of Excess Funding). “Company Affiliate” means Barry D. Zyskind, George Karfunkel or Leah Karfunkel, or with respect to them, another Person that, directly or indirectly, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, any of them, where “control,” including the terms “controlling,” “controlled by” and “under common control” means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise, acting alone or in concert with each other or other Persons. “Person” means an individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company, association, trust, unincorporated organization, Governmental Authority or other entity. “Governmental Authority” means any government, political subdivision, court, arbitrator, arbitration panel, mediator, mediation panel, board, commission, regulatory or administrative agency or other instrumentality thereof, whether federal, state, provincial, local or foreign and including any regulatory authority which may be partly or wholly autonomous. 3. Paragraph C of ARTICLE XXIII - SECURITY FOR REINSURER’S OBLIGATIONS is hereby amended by the addition of sub-paragraph (6), which states as follows: “(6) In the event that the Company or an Affiliate determines to utilize security provided0by the Reinsurer pursuant to Paragraph A of this ARTICLE XXIII - SECURITY FOR REINSURER’S OBLIGATIONS, the Company shall and shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cause such Affiliate, to utilize the security in the priorities set forth on Schedule A to this Post-Termination Endorsement No. 2. Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Company nor any Affiliate shall be subject to the priorities set forth on Schedule A to the extent that such priorities would interfere with the Company’s or an Affiliate’s ability to obtain reimbursement or payment out of available security for the purposes set forth in Paragraph C(5), D(3) or any other provision of this ARTICLE XXIII - SECURITY FOR REINSURER’S OBLIGATIONS.” 4. The definition of “Excess Funding Requirement” in Paragraph D(3) of ARTICLE XXIII - SECURITY FOR REINSURER’S OBLIGATIONS is deleted in its entirety and restated as follows: “Excess Funding Requirement” means as of any date of determination, the greater of (A) $54,000,000 or (B) the positive amount, if any, of (i) the sum of the Obligations, assuming, solely for the purposes of this calculation, that the Funding Percentage is 5%, less (ii) the sum of the Obligations, assuming, solely for the purposes of this calculation, that the Funding Percentage is 2%; provided, however, that if the sum of the “Covered Losses” and “Commuted Covered Losses” paid or payable by the Retrocessionaire under the ADC Agreement exceed $554,000,000, the Excess Funding Requirement shall equal $0. To the extent that, over time, the amount of item (A) in the Excess Funding Requirement definition is materially greater than item (B) in the Excess Funding Requirement definition, the Company and the Reinsurer shall work together in good faith to revise the Excess Funding Requirement definition. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto, by their respective duly authorized officer, have executed this POST- TERMINATION ENDORSEMENT NO. 2 as of the dates set forth below: AMTRUST INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE, LTD. MAIDEN REINSURANCE LTD. By:___________________________ By:_________________________ Dated:_________________________ Dated:_______________________ SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT Subsidiary Maiden Holdings, Ltd. Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. Maiden Re Insurance Services, LLC Maiden Global Servicing Company, LLC Maiden Life Försäkrings AB Maiden General Försäkrings AB Regulatory Capital Limited Maiden Global Holdings Ltd. Maiden Australia Holdings PTY Ltd. Exhibit 21.1 Note Jurisdiction (1) (2) (3) (3) (4) Bermuda Delaware Delaware Delaware Sweden Sweden Ireland England Australia (1) All subsidiaries are 100% wholly owned by Maiden Holdings, Ltd. unless otherwise noted. (2) 65% owned by Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and 35% owned by Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. Effective March 16, 2020, Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. is now domiciled in Vermont, United States. 100% wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. 100% wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Global Holdings Ltd. (3) (4) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Exhibit 23.1 We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No. 333-235948 on Form S-8 of our report dated March 18, 2020, relating to the consolidated financial statements of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and subsidiaries (the "Company") appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. for the year ended December 31, 2019. /s/ Deloitte Ltd. Hamilton, Bermuda March 18, 2020 I, Lawrence F. Metz certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.; CERTIFICATION EXHIBIT 31.1 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including any consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. March 18, 2020 /s/ LAWRENCE F. METZ Lawrence F. Metz President and Chief Executive Officer I, Patrick J. Haveron, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.; CERTIFICATION EXHIBIT 31.2 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including any consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. March 18, 2020 /s/ PATRICK J. HAVERON Patrick J. Haveron Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION Exhibit 32.1 Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), the undersigned officer of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer's knowledge, that: The Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. March 18, 2020 By: /s/ LAWRENCE F. METZ Lawrence F. Metz President and Chief Executive Officer The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Report. CERTIFICATION Exhibit 32.2 Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), the undersigned officer of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer's knowledge, that: The Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. March 18, 2020 By: /s/ PATRICK J. HAVERON Patrick J. Haveron Chief Financial Officer The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Report. 

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