Molson Coors Beverage Company
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 _______________________________________________________________ FORM 10-K (Mark One) ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 OR For the transition period from ______ to ______ . Commission File Number: 1-14829 Molson Coors Brewing Company (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) DELAWARE (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1801 California Street, Suite 4600, Denver, Colorado 1555 Notre Dame Street East, Montréal, Québec, Canada (Address of principal executive offices) 84-0178360 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 80202 H2L 2R5 (Zip Code) 303-927-2337 (Colorado) 514-521-1786 (Québec) (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) _______________________________________________________________ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value Class B Common Stock, $0.01 par value Senior Floating Rate Notes due 2019 1.25% Senior Notes due 2024 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ý NO o Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES o NO ý Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ý NO o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ý NO o Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.     Large accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o Emerging growth company o If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES o NO ý The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant at the close of business on the last trading day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 29, 2018 , was approximately $12.4 billion based upon the last sales price reported for such date on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange. For purposes of this disclosure, shares of common and exchangeable stock held by persons holding more than 10% of the outstanding shares of stock and shares owned by officers and directors of the registrant as of June 29, 2018 , are excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination is not necessarily conclusive of affiliate status for other purposes. The number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of February 7, 2019 : Class A Common Stock—2,560,668 shares Class B Common Stock—196,042,622 shares Exchangeable shares: As of February 7, 2019 , the following number of exchangeable shares was outstanding for Molson Coors Canada, Inc.: Class A Exchangeable Shares—2,757,201 shares Class B Exchangeable Shares—14,807,311 shares The Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares are shares of the share capital in Molson Coors Canada Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the registrant. They are publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbols TPX.A and TPX.B, respectively. These shares are intended to provide substantially the same economic and voting rights as the corresponding class of Molson Coors common stock in which they may be exchanged. In addition to the registered Class A common stock and the Class B common stock, the registrant has also issued and outstanding one share each of a Special Class A voting stock and Special Class B voting stock. The Special Class A voting stock and the Special Class B voting stock provide the mechanism for holders of Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares to be provided instructions to vote with the holders of the Class A common stock and the Class B common stock, respectively. The holders of the Special Class A voting stock and Special Class B voting stock are entitled to one vote for each outstanding Class A exchangeable share and Class B exchangeable share, respectively, excluding shares held by the registrant or its subsidiaries, and generally vote together with the Class A common stock and Class B common stock, respectively, on all matters on which the Class A common stock and Class B common stock are entitled to vote. The Special Class A voting stock and Special Class B voting stock are subject to a voting trust arrangement. The trustee which holds the Special Class A voting stock and the Special Class B voting stock is required to cast a number of votes equal to the number of then-outstanding Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares, respectively, but will only cast a number of votes equal to the number of Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares as to which it has received voting instructions from the owners of record of those Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares, other than the registrant or its subsidiaries, respectively, on the record date, and will cast the votes in accordance with such instructions so received. Documents Incorporated by Reference: Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement for the registrant's 2019 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after the close of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 , are incorporated by reference under Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Table of Contents Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES INDEX PART I. PART II. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Item 16. Signatures Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation PART III. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary 1 Page 2 4 20 32 33 34 34 35 37 38 74 77 173 173 174 175 175 175 175 175 176 183 184       Table of Contents AOCI  CAD  CZK DBRS DSUs EBITDA EPS  EROA EUR FASB  GBP  HRK JPY  LIBOR  Moody’s NAV OCI OPEB  PBO PSUs RSD  RSUs S&P 500 SEC Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Canadian dollar Czech Koruna A global credit rating agency in Toronto Deferred stock units Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization Earnings per share Assumed long-term expected return on assets Euro Financial Accounting Standards Board British Pound Croatian Kuna Japanese Yen London Interbank Offered Rate Moody’s Investors Service Limited, a nationally recognized statistical rating organization designated by the Securities and Exchange Commission Net asset value Other comprehensive income (loss) Other postretirement benefit plans Projected benefit obligation Performance share units Serbian Dinar Restricted stock units Standard & Poor’s 500 Index® Securities and Exchange Commission Standard & Poor’s Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services, a nationally recognized statistical rating organization designated by the SEC STRs STWs 2017 Tax Act U.K. U.S.  U.S. GAAP USD or $ VIEs Sales-to-retailers Sales-to-wholesalers Tax Cuts and Jobs Act United Kingdom United States Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America U.S. dollar Variable interest entities 2                  Table of Contents Cautionary Statement Pursuant to Safe Harbor Provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act"). From time to time, we may also provide oral or written forward-looking statements in other materials we release to the public. Such forward-looking statements are subject to the safe harbor created by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements that refer to projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth and trends in our businesses, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements, and include, but are not limited to, statements in Part II—Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in this report, and under the heading "Outlook for 2019 " therein, overall volume trends, consumer preferences, pricing trends, industry forces, cost reduction strategies, anticipated results, anticipated synergies, expectations for funding future capital expenditures and operations, expectations regarding future dividends, debt service capabilities, timing and amounts of debt and leverage levels, shipment levels and profitability, market share and the sufficiency of capital resources. In addition, statements that we make in this report that are not statements of historical fact may also be forward-looking statements. Words such as "expects," "goals," "plans," "believes," "continues," "may," "anticipate," "seek," "estimate," "outlook," "trends," "future benefits," "potential," "projects," "strategies," and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to be materially different from those indicated (both favorably and unfavorably). These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in Part I—Item 1A "Risk Factors" elsewhere throughout this report, and those described from time to time in our past and future reports filed with the SEC. Caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date when made and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Market and Industry Data The market and industry data used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based on independent industry publications, customers, trade or business organizations, reports by market research firms and other published statistical information from third parties, as well as information based on management’s good faith estimates, which we derive from our review of internal information and independent sources. Although we believe these sources to be reliable, we have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the information. 3 Table of Contents ITEM 1.    BUSINESS PART I Unless otherwise noted in this report, any description of "we," "us" or "our" includes Molson Coors Brewing Company ("MCBC" or the "Company"), principally a holding company, and its operating and non-operating subsidiaries included within our reporting segments and Corporate. Our reporting segments include: MillerCoors LLC ("MillerCoors" or U.S. segment), operating in the United States; Molson Coors Canada ("MCC" or Canada segment), operating in Canada; Molson Coors Europe (Europe segment), operating in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Montenegro, the Republic of Ireland, Romania, Serbia, the United Kingdom and various other European countries; and Molson Coors International ("MCI" or International segment), operating in various other countries. Unless otherwise indicated, information in this report is presented in USD and comparisons are to comparable prior periods. Our primary operating currencies, other than USD, include the CAD, the GBP, and our Central European operating currencies such as the EUR, CZK, HRK and RSD. Background We are one of the world's largest brewers and have a diverse portfolio of owned and partner brands, including global priority brands Blue Moon, Coors Banquet, Coors Light, Miller Genuine Draft, Miller Lite, and Staropramen , regional champion brands Carling , Molson Canadian and other leading country- specific brands, as well as craft and specialty beers such as Creemore Springs , Cobra , Doom Bar, Henry's Hard and Leinenkugel's . With centuries of brewing heritage, we have been crafting high-quality, innovative products with the purpose of delighting the world's beer drinkers and with the ambition to be the first choice for our consumers and customers. Our success depends on our ability to make our products available to meet a wide range of consumer segments and occasions. Molson and Coors were founded in 1786 and 1873, respectively. Our commitment to producing the highest quality beers is a key part of our heritage and remains so to this day. Our brands are designed to appeal to a wide range of consumer tastes, styles and price preferences. Our largest markets are the U.S., Canada and Europe. Coors was incorporated in June 1913 under the laws of the state of Colorado. In October 2003, Coors merged with and into Adolph Coors Company, a Delaware corporation. In February 2005, Adolph Coors Company merged with Molson Inc. Upon completion of the merger, Adolph Coors Company changed its name to Molson Coors Brewing Company. Acquisition On October 11, 2016, we completed the acquisition of SABMiller plc's ("SABMiller") 58% economic interest and 50% voting interest in MillerCoors and all trademarks, contracts and other assets primarily related to the "Miller International Business," as defined in the purchase agreement, outside of the U.S. and Puerto Rico (the "Acquisition") from Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV ("ABI"). The Acquisition was completed for $12.0 billion in cash, subject to a downward adjustment as described in the purchase agreement. This purchase price "Adjustment Amount," as defined in the purchase agreement, required payment to MCBC if the unaudited EBITDA for the Miller International Business for the twelve months prior to closing was below $70 million . Under the purchase agreement, we retained the rights to all of the brands in the MillerCoors portfolio at the time of the Acquisition for the U.S. and Puerto Rican markets, including import brands such as Peroni and Pilsner Urquell , as well as obtained full ownership of the Miller brand portfolio outside of the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Additionally, in consolidating control of MillerCoors, we expect we will further improve our scale and agility, benefit from significantly enhanced cash flows from operations, and capture substantial operational synergies. We believe the purchase of the Miller brand trademarks outside of the U.S. and Puerto Rico provides a strategic opportunity to leverage the iconic Miller trademark globally alongside our trademarks for Coors and Staropramen, and presents volume and profit growth opportunities in both core markets and emerging markets. On January 21, 2018, MCBC and ABI entered into a settlement agreement related to the purchase price adjustment under the purchase agreement, and on January 26, 2018, pursuant to the settlement agreement, ABI paid to MCBC $330.0 million, of which $328.0 million constitutes the Adjustment Amount. As this settlement occurred following the finalization of purchase accounting, we recorded the settlement proceeds related to the Adjustment Amount as a gain within special items, net in our consolidated statement of operations in our Corporate segment and within cash provided by operating activities within our consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018. MCBC and ABI also agreed to certain mutual releases as further described in the settlement agreement. 4 Table of Contents Industry Overview The brewing industry has significantly evolved over the years, becoming an increasingly global beer market. The industry was previously founded on local presence with modest international expansion achieved through export, license and partnership arrangements. More recently, it has become increasingly complex, as the consolidation of brewers has occurred globally, resulting in fewer major global market participants. In addition to the acquisitive element of this industry consolidation, the market continues to utilize export, license and partnership arrangements; however, these are often with the same global competitors that make up the majority of the market. This industry consolidation has resulted in a small number of large global brewers representing the majority of the worldwide beer market. At the same time, smaller local brewers within certain established markets are experiencing accelerated growth as consumers increasingly place value on locally-produced, regionally-sourced products. As the beer industry continues its evolution of consolidation and diversification of its products to meet consumer demand with broadening preferences, large global brewers are uniquely positioned to leverage the scale, depth of product portfolio and industry knowledge to continue to lead the market forward. Global Competitors' Market Capitalization We evaluate ourselves in relation to other global brewers using various metrics, including overall market capitalization, volume, net sales revenue, gross margins and net profits, as well as our position within each of our core markets, with the goal to be the first choice for our consumers and customers. To provide a perspective of the relative size of the major participants in the global brewing market, the market capitalizations of our primary global competitors, based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 , were as follows: Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV Heineken N.V. ("Heineken") Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd. ("Asahi") Carlsberg Group ("Carlsberg") MCBC Our Products Market Capitalization (In billions) 133.6 51.0 18.8 16.1 12.2 $ $ $ $ $ We have a diverse portfolio of owned and partner brands which are positioned to meet a wide range of consumer segments and occasions in a variety of markets, including Blue Moon, Coors Banquet, Coors Light, Miller Genuine Draft, Miller Lite and Staropramen . We consider these our global priority brands which we continue to invest in and focus on growing globally. We believe our portfolio encompasses all segments of the beer industry with the purpose of delighting the world's beer drinkers, including premium and premium lights, economy, above premium and craft, as well as adjacencies such as ciders and other malt beverages. The following includes our primary brands sold in each of our segments. 5 Table of Contents Brands sold in the U.S. Global priority brands Regional champion brands Blue Moon Coors Banquet Coors Light Miller Genuine Draft Miller Lite Hard cider brands Crispin Smith & Forge Hamm's Icehouse Keystone Mickey's Miller64 Miller High Life Milwaukee's Best Olde English Steel Reserve Flavored malt beverages Arnold Palmer Spiked (3) Henry's Hard Redd's (4) Steel Reserve Alloy Series (1) Under perpetual royalty-free license from Asahi. (2) Under license from Heineken. (3) In partnership with Hornell Brewing, an affiliate of Arizona Beverages (4) Under perpetual royalty-free license from ABI. Brands sold in Canada Craft and import brands Grolsch (1) Hop Valley Leinenkugel's Peroni Nastro Azurro (1) Pilsner Urquell (1) Revolver Saint Archer Sol (2) Terrapin Global priority brands National champion and other regional brands Craft and import brands Brasseurs de Montréal Creemore Springs Granville Island Henry's Hard Le Trou du Diable Leinenkugel's Belgian Moon Coors Banquet Coors Light Miller Genuine Draft Miller Lite Carling Carling Black Label Keystone Mad Jack Miller High Life Molson Canadian Molson Canadian 67 Molson Canadian Cider Molson Dry Molson Export Old Style Pilsner Rickard's Licensed premium import brands (1) Amstel Light Heineken Murphy's Newcastle Strongbow cider (1) Under license from Heineken. Desperados Dos Equis Moretti Sol Tecate 6   Table of Contents Brands sold in Europe Global priority brands Regional champion brands Blue Moon Coors Light Miller Genuine Draft Staropramen Bergenbier Borsodi Carling Jelen Kamenitza Niksicko Ozujsko Other (1) Aspall Cider Bavaria Beck's Branik Birradamare Cobra Corona Extra Grolsch Lowenbrau Rekorderlig cider Singha Sharp's Doom Bar Stella Artois (1) The European business has licensing and distribution agreements with various other brewers through which it also brews and distributes Beck's, Lowenbrau, Stella Artois and Spaten, as well as a distribution agreement for the exclusive distribution of the Corona brand, throughout the Central European countries in which we operate. We have an agreement with Dutch brewer, Bavaria, for the exclusive on-premise and off-premise rights to the sales, distribution and customer marketing of Bavaria and its portfolio of brands in the U.K. Starting in 2018, we have an agreement for licensed brewing and distribution of Bavaria portfolio in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro. We also distribute the Rekorderlig cider brand in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland. In the U.K., we also sell the Cobra brands through the Cobra Beer Partnership Ltd. joint venture and the Grolsch brands through a joint venture with Royal Grolsch N.V., and are the exclusive distributor for several brands including Singha . Additionally, in order to be able to provide a full line of beer and other beverages to our U.K. on-premise customers, we sell "factored" brands, which are third-party beverage brands for which we provide distribution to retail, typically on a non-exclusive basis. Brands sold in International Global priority brands Blue Moon Coors Light (1) Miller Genuine Draft (1) Miller Lite (1) Staropramen Regional champion brands Miller High Life Thunderbolt (1) Focus brands in International segment 7 Other Carling Strong Coors Banquet Coors 1873 Keystone Milwaukee's Best Miller Ace Miller Chill Miller Ultra Molson Canadian Zima Table of Contents Our Segments In 2018 , we operated the following segments: the U.S., Canada, Europe and International. A separate operating team manages each segment and each segment manufactures, markets, and sells beer and other malt beverage products. United States Segment • • • • Headquarters: Chicago, Illinois Approximately 7,300 employees Second largest brewer by volume in the U.S., selling approximately 24% of the total 2018 U.S. brewing industry shipments (excluding exports) Currently operating seven primary breweries, six craft breweries and two container operations Prior to the Acquisition completed on October 11, 2016 , MCBC owned a 50% voting and 42% economic interest in MillerCoors (which was originally formed on July 1, 2008, as a joint venture between MCBC and SABMiller), and MillerCoors was accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Following the completion of the Acquisition, MillerCoors became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MCBC and its results were fully consolidated by MCBC prospectively beginning on October 11, 2016 . Sales and Distribution In the United States, beer is generally distributed through a three-tier system consisting of manufacturers, distributors and retailers. A national network of approximately 400 independent distributors and one owned distributor, Coors Distributing Company, purchases our products and distributes them to on- and off- premise retail accounts. References to on- and off-premise sales volumes are the sales to retailers of these distributors, which we believe is a useful data point relative to consumer trends. Channels In the United States, the on-premise channel industry volume, which includes sales in bars and restaurants, declined approximately 2% in 2018 . The off-premise channel includes sales in convenience stores, grocery stores, liquor stores and other retail outlets. The off-premise channel industry volume declined approximately 1% in 2018 versus prior year. The following table reflects the industry channel trends over the last five years in the United States. Note that percentages reflect estimates based on market data currently available. On-premise Off-premise Industry channel trend 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 16% 84% 16% 84% 16% 84% 17% 83% 17% 83% Coors Distributing Company distributed less than 2% of our total owned and non-owned volume in 2018 . Manufacturing, Production and Packaging Brewing Raw Materials We use high quality ingredients to brew our products. We malt a portion of our production requirements, using barley purchased under primarily annual contracts from independent farmers located predominantly in the western United States. Other barley, malt, and cereal grains are purchased from suppliers primarily in the U.S. Hops are purchased from suppliers in the U.S. and Europe. We both own and lease water rights, as well as purchase water through local municipalities, to provide for and sustain brewing operations in case of a prolonged drought in the regions where we have operations. We do not currently anticipate future difficulties in accessing water or agricultural products used in our brewing process in the near term. 8 Table of Contents Packaging Materials The following summarizes the percentage of our U.S. segment's packaging materials by type for the year ended December 31, 2018 . Aluminum cans or bottles: • • • A portion of the aluminum containers was purchased from Rocky Mountain Metal Container ("RMMC"), our joint venture with Ball Corporation ("Ball"), whose production facilities, which are leased from us, are located near our brewery in Golden, Colorado. In addition to the supply agreement with RMMC, we have a supply agreement with Ball to purchase cans and ends in excess of what is supplied through RMMC. The RMMC joint venture agreement along with the cans and ends purchase agreement expire on December 31, 2021. Glass bottles: • • A portion of the glass bottles was provided by Rocky Mountain Bottle Company ("RMBC"), our joint venture with Owens-Brockway Glass Container, Inc. ("Owens"), whose production facilities, which are leased from us, are located in Wheat Ridge, Colorado. The RMBC joint venture agreement expires on July 31, 2025. In addition to the supply agreement with RMBC, we have a supply agreement with Owens for requirements in excess of RMBC's production, which expires on December 31, 2021. Stainless steel kegs: • • Kegs are packaged in half, quarter, and one-sixth barrel stainless steel kegs. A limited number of kegs are purchased each year, and we have no long-term supply agreement. Crowns, labels, corrugate and paperboard are purchased from a small number of sources unique to each product. In recent years, we have experienced a slight shift in the allocation among different packaging types toward aluminum cans and bottles and away from glass bottles. In general, aluminum cans allow for lower packaging costs compared to most other types of packaging materials. We do not currently anticipate future difficulties in accessing packaging products in the near term. Contract Manufacturing We have an agreement to brew, package and ship products for Pabst Brewing Company. Additionally, the U.S. segment produces beer for export to our Canada and International segments. Seasonality of the Business Total industry volume in the U.S. is sensitive to factors such as weather, changes in demographics, consumer preferences and drinking occasions. Weather conditions consisting of high temperatures and extended periods of warm weather favor increased consumption of our products, while unseasonably cool or wet weather, especially during the summer months, adversely affects our sales volumes and net sales. Accordingly, consumption of beer in the U.S. is seasonal, with approximately 39% of industry sales volume typically occurring during the warmer months from May through August. 9 Table of Contents Known Trends and Competitive Conditions 2018 U.S. Beer Industry Overview The beer industry in the United States is highly competitive, and the two largest brewers, ABI and MCBC together represented the majority of the market in 2018 . However, we estimate the two largest brewers lost share in 2018 due to volume growth in the import and flavored malt beverage categories as consumer preferences continue to shift within the industry to above premium priced beers. We believe growing or even maintaining our market share will require stabilizing our core brands and increasing our presence in the fast growing areas of the industry. Competition from outside of the beer category continues to be a challenge for the beer industry. The following table summarizes the estimated percentage market share by volume of beer (including flavored malt beverages) and other alcohol beverages, including wine and spirits, as a component of the overall U.S. alcohol market over the last five years. We anticipate that 2018 data, when available, will reflect a continuation of the recent consumer trends. Note that percentages reflect estimates based on market data currently available. Beer Other alcohol beverages Our Competitive Position 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 50% 50% 51% 49% 51% 49% 51% 49% 52% 48% Our portfolio of beers competes with numerous above premium, premium, and economy brands. These competing brands are produced by international, national, regional and local brewers. We compete most directly with ABI brands, but also compete with imported and craft beer brands, as well as flavored malt beverages. The following table summarizes the estimated percentage share of the U.S. beer market represented by Molson Coors, ABI and all other brewers over the last five years. Note that current year percentages reflect estimates based on market data currently available. MCBC's share ABI's share Others' share 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 24% 42% 34% 25% 43% 32% 25% 44% 31% 26% 45% 29% 27% 46% 27% Our products also compete with other alcohol beverages, including wine and spirits, and thus their competitive position is affected by consumer preferences between and among these other categories. Driven by increased spirits advertising along with increased wine and spirits sales execution, sales of wine and spirits have grown faster than sales of beer in recent years, resulting in a reduction in the beer segment's lead in the overall alcohol beverage market. Regulation The U.S. beer business is regulated by federal, state, and local governments. These regulations govern many parts of our operations, including brewing, marketing and advertising, transportation, distributor relationships, sales, and environmental issues. To operate our facilities, we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, licenses and approvals from various governmental agencies, including the U.S. Treasury Department, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, state alcohol regulatory agencies, and state and federal environmental agencies. Governmental entities also levy taxes and may require bonds to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. In 2018 , excise taxes on malt beverages were approximately $15 per hectoliter sold on a reported basis which includes the impact of the Craft Beverage Modernization and Tax Reform Act which took effect on January 1, 2018, for all qualified large domestic brewers and importers effective for 2018 and 2019, and resulted in reduced excise taxes for MCBC in the U.S. by $2 per barrel on the first six million barrels, which equated to $1.70 per hectoliter on this portion of volume. We transfer a portion of our share of these savings to distributors consistent with the revenue splitting approach of our U.S. segment’s economic model. State excise taxes are levied in specific states at varying rates. Refer to Part I—Item 1A, Risk Factors for risks associated with the regulatory environment in the U.S. 10 Table of Contents Canada Segment • • • • Headquarters: Toronto, Ontario Approximately 2,600 employees Canada's second largest brewer by volume and North America's oldest beer company, selling approximately 32% of the total 2018 Canada beer market Currently operating five primary breweries and four craft breweries We brew, market, sell and distribute a wide variety of beer brands nationally. Our portfolio has leading brands in all major product and price segments. In 2018 , Coors Light had an approximate 10% market share and was the second largest selling beer brand in Canada, and Molson Canadian had an approximate 5% market share and was the fourth largest selling beer in Canada. As a result of the Acquisition, the Miller brands returned to our Canada business. The Canada segment also includes our partnership arrangements related to the distribution of beer in Ontario, Brewers' Retail Inc. ("BRI"), and in the Western provinces, Brewers' Distributor Ltd. ("BDL"). BRI and BDL are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The majority of ownership in BRI resides with MCC, Labatt Breweries of Canada LP (a subsidiary of ABI) and Sleeman Breweries Ltd. (a subsidiary of Sapporo International). BDL is jointly owned by MCC and ABI. In line with our strategic initiatives to expand our craft portfolio, the Canada segment acquired two craft breweries in Quebec, Le Trou du Diable and Brasseurs de Montréal, Inc. in 2017 and in 2016, respectively. There were no additional acquisitions during 2018. However, on October 4, 2018, a wholly-owned subsidiary within our Canadian business completed the formation of an independent Canadian joint venture, Truss LP ("Truss"), with HEXO Corp. ("HEXO") to pursue opportunities to develop, produce and market non-alcoholic, cannabis-infused beverages once legal in Canada. Truss is structured as a standalone start-up company with its own board of directors and an independent management team and we maintain a 57.5% controlling interest in the joint venture. Sales and Distribution In Canada, provincial governments regulate the beer industry, particularly with regard to the pricing, mark-up, container management, sale, distribution and advertising of beer. Distribution and the retail sale of alcohol products involve a wide range and varied degree of Canadian government control through their respective provincial liquor boards. See below discussion for details by province. Channels In Canada, the on-premise channel includes sales in bars and restaurants. In Ontario and Western Canada, we use jointly-owned distribution systems to deliver beer to on-premise customers along with products from Labatt Breweries of Canada LP and Sleeman Breweries Ltd. In Quebec and Eastern Canada, we primarily deliver directly. The on-premise channel, and relationships with customers, are highly regulated and the regulations differ significantly across different provincial jurisdictions. The off-premise channel includes sales to convenience stores, grocery stores, liquor stores and other specialty retail outlets, including "The Beer Store" in Ontario, which is the world's largest beer retailer and is co-owned by Ontario's three largest brewers. The off-premise channel is highly regulated and differs significantly across different provincial jurisdictions. The following table reflects the industry channel trends over the last five years in Canada. On-premise Off-premise Province of Ontario Industry channel trend 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 16% 84% 17% 83% 17% 83% 17% 83% 17% 83% In Ontario, beer is primarily purchased at retail outlets operated by BRI, at government-regulated retail outlets operated by the Liquor Control Board of Ontario ("LCBO"), at approved agents of the LCBO, at certain licensed grocery stores, or at any bar, restaurant, or tavern licensed by the LCBO to sell alcohol for on-premise consumption. The BRI retail outlets operate under The Beer Store name. Brewers may deliver directly to BRI's outlets or may choose to use BRI's distribution centers to access retail stores in Ontario, the LCBO system, the grocery channel and licensed establishments. 11 Table of Contents Province of Québec In Québec, the distribution and sale of beer is governed by the Quebec Alcohol Corporation ("SAQ"). Beer is distributed to retail outlets directly by each brewer or through approved independent agents. We are the agent for the licensed brands we distribute. The brewer or agent distributes the products to permit holders for retail sales for on-premise consumption. Québec retail sales for off-premise consumption are made through grocery and convenience stores, as well as government operated outlets. Province of British Columbia In British Columbia, the government's Liquor Distribution Branch controls the regulatory elements of distribution of all alcohol products in the province. BDL, which we co-own with ABI, manages the distribution of our products throughout British Columbia. Consumers can purchase beer at any Liquor Distribution Branch retail outlet, at any independently owned and licensed retail store or at any licensed establishment for on-premise consumption. Establishments licensed primarily for on-premise alcohol sales may also be licensed for off-premise consumption. Province of Alberta In Alberta, the distribution of beer is managed by independent private warehousing and shipping companies or by a government sponsored system in the case of U.S. sourced products. All sales of liquor in Alberta are made through retail outlets licensed by the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission or licensees, such as bars, hotels and restaurants. BDL manages the distribution of our products in Alberta. Other Provinces Our products are distributed in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan through local liquor boards. Manitoba and Saskatchewan also have licensed private retailers. BDL manages the distribution of our products in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In the Maritime Provinces (other than Newfoundland), local liquor boards distribute and sell our products. In Newfoundland, our products are sold through independent distributors. In Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, government liquor commissioners manage the distribution and sale of our products. Manufacturing, Production and Packaging Brewing Raw Materials We use high quality ingredients to brew our products. We also use hedging instruments to mitigate the risk of volatility in certain commodities and foreign exchange markets. We source barley malt from one primary provider, from which we have a committed supply through 2022. Hops are purchased from a variety of global suppliers in the U.S. and Europe through contracts that vary in length based on market conditions and cover our supply requirements through 2021. Other starch brewing adjuncts are sourced from two main suppliers, both in North America, through 2022. Water used in the brewing process is from local sources in the communities where our breweries operate. We do not currently anticipate future difficulties in accessing water or agricultural products used in our brewing process in the near term. 12 Table of Contents Packaging Materials The following summarizes the percentage of our Canada segment's packaging materials by type for the year ended December 31, 2018 . Aluminum cans or bottles: • We source cans and lids from two primary providers with contracts ending December 2021 and December 2023, respectively. The distribution systems in each province generally provide the collection network for returnable bottles and aluminum cans. • Bottles: • We single source glass bottles and have a committed supply through December 2021. • • The standard bottle for beer brewed in Canada is the 341 ml returnable bottle and represents the vast majority of our bottle sales. Bottle sales continue to decline as we have experienced a shift in consumers' preference toward aluminum cans. The standard returnable bottle requires significant investment behind our returnable bottle inventory and bottling equipment. The trend away from returnable bottles could result in higher fixed cost deleverage related to these assets and an ultimate decreased need for the assets that support this packaging, which could adversely impact profitability. Stainless steel kegs: • A limited number of kegs are purchased every year, and we have no long-term supply commitment. Crowns are currently sourced from one major supplier with a contract through June 2019, which we are currently in the process of extending. Paperboard and labels are currently sourced from one supplier each with contracts through December 2020 and December 2021, respectively. Corrugate is purchased from a small number of sources with contracts through December 2020 and March 2021 and we are in the process of extending two additional contracts which expired in 2018, however, supply has continued without issue while these are being negotiated. We do not currently anticipate future difficulties in accessing any of our required packaging materials in the near term. Contract Manufacturing We have an agreement with North American Breweries, Inc. ("NAB") to brew and package certain Labatt brands for export to the U.S. market. We also have an agreement with Asahi to brew and package Asahi Super Dry and Asahi Select for export to the U.S. market. Seasonality of Business Total industry volume in Canada is sensitive to factors such as weather, changes in demographics, consumer preferences and drinking occasions. Weather conditions consisting of high temperatures and extended periods of warm weather favor increased consumption of our products, while unseasonably cool or wet weather, especially during the summer months, adversely affects our sales volumes and net sales. Accordingly, consumption of beer in Canada is seasonal, with approximately 41% of industry sales volume typically occurring during the warmer months from May through August. 13 Table of Contents Known Trends and Competitive Conditions 2018 Canada Beer Industry Overview The Canadian brewing industry is a mature market and ABI and MCBC are the two largest brewers. It is characterized by aggressive competition for volume and market share from regional brewers, microbrewers and certain foreign brewers, as well as our main domestic competitor. These competitive pressures require significant annual investment in marketing and selling activities. In 2018 , the Ontario and Québec markets accounted for approximately 61% of the total beer market in Canada. There are three major beer price segments: above premium, which includes craft and most imports; premium, which includes the majority of domestic brands and the light sub-segment; and value (below premium). Since 2001, the premium beer segment in Canada has gradually lost volume to the above premium and value segments. The beer industry has declined in five of the last six years. Aging population and strong competition from other alcohol beverages have been the main contributors to the declining state of the beer industry. The following table summarizes the estimated percentage market share by volume of beer (including adjacencies, such as cider) and other alcohol beverages, including wine and spirits, as a component of the overall Canadian alcohol market over the last five years, for which data is currently available. We anticipate that 2018 data, when available, will reflect a continuation of the recent consumer trends. Note that percentages reflect estimates based on market data currently available. Beer Other alcohol beverages Our Competitive Position 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 47% 53% 47% 53% 48% 52% 48% 52% 48% 52% Our brands compete with competitor beer brands and other alcohol beverages, including wine and spirits, and thus our competitive position is affected by consumer preferences among these other categories. Our brand portfolio gives us strong representation in all major beer segments. The following table summarizes the estimated percentage share of the Canadian beer market represented by MCBC, ABI and all other brewers over the last five years. Note that the sum of the percentages below may not equal 100% due to rounding. Current year percentages reflect estimates based on market data currently available. MCBC's share (1) ABI's share (1) Others' share 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 32% 42% 26% 33% 42% 25% 33% 43% 24% 34% 43% 23% 37% 43% 21% (1) The decrease in MCBC's share in 2015 was largely driven by the loss of the contract with Miller Brewing Company ("Miller"), under which we had exclusive rights to distribute certain Miller brands in Canada and was terminated effective March 2015. As a result of the Acquisition, beginning October 11, 2016 , these Miller brands returned to our Canada business. Regulation In Canada, provincial governments regulate the production, marketing, distribution, selling and pricing of beer (including the establishment of minimum prices), and impose commodity taxes and license fees in relation to the production, distribution and sale of beer. In addition, the federal government regulates the advertising, labeling, quality control, and international trade of beer, and also imposes commodity taxes on both domestically produced and imported beer. In 2018 , our Canada segment excise taxes were approximately $54 per hectoliter sold on a reported basis. Further, certain bilateral and multilateral treaties entered into by the federal government, provincial governments and certain foreign governments, especially with the United States, affect the Canadian beer industry. 14 Table of Contents Europe Segment • • • • Headquarters: Prague, Czech Republic Approximately 6,600 employees Europe's second largest brewer by volume, on a combined basis, within the European countries in which we operate, with an approximate aggregate 20% market share (excluding factored products) in 2018 Currently operating twelve primary breweries, five craft breweries and one cidery The majority of our European segment sales are in the U.K., Croatia, Czech Republic and Romania. Our portfolio includes beers that have the largest share in their respective countries, such as Carling in the U.K., Ozujsko in Croatia, Jelen in Serbia and Niksicko in Montenegro. We have beers that rank in the top three in market share in their respective segments throughout the region, such as Bergenbier in Romania, Kamenitza in Bulgaria and Borsodi in Hungary . Additionally, as a result of the Acquisition, we began selling Miller Genuine Draft in various European countries. Our Europe segment includes our consolidated joint venture arrangements for the production and distribution of Grolsch and Cobra brands in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland and factored brand sales (beverage brands owned by other companies, but sold and delivered to retail by us). Effective January 1, 2017, European markets including Sweden, Spain, Germany, Ukraine and Russia, which were previously reported under our International segment, are reported within our Europe segment. Additionally, in January 2017, we purchased a controlling interest in the Spanish craft brewery La Sagra Brew. Located near Madrid, La Sagra expands our craft portfolio in the world's 11th largest beer market and offers a new distribution partner in Spain for Blue Moon Belgian White , the largest craft brand in the U.S. In July 2017, we also completed the purchase of Birradamare, a small Italian craft brewery based just outside of Rome, which gives us an opportunity to develop its special brands in Italy and select export markets. In January 2018, we purchased Aspall Cider Limited in the U.K., which will strengthen the U.K. portfolio with a premium top ten cider as well as a cider production facility. Sales and Distribution In Europe, beer is generally distributed through either a two-tier system consisting of manufacturers and retailers, or a three-tier system consisting of manufacturers, distributors and retailers. Distribution activities for both the on-premise and off-premise channels are conducted primarily by third-party logistics providers. Most of our beer in the U.K. is sold directly to retailers. We have an agreement with Tradeteam Ltd. ("Tradeteam", a subsidiary of DHL) to provide the distribution of our products throughout the U.K. through 2023. We utilize several hundred third-party logistics providers across our Central European operations. We also conduct a small amount of secondary distribution in Czech Republic utilizing our own fleet of vehicles. It is also common in the U.K. for brewers to distribute beer, wine, spirits, and other products owned and produced by other companies, which we refer to as factored brands, to the on-premise channel (bars and restaurants). Approximately 18% of our Europe segment net sales in 2018 represented factored brands. In addition, we have an agreement with Heineken through December 2019, whereby they sell, market and distribute Coors Light in the Republic of Ireland. Channels In Europe, the on-premise channel includes sales to pubs and restaurants. The installation and maintenance of draught beer dispensing equipment in the on- premise channel is generally the responsibility of the brewer. Accordingly, we own refrigeration units and other equipment used to dispense beer from kegs to consumers that are used in on-premise outlets. This includes beer lines, cooling equipment, taps, and counter mounts. The off-premise channel includes sales to supermarkets, convenience stores, liquor stores, distributors, and wholesalers. Over the last few years, the off- premise channel has become increasingly concentrated among a small number of super-store chains. Generally, over the years, industry volumes in Europe have shifted from the higher margin on-premise channel, where products are consumed in pubs and restaurants, to the lower margin off-premise channel, also referred to as the "take-home" market. In 2018 , approximately 40% of sales were on-premise and 60% were off-premise. Consistent with prior years, the on-premise channel has continued to experience declines from shifting consumer preference to off-premise partially due to smoking bans in many countries. Manufacturing, Production and Packaging Brewing Raw Materials We use high quality ingredients to brew our products. During 2018 , our malt requirements were sourced from third-party suppliers. We have multiple agreements with various suppliers that cover almost all of our total required malt, with terms ending in 2020 through 2026. Hops are purchased under various contracts with suppliers in Germany, the U.S. and the U.K., 15 Table of Contents which cover our requirements through 2019. Adjuncts are purchased under various contracts with local producers, which are typically crop year contracts commencing in October of each year. Water used in the brewing process is sourced from various wells and through water rights and supply contracts. We do not currently anticipate future difficulties in accessing required water or agricultural products used in our brewing process in the near term. Packaging Materials The following summarizes the percentage of our Europe segment's packaging materials by type for the year ended December 31, 2018 . Bottles: • Kegs: • Cans: A significant majority of returnable bottles are sourced under various agreements with third-party suppliers. A limited number of kegs are purchased each year from various suppliers, and we have no long-term supply commitment. We are currently in the process of signing new agreements which would cover all of our requirements for kegs in 2019. • We have long-term agreements with various suppliers that cover all of our required supply of cans, with terms ending in 2019 through 2023. Recyclable plastic containers: • We have multiple agreements with various manufacturers in the region, covering 100% of our requirements which expire in 2019. We do not currently anticipate any issues in renegotiating and extending contracts or in otherwise being able to access recyclable plastic containers. Crowns, labels and corrugate are purchased from sources unique to each category. We do not currently foresee future difficulties in accessing these or other packaging materials in the near term. Seasonality of Business In Europe, the beer industry is subject to seasonal sales fluctuations primarily influenced by holidays, weather and by certain major televised sporting events. Weather conditions consisting of high temperatures and extended periods of warm weather favor increased consumption of our products, while unseasonably cool or wet weather, especially during the summer months, adversely affects our sales volumes and net sales. Accordingly, the peak selling seasons typically occur during the summer and during the Christmas and New Year holiday season. Known Trends and Competitive Conditions 2018 Europe Beer Industry Overview Based on current data, we estimate that the Europe beer market increased in 2018 compared to 2017 , driven by increased beer consumption versus last year in some of the largest regions in which we operate. Since 2010, the off-premise market share has increased in our European markets from 55% to over 60% of total volume, and the on-premise market share has declined 16 Table of Contents from 45% to below 40%. Europe beer industry retail shipments have fluctuated by approximately 1% to 2% annually over the last five years. These market fluctuations are consistent with the fluctuations within the overall alcohol market in each of the respective years. Our beers compete not only with similar products from competitors, but also with other alcohol beverages, including wines and spirits. The following table summarizes the estimated percentage market share by volume of beer and other alcohol beverages, including wine and spirits, as a component of the overall European alcohol market, within the countries in which we have production facilities, over the last five years, for which data is currently available. We anticipate that 2018 data, when available, will reflect a continuation of the recent consumer trends. Note that percentages reflect estimates based on market data currently available. Beer Other alcohol beverages Our Competitive Position 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 28% 72% 28% 72% 28% 72% 28% 72% 29% 71% In European countries where we currently operate, our primary competitors are Heineken, Asahi, ABI and Carlsberg. We believe our brand portfolio gives us strong representation in all major beer categories. The following table summarizes our estimated percentage share of the beer market within the European countries where we operate and our primary competitors over the last five years. Note that current year percentages reflect estimates based on market data currently available. MCBC's share Primary competitors' share Others' share Regulation 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 20% 57% 23% 20% 56% 24% 20% 57% 23% 20% 57% 23% 20% 59% 21% Each country that is part of our Europe segment is either a member of the European Union ("EU") or a current candidate to join, with the exception of Bosnia, which is a potential candidate, and, as such, there are similarities in the regulations that apply to many parts of our Europe segment's operations and products, including brewing, food safety, labeling and packaging, marketing and advertising, environmental, health and safety, employment and data protection regulations. To operate breweries and conduct our business in Europe, we must obtain and maintain numerous permits and licenses from various governmental agencies. The U.K. is expected to leave the European Union on March 29, 2019. However, the proposed withdrawal agreement was rejected by the U.K. Parliament on November 14, 2018 and January 15, 2019. As a result, the terms of the withdrawal remain unknown, which subjects our Europe segment to regulatory and market uncertainty in the U.K. and in the rest of Europe. See Part I—Item 1A Risk Factors under "Risks Specific to the Europe Segment" for further discussion of the risks specific to the U.K.'s proposed exit from the EU. Each country's government levies excise taxes on all alcohol beverages. With the exception of Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia, all countries' laws on excise taxes are consistent with the directives of the EU. With the exception of Serbia, where a flat excise per hectoliter is used, all European countries use similar measurements based on either alcohol by volume or Plato degrees. The EU Excise Directives are currently under review which may result in all jurisdictions being required to account by reference to alcohol by volume. In 2018 , the excise taxes for our Europe segment were approximately $46 per hectoliter on a reported basis. Refer to Part I—Item 1A, Risk Factors for risks associated with the regulatory environment in Europe. International Segment • • • • Headquarters: Denver, Colorado Approximately 450 employees International beer markets, including emerging markets in Latin America, Asia Pacific and Africa Currently operating under export models and license agreements, as well as owned breweries, which brew and package brands sold in India The objective of our International segment is to grow and expand our business and brand portfolio in new and existing markets, while being a meaningful contributor to overall MCBC growth. Our strategy is centered on our focus markets and 17 Table of Contents focus brands. Our focus brands are Coors Light , Miller Lite and Miller Genuine Draft , which are aligned with global priority brands and account for the majority of our volumes. The International segment's portfolio of beers competes within the above premium category in most of our markets. Our principal competitors include large global brewers, as well as local brewers. As our International segment's objective is to grow and expand our business, we are developing scale and building market share in the countries where we operate. Many of the markets in which we operate are considered emerging beer markets, with other brewers controlling the majority of the market share. Our beers compete not only with similar products from competitors, but also with other alcohol beverages, including wines, spirits, and ciders, and thus our competitive position is affected by consumer preferences between and among these other categories. As part of the acquisition of the Miller International Business, which we acquired in the fourth quarter of 2016, we entered into various Transitional Service Agreements (“TSAs”) with local SABMiller and now ABI owned entities for services including the selling, distribution and production of Miller brands. We have successfully created a presence and commercial routes to market related to the Miller brands, but continue to leverage production TSAs, which are set to expire in October 2019, in certain markets. We are in the process of establishing alternative production for the Miller brands and do not currently anticipate any material disruption in the supply of our products after the currently-scheduled expiration of the production TSAs. Latin America In Latin America, we use a combination of export models and license agreements to sell Blue Moon, Coors Light, Miller Genuine Draft, Miller High Life, Miller Lite and other brands. In our export model markets, we import beer from the U.S. and sell it through agreements with independent distributors. Our export markets include countries such as Dominican Republic, Paraguay and Puerto Rico. In license markets, such as Argentina, Colombia and Mexico, we have established exclusive licensing agreements with brewers and distributors for the manufacturing and distribution of our products. In Honduras, Panama and Chile we rely on a combination of export and license agreements. Asia Pacific Our operations in the Asia Pacific region include markets such as Australia, India, Japan and South Korea. Our business in India consists primarily of operations in the states of Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. Our consolidated India business produces, markets and sells a beer portfolio consisting of Thunderbolt, Miller Ace, Miller High Life and Carling Strong. We own three breweries in India (one of which is currently not operational as a result of the State of Bihar, India’s enactment of total alcohol prohibition in 2016), where we use high quality ingredients to brew our products, which are sourced through various contracts with local suppliers. We do not currently anticipate any significant disruption in the supply of these raw materials or brewing inputs in the near term. Our Japan business imports our brands and sells through independent wholesalers. Our focus is on the marketing and selling of the Blue Moon, Coors Light and Zima brands. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with Boon Rawd Trading International Co. Ltd, best known for its flagship brand, Singha . Under this agreement, we will be the exclusive importer, distributor, marketer and seller of Singha in Japan beginning January 2019. In Australia, we license our brands to a local partner that distributes locally produced and imported products including Blue Moon , Coors, Miller Genuine Draft, Miller Chill and other products for us. In South Korea, our brands include Blue Moon , Coors Light , Miller Genuine Draft , Miller Lite and Staropramen and are imported and sold through an independent distributor. During the first half of 2018, we decided to formally exit our business in China and we have subsequently completed the substantial liquidation of the corresponding entity. Africa We sell Miller Genuine Draft in South Africa and Zambia. Miller Genuine Draft is produced in South Africa and sold through a local license agreement. Corporate Corporate is not a reportable segment and primarily includes interest and certain other general and administrative costs that are not allocated to any of the operating segments. The majority of these corporate costs relate to worldwide administrative functions, such as corporate affairs, legal, human resources, information technology, finance, internal audit, insurance, ethics and compliance, risk management, global growth, supply chain and commercial initiatives, as well as acquisition, integration and financing costs associated with the Acquisition. Additionally, Corporate includes the results of our water resources and energy operations in Colorado as well as the unrealized changes in fair value on our commodity swaps not designated in hedging relationships recorded within cost of goods sold, which are later reclassified when realized to the segment in which the underlying exposure resides. 18 Table of Contents Other Information Global Intellectual Property We own trademarks on the majority of the brands we produce and have licenses for the remainder. We also hold several patent and design registrations with expiration dates through 2038 relating to brewing methods, beer dispensing systems, packaging and certain other innovations. We are not reliant on patent royalties for our financial success. Therefore, these expirations are not expected to have a significant impact on our business. Sustainability We believe in producing a beer we can be proud of, from barley to bottle. Our Beer Print i s MCBC's approach to sustainability and the right way to grow our business. Our Beer Print is integral to how we will build long-term value for society and our shareholders, while leaving a positive imprint on our communities, on our environment and on our business. We have a long legacy of leaving a positive imprint on the environment and our community. MCBC has been recognized on the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index for eight consecutive years for our sustainability performance. In 2012, MCBC built on long-standing efforts to reduce harmful drinking by becoming a signatory of the Beer, Wine and Spirits Producers’ Commitments to Reduce Harmful Drinking. We have been working closely with other leading beer, wine and spirit companies and with governments around the world to deliver a 10% reduction in the harmful use of alcohol by 2025. The current phase of the Commitments ended in 2017, and we look forward to working with our industry partners to develop the next set of ambitious targets. In 2017, we launched Our Beer Print 2025 agenda, Raising the Bar on Beer, a new sustainability strategy for Molson Coors and a set of ambitious goals to take us to 2025. We focused our efforts where we can have the most positive impact on our business and society. We established goals across three pillars - Responsibly Refreshing, Sustainable Brewing and Collectively Crafted - that aim to address the shifting expectations of our consumers and stakeholders, while we continue to drive our operations to be even more resource efficient and resilient. More information about Our Beer Print 2025 agenda can be found on our sustainability website, www.OurBeerPrint.com, which includes: • • Our Beer Print Report 2018, which presents our 2025 strategy and highlights of our work across our three pillars; and ESG (Environment, Social and Governance) Report 2018, which offers greater detail on Molson Coors sustainability performance. The information provided on our website (or any other website referred to in this report) is not part of this report and is not incorporated by reference as part of this report. Environmental Matters Our operations are subject to a variety of extensive and changing federal, state and local environmental laws, regulations and ordinances that govern activities or operations that may have an impact on human health or the environment. Such laws, regulations or ordinances may impose liability for the cost of remediation, and for certain damages resulting from sites of past releases of hazardous materials. Our policy is to comply with all such legal requirements. While we cannot predict our eventual aggregate cost for the environmental and related matters in which we may be or are currently involved, we believe that any payments, if required, for these matters would be made over a period of time in amounts that would not be material in any one year to our operating results, cash flows, or our financial or competitive position. We believe adequate reserves have been provided for losses that are probable and estimable. However, there can be no assurance that environmental laws will not become more stringent in the future or that we will not incur material costs in the future in order to comply with such laws. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes under the caption " Environmental" for additional information regarding environmental matters. Employees As of the end of 2018 , we employed approximately 17,750 employees within our business globally. Specifically, we employed approximately 7,300 within our U.S. segment, 6,600 within our Europe segment, 2,600 within our Canada segment, 450 within our International segment, 300 within our Corporate headquarters in Colorado and 500 within our Global Business Services center. Available Information We file with, or furnish to, the SEC reports, including our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. These 19 Table of Contents reports are available free of charge via EDGAR through the SEC website (www.sec.gov) and are also available free of charge on our corporate website (www.molsoncoors.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The foregoing website addresses are provided as inactive textual references only. The information provided on our website (or any other website referred to in this report) is not part of this report and is not incorporated by reference as part of this report. Executive Officers The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers as of February 12, 2019 : Name Mark R. Hunter Tracey I. Joubert Gavin D.K. Hattersley Sergey Yeskov Simon Cox Frederic Landtmeters E. Lee Reichert Celso L. White Michelle S. Nettles Krishnan Anand ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS Age 56 52 56 42 51 45 52 57 47 61 Position President and Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer President and Chief Executive Officer, MillerCoors LLC President and Chief Executive Officer, Molson Coors International President and Chief Executive Officer, Molson Coors Europe President and Chief Executive Officer, Molson Coors Canada Chief Legal and Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary Chief Supply Chain Officer Chief People and Diversity Officer Chief Growth Officer Investing in our Company involves risk. The reader should carefully consider the following risk factors and the other information contained within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risks set forth below are those that management believes are most likely to have a material adverse effect on us, however, are not a comprehensive description of the risks facing our Company. We may also be subject to other risks or uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial but may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in future periods. If the following risks or uncertainties, individually or in combination, actually occur, they may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and prospects. Risks Specific to Our Company The global beer industry is constantly evolving, and our position within the global beer industry and our markets in which we operate may fundamentally change. If we do not successfully transform along with the evolving industry and market dynamics, then the result could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. The brewing industry has significantly evolved over the years becoming an increasingly global beer market. For many years, the industry operated primarily on local presence with modest international expansion achieved through export, license and partnership arrangements, whereas it has now become increasingly complex as the global consolidation of brewers has resulted in fewer major market participants. At the same time, smaller local brewers within certain geographies are seeing accelerated growth as consumers increasingly place value on locally-produced and/or regionally- sourced products. As a result of the increased global consolidation of brewers and the dynamic of an expanding new segment within the industry with new market entrants, the markets in which we operate, particularly the more mature markets, may evolve at a disadvantage to our current market position and local governments may intervene, which may fundamentally accelerate transformational changes to such markets. For example, U.S. and Canada beer markets have long consisted of a select number of significant market participants with government-regulated routes to market. However, evolution in these and others of our beer markets together with emerging changes to consumer preferences have introduced a significant expansion of market entrants and resulted in increased consumer choice and market competition, as well as increased government scrutiny. Specifically, in the U.S., Canada and Europe, we have experienced vast expansion in the craft beer industry along with the expansion of cider and flavored malt beverages. If our competitors are able to respond more quickly to the evolving trends within the craft beer, cider and flavored malt beverages categories, or if our new products are not successful, our business and financial results may be adversely impacted. In Canada, changes to interprovincial trade rules, regulations, distribution models, and packaging requirements, such as government-owned retail outlets and industry standard returnable bottles, may be disadvantageous to us. Currently, in Ontario and other provinces, provincial governments are reviewing and/or changing this historical foundation as a result of this market evolution and increased demand by some for government intervention to enhance competition and choice. If we are unsuccessful in evolving with, and navigating through, the changes to the markets in which we operate, there could be a 20 Table of Contents material adverse effect on our business and financial results. See risk factors below under “Risks Specific to the Canadian Segment” for additional risks specific to competition in the Canadian beer market. Competition in our markets could require us to reduce prices or increase capital and other expenditures or cause us to lose sales volume, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. In many of our markets, our primary competitors have greater financial, marketing, production and distribution resources than we do, and may be more diverse in terms of their geographies and brand portfolios. In all of the markets in which we operate, aggressive marketing strategies, such as reduced pricing, brand positioning, and increased capital or other investments by these competitors could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. In addition, continuing consolidation among major global brewers and between brewers and other beverage companies may lead to stronger or new competitors, loss of partner brands, negative impacts on our distributor networks and pressures from marketing and pricing tactics by competitors. Further, consolidation of distributors in our industry could reduce our ability to promote our brands in the market in a manner that enhances rather than diminishes their value, as well as reduce our ability to manage our pricing effectively. Additionally, due to competition with brewers and other beverage companies, an increase in the purchasing power of our large competitors may cause further pricing pressures which could prevent us from increasing prices to recover higher costs necessary to compete. Such pressures could have a material adverse impact on our business and our financial results and market share. Failure to generate significant cost savings and margin improvement through our ongoing initiatives could adversely affect our profitability. Increased pressures for reduced pricing or difficulties in increasing prices while remaining competitive within our markets, as well as the need for increased capital investment, marketing and other expenditures could result in lower margins or loss of market share and volumes. Moreover, most of our major markets are mature, so growth opportunities may be more limited to us than to our competitors. For example, sales in the U.S. and Canada accounted for approximately 80% of our total 2018 sales. Our success as an enterprise depends largely on the success of relatively few products in several mature markets specific to the beer industry; if consumer preferences shift away from our products or consumption of our products decline, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected. Our Coors Light and Miller Lite brands in the U.S., Coors Light, Molson Canadian , Coors Banquet and Carling brands in Canada, and Carling, Staropramen, Jelen, Bergenbier and Coors Light brands in Europe represented approximately half of each respective segment's sales volumes in 2018. Additionally, several of our brands represent a significant share of their respective market, therefore volatility in these markets could disproportionately impact the performance of these brands. Consequently, any material shift in consumer preferences away from these brands, or from the categories in which they compete, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Consumer preferences and tastes may shift away from our brands or beer generally due to, among others, changing taste preferences, demographics, downturn in economic conditions or perceived value, as well as changes in consumers' perception of our brands due to negative publicity, regulatory actions or litigation. Recently, there has been more attention focused on health concerns and the harmful effects of alcoholic beverages which could result in a change in the social acceptability of beer and other alcoholic beverages which could materially impact the consumption of beer and our sales. Additionally, in some of our major markets, specifically Canada, the U.S. and Europe, there has been a shift in consumer preferences within the total beer market away from premium brands to "craft beer" produced by smaller, regional microbreweries, as well as a shift within the total alcohol beverage market from beer to wine and spirits. Moreover, several of our major markets are mature and we have a significant share in such markets, therefore, small movements in consumer preference, such as consumer shifts away from premium light brands, can disproportionately impact our results. Although the ultimate impact is currently unknown, the emergence of legal cannabis in certain U.S. states and Canada may result in a shift of discretionary income away from our products or a change in consumer preferences away from beer. As a result, a shift in consumer preferences away from our products or beer or a decline in the consumption of our products could result in a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. The success of our business relies heavily on brand image, reputation, product quality and protection of intellectual property. It is important that we maintain and increase the image and reputation of our existing brands and products. Concerns about product quality, even when unsubstantiated, could be harmful to our image and reputation of our brands and products. While we have quality control programs in place, in the event we experienced an issue with product quality, we may experience recalls or liability in addition to business disruption which could further negatively impact brand image and reputation and negatively affect our sales. Our brand image and reputation may also be more difficult to protect due to less oversight and control as a result of the outsourcing of some of our operations. We also could be exposed to lawsuits relating to product liability or marketing or sales practices. Deterioration to our brand equity may be difficult to combat or reverse and could have a material effect on our business and financial results. In addition, because our brands carry family names, personal activities by certain members of the Molson or Coors families that harm their public image or reputation could have an adverse effect on our brands. Further, our success is dependent on our ability to protect our intellectual property rights, including trademarks, patents, domain names, trade secrets and know-how. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken to protect 21 Table of Contents our intellectual property rights will be sufficient or that third parties will not infringe upon or misappropriate these rights. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Weak, or weakening of, economic or other negative conditions in the markets in which we do business could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Beer consumption in many of our markets is closely tied to general economic conditions and a significant portion of our portfolio consists of premium and above premium brands. Difficult macroeconomic conditions in our markets, such as decreases in per capita income and level of disposable income driven by increases to inflation, income taxes, the cost of living, unemployment levels, political or economic instability or other country-specific factors could have an adverse effect on the demand for our products. For example, a trend towards value brands in certain of our markets or deterioration of the current economic conditions could result in a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. A significant portion of our consolidated net sales revenues are concentrated in the U.S. Therefore, unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, such as a recession or slowed economic growth, in the U.S. could negatively affect consumer demand for our product in this important market. Under difficult economic conditions, consumers may seek to reduce discretionary spending by forgoing purchases of our products or by shifting away from our products to lower-priced products offered by other companies. Softer consumer demand for our products, particularly in the U.S., could reduce our profitability and could negatively affect our overall financial performance. We may not be able to realize anticipated cost and operational synergies from the Acquisition. The success of the Acquisition will depend, in part, on our ability to realize anticipated cost and operational synergies. Our success in realizing these cost synergies, and the timing of this realization, depends on the successful integration of our business and operations with the acquired business and operations. Even if we are able to integrate the acquired businesses and operations successfully, this integration may not result in the realization of the full benefits of the cost and operational synergies of the Acquisition that we currently expect within the anticipated time frame, or at all. Our debt level, which increased significantly to fund the Acquisition, subjects us to financial and operating risks, and the agreements governing such debt subject us to financial and operating covenants and restrictions. Our indebtedness subjects us to financial and operating covenants, including restrictions on priority indebtedness, leverage thresholds, liens, certain types of secured debt and certain types of sale lease-back transactions and transfers of assets, which may limit our flexibility in responding to our business needs. If we are not able to maintain compliance with stated financial covenants or if we breach other covenants in any debt agreement, we could be in default under such agreement. Such a default would adversely affect our credit ratings, may allow our creditors to accelerate the related indebtedness, and may result in the acceleration of any other indebtedness to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. Our significant debt level and the terms of such debt could, among other things: • • make it more difficult to satisfy our obligations under the terms of our indebtedness; limit our ability to refinance our indebtedness on terms acceptable to us, or at all; limit our flexibility to plan for and adjust to changing business and market conditions and increase our • vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow to make interest and principal payments on our • debt, thereby limiting the availability of our cash flow to fund future acquisitions, working capital, business activities, and other general corporate requirements; • limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, strategic opportunities, including acquisitions or other investments, to fund growth or for general corporate purposes, even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity, particularly if any ratings assigned to our debt securities by rating organizations were revised downward; and • adversely impact our competitive position in the industry. In addition, certain of our current and future debt and derivative financial instruments have or, in the future, could have interest rates that are tied to reference interest rates, such as the LIBOR. The volatility and availability of such reference rates are out of our control. Accordingly, changes to or the unavailability of such rates, could result in increases to the cost of debt which would negatively affect our profitability. For example, in 2017, the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority announced that after 2021 it would no longer persuade or compel panel banks to submit the rates required to calculate LIBOR, and it is unclear whether the banks currently reporting information used to set LIBOR will stop doing so after 2021. Should LIBOR no 22 Table of Contents longer be available, the rates we pay under certain derivative financial instruments could increase, which would negatively affect our profitability, and the attractiveness of borrowings under our current credit facility or future debt issuances could diminish, thereby limiting our access to capital. Failure to comply with our debt covenants could have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain future financing at competitive rates and/or our ability to refinance our existing indebtedness. Under the terms of each of our debt facilities, we must comply with certain restrictions. These include restrictions on priority indebtedness (certain threshold percentages of secured consolidated net tangible assets), leverage thresholds, liens, and restrictions on certain types of sale lease-back transactions and transfers of assets. Failure to comply with these restrictions or maintain our credit rating may result in issues with our current financing structure and potential future financing requirements. A deterioration in our credit rating could increase our borrowing rates or have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain future financing or refinance current debt. Ratings agencies may downgrade our credit ratings below their current investment grade levels if we are unable to meet our deleveraging commitments. A credit ratings downgrade could increase our costs of future borrowing and harm our ability to refinance our debt in the future on acceptable terms or access the capital markets. Default by or failure of one or more of our counterparty financial institutions could cause us to incur significant losses. As part of our risk management activities, we enter into transactions involving derivative financial instruments, including, among others, forward contracts, commodity swap contracts, option contracts, with various financial institutions. In addition, we have significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents on deposit or in accounts with banks or other financial institutions in the U.S. and abroad. As a result, we are exposed to the risk of default by, or failure of, counterparty financial institutions. The risk of counterparty default or failure may be heightened during economic downturns and periods of uncertainty in the financial markets. If one of our counterparties were to become insolvent or file for bankruptcy, our ability to recover losses incurred as a result of default or to retrieve our assets that are deposited or held in accounts with such counterparty may be limited by the counterparty's liquidity or the applicable laws governing the insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings. Our operations face significant exposure to changes in commodity prices, which could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results. We use a large volume of agricultural and other raw materials, some of which are purchased through supply contracts with third parties, to produce our products, including barley, malted barley, hops, corn, other various starches, water and packaging materials, including aluminum cans and bottles, glass and polyethylene terephthalate containers, as well as, cardboard and other paper products. We also use a significant amount of diesel fuel, natural gas and electricity in our operations. The supply and price of these raw materials and commodities can be affected by a number of factors beyond our control, including market demand, alternative sources for suppliers, global geopolitical events (especially as to their impact on crude oil prices and the resulting impact on diesel fuel prices), trade agreements among producing and consuming nations, governmental regulations, including tariffs, frosts, droughts and other weather conditions, changes in precipitation patterns, the frequency of extreme weather events, economic factors affecting growth decisions, inflation, plant diseases, theft and industry surcharges and other practices. For example, in June 2018, U.S. tariffs on aluminum imports from Canada, Mexico and EU went into effect, which has created volatility in the price of aluminum in the U.S. and increased the price of aluminum used in some of our product packaging. To the extent any of the foregoing factors affect the availability or prices of ingredients or packaging or our hedging arrangements do not effectively or completely hedge changes in commodity price risks and we are not able to pass these increased costs along to customers, our business and financial results could be materially adversely impacted. Unfavorable outcomes of legal or regulatory proceedings may adversely affect our business and financial condition. We are from time to time involved in or subject to legal or regulatory proceedings related to our business. Such proceedings can be complex, costly, and highly disruptive to business operations by diverting the attention and energies of management and other key personnel. The assessment of the outcome of such proceedings, including our potential liability, if any, is a highly subjective process that requires judgments about future events that are not within our control. The outcome of litigation, arbitration, regulatory or other proceedings, including amounts ultimately received or paid upon judgment or settlement, may differ materially from management’s outlook or estimates, including any amounts accrued in the financial statements. Actual outcomes, including judgments, awards, settlements or orders, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, or cash flows. We may incur impairments of the carrying value of our goodwill and other intangible assets which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. In connection with various business combinations, we have historically allocated material amounts of the related purchase prices to goodwill and other intangible assets that are considered to have indefinite useful lives. For example, as a result of the Acquisition, we allocated approximately $6.3 billion and $7.6 23 Table of Contents billion to goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, respectively. These assets are tested for impairment at least annually, using estimates and assumptions affected by factors such as economic and industry conditions and changes in operating performance. Additionally, in conjunction with the brand impairment tests, we also reassess each brand's indefinite-life classification. Potential resulting charges from an impairment of goodwill or brand intangible, as well as reclassification of an indefinite-lived to a definite-lived brand intangible, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. For example, the results of our annual impairment testing completed as of October 1, 2016, indicated that the fair value of the Molson core brand indefinite-lived intangible asset was below its carrying value. As a result, we recorded an impairment charge of $495.2 million recorded within special items in our consolidated statements of operations during the fourth quarter of 2016. Additionally, during this review, we also reassessed the asset’s indefinite-life classification and determined that the Molson core brands have characteristics that have evolved which now indicate a definite-life is more appropriate. These brands were therefore reclassified as definite-lived intangible assets and are being amortized over useful lives ranging from 30 to 50 years. Our most recent impairment analysis, conducted as of October 1, 2018 , the first day of our fiscal fourth quarter, indicated that the fair value of the U.S., Europe and Canada reporting units were estimated at approximately 19% , 11% and 6% in excess of their carrying values, respectively. In the current year testing, it was determined that the fair value of each of the reporting units declined from the prior year, resulting in our Europe and Canada reporting units now being considered at risk of future impairment in the event of significant unfavorable changes in the forecasted cash flows (including prolonged weakening of economic conditions, or significant unfavorable changes in tax, environmental or other regulations, including interpretations thereof), terminal growth rates, market multiples and/or weighted-average cost of capital utilized in the discounted cash flow analyses. Although the fair values of our reporting units are in excess of their carrying values, the fair values are sensitive to the aforementioned potential unfavorable changes that could have an adverse impact on future analyses. Any future impairment of the U.S., Europe or Canada reporting units or brands, or reclassification of indefinite-lived brands to definite-lived, may result in material charges that could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Additionally, if the on-going integration of the MillerCoors and Miller International Business is unsuccessful due to, for example, unexpected challenges or difficulties, or adverse economic, market or industry conditions, material impairment charges may be incurred in the future. The testing of our goodwill for impairment is predicated upon our determination of our reporting units. Any change to the conclusion of our reporting units or the aggregation of components within our reporting units could result in a different outcome to our annual impairment test. See Part II-Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Critical Accounting Estimates and Part II-Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 10, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" of the Notes for additional information related to the results of our annual impairment testing. Termination of one or more manufacturer/distribution agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. We manufacture and/or distribute products of other beverage companies through various joint venture, licensing, distribution, contract brewing or other similar arrangements, such as our agreement to import, market, distribute and sell Heineken in Canada and our arrangements to brew and distribute Beck's, Stella Artois, Lowenbrau and Spaten and to distribute Corona in Central Europe. Our inability to renew or the loss of one or more of these arrangements, as a result of industry consolidation or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. For example, in 2017, our International segment was adversely impacted by the loss of the Modelo brands in Japan. Changes in various supply chain standards or agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Our business includes various joint venture and industry agreements which standardize parts of the supply chain system. An example includes our warehousing and customer delivery systems in Canada organized under joint venture agreements with other brewers. Any negative change in these agreements or material terms within these agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. We rely on a small number of suppliers to obtain the packaging materials we need to operate our business. The inability to obtain materials could unfavorably affect our ability to produce our products which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. We purchase certain types of packaging materials including aluminum cans and bottles, glass bottles and paperboard from a small number of suppliers. Consolidation of packaging materials suppliers has reduced local supply alternatives and increased risks of supply disruptions. The inability of any of these suppliers to meet our production requirements without sufficient time to develop an alternative source could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Additionally, if the financial condition of these suppliers deteriorates our business and financial results could be adversely impacted. Our suppliers’ financial condition is affected in large part by conditions and events that are beyond our and their control, including: competitive and general market conditions in the locations in which they operate; the availability of capital and other financing resources on reasonable terms; loss of major customers; or disruptions of bottling operations that may be caused by strikes, work stoppages, labor unrest or natural disasters. A deterioration of the financial condition or results of operations of one or more of our major suppliers could adversely affect our business and financial results. 24 Table of Contents Risks associated with operating our joint ventures may materially adversely affect our business and financial results. We have entered into several joint ventures, including our joint ventures with Ball Corporation (i.e. Rocky Mountain Metal Container), and with Owens-Brockway Glass Container Inc. (i.e. Rocky Mountain Bottle Company), for a portion of our aluminum and glass packaging supply in the U.S. We may enter into additional joint ventures in the future. Our joint venture partners may at any time have economic, business or legal interests or goals that are inconsistent with our goals or with the goals of the joint venture. In addition, we compete against our joint venture partners in certain of our other markets. Disagreements with our business partners may impede our ability to maximize the benefits of our partnerships. Our joint venture arrangements may require us, among other matters, to pay certain costs or to make certain capital investments or to seek our joint venture partner's consent to take certain actions. In addition, our joint venture partners may be unable or unwilling to meet their economic or other obligations under the operative documents, and we may be required to either fulfill those obligations alone to ensure the ongoing success of a joint venture or to dissolve and liquidate a joint venture. Our operations in developing and emerging markets expose us to additional risks which could harm our business and financial results. We expect our operations in developing and emerging markets to become more significant to our operating results as we continue to further expand internationally, including in connection with our acquisition of the Miller International Business. In certain of these markets, we have limited operating experience and may not succeed. In addition to risks described elsewhere in this section, our operations in these markets expose us to additional risks, including: changes in local political, economic, social and labor conditions; restrictions on foreign ownership and investments; repatriation of cash earned in countries outside the U.S.; import and export requirements; increased costs to ensure compliance with complex foreign laws and regulations; currency exchange rate fluctuations; a less developed and less certain legal and regulatory environment, which among other things can create uncertainty with regard to liability issues; longer payment cycles, increased credit risk and higher levels of payment fraud; and other challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences. In addition, as a global company, we are subject to foreign and U.S. laws and regulations designed to combat governmental corruption, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and prohibitions on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries, each of which could have a materially negative effect on our reputation, brands and our operating results. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these foreign and U.S. laws and regulations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act, there can be no assurance that our employees, business partners or agents will not violate our policies. Changes to the regulation of the distribution systems for our products could adversely affect our business and financial results. Many countries in which we operate regulate the distribution of alcohol products and if those regulations were changed, it could alter our business practices and have material adverse effect on our business and financial results. For example, in the U.S. market, there is a three-tier distribution system that governs the sale of malt beverage products. That system, consisting of required separation of manufacturers, distributors and retailers, dates back to the repeal of prohibition and is periodically subject to legal challenges. To the extent that such challenges are successful and allow changes to the three-tier system, such changes could have a material adverse effect on our U.S. segment results of operations. Further, in Canada, our products are required to be distributed through each province's respective provincial liquor board. Additionally, in certain Canadian provinces, we rely on our joint venture arrangements, such as BRI and BDL, to distribute our products via retail outlets that are mandated and regulated by provincial government regulators. BRI owns and operates commercial retail outlets, known as The Beer Store, in Ontario, and BDL facilitates the distribution of our products in the Western Canadian provinces. If provincial regulation should change, the costs to adjust our distribution methods could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Our consolidated financial statements are subject to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, most significantly the Canadian dollar and the European operating currencies such as, Euro, British Pound, Czech Koruna, Croatian Kuna, Serbian Dinar, New Romanian Leu, Bulgarian Lev and Hungarian Forint. We hold assets and incur liabilities, earn revenues and pay expenses in different currencies, most significantly in Canada and throughout Europe. Because our financial statements are presented in USD, we must translate our assets, liabilities, income and expenses into USD. Increases and decreases in the value of the USD will affect, perhaps adversely, the value of these items in our financial statements, even if their local currency value has not changed. Additionally, we are exposed to currency transaction risks related to transactions denominated in currencies other than one of the functional currencies of our operating entities, such as the purchase of certain raw material inputs or capital expenditures, as well as sales transactions and debt issuances or other incurred obligations. Further, certain actions by the government of any of the jurisdictions in which we operate could adversely affect our results and financial position. To the extent that we fail to adequately manage these risks through our risk management policies intended to protect our exposure to currency movements, which may affect our operations, including if our hedging arrangements do not 25 Table of Contents effectively or completely hedge changes in foreign currency rates, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. For example, as a result of the U.K. vote in 2016 to leave the European Union, the GBP experienced a significant decline in comparison to USD and EUR and may continue to be volatile. Any significant further weakening of the GBP to the USD will have an adverse impact on our European revenues as reported in USD due to the importance of U.K. sales. Additionally, the strengthening of the USD against the Canadian dollar, European currencies and various other global currencies would adversely impact our USD reported results due to the impact on foreign currency translation. Changes in tax, environmental, trade or other regulations or failure to comply with existing licensing, trade and other regulations could cause volatility or have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Our business is highly regulated by national, state, provincial and local laws and regulations in various jurisdictions regarding such matters as tariffs, licensing requirements, trade and pricing practices, labeling, advertising, promotion and marketing practices, relationships with distributors, environmental matters, ingredient regulations, and other matters. These laws and regulations are subject to frequent re-evaluation, varying interpretations and political debate and inquiries from government regulators charged with their enforcement, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. For example, on December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, also known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”), was enacted in the U.S. This enactment resulted in a number of significant changes to U.S. federal income tax law for U.S. corporations. Most notably, the statutory federal corporate income tax rate was changed from 35% to 21% for corporations and, as a result, we recorded an estimated net tax benefit of approximately $567 million in our consolidated statements of operations during the fourth quarter of 2017 driven by the effects of the 2017 Tax Act on our deferred tax positions as of December 31, 2017. We continue to monitor the 2017 Tax Act, including proposed regulations which may change upon finalization, as well as yet to be issued regulations and interpretations. If the forthcoming regulations and interpretations change relative to our current understanding and initial assessment of the impacts of the 2017 Tax Act, the resulting impacts could have a material adverse impact on our tax rate and cash tax expectations. Separately, in December 2018, the U.S. Department of Treasury issued a regulation that impacts our ability to claim a refund of certain federal duties, taxes, and fees paid for beer sold between the U.S. and certain other countries effective in February 2019, and, as a result, future claims will no longer be accepted, and further, we may be unable to collect approximately $38 million in historically claimed, but not yet received, refunds, which would negatively impact our revenue. Additionally, modifications of U.S. laws and policies governing foreign trade and investment (including trade agreements and tariffs, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement or aluminum tariffs) could adversely affect our supply chain, business and results of operations. For example, in June, U.S. 2018 tariffs on aluminum imports from Canada, Mexico and EU went into effect, which has created volatility in the price of aluminum in the U.S. and increased the price of aluminum used in some of our product packaging. Continued imposition of U.S. aluminum tariffs, the implementation of additional tariffs and retaliatory tariffs from trade partners or related uncertainties could further increase the cost of certain of our imported materials, thereby adversely affecting our profitability. Failure to comply with existing laws and regulations or changes in these laws, regulations, or interpretations thereof, or in tax, environmental, excise tax levels imposed or any other laws or regulations could result in the loss, revocation or suspension of our licenses, permits or approvals and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of, and potential future developments in, complex domestic and international tax laws and regulations, the amount and timing of future taxable income and the interaction of such laws and regulations among jurisdictions. Given the wide range of international business relationships and the long-term nature and complexity of existing contractual agreements, differences arising between the actual results and assumptions made, or future changes to such assumptions, could necessitate future adjustments to tax income and expense already recorded. Climate change, weather and water availability may negatively affect our business and financial results. There is concern that a gradual increase in global average temperatures could cause significant changes in global weather patterns and an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Changing weather patterns and more volatile weather conditions could result in decreased agricultural productivity in certain regions which may impact quality, limit availability or increase the cost of key agricultural commodities, such as hops, barley and other cereal grains, which are important ingredients for our products. Furthermore, should weather patterns in our markets shift from warm or high temperatures to unseasonably cool or wet weather, consumption of our products may decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Increased frequency or duration of extreme weather conditions could also impair production capabilities, disrupt our supply chain, distribution networks and routes to market, or impact demand for our products. In addition, public expectations for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions could result in increased energy, transportation and raw material costs and may require us to make additional investments in facilities and equipment. Clean water is a limited resource in many parts of the world and climate change may increase water scarcity and cause a deterioration of water quality in areas where we maintain brewing operations. The competition for water among domestic, agricultural and manufacturing users is increasing in some of our brewing communities. Even where water is widely available, water purification and waste treatment infrastructure limitations could increase costs or constrain our operations. 26 Table of Contents Concern over climate change may result in new or increased regional, federal and global legal and regulatory requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of greenhouse gases, or to limit or impose additional costs on commercial water use due to local water scarcity concerns. In the event that such regulation is more stringent than current regulatory obligations or the measures that we are currently undertaking to monitor and improve our energy efficiency and water conservation, we may experience disruptions in, or increases in our costs of, operation and delivery and we may be required to make additional investments in facilities and equipment or relocate our facilities. In particular, increasing regulation of fuel emissions could increase the cost of energy, including fuel, required to operate our facilities or transport and distribute our products, thereby increasing the distribution and supply chain costs associated with our products. As a result, the effects of climate change or water scarcity could negatively affect our business and operations. In addition, any failure to achieve our goals with respect to reducing our impact on the environment or perception (whether or not valid) of our failure to act responsibly with respect to water use and the environment or to effectively respond to new, or changes in, legal or regulatory requirements concerning climate change or water scarcity could result in adverse publicity and could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations. There is also increased focus, including by governmental and non- governmental organizations, investors, customers and consumers on these and other environmental sustainability matters, including deforestation, land use, climate impact and water use. Our reputation could be damaged if we or others in our industry do not act, or are perceived not to act, responsibly with respect to our impact on the environment. Loss or closure of a major brewery or other key facility, due to unforeseen or catastrophic events or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Our business could be interrupted and our financial results could be materially adversely impacted by physical risks such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, terror attacks and other natural disasters or catastrophic events that damage or destroy one of our breweries or key facilities or the key facilities of our significant suppliers. Additionally, certain catastrophes are not covered by our general insurance policies, which could result in significant unrecoverable losses. Furthermore, our business and results of operations could be adversely impacted by under-investment in physical assets or production capacity, including contract brewing and effect on priority of our brands if production capacity is limited. Further, significant excess capacity at any of our breweries as a result of increased efficiencies in our supply chain process or continued volume declines, could result in under-utilization of our assets, which could lead to excess overhead expenses or additional costs incurred associated with the closure of one or more of our facilities. For example, as part of a strategic review of our supply chain network, certain breweries and bottling lines were closed in recent years, and we have and continue to incur brewery closure costs. We regularly review our supply chain network to ensure that our supply chain capacity is aligned with the needs of the business. Such reviews could potentially result in further closures and the related costs could be material. Failure to successfully identify, complete or integrate attractive acquisitions and joint ventures into our existing operations could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results. We have made a number of acquisitions and entered into several strategic joint ventures. In order to compete in the consolidating global brewing industry, we anticipate that we may, from time to time, in the future acquire additional businesses or enter into additional joint ventures that we believe would provide a strategic fit with our business such as the Acquisition and our Canadian business' joint venture with HEXO. Potential risks associated with acquisitions and joint ventures could include, among other things: our ability to identify attractive acquisitions and joint ventures; our ability to offer potential acquisition targets and joint venture partners' competitive transaction terms; our ability to raise capital on reasonable terms to finance attractive acquisitions and joint ventures; our ability to realize the benefits or cost savings that we expect to realize as a result of the acquisition or joint venture; diversion of management's attention; our ability to successfully integrate our businesses with the business of the acquired company; motivating, recruiting and retaining key employees; conforming standards, controls, procedures and policies, business cultures and compensation structures among our company and the acquired company; consolidating and streamlining sales, marketing and corporate operations; potential exposure to unknown liabilities of acquired companies; potential exposure to unknown or future liabilities or costs that affect the markets in which acquired companies or joint ventures operate; reputational or other damage due to the conduct of a joint venture partner; loss of key employees and customers of the acquired business; and managing tax costs or inefficiencies associated with integrating our operations following completion of an acquisition or entry into a joint venture. Poor investment performance of pension plan holdings and other factors impacting pension plan costs could unfavorably affect our business, liquidity and our financial results. Our costs of providing defined benefit pension plans are dependent upon a number of factors, such as the rates of return on the plans' assets, discount rates, the level of interest rates used to measure the required minimum funding levels of the plans, exchange rate fluctuations, government regulation, court rulings or other changes in legal requirements, global equity prices, and our required and/or voluntary contributions to the plans. While we comply with the minimum funding requirements, we have certain qualified pension plans with obligations which exceed the value of the plans' assets. These funding requirements also may require contributions even when there is no reported deficit. Without sustained growth in the pension investments over time to increase the value of the plans' assets, and depending upon the other factors as listed above, we could be required to fund the plans with significant amounts of cash. Such 27 Table of Contents cash funding obligations (or the timing of such contributions) could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, credit rating, cost of borrowing, financial position and/or results of operations. For example, following the completion of the triennial review of the U.K. pension plan with the plan's trustees in 2014, we made a GBP 150 million contribution to our U.K. pension plan in January 2015, based on the underfunded status of the plan and the evaluation of the plan's performance and long-term obligations. In addition, we made pension plan contributions during 2017 of approximately $310 million , including $200 million of discretionary contributions to the U.S. pension plan. We depend on key personnel, the loss of whom could harm our business. The loss of the services and expertise of any key employee could harm our business. Our future success depends on our ability to identify, attract and retain qualified personnel on a timely basis. Turnover of senior management can adversely impact our stock price, our results of operations and our client relationships and may make recruiting for future management positions more difficult. In addition, we must successfully integrate any new management personnel that we hire within our organization, or who join our organization as a result of an acquisition, in order to achieve our operating objectives, and changes in other key management positions may temporarily affect our financial performance and results of operations as new management becomes familiar with our business. Due to a high concentration of workers represented by unions or trade councils in Canada, Europe, and the U.S., we could be significantly affected by labor strikes, work stoppages or other employee-related issues. As of December 31, 2018 , approximately 50%, 35%, and 30% of our Canadian, European and U.S. workforces, respectively, are represented by trade unions or councils. Stringent labor laws in certain of our key markets expose us to a greater risk of loss should we experience labor disruptions in those markets. A prolonged labor strike, work stoppage or other employee-related issue, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. For example, in the first quarter of 2017, our Toronto brewery unionized employees commenced a labor strike initiated from on-going negotiations of the collective bargaining agreement. This labor strike resulted in slower than expected production at the Toronto brewery in the first quarter of 2017. From time to time, our collective bargaining agreements come due for renegotiation, and, if we are unable to timely complete negotiations, affected employees may strike, which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results. Because of our reliance on third-party service providers and internal and outsourced systems for our information technology and certain other administrative functions, we could experience a disruption to our business. We rely extensively on information services providers worldwide for our information technology functions including network, help desk, hardware and software configuration. Additionally, we rely on internal networks and information systems and other technology, including the internet and third-party hosted services, to support a variety of business processes and activities, including procurement and supply chain, manufacturing, distribution, invoicing and collection of payments. We use information systems for certain human resource activities and to process our employee benefits, as well as to process financial information for internal and external reporting purposes and to comply with various reporting, legal and tax requirements. As information systems are critical to many of our operating activities, our business may be impacted by system shutdowns, service disruptions, obsolescence, or security breaches. Additionally, if one of our service providers were to fail and we were unable to find a suitable replacement in a timely manner, we could be unable to properly administer our outsourced functions. A breach of our information systems could cause material financial or reputational harm. Our internal and outsourced systems may also be the target of cyber-attacks or other breaches to our security, which, if successful, could expose us to the loss of key business, employee, customer or vendor information and disruption of our operations. If our information systems suffer severe damage, disruption or shutdown, we could experience delays in reporting our financial results and we may lose revenue and profits as a result of our inability to timely prepare, distribute, invoice and collect payments from our customers. Misuse, leakage or falsification of information could result in a violation of data privacy laws and regulations, such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, or damage our reputation and credibility. In addition, we may suffer financial and reputational damage because of lost or misappropriated confidential information and may become subject to legal action and increased regulatory oversight or consumers may avoid our brands due to negative publicity. We could also be required to spend significant financial and other resources to remedy the damage caused by a security breach or to repair or replace networks and information systems, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. If the Pentland Trust and the Coors Trust do not agree on a matter submitted to our stockholders or if a super-majority of our board of directors do not agree on certain actions, generally the matter will not be approved, even if beneficial to us or favored by other stockholders or a majority of our board of directors. Pentland Securities (1981) Inc. (the "Pentland Trust") (a company controlled by the Molson family and related parties) and the Adolph Coors, Jr. Trust (the "Coors Trust"), which together control more than 90% of our Class A common stock and Class A exchangeable shares, have a voting trust agreement through which they have combined their voting power over the shares of our Class A common stock and the Class A exchangeable shares that they own. If these two stockholders do not agree to vote in favor of a matter submitted to a stockholder vote (other than the election of directors), the voting trustees are required to vote all of the Class A common stock 28 Table of Contents and Class A exchangeable shares deposited in the voting trust against the matter. There is no other mechanism in the voting trust agreement to resolve a potential deadlock between these stockholders. Therefore, if either the Pentland Trust or the Coors Trust is unwilling to vote in favor of a proposal that is subject to a stockholder vote, we would be unable to implement the proposal even if our board of directors, management or other stockholders believe the proposal is beneficial to us. Similarly, our bylaws require the authorization of a super-majority (two-thirds) of the board of directors to take certain transformational actions. Thus, it is possible that the Company will not be authorized to take action even if it is supported by a simple majority of the board of directors. The interests of the controlling stockholders may differ from those of other stockholders and could prevent the Company from making certain decisions or taking certain actions that would be in the best interest of the other stockholders. Our Class B common stock has fewer voting rights than our Class A common stock and holders of our Class A common stock have the ability to effectively control or have a significant influence over certain company actions requiring stockholder approval, which could have a material adverse effect on Class B stockholders. See Part II-Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 8, "Stockholders' Equity" of the Notes for additional information regarding voting rights of Class A and Class B stockholders. Changes in the social acceptability of alcohol, perceptions of our products and the political view of the alcohol beverage industry may harm our business. The alcoholic beverage industry is regularly the subject of anti-alcohol activist activity related to the health concerns from the misuse of alcohol and concerns regarding underage drinking and exposure to alcohol advertisements. In addition, in recent years, there has been an increase in public and political attention on health and well-being as it relates to the alcohol beverage and other industries. Negative publicity regarding beer and changes in consumer perceptions in relation to beer and other alcoholic beverages, could adversely affect the sale and consumption of our products which could, in turn, adversely affect our business and financial conditions. Additionally, the concerns around alcohol as well as health and well-being could result in unfavorable regulations or other legal requirements in certain of our markets, such as advertising, selling and other restrictions, increased taxes associated with our sales, or the establishment of minimum unit pricing. Any such regulations or requirements could change consumer and customer purchasing patterns, which could negatively impact our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. In particular, advocates of prohibition and other severe restrictions on the marketing and sales of alcohol are becoming increasingly organized and coordinated on a global basis, seeking to impose laws or regulations or to bring actions against us, to curtail substantially the consumption of alcohol, including beer, in developed and developing markets. To the extent such views gain traction in regulations of jurisdictions in which we do or plan to do business, they could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. For example, in early 2016, the government of Bihar, India, the largest state in India in which our International segment operates, announced a complete prohibition on the sale and distribution of alcohol, which resulted in the impairment of assets totaling $30.8 million , recorded during the second quarter of 2016. The Acquisition subjects us to significant additional liabilities, costs and other risks. We have assumed all of the liabilities of MillerCoors, including, among others, significant pension and other post-employment benefit liabilities. The assumed liabilities put additional pressure on our ability to successfully meet our deleveraging commitments and grow our business over time as discussed further below. In addition, as a result of the Acquisition, we are subject to the risks of the U.S. beer market to a much greater extent, and a significant majority of our overall business is in mature, low growth beer markets, such as the U.S., Canada and the U.K. Economic conditions and consumer preferences in these markets will have a greater impact on our results of operations and financial condition. We face numerous risks associated with the integration of the Miller International Business. The acquisition of the Miller International Business may subject us to unknown expenses and liabilities. The success of our acquisition of the Miller International Business will depend, in part, on our ability to realize all or some of the anticipated synergies and other benefits from integrating this business with our existing businesses and operations. The potential difficulties of the continuing integration of operations include, among others: • • • • • failure to implement our business plan for the combined business; unanticipated changes in applicable laws and regulations; inherent operating risks in the business; increased foreign currency exposures which could adversely affect the amounts recorded for our foreign assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and could have a negative effect on our results of operations; reliance on competitors, ABI, to provide production services as we continue to transition the business; and 29 Table of Contents • failure to develop sustainable production sources prior to the expiration of ABI's production services. We may not be able to maintain the levels of revenue, earnings or operating efficiency that each of the Company and the Miller International Business had achieved or might achieve separately. The markets in which the Miller International Business operates may not experience the growth rates expected and any economic downturn affecting those markets could negatively impact the Miller International Business. These markets are in differing stages of development and may experience more volatility than expected or face more operating risks than in the more mature markets in which we have historically operated. If the Miller International Business or the markets in which it operates deteriorate, the potential cost savings, growth opportunities and other synergies of the acquisition of the Miller International Business may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected. In such case, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be negatively impacted. We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting which, if not remediated, could adversely affect our business, reputation and stock price. As part of preparing our 2018 consolidated financial statements, we identified errors in the accounting for income taxes related to the deferred tax liabilities for our partnership in MillerCoors. See Part II-Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion. As a result of these errors, management identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, related to designing and maintaining effective controls over the completeness and accuracy of the accounting for, and disclosure of, the income tax effects of acquired partnership interests. Specifically, we did not design appropriate controls to identify and reconcile deferred income taxes associated with the accounting for acquired partnership interests. This material weakness resulted in material errors in connection with our step acquisition of MillerCoors that were corrected through the restatement of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, as described in Part II-Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements and the correction of the unaudited quarterly financial information for fiscal years 2018 and 2017. Additionally, this material weakness could result in misstatements to the aforementioned account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. As a result of the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission in “ Internal Control-An Integrated Framework (2013).” We cannot assure you that we will not identify additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future related to income tax or other controls. If the steps we take do not correct the material weakness in a timely manner, we may be unable to conclude in the future that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. The occurrence of or failure to remediate this or future material weaknesses may adversely affect our reputation and business and the market price of our common stock. Risks Specific to the United States Segment Our U.S. business is highly dependent on independent distributors to sell our products, with no assurance that these distributors will effectively sell our products. We sell nearly all of our products, including all of our imported products, in the U.S. to independent distributors for resale to retail outlets. These independent distributors are entitled to exclusive territories and protected from termination by state statutes and regulations. Consequently, if we are not allowed, or are unable under acceptable terms or at all, to replace unproductive or inefficient distributors, our business, financial position and results of operation may be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Risks Specific to the Canada Segment Our Canadian business faces numerous risks relating to its joint venture in the Canadian cannabis industry. On October 4, 2018, a wholly-owned subsidiary within our Canadian business completed the formation of an independent Canadian joint venture with HEXO, a Canadian entity listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange that serves the Canadian cannabis market. The joint venture, Truss LP, will pursue opportunities to develop non-alcoholic, cannabis-infused beverages for the Canadian market following legalization. The success and consumer acceptance of any products produced by the joint venture cannot be assured. Further, our Canadian subsidiary’s involvement in the Canadian cannabis industry may negatively impact: consumer, business partner, investor or public sentiment regarding our brands, Canadian beer business or our company. The emerging cannabis industry in Canada and in other jurisdictions is evolving rapidly and subjects us to a high degree of political, legal and regulatory uncertainty, including when and if regulations in Canada will ultimately be adopted that would allow the 30 Table of Contents sale of the non-alcoholic beverages contemplated by the joint venture. The occurrence of any of the above risks could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may experience adverse effects on our Canada business and financial results due to declines in the overall Canadian beer industry, continued price discounting, increased cost of goods sold and higher taxes. If the Canadian beer market continues to decline, the impact to our financial results could be exacerbated due to our significant share of the overall market. Additionally, continuation or acceleration of price discounting, in Ontario, Québec, Alberta or other provinces, as well as increases in our cost of goods sold, could adversely impact our business. Further, changes in the Canadian tax legislation, such as the potential for an increase in beer excise taxes, could decrease our net sales. Although the ultimate impact is currently unknown, the legalization of cannabis in Canada may result in a shift of discretionary income away from our products or a change in consumer preferences away from beer or our other products. Moreover, the future success and earnings growth of the Canada business depends, in part, on our ability to efficiently conduct our operations. Failure to generate significant cost savings and margin improvement through our ongoing initiatives could adversely affect our profitability. If we are required to move away from the industry standard returnable bottle we use today, we may incur unexpected losses. Along with other brewers in Canada, we currently use an industry standard returnable bottle which represents approximately 29% of total volume sales (excluding imports) in Canada. Changes to the Industry Standard Bottle Agreement could impact our use of the industry standard returnable bottle. If we cease to use the industry standard returnable bottle, our current bottle inventory and a portion of our bottle packaging equipment could become obsolete and could result in a material write-off of these assets. Indemnities provided to the purchaser of 83% of the Cervejarias Kaiser Brasil S.A. ("Kaiser") business in Brazil could result in future cash outflows and statement of operations charges. In 2006, we sold our 83% ownership interest in Kaiser, which was held by our Canadian business, to FEMSA Cerveza S.A. de C.V. ("FEMSA"). The terms of the sale agreement require us to indemnify FEMSA for exposures related to certain tax, civil and labor contingencies and certain purchased tax credits. The ultimate resolution of these claims is not under our control. These indemnity obligations are recorded as liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets, however, we could incur future statement of operations charges as facts further develop resulting in changes to our estimates or changes in our assessment of probability of loss on these items as well as due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Due to the uncertainty involved in the ultimate outcome and timing of these contingencies, significant adjustments to the carrying value of our indemnity liabilities and corresponding statement of operations charges/credits could result in the future. We historically presented the liabilities associated with these indemnity obligations within discontinued operations, however, these have been reclassified into other current and long-term liabilities. Risks Specific to the Europe Segment The vote in the U.K. to leave the European Union could adversely affect us. Approximately 11% of our consolidated net sales in 2018 came from the U.K., which is our largest market in Europe. In 2016, a majority of voters in the U.K. voted in favor of the U.K. leaving the European Union and the U.K. intends to withdraw from the European Union in March 2019. The withdrawal remains controversial in the U.K., and the terms of the withdrawal remain unknown. The U.K. vote to leave the European Union triggered a decline in the GBP in comparison to USD and EUR. Any significant weakening of the GBP to the USD will have an adverse impact on our European revenues as reported in USD due to the importance of U.K. sales. Furthermore, the withdrawal may result in disruption to and decline of the U.K. and European economies. Weakening of economic conditions or economic uncertainties tend to harm the beer business, and if such conditions emerge in the U.K. or in the rest of Europe, it may have a material adverse effect on our Europe segment. The withdrawal may also result in significant disruption in trade and the movement of goods, including prolonged transportation delays, which could negatively affect our ability to source raw materials and packaging for our products as well as our ability to import and export products. Because the terms of the exit are still unknown, we face regulatory and market uncertainty and may need to quickly adapt to regulatory changes and market volatility, including potential increased legal and regulatory complexities and potential higher costs of conducting business in the U.K. or Europe. Any of these effects, among others, could adversely affect our European business, results of operations, and financial condition. Economic trends and intense competition in European markets could unfavorably affect our profitability. Our European businesses have been, and, in the future may be, adversely affected by conditions in the global financial markets and general economic and political conditions, as well as a weakening of their respective currencies versus the U.S. dollar. Additionally, we face intense competition in certain of our European markets, particularly with respect to pricing, which could lead to reduced sales or profitability. In particular, the on-going focus by large competitors in Europe to drive increased market share through aggressive pricing strategies could adversely affect our sales and results of operations. In addition, in recent years, beer volume sales in Europe have been shifting from pubs and restaurants (on-premise) to retail stores (off-premise) for the industry in general. Sales to off-premise customers tend to be lower than margins on sales to on-premise customers, and, as a result, continuation or acceleration of this trend would further adversely affect our profitability. 31 Table of Contents Risks Specific to the International Segment An inability to expand our operations in emerging markets could adversely affect our growth prospects. The continued expansion of our International segment in emerging markets depends on our ability to react to social, economic, and political conditions in those markets; to create effective product distribution networks and consumer brand awareness in new markets; and, in many cases, to find appropriate local partners. Due to product price, local regulatory changes, local competition from competitors that are larger and have more resources than we do, and cultural differences, or absence of effective routes to market, there is no assurance that our products will be accepted in any particular emerging market. If we are unable to expand our businesses in emerging markets, our growth prospects could be adversely affected. ITEM 1B.    UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. 32 Table of Contents ITEM 2.    PROPERTIES As of February 12, 2019 , our major facilities were owned (unless otherwise indicated) and are as follows: Facility Location Character U.S. Segment Administrative offices Brewery/packaging plants Beer distributorship Container operations Malting operations Canada Segment Administrative offices Brewery/packaging plants Europe Segment Administrative offices Brewery/packaging plants Chicago, Illinois (1) Golden, Colorado Milwaukee, Wisconsin Albany, Georgia (2) Elkton, Virginia (2) Fort Worth, Texas Golden, Colorado (2) Irwindale, California Milwaukee, Wisconsin (2) Trenton, Ohio (2) Denver, Colorado Wheat Ridge, Colorado (3) Golden, Colorado (3) Golden, Colorado Montréal, Québec Toronto, Ontario Montréal, Québec (4) Toronto, Ontario (4) Vancouver, British Columbia (5) Prague, Czech Republic Apatin, Serbia (6) Bőcs, Hungary Burton-on-Trent, U.K. (6) Haskovo, Bulgaria Niksic, Montenegro Ostrava, Czech Republic Ploiesti, Romania (6) Prague, Czech Republic (6) Tadcaster Brewery, Yorkshire, U.K. (6) Zagreb, Croatia U.S. segment headquarters U.S. segment administrative office U.S. segment administrative office Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Distribution Bottling manufacturing facility Can and end manufacturing facilities Malting Corporate headquarters Canada segment headquarters Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Europe segment headquarters Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging Brewing and packaging (1) (2) (3) (4) We lease the office space for our U.S. segment headquarters in Chicago, Illinois. The Golden, Trenton, Albany, Elkton and Milwaukee breweries collectively account for approximately 75% of our U.S. production. The Wheat Ridge and Golden Colorado facilities are leased from us by RMBC and RMMC, respectively. The Montréal and Toronto breweries collectively account for approximately 79% of our Canada production. As part of our ongoing strategic review of our Canadian supply chain network, in the third quarter of 2017 we announced the plan to build a more efficient and flexible brewery in the greater Montreal area. As a result of this decision, we have begun to develop plans to transition out of our existing Montreal brewery, and are in the process of actively 33     Table of Contents negotiating the sale of the property with targeted completion of the sale in the second quarter of 2019. The brewery continues to be operational, and as part of the sale, we anticipate leasing back the property for continued use until the new brewery is operational, which is currently expected to occur in 2021 . (5) We lease two brewing and packaging facilities in British Columbia. As a result of the continuation of our Canadian strategic review, during 2016 we completed the sale of our Vancouver brewery. In conjunction with the sale of the brewery, we agreed to leaseback the existing property to continue operations on an uninterrupted basis while the new brewery is being constructed. The final closure of the brewery is currently expected to occur in the third quarter of 2019 . (6) The Burton-on-Trent, Prague, Ploiesti, Apatin and Tadcaster breweries collectively account for approximately 71% of our Europe production. In addition to the properties listed above, we have smaller capacity facilities, including craft breweries and cideries, in each of our segments. We own and lease various warehouses, distribution centers and office spaces throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. We also lease offices in Colorado, the location of our Corporate and International segment headquarters, as well as various warehouse and office spaces within the United States and international countries in which our International segment operates. We believe our facilities are well maintained and suitable for their respective operations. In 2018 , our operating facilities were not capacity constrained. ITEM 3.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Litigation and other disputes For information regarding litigation, other disputes and environmental and regulatory proceedings see Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes. We are involved in other disputes and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of our business. While it is not feasible to predict or determine the outcome of these proceedings, in our opinion, based on a review with legal counsel, none of these disputes and legal actions are currently expected to have a material impact on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 34 Table of Contents PART II ITEM 5.    MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our Class A common stock and Class B common stock trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols "TAP.A" and "TAP," respectively. In addition, the Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares of our indirect subsidiary, Molson Coors Canada Inc., trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbols "TPX.A" and "TPX.B," respectively. The Class A and B exchangeable shares are a means for shareholders to defer tax in Canada and have substantially the same economic and voting rights as the respective common shares. The exchangeable shares can be exchanged for our Class A or B common stock at any time and at the exchange ratios described in the Merger documents, and receive the same dividends. At the time of exchange, shareholders' taxes are due. The exchangeable shares have voting rights through special voting shares held by a trustee. The approximate number of record security holders by class of stock at February 7, 2019 , is as follows: Title of class Class A common stock, $0.01 par value Class B common stock, $0.01 par value Class A exchangeable shares, no par value Class B exchangeable shares, no par value 35 Number of record security holders 23 2,624 218 2,338 Table of Contents PERFORMANCE GRAPH The following graph compares our cumulative total stockholder return over the last five fiscal years with the S&P 500 and a customized peer index including MCBC, ABI, Carlsberg, Heineken and Asahi (the "Peer Group"). We have used a weighted-average based on market capitalization to determine the return for the Peer Group. The graph assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2013 , in our Class B common stock, the S&P 500 and the Peer Group, and assumes reinvestment of all dividends. The below is provided for informational purposes and is not indicative of future performance. Molson Coors S&P 500 Peer Group Dividends 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 $ $ $ 100.00 $ 100.00 $ 100.00 $ 135.70 $ 113.68 $ 123.19 $ 174.70 $ 115.24 $ 155.28 $ 184.06 $ 126.23 $ 144.39 $ 158.10 $ 153.78 $ 152.76 $ 110.85 147.03 112.32 We currently plan to maintain our current quarterly dividend of $0.41 per share until we achieve a leverage ratio of approximately 3.75x debt to EBITDA on a rating agency basis, which we expect to achieve around the middle of 2019. Upon achieving approximately 3.75x leverage, our board's intention is to reinstitute a dividend payout-ratio target in the range of 20-25% of annual trailing EBITDA for the second half of 2019 and ongoing thereafter. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities In February 2015, we announced that our board of directors approved and authorized a new program to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of our Class A and Class B common stock. As a result of the Acquisition, we suspended the share repurchase program and thus, there were no shares of Class A or Class B common stock repurchased since 2015. Under the program, shares may be repurchased in privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act. The number, price and timing of the repurchases will be at the Company’s sole discretion and will be evaluated depending on market conditions, liquidity needs or other factors. The Company’s board of directors may 36   Table of Contents suspend, modify or terminate the share repurchase program at any time without prior notice. We have suspended our share repurchase program as we continue to pay down debt. ITEM 6.    SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The table below summarizes selected financial information for the five years ended December 31, 2018 . For further information, refer to our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented under Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Net income attributable to MCBC and the related net income per basic and diluted share amounts for 2017 and 2016 have been restated due to the correction of errors related to income tax accounting. See details at Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies." Consolidated Statements of Operations: Net sales Net income attributable to MCBC (2) Net income attributable to MCBC per share (2) : Basic Diluted Consolidated Balance Sheets: Total assets Current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings Long-term debt Other information: Dividends per share of common stock $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2017 2016 (1) 2018 As Restated As Restated 2015 2014 (In millions, except per share data) 10,769.6 $ 1,116.5 $ 11,002.8 $ 1,565.6 $ 4,885.0 $ 1,593.9 $ 3,567.5 $ 395.2 $ 5.17 $ 5.15 $ 7.27 $ 7.23 $ 7.52 $ 7.47 $ 2.13 $ 2.12 $ 4,146.3 538.6 2.91 2.89 30,109.8 $ 30,246.9 $ 29,341.5 $ 12,276.3 $ 13,980.1 1,594.5 $ 8,893.8 $ 714.8 $ 684.8 $ 10,598.7 $ 11,387.7 $ 28.7 $ 2,908.7 $ 849.0 2,321.3 1.64 $ 1.64 $ 1.64 $ 1.64 $ 1.48 (1) (2) Includes MillerCoors' results of operations on a consolidated basis for the post-Acquisition period October 11, 2016 , through December 31, 2016, as well as the assets acquired and related debt issued in connection with the Acquisition. Prior to October 11, 2016 , MCBC’s 42% share of MillerCoors' results of operations was reported as equity income in MillerCoors in the consolidated statements of operations and our 42% share of MillerCoors' net assets was reported as Investment in MillerCoors in the consolidated balance sheets. Also included in net income attributable to MCBC is a net special items gain of approximately $3.0 billion related to the fair value remeasurement of our pre-existing 42% interest in MillerCoors over its carrying value, as well as the reclassification of the loss related to MCBC's historical AOCI on our 42% interest in MillerCoors. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" of the Notes for further discussion of the Acquisition. Includes the impact of the reduction to the U.S. federal income tax rate as a result of U.S. tax reform in 2017. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2018 we recorded a gain within special items, net of $328.0 million which constitutes the Adjustment Amount related to the settlement agreement between MCBC and ABI as previously discussed. 37   Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is provided to assist in understanding our company, operations and current business environment and should be considered a supplement to, and read in conjunction with, the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes included within Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, as well as the discussion of our business and related risk factors in Part I—Item 1 Business and Part I—Item 1A Risk Factors, respectively. See also "Cautionary Statement Pursuant to Safe Harbor Provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995". We have restated our financial statements for 2017 and 2016 due to the correction of errors in the accounting for income taxes related to the deferred tax liabilities for our partnership in MillerCoors . Accordingly, the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations set forth below reflect the effects of the restatements. See details at Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies." Our Fiscal Year Unless otherwise indicated, (a) all $ amounts are in USD and (b) comparisons are to comparable prior periods. For 2016, the consolidated statement of operations includes MillerCoors' results of operations for the period from January 1, 2016, to October 10, 2016, on an equity method basis of accounting and from October 11, 2016, to December 31, 2016, on a consolidated basis of accounting. Where indicated, we have reflected unaudited pro forma financial information for 2016 which gives effect to the Acquisition and the related financing as if they were completed on January 1, 2016, the first day of the Company’s 2016 fiscal year. Operational Measures We have certain operational measures, such as STWs and STRs, which we believe are important metrics. STW is a metric that we use in our business to reflect the sales from our operations to our direct customers, generally wholesalers. We believe the STW metric is important because it gives an indication of the amount of beer and adjacent products that we have produced and shipped to customers. STR is a metric that we use in our business to refer to sales closer to the end consumer than STWs, which generally means sales from our wholesalers or our company to retailers, who in turn sell to consumers. We believe the STR metric is important because, unlike STWs, it provides the closest indication of the performance of our brands in relation to market and competitor sales trends. Acquisition On October 11, 2016, we completed the acquisition of SABMiller plc's ("SABMiller") 58% economic interest and 50% voting interest in MillerCoors and all trademarks, contracts and other assets primarily related to the "Miller International Business," as defined in the purchase agreement, outside of the U.S. and Puerto Rico (the "Acquisition") from Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV ("ABI"). The Acquisition was completed for $12.0 billion in cash, subject to a downward purchase price adjustment as described in the purchase agreement. This purchase price "Adjustment Amount," as defined in the purchase agreement, required payment to MCBC if the unaudited EBITDA for the Miller International Business for the twelve months prior to closing was below $70 million. On January 21, 2018, MCBC and ABI entered into a settlement agreement related to the purchase price adjustment under the purchase agreement, and on January 26, 2018, pursuant to the settlement agreement, ABI paid to MCBC $330.0 million, of which $328.0 million constitutes the Adjustment Amount. As this settlement occurred following the finalization of purchase accounting, we recorded the settlement proceeds related to the Adjustment Amount as a gain within special items, net in our consolidated statement of operations in our Corporate segment and within cash provided by operating activities within our consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018. MCBC and ABI also agreed to certain mutual releases as further described in the settlement agreement. Executive Summary We are one of the world's largest brewers and have a diverse portfolio of owned and partner brands, including global priority brands Blue Moon, Coors Banquet, Coors Light, Miller Genuine Draft, Miller Lite, and Staropramen , regional champion brands Carling , Molson Canadian and other leading country- specific brands , as well as craft and specialty beers such as Creemore Springs , Cobra , Doom Bar, Henry's Hard and Leinenkugel's . With centuries of brewing heritage, we have been crafting high-quality, innovative products with the purpose of delighting the world's beer drinkers and with the ambition to be the first choice for our consumers and customers. Our success depends on our ability to make our products available to meet a wide range of consumer segments and occasions. 38 Table of Contents In 2018 , we continued to focus on building our brand strength and transforming our portfolio toward the above premium, flavored malt beverage, craft and cider segments. Further, we continued to focus on generating higher returns on our invested capital, managing our working capital and delivering a greater return on investment for our shareholders. Adoption of Revenue Recognition Guidance On January 1, 2018 , we adopted the FASB's new accounting pronouncement related to revenue recognition. This guidance was adopted using the modified retrospective approach, and therefore, prior period results have not been restated. The following table highlights the impact of this new guidance on summarized components of our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 , when comparing our current period results of operations under the new guidance, versus our results of operations if historical guidance had continued to be applied. U.S. Canada Europe International Consolidated Year Ended December 31, 2018 Impact to Consolidated Statement of Operations - Favorable/(Unfavorable): Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Operating income (loss) Interest income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (6.6) $ — $ (6.6) $ 7.7 $ 1.1 $ — $ 1.1 $ (47.3) $ — $ (47.3) $ 47.3 $ — $ — $ — $ (In millions) (1.7) $ — $ (1.7) $ 4.7 $ 3.0 $ (3.4) $ (0.4) $ 0.1 $ — $ 0.1 $ — $ 0.1 $ — $ 0.1 $ (55.5) — (55.5) 59.7 4.2 (3.4) 0.8 These impacts are primarily driven by the reclassification of certain cash payments to customers from marketing, general and administrative expenses to a reduction of revenue, as well as a change in the timing of recognition of certain promotional discounts and cash payments to customers. See Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements" for further discussion on the adoption of this guidance. Adoption of Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Guidance On January 1, 2018 , we adopted the FASB's new accounting pronouncement related to the classification of pension and other postretirement benefit costs. Specifically, the new guidance requires us to report only the service cost component in the same line item as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period; while the other components of net benefit cost are now presented in the consolidated statements of operations separately from the service cost component and outside of operating income. The amendments in this update also allow only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization when applicable. We have also determined that only service cost will be reported within each operating segment and all other components will be reported within the Corporate segment. The guidance related to the income statement presentation of service costs and other pension and postretirement benefit costs is applied retrospectively, while the capitalization of service costs component is applied prospectively. This adjustment is classification only and had no impact to our consolidated net income. See Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements " for further details including updated historical financial information. Summary of Consolidated Results of Operations The following table highlights summarized components of our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 , and unaudited pro forma financial information for the year ended December 31, 2016 . See Part II-Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, “Consolidated Statements of Operations” for additional details of our U.S. GAAP results. We have presented unaudited pro forma financial information to enhance comparability of financial information between periods. The unaudited pro forma financial information is based on the historical consolidated financial statements of MCBC and MillerCoors, both prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and gives effect to the Acquisition and the completed financing as if they were completed on January 1, 2016. Pro forma adjustments are based on items that are factually supportable, are directly attributable to the Acquisition or the related financing, and are expected to have a continuing impact on MCBC's results of operations. Any non-recurring items directly attributable to the Acquisition or the related financing are excluded in the unaudited pro forma statements of operations. The unaudited pro forma financial information does not include adjustments for costs related to integration activities following the completion of the Acquisition, cost savings or synergies that have been or 39 Table of Contents may be achieved by the combined businesses. The unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and does not necessarily reflect the results of operations of MCBC that actually would have resulted had the Acquisition and related financing occurred at the date indicated, or project the results of operations of MCBC for any future dates or periods. See "Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information" below for details of pro forma adjustments. Net income attributable to MCBC and the related diluted per share amounts for 2017 and 2016 have been restated due to the correction of errors related to income tax accounting. See details at Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies." December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 For the years ended As Reported Change As Restated As Restated Pro Forma Financial volume in hectoliters (1) 96.627 (In millions, except percentages and per share data) 99.563 46.912 (2.9)% 101.934 Net sales Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC per diluted share N/M = Not meaningful $ $ $ 10,769.6 (2.1)% $ 11,002.8 $ 4,885.0 $ 10,983.2 1,116.5 (28.7)% $ 1,565.6 $ 1,593.9 $ 291.8 5.15 (28.8)% $ 7.23 $ 7.47 $ 1.35 Pro Forma Change (2.3)% 0.2 % N/M N/M (1) Financial volumes for the year ended December 31, 2016, were recast to reflect the impacts of aligning policies on reporting financial volumes as a result of the Acquisition. 2018 Financial Highlights • • In 2018 , net income attributable to MCBC decreased 28.7% compared to the prior year primarily driven by the one-time income tax benefit recognized in the prior year due to the reduction to the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate as a result of the 2017 Tax Act. This decline was also driven by unrealized mark-to-market changes on commodity positions and lower volume and cost inflation in the U.S. and Canada, partially offset by the gain of $328.0 million related to the Adjustment Amount as previously discussed, positive global net pricing, global marketing optimization, general and administrative spend reductions and cost savings, as well as lower interest expense. During 2018, we repaid our CAD 400 million 2.25% notes with cash on hand as part of our deleveraging commitment. We also repaid $379 million of commercial paper which was outstanding at December, 31, 2017. • We generated cash flow from operating activities of approximately $2.3 billion , representing a 24.9% increase from approximately $1.9 billion in 2017 . The increase in operating cash flow in 2018 compared to 2017 is primarily related to the proceeds received during the first quarter of 2018 of $328.0 million related to the Adjustment Amount as previously discussed, as well as lower pension contributions and lower interest paid, partially offset by unfavorable changes in working capital and lower cash tax receipts. • Regional financial highlights: • • In the U.S. segment, we reported income before income taxes of $1,320.7 million in 2018 , versus income of $1,394.2 million in 2017 , primarily driven by lower volume, cost of goods sold inflation, higher special charges and negative sales mix, partially offset by lower marketing, general and administrative expenses and higher net pricing. During the year we grew our share of the premium light segment with Miller Lite , which completed its seventeenth consecutive quarter of increased segment share, according to Nielsen. Coors Light remained the number two beer in industry share. In above premium, we established a foundation for growth by successfully introducing Arnold Palmer Spiked , establishing Peroni as the fastest growing European import, and relaunching the Sol brand. Additionally, Peroni grew volume for the seventeenth consecutive quarter. Blue Moon remained the number one national craft brand in the U.S. In our Canada segment, we drove positive pricing primarily in Ontario and West. However, volume declined in the West and Ontario, partially offset by growth in Quebec. We reported income before income taxes of $157.0 million in 2018 , versus income of $210.2 million in 2017 , primarily due to higher other expense related to unrealized mark-to-market losses on warrants issued in connection with the formation of the Truss LP ("Truss") joint venture, negative sales mix and lower volumes, partially offset by higher net pricing. 40   Table of Contents • • In our Europe segment, our continued portfolio premiumization while defending share of national champion brands positively impacted our performance as we grew volumes in our above premium and core brands. In 2018 , we reported income before income taxes of $186.4 million , versus income of $234.9 million in 2017 , primarily due to cycling the impact of the indirect tax provision release of approximately $50 million during the first quarter of 2017, adopting recently revised excise-tax guidelines in one of our European markets, investments in our First Choice Agenda, as well as unfavorable foreign currency movements. This was partially offset by favorable sales mix shift from our premiumization efforts, more efficient marketing investments, the addition of Aspall Cider business, as well as a positive impact from cycling a bad debt provision recognized in 2017. Our International segment reported a loss before income taxes of $2.7 million in 2018 , compared to a loss of $19.7 million in the prior year, primarily driven by lower marketing and integration expenses, shifting to a more profitable business model in Mexico, higher net pricing, along with volume growth in our focus markets, partially offset by negative foreign currency movements and increased special charges as a result of formally exiting our China business. • Brand highlights: • • • • Global priority brand volume decreased 3.1% in 2018 versus 2017 , due to declines across Canada, the U.S. and International, partially offset by growth in Europe. Blue Moon Belgian White global brand volume decreased 0.2% in 2018 versus 2017 , due to decline in the U.S., offset by growth in Canada, Europe and International. Carling brand volume in Europe decreased by 2.5% versus 2017 , due to lower volumes in the U.K., the brand's primary market. Coors global brand volume - Coors Light global brand volume declined 5.0% in 2018 versus 2017 . The overall volume decrease was due to lower brand volume in the U.S., Canada and International, partially offset by growth in Europe. Volumes in the U.S. were lower than prior year reflective of the U.S. industry premium and premium light segment performance. The declines in Canada are the result of ongoing competitive pressures in Quebec and Ontario and a continued shift in consumer preference to value brands in the West. Coors Banquet global brand volume decreased 4.9% in 2018 versus 2017 , driven by the U.S. and Canada. • Miller global brand volume - Miller Lite global brand volumes decreased 1.3% in 2018 versus 2017 , primarily driven by declines in the U.S., partially offset by growth in International. However, Miller Lite gained share of the U.S. premium light segment for the seventeenth consecutive quarter. Miller Genuine Draft global brand volume decreased 3.9% in 2018 versus 2017 , due to decreases in the U.S., International and Canada, partially offset by growth in Europe. • Molson Canadian brand volume in Canada decreased 8.1% during 2018 versus the prior year, primarily driven by competitive pressures in the West. • Staropramen global brand volume increased 3.7% during 2018 versus 2017 , driven by growth outside of the brand's primary market. Worldwide Brand Volume Worldwide brand volume (or "brand volume" when discussed by segment) reflects owned brands sold to unrelated external customers within our geographic markets, net of returns and allowances, royalty volume, an adjustment from STWs to STRs and our proportionate share of equity investment brand volume calculated consistently with MCBC owned volume. Contract brewing and wholesaler volume is removed from worldwide brand volume as this is non-owned volume for which we do not directly control performance. We believe this definition of worldwide brand volume more closely aligns with how we measure the performance of our owned brands within the markets in which they are sold. Financial volume represents owned brands sold to unrelated external customers within our geographical markets, net of returns and allowances as well as contract brewing, wholesale non-owned brand volume and company-owned distribution volume. Royalty volume consists of our brands produced and sold by third parties under various license and contract-brewing agreements and because this is owned volume, it is included in worldwide brand volume. The adjustment from STWs to STRs provides the closest indication of the performance of our owned brands in relation to market and competitor sales trends, as it reflects sales volume one step closer to the end consumer and generally means sales from our wholesalers or our company to retailers. Equity investment worldwide brand volume represents our ownership percentage share of volume in our subsidiaries accounted for under the equity method, consisting of MillerCoors prior to the completion of the Acquisition on October 11, 2016 . See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" of the Notes for further discussion. 41 Table of Contents Effective in the first quarter of 2018, we have revised our net sales per hectoliter performance discussions to include a brand volume basis as defined above (with the exception of the STW to STR adjustment) with the net sales revenue component reflecting owned and actively managed brands as well as royalty revenue consistent with how management views the business. We continue to also discuss net sales per hectoliter performance on a reported basis. Volume in hectoliters: Financial volume Less: Contract brewing and wholesaler volume Add: Royalty volume Add: STW to STR adjustment Owned volume Add: Proportionate share of equity investment worldwide brand volume Total worldwide brand volume N/M = Not meaningful December 31, 2018 Change December 31, 2017 Change December 31, 2016 (In millions, except percentages) For the years ended 96.627 (8.182) 4.054 (0.358) 92.141 — 92.141 (2.9)% (4.9)% 10.0 % (47.9)% (1.9)% — % (1.9)% 99.563 (8.602) 3.685 (0.687) 93.959 112.2 % 108.6 % 75.3 % N/M 106.1 % — (100.0)% 93.959 43.4 % 46.912 (4.124) 2.102 0.707 45.597 19.940 65.537 Our worldwide brand volume decreased in 2018 compared to 2017 , due to declines in the U.S. and Canada, partially offset by growth in Europe and International. Worldwide brand volume increased in 2017 compared to 2016 , due to the Acquisition as well as strong growth in Europe and International partially as a result of adding the Miller global brands business as well as growth within our existing brand portfolio. Net Sales Drivers The following table highlights the drivers of change in net sales for the year ended December 31, 2018 , versus December 31, 2017 , by segment (in percentages) and excludes Corporate net sales revenue for our water resources and energy operations in the state of Colorado. Consolidated U.S. Canada Europe International Volume Price, Product and Geography Mix (1) Currency Other (2) Total (2.9)% (5.1)% (2.9)% 2.1 % (7.5)% 0.7 % 1.9 % (1.6)% 0.4 % 3.5 % 0.5 % — % — % 3.3 % (1.3)% (0.4)% (0.1)% — % (2.6)% — % (2.1)% (3.3)% (4.5)% 3.2 % (5.3)% (1) Includes the impacts of the adoption of the new accounting pronouncement related to revenue recognition as discussed above. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements " for further discussion on the adoption of this revenue recognition guidance. (2) Europe "Other" column includes the impacts of the release of an indirect tax provision in 2017 as further described in the Results of Operations. 42       Table of Contents The following table highlights the drivers of change in net sales on a reported basis for the year ended December 31, 2017 , versus December 31, 2016 , by segment (in percentages) and excludes Corporate net sales revenue for our water resources and energy operations in the state of Colorado. Consolidated includes the U.S. segment for 2017 as well as the post-Acquisition period of October 11, 2016, through December 31, 2016. Prior to the Acquisition, MillerCoors was accounted for as an equity method investment: Consolidated Canada Europe International Volume Price, Product and Geography Mix Currency Other (1) Total 112.2 % (1.6)% 3.1 % 60.1 % 13.3% 2.2% 2.9% 1.3% (0.3)% 1.7 % (2.1)% — % — % — % 6.4 % — % 125.2% 2.3% 10.3% 61.4% (1) Europe "Other" column includes the release of an indirect tax provision further described in the Results of Operations. Cost Savings Initiatives Total cost savings in 2018 exceeded our targets and totaled more than $240 million, driven by our U.S., Canada and Europe segments. We have delivered more than $495 million of cost savings collectively for the 2017 - 2019 program. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization expense was $857.5 million in 2018 , an increase of $44.7 million compared to 2017 , primarily due to brewery system implementations in the U.S. On a reported basis, depreciation and amortization expense was $812.8 million in 2017, an increase of $424.4 million compared to 2016, primarily due to the incremental depreciation and amortization recorded for the U.S. segment as a result of the Acquisition. On a pro forma basis, depreciation and amortization expense decreased $38.6 million in 2017 compared to 2016, primarily due to lower accelerated depreciation due to brewery closures in 2017 and the impact of foreign exchange rates. Income Taxes Effective tax rates have been restated for 2017 and 2016 due to the correction of errors related to income tax accounting. See details at Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies." Effective tax rate For the years ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2018 17% As Restated As Restated (15)% 48% The increase in the effective income tax rate for 2018 versus 2017 was primarily driven by the one-time impacts of the enactment of the 2017 Tax Act recognized in 2017, most notably the remeasurement of our deferred taxes for the reduction in the U.S. statutory federal corporate income tax rate. This one-time benefit to our deferred tax positions recognized in 2017 was partially offset by the reduction of the statutory U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning in 2018. The decrease in the effective income tax rate for 2017 versus 2016 was primarily driven by the above mentioned impacts of the 2017 Tax Act, as well as the income tax impacts recognized in 2016 associated with our previously held equity interest in MillerCoors which increased our effective tax rate in 2016. Additionally, our 2016 effective tax rate was negatively impacted by the remeasurement of the deferred tax liability on our Molson core brand intangible asset to the Canadian ordinary income tax rate upon reclassification from indefinite-lived to definite-lived subject to amortization. Our tax rate is volatile and may increase or decrease with changes in, among other things, the amount and source of income or loss, our ability to utilize foreign tax credits, excess tax benefits or deficiencies from share-based compensation, changes in tax laws, and the movement of liabilities established pursuant to accounting guidance for uncertain tax positions as statutes of limitations expire, positions are effectively settled, or when additional information becomes available. There are proposed or pending tax law changes in various jurisdictions in which we do business that, if enacted, may have an impact on our effective tax rate. Additionally, we continue to monitor the 2017 Tax Act, including proposed regulations which may change upon finalization, as well as yet to be issued regulations and interpretations. If the forthcoming regulations and interpretations change relative to our current understanding and initial assessment of the impacts of the 2017 Tax Act, the resulting impacts could have a material adverse impact on our effective tax rate. 43 Table of Contents See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 6, "Income Tax", for additional details regarding our effective tax rate. Results of Operations United States Segment Financial volume in hectoliters (1) Sales (1) Excise taxes Net sales (1) Cost of goods sold (1) Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net (2) Operating income Interest income (expense), net Other income (expense), net For the years ended December 31, 2018 Change December 31, 2017 (In millions, except percentages) $ 64.272 8,234.4 (974.5) 7,259.9 (4,277.5) 2,982.4 (1,631.3) (37.8) 1,313.3 8.8 (1.4) (5.1)% (3.6)% $ (5.9)% (3.3)% (1.1)% (6.3)% (8.5)% 147.1 % (5.1)% (32.8)% (41.7)% 67.731 8,541.7 (1,036.0) 7,505.7 (4,324.2) 3,181.5 (1,782.7) (15.3) 1,383.5 13.1 (2.4) 1,394.2 Income (loss) before income taxes $ 1,320.7 (5.3)% $ (1) (2) Includes gross inter-segment sales, purchases, and volumes, which are eliminated in the consolidated totals. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, "Special Items" of the Notes for detail of special items. 44 Table of Contents We have presented unaudited pro forma financial information of the U.S. segment for 2016 to enhance comparability of financial information between periods. Results for the period from January 1, 2016, through October 10, 2016, are actual results of MillerCoors utilized in preparing MCBC's share of MillerCoors earnings when we historically accounted for MillerCoors under the equity method of accounting, and, therefore, its results of operations were reported as equity income within MCBC's consolidated statements of operations. Results for the period from October 11, 2016, through December 31, 2016, are actual results recorded when MillerCoors was fully consolidated within our results of operations. We have aggregated these reported 2016 results and applied pro forma adjustments to arrive at combined U.S. segment pro forma financial information for the full year 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2017 As Reported  by  MCBC For the period January 1 through October 10, 2016 As Reported by MillerCoors For the period October 11 through December 31, 2016 As Reported  by  MCBC For the year ended December 31, 2016 Pro Forma Adjustments (1) Pro Forma (1) Pro Forma Change Financial volume in hectoliters (2)(3) 67.731 55.750 14.436 — (In millions, except percentages) Sales (3) Excise taxes Net sales (3) Cost of goods sold (3) Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net (4) Operating income Interest income (expense), net Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Other income (expense), net $ 8,541.7 $ 6,987.2 $ 1,780.0 $ (23.2) $ (1,036.0) 7,505.7 (4,324.2) 3,181.5 (1,782.7) (15.3) 1,383.5 13.1 — (2.4) (861.8) 6,125.4 (3,426.6) 2,698.8 (1,403.9) (111.3) 1,183.6 (1.4) (14.4) 3.7 (213.4) 1,566.6 (1,027.0) 539.6 (432.2) 2,959.1 3,066.5 — — 0.7 12.3 (10.9) 37.8 26.9 (27.3) (2,965.0) (2,965.4) — 14.4 — 70.186 8,744.0 (1,062.9) 7,681.1 (4,415.8) 3,265.3 (1,863.4) (117.2) 1,284.7 (1.4) — 4.4 Income (loss) before income taxes $ 1,394.2 $ 1,171.5 $ 3,067.2 $ (2,951.0) $ 1,287.7 (3.5)% (2.3)% (2.5)% (2.3)% (2.1)% (2.6)% (4.3)% (86.9)% 7.7 % N/M — % N/M 8.3 % N/M = Not meaningful (1) (2) (3) (4) Pro forma amounts give effect to the Acquisition as if it had occurred at the beginning of fiscal year 2016 and have been updated to reflect that effective January 1, 2017, the results of the MillerCoors Puerto Rico business, which were previously included as part of the U.S. segment, are now reported within the International segment. See Part II - Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis, "Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information," for details of pro forma adjustments. Financial volumes for the year ended December 31, 2016, were recast to reflect the impacts of aligning policies on reporting financial volumes as a result of the Acquisition. On a reported basis, includes gross inter-segment sales, purchases, and volumes, which are eliminated in the consolidated totals. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, "Special Items" of the Notes for detail of special items. 45 Table of Contents The following represents our proportionate share of MillerCoors' net income reported under the equity method prior to the Acquisition: Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to MillerCoors MCBC's economic interest MCBC's proportionate share of MillerCoors' net income Amortization of the difference between MCBC's contributed cost basis and proportionate share of the underlying equity in net assets of MillerCoors (1) Share-based compensation adjustment (1) U.S. import tax benefit (1) Equity income in MillerCoors For the period January 1 through October 10, 2016 (In millions, except percentages) 1,171.5 (3.3) (11.0) 1,157.2 42% 486.0 3.3 (0.7) 12.3 500.9 $ $ $ (1) See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" of the Notes, for a detailed discussion of these equity method adjustments prior to the Acquisition. The discussion below highlights the U.S. segment results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 , versus the year ended December 31, 2017 , and for the year ended December 31, 2017 , versus the year ended December 31, 2016 , on a reported and pro forma basis, where applicable. Significant events Throughout 2018, U.S. financial volume, including shipment timing and distributor inventory levels, as well as financial results were impacted by brewery system implementations at our Golden, Colorado, Trenton, Ohio and Fort Worth, Texas breweries. We continue to prepare for future implementations at our remaining breweries expected to occur in 2019, including the implementation at our Milwaukee, Wisconsin brewery, which is currently underway. In order to align our cost base with our scale of business, during the third quarter of 2018, we initiated restructuring activities in the U.S. and reduced U.S. employment levels by approximately 300 employees in the fourth quarter of 2018. As a result, severance costs related to these restructuring activities were recorded as special charges. The volatility of aluminum, inclusive of Midwest Premium, and freight and fuel costs continued to significantly impact our results during 2018. To the extent these prices continue to fluctuate, our business and financial results could be materially adversely impacted. We continue to monitor these risks and rely on our risk management hedging program to help mitigate price risk exposure for commodities including aluminum and fuel. In order to increase overall operating efficiency, during the first quarter of 2018, the U.S. segment announced plans to close the Colfax, California cidery. The cidery closed in January 2019 and cider production has moved to the 10th Street Brewery in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We recognized special charges in 2018 associated with the cidery closure consisting primarily of accelerated depreciation in excess of normal depreciation. On October 11, 2016 , we completed the Acquisition and as a result, MCBC owns 100% of the outstanding equity and voting interests of MillerCoors. Therefore, beginning October 11, 2016 , MillerCoors' results of operations have been prospectively consolidated into MCBC’s consolidated financial statements and included in the U.S. segment. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further details. Additionally, effective January 1, 2017, the results of the MillerCoors Puerto Rico business, which were previously included as part of the U.S. segment, are now reported within the International segment. Note, we only present unaudited pro forma financial information for the consolidated entity and the U.S. segment. During the third quarter of 2015, the U.S. business announced plans to close its brewery in Eden, North Carolina in an effort to optimize the brewery footprint and streamline operations for greater efficiencies. Products produced in Eden were transitioned to other breweries in the U.S. supply chain network and the Eden brewery is now closed. Total special charges 46 Table of Contents associated with the Eden closure of approximately $182 million have bee n incurred from the decision to close through December 31, 2018 , consisting primarily of accelerated depreciation. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the real property associated with the closed Eden brewery was sold. Additionally, in 2016 MillerCoors acquired craft breweries Revolver Brewing, Terrapin Beer Company and Hop Valley Brewing Company. Volume and net sales Brand volume declined 3.9% in 2018 compared to 2017 , driven by lower volume in the premium light segment. STWs, excluding contract brewing volume, decreased 4.4% in 2018 compared to 2017 , reflective of brand volume performance. Net sales per hectoliter on a brand volume basis increased 1.5% in 2018 compared to 2017 , due to favorable net pricing, partially offset by negative sales mix. Net sales per hectoliter on a reported basis for 2018 , increased 1.9% in 2018 compared to 2017 . Brand volume declined 2.9% in 2017 compared to 2016, driven by lower volume in the premium light and below premium segments. STWs, excluding contract brewing volume, decreased 3.3% in 2017 compared to 2016. Net sales per hectoliter on a brand volume basis for 2017 increased 1.2% compared to 2016 reported net sales and 1.0% compared to 2016 pro forma net sales, due to favorable net pricing. Net sales per hectoliter on a reported basis, increased 1.1% compared to 2016 reported figures and increased 1.3% compared to 2016 pro forma figures. Cost of goods sold Cost of goods sold per hectoliter increased 4.2% in 2018 compared to prior year driven by higher transportation costs, aluminum inflation and volume deleverage, partially offset by cost savings. Additionally, in 2018 we recorded $2.8 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold per hectoliter decreased 0.1% in 2017 compared to 2016 reported figures due to the cycling of $82.0 million related to the inventory step up as a result of the Acquisition. Cost of goods sold per hectoliter increased 1.5% in 2017 compared to 2016 pro forma figures driven by higher input costs and volume deleverage, partially offset by cost savings. Additionally, in 2017 we recorded $2.4 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within cost of goods sold. Marketing, general and administrative expenses Marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased 8.5% in 2018 compared to 2017 driven by the amicable resolution of a dispute with a vendor in the third quarter of 2018, spending optimization and efficiencies during the year as well as lower employee-related expenses including incremental cost reductions initiated in the third quarter of 2018 and lower employee incentive expense. Marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased in 2017 compared to 2016 on a reported basis and decreased in 2017 compared to 2016 on a pro forma basis , due to spending optimization and efficiencies. Marketing, general and administrative expenses also includes integration costs of $5.1 million in 2017. Interest income (expense), net Net interest income decreased for 2018 compared to 2017 as a result of lower reductions in mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest liabilities in 2018 compared to 2017. Adjustments in the carrying value of the mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests are recorded to interest income (expense), net until settled. Net interest income increased for 2017 compared to 2016, primarily due to a reduction in mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest liabilities. 47 Table of Contents Canada Segment Financial volume in hectoliters (1)(2) Sales (2) Excise taxes Net sales (2) Cost of goods sold (2) Gross profit $ Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net (3) Operating income (loss) Other income (expense), net (4) Income (loss) before income taxes $ N/M = Not meaningful December 31, 2018 Change December 31, 2017 Change December 31, 2016 (In millions, except percentages) For the years ended 8.554 1,850.6 (458.5) 1,392.1 (847.0) 545.1 (341.9) (23.8) 179.4 (22.4) 157.0 (2.9)% (2.9)% $ 2.3 % (4.5)% — % (10.8)% (14.0)% 65.3 % (9.9)% N/M (25.3)% $ 8.805 1,906.2 (448.2) 1,458.0 (847.0) 611.0 (397.5) (14.4) 199.1 11.1 210.2 (1.6)% 1.4 % $ (1.2)% 2.3 % 6.4 % (2.9)% 9.5 % (96.3)% N/M 42.3 % N/M $ 8.950 1,879.4 (453.7) 1,425.7 (796.4) 629.3 (363.0) (393.8) (127.5) 7.8 (119.7) (1) (2) (3) (4) Financial volumes for the year ended December 31, 2016, were recast to reflect the impacts of aligning policies on reporting financial volumes as a result of the Acquisition. Includes gross inter-segment sales, purchases, and volumes, which are eliminated in the consolidated totals. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, "Special Items" of the Notes for detail of special items. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 5, "Other Income and Expense" of the Notes for detail of other income (expense). Significant events As a result of the Acquisition, the Miller brands were added to our Canada segment's portfolio beginning October 11, 2016. Additionally, as part of our ongoing assessment of our Canadian supply chain network, we completed the sale of our Vancouver brewery on March 31, 2016. In conjunction with the sale of the brewery, we agreed to leaseback the existing property to continue operations on an uninterrupted basis while the new brewery is being constructed. We have and continue to incur significant capital expenditures associated with the construction of the new brewery in Chilliwack, British Columbia, most of which we expect to be funded with the proceeds from the sale of the Vancouver brewery. We will also incur additional charges, including estimated accelerated depreciation charges of approximately CAD 7 million , through final closure of the brewery which is currently expected to occur in the third quarter of 2019 . The remaining costs of leasing the existing facility through the estimated closure date will be approximately CAD 4 million which are not included within special items. In further efforts to help optimize the Canada brewery network, in the third quarter of 2017 we announced a plan to build a more efficient and flexible brewery in the greater Montreal area. As a result of this decision, we have begun to develop plans to transition out of our existing Montreal brewery, including the acquisition of land in Longueuil, Quebec. We are also actively negotiating the sale of the existing brewery location and are targeting completion of the sale in the second quarter of 2019. The brewery continues to be operational, and as part of the sale, we anticipate leasing back the property for continued use until the new brewery is operational, which is currently expected to occur in 2021. Accordingly, we incurred accelerated depreciation charges associated with the existing brewery closure starting in the second half of 2017, of which the amount in excess of normal depreciation is recorded within special items. We expect to incur additional charges, including estimated accelerated depreciation charges in excess of normal depreciation of approximately CAD 65 million , through final closure of the brewery. However, due to the uncertainty inherent in our estimates, these estimated future accelerated depreciation charges, as well as the timing of the brewery closure, are subject to change. During 2016, we recorded an aggregate impairment charge to the Molson core brand intangible asset within special items and subsequently reclassified the brands from indefinite to definite-lived, resulting in increased amortization expense of intangible assets for 2017 compared to 2016. 48       Table of Contents Foreign currency impact on results During 2018 , the CAD depreciated versus the USD on an average basis, resulting in a decrease of $4.3 million to our 2018 USD earnings before income taxes. During 2017 , the CAD appreciated versus the USD on an average basis, resulting in an increase of $5.1 million to our 2017 USD earnings before income taxes. Included in these amounts are both translational and transactional impacts of changes in foreign exchange rates. The impact of transactional foreign currency gains and losses is recorded within other income (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations. Volume and net sales Our Canada brand volume decreased 2.2% in 2018 compared to 2017 , as a result of volume decline in the West and Ontario, partially offset by growth in Quebec. Net sales per hectoliter on a brand volume basis decreased 2.6% in local currency in 2018 compared to 2017 , driven by the impacts resulting from the adoption of the new accounting pronouncement related to revenue recognition, which requires certain cash payments to customers to now be recognized as a reduction of revenue versus marketing, general and administrative expense, and unfavorable brand mix. Net sales per hectoliter on a reported basis in local currency decreased 1.6% in 2018 compared to 2017. Brand volume decreased 0.5% in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily as a result of lower domestic volumes, partially offset by the addition of the Miller brands as a result of the Acquisition. Net sales per hectoliter on a brand volume basis increased 1.6% in local currency in 2017 compared to 2016 , driven by positive pricing and sales mix. Net sales per hectoliter on a reported basis in local currency increased 2.2% in 2017 compared to 2016. Cost of goods sold Cost of goods sold per hectoliter in local currency increased 2.9% in 2018 compared to 2017 , driven by input cost inflation, volume deleverage, and supply chain transformation investments, partially offset by distribution gains and cost savings. Additionally, for 2018 we recorded $0.5 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold per hectoliter in local currency increased 6.2% in 2017 compared to 2016 , due to sales mix shift to higher cost products, impacts of volume deleverage, higher inflation and unfavorable transactional foreign currency impacts, partially offset by ongoing cost saving initiatives. Additionally, for 2017 we recorded $4.1 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within cost of goods sold. Marketing, general and administrative expenses Marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased 14.1% in local currency in 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily driven by impacts resulting from the adoption of the new accounting pronouncement related to revenue recognition as further discussed above and lower brand investments. Marketing, general and administrative expenses increased 7.6% in local currency in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily driven by higher brand amortization in 2017, partially offset by lower bad debt expense, and spending reductions. Other income (expense), net Other expense of $22.4 million in 2018 was primarily driven by charges related to unrealized mark-to-market losses on warrants issued in connection with the formation of the Truss joint venture, as further detailed in Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities." 49 Table of Contents Europe Segment Financial volume in hectoliters (1)(2)(3) Sales (3) Excise taxes Net sales (3) Cost of goods sold Gross profit $ Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net (4) Operating income (loss) Interest income (expense), net Other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes $ N/M = Not meaningful December 31, 2018 Change December 31, 2017 Change December 31, 2016 (In millions, except percentages) For the years ended 23.772 3,088.6 (1,086.0) 2,002.6 (1,269.4) 733.2 (534.6) (6.0) 192.6 (5.1) (1.1) 186.4 2.1 % 6.9 % $ 14.6 % 3.2 % 8.1 % (4.3)% 0.8 % 20.0 % (16.6)% N/M N/M (20.6)% $ 23.290 2,888.3 (947.6) 1,940.7 (1,174.4) 766.3 (530.3) (5.0) 231.0 3.6 0.3 234.9 3.1 % 4.0 % $ (6.9)% 10.3 % 4.5 % 20.4 % 3.7 % N/M 85.2 % — % (96.8)% 70.7 % $ 22.590 2,778.1 (1,017.9) 1,760.2 (1,123.5) 636.7 (511.4) (0.6) 124.7 3.6 9.3 137.6 (1) (2) (3) (4) Financial volumes for the year ended December 31, 2016, were recast to reflect the impacts of aligning policies on reporting financial volumes as a result of the Acquisition. Excludes royalty volume of 1.787 million hectoliters, 1.694 million hectoliters and 0.194 million hectoliters for 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Includes gross inter-segment sales and volumes, which are eliminated in the consolidated totals. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, "Special Items" of the Notes for detail of special items. Significant events The U.K. is expected to leave the European Union on March 29, 2019. However, the proposed withdrawal agreement was rejected by the U.K. Parliament on November 14, 2018, and January 15, 2019. As a result, the terms of the withdrawal remain unknown, which subjects our Europe segment to regulatory and market uncertainty in the U.K. and in the rest of Europe. See Part I—Item 1A Risk Factors under "Risks Specific to the Europe Segment" for further discussion of the risks specific to the U.K.'s proposed exit from the EU. In January 2018, the Europe segment completed the acquisition of Aspall Cyder Limited, an established premium cider business in the U.K. As a result of the Acquisition, the Miller brands were added to our Europe segment's portfolio beginning October 11, 2016, and effective January 1, 2017, European markets including Sweden, Spain, Germany, Ukraine and Russia, which were previously reported under our International segment, are reported within our Europe segment. As part of our continued strategic review of our European supply chain network, during the fourth quarter of 2015, we announced the planned closure of the Burton South brewery in the U.K. Since 2015, we incurred charges consisting primarily of accelerated depreciation in excess of normal depreciation related to the Burton South brewery which closed during the first quarter of 2018. Production has been consolidated within our recently modernized Burton North brewery. We may recognize other charges or benefits related to brewery closures, which cannot currently be estimated and will be recorded within special items. In the first quarter of 2017, the largest food and retail company in Croatia, Agrokor, announced that it was facing significant financial difficulties that raised doubt about the collectibility of certain of our outstanding receivables with its direct subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are customers of ours within the Europe segment and, therefore, we have closely monitored the situation. As a result, we recorded a provision for an estimate of uncollectible receivables during 2017. We have subsequently reduced this exposure and as of December 31, 2018 , our estimated provision of uncollectible receivables from Agrokor totals 50 Table of Contents approximately $3 million . The settlement plan related to this matter was approved in October 2018, and did not have a significant impact on our financial statements. During the first quarter of 2017, we released an indirect tax loss contingency which was initially recorded in the fourth quarter of 2016, for a benefit of approximately $50 million within the excise taxes line item on the consolidated statement of operations. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes for further discussion. Foreign currency impact on results Our Europe segment operates in numerous countries within Europe, and each country's operations utilize distinct currencies. During 2018 , foreign currency movements unfavorably impacted our Europe USD income before income taxes by $2.8 million . During 2017 , foreign currency movements unfavorably impacted our Europe USD income before income taxes by $7.5 million. Included in these amounts are both translational and transactional impacts of changes in foreign exchange rates. The impact of transactional foreign currency gains and losses is recorded within other income (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations. Volume and net sales Our Europe brand volume increased 2.2% in 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily driven by growth from our above premium and core brand performance. Net sales per hectoliter on a brand volume basis decreased 3.4% in local currency in 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily driven by the negative impact of cycling the release of the approximate $50 million indirect tax provision in the first quarter of 2017, negative pricing due to the impact of adopting recently revised excise-tax guidelines in one of our European markets, and increasing our investment behind our First Choice Agenda this year. Net sales per hectoliter on a reported basis in local currency decreased 2.1% in 2018 compared to 2017. Brand volume increased 10.3% in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily driven by the transfer of royalty and export brand volume across Europe from our International business and the addition of the Miller brands, along with growth from our above premium brands. Net sales per hectoliter on a brand volume basis increased 4.9% in local currency in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily driven by the indirect tax provision of approximately $50 million recorded in the fourth quarter of 2016 and subsequently released in the first quarter of 2017 and the addition of royalty and export brand volumes, including the impact of Miller brands. Net sales per hectoliter on a reported basis in local currency increased 9.0% in 2017 compared to 2016. Cost of goods sold Cost of goods sold per hectoliter increased 2.3% in local currency in 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily due to input inflation and mix shift to higher-cost brands and geographies. Additionally, we recorded $0.6 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within cost of goods sold in 2018 . Cost of goods sold per hectoliter increased 3.4% in local currency in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily driven by mix shift to higher cost brands and geographies. Additionally, we have recorded $0.6 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within cost of goods sold in 2017 . Marketing, general and administrative expenses Marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased 3.3% in local currency in 2018 compared to 2017 , driven by more efficient marketing investments and the impacts resulting from the adoption of the new accounting pronouncement related to revenue recognition and a positive impact from cycling a bad debt provision booked in 2017, partially offset by the addition of Aspall brand investments. Marketing, general and administrative expenses increased 4.9% in local currency in 2017 compared to 2016 , driven by higher brand investments and general and administrative costs, including increased amortization related to the Miller brand portfolio, and recognition of the previously mentioned provision for uncollectible receivables. 51 Table of Contents International Segment Financial volume in hectoliters (1)(2) Sales Excise taxes Net sales Cost of goods sold (3) Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net (4) Operating income (loss) Other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes N/M = Not meaningful $ $ December 31, 2018 Change December 31, 2017 Change December 31, 2016 (In millions, except percentages) For the years ended 2.214 299.5 (49.4) 250.1 (160.4) 89.7 (81.6) (9.3) (1.2) (1.5) (2.7) (7.5)% (0.5)% $ 33.9 % (5.3)% (11.1)% 7.4 % (19.8)% N/M (93.9)% N/M (86.3)% $ 2.394 300.9 (36.9) 264.0 (180.5) 83.5 (101.7) (1.6) (19.8) 0.1 (19.7) 60.1 % 57.5 % $ 34.7 % 61.4 % 68.5 % 47.8 % 56.0 % (94.9)% (50.3)% (50.0)% (50.3)% $ 1.495 191.0 (27.4) 163.6 (107.1) 56.5 (65.2) (31.1) (39.8) 0.2 (39.6) (1) (2) (3) (4) Financial volumes for the year ended December 31, 2016, were recast to reflect the impacts of aligning policies on reporting financial volumes as a result of the Acquisition. Excludes royalty volume of 2.267 million hectoliters, 1.991 million hectoliters and 1.908 million hectoliters in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Includes gross inter-segment purchases, which are eliminated in the consolidated totals. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, "Special Items" of the Notes for detail of special items. Significant events During the first half of 2018, we decided to formally exit our business in China and, as such, have incurred special charges. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, "Special Items" of the Notes for further detail. As a result of the Acquisition, the Miller brands were added to our International segment's portfolio beginning October 11, 2016. Additionally, as a result of the Acquisition, effective January 1, 2017, European markets including Sweden, Spain, Germany, Ukraine and Russia, which were previously reported as part of our International segment, are reported within our Europe segment while the results of the MillerCoors Puerto Rico business, which were previously included as part of the U.S. segment, are reported within the International segment. On April 5, 2016, the government of the state of Bihar implemented a complete prohibition of the sale and consumption of all forms of alcohol. As a result of this ban, our Molson Coors Cobra India business is currently not operating. This ban does not impact the rest of our business in India outside of the state of Bihar. As a result, we recorded an aggregate impairment charge of $30.8 million within special items during the second quarter of 2016. We continue to monitor legal proceedings impacting the regulatory environment as it relates to our ability to resume operations in the state. Foreign currency impact on results Our International segment operates in numerous countries around the world and each country's operations utilize distinct currencies. Foreign currency movements unfavorably impacted our International USD loss before income taxes by $3.2 million for 2018 and favorably impacted our International USD loss before income taxes by $0.2 million for 2017 . Included in these amounts are both translational and transactional impacts of changes in foreign exchange rates. The impact of transactional foreign currency gains and losses is recorded within other income (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations. Volume and net sales Our International brand volume increased 2.2% in 2018 compared to 2017 , driven by organic volume growth in many of our focus markets, partially offset by lower volumes in Mexico due to higher net pricing and the loss of the Modelo contract in 52       Table of Contents Japan at the end of the second quarter of 2017. Our International financial volume decreased 7.5% in 2018 compared to 2017 , driven by shifting to local third party production in Mexico, which increased our royalty volume. Net sales per hectoliter on a brand volume basis decreased 7.3% in 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily driven by sales mix changes and shifting to local production in Mexico, partially offset by positive net pricing. Net sales per hectoliter on a reported basis increased 2.4% in 2018 compared to 2017 due to changes in sales mix. Brand volume increased 28.9% in 2017 compared to 2016 , driven by the change in segment reporting of the Puerto Rico business from the U.S. segment, Coors Light growth primarily in Latin America and the addition of the Miller brands partially offset by the transfer of royalty and export brand volume to Europe. Net sales per hectoliter on a brand volume basis increased 25.2% in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily due to sales mix changes and positive pricing. Net sales per hectoliter on a reported basis increased 0.8% in 2017 compared to 2016, driven by positive net pricing and favorable sales mix. Cost of goods sold Cost of goods sold per hectoliter decreased 3.9% in 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily driven by sales mix changes. Additionally, during 2018 we recorded $1.0 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold per hectoliter increased 5.2% in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily driven by sales mix changes. Additionally, during 2017 we recorded $3.6 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within cost of goods sold. Marketing, general and administrative expenses Marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased 19.8% in 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily due to lower marketing investments, overhead, and integration costs as well as $2.0 million of settlement proceeds related to our Colombia business in the first quarter of 2018. During 2018 , we recorded $1.8 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within marketing, general and administrative expenses. Marketing, general and administrative expenses increased 56.0% in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily due to higher organization and integration costs related to the acquisition of the Miller global brands, along with increased brand investments, including higher brand amortization costs. During 2017 , we recorded $8.4 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within marketing, general and administrative expenses. Corporate Segment December 31, 2018 Change December 31, 2017 Change December 31, 2016 (In millions, except percentages) For the years ended $ Financial volume in hectoliters Sales Excise taxes Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net (1) Operating income (loss) Interest expense, net Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Other income (expense), net — 0.8 — 0.8 (166.4) (165.6) (213.3) 326.6 (52.3) (301.9) 38.2 14.4 — % (11.1)% $ — % (11.1)% N/M N/M (11.1)% N/M (55.0)% (16.1)% (19.4)% N/M — 0.9 — 0.9 122.9 123.8 (239.8) (0.1) (116.1) (360.0) 47.4 (7.7) — % (10.0)% $ — % (10.0)% N/M N/M 6.4 % (85.7)% (42.6)% 45.2 % N/M (84.8)% Income (loss) before income taxes $ (301.6) (30.9)% $ (436.4) (11.3)% $ — 1.0 — 1.0 22.9 23.9 (225.3) (0.7) (202.1) (248.0) 8.4 (50.5) (492.2) N/M = Not meaningful 53       Table of Contents (1) See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, "Special Items" of the Notes for detail of special items. Significant events In connection with the Acquisition, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, various transaction and integration costs as further discussed below. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" of the Notes for further details. Cost of goods sold The unrealized changes in fair value on our commodity swaps, which are economic hedges, are recorded as cost of goods sold within our Corporate business activities. As the exposure we are managing is realized, we reclassify the gain or loss to the segment in which the underlying exposure resides, allowing our segments to realize the economic effects of the derivative without the resulting unrealized mark-to-market volatility. Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 , include unrealized mark-to-market losses of $166.2 million , and cost of goods sold for the years ended December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016, include unrealized mark-to-market gains of $123.3 million and $23.1 million, respectively, on these commodity swaps. Lower commodity market prices relative to our hedged positions on our commodity swaps drove the total unrealized mark-to-market loss in 2018. The total gain recognized in 2017 was primarily driven by higher commodity prices during the year versus 2016. Marketing, general and administrative expenses Marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased in 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily due to the timing of corporate general and administrative costs, lower employee-related expenses, and higher integration costs related to the Acquisition recognized in the prior year, partially offset by incremental investment behind global business capabilities including information technology investments. During 2018 we recorded $36.9 million of integration costs related to the Acquisition within marketing, general and administrative expenses. Marketing, general and administrative expenses increased in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily due to incremental investment behind global business capabilities including higher compensation expense, partially offset by higher acquisition-related costs recognized in 2016. Specifically, during 2017 we recorded $57.1 million within marketing, general and administrative expenses related the Acquisition, compared to $108.4 million in 2016. Interest expense, net Net interest expense decreased in 2018 compared to 2017 , primarily driven by debt repayments. Net interest expense increased in 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily driven by incremental interest incurred on debt issued to partially fund the Acquisition. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" and Note 11, "Debt" for further details. Other income (expense), net Net other income in 2018 compared to net other expense in 2017 was primarily driven by an $11.7 million gain recorded on the sale of a non-operating asset in 2018. Net other expense decreased from 2017 compared to 2016 , primarily driven by financing costs incurred in 2016 on our bridge loan of approximately $63 million partially offset by the $20.5 million gain on the sale of non-operating assets as well as unrealized gains on foreign currency forwards which are economic hedges entered into during the second quarter of 2016 in connection with the issuance of debt on July 7, 2016. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 5, "Other Income and Expense" of the Notes for further discussion of other income (expense) amounts and Note 15, "Employee Retirement Plans and Postretirement Benefits" for discussion of changes in pension and postretirement benefits (costs) as all non-service cost components of pension and postretirement benefits (costs) are now reported within Corporate. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our primary sources of liquidity include cash provided by operating activities and access to external capital. We believe that cash flows from operations and cash provided by short-term and long-term borrowings, when necessary, will be more than adequate to meet our ongoing operating requirements, scheduled principal and interest payments on debt, anticipated dividend payments and capital expenditures for the next twelve months, and our long-term liquidity requirements. A significant portion of our trade receivables are concentrated in Europe. While these receivables are not concentrated in any specific customer and our allowance on these receivables factors in collectibility, we may encounter difficulties in our ability to collect due to the impact to our customers of any further economic downturn within Europe. 54 Table of Contents A significant portion of our cash flows from operating activities is generated outside the U.S., in currencies other than USD. As of December 31, 2018 , approximately 47% of our cash and cash equivalents were located outside the U.S., largely denominated in foreign currencies. We accrue for tax consequences on the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries upon repatriation. When the earnings are considered indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S., we do not accrue taxes. However, we continue to assess the impact of the 2017 Tax Act on the tax consequences of future repatriations. We utilize a variety of tax planning and financing strategies in an effort to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in the locations in which it is needed. We periodically review and evaluate these strategies, including external committed and non-committed credit agreements accessible by MCBC and each of our operating subsidiaries. We believe these financing arrangements, along with the cash generated from the operations of our U.S. segment, are sufficient to fund our current cash needs in the U.S. Cash Flows and Use of Cash Our business generates positive operating cash flow each year, and our debt maturities are of a longer-term nature. However, our liquidity could be impacted significantly by the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. Cash Flows from Operating activities Net cash provided by operating activities of approximately $2.3 billion in 2018 , increased by $465.0 million compared to 2017 . This increase was driven by the proceeds received during the first quarter of $328.0 million related to the Adjustment Amount as defined and further discussed in Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" of the Notes, lower pension contributions and interest paid, partially offset by unfavorable changes in working capital and lower cash tax receipts. Net cash provided by operating activities of approximately $1.9 billion in 2017 increased by $739.4 million compared to 2016 . This increase is primarily related to the addition of the consolidated U.S. business, lower cash paid for taxes (refund in 2017 as compared to cash tax paid in 2016 ) and working capital improvements, partially offset by higher pension contributions including the discretionary cash contribution of $200 million to the U.S. pension plan and higher cash paid for interest. Cash Flows from Investing activities Net cash used in investing activities of $669.1 million in 2018 , increased by $130.9 million compared to 2017 primarily due to higher capital expenditures, increased outflows from other investing activities, including acquisitions, as well as lower proceeds related to asset disposals. Net cash used in investing activities of $538.2 million in 2017 decreased by approximately $11.7 billion compared to 2016 driven primarily by the completion of the Acquisition in 2016 for $12.0 billion , offset by higher capital expenditures in 2017 resulting from the Acquisition. Cash Flows from Financing activities Net cash used in financing activities of approximately $1.0 billion in 2018 , decreased by $487.5 million from net cash used in financing activities of approximately $1.5 billion in 2017 . This decrease was primarily driven by lower net repayments on debt and borrowings in 2018 compared to 2017 , partially offset by the repayment of borrowings under our commercial paper program in 2018 compared to an increase in borrowings under our commercial paper program in the prior year. Net cash used in financing activities of approximately $1.5 billion in 2017 , decreased by approximately $12.8 billion from net cash provided by financing activities of approximately $11.3 billion in 2016 . This change was primarily driven by the approximate $2.5 billion of net proceeds received from our February 3, 2016, equity offering of 29.9 million shares of our Class B common stock, the approximate $6.9 billion of net proceeds from the issuance of debt on July 7, 2016, to partially fund the Acquisition in 2016, as well as increased net repayments of debt as we began to deleverage in 2017. See "Borrowings" below for more details on financing activity. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 11, "Debt" of the Notes for a summary of our financing activities and debt position as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 . Capital Resources Cash and Cash Equivalents As of December 31, 2018 , we had total cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.1 billion , compared to $418.6 million as of December 31, 2017 . The increase in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2018 , from December 31, 2017 , was primarily driven by the net proceeds from operating activities including the proceeds received during the first quarter of $328.0 million related to the Adjustment Amount as defined and further discussed in Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" of the Notes, partially offset by repayments of borrowings, 55 Table of Contents capital expenditures and dividend payments. The majority of our cash and cash equivalents are invested in a variety of highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less. These investments are viewed by management as low-risk investments on which there are little to no restrictions regarding our ability to access the underlying cash to fund our operations as necessary. While we have some investments in prime money market funds, these are classified as cash and cash equivalents; however, we continually monitor the need for reclassification under the updated SEC requirements for money market funds, and the potential that the shares of such funds could have a net asset value of less than one dollar. We also utilize cash pooling arrangements to facilitate the access to cash across our geographies. Working Capital The Company actively manages working capital through inventory management as well as management of accounts payable and accounts receivable to ensure we are able to meet short-term obligations and we are effectively using assets to increase profitability. Borrowings During the third quarter of 2018, we repaid our CAD 400 million 2.25% notes which matured in September 2018. Notional amounts are presented in USD based on the applicable exchange rate as of December 31, 2018 . Refer to Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 11, "Debt" for details regarding the cross currency swaps on our $500 million 2.25% senior notes due 2020 which economically converted these notes to EUR denominated. 56 Table of Contents Based on the credit profile of our lenders that are party to our credit facilities, we are confident in our ability to draw on our revolving credit facility if the need arises. We had no borrowings on our $1.5 billion revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2018 . During the third quarter of 2018, we extended the maturity date of our revolving credit facility by one year to July 7, 2023. In addition, we intend to further utilize our cross-border, cross-currency cash pool as well as our commercial paper program for liquidity as needed. We also have JPY overdraft facilities, CAD, GBP and USD lines of credit with several banks should we need additional short-term liquidity. Under the terms of each of our debt facilities, we must comply with certain restrictions. These include restrictions on priority indebtedness (certain threshold percentages of secured consolidated net tangible assets), leverage thresholds, liens, and restrictions on certain types of sale lease-back transactions and transfers of assets. Additionally, under the $1.5 billion revolving credit facility, the maximum leverage ratio is 4.75x debt to EBITDA, with a decline to 4.00x debt to EBITDA as of the last day of the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2020 . As of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , we were in compliance with all of these restrictions, have met such financial ratios and have met all debt payment obligations. All of our outstanding senior notes as of December 31, 2018 , rank pari- passu. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 11, "Debt" of the Notes for a complete discussion and presentation of all borrowings and available sources of borrowing, including lines of credit. Credit Rating Our current long-term credit ratings are BBB-/Stable Outlook, Baa3/Stable Outlook and BBB(Low)/Stable Outlook with Standard and Poor's, Moody's and DBRS, respectively. Our short-term credit ratings are A-3, Prime-3 and R-2(low), respectively. A securities rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities, and it may be revised or withdrawn at any time by the rating agency. Foreign Exchange Foreign exchange risk is inherent in our operations primarily due to the significant operating results that are denominated in currencies other than USD. Our approach is to reduce the volatility of cash flows and reported earnings which result from 57 Table of Contents currency fluctuations rather than business related factors. Therefore, we closely monitor our operations in each country and seek to adopt appropriate strategies that are responsive to foreign currency fluctuations. Our financial risk management policy is intended to offset a portion of the potentially unfavorable impact of exchange rate changes on net income and earnings per share. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" of the Notes for additional information on our financial risk management strategies. Our consolidated financial statements are presented in USD, which is our reporting currency. Assets and liabilities recorded in foreign currencies that are the functional currencies for the respective operations are translated at the prevailing exchange rate at the balance sheet date. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income. Revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the period. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in earnings for the period. The significant exchange rates to the USD used in the preparation of our consolidated financial results for the primary foreign currencies used in our foreign operations (functional currency) are as follows: Weighted-Average Exchange Rate (1 USD equals) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 For the years ended Canadian dollar (CAD) Euro (EUR) British pound (GBP) Czech Koruna (CZK) Croatian Kuna (HRK) Serbian Dinar (RSD) Romanian Leu (RON) Bulgarian Lev (BGN) Hungarian Forint (HUF) Closing Exchange Rate (1 USD equals) Canadian dollar (CAD) Euro (EUR) British pound (GBP) Czech Koruna (CZK) Croatian Kuna (HRK) Serbian Dinar (RSD) Romanian Leu (RON) Bulgarian Lev (BGN) Hungarian Forint (HUF) 1.30 0.84 0.77 21.93 6.32 99.74 4.00 1.67 267.65 1.27 0.88 0.77 23.43 6.59 112.49 4.01 1.72 276.49 As of 1.32 0.90 0.75 24.61 6.78 110.81 4.05 1.77 258.13 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 1.36 0.87 0.78 22.43 6.46 103.20 4.06 1.71 279.94 1.26 0.83 0.74 21.29 6.19 98.52 3.89 1.63 258.91 The weighted-average exchange rates in the above table have been calculated based on the average of the foreign exchange rates during the relevant period and have been weighted according to the foreign denominated earnings from operations of the USD equivalent. If foreign currencies in the countries in which we operate devalue significantly in future periods, most significantly the CAD and European operating currencies included in the above table, then the impact on USD reported earnings may be material. Capital Expenditures In 2018 , we incurred $643.2 million , and have paid $651.7 million , for capital improvement projects worldwide, excluding capital spending by equity method joint ventures, representing an approximate 2% increase versus 2017 capital expenditures incurred of $628.4 million . This increase is primarily due to capital expenditures associated with the construction of our new Chilliwack, British Columbia brewery, expected to be finalized in the third quarter of 2019, and Longueuil, Quebec brewery. 58 Table of Contents We continue to focus on where and how we employ our planned capital expenditures, specifically strengthening our focus on required returns on invested capital as we determine how to best allocate cash within the business. Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments Contractual Obligations A summary of our consolidated contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 , based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 , is as follows: Total Less than 1 year Payments due by period 1 - 3 years (In millions) 3 - 5 years More than 5 years Debt obligations $ 10,540.0 $ 1,595.2 $ 1,866.6 $ Interest payments on debt obligations Retirement plan expenditures (1) Operating leases Capital leases Other long-term obligations (2) Total obligations 4,284.5 447.8 184.8 124.1 2,592.6 297.1 51.4 49.4 6.1 694.4 $ 18,173.8 $ 2,693.6 $ 542.9 90.6 72.8 42.1 1,081.8 3,696.8 $ 866.6 $ 458.9 89.5 41.6 11.7 657.0 2,125.3 $ 6,211.6 2,985.6 216.3 21.0 64.2 159.4 9,658.1 See Part II - Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 11, "Debt" , Note 15, "Employee Retirement Plans and Postretirement Benefits," Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" and Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes for additional information. (1) (2) Represents expected contributions under our defined benefit pension plans in the next twelve months and our benefit payments under postretirement benefit plans for all periods presented. The net underfunded liability as of December 31, 2018 , of our defined benefit pension plans (excluding our overfunded plans) and postretirement benefit plans is $104.1 million and $672.1 million , respectively. Defined benefit pension plan contributions in future years will vary based on a number of factors, including actual plan asset returns and interest rates, and as such, have been excluded from the above table. We fund pension plans to meet the requirements set forth in applicable employee benefits laws. We may also voluntarily increase funding levels to meet financial goals. Excluding BRI and BDL, in 2019 , we expect to make contributions to our defined benefit pension plans of approximately $6 million and benefit payments under our OPEB plans of approximately $45 million , based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 . Our U.K. pension plan is subject to a statutory valuation for funding purposes every three years. The most recent valuation as of June 30, 2016, resulted in a long-term funding commitment plan consisting of MCBC contributions to the plan of a GBP 60 million lump-sum contribution in early 2020 and incremental GBP 25.7 million annual contributions from 2020 through 2026, which are excluded from the above table. We have taken numerous steps to reduce our exposure to these long-term pension obligations, including the closure of the U.K. pension plan in early 2009 to future earning of service credit, benefit modifications in several of our Canada plans and entering into partial buy-out contracts for some of our plans. However, given the net liability of our underfunded plans and their dependence upon the global financial markets for their financial health, the plans may continue to periodically require potentially significant amounts of cash funding. Primarily includes non-cancelable purchase commitments as of December 31, 2018 , that are enforceable and legally binding. Approximately $1.7 billion of the total other long-term obligations relate to long-term supply contracts with third parties to purchase raw material, packaging material and energy used in production. Our aggregate commitments for advertising and promotions, including sports sponsorship, total approximately $486 million . The remaining amounts relate to derivative payments, sales and marketing, distribution, information technology services, open purchase orders and other commitments. Included in other long-term obligations are $6.1 million of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding positions we would expect to settle using deferred tax assets, and $10.5 million of indemnities provided to FEMSA for which we cannot reasonably estimate the timing of future cash flows, and we have therefore included these amounts in the more than 5 years column. 59       Table of Contents Guarantees We guarantee indebtedness and other obligations to banks and other third parties for some of our equity method investments and consolidated subsidiaries. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes for further discussion. Other Commercial Commitments Based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 , future commercial commitments are as follows: Standby letters of credit $ 64.5 $ 48.8 $ 15.7 $ — $ — Amount of commitment expiration per period Total amounts committed Less than 1 year 1 - 3 years (In millions) 3 - 5 years More than 5 years Contingencies We are party to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, environmental litigation and indemnities associated with our sale of Kaiser to FEMSA. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes for further discussion. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements In accordance with U.S. GAAP, our operating leases are not reflected in our consolidated balance sheets. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements, Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes for further discussion of these off-balance sheet arrangements. As of December 31, 2018 , we did not have any other material off-balance sheet arrangements (as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K). Outlook for 2019 In the U.S., Miller Lite continues its strong segment trend while Coors Light’s relative performance improved with the brand holding share of segment in the fourth quarter of 2018. In 2019, we have plans to accelerate our above premium portfolio through higher investment. We plan to double our media spend on Blue Moon , the number one national craft brand, air national advertising for Peroni for the first time, build on a very successful year-one for both Arnold Palmer Spiked Half and Half and Sol , increase the presence of Henry's Hard in the fast growing hard seltzer category, focusing on the brand's clear product differentiators of zero sugar and only 88 calories and introduce a number of innovations, including Cape Line , Saint Archer Gold , Crispin extensions and Sol Chelada - all before this summer. Our U.S. business enters 2019 having further strengthened its position as the trusted category captain across chain accounts in both the off- and on- premise channels and more broadly our customer excellence performance is market leading and improving further, as evidenced by the Advantage Survey results. Additionally, allied to this we have ramped up our e-commerce approach within joint business plans and continue to build competitive advantage through our technology enabled field sales teams with tools such as BeerMate, which we are rolling out globally. Our new Coors Light advertising is now on air, and we believe we are moving in the right direction with the brand, allowing us to take even more share in premium lights. We anticipate Coors Light will continue to emphasize its cold, Rocky Mountain positioning as the World's Most Refreshing Beer. We expect it will also invest more than ever on digital and social channels to engage and recruit 21-34 year olds. Miller Lite , the original light beer with less carbs and calories, plans to further enhance its competitive messaging to drive greater consumer affinity and brand switching from its major competitor. In Canada, our First Choice Commercial excellence approach and capability is building. In terms of commercial performance, there are multiple highlights. Our total share trend has improved three quarters in a row and Coors Light’s segment share also improved three quarters in a row, improving to flat in the fourth quarter. Craft volume grew driven by Belgian Moon and Creemore and our non-alcoholic portfolio of Coors Edge and Heineken 0.0 is delivering strong volume and segment share growth. In the value segment, we delivered strong share growth in 2018 driven by our simplified portfolio strategy and the launch of Miller High Life . As we look at 2019 and beyond, we believe there is growth potential from our innovation pipeline. Coors Slice , for example, is an innovation that strengthens the Coors trademark, and we are encouraged by the tests behind our pending introduction of Aqua-Relle , our hard sparkling water. Our commitment to customer excellence includes the adoption of BeerMate to strengthen field sales management and promising joint business plan pilots with key customers. For example, a pilot with Ontario’s LCBO is producing beer category growth well in excess of the total industry performance. Our two largest brands will benefit from new advertising, brand redesign, and innovation in 2019. For Coors Light , we launch our new “The Mountains Are Calling” campaign and introduce new packages, including a new chill pack in 60       Table of Contents time for summer and the Molson trademark enters 2019 with a new brand redesign and communication platform which we expect will unlock latent passion for the brand. The Miller brand trademark returned to our portfolio in 2016, and we plan to build on a very successful 2018: building awareness and distribution of Miller High Life since its launch early last year, rolling out Miller Lite nationally after a successful trial in Newfoundland, and adding to the success of Miller Genuine Draft in other non-U.S. markets by expanding the brand’s availability and above premium positioning. In Europe, our brand volumes are growing and premiumizing. Our national champion portfolio inflected to positive volume growth last year, our global brands continued to grow well in excess of the industry, and our above premium and craft portfolio also contributed to growth and mix. Our First Choice for Customer focus is also strengthening our customer relationships. For example, according to the Advantage survey of U.K. retailers, we rate number one in the Multiple On-Trade across all beverage suppliers. Our national champion brands in Europe had a solid year, and we still aim for more. Our largest brand, Carling , has just begun a major new 360 campaign, “Made Local,” which started this month, and we anticipate it will continue throughout 2019 and we believe it will strengthen the brand's market leading position. Finally, in Europe, we are exporting and licensing our brands to multiple new markets. We are generating increasing profit from this business and are excited about its future because it is low capital intensity and we believe it offers considerable room for growth. In International, last year was year-one of our new International strategy, targeting focus markets and implementing the many actions that have improved profitability. These include our shift to local production in Mexico, favorable changes in the pricing of Coors Light , Miller Genuine Draft , and Miller Lite , accelerated growth of Blue Moon and Miller High Life , and improved performance at retail. International’s recent wins include Miller Genuine Draft capturing leadership of Paraguay’s premium segment, our new Blue Moon Tap House in Panama which we expect to be the first of many, and strong growth across our portfolio in Latin America and India. Looking forward, our International business will remain committed to top- and bottom-line growth driven by continued focus on portfolio mix improvements, building capabilities to expand within our priority markets and potential strategic entry into new markets. Cost Savings We intend to deliver cost savings on our three-year cost savings program for 2017 to 2019 of approximately $700 million, including approximately $205 million in 2019. Delivering on these savings commitments will be particularly important given recent increases in input costs such as aluminum and fuel as well as impacts of inflation. Our next generation cost savings program, for 2020 through 2022, is currently expected to deliver approximately $450 million over the three- year program term and is focused around many of the same functions of the business as the current program. Capital Expenditures We currently expect to incur total capital expenditures of approximately $700 million in 2019 , based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 , including capital expenditures associated with the construction of our new British Columbia and Montreal breweries and excluding capital spending by equity method joint ventures. Interest We anticipate 2019 consolidated net interest expense of approximately $300 million , based on foreign exchange and interest rates as of December 31, 2018 . Tax We expect our effective tax rate to be in the range of 18 to 22 percent for 2019, which remains subject to additional definitive guidance from the U.S. government regarding the implementation of the 2017 Tax Act. Our preliminary view of our long-term effective tax rate (after 2019) is in the range of 20 to 24 percent. Dividends and Stock Repurchases We currently plan to maintain our current quarterly dividend of $0.41 per share until we achieve a leverage ratio of approximately 3.75x debt to EBITDA on a rating agency basis, which we expect to achieve around the middle of 2019. Upon achieving approximately 3.75x leverage, our board's intention is to reinstitute a dividend payout-ratio target in the range of 20-25% of annual trailing EBITDA for the second half of 2019 and ongoing thereafter. We have suspended our share repurchase program as we continue to pay down debt which we plan to revisit as we deleverage. Critical Accounting Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, we are required to make judgments and estimates that significantly affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures. Our estimates are based on historical experience, 61 Table of Contents current trends and various other assumptions we believe to be relevant under the circumstances. We review the underlying factors used in our estimates regularly, including reviewing the significant accounting policies impacting the estimates, to ensure compliance with U.S. GAAP. However, due to the uncertainty inherent in our estimates, actual results may be materially different. We have identified the accounting estimates below as critical to understanding and evaluating the financial results reported in our consolidated financial statements. For a complete description of our significant accounting policies, see Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of the Notes. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Our defined benefit pension plans cover certain current and former employees in the U.S., Canada, the U.K. (within our Europe segment) and Japan (within our International segment). Benefit accruals for the majority of employees in our U.S. plan have been frozen and the plans are closed to new entrants. In the U.S., we also participate in, and make contributions to, multi-employer pension plans. Our OPEB plans provide medical benefits for retirees and their eligible dependents as well as life insurance and, in some cases, dental and vision coverage, for certain retirees in Canada, the U.S., Corporate, and Europe. The U.S., Canada and U.K. defined benefit pension plans are primarily funded, but the Japan plan and all OPEB plans are unfunded. We also offer defined contribution plans in each of our segments. Accounting for pension and OPEB plans requires that we make assumptions that involve considerable judgment which are significant inputs in the actuarial models that measure our net pension and OPEB obligations and ultimately impact our earnings. These include the discount rate, long-term expected rate of return on assets, compensation trends, inflation considerations, health care cost trends and other assumptions, as well as determining the fair value of assets in our funded plans. Specifically, the discount rates, as well as the expected rates of return on assets and plan asset fair value determination, are important assumptions used in determining the plans' funded status and annual net periodic pension and OPEB benefit costs. We evaluate these critical assumptions at least annually on a plan and country-specific basis. We also, with the help of actuaries, periodically evaluate other assumptions involving demographic factors, such as retirement age, mortality and turnover, and update them to reflect our experience and expectations for the future. While we believe that our assumptions are appropriate, significant differences in our actual experience or significant changes in our assumptions may materially affect our net pension and postretirement benefit obligations and related expense. Discount Rates The assumed discount rates are used to present-value future benefit obligations based on each plan's respective estimated duration. Our pension and postretirement discount rates are based on our annual evaluation of high quality corporate bonds in the various markets based on appropriate indices and actuarial guidance. We believe that our discount rate assumptions are appropriate; however, significant changes in our assumptions may materially affect our pension and OPEB obligations and related expense. As of December 31, 2018 , on a weighted-average basis, the discount rates used were 3.44% for our defined benefit pension plans and 3.92% for our OPEB plans. The change from the weighted-average discount rates of 3.01% for our defined benefit pension plans and 3.34% for our postretirement plans as of December 31, 2017 , is primarily the result of overall market changes during 2018. A 50 basis point change in our discount rate assumptions would have had the following effects on the projected benefit obligation balances as of December 31, 2018 , for our pension and OPEB plans: Projected benefit obligation - unfavorable (favorable) Pension obligation OPEB obligation Total impact to the projected benefit obligation $ $ 62 Impact to projected benefit obligation as of  December 31, 2018  - 50 basis points Decrease Increase (In millions) 350.0 $ 35.4 385.4 $ (313.1) (33.2) (346.3) Table of Contents Our U.K. pension plan includes benefits linked to inflation. The above sensitivity analysis does not consider the implications to inflation resulting from the above contemplated discount rate changes. This sensitivity holds all other assumptions constant. Long-Term Expected Rates of Return on Assets The assumed long-term expected return on assets is used to estimate the actual return that will occur on each individual funded plan's respective plan assets in the upcoming year. We determine each plan's EROA with substantial input from independent investment specialists, including our actuaries and other consultants. In developing each plan's EROA, we consider current and expected asset allocations, historical market rates as well as historical and expected returns on each plan's individual asset classes. In developing future return expectations for each of our plan's assets, we evaluate general market trends as well as key elements of asset class returns such as expected earnings growth, yields and spreads. The calculation includes inputs for interest, inflation, credit, and risk premium (active investment management) rates and fees paid to service providers. Based on the above factors and expected asset allocations, we have assumed, on a weighted-average basis, an EROA of 4.38% for our defined benefit pension plan assets for cost recognition in 2019 . This is an increase from the weighted-average rate of 4.10% we had assumed in 2018 . We believe that our EROA assumptions are appropriate; however, significant changes in our assumptions or actual returns that differ significantly from estimated returns may materially affect our net periodic pension costs. To compute the expected return on plan assets, we apply the EROA to the market-related value of the pension plan assets adjusted for projected benefit payments to be made from the plan assets and projected contributions to the plan assets. We use the fair value approach to calculate the market-related value of pension plan assets used to determine net periodic pension cost, which includes measuring the market-related value of plan assets at fair value for purposes of determining the expected return on plan assets and amount of gain or loss subject to amortization. A 50 basis point change in our discount rate and expected return on assets assumptions made at the beginning of 2018 would have had the following effects on 2018 net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs: Description of pension and postretirement plan sensitivity item Expected return on pension plan assets Discount rate on pension plans Discount rate on postretirement plans Fair Value of Plan Assets Impact to 2018 pension and postretirement benefit costs - 50  basis points (unfavorable) favorable Decrease Increase $ $ $ (In millions) (28.4) $ 2.7 $ 1.8 $ 28.4 (7.5) (1.6) We recognize our defined benefit pension plans as assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets based on their underfunded or overfunded status as of our year end and recognize changes in the funded status due to changes in actuarial assumptions in the year in which the changes occur within other comprehensive income. Our funded status of our defined benefit pension plans is measured as the difference between each plan's projected benefit obligation and its assets' fair values. The fair value of plan assets is determined by us using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required in selecting an appropriate methodology and interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value, especially in the absence of quoted market values in an active market. Changes in these assumptions or the use of different market inputs may have a material impact on the estimated fair values or the ultimate amount at which the plan assets are available to satisfy our plan obligations. Equity assets are diversified between domestic and other international investments. Relative allocations reflect the demographics of the respective plan participants. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 15, "Employee Retirement Plans and Postretirement Benefits" of the Notes for a comparison of target asset allocation percentages to actual asset allocations as of December 31, 2018 . Other Considerations Our net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs are also influenced by the potential amortization (or non-amortization) from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) of deferred gains and losses, which occur when actual experience differs from estimates. We employ the corridor approach for determining each plan's amortization. This approach defines the “corridor” as the greater of 10% of the PBO or 10% of the market-related value of plan assets (as discussed above) 63       Table of Contents and requires amortization of the excess net gain or loss that exceeds the corridor over the average remaining service periods of active plan participants. For our closed plans or plans that are primarily inactive, the average remaining life expectancy of all plan participants (including retirees) is used. If our actuarial losses significantly exceed this corridor in the future, significant incremental pension and postretirement costs could result. As of year-end 2018 , the deferred losses of several of our Canadian plans, as well as those in our U.K. plan, and the deferred gains of our U.S. plan, exceeded the 10% corridor. The assumed health care cost trend rates represent the rates at which health care costs are assumed to increase and are based on actuarial input and consideration of historical and expected experience. We use these trends as a significant assumption in determining our postretirement benefit obligation and related costs. Changes in our projections of future health care costs due to general economic conditions and those specific to health care will impact this trend rate. An increase in the trend rate would increase our obligation and expense of our postretirement health care plan. We believe that our health care cost trend rate assumptions are appropriate; however, significant changes in our assumptions may materially affect our postretirement benefit obligations and related costs. As of December 31, 2018 , the health care trend rates used were ranging ratably from 6.5% in 2019 to 4.5% in 2037, consistent with our health care trend rates ranging ratably from 6.8% in 2018 to 4.5% in 2037 used as of December 31, 2017 . See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 15, "Employee Retirement Plans and Postretirement Benefits" of the Notes for further information. Contingencies, Environmental and Litigation Reserves Contingencies, environmental and litigation reserves are recorded, when probable, using our best estimate of loss. This estimate, involving significant judgment, is based on an evaluation of the range of loss related to such matters and where the amount and range can be reasonably estimated. These matters are generally resolved over a number of years and only when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. Following our initial determination, we regularly reassess and revise the potential liability related to any pending matters as new information becomes available. Unless capitalization is allowed or required by U.S. GAAP, environmental and legal costs are expensed when incurred. We disclose pending loss contingencies when the loss is deemed reasonably possible, which requires significant judgment. As a result of the inherent uncertainty of these matters, the ultimate conclusion and actual cost of settlement may materially differ from our estimates. We recognize contingent gains upon the determination that realization is assured beyond a reasonable doubt, regardless of the perceived probability of a favorable outcome prior to achieving that assurance. In the instance of gain contingencies resulting from favorable litigation, due to the numerous uncertainties inherent in a legal proceeding, gain contingencies resulting from legal settlements are not recognized in income until cash or other forms of payment are received. If significant and probable, we disclose as appropriate. See Part I—Item 3 Legal Proceedings and Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes for a discussion of our contingencies, environmental and litigation reserves as of December 31, 2018 . Goodwill and Intangible Asset Valuation Goodwill is allocated to the reporting unit in which the business that created the goodwill resides. A reporting unit is an operating segment, or a business unit one level below that operating segment, for which discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. As of the date of our annual impairment test, performed as of October 1, the operations in each of the specific regions within our U.S., Canada, Europe and International segments are components based on the availability of discrete financial information and the regular review by segment management. Therefore, the components within each respective segment must be evaluated for aggregation to determine if the components have similar economic characteristics. As a result, in certain cases, we have aggregated business units, within an operating segment, into one reporting unit if the specific aggregation criteria under U.S. GAAP is met. Specifically, we have concluded that the components within the U.S., Canada and Europe segment each meet the criteria as having similar economic characteristics and therefore have aggregated these components into the U.S., Canada and Europe reporting units, respectively. Therefore, the U.S., Canada and Europe reporting units are consistent with our operating segments. However, for our India business, the reporting unit is one level below the International operating segment. Any change to the conclusion of our reporting units or the aggregation of components within our reporting units could result in a different outcome to our annual impairment test. As of the date of our annual impairment test, our significant indefinite-lived intangible assets included the Coors and Miller brand families in the U.S., the Coors Light distribution rights in Canada, and the Carling and Staropramen brands in Europe. We evaluate the carrying value of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually or when an interim triggering event occurs that would indicate that impairment may have taken place. Our annual impairment test was performed as of October 1, the first day of the last fiscal quarter. We evaluate our other definite-lived intangible assets for impairment when evidence exists that certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. Significant judgments and assumptions are required in such impairment evaluations. 64 Table of Contents Our annual evaluation involves comparing each reporting unit's fair value to its respective carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value exceeds carrying value, then we conclude that no goodwill impairment has occurred. If a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment loss in an amount equal to the excess up to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We use a combination of discounted cash flow analyses and market approaches to determine the fair value of each of our reporting units, and an excess earnings approach to determine the fair values of our Coors and Miller brand families in the U.S. and Staropramen brand in Europe. We utilized a qualitative assessment of the Coors Light distribution rights in Canada and the Carling brand in Europe, in order to determine whether the fair value of these indefinite-lived intangible assets is in excess of its carrying value. The decision to utilize a qualitative assessment in the current year for these brands was the result of taking several factors into consideration, including the excess of the respective brands' fair value over its carrying value in the prior year quantitative impairment analysis. Our discounted cash flow projections include assumptions for growth rates for sales, costs and profits, which are based on various long-range financial and operational plans of each reporting unit or each indefinite-lived intangible asset. Additionally, discount rates used in our goodwill analysis are based on weighted- average cost of capital, driven by the prevailing interest rates in geographies where these businesses operate, as well as the credit ratings, financing abilities and opportunities of each reporting unit, among other factors. Discount rates for the indefinite-lived intangible analysis by brand largely reflect the rates supporting the overall reporting unit valuation but may differ slightly to adjust for country or market specific risk associated with a particular brand. Our market-based valuations utilize earnings multiples of comparable public companies, which are reflective of the market in which each respective reporting unit operates, and recent comparable market transactions. Changes in the factors used in our fair value estimates, including declines in industry or company-specific beer volume sales, margin erosion, termination of brewing and/or distribution agreements with other brewers, and discount rates used, could have a significant impact on the fair values of the reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets. Reporting Units and Goodwill The fair value of the U.S., Europe and Canada reporting units were estimated at approximately 19% , 11% and 6% in excess of carrying value, respectively, as of the October 1, 2018, testing date. In the current year testing, it was determined that the fair value of each of the reporting units declined from the prior year, resulting in our Europe and Canada reporting units now being considered at risk of impairment. The decline in fair value across all reporting units in the current year is largely due to the recent interest rate environment which has resulted in an increase to the risk-free rate included in our current year discount rate calculations. This fact, coupled with the recent changes in market conditions resulting in lower earnings multiples of comparable public companies within our market-based valuations, adversely impacted the results of our impairment testing. In the U.S. reporting unit, market driven declines from the prior year were partially offset by a decrease in the tax rate driven by the enactment of the 2017 Tax Act within the U.S., as well as inclusion of incremental cost saving initiatives included in the current year forecast. In the Europe reporting unit, declines from the prior year were partially offset by continued volume and revenue growth throughout 2018 benefiting management's forecasts and positively impacting the forecasted future cash flows of the reporting unit. The market-driven decline in the excess of the fair value over the carrying value of the Canada reporting unit was coupled with continued challenging industry dynamics during the year, including continued performance declines within the Molson and Coors Light core brands, resulting in a reduction of forecasted results in comparison to the prior year. These declines were slightly offset by incremental cost saving initiatives included in the current year forecast. The fair value of the India reporting unit declined slightly from the prior year, as a result of shifts in business strategy; however, fair value of the India reporting unit continues to remain in excess of its carrying value as of our annual testing date. Intangible Assets The Coors and Miller indefinite-lived brands in the U.S. continue to be sufficiently in excess of their respective carrying values as of the annual testing date. The fair value of the Coors Light brand distribution rights in Canada continues to be sufficiently in excess of its carrying value as of the testing date. During 2016, we recorded an aggregate impairment charge to the Molson core indefinite-lived brand asset of $495.2 million . The impairment charge was the result of a continued decline in performance of the Molson core brand asset throughout 2016, which drove a downward shift in management's forecast, along with a challenging market dynamic and competitive conditions that were not expected to subside in the near-term. At that time, we also reassessed the brand's indefinite- life classification and determined that the Molson core brands had characteristics that indicated a definite-life assignment was more appropriate, including prolonged weakness in consumer demand driven by increased economic and competitive pressures. Given these factors resulted in sustained declines in brand performance, and it was unclear when these ongoing pressures on the brands would subside, these brands were reclassified as definite-lived intangible assets as of October 1, 2016, and are being amortized over their remaining useful lives ranging from 30 to 50 years. 65 Table of Contents Our Europe indefinite-lived intangibles' fair values, including the Staropramen and Carling brands, continue to be sufficiently in excess of their respective carrying values as of the annual testing date. We utilized Level 3 fair value measurements in our impairment analysis of certain indefinite-lived intangible brand assets, including the Coors and Miller brands in the U.S., and the Staropramen brand in Europe, which utilizes an excess earnings approach to determine the fair values of these assets as of the testing date. The future cash flows used in the analysis are based on internal cash flow projections based on our long range plans and include significant assumptions by management as noted below. Separately, we performed qualitative assessments of certain indefinite-lived intangible assets, including the Coors Light brand distribution rights in Canada, Carling brand in Europe and water rights in the U.S., to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair values of these assets were greater than their respective carrying amounts. Based on the qualitative assessments, we determined that a full quantitative analysis was not necessary. Key Assumptions As of the date of our annual impairment test, performed as of October 1, the Europe and Canada reporting unit goodwill balances are at risk of future impairment in the event of significant unfavorable changes in the forecasted cash flows (including prolonged weakening of economic conditions, or significant unfavorable changes in tax, environmental or other regulations, including interpretations thereof), terminal growth rates, market multiples and/or weighted-average cost of capital utilized in the discounted cash flow analyses. For testing purposes of our reporting units, management's best estimates of the expected future results are the primary driver in determining the fair value. Current projections used for our Canada reporting unit testing reflect continued challenges within the beer industry in Canada adversely impacting the projected cash flows of the business, offset by growth resulting from the benefit of anticipated cost savings and specific brand-building and innovation activities. Current projections used for our Europe reporting unit incorporate ongoing anticipated cost savings, coupled with continued volume and revenue growth. Positive assumptions included in management's forecast for both the Europe and Canada reporting units are being offset by adverse market conditions negatively impacting discount rate and market multiple assumptions applied to our fair valuation models in the current year. Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions and factors. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates and assumptions made for purposes of the annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible impairment tests will prove to be an accurate prediction of the future. Examples of events or circumstances that could reasonably be expected to negatively affect the underlying key assumptions and ultimately impact the estimated fair value of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangibles may include such items as: (i) a decrease in expected future cash flows, specifically, a decrease in sales volume and increase in costs that could significantly impact our immediate and long-range results, a decrease in sales volume driven by a prolonged weakness in consumer demand or other competitive pressures adversely affecting our long-term volume trends, a continuation of the trend away from core brands in certain of our markets, especially in markets where our core brands represent a significant portion of the market, unfavorable working capital changes and an inability to successfully achieve our cost savings targets, (ii) adverse changes in macroeconomic conditions or an economic recovery that significantly differs from our assumptions in timing and/or degree (such as a recession), (iii) volatility in the equity and debt markets or other country specific factors which could result in a higher weighted-average cost of capital, (iv) sensitivity to market multiples; and (v) regulation limiting or banning the manufacturing, distribution or sale of alcoholic beverages. Based on known facts and circumstances, we evaluate and consider recent events and uncertain items, as well as related potential implications, as part of our annual assessment and incorporate into the analyses as appropriate. These facts and circumstances are subject to change and may impact future analyses. In 2018 , the discount rates used in developing our fair value estimates for each of our reporting units were 9.00% , 9.25% and 9.50% for our U.S, Canada and Europe reporting units, respectively. The rates used for our reporting unit testing increased for each of the reporting units in the current year. In 2018 , discount rates used for testing of indefinite-lived intangibles ranged from 9.25% to 10.50% considering the market or country specific risk premium for each geography in which our brands are based. The discount rates for the Coors and Miller brands in the U.S., and the Staropramen brand in Europe, increased compared to the discount rates used in the prior year analysis, primarily due to an increase in the risk-free rates included in our current year discount rate calculations. 66 Table of Contents While historical performance and current expectations have resulted in fair values of our reporting units in excess of carrying values, if our assumptions are not realized, it is possible that an impairment charge may need to be recorded in the future. For example, a 50 basis point increase in our discount rate assumptions, which is within a reasonable range of historical discount rate fluctuations between test dates, would have had the following effects on the fair value cushion in excess of carrying value for the U.S., Europe and Canada reporting units as of the October 1, 2018, test date: Reporting units: United States Europe Canada Impact to the fair value cushion as of October 1, 2018  - 50 basis points increase Cushion (as reported) Cushion (post-sensitivity) % of fair value in excess of carrying value 19% 11% 6% 16% 8% 3% Post sensitivity, the fair values of the U.S., Europe and Canada reporting units remain in excess of the their carrying values. The discount rate sensitivity holds all other assumptions and inputs constant. Regarding definite-lived intangibles, we continuously monitor the performance of the underlying asset for potential triggering events suggesting an impairment review should be performed. Excluding the definite-lived intangible asset impairment charge associated with the triggering event that occurred in Bihar, India, which resulted in an impairment of tangible assets of $11.0 million and impairment of goodwill and definite-lived intangibles of $19.8 million in 2016, no such triggering events resulting in an impairment charge were identified in 2018, 2017 or 2016. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 10, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" of the Notes for further discussion. As of December 31, 2018 , the carrying values of goodwill and intangible assets were approximately $8.3 billion and $13.8 billion , respectively. If actual performance results differ significantly from our projections or we experience significant fluctuations in our other assumptions, a material impairment charge may occur in the future. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 10, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" of the Notes for further discussion and presentation of these amounts. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Judgment is required in determining our consolidated provision for income taxes. In the ordinary course of our global business, there are many transactions for which the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. Additionally, our income tax provision is based on calculations and assumptions that are subject to examination by many different tax authorities. See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 6, "Income Tax" of the Notes for further discussion on the implications of the 2017 Tax Act in the U.S. on our financial statements. We are periodically subject to tax return audits by both foreign and domestic tax authorities, which can involve questions regarding our tax positions. Settlement of any challenge resulting from these audits can result in no change, a complete disallowance, or some partial adjustment reached through negotiations or litigation. We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on its technical merits. We measure and record the tax benefits from such a position based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Our estimated liabilities related to these matters are adjusted in the period in which the uncertain tax position is effectively settled, the statute of limitations for examination expires or when additional information becomes available. Our liability for unrecognized tax benefits requires the use of assumptions and significant judgment to estimate the exposures associated with our various filing positions. Although we believe that the judgments and estimates made are reasonable, actual results could differ and resulting adjustments could materially affect our effective income tax rate and income tax provision. We provide for taxes that may be payable if undistributed earnings of overseas subsidiaries were to be remitted to the U.S., except for those earnings that we consider to be permanently reinvested. However, we continue to monitor the impacts of the 2017 Tax Act, as defined in Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 6, "Income Tax," including yet to be issued regulations and interpretations, on the tax consequences of future repatriations. Future sales of foreign subsidiaries are not exempt from capital gains tax in the U.S. under the 2017 Tax Act. We have no plans to dispose of any of our foreign subsidiaries and are not recording deferred taxes on outside basis differences in foreign subsidiaries for the sale of a foreign subsidiary. 67 Table of Contents We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. We evaluate our ability to realize the tax benefits associated with deferred tax assets by assessing the adequacy of future expected taxable income, including the reversal of existing temporary differences, historical and projected operating results, and the availability of prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The realization of tax benefits is evaluated by jurisdiction and the realizability of these assets can vary based on the character of the tax attribute and the carryforward periods specific to each jurisdiction. In the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would decrease income tax expense in the period a determination was made. Likewise, should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be recorded to income tax expense in the period such determination was made. New Accounting Pronouncements New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements. We will adopt this guidance and all related amendments applying the modified retrospective transition approach to all lease arrangements as of the effective date of adoption, January 1, 2019. Additionally, for existing leases as of the effective date, we will elect the package of practical expedients available at transition to not reassess the historical lease determination, lease classification and initial direct costs. For operating leases, the adoption of this new guidance is currently expected to result in the recognition of right-of-use ("ROU") assets of between approximately $150 million and $160 million , and aggregate current and non-current lease liabilities of between approximately $160 million and $170 million , as of the effective date of adoption, including immaterial reclassifications of prepaid and deferred rent balances into ROU assets. Additionally, as a result of the cumulative impact of adopting the new guidance, we expect to record a net increase to opening retained earnings of between $30 million and $35 million as of January 1, 2019, with the offsetting impact within other assets, related to our share of the accelerated recognition of deferred gains on non-qualifying and other sale-leaseback transactions by an equity method investment within our Canada segment. We are in the process of finalizing this transition adjustment calculation, which will be completed during the first quarter of 2019. Additionally, while our accounting for finance leases will remain unchanged at adoption, we will prospectively change the presentation of finance lease liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets to be presented within current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings and long-term debt, as appropriate. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to impact our cash flows from operating, investing, or financing activities. Other than the items noted above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements not yet effective that we believe have a significant impact, or potential significant impact, to our consolidated financial statements. See Part II-Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements" of the Notes for a description of new accounting pronouncements. 68 Table of Contents Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information The following unaudited pro forma financial information gives effect to the Acquisition and the related financing as if they were completed on January 1, 2016, the first day of our 2016 fiscal year, and the pro forma adjustments are based on items that are factually supportable, are directly attributable to the Acquisition, and are expected to have a continuing impact on our results of operations. The unaudited pro forma financial information has been calculated after applying MCBC’s accounting policies and adjusting the results of MillerCoors to reflect the additional depreciation and amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets had been applied from January 1, 2016, together with the consequential tax effects. Pro forma adjustments have been made to remove non-recurring transaction-related costs included in historical results as well as to reflect the incremental interest expense to be prospectively incurred on the debt and term loans issued to finance the Acquisition, in addition to other pro forma adjustments. See below table for significant non-recurring costs. Additionally, the following unaudited pro forma financial information does not reflect the impact of the acquisition of the Miller global brand portfolio and other assets primarily related to the Miller International Business as we are not able to estimate the historical results of operations from this business and have concluded, based on the limited information available to MCBC, that it is insignificant to the overall Acquisition. The purchase price allocation reflects the estimated value allocated to the Miller global brand portfolio reported within identifiable intangible assets subject to amortization. The unaudited pro forma financial information below does not reflect the realization of any expected ongoing synergies related to integration. Further, the unaudited pro forma financial information should not be considered indicative of the results that would have occurred if the Acquisition and related financing had been completed on January 1, 2016, nor are they indicative of future results. 69 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016 (IN MILLIONS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA) MCBC Historical (1) As Restated MillerCoors Historical (2) Pro Forma Adjustments (1) As Restated Financial volume in hectoliters 46.912 55.750 (0.728) Note (1) Pro Forma Combined 101.934 $ 13,545.1 Sales Excise taxes Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net Equity income in MillerCoors Operating income (loss) Interest income (expense), net Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) (2) Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests (2) Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC (2) Basic net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company per share (2) Diluted net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company per share (2) Weighted-average shares—basic Weighted-average shares—diluted $ 6,597.4 $ 6,987.2 $ (1,712.4) 4,885.0 (2,999.0) 1,886.0 (1,597.2) 2,532.9 500.9 3,322.6 (244.4) 8.4 (32.5) 3,054.1 (1,454.3) 1,599.8 (5.9) (861.8) 6,125.4 (3,426.6) 2,698.8 (1,403.9) (111.3) — (39.5) 12.3 (1) (1) (27.2) 77.3 (2) 50.1 40.2 (2,965.0) (500.9) (3) (4) 1,183.6 (3,375.6) (1.4) (14.4) 3.7 1,171.5 (3.3) 1,168.2 (11.0) (123.0) (5) — 58.9 (6) (3,439.7) 980.4 (7) (2,459.3) — $ $ $ 1,593.9 $ 1,157.2 $ (2,459.3) $ 7.52 7.47 212.0 213.4 $ $ 2.7 2.7 (8) (8) (2,561.9) 10,983.2 (6,348.3) 4,634.9 (2,960.9) (543.4) — 1,130.6 (368.8) (6.0) 30.1 785.9 (477.2) 308.7 (16.9) 291.8 1.36 1.35 214.7 216.1 (1) The MCBC historical results and pro forma adjustments columns reflect the impact of the correction of errors in the accounting for income taxes related to the deferred tax liabilities for our partnership in MillerCoors as discussed in Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies." The correction of these errors had no impact on our pro forma combined results. (2) Represents MillerCoors' activity for the pre-Acquisition periods of January 1, 2016, through October 10, 2016. 70 Table of Contents (1) Sales The following pro forma adjustments eliminate beer sales between MCBC and MillerCoors for the year ended December 31, 2016, that were previously recorded as affiliate sales and became intercompany transactions after the Acquisition was completed and thus eliminate in consolidation. Hectoliters of beer and other beverages sold MCBC's beer sales to MillerCoors MillerCoors' beer sales to MCBC Total pro forma adjustment to sales Excise tax adjustment (1) For the year ended December 31, 2016 (In millions) (0.728) 7.5 32.0 39.5 12.3 $ $ $ (1) Represents a benefit associated with an anticipated refund to Coors Brewing Company ("CBC"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of MCBC, of U.S. federal excise tax paid on products imported by CBC based on qualifying volumes exported by CBC from the U.S. (2) Cost of Goods Sold The following pro forma adjustments (increase)/decrease cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2016: MillerCoors' beer purchases from MCBC (1) MCBC's beer purchases from MillerCoors (1) Depreciation (2) MillerCoors' royalties paid to SABMiller (3) Policy reclassification (4) Historical charges recorded for pallets (5) Historical charges recorded for inventory step-up (6) Total pro forma adjustment to cost of goods sold For the year ended December 31, 2016 (In millions) 7.5 32.0 (46.1) 13.2 (18.6) 7.3 82.0 77.3 $ $ (1) Reflects beer purchases between MCBC and MillerCoors that were previously recorded as affiliate purchases and became intercompany transactions after the Acquisition was completed and thus eliminate in consolidation. (2) Reflects the pro forma adjustment to depreciation expense associated with the estimated fair value of MillerCoors' property, plant and equipment over the estimated remaining useful life. (3) Reflects royalties paid by MillerCoors to SABMiller plc for sales of certain of its licensed brands in the U.S. Upon completion of the Acquisition, royalties are no longer paid related to these licensed brands. See the purchase agreement for additional details. (4) Reflects the reclassification of certain MillerCoors overhead costs from marketing, general and administrative expenses to cost of goods sold to align to MCBC policy related to profit and loss classification of such costs. (5) Reflects the amortization of MillerCoors' pallet costs which were historically recorded as a non-current asset and amortized into cost of goods sold, separate from depreciation expense. As part of our policy alignment, the pallets are now classified as depreciable fixed assets within Properties, net and the related depreciation is included as part of depreciation expense that is recognized in cost of goods sold. This adjustment reflects the removal of historical pallet amortization expense recorded within cost of goods sold and the depreciation pro forma adjustment above reflects the updated amount to be recorded as cost of goods sold depreciation going forward. (6) Reflects the step-up in fair value of inventory related to the Acquisition which was sold in the fourth quarter of 2016 and 71 Table of Contents therefore increased our historical cost of goods sold. Given this cost does not have a continuing impact, we have accordingly adjusted the pro forma financial information. (3) Marketing, General and Administrative Based on the estimated fair values of identifiable amortizable intangible assets and depreciable property, plant and equipment, and the estimated useful lives assigned, the following pro forma adjustments to amortization and depreciation expenses have been made to marketing, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016. Additionally, a pro forma adjustment has been made to eliminate MillerCoors' service agreement income related to charges to SABMiller for the year ended December 31, 2016, that were previously recorded as a reduction to MillerCoors' marketing, general and administrative expenses as this activity with SABMiller ceased upon completion of the Acquisition. We have also removed transaction related costs included in the historical MCBC statements of operations as they will not have a continuing impact. The pro forma adjustments to increase/(decrease) marketing, general and administrative expense are as follows: Marketing, general and administrative pro forma adjustment for depreciation and amortization MillerCoors' service agreement charges to SABMiller Policy reclassification - See cost of goods sold note 4 above Historical transaction costs Total pro forma adjustment to marketing, general and administrative expenses (4) Special Items, Net Pro forma adjustment to special items, net (1) For the year ended December 31, 2016 (In millions) 56.5 1.6 (18.6) (79.7) (40.2) $ $ For the year ended December 31, 2016 (In millions) $ (2,965.0) (1) Reflects the net gain of approximately $3.0 billion recorded within special items, net, during the fourth quarter of 2016, representing the excess of the approximate $6.1 billion estimated fair value of our pre-existing 42% equity interest in MillerCoors over its estimated transaction date carrying value of approximately $2.7 billion, as well as the reclassification of the loss related to MCBC's historical AOCI on our 42% interest in MillerCoors of $458.3 million. Refer to Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" of the Notes for further details regarding the inputs used to determine revaluation. 72 Table of Contents (5) Interest Income (Expense) Represents the pro forma adjustments for the incremental interest expense, including the amortization of debt issuance costs, as if the Acquisition and related financing had occurred on January 1, 2016. The Acquisition was funded through cash on hand, including proceeds received from our February 3, 2016, equity issuance, the issuance of debt on July 7, 2016, as well as borrowings on our term loan, which occurred concurrent with the close of the Acquisition. We incurred costs related to the issuance of debt, committed financing we had in place prior to the completion of the Acquisition and earned interest income on the cash proceeds from the equity issuance and debt issuance prior to the completion of the Acquisition. We have therefore removed these amounts for pro forma purposes as they would not have been incurred or earned had the Acquisition and related financing been completed on January 1, 2016. Additionally, we incurred losses on the swaption derivative instruments that we entered into to economically hedge a portion of our long-term debt issuance with which we partially funded the Acquisition. These swaptions were not designated in hedge accounting relationships as the hedges were entered into in association with the Acquisition and, accordingly, all mark-to-market fair value adjustments were reflected within interest expense. As the losses on the swaptions are non-recurring and do not have a continuing impact on the business, we have removed them from our pro forma financial information. The debt issued on July 7, 2016, consists of fixed rate notes. The term loans, which had monthly interest at the rate of 1.50% plus one-month LIBOR, were fully repaid as of July 19, 2017. Term loan interest expense adjustments Interest expense adjustments from debt issued on July 7, 2016 Historical net interest on other items discussed above Total pro forma adjustment to interest expense (6) Other Income (Expense) For the year ended December 31, 2016 (In millions) $ $ 52.7 204.1 (133.8) 123.0 Represents the elimination of historical financing costs that do not have a continuing impact related to the bridge loan and other derivative and foreign exchange net gains recorded on cash received from the debt issued on July 7, 2016, which have been included in the historical financial statements within other income (expense). Historical financing costs on the bridge loan Historical derivative and foreign exchange net gains related to debt issued on July 7, 2016 Total pro forma adjustment to other income (expense) 73 For the year ended December 31, 2016 (In millions) $ $ 63.4 (4.5) 58.9 Table of Contents (7) Income Tax Benefit (Expense) MillerCoors elected to be taxed as a partnership for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. As a result, the related tax attributes of MillerCoors are passed through to its shareholders and income taxes are payable by its shareholders. Therefore, income tax expense within MCBC's historical results includes the tax effect of our 42% equity income from MillerCoors. The pro forma adjustment to income tax expense is inclusive of both the tax effect of the assumption of the incremental 58% of MillerCoors' pretax income, as well as the tax effect of the other pro forma adjustments impacting pretax income discussed above, based on the estimated blended U.S. federal and state statutory income tax rate and other pro forma tax considerations. Total pro forma adjustment to income tax benefit (expense) (1) For the year ended December 31, 2016 (In millions) $ 980.4 (1) Includes the impact of the restatement to correct errors related to income tax accounting. See details at Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies" as previously discussed. (8) Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding Weighted-average shares outstanding have been calculated to include the impact of the shares that were issued in the first quarter of 2016 in conjunction with the February 3, 2016, equity offering, which was completed to fund a portion of the Acquisition. As such, the below adjustment assumes such shares were outstanding on January 1, 2016. Impact of shares issued in February 3, 2016, equity offering Weighted-average shares—basic Weighted-average shares—diluted For the year ended December 31, 2016 (In millions) 2.7 2.7 ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK In the normal course of business, we actively manage our exposure to various market risks by entering into various supplier-based and market-based hedging transactions, authorized under established risk management policies that place clear controls on these activities. Our objective in managing these exposures is to decrease the volatility of our earnings and cash flows due to changes in underlying rates and costs. The counterparties to our market-based transactions are generally highly rated institutions. We perform assessments of their credit risk regularly. Our market- based transactions include a variety of derivative financial instruments, none of which are used for trading or speculative purposes. Interest Rate Risk We are exposed to volatility in interest rates with regard to current and future debt offerings. Primary exposures include U.S. Treasury rates, Canadian government rates and LIBOR. To mitigate this exposure as it pertains to future debt offerings and to achieve our desired fixed-to-floating rate debt profile, we may enter into interest rate swaps from time to time. Foreign Exchange Risk Foreign currency fluctuations affect our net investments in foreign subsidiaries and foreign currency-denominated cash flows. We manage our foreign currency exposures through foreign currency forward contracts and foreign-denominated debt. We may also enter into cross currency swaps from time to time. Commodity Price Risk We use commodities in the production and distribution of our products. To manage the related price risk for these costs, we utilize market-based derivatives and long-term supplier-based contracts. Our primary objective when entering into these transactions is to achieve price certainty for commodities used in our supply chain. We manage our exposures through a combination of purchase orders, long-term supply contracts and over-the-counter financial instruments. 74 Table of Contents Equity Price Risk We currently hold warrants allowing us the option to purchase common shares of HEXO Corp. ("HEXO"), our Truss LP ("Truss") joint venture partner in Canada. These warrants are subject to equity price risk, representative of the potential future loss of value that would result from a decline in the market price of HEXO's underlying common shares. Details of market-risk sensitive debt, derivative and other financial instruments are included in the table below. Notional amounts and fair values are presented in USD based on the applicable exchange rate as of December 31, 2018 . See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 11, "Debt" and Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" of the Notes for further discussion. Notional amounts by expected maturity date Year end 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total December 31,  2018 Fair value Asset/ (Liability) Long-term debt: CAD 500 million 2.75% notes due 2020 CAD 500 million 2.84% notes due 2023 CAD 500 million 3.44% notes due 2026 $500 million 1.45% notes due 2019 $500 million 1.90% notes due 2019 $500 million 2.25% notes due 2020 $1.0 billion 2.10% notes due 2021 $500 million 3.5% notes due 2022 $2.0 billion 3.0% notes due 2026 $1.1 billion 5.0% notes due 2042 $1.8 billion 4.2% notes due 2046 EUR 500 million notes due 2019 EUR 800 million 1.25% notes due 2024 Foreign currency management: Forwards Cross currency swaps Interest rate management: Forward starting interest rate swaps Commodity pricing management: Swaps Options $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 366.6 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 500.0 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,000.0 — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (In millions) — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 500.0 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 366.6 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 366.6 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2,000.0 $ 1,100.0 $ 1,800.0 $ — $ 917.4 $ 366.6 $ 366.6 $ 366.6 $ 500.0 $ 500.0 $ 500.0 $ 1,000.0 $ 500.0 $ 2,000.0 $ 1,100.0 $ 1,800.0 $ 573.4 $ 917.4 $ 500.0 500.0 — $ — $ — $ $ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ $ — $ 573.4 156.1 $ — $ 109.2 $ 500.0 $ 59.3 $ — $ 14.0 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 338.6 $ 500.0 $ — $ — $ 250.0 $ 250.0 $ — $ 1,000.0 $ 1,500.0 $ 520.7 46.6 $ $ 268.2 $ — $ 77.1 $ — $ 2.4 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 868.4 $ 46.6 $ (368.4) (357.4) (352.3) (498.1) (501.6) (502.8) (968.7) (496.7) (1,813.2) (1,020.4) (1,529.1) (573.7) (910.8) 16.3 36.5 (12.3) (42.0) — We hold warrants providing us with the ability to purchase 11.5 million common shares of HEXO, our Truss joint venture partner, at a strike price of CAD 6.00 per share which expire on October 4, 2021. The fair value of our warrant asset at December 31, 2018 , was $19.6 million . Sensitivity Analysis Our market sensitive derivative and other financial instruments, as defined by the SEC, are debt, foreign currency forward contracts, commodity swaps, commodity options, cross currency swaps, forward starting interest rate swaps and warrants. We monitor foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, commodity risk, equity price risk and related derivatives using a sensitivity analysis. 75         Table of Contents The following table presents the results of the sensitivity analysis, which reflects the impact of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in each of these risks to our derivative and debt portfolio, with the exception of interest rate risk to our forward starting interest rate swaps in which we have applied an absolute 1% adverse change to the respective instrument's interest rate: Estimated fair value volatility Foreign currency risk: Forwards Foreign currency denominated debt Cross currency swaps Interest rate risk: Debt Forward starting interest rate swaps Commodity price risk: Commodity swaps Commodity options Equity price risk: Warrants As of December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 (In millions) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (35.1) $ (249.3) $ (43.3) $ (302.1) $ (126.2) $ (77.5) $ — $ (2.8) $ (36.5) (310.0) — (311.9) — (43.5) — — The volatility of the applicable rates and prices are dependent on many factors that cannot be forecast with reliable accuracy. Therefore, actual changes in fair values could differ materially from the results presented in the table above. 76       Table of Contents ITEM 8.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Index to Financial Statements Consolidated Financial Statements: Management's Report Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements" Note 3, "Segment Reporting" Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" Note 5, "Other Income and Expense" Note 6, "Income Tax" Note 7, "Special Items" Note 8, "Stockholders' Equity" Note 9, "Properties" Note 10, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" Note 11, "Debt" Note 12, "Inventories" Note 13, "Share-Based Payments" Note 14, "Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)" Note 15, "Employee Retirement Plans and Postretirement Benefits" Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" Note 17, "Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities" Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" Note 19, "Supplemental Guarantor Information" Note 20, "Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)" 77 Page 78 80 82 83 84 85 87 89 89 98 102 106 114 114 120 122 123 124 128 131 131 135 136 146 155 155 159 171 Table of Contents MANAGEMENT'S REPORT The preparation, integrity and objectivity of the financial statements and all other financial information included in this annual report are the responsibility of the management of Molson Coors Brewing Company. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, applying estimates based on management's best judgment where necessary. Management believes that all material uncertainties have been appropriately accounted for and disclosed. Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 , based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 Framework), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. A material weakness, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2, is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As part of preparing our 2018 consolidated financial statements, we identified errors in the accounting for income taxes related to the deferred tax liabilities for our partnership in MillerCoors. Following the Acquisition in 2016, MillerCoors continued as a partnership for tax purposes until 2018, at which point the partnership was dissolved. Upon the dissolution of the MillerCoors partnership, we changed our outside basis deferred tax liability for our investment in the partnership to separate deferred tax positions for each of the individual book-tax basis differences in the underlying assets and liabilities of MillerCoors. In doing so, we identified a difference between the deferred tax liabilities recorded and the deferred tax liabilities required. As a result, we concluded that the deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax expense associated with our remeasurement of our previously held equity interest in MillerCoors was incorrectly calculated upon close of the Acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2016. Specifically, upon closing of the Acquisition and completion of the related deferred income tax calculations, we did not reconcile the outside basis deferred income tax liability for the investment in the partnership to the book-tax difference in the underlying assets and liabilities within the partnership. As part of our annual assessment of internal control over financial reporting, we have determined that a material weakness existed in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. A material weakness existed in that we did not design and maintain effective controls over the completeness and accuracy of the accounting for, and disclosure of, the income tax effects of acquired partnership interests. Specifically, we did not design appropriate controls to identify and reconcile deferred income taxes associated with the accounting for acquired partnership interests. This material weakness resulted in material errors in connection with our step acquisition of MillerCoors that were corrected through the restatement of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, as described in Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements and the correction of the unaudited quarterly financial information for fiscal years 2018 and 2017. Additionally, this material weakness could result in misstatements to the aforementioned account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. As a result of the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described above, management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. Management's Plan for Remediation of the Material Weakness In response to the material weakness described above, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, management is currently evaluating our policies and procedures related to the accounting for income taxes and plans to design and implement adequate internal controls to ensure that (i) the income tax effects of acquired partnership interests are properly accounted for and disclosed in the period of acquisition, and (ii) the resulting investment in partnership deferred income tax assets and liabilities are assessed and reconciled periodically to the book-tax differences in the underlying assets and liabilities within the partnership to determine whether any adjustment is necessary. The remediation efforts are intended both to address the identified material weakness and to enhance our overall financial control environment. Management is committed to continuous improvement of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and will continue to diligently review the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the Company's independent registered public accounting firm, provides an objective, independent audit of the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting. Their accompanying 78 Table of Contents report is based upon an examination conducted in accordance with standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), including tests of accounting procedures, records and internal control. The Board of Directors, operating through its Audit Committee composed of independent, outside directors, monitors the Company's accounting control systems and reviews the results of the Company's auditing activities. The Audit Committee meets at least quarterly, either separately or jointly, with representatives of management, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, and internal auditors. To ensure complete independence, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and the Company's internal auditors have full and free access to the Audit Committee and may meet with or without the presence of management. /s/ MARK R. HUNTER Mark R. Hunter President & Chief Executive Officer Molson Coors Brewing Company February 12, 2019 /s/ TRACEY I. JOUBERT Tracey I. Joubert Chief Financial Officer Molson Coors Brewing Company February 12, 2019 79 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Molson Coors Brewing Company Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Molson Coors Brewing Company and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income (loss), of stockholders’ equity and noncontrolling interests and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 , including the related notes and schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 appearing under Item 15(c) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 , based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 , based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO because a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting existed as of that date related to the completeness and accuracy of the accounting for and disclosure of the income tax effects of acquired partnership interests. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness referred to above is described in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. We considered this material weakness in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2018 consolidated financial statements, and our opinion regarding the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting does not affect our opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has restated its 2017 and 2016 financial statements to correct errors. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in management's report referred to above. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal 80 Table of Contents control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Denver, Colorado February 12, 2019 We have served as the Company's auditor since 1974. 81 MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (IN MILLIONS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA) For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2018 As Restated As Restated Table of Contents Sales Excise taxes Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net Equity income in MillerCoors Operating income (loss) Other income (expense), net Interest expense Interest income Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Other income (expense), net Total other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company Net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company per share: Basic Diluted Weighted-average shares outstanding: Basic Dilutive effect of share-based awards Diluted $ 13,338.0 $ 13,471.5 $ (2,568.4) 10,769.6 (6,584.8) 4,184.8 (2,802.7) 249.7 — 1,631.8 (306.2) 8.0 38.2 (12.0) (272.0) 1,359.8 (225.2) 1,134.6 (18.1) (2,468.7) 11,002.8 (6,236.7) 4,766.1 (3,052.0) (36.4) — 1,677.7 (349.3) 6.0 47.4 1.4 (294.5) 1,383.2 204.6 1,587.8 (22.2) $ $ $ 1,116.5 $ 1,565.6 $ 5.17 $ 5.15 $ 7.27 $ 7.23 $ 216.0 0.6 216.6 215.4 1.1 216.5 6,597.4 (1,712.4) 4,885.0 (2,999.0) 1,886.0 (1,597.2) 2,532.9 500.9 3,322.6 (271.6) 27.2 8.4 (32.5) (268.5) 3,054.1 (1,454.3) 1,599.8 (5.9) 1,593.9 7.52 7.47 212.0 1.4 213.4 0.1 Anti-dilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted EPS 0.8 0.3 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 82     Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (IN MILLIONS) For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2018 As Restated As Restated Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests $ 1,134.6 $ 1,587.8 $ 1,599.8 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustments Reclassification of cumulative translation adjustment to income Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative and non-derivative financial instruments Reclassification of derivative (gain) loss to income Pension and other postretirement benefit adjustments Amortization of net prior service (benefit) cost and net actuarial (gain) loss to income and settlement Reclassification of historical share of MillerCoors' AOCI loss Ownership share of unconsolidated subsidiaries' other comprehensive income (loss) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (359.0) 6.0 10.9 2.5 43.5 4.9 — (0.8) (292.0) 842.6 (16.1) Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company $ 826.5 $ See notes to consolidated financial statements. 686.7 — (133.4) 1.3 145.7 3.6 — 10.4 714.3 2,302.1 (24.7) 2,277.4 $ (234.4) — 9.7 (3.0) 53.8 22.8 258.2 22.3 129.4 1,729.2 (3.0) 1,726.2 83 As of December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 As Restated Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (IN MILLIONS) Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts and other receivables: Trade, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $14.5 and $17.2, respectively Affiliate receivables Other receivables, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.2 and $0.5, respectively Inventories, less allowance for obsolete inventories of $16.2 and $8.1, respectively Other current assets, net Total current assets Properties, less accumulated depreciation of $2,558.8 and $2,096.6, respectively Goodwill Other intangibles, less accumulated amortization of $810.3 and $662.3, respectively Other assets Total assets Liabilities and equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable and other current liabilities (includes affiliate payables of $0.1 and $0.4, respectively) Current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings Total current liabilities Long-term debt Pension and postretirement benefits Deferred tax liabilities Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies ( Note 18 ) Molson Coors Brewing Company stockholders' equity Capital stock: Preferred stock, $0.01 par value (authorized: 25.0 shares; none issued) Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share (authorized: 500.0 shares; issued and outstanding: 2.6 shares and 2.6 shares, respectively) Class B common stock, $0.01 par value per share (authorized: 500.0 shares; issued: 205.4 shares and 204.7 shares, respectively) Class A exchangeable shares, no par value (issued and outstanding: 2.8 shares and 2.9 shares, respectively) Class B exchangeable shares, no par value (issued and outstanding: 14.8 shares and 14.7 shares, respectively) Paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Class B common stock held in treasury at cost (9.5 shares and 9.5 shares, respectively) Total Molson Coors Brewing Company stockholders' equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ 1,057.9 $ $ $ 736.0 8.4 126.6 591.8 245.6 2,766.3 4,608.3 8,260.8 13,776.4 698.0 30,109.8 $ 2,706.4 $ 1,594.5 4,300.9 8,893.8 726.6 2,128.9 323.8 16,374.0 — — 2.0 103.2 557.6 6,773.1 7,692.9 (1,150.0) (471.4) 13,507.4 228.4 13,735.8 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 84 $ 30,109.8 $ 418.6 728.3 5.5 168.2 591.5 277.6 2,189.7 4,673.7 8,405.5 14,296.5 681.5 30,246.9 2,684.5 714.8 3,399.3 10,598.7 848.5 1,896.3 316.8 17,059.6 — — 2.0 107.7 553.2 6,688.5 6,958.4 (860.0) (471.4) 12,978.4 208.9 13,187.3 30,246.9     Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (IN MILLIONS) For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2018 As Restated As Restated Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests $ 1,134.6 $ 1,587.8 $ 1,599.8 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Revaluation gain on previously held 42% equity interest in MillerCoors and AOCI reclassification Inventory step-up in cost of goods sold Depreciation and amortization Amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts Share-based compensation (Gain) loss on sale or impairment of properties and other assets, net Equity income in MillerCoors Distributions from MillerCoors Unrealized (gain) loss on foreign currency fluctuations and derivative instruments, net Income tax (benefit) expense Income tax (paid) received Interest expense, excluding interest amortization Interest paid Pension expense (benefit) Pension contributions paid Change in current assets and liabilities (net of impact of business combinations) and other: Receivables Inventories Payables and other current liabilities Other assets and other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Additions to properties Proceeds from sales of properties and other assets Payment for completion of Acquisition, net of cash acquired Investment in MillerCoors Return of capital from MillerCoors Other Net cash used in investing activities — — 857.5 12.7 42.6 (8.1) — — 193.1 225.2 32.3 304.2 (308.7) (57.2) (8.9) (38.4) (10.6) 27.6 (66.6) — — 812.8 23.2 58.3 (0.4) — — (124.3) (204.6) 86.0 338.8 (350.3) (67.8) (310.0) (7.2) 21.3 31.0 (28.3) 2,331.3 1,866.3 (651.7) 32.5 — — — (49.9) (669.1) (599.6) 60.5 — — — 0.9 (538.2) 85 (2,965.0) 82.0 388.4 66.5 29.9 396.0 (488.6) 488.6 (20.7) 1,454.3 (165.0) 262.3 (162.5) (11.6) (12.1) 65.6 (23.2) 144.9 (2.7) 1,126.9 (341.8) 174.5 (11,961.0) (1,253.7) 1,086.9 8.5 (12,286.6)     Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued) (IN MILLIONS) For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2018 As Restated As Restated Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net Exercise of stock options under equity compensation plans Dividends paid Payments on debt and borrowings Proceeds on debt and borrowings Debt issuance costs Net proceeds from (payments on) revolving credit facilities and commercial paper Other Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Cash and cash equivalents: Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Balance at beginning of year Balance at end of year — 16.0 (354.2) (319.8) — (0.5) (374.3) 23.9 (1,008.9) 653.3 (14.0) 418.6 $ 1,057.9 $ — 4.0 (353.4) (3,000.1) 1,536.0 (7.0) 374.3 (50.2) (1,496.4) (168.3) 26.0 560.9 418.6 $ 2,525.6 11.2 (352.9) (223.9) 9,460.6 (60.7) (1.1) (40.9) 11,317.9 158.2 (28.2) 430.9 560.9 See notes to consolidated financial statements. See Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for supplementary cash flow data. 86     Table of Contents Total MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS (IN MILLIONS) MCBC Stockholders' Equity Common stock Exchangeable Accumulated other Common Stock held in Non issued shares issued Paid-in- Retained comprehensive treasury Class B $ (471.4) $ controlling interests 20.1 Balance as of December 31, 2015 $ 7,063.1 $ 108.2 $ 603.0 $ 4,000.4 $ 4,505.2 $ (1,704.1) Class A Class B Class A Class B 1.7 $ — $ capital earnings income (loss) Exchange of shares Shares issued under equity compensation plan Amortization of share-based compensation Replacement share-based awards issued in conjunction with Acquisition Acquisition of businesses Purchase of noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests - As Restated Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Issuance of common stock Distributions and dividends to noncontrolling interests Dividends declared and paid - $1.64 per share Balance as of December 31, 2016 - As Restated Exchange of shares Shares issued under equity compensation plan Amortization of share-based compensation Acquisition of business and purchase of noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests - As Restated — — — (0.1) (31.8) 31.9 — — — (1.1) — — — — (1.1) — — — 32.3 — — — — 32.3 — — — — — — 46.4 186.3 — — — — — — — — 46.4 — — — — — — — — 186.3 (0.1) — — — — 0.1 — — — (0.2) 1,599.8 — — — — — 1,593.9 — — 129.4 2,525.6 — — — 0.3 — — — — — 2,525.3 — — 132.3 — — — (6.2) — — — — — — — — (352.9) — — — — — (352.9) — — 5.9 (2.9) — (6.2) — $11,222.6 $ — $ 2.0 $ 108.1 $ 571.2 $ 6,635.3 $ 5,746.2 $ (1,571.8) $ (471.4) $ 203.0 — — — (0.4) (18.0) 18.4 — — — (22.9) — — — — (22.9) — — — 57.3 — — — — 57.3 — — — — — — 1.8 — — — — 0.4 — — — 1.4 1,587.8 — — — — — 1,565.6 — — 22.2 87                 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS (Continued) (IN MILLIONS) MCBC Stockholders' Equity Common stock Exchangeable Accumulated other Common Stock held in Non issued shares issued Paid-in- Retained comprehensive Total Class A Class B Class A Class B capital earnings income (loss) treasury Class B controlling interests 714.3 — — — — — — 711.8 — 2.5 (20.2) — — — — — — — — (20.2) (353.4) — — — — — (353.4) — — — $13,187.3 $ — $ 2.0 $ 107.7 $ 553.2 $ 6,688.5 $ 6,958.4 $ (860.0) $ (471.4) $ 208.9 — — — (4.5) 4.4 0.1 — — — 2.8 — — — — 2.8 — — — 42.2 — — — — 42.2 — — — 44.3 — — — — 39.4 — — — — — — 4.9 (0.2) — — — — 0.1 — — — (0.3) 1,134.6 — — — — — 1,116.5 — — 18.1 (292.0) — — — — — — (290.0) — (2.0) (27.8) — — — — — (27.8) — — — 21.6 — — — — — — — — 21.6 (22.8) — — — — — — — — (22.8) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Distributions and dividends to noncontrolling interests Dividends declared and paid - $1.64 per share Balance as of December 31, 2017 - As Restated Exchange of shares Shares issued under equity compensation plan Amortization of share-based compensation Formation of consolidated joint venture ( Note 4 ) Purchase of noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Adoption of new accounting pronouncement ( Note 2 ) Contributions from noncontrolling interests Distributions and dividends to noncontrolling interests Dividends declared and paid - $1.64 per share Balance as of December 31, 2018 $13,735.8 $ (354.2) — — — — — (354.2) — — — — $ 2.0 $ 103.2 $ 557.6 $ 6,773.1 $ 7,692.9 $ (1,150.0) $ (471.4) $ 228.4 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 88                 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Unless otherwise noted in this report, any description of "we", "us" or "our" includes Molson Coors Brewing Company ("MCBC" or the "Company"), principally a holding company, and its operating and non-operating subsidiaries included within our reporting segments and Corporate. Our reporting segments include: MillerCoors LLC ("MillerCoors" or U.S. segment), operating in the U.S.; Molson Coors Canada ("MCC" or Canada segment), operating in Canada; Molson Coors Europe (Europe segment), operating in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Montenegro, the Republic of Ireland, Romania, Serbia, the U.K. and various other European countries; and Molson Coors International ("MCI" or International segment), operating in various other countries. Unless otherwise indicated, comparisons are to comparable prior periods, and 2018 , 2017 and 2016 refers to the 12 months ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 , respectively. On October 11, 2016 , we completed the acquisition of SABMiller plc's ("SABMiller") 58% economic interest and 50% voting interest in MillerCoors and all trademarks, contracts and other assets primarily related to the "Miller International Business," as defined in the purchase agreement, outside of the U.S. and Puerto Rico (the "Acquisition") from Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV ("ABI"), and MillerCoors, previously a joint venture between MCBC and SABMiller, became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MCBC. Accordingly, for periods prior to October 11, 2016 , our 42% economic ownership interest in MillerCoors was accounted for under the equity method of accounting, and, therefore, its results of operations were reported as equity income in MillerCoors in the consolidated statements of operations, and our 42% share of MillerCoors' net assets was reported as investment in MillerCoors in the consolidated balance sheets. Beginning October 11, 2016 , MillerCoors was fully consolidated and continues to be reported as our U.S. segment. See Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further discussion. Our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures reflect new accounting pronouncements adopted during the year as discussed in Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements." Unless otherwise indicated, information in this report is presented in USD and comparisons are to comparable prior periods. Our primary operating currencies, other than USD, include the CAD, the GBP, and our Central European operating currencies such as the EUR, CZK, HRK and RSD. Principles of Consolidation Our consolidated financial statements include our accounts and our majority-owned and controlled domestic and foreign subsidiaries, as well as certain VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions used to determine certain amounts that affect the financial statements are reasonable, based on information available at the time they are made. To the extent there are differences between these estimates and actual results, our consolidated financial statements may be materially affected. Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements for Income Tax Accounting Errors As part of preparing our 2018 consolidated financial statements, MCBC identified errors in the accounting for income taxes related to the deferred tax liabilities for our partnership in MillerCoors. Following the Acquisition in 2016 , MillerCoors continued as a partnership for tax purposes until 2018 , at which point the partnership was dissolved. Upon the dissolution of the MillerCoors partnership, we changed our outside basis deferred tax liability for our investment in the partnership to separate deferred tax positions for each of the individual book-tax basis differences in the underlying assets and liabilities of MillerCoors. In doing so, we identified a difference between the deferred tax liabilities recorded and the deferred tax liabilities required related to our acquired partnership interest in MillerCoors. Specifically, upon closing of the Acquisition and completion of the related deferred income tax calculations associated with the remeasurement of the previously held equity interest in MillerCoors, we did not reconcile the outside basis deferred income tax liability for the investment in the partnership to the book-tax differences in the underlying assets and liabilities within the partnership, which would have identified the difference resulting from the Acquisition. As a result of completing this reconciliation as part of preparing our 2018 consolidated financial statements, we concluded that the previously issued 2017 and 2016 consolidated financial statements were misstated. Accordingly, we have restated our 2016 consolidated financial statements to increase deferred tax liabilities (and related subtotals) and corresponding deferred tax expense by $399.1 million , with a corresponding decrease to net income 89 and earnings per share. For 2017 , the change to the deferred tax liabilities caused by the aforementioned error required revaluation due to the effects of the 2017 Tax Act. This impact, along with further insignificant income tax errors in the recorded tax effects related to the remeasurement of the previously held equity interest in MillerCoors, resulted in a required correction to decrease deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax expense by $151.4 million , resulting in increases to our net income and earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2017 . These adjustments resulted in an aggregate increase to our deferred tax liabilities and total liabilities and a corresponding decrease in retained earnings and total equity of $247.7 million as of December 31, 2017 . These errors had no impact on any period prior to the Acquisition (which was completed during the fourth quarter of 2016), and, further, there is no impact on the previously disclosed cash tax benefits resulting from the election to treat the Acquisition as an asset acquisition for U.S. tax purposes and accordingly the related tax benefit. Impacts to the condensed consolidated statements of cash flow are limited to changes within operating activities as noted below, and, therefore, there are no impacts on the operating, investing or financing subtotals. Refer to Note 20, "Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)," for the impact of correcting these previously reported errors on our unaudited quarterly results. The impacts of these corrections to fiscal years 2016 and 2017 are as follows: Consolidated Statements of Operations: Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company Basic net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company per share Diluted net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company per share Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income: Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests Comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company Consolidated Balance Sheets: Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities Retained earnings Total Molson Coors Brewing Company stockholders' equity Total equity 90 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 As Reported As Restated As Reported As Restated (In millions) 53.2 $ 204.6 $ (1,055.2) $ (1,454.3) 1,436.4 $ 1,414.2 $ 6.57 $ 6.53 $ 1,587.8 $ 1,565.6 $ 7.27 $ 7.23 $ 1,998.9 $ 1,993.0 $ 9.40 $ 9.34 $ 1,599.8 1,593.9 7.52 7.47 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 As Reported As Restated As Reported As Restated (In millions) 1,436.4 $ 2,150.7 $ 2,126.0 $ 1,587.8 $ 2,302.1 $ 2,277.4 $ 1,998.9 $ 2,128.3 $ 2,125.3 $ 1,599.8 1,729.2 1,726.2 As of As of December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 As Reported As Restated As Reported As Restated (In millions) 1,648.6 $ 1,896.3 $ 1,699.0 $ 2,098.1 16,811.9 $ 17,059.6 $ 17,719.8 $ 18,118.9 7,206.1 $ 6,958.4 $ 6,145.3 $ 13,226.1 $ 12,978.4 $ 11,418.7 $ 13,435.0 $ 13,187.3 $ 11,621.7 $ 5,746.2 11,019.6 11,222.6 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows: Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests Income tax (benefit) expense Year Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 As Reported As Restated As Reported As Restated (In millions) $ $ 1,436.4 $ 1,587.8 $ (53.2) $ (204.6) $ 1,998.9 $ 1,055.2 $ 1,599.8 1,454.3 The impacts of the restatement have been reflected throughout the financial statements, including the applicable footnotes, as appropriate. Revenue Recognition We account for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which we adopted on January 1, 2018 , using the modified retrospective transition approach (see Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements" for impacts of adoption). Our net sales represent the sale of beer and other malt beverages (including adjacencies, such as cider and hard soda), net of excise tax. Sales are stated net of incentives, discounts and returns. Sales of products are for cash or otherwise agreed upon credit terms. Our payment terms vary by location and customer, however, the time period between when revenue is recognized and when payment is due is not significant. Our revenue generating activities have a single performance obligation and are recognized at the point in time when control transfers and our obligation has been fulfilled, which is when the related goods are shipped or delivered to the customer, depending upon the method of distribution and shipping terms. Where our products are sold under consignment arrangements, revenue is not recognized until control has transferred, which is when the product is sold to the end customer. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for the sale of our product. The cost of various programs, such as price promotions, rebates and coupons are treated as a reduction of sales. In certain of our markets, we make cash payments to customers such as slotting or listing fees, or payments for other marketing or promotional activities. These cash payments are recorded as a reduction of revenue unless we receive a distinct good or service as defined under ASC 606. Specifically, a good or service is considered distinct when it is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract, we receive a benefit from the good or service, and the benefit is separable from the sale of our product to the customer. Certain payments made to customers are conditional on the achievement of volume targets, marketing commitments, or both. If paid in advance, we record such payments as prepayments and amortize them over the relevant period to which the customer commitment is made (generally up to five years). When the payment is not for a distinct good or service, or fair value cannot be reasonably estimated, the amortization of the prepayment or the cost as incurred is recorded as a reduction of revenue. Where a distinct good or service is received and fair value can be reasonably estimated, the cost is included as marketing, general and administrative expenses. The amounts deferred are reassessed regularly for recoverability over the contract period and are impaired where there is objective evidence that the benefits will not be realized or the asset is otherwise not recoverable. Separately, as discussed below, we analyze whether these advance payments contain a significant financing component for potential adjustment to the transaction price. Our primary revenue generating activity represents the sale of beer and other malt beverages to customers, including both domestic and exported product sales. Our customer could be a distributor, retail or on-premise outlet, depending on the market. The majority of our revenues are generated from brands that we own and brew ourselves, however, we also import or brew and sell certain non-owned partner brands under licensing and related arrangements. In addition, primarily in the U.K., as well as certain other countries in our Europe segment, we sell other beverage companies' products to on-premise customers to provide them with a full range of products for their retail outlets. We refer to this as the "factored brand business." Sales from this business are included in our net sales and cost of goods sold when ultimately sold. In the factored brand business, we normally purchase inventory, which includes excise taxes charged by the vendor, take orders from customers for such brands, negotiate with the customers on pricing and invoice customers for the product and related costs of delivery. In addition, we incur the risk of loss at times we are in possession of the inventory and for the receivables due from the customers. Revenues for owned brands, partner and imported brands, as well as factored brands are recognized at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer as discussed above. Other Revenue Generating Activities We contract manufacture for other brewers in some of our markets. These contractual agreements require us to brew, package and ship certain brands to these brewers, who then sell the products to their own customers in their respective markets. 91 Revenues under contract brewing arrangements are recognized when our obligation related to the finished product is fulfilled and control of the product transfers to these other brewers. We also have licensing agreements with third party partners who brew and distribute our products in various markets across our segments. Under these agreements, we are compensated based on the amount of products sold by our partners in these markets at an agreed upon royalty rate or profit percentage. We apply the sales-based royalty practical expedient to these licensing arrangements and recognize revenue as product is sold by our partners at the agreed upon rate. We have evaluated these other revenue generating activities under the disaggregation disclosure criteria outlined within the guidance and concluded that these other revenue generating activities are immaterial for separate disclosure. See Note 3, "Segment Reporting," for disclosure of revenues by geographic segment. Variable Consideration Our revenue generating activities include variable consideration which is recorded as a reduction of the transaction price based upon expected amounts at the time revenue for the corresponding product sale is recognized. For example, customer promotional discount programs are entered into with certain distributors for certain periods of time. The amount ultimately reimbursed to distributors is determined based upon agreed-upon promotional discounts which are applied to distributors' sales to retailers. Other common forms of variable consideration include volume rebates for meeting established sales targets, and coupons and mail-in rebates offered to the end consumer. The determination of the reduction of the transaction price for variable consideration requires that we make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the timing and amounts of revenue and liabilities recorded. We estimate this variable consideration, including analyzing for a potential constraint on variable consideration, by taking into account factors such as the nature of the promotional activity, historical information and current trends, availability of actual results, and expectations of customer and consumer behavior. We do not have standard terms that permit return of product; however, in certain markets where returns occur we estimate the amount of returns as variable consideration based on historical return experience and adjust our revenue accordingly. Products that do not meet our high quality standards are returned by the customer or recalled and destroyed and are recorded as a reduction of revenue. The reversal of revenue is recorded upon determination that the product will be recalled and destroyed. We estimate the costs required to facilitate product returns and record them in cost of goods sold as required. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 , adjustments to revenue from performance obligations satisfied in the prior period due to changes in estimates in variable consideration were immaterial. Significant Financing Component and Costs to Obtain Contracts In certain of our businesses where such practices are legally permitted, we make loans or advanced payments to retail outlets that sell our brands. For arrangements that do not span greater than one year, we apply the practical expedient available under ASC 606 and do not adjust the transaction price for the effects of a potential significant financing component. We further analyze arrangements that span greater than one year on an ongoing basis to determine whether a significant financing component exists. No such arrangements existed during the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 . Advance payments to customers, where legally permitted, are deferred and amortized as a reduction to revenue over the expected period of benefit and tested for recoverability as appropriate. All other costs to obtain contracts and fulfill are expensed as incurred based on the nature, significance and expected benefit of these costs relative to the contract. Contract Assets and Liabilities We continually evaluate whether our revenue generating activities and advanced payment arrangements with customers result in the recognition of contract assets or liabilities. No such assets or liabilities existed as of December 31, 2018 , or December 31, 2017 . Separately, trade accounts receivable, including affiliate receivables, approximates receivables from contracts with customers. Shipping and Handling Freight costs billed to customers for shipping and handling are recorded as revenue. Shipping and handling expense related to costs incurred to deliver product are recognized within cost of goods sold. We account for shipping and handling activities that occur after control has transferred as a fulfillment cost as opposed to a separate performance obligation, and the costs of shipping and handling are recognized concurrently with the related revenue. 92 Excise Taxes Excise taxes remitted to tax authorities are government-imposed excise taxes on beer. Excise taxes are shown in a separate line item in the consolidated statements of operations as a reduction of sales. Excise taxes are recognized as a current liability within accounts payable and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, with the liability subsequently reduced when the taxes are remitted to the tax authority. Cost of Goods Sold Our cost of goods sold includes costs we incur to make and ship beer and other malt beverages. These costs include brewing materials, such as barley, hops and various grains. Packaging materials, such as glass bottles, aluminum cans, cardboard and paperboard are also included in our cost of goods sold. Additionally, our cost of goods sold include both direct and indirect labor, shipping and handling including freight costs, utilities, maintenance costs, warehousing costs, purchasing and receiving costs, depreciation, promotional packaging, other manufacturing overheads and costs to purchase factored and other non-owned brands from suppliers, as well as the estimated cost to facilitate product returns. Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses Our marketing, general and administrative expenses include media advertising (television, radio, digital, print), tactical advertising (signs, banners, point-of- sale materials) and promotion costs on both local and national levels within our operating segments. The creative portion of our advertising activities is expensed as incurred. Production costs of advertising and promotional materials are expensed when the advertising is first run. Marketing, general and administrative expenses also include integration costs of $38.8 million and $70.6 million for 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and acquisition and integration costs of $108.4 million for 2016 associated with the Acquisition. This classification includes general and administrative costs for functions such as finance, legal, human resources and information technology, along with acquisition and integration costs as noted above, which consist primarily of labor and outside services, as well as bad debt expense related to our allowance for doubtful accounts. Unless capitalization is allowed or required by U.S. GAAP, legal costs are expensed when incurred. These costs also include our marketing and sales organizations, including labor and other overheads. This line item additionally includes amortization costs associated with intangible assets, as well as certain depreciation costs related to non-production equipment and share-based compensation. Share-based compensation is recognized using a straight-line method over the vesting period of the awards. We include estimated forfeitures expected to occur when calculating share-based compensation expense. Our share-based compensation plan and the awards within it contain provisions that accelerate vesting of awards upon change in control, retirement, disability or death of eligible employees and directors. Our share-based awards are considered vested when the employee's retention of the award is no longer contingent on providing service, which for certain awards can result in immediate recognition for awards granted to retirement-eligible individuals or accelerated recognition for awards granted to individuals that will become retirement eligible within the stated vesting period. Also, if less than the stated vesting period, we recognize these costs over the period from the grant date to the date retirement eligibility is achieved. Special Items Our special items represent charges incurred or benefits realized that either we do not believe to be indicative of our core operations, or we believe are significant to our current operating results warranting separate classification; specifically, such items are considered to be one of the following: • • • • infrequent or unusual items, impairment or asset abandonment-related losses, restructuring charges and other atypical employee-related costs, or fees on termination of significant operating agreements and gains (losses) on disposal of investments. The items classified as special items are not necessarily non-recurring, however, they are deemed to be incremental to income earned or costs incurred by the company in conducting normal operations, and therefore are presented separately from other components of operating income. Equity Income in MillerCoors On October 11, 2016 , following the close of the Acquisition, MillerCoors became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MCBC and as a result, MCBC owns 100% of the outstanding equity and voting interests of MillerCoors. Prior to October 11, 2016 , MCBC's equity income in MillerCoors represented our proportionate share for the period of the net income of our investment in MillerCoors accounted for under the equity method. This amount reflected adjustments to eliminate intercompany gains and 93 losses, and to amortize, if appropriate, any difference between cost and underlying equity in net assets upon the formation of MillerCoors. Interest Expense, net Our interest costs are associated with borrowings to finance our operations and acquisitions. Interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents across our business is recorded as interest income. Changes in estimates (if any) to mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest liabilities, which are presented within other current and non-current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet, are also recognized within interest expense. We capitalize interest cost as a part of the original cost of acquiring certain fixed assets if the cost of the capital expenditure and the expected time to complete the project are considered significant. Other Income (Expense) Our other income (expense) classification primarily includes gains and losses associated with activities not directly related to brewing and selling beer and other malt beverages. For instance, aggregate unrealized and realized foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from remeasurement and settlement of foreign- denominated monetary assets and liabilities, as well as certain gains or losses on sales of non-operating assets and the mark-to-market activity associated with warrants are classified in this line item. These gains and losses are reported in the operating segment in which they occur; however, foreign exchange gains and losses on intercompany balances related to financing and other treasury-related activities are reported within the Corporate segment. The initial recording of foreign-denominated transactions are classified based on the nature of the transaction, with the unrealized or realized foreign exchange gains or losses resulting from the subsequent remeasurement of the monetary asset or liability, and its ultimate settlement, classified in other income (expense). Discontinued Operations We no longer present the activity related to foreign exchange movements nor the liabilities associated with our indemnities resulting from the historical sale of the Kaiser business, as discussed in Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies," within discontinued operations and have accordingly reclassified the activity into other income within continuing operations of the consolidated statements of operations, and the liabilities into other current and long-term liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets. This change has been applied retrospectively and prospectively. As a result, we reclassified a foreign exchange gain of $1.5 million and a loss of $2.8 million from discontinued operations to other income (expense), net for the fiscal years 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets, liabilities, and certain unrecognized gains and losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We apply the intraperiod tax allocation rules to allocate our provision for income taxes between continuing operations and other categories of earnings, such as other comprehensive income (loss), when we meet the criteria prescribed by U.S. GAAP. We provide for taxes that may be payable if undistributed earnings of overseas subsidiaries were to be remitted to the U.S., except for those earnings that we consider to be permanently reinvested. However, we continue to monitor the impacts of the 2017 Tax Act, as defined in Note 6, "Income Tax," including yet to be issued regulations and interpretations, on the tax consequences of future repatriations. Future sales of foreign subsidiaries are not exempt from capital gains tax in the U.S. under the 2017 Tax Act. However, we have no plans to dispose of any of our foreign subsidiaries and are not recording deferred taxes on outside basis differences in foreign subsidiaries for the sale of a foreign subsidiary. The tax benefit from an uncertain tax position is recognized only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on its technical merits. We measure and record the tax benefits from such a position based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Interest, penalties and offsetting positions related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as a component of income tax expense. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. We account for the tax effects of global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) as a component of income tax expense in the period the tax arises, to the extent applicable. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) OCI represents income and losses for the reporting period, including the related tax impacts, which are excluded from net income (loss) and recognized directly within AOCI as a component of equity. OCI also includes amounts reclassified to income during the reporting period that were previously recognized within AOCI. Amounts remaining within AOCI are expected to be 94 reclassified out of AOCI in the future, at which point they will be recognized within the consolidated statement of operations as a component of net income (loss). We recognize OCI related to the translation of assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries which are denominated in currencies other than USD, unrealized gains and losses on the effective portion of our derivatives designated in cash flow and net investment hedging relationships, actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs related to our pension and other post-retirement benefit plans, as well as our proportionate share of our equity method investments' OCI. Additionally, we do not have the expectation or intent to cash settle certain of our intercompany note receivable and note payable positions in the foreseeable future; therefore, the remeasurement of these instruments is recorded as a component of foreign currency translation adjustments within OCI. Earnings Per Share Basic EPS was computed using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS includes the additional dilutive effect of our potentially dilutive securities, which include RSUs, DSUs, PSUs, and stock options. The dilutive effects of our potentially dilutive securities are calculated using the treasury stock method. Our calculation of weighted-average shares includes Class A common stock and Class B common stock, and Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares. All classes of stock have in effect the same dividend rights and share equitably in undistributed earnings. Holders of Class A common stock receive dividends only to the extent dividends are declared and paid to holders of Class B common stock. See Note 8, "Stockholders' Equity" for further discussion of the Class A common stock and Class B common stock and Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares. We have no unvested outstanding equity share awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash consists of cash on hand and bank deposits. Cash equivalents represent highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Our cash deposits are maintained with multiple, reputable financial institutions. Supplementary cash flow includes non-cash issuances of share-based awards, as well as non-cash investing activities related to movements in our guarantee of indebtedness of certain equity method investments. Additionally, the initial recognition of the warrants discussed in Note 16, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” represents a non-cash financing activity in 2018. In 2016, total Acquisition consideration includes non-cash investing activity related to the issuance of replacement share-based compensation awards, as well as the elimination of a net payable owed by MCBC to MillerCoors. During 2018 and 2017, we had non-cash activities related to the recognition of capital leases, and during 2017, we also had non-cash activities related to the acquisition of a business. We also had non-cash activities related to capital expenditures incurred but not yet paid during each period presented. This aggregate non-cash activity totaled $236.5 million , $265.5 million and $177.4 million , for 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. There was no other significant non-cash activity in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 other than mentioned above. See Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments," Note 10, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets," Note 13, "Share-Based Payments," and Note 16, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” for further discussion. Accounts Receivable and Notes Receivable We record accounts and notes receivable at net realizable value. This carrying value includes an appropriate allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts to reflect any loss anticipated on the accounts and notes receivable balances. We calculate this allowance based on our country-specific history of write-offs, level of past-due accounts based on the contractual terms of the receivables and our relationships with and the economic status of our customers, which may be impacted by current macroeconomic and regulatory factors specific to the country of origin. In the U.K., loans are extended to a portion of the retail outlets that sell our brands. An allowance for credit losses is maintained to provide for loan losses deemed to be probable related to specifically identified loans and for losses in the loan portfolio that have been incurred at the balance sheet date. We establish our allowance through a provision for loan losses charged against earnings and recorded in marketing, general and administrative expenses. Loan balances that are written off are recorded against the allowance as a write-off. Activity within the allowance for credit losses was immaterial for fiscal years 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method. We regularly assess the shelf- life of our inventories and reserve for those inventories when it becomes apparent the product will not be sold within our freshness specifications. 95 Other current assets Other current assets include prepaid assets, maintenance and operating supplies, promotion materials and derivative assets that are expected to be recognized or realized within the next 12 months. Maintenance and operating supplies include our inventories of spare parts, which are kept on hand for repairs and maintenance of machinery and equipment. The majority of spare parts within our business include motors, fillers and other components that are required to maintain a normal level of production in the event that expected maintenance and/or repairs are required. These parts are inventoried within current assets as they are reasonably expected to be used during the normal operating cycle of the business and are reserved for excess and obsolescence, as appropriate. The allowance for obsolete supplies was $9.2 million and $7.4 million as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively. Properties Properties are stated at original cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are reviewed periodically and have the following ranges: buildings and improvements: 20 - 40 years; machinery and equipment: 3 - 25 years; furniture and fixtures: 3 - 10 years; returnable containers: 2 - 15 years; and software: 3 - 5 years. Land is not depreciated, and construction in progress is not depreciated until ready for service. Costs of enhancements or modifications that substantially extend the capacity or useful life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated accordingly. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. When property is retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from our consolidated balance sheets and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is reflected in our consolidated statements of operations. Long- lived assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset (or asset group) may not be recoverable. Returnable containers are recorded at acquisition cost and consist of returnable bottles, kegs, pallets and crates that are both in our direct control within our breweries, warehouses and distribution facilities and those that we indirectly control in the market through our agreements with our customers and other brewers and for which a deposit is received. The deposits received on our returnable containers in the market are recorded as deposit liabilities, included as current liabilities within accounts payable and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. We estimate that the loss, breakage and deterioration of our returnable containers is comparable to the depreciation calculated on an estimated useful life of up to 4 years for bottles, 5 years for pallets, 7 years for crates, and 15 years for returnable kegs. We also own and maintain other equipment in the market related to delivery of our products to end consumers, for example on- premise dispense equipment and refrigeration units. This equipment is recorded at acquisition cost and depreciated over lives of up to 7 years, depending on the market, reflecting the use of the equipment, as well as the loss and deterioration of the asset. The costs of acquiring or developing internal-use computer software, including directly-related payroll costs for internal resources, are capitalized and classified within properties. Implementation costs incurred in hosting arrangements that are service contracts are also capitalized within properties. Software maintenance and training costs are expensed in the period incurred. Properties held under capital lease are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life or the lease term, whichever is shorter, and the related depreciation is included in depreciation expense. Capital lease assets for which ownership is transferred at the end of the lease, or there is a bargain purchase option, are amortized over the useful life that would be assigned if the asset were owned. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill is allocated to the reporting unit in which the business that created the goodwill resides. A reporting unit is an operating segment, or a business unit one level below that operating segment, for which discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. As of the date of our annual impairment test, performed as of October 1, the operations in each of the specific regions within our U.S., Canada, Europe and International segments are considered components based on the availability of discrete financial information and the regular review by segment management. We have concluded that the components within the U.S., Canada and Europe segments each meet the criteria as having similar economic characteristics and therefore have aggregated these components into the U.S., Canada and Europe reporting units, respectively. Additionally, we determined that the components within our International segment do not meet the criteria for aggregation with the exception of the operations of our India businesses, which constitute a separate reporting unit. As required, we evaluate the carrying value of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually or when an interim triggering event occurs that would indicate that impairment may have taken place. Our annual test is performed as of the first day of our fiscal fourth quarter. We continuously monitor the performance of our other definite-lived intangible assets and evaluate for impairment when evidence exists that certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. Significant judgments and assumptions are required in such impairment evaluations. Definite-lived intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated 96 amortization. Amortization is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated lives of the assets as this approximates the pattern in which the assets economic benefits are consumed. Equity Method Investments We apply the equity method of accounting to 20% to 50% owned investments where we exercise significant influence or VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary. We use the cumulative earnings approach for determining cash flow presentation of cash distributions received from equity method investees. Distributions received are included in our consolidated statements of cash flows as operating activities, unless the cumulative distributions exceed our portion of the cumulative equity in the net earnings of the equity method investment, in which case the excess distributions are deemed to be returns of the investment and are classified as investing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Equity method investments as of December 31, 2018 , include Brewers' Retail, Inc. ("BRI") and Brewers' Distributor Ltd. ("BDL") in Canada. There are no related parties that own interests in our equity method investments as of December 31, 2018 . Derivative Hedging Instruments We use derivatives as part of our normal business operations to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange, commodity prices, production and packaging material costs and for other strategic purposes related to our core business. We enter into derivatives for risk management purposes only, including derivatives designated in hedge accounting relationships as well as those derivatives utilized as economic hedges. We do not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. We recognize our derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets as assets or liabilities at fair value and are classified in either current or non-current assets or liabilities based on each contract's respective unrealized gain or loss position and each contract's respective maturity. Our policy is to present all derivative balances on a gross basis, without regard to counterparty master netting agreements or similar arrangements. Further, our current derivative agreements do not allow us to net positions with the same counterparty and therefore, we present our derivative positions gross in our consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair values of outstanding cash flow and net investment hedges are recorded in OCI, until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows of the underlying hedged item or the sale of the underlying net investment, respectively. Effective cash flow hedges offset the gains or losses recognized on the underlying exposure in the consolidated statements of operations, or for net investment hedges, the foreign exchange translation gain or loss recognized in AOCI. Changes in fair value of outstanding fair value hedges and the offsetting changes in fair value of the hedged item are recognized in earnings. Changes in fair value of the derivative attributable to components allowed to be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness are deferred in AOCI and recognized in earnings over the life of the hedge. We record realized gains and losses from derivative instruments in the same financial statement line item as the hedged item/forecasted transaction. Changes in unrealized gains and losses for derivatives not designated in a hedge accounting relationship are recorded directly in earnings each period and are also recorded in the same financial statement line item as the hedged item/forecasted transaction. Cash flows from the settlement of derivatives, including both economic hedges and those designated in hedge accounting relationships, appear in the consolidated statements of cash flows in the same categories as the cash flows of the hedged item. In accordance with authoritative accounting guidance, we do not record the fair value of derivatives for which we have elected the Normal Purchase Normal Sale ("NPNS") exemption. We account for these contracts on an accrual basis, recording realized settlements related to these contracts in the same financial statement line items as the corresponding transaction. Pension and Postretirement Benefits We maintain retirement plans for the majority of our employees. We offer different types of plans within each segment, including defined benefit plans, defined contribution plans and OPEB plans. Each plan is managed locally and in accordance with respective local laws and regulations. Our equity investments, BRI and BDL, maintain defined benefit, defined contribution and postretirement benefit plans as well. We recognize the underfunded or overfunded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan as an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets and recognize changes in the funded status in the year in which the changes occur within OCI. The funded status of a plan, measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation, and the related net periodic pension cost are calculated using a number of significant actuarial assumptions. Changes in net periodic pension cost and funding status may occur in the future due to changes in these assumptions. 97 We use the fair value approach to calculate the market-related value of pension plan assets used to determine net periodic pension cost, which includes measuring the market-related value of plan assets at fair value for purposes of determining the expected return on plan assets and amount of gain or loss subject to amortization. Projected benefit obligation is the actuarial present value as of the measurement date of all benefits attributed by the plan benefit formula to employee service rendered before the measurement date using assumptions as to future compensation levels and years of service if the plan benefit formula is based on those future compensation levels and years of service. Accumulated benefit obligation is the actuarial present value of benefits (whether vested or unvested) attributed by the plan benefit formula to employee service rendered before the measurement date and based on employee service and compensation, if applicable, prior to that date. Accumulated benefit obligation differs from projected benefit obligation in that it includes no assumption about future compensation levels and years of service. We employ the corridor approach for determining each plan's potential amortization from AOCI of deferred gains and losses, which occur when actual experience differs from estimates, into our net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost. This approach defines the "corridor" as the greater of 10% of the projected benefit obligation or 10% of the market-related value of plan assets and requires amortization of the excess net gain or loss that exceeds the corridor over the average remaining service periods of active plan participants. For plans closed to new entrants and the future accrual of benefits, the average remaining life expectancy of all plan participants (including retirees) is used. Fair Value Measurements The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other current liabilities approximate fair value as recorded due to the short-term nature of these instruments. In addition, the carrying amounts of our trade loan receivables, net of allowances, approximate fair value. The fair value of derivatives is estimated by discounting the estimated future cash flows utilizing observable market interest, foreign exchange and commodity rates adjusted for non-performance credit risk associated with our counterparties (assets) or with MCBC (liabilities). Additionally, the fair value of warrants is estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model. See Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" for additional information. Based on current market rates for similar instruments, the fair value of long-term debt is presented in Note 11, "Debt." U.S. GAAP guidance for fair value includes a hierarchy that prioritizes fair value measurements based on the types of inputs used for the various valuation techniques (market approach, income approach and cost approach). Our financial assets and liabilities are measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows: Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2—Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are less active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs). Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect the assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. We develop these inputs based on the best information available, including our own data. Foreign Currency Assets and liabilities recorded in foreign currencies that are the functional currencies for the respective operations are translated at the prevailing exchange rate at the balance sheet date. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are reported as a separate component of OCI. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in earnings for the period. Revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the period. 2. New Accounting Pronouncements Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans In August 2018, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to add, remove, and clarify disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. This guidance is effective for annual periods after 98 December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We early adopted this guidance in the fourth quarter of 2018 on a retrospective basis. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations. In March 2017, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to improve the consistency, transparency and usefulness of financial information related to defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. Under the new guidance, an employer must disaggregate the service cost component from the other components of net benefit cost within the statements of operations. Specifically, the new guidance requires us to report only the service cost component in the same line item as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period; while the other components of net benefit cost are now presented in the consolidated statements of operations separately from the service cost component and outside of operating income. The amendments in this update also allow only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization when applicable. We have also determined that only service cost will be reported within each operating segment and all other components will be reported within the Corporate segment. The guidance related to the income statement presentation of service costs and other pension and postretirement benefit costs is applied retrospectively, while the capitalization of service costs component is applied prospectively. We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2018 , which was a classification adjustment only and had no impact to our consolidated net income. The following table shows the (increase) decrease for the respective line item within the consolidated statement of operations for consolidated and segment reporting amounts for the year ended December 31, 2017 . There was no impact to the International segment in 2017. Cost of goods sold Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Total Corporate Europe U.S. Canada Consolidated $ $ — $ — — 47.4 47.4 $ (27.5) $ (18.6) — — 7.3 $ 0.7 $ (0.6) (5.4) — (0.4) (2.9) — (46.1) $ 1.3 $ (2.6) $ (19.5) (19.6) (8.3) 47.4 — The following table shows the (increase) decrease for the respective line item within the consolidated statement of operations for consolidated and segment reporting amounts for the year ended December 31, 2016 . Cost of goods sold Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Total Revenue Recognition $ $ Corporate International Europe U.S. Canada Consolidated — $ — $ (7.3) $ (1.0) $ (3.2) $ (11.5) 0.1 — 8.4 8.5 $ 0.1 — — 0.1 $ (4.8) — — (12.1) $ (1.4) — — (2.4) $ (1.4) 10.5 — 5.9 $ (7.4) 10.5 8.4 — In May 2014, the FASB issued authoritative guidance related to new accounting requirements for the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for the goods or services. We adopted this guidance and related amendments as of January 1, 2018 , applying the modified retrospective transition approach to all contracts. Based on our comprehensive assessment of the new guidance, including our evaluation of the five-step approach outlined within the guidance, we concluded that the adoption did not have a significant impact to our core revenue generating activities. However, the adoption resulted in a change in presentation of certain cash payments made to customers as well as the timing of recognition of certain promotional discounts. Specifically, certain cash payments to customers were previously recorded within marketing, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Upon the adoption of the new guidance, many of these cash payments did not meet the specific criteria within the new guidance of providing a “distinct” good or service, and therefore, were required to be presented as a reduction of revenue. The impact of this change resulted in a reduction of revenue and marketing, general and administrative expenses by approximately $60 million during 2018 , primarily within our Canada segment, with no impact to net income. Furthermore, 99 upon adoption of the new guidance, certain of our promotional discounts which are deemed variable consideration under the new guidance, are now recognized at the time of the related shipment of product, which is earlier than recognized under historical guidance. This change in recognition timing has shifted financial statement recognition primarily amongst quarters, however, the full-year impact was not significant to our financial results. We also evaluated the requirements of the new guidance on our other revenue generating activities such as contract brewing and license arrangements, and concluded that no changes to our historical accounting treatment was required. As a result of the cumulative impact of adopting the new guidance, we recorded a reduction to opening retained earnings of $27.8 million as of January 1, 2018 , with an offsetting increase primarily within accounts payable and other current liabilities and the related tax effects, related primarily to the accelerated recognition of certain promotional discounts. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 , are presented under the new guidance, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with historical accounting guidance. The following tables provide a comparison of our current period results of operations and financial position under the new guidance, versus our financial statements if the historical guidance had continued to be applied: Consolidated Statement of Operations: Sales Excise taxes Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net Operating income (loss) Interest expense Interest income Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC Basic net income (loss) attributable to MCBC per share Diluted net income (loss) attributable to MCBC per share Year ended December 31, 2018 Under Historical Guidance As Reported Under New Guidance Effect of Change (In millions, except per share data) $ 13,393.5 $ 13,338.0 $ (2,568.4) 10,825.1 (6,584.8) 4,240.3 (2,862.4) 249.7 1,627.6 (306.2) 11.4 38.2 (12.0) 1,359.0 (225.1) 1,133.9 (18.1) (2,568.4) 10,769.6 (6,584.8) 4,184.8 (2,802.7) 249.7 1,631.8 (306.2) 8.0 38.2 (12.0) 1,359.8 (225.2) 1,134.6 (18.1) $ $ $ 1,115.8 $ 1,116.5 $ 5.17 $ 5.15 $ 5.17 $ 5.15 $ 100 (55.5) — (55.5) — (55.5) 59.7 — 4.2 — (3.4) — — 0.8 (0.1) 0.7 — 0.7 — — Consolidated Balance Sheet: Assets Trade accounts receivable, net Other current assets, net Liabilities and equity Accounts payable and other current liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) As of December 31, 2018 Under Historical Guidance As Reported Under New Guidance Effect of Change (In millions) $ $ $ $ $ $ 735.9 $ 242.4 $ 2,667.4 $ 2,137.7 $ 7,720.0 $ 736.0 $ 245.6 $ 2,706.4 $ 2,128.9 $ 7,692.9 $ (1,150.2) $ (1,150.0) $ 0.1 3.2 39.0 (8.8) (27.1) 0.2 These changes are primarily driven by the reclassification of certain cash payments to customers from marketing, general and administrative expenses to a reduction of revenue, as well as the change in the timing of recognition of certain promotional discounts and cash payments to customers. This adoption had no impact to our cash flows from operating, investing or financing activities. See Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further details on our significant accounting policies for revenue recognition pursuant to the new guidance. Financial and Commodity Risks In August 2017, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to refine and expand hedge accounting for both financial and commodity risks. The revised guidance will create more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the footnotes. In addition, this guidance makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. We early adopted this guidance during the second quarter of 2018. All transition requirements have been applied to hedging relationships existing on the date of adoption and the effect of the adoption is reflected as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not result in a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2018, and did not have any other material effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. All required disclosures under the new guidance have been made in Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities." New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In August 2018, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to address a customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. This guidance aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance also requires presentation of the capitalized implementation costs in the statement of financial position and in the statement of cash flows in the same line item that a prepayment for the fees of the associated hosting arrangement would be presented, and the expense related to the capitalized implementation costs to be presented in the same line item in the statement of operations as the fees associated with the hosting element (service) of the arrangement. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact on our financial position, results of operations, and statement of cash flows upon adoption of this guidance, which will result in the change in presentation of capitalized implementation costs related to hosting arrangements from properties to other assets on the consolidated balance sheet, as well as the expense related to such costs no longer being classified as depreciation expense and cash flows related to those costs no longer being presented as investing activities. In February 2018 , the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to improve the usefulness of financial information related to the enactment of the 2017 Tax Act, as defined in Note 6, "Income Tax." This guidance provides an option to reclassify from AOCI to retained earnings the stranded tax effects resulting from the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate as a result of the 2017 Tax Act. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 , including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact on our financial statements in order to determine whether to elect to make this reclassification upon adoption of this guidance. 101 In February 2016, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements. We will adopt this guidance and all related amendments applying the modified retrospective transition approach to all lease arrangements as of the effective date of adoption, January 1, 2019. Additionally, for existing leases as of the effective date, we will elect the package of practical expedients available at transition to not reassess the historical lease determination, lease classification and initial direct costs. For operating leases, the adoption of this new guidance is currently expected to result in the recognition of right-of-use ("ROU") assets of between approximately $150 million and $160 million , and aggregate current and non-current lease liabilities of between approximately $160 million and $170 million , as of the effective date of adoption, including immaterial reclassifications of prepaid and deferred rent balances into ROU assets. Additionally, as a result of the cumulative impact of adopting the new guidance, we expect to record a net increase to opening retained earnings of between $30 million and $35 million as of January 1, 2019, with the offsetting impact within other assets, related to our share of the accelerated recognition of deferred gains on non-qualifying and other sale-leaseback transactions by an equity method investment within our Canada segment. We are in the process of finalizing this transition adjustment calculation, which will be completed during the first quarter of 2019. Additionally, while our accounting for finance leases will remain unchanged at adoption, we will prospectively change the presentation of finance lease liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets to be presented within current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings and long-term debt, as appropriate. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to impact our cash flows from operating, investing, or financing activities. Other than the items noted above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements not yet effective or adopted in the current year that we believe have a significant impact, or potential significant impact, to our consolidated financial statements. 3. Segment Reporting Our reporting segments are based on the key geographic regions in which we operate, which are the basis on which our chief operating decision maker evaluates the performance of the business. Reporting Segments United States The U.S. segment consists of our production, marketing and sales of our brands and other owned and licensed brands in the U.S. Prior to the completion of the Acquisition on October 11, 2016, MillerCoors was a limited liability company that we jointly owned with SABMiller and which operated in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. See Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further discussion. Effective January 1, 2017, the results of the MillerCoors Puerto Rico business, which were previously reported as part of the U.S. segment, are reported within the International segment. We have not recast historical results for these changes on the basis of materiality. Canada The Canada segment consists of our production, marketing and sales of our brands and other owned and licensed brands in Canada. The Canada segment also includes BRI, our joint venture arrangement related to the distribution and retail sale of beer in Ontario, and BDL, our joint venture arrangement related to the distribution of beer in the western provinces. Both BRI and BDL are accounted for as equity method investments. We have an agreement with Heineken N.V. ("Heineken") that grants us the right to import, market, distribute and sell Heineken products. Additionally, as a result of the Acquisition, beginning October 11, 2016, we have the right to brew or import, market, distribute and sell certain Miller brands in Canada. We also contract brew and package certain Labatt and Asahi brands for the U.S. market. Europe The Europe segment consists of our production, marketing and sales of our brands as well as a number of smaller regional brands in the U.K., the Republic of Ireland and Central Europe . As a result of the Acquisition, a portion of the operating results of the international Miller brand portfolio are reported in the Europe segment. Additionally, effective January 1, 2017, European markets including Sweden, Spain, Germany, Ukraine and Russia, which were previously reported under our International segment, are reported within our Europe segment. Our European business also has licensing agreements and distribution agreements with various other brewers. 102 International The objective of the International segment is to grow and expand our business and brand portfolio in new and existing markets, including emerging markets, outside the U.S., Canada, and Europe segments. The International segment includes operations in Latin America (the Caribbean, Central America, Mexico and South America), Asia Pacific (Australia, India, Japan and South Korea) and South Africa and surrounding markets. International operates through a combination of export and license arrangements, in addition to our India business that produces, markets and sells our products and our Japan business that imports, markets and sells our and certain other third-party products. As a result of the Acquisition, effective January 1, 2017, European markets including Sweden, Spain, Germany, Ukraine and Russia, which were previously reported under our International segment, are reported within our Europe segment while the results of the MillerCoors Puerto Rico business, which were previously reported as part of the U.S. segment, are reported within the International segment. Corporate Corporate is not a reportable segment and primarily includes interest and certain other general and administrative costs that are not allocated to any of the operating segments. The majority of these corporate costs relate to worldwide administrative functions, such as corporate affairs, legal, human resources, information technology, finance, internal audit, insurance, ethics and compliance, risk management, global growth, supply chain and commercial initiatives, as well as acquisition, integration and financing costs associated with the Acquisition. Additionally, Corporate includes the results of our water resources and energy operations in Colorado as well as the unrealized changes in fair value on our commodity swaps not designated in hedging relationships recorded within cost of goods sold, which are later reclassified when realized to the segment in which the underlying exposure resides. Summarized Financial Information No single customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated sales in 2018 , 2017 or 2016 . Consolidated net sales represent sales to third-party external customers less excise taxes. Inter-segment transactions impacting net sales revenues and income (loss) before income taxes eliminate in consolidation and, for fiscal year 2018 are U.S. segment sales of $104.5 million to our International segment and $19.0 million to our Canada segment, as well as approximately $12 million of Canada inter-segment sales to the U.S. The following tables represent consolidated net sales, interest expense, interest income and reconciliations of amounts shown as income (loss) before income taxes to income (loss) attributable to MCBC. Income (loss) before income taxes includes the impact of special items; refer to Note 7, "Special Items" for further discussion. Income (loss) before income taxes for 2017 and 2016 has been adjusted to reflect the adoption of the new accounting pronouncement resulting in the reclassification of all non-service components of pension and other postretirement costs to Corporate as discussed in Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements." Additionally, various costs associated with the Acquisition, including its related financing, were recorded in 2018 , 2017 and 2016; refer to Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for details. U.S. Canada Europe International Corporate (1) Inter-segment net sales eliminations Consolidated $ 7,259.9 $ 1,392.1 $ 2,002.6 $ (In millions) 250.1 $ 0.8 $ (135.9) $ 10,769.6 Year ended December 31, 2018 8.8 — — — (5.6) 0.5 — — (309.4) 7.5 Net sales Interest expense Interest income Income (loss) before income taxes $ 1,320.7 $ 157.0 $ 186.4 $ (2.7) $ (301.6) $ Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC — — — $ (306.2) 8.0 1,359.8 (225.2) 1,134.6 (18.1) $ 1,116.5 (1) During the first quarter of 2018, we recorded a gain of $328.0 million related to the Adjustment Amount as defined and further discussed in Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments." Additionally, related to the unrealized mark-to-market 103     valuation on our commodity hedge positions, we recorded unrealized losses of $166.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to unrealized gains of $123.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Year ended December 31, 2017 U.S. Canada Europe (1) International Corporate (2) Inter-segment net sales eliminations Consolidated As Restated $ 7,505.7 $ 1,458.0 $ 1,940.7 $ (In millions) 264.0 $ 0.9 $ (166.5) $ 11,002.8 13.1 — — — — 3.6 — — (362.4) 2.4 Net sales Interest expense Interest income Income (loss) before income taxes $ 1,394.2 $ 210.2 $ 234.9 $ (19.7) $ (436.4) $ Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC — — — $ (349.3) 6.0 1,383.2 204.6 1,587.8 (22.2) $ 1,565.6 (1) In the first quarter of 2017, we recorded a provision for an estimate of uncollectible receivables of approximately $11 million related to Agrokor, a large customer in Croatia. We have subsequently reduced this exposure and as of December 31, 2018 , our estimated provision of uncollectible receivables from Agrokor totals approximately $3 million . The settlement plan related to this matter was approved in October 2018, and did not have a significant impact on our financial statements. Separately, during the first quarter of 2017, we released an indirect tax loss contingency, which was initially recorded in the fourth quarter of 2016, for a benefit of approximately $50 million . See Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" for details. (2) Related to the unrealized mark-to-market valuation on our commodity hedge positions, we recorded unrealized gains of $123.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to unrealized gains of $23.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016. U.S. (1) Canada Europe (2) International Corporate Inter-segment net sales eliminations Consolidated As Restated Year ended December 31, 2016 Net sales Interest expense Interest income Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC $ 1,566.6 $ 1,425.7 $ 1,760.2 $ (In millions) 163.6 $ 1.0 $ (32.1) $ — — — — — 3.6 — — (271.6) 23.6 — — $ 3,568.0 $ (119.7) $ 137.6 $ (39.6) $ (492.2) $ — $ 4,885.0 (271.6) 27.2 3,054.1 (1,454.3) 1,599.8 (5.9) $ 1,593.9 (1) Prior to October 11, 2016 , MCBC’s 42% share of MillerCoors' results of operations was reported as equity income in MillerCoors in the consolidated statements of operations. As a result of the Acquisition, beginning October 11, 2016 , MillerCoors' results were fully consolidated into MCBC’s consolidated financial statements. The above table reflects this treatment accordingly. Also included in net income attributable to MCBC is a net special items gain of approximately $3.0 billion related to the fair value remeasurement of our pre-existing 42% interest in MillerCoors over its carrying value, as well as the reclassification of the loss related to MCBC's historical AOCI on our 42% interest in MillerCoors. Refer to Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further discussion. 104             (2) During the fourth quarter of 2016, we recorded a charge of approximately $50 million within excise taxes due to assessments received from a local country regulatory authority in Europe related to indirect tax calculations. See Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" for further discussion. The following table presents total assets and select cash flow information by segment: Assets Depreciation and amortization Capital expenditures As of December 31, For the years ended December 31, For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 U.S. (1) Canada Europe International Corporate $ 19,057.1 $ 19,353.6 $ 514.0 $ 4,640.5 5,430.0 274.1 708.1 4,835.7 5,522.0 294.8 240.8 141.9 188.0 9.9 3.7 (In millions) 485.7 $ 131.2 182.3 9.6 4.0 105.7 $ 322.0 $ 351.5 $ 98.4 175.7 5.1 3.5 165.3 150.0 3.1 11.3 99.9 131.6 2.3 14.3 Consolidated $ 30,109.8 $ 30,246.9 $ 857.5 $ 812.8 $ 388.4 $ 651.7 $ 599.6 $ 105.4 72.2 144.4 4.9 14.9 341.8 (1) For the year ended December 31, 2016, represents MillerCoors' activity for the post-Acquisition period of October 11, 2016 , through December 31, 2016. The following table presents net sales by geography, based on the location of the customer: Net sales to unaffiliated customers: United States and its territories (1) Canada United Kingdom Other foreign countries (2) Consolidated net sales For the years ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In millions) $ $ 7,272.1 $ 7,493.6 $ 1,298.2 1,184.6 1,014.7 1,358.4 1,172.8 978.0 10,769.6 $ 11,002.8 $ 1,622.4 1,344.4 1,071.4 846.8 4,885.0 (1) (2) Prior to October 11, 2016 , MCBC’s 42% share of MillerCoors' results of operations was reported as equity income in MillerCoors in the consolidated statements of operations. As a result of the completion of the Acquisition, beginning October 11, 2016 , MillerCoors' results of operations were fully consolidated into MCBC’s consolidated financial statements and included in the U.S. segment. Net sales from the period October 11, 2016 , through December 31, 2016, reflect the consolidation of MillerCoors in the U.S. segment. Reflects net sales from the individual countries within our Central European operations (included in our Europe segment), as well as our International segment, for which no individual country has total net sales exceeding 10% of the total consolidated net sales. 105             The following table presents net properties by geographic location: Net properties: United States and its territories Canada United Kingdom Other foreign countries (1) Consolidated net properties As of December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 (In millions) $ $ 2,943.0 $ 719.7 396.5 549.1 4,608.3 $ 3,025.0 673.0 392.6 583.1 4,673.7 (1) Reflects net properties within the individual countries included in our Central European operations (included in our Europe segment), as well as our International segment, for which no individual country has total net properties exceeding 10% of the total consolidated net properties. 4. Acquisition and Investments Acquisition On October 11, 2016 , we completed the Acquisition for $12.0 billion in cash, subject to a downward purchase price adjustment as described in the purchase agreement. This purchase price "Adjustment Amount," as defined in the purchase agreement, required payment to MCBC if the unaudited EBITDA for the Miller International Business for the twelve months prior to closing was below $70 million . Throughout the process outlined in the purchase agreement, significant uncertainty remained on the ultimate outcome of the Adjustment Amount. As a result, no adjustment to purchase accounting was made through the completion of the measurement period in October 2017. On January 21, 2018, MCBC and ABI entered into a settlement agreement related to the purchase price adjustment under the purchase agreement, and on January 26, 2018, pursuant to the settlement agreement, ABI paid to MCBC $330.0 million , of which $328.0 million constitutes the Adjustment Amount. As this settlement occurred following the finalization of purchase accounting, we recorded the settlement proceeds related to the Adjustment Amount as a gain within special items, net in our consolidated statement of operations in our Corporate segment and within cash provided by operating activities within our consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018. MCBC and ABI also agreed to certain mutual releases as further described in the settlement agreement. Prior to the Acquisition, MCBC owned a 50% voting and 42% economic interest in MillerCoors and MillerCoors was accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Following the completion of the Acquisition, MillerCoors, which was previously a joint venture between MCBC and SABMiller, became a wholly- owned subsidiary of MCBC and its results were fully consolidated by MCBC prospectively beginning on October 11, 2016 . The operating results of MillerCoors are reported in our U.S. segment and the operating results of the international Miller brand portfolio are reported in our Canada segment, Europe segment and International segment. Additionally, effective January 1, 2017, the results of the MillerCoors Puerto Rico business, which were previously reported as part of the U.S. segment, are reported within the International segment. See Note 3, "Segment Reporting" for more information on our reporting segments. Under the acquisition method of accounting, MCBC recorded all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their respective acquisition-date fair values. The excess of total consideration, including the estimated fair value of our previously held equity interest in MillerCoors, over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. During 2017, we recorded adjustments to our preliminary purchase price allocation, primarily related to the recognition of certain deferred tax assets, partially offset by the recognition of certain accrued liabilities. The net impact of these changes was a decrease to goodwill of $92.1 million . There were no other changes to our allocated amounts during 2017, and our purchase price allocation is now finalized. Separately, early in the fourth quarter of 2017, and prior to the completion of our one year measurement period, we completed the allocation of goodwill to our reporting units, with the goodwill predominantly assigned to the U.S. reporting unit, and a portion allocated to the Canada and Europe reporting units. See Note 10, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" for further information. We have elected to treat the Acquisition as an asset acquisition for U.S. tax purposes and accordingly currently expect to receive substantial tax benefits for the first 15 years following the close of the Acquisition. The assets and liabilities acquired in 106       connection with the Acquisition related to the remaining 58% ownership were stepped up to fair value for tax purposes and thus the carrying value of these assets and liabilities related to the purchase price for the 58% interest primarily equals the tax basis as of the acquisition date. The total cash paid to ABI in October 2016 to complete the Acquisition, net of cash acquired of $39.0 million , is presented as a cash outflow within investing activities during 2016. Additionally, cash flows provided by operating activities during 2016 include outflows of $90.3 million primarily related to transaction and other acquisition costs. See Note 8, "Stockholders' Equity" for details related to our February 3, 2016, equity offering completed in relation to the Acquisition and Note 11, "Debt" and Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" for details related to the financing and hedging strategies completed in relation to the Acquisition. Our fiscal year 2016 consolidated statement of operations includes net sales and income before taxes of approximately $1.6 billion and $3.1 billion , respectively, attributable to MillerCoors since the Acquisition date. The income includes the net gain of approximately $3.0 billion related to the Acquisition as discussed below. Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information The following unaudited pro forma financial information gives effect to the Acquisition and the completed financing as if they were completed on January 1, 2016, the first day of our 2016 fiscal year and the pro forma adjustments are based on items that are factually supportable, are directly attributable to the Acquisition, and are expected to have a continuing impact on MCBC's results of operations. The unaudited pro forma financial information has been calculated after applying MCBC’s accounting policies and adjusting the historical results of MillerCoors to reflect the additional depreciation and amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets had been applied from January 1, 2016, together with the consequential tax effects. Pro forma adjustments have been made to remove non-recurring transaction-related costs included in historical results as well as to reflect the incremental interest expense to be prospectively incurred on the debt and term loans issued to finance the Acquisition, in addition to other pro forma adjustments. See the below table for significant non-recurring costs. Also, see Note 5, "Other Income and Expense" and Note 11, "Debt" for details related to financing-related expenses incurred. Additionally, the following unaudited pro forma financial information does not reflect the impact of the acquisition of the Miller global brand portfolio and other assets primarily related to the Miller International Business as we are not able to estimate the historical results of operations from this business and have concluded, based on the limited information available to MCBC, that it is insignificant to the overall Acquisition. The purchase price allocation reflects estimated value allocated to the Miller global brand portfolio reported within identifiable intangible assets subject to amortization. The unaudited pro forma financial information below does not reflect the realization of any expected ongoing synergies relating to the integration of MillerCoors. Further, the unaudited pro forma financial information should not be considered indicative of the results that would have occurred if the Acquisition and related financing had been consummated on January 1, 2016, nor are they indicative of future results. Net sales Net income attributable to MCBC Net income attributable to MCBC per share: Basic Diluted 107 For the year ended December 31, 2016 (in millions) $ $ $ $ 10,983.2 291.8 1.36 1.35 For the year ended December 31, 2016, the following non-recurring charges (benefits) directly attributable to the Acquisition were made as adjustments to our pro forma results to remove the impact from our historical operating results within the below noted line items. Non-recurring charges (benefits) Recognition of inventory fair value step-up Revaluation gain on previously held 42% equity interest in MillerCoors and AOCI loss reclassification Other transaction-related costs Bridge loan - amortization of financing costs Foreign currency forwards and transactional foreign currency - net gain Term loan - commitment fee Swaption - unrealized loss Interest income earned on money market and fixed rate deposit accounts Fair Value of Consideration Transferred The purchase consideration was comprised of the following (in millions): Total cash consideration Replacement share-based awards issued in conjunction with Acquisition (1) Elimination of MCBC's net payable to MillerCoors (2) Total consideration Previously held equity interest in MillerCoors (3) Total consideration and value to be allocated to net assets For the year ended December 31, 2016 (In millions) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Location 82.0 Cost of goods sold (2,965.0) Special items, net Marketing, general and administrative expenses 79.7 63.4 Other income (expense) (4.5) Other income (expense) 4.0 Interest expense, net 36.4 Interest expense, net (19.0) Interest income, net $ $ $ 12,000.0 46.4 (8.0) 12,038.4 6,090.0 18,128.4 (1) (2) (3) In connection with the Acquisition, MCBC issued replacement share-based compensation awards to various MillerCoors' employees who had awards outstanding under the historical MillerCoors share-based compensation plan. The fair value of the replacement awards associated with services rendered through the date of the Acquisition was recognized as a non-cash component of the total purchase consideration. See Note 13, "Share-Based Payments" for further information. Represents the net payable owed by MCBC to MillerCoors as of the closing date which became an intercompany payable upon completion of the Acquisition. The acquisition of MillerCoors is considered a step acquisition, and accordingly, we remeasured our pre-existing 42% equity interest in MillerCoors immediately prior to completion of the Acquisition to its estimated fair value of approximately $6.1 billion . As a result of the remeasurement, we recorded a net gain of approximately $3.0 billion within special items, net during the fourth quarter of 2016, representing the excess of the approximate $6.1 billion estimated fair value of our pre-existing 42% equity interest over its transaction date carrying value of approximately $2.7 billion . This net gain also includes the reclassification of our accumulated other comprehensive loss related to our previously held equity interest of $458.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2016 as further discussed below. Additionally, related to our pre-existing 42% equity interest, we recorded incremental deferred income tax expense and a corresponding deferred tax liability of approximately $1.5 billion upon completion of the Acquisition. This deferred tax adjustment has been restated to reflect the correction of the error discussed in Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies." As discussed above, our revaluation gain is net of a loss of $458.3 million related to the reclassification of our historical AOCI related to our 42% interest in MillerCoors, thereby removing the historical balance from our balance sheet. The reclassified AOCI loss is related to historical net unrealized losses on derivative positions previously designated by MillerCoors as cash flow hedges and historical pension and other postretirement benefit actuarial losses. 108 The associated income tax benefit of $200.1 million related to this reclassified AOCI loss was recorded as a component of the income tax benefit (expense) line item on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. Allocation of Consideration Transferred The acquisition of MillerCoors was reflected in our consolidated financial statements as a step acquisition using the acquisition method of accounting. As such, we remeasured our pre-existing 42% equity interest in MillerCoors to fair value as discussed above. The fair value measurement of our previously held equity interest immediately prior to the completion of the Acquisition is based on significant inputs not observable in the market, and thus represents a Level 3 measurement. Specifically, the approach used in determining the fair value of our pre-existing 42% equity interest in MillerCoors, while considering an allocation of the total $12.0 billion purchase price attributable to the Acquisition and the nature of the Acquisition, also incorporated an income valuation approach using inputs including discount rate and terminal growth rate. Under the acquisition method, MCBC recorded all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their respective acquisition-date fair values. The excess of total consideration, including the estimated fair value of our previously held equity interest in MillerCoors, over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Acquisition date (in millions): Total current assets (1) Property, plant and equipment (2) Other intangible assets (3) Other assets (4) Total current liabilities Pension and postretirement benefits Other non-current liabilities Total identifiable net assets acquired Goodwill (5) Fair value of noncontrolling interests (6) Total consideration and value to be allocated to net assets $ $ $ 1,061.8 2,998.9 9,875.0 462.3 (1,190.1) (1,009.7) (208.3) 11,989.9 6,323.5 (185.0) 18,128.4 (1) Includes inventories of $505.4 million , trade receivables of $344.3 million , other receivables of $40.2 million as well as cash acquired of $39.0 million . The fair value of inventories was determined based on the estimated selling price of the inventory less the remaining manufacturing and selling costs and a normal profit margin on those manufacturing and selling efforts. The estimated step-up in fair value of inventory of $82.0 million increased cost of goods sold over approximately one month as the acquired inventory was sold. For all other current assets acquired, the fair values approximate the carrying values. (2) The fair value of property, plant and equipment was determined by using certain estimates and assumptions that are not observable in the market and thus represent a Level 3 measurement. The fair value and remaining useful life of property, plant and equipment are estimated as follows: Land Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment Software Returnable containers Construction in progress Acquired property, plant and equipment Remaining useful life (Years) N/A 3-40 3-25 1-5 1-15 N/A $ $ Fair value (In millions) 156.8 413.0 1,927.7 152.4 89.8 259.2 2,998.9 109 (3) The fair value of identifiable intangible assets was estimated using significant assumptions that are not observable in the market and thus represent a Level 3 measurement. The excess earnings approach was primarily used and significant assumptions included the amount and timing of projected cash flows, a discount rate selected to measure the risk inherent in the future cash flows, and the assessment of the asset’s life cycle, including competitive trends and other factors. The fair value and remaining useful life of identifiable intangible assets was estimated as follows: Brands not subject to amortization Brands subject to amortization Other intangible assets not subject to amortization Other intangible assets subject to amortization Total acquired identifiable intangible assets $ $ 7,320.0 2,030.0 320.0 205.0 9,875.0 Fair value (In millions) Remaining useful life (Years) Indefinite 10-30 Indefinite 2-40 Brands not subject to amortization include the Coors and Miller families of brands in the U.S. Brands subject to amortization include certain brands in the U.S. and the Miller global brand portfolio. Other intangible assets not subject to amortization include water rights. Other intangible assets subject to amortization include certain distribution rights, naming rights and favorable contracts. Includes estimated deferred tax assets of approximately $430 million which were presented as non-current deferred tax liabilities upon consolidation by MCBC due to jurisdictional netting. The goodwill arising from the Acquisition is primarily attributable to expected improvements to our global scale and agility, operational synergies and acceleration of the MCBC growth strategy, as well as the assembled workforce. We have predominantly allocated the goodwill generated in the Acquisition to our U.S. reporting unit, with a portion allocated to the Canada and Europe reporting units. All of the tax basis goodwill generated in the Acquisition is expected to be deductible for U.S. federal and state tax purposes. MillerCoors has jointly held interests in multiple entities that are fully consolidated. The related fair value of the noncontrolling interest in each entity was estimated by applying the market and income valuation approaches. The fair value of MillerCoors' noncontrolling interest was estimated using significant assumptions that are not observable in the market and thus represent a Level 3 measurement. (4) (5) (6) Summarized financial information for MillerCoors for the periods prior to the Acquisition, under the equity method of accounting, is as follows: Results of Operations Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Operating income (1) Net income attributable to MillerCoors (1) For the period January 1 through October 10 2016 (In millions) $ $ $ $ 6,125.4 (3,426.6) 2,698.8 1,183.6 1,157.2 (1) Results include net special charges primarily related to the closure of the Eden, North Carolina, brewery. For the pre-Acquisition periods of January 1, 2016, through October 10, 2016, MillerCoors recorded net special charges of $85.6 million , including $103.2 million of accelerated depreciation in excess of normal depreciation associated with the closure of the Eden brewery, and a postretirement benefit curtailment gain related to the closure of Eden of $25.7 million . 110 The following represents our proportionate share in net income attributable to MillerCoors reported under the equity method of accounting prior to the Acquisition: Net income attributable to MillerCoors MCBC's economic interest MCBC's proportionate share of MillerCoors' net income Amortization of the difference between MCBC's contributed cost basis and proportionate share of the underlying equity in net assets of MillerCoors Share-based compensation adjustment (1) U.S. import tax benefit (2) Equity income in MillerCoors For the period January 1 through October 10 2016 (In millions, except percentages) $ $ 1,157.2 42% 486.0 3.3 (0.7) 12.3 500.9 (1) (2) The net adjustment is to eliminate all share-based compensation impacts related to pre-existing SABMiller equity awards held by former Miller Brewing Company employees employed by MillerCoors, as well as to add back all share-based compensation impacts related to pre-existing MCBC equity awards held by former MCBC employees who transferred to MillerCoors. Represents a benefit associated with an anticipated refund to CBC of U.S. federal excise tax paid on products imported by CBC based on qualifying volumes exported by CBC from the U.S. The anticipated refund is recorded within other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. Investments Our investments include both equity method and consolidated investments. Those entities identified as VIEs have been evaluated to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary. The VIEs included under "Consolidated VIEs" below are those for which we have concluded that we are the primary beneficiary and accordingly, consolidate these entities. None of our consolidated VIEs held debt as of December 31, 2018 , or December 31, 2017 . We have not provided any financial support to any of our VIEs during 2018 that we were not previously contractually obligated to provide. Amounts due to and due from our equity method investments are recorded as affiliate accounts payable and affiliate accounts receivable. See below under "Affiliate Transactions" for further details. Authoritative guidance related to the consolidation of VIEs requires that we continually reassess whether we are the primary beneficiary of VIEs in which we have an interest. As such, the conclusion regarding the primary beneficiary status is subject to change and we continually evaluate circumstances that could require consolidation or deconsolidation. As of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , our consolidated VIEs are Cobra Beer Partnership, Ltd. ("Cobra U.K."), Grolsch U.K. Ltd ("Grolsch"), Rocky Mountain Metal Container (“RMMC”), Rocky Mountain Bottle Company (“RMBC”) and Truss LP ("Truss"). Our unconsolidated VIEs are BRI and BDL. Both BRI and BDL have outstanding third-party debt which is guaranteed by their respective shareholders. As a result, we have a guarantee liability of $35.9 million and $38.1 million recorded as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively, which is presented within accounts payable and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and represents our proportionate share of the outstanding balance of these debt instruments. The carrying value of the guarantee liability equals fair value, which considers an adjustment for our own non-performance risk and is considered a Level 2 measurement. The offset to the guarantee liability was recorded as an adjustment to our respective equity method investment within the consolidated balance sheets. The resulting change in our equity method investments during the year due to movements in the guarantee represents a non-cash investing activity. Equity Method Investments Brewers' Retail Inc. BRI is a beer distribution and retail network for the Ontario region of Canada, with majority of the ownership residing with MCC, Labatt Breweries of Canada LP (a subsidiary of ABI) and Sleeman Breweries Ltd. (a subsidiary of Sapporo International). BRI charges its owners administrative fees that are designed so the entity operates on a cash neutral basis. This 111 administrative fee is based on costs incurred, net of other revenues earned, and is allocated in accordance with the operating agreement to its owners based on volume of products. Contractual provisions cause participation in governance and other interests to fluctuate based on this calculated market share requiring frequent primary beneficiary evaluations. However, based on the existing structure, control is shared, and remains shared through such changes, and therefore we do not anticipate becoming the primary beneficiary in the foreseeable future. We consider BRI an affiliate. See "Affiliate Transactions" section below summarizing our transactions and balances with affiliates, including BRI. We have an obligation to proportionately fund BRI's operations. As a result of this obligation, we continue to record our proportional share of BRI's net income or loss and OCI activity, including when we have a negative equity method balance. As of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , we had a positive equity method investment balance of $13.8 million and $2.8 million , respectively. The increase to our net investment balance from prior year was primarily driven by equity earnings. See "Affiliate Transactions" below for BRI affiliate transactions including administrative fees charged to MCBC under the agreement with BRI which are recorded in cost of goods sold, as well as for BRI affiliate due to and due from balances as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively, related to trade receivables and payables for sales to external customers and costs incurred by BRI offset by administrative fees charged and paid by MCBC (which may be in a payable or receivable position depending on the amount under or over charged). Brewers' Distributor Ltd. BDL is a distribution operation owned by MCC and Labatt Breweries of Canada LP (a subsidiary of ABI) that, pursuant to an operating agreement, acts as an agent for the distribution of their products in the western provinces of Canada. The two owners share 50% - 50% voting control of this business. We consider BDL an affiliate. See "Affiliate Transactions" section below summarizing our transactions and balances with affiliates, including BDL. BDL charges the owners administrative fees that are designed so the entity operates at break-even profit levels. This administrative fee is based on costs incurred, net of other revenues earned, and is allocated in accordance with the operating agreement to the owners based on volume of products. No other parties are allowed to sell beer through BDL, which does not take legal title to the beer distributed for the owners. As of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , our investment in BDL was $30.0 million and $33.2 million , respectively. The decrease in our investment balance from prior year is primarily attributable to a decrease in our guarantee of BDL's third-party debt obligations. See "Affiliate Transactions" section below for BDL affiliate transactions including administrative fees charged to MCBC under the agreement with BDL which are recorded in cost of goods sold, as well as for BDL affiliate due to and due from balances as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively, related to trade receivables and payables for sales to external customers and costs incurred by BDL offset by administrative fees charged and paid by MCBC (which may be in a payable or receivable position depending on the amount under or over charged). Our equity method investments are not considered significant for disclosure of financial information on either an individual or aggregated basis and there were no significant undistributed earnings as of December 31, 2018 , or December 31, 2017 , for any of these companies. Affiliate Transactions All transactions with our equity method investments are considered related party transactions and recorded within our affiliate accounts. The following table summarizes transactions with affiliates: Beer sales to MillerCoors (1) Beer purchases from MillerCoors (1) Service agreement costs and other charges to MillerCoors (1) Service agreement costs and other charges from MillerCoors (1) Administrative fees, net charged from BRI Administrative fees, net charged from BDL December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 For the years ended (In millions) $ $ $ $ $ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 94.0 $ 40.2 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 93.5 $ 37.3 $ 7.5 32.0 1.9 0.9 85.8 34.3 (1) For 2016, represents MillerCoors' activity for the pre-Acquisition period of January 1, 2016, through October 10, 2016, when MillerCoors was an equity method investment. 112 Amounts due to and due from affiliates as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively, are as follows: Amounts due from affiliates Amounts due to affiliates December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ 7.7 $ 0.7 — 8.4 $ (In millions) 4.4 $ 1.1 — 5.5 $ — $ — 0.1 0.1 $ — — 0.4 0.4 BRI BDL Other Total Consolidated VIEs Rocky Mountain Metal Container RMMC, a Colorado limited liability company, is a joint venture with Ball Corporation in which we hold a 50% interest. Our U.S. business has a can and end supply agreement with RMMC. Under this agreement, we purchase substantially all of the output of RMMC. RMMC manufactures cans and ends at our facilities, which RMMC is operating under a use and license agreement. As RMMC is a limited liability company (“LLC”), the tax consequences flow to the joint venture partners. Rocky Mountain Bottle Company RMBC, a Colorado limited liability company, is a joint venture with Owens-Brockway Glass Container, Inc. in which we hold a 50% interest. Our U.S. business has a supply agreement with RMBC under which we agree to purchase output approximating the agreed upon annual plant capacity of RMBC. RMBC manufactures bottles at our facilities, which RMBC is operating under a lease agreement. As RMBC is an LLC, the tax consequences flow to the joint venture partners. Cobra U.K. We hold a 50.1% interest in Cobra U.K., which owns the worldwide rights to the Cobra beer brand (with the exception of the Indian sub-continent, owned by Cobra India). The noncontrolling interest is held by the founder of the Cobra beer brand. We consolidate the results and financial position of Cobra U.K., and it is reported within our Europe operating segment. Grolsch Grolsch is a joint venture between us and Royal Grolsch N.V. (a member of Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd.) in which we hold a 49% interest. The Grolsch joint venture markets Grolsch brands in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland. The majority of the Grolsch brands are produced by us under a contract brewing arrangement with the joint venture. MCBC and Royal Grolsch N.V. sell beer to the joint venture, which sells the beer back to MCBC (for onward sale to customers) for a price equal to what it paid, plus a marketing and overhead charge and a profit margin. Grolsch is a taxable entity in Europe. Accordingly, income tax expense in our consolidated statements of operations includes taxes related to the entire income of the joint venture. We consolidate the results and financial position of Grolsch and it is reported within our Europe operating segment. Truss On October 4, 2018 , a wholly-owned subsidiary within our Canadian business completed the formation of Truss LP, an independent Canadian joint venture with HEXO Corp. ("HEXO") to pursue opportunities to develop, produce and market non-alcoholic, cannabis-infused beverages once legal in Canada. Truss is structured as a standalone start-up company with its own board of directors and an independent management team. We maintain a 57.5% controlling interest in Truss, which is a VIE that is consolidated. In connection with the formation of Truss, HEXO also issued warrants to our Canadian subsidiary, which are further discussed in Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities." 113 The following summarizes the assets and liabilities of our consolidated VIEs (including noncontrolling interests): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Total Assets Total Liabilities Total Assets Total Liabilities As of RMMC/RMBC Other $ $ 189.8 $ 31.0 $ (In millions) 35.0 $ 5.1 $ 130.6 $ 25.0 $ 9.0 2.3 5. Other Income and Expense Bridge loan commitment fees Gain on sale of non-operating asset Gain (loss) from other foreign exchange and derivative activity, net Other, net (1) Other income (expense), net For the years ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In millions) $ $ — $ 11.7 (31.9) 8.2 (12.0) $ — $ — (8.0) 9.4 1.4 $ (63.4) 20.5 7.2 3.2 (32.5) (1) During 2018, we recorded a non-cash gain of CAD 5.8 million , or $4.3 million , resulting from the release of our guarantee of the Montreal Canadiens' obligations under a ground lease for the Bell Centre Arena as a result of an independent transaction by the Montreal Canadiens with the lessor. Separately, during 2017, we recorded a gain of CAD 10.9 million , or $8.3 million , resulting from a purchase price adjustment related to the historical sale of Molson Inc.’s ownership interest in the Montreal Canadiens. The CAD 10.9 million was paid by the Montreal Canadiens in 2017. Both transactions involve the Montreal Canadiens, which is considered an affiliate of MCBC. 6. Income Tax Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements for Income Tax Accounting Errors Prior year amounts have been restated to reflect the correction of the errors discussed in Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies." U.S. Federal Income Tax Reform On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, also known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”), was enacted in the U.S. This enactment resulted in a number of significant changes to U.S. federal income tax law for U.S. corporations. Most notably, the statutory U.S. federal corporate income tax rate was changed from 35% to 21% for corporations. Additionally, on December 22, 2017, the SEC staff also issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118") to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act. SAB 118 provides a measurement period for companies to evaluate the impacts of the 2017 Tax Act on their financial statements. The measurement period ended during the fourth quarter of 2018 and we completed our accounting for the effects of the 2017 Tax Act and did not make material adjustments to the amounts recorded as of December 31, 2017. However, we did adjust for the restatement for the income tax accounting errors as described in Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies." We recorded a net tax benefit of approximately $567 million as a result of the effects of the 2017 Tax Act on our deferred taxes as of December 31, 2017. The tax effects recorded primarily include the impact of the reduction in the U.S. tax rate on our deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as the impact of additional limitations on share-based compensation deductions as of December 31, 2017. Further, the 2017 Tax Act includes a one-time transition tax on post-1986 undistributed foreign earnings and profits. We do not expect to have any liability for this tax as we have no accumulated earnings and profits, as defined by U.S. tax law, as of 114               November 2, 2017, and December 31, 2017. As a result of the 2017 Tax Act and new territorial tax regime, we do not anticipate any material future U.S. or foreign tax costs associated with future dividends and have no accumulated earnings and profits as of December 31, 2018. Our remaining outside basis differences in foreign subsidiaries are not expected to reverse with material tax consequences in the future as we have no plans to sell any foreign subsidiaries. We continue to monitor the 2017 Tax Act, including proposed regulations which may change upon finalization, as well as yet to be issued regulations and interpretations. If the forthcoming regulations and interpretations change relative to our current understanding and initial assessment of the impacts of the 2017 Tax Act, the resulting impacts could have a material adverse impact on our effective tax rate. Income Taxes Our income (loss) before income taxes on which the provision for income taxes was computed is as follows: Domestic Foreign Total For the years ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ 1,320.4 $ 39.4 1,359.8 $ (In millions) 1,488.3 $ (105.1) 1,383.2 $ 3,396.9 (342.8) 3,054.1 Income tax expense (benefit) includes the following current and deferred provisions: Current: Federal State Foreign Total current tax expense (benefit) Deferred: Federal State Foreign Total deferred tax expense (benefit) Total income tax expense (benefit) December 31, 2018 For the years ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 As Restated (In millions) As Restated $ $ $ $ $ (22.9) $ (177.1) $ (4.7) 38.7 4.7 36.5 11.1 $ (135.9) $ 232.2 $ (79.5) $ 31.2 (49.3) 214.1 225.2 $ $ 33.5 (22.7) (68.7) $ (204.6) $ 83.4 12.0 31.9 127.3 1,033.8 150.0 143.2 1,327.0 1,454.3 The increase in income tax expense for 2018 versus 2017 was primarily driven by the above mentioned net deferred tax benefit of approximately $567 million recognized in 2017 resulting from the impacts of the 2017 Tax Act, partially offset by the impact of the reduction of the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% in 2018. The decrease in income tax expense for 2017 versus 2016 was also largely driven by the above mentioned net deferred tax benefit resulting from the impacts of the 2017 Tax Act, as well as the 2016 deferred tax effects associated with our previously held equity interest in MillerCoors, including the pretax gain recognized on its fair value remeasurement and the reclassification of the accumulated other comprehensive loss related to our historical 42% interest in MillerCoors upon completion of the Acquisition (see Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" ). Specifically, this resulted in the recognition of net deferred income tax expense of approximately $1.3 billion in 2016. In addition, we recognized incremental deferred income tax expense in 2016 as a result of the remeasurement of our deferred tax liability associated with our Molson core brand intangible asset to the Canadian ordinary income tax rate upon reclassification from indefinite-lived to definite-lived subject to amortization (see Note 10, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" ). This incremental deferred tax expense more than offset the deferred tax benefit associated with the pretax impairment charge recognized in 2016. 115             Our effective tax rate varies from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate as follows: Statutory Federal income tax rate State income taxes, net of federal benefits Effect of foreign tax rates and tax planning Effect of Molson brand useful life change Effect of U.S. tax reform Effect of unrecognized tax benefits Change in valuation allowance Acquisition-related permanent items Other, net Effective tax rate For the years ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2018 As Restated As Restated 21.0 % 1.4 % (8.1)% — % 0.2 % 0.8 % 0.7 % — % 0.6 % 16.6 % 35.0 % 2.2 % (16.5)% — % (41.0)% (0.3)% 3.6 % — % 2.2 % (14.8)% 35.0 % 3.5 % (1.9)% 6.4 % — % — % (0.5)% 4.4 % 0.7 % 47.6 % The increase in the effective income tax rate for 2018 versus 2017 is primarily driven by the one-time impacts of the 2017 Tax Act recognized in 2017, most notably the remeasurement of our deferred taxes from the reduction in the U.S. statutory federal corporate income tax rate. This one-time benefit to our deferred tax positions recognized in 2017 was partially offset by the reduction of the statutory U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning in 2018. The decrease in the effective income tax rate for 2017 versus 2016 was primarily driven by the above mentioned impacts of the 2017 Tax Act, as well as the above mentioned income tax impacts recognized in 2016 associated with our previously held equity interest in MillerCoors. Additionally, our 2016 effective tax rate was negatively impacted by the remeasurement of the deferred tax liability on our Molson core brand intangible asset to the Canadian ordinary income tax rate as discussed above. Additionally, our foreign businesses operate in jurisdictions with statutory income tax rates that differ from the U.S. Federal statutory rate. Specifically, the statutory income tax rates in the countries in Europe in which we operate range from 9% to 25% , and Canada has a statutory income tax rate of approximately 26% . 116     Non-current deferred tax assets: Compensation-related obligations Pension and postretirement benefits Foreign exchange gain/loss Derivative instruments Tax credit carryforwards Tax loss carryforwards Accrued liabilities and other Other Valuation allowance Total non-current deferred tax assets Non-current deferred tax liabilities: Fixed assets Partnership investments Foreign exchange gain/loss Pension and postretirement benefits Intangible assets Total non-current deferred tax liabilities Net non-current deferred tax assets Net non-current deferred tax liabilities As of December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 As Restated (In millions) $ $ $ $ 55.8 $ 121.4 — 8.9 54.5 1,201.8 52.2 24.0 (1,040.0) 478.6 $ 345.8 17.0 3.0 — 2,167.1 2,532.9 $ — 2,054.3 $ 10.3 — 21.0 45.8 23.6 1,214.2 28.3 8.3 (1,077.7) 273.8 69.4 1,146.4 — 2.7 881.2 2,099.7 — 1,825.9 The balances in the table above reflect the change in tax status of our investment in MillerCoors, which effective in 2018, is no longer a partnership for U.S. tax purposes. As a result of this change, the associated net deferred tax liability balance for the partnership investment in MillerCoors, previously in the partnership investments line item, has been reallocated in 2018 into its respective individual deferred tax asset and liability classifications above. The overall increase in net deferred tax liabilities of $228.4 million in 2018 is primarily attributable to the amortization of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets resulting from the Acquisition for U.S. tax purposes, as well as incremental tax depreciation of fixed assets. Additionally, our deferred tax balances are also impacted by foreign exchange rates, as a significant amount of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are in foreign jurisdictions. Our deferred tax valuation allowances are primarily the result of uncertainties regarding the future realization of recorded tax benefits on tax loss carryforwards from operations in various jurisdictions. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced by a valuation allowance if, based upon available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have evaluated the realizability of our deferred tax assets in each jurisdiction by assessing the adequacy of expected taxable income, including the reversal of existing temporary differences, historical and projected operating results and the availability of prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. Based on this analysis, we have determined that the valuation allowances recorded in each period presented are appropriate. We have deferred tax assets for U.S. tax carryforwards that expire between 2019 and 2038 of $76.7 million and $35.8 million as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively. We have foreign tax loss carryforwards that expire between 2019 and 2038 of $195.0 million and $238.6 million as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively. We have foreign tax loss carryforwards that do not expire of $984.6 million and $963.4 million as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively. 117       Domestic net non-current deferred tax liabilities Foreign net non-current deferred tax assets Foreign net non-current deferred tax liabilities Net non-current deferred tax liabilities As of December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 As Restated $ $ (In millions) 1,353.2 $ 26.8 727.9 2,054.3 $ 1,045.6 32.5 812.8 1,825.9 The 2018 and 2017 amounts above exclude $47.8 million and $37.9 million respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits that have been recorded as a reduction of non-current deferred tax assets, which is presented within non-current deferred tax liabilities due to jurisdictional netting on the consolidated balance sheets. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows: Balance at beginning of year Additions for tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reductions for tax positions of prior years Settlements Release due to statute expirations Foreign currency adjustment Balance at end of year For the years ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In millions) $ $ $ 41.9 22.3 0.7 (8.4) — (1.6) (3.3) 51.6 $ $ 39.7 13.5 13.6 — (12.8) (14.6) 2.5 41.9 $ 39.5 1.7 — — — (2.3) 0.8 39.7 In 2018, we finalized our bilateral advanced pricing agreement with the Canadian Revenue Agency and U.S. Internal Revenue Service covering tax years 2014 through December 31, 2021, and accordingly, released associated uncertain tax positions. Our remaining unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018 , relate to tax years that are currently open to examination. Annual tax provisions include amounts considered sufficient to pay assessments that may result from examination of prior year tax returns; however, the amount ultimately paid upon resolution of issues may differ materially from the amount accrued. During 2019 , we anticipate that approximately $1 million to $5 million of unrecognized tax benefits will be released due to closings of statutes of limitations. 118       Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits balance Estimated interest and penalties Unrecognized tax positions Total unrecognized tax benefits Presented net against non-current deferred tax assets Current (included in accounts payable and other current liabilities) Non-current (included within other liabilities) Total unrecognized tax benefits Amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized (1) $ $ $ $ $ December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 For the years ended (In millions) 2.3 $ 51.6 53.9 $ 47.8 $ — 6.1 53.9 $ 2.1 $ 41.9 44.0 $ 37.9 $ — 6.1 44.0 $ 51.6 $ 41.9 $ 5.7 39.7 45.4 32.7 3.0 9.7 45.4 39.7 (1) Amounts exclude the potential effects of valuation allowances, which may fully or partially offset the impact to the effective tax rate. We file income tax returns in most of the federal, state and provincial jurisdictions in the U.S., Canada and various countries in Europe. Tax years through 2013 are closed in the U.S. In Canada, tax years through the year ended 2012 are closed or have been effectively settled through examination except for issues relating to intercompany cross-border transactions. The statute of limitations for intercompany cross-border transactions is closed through tax year 2010. Tax years through 2011 are closed for most countries in European jurisdictions with statutes of limitations varying from 3 to 8 years. 119     7. Special Items We have incurred charges or realized benefits that either we do not believe to be indicative of our core operations, or we believe are significant to our current operating results warranting separate classification. As such, we have separately classified these charges (benefits) as special items. For the years ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In millions) $ 34.7 $ 2.6 $ Employee-related charges Restructuring Impairments or asset abandonment charges U.S. - Asset abandonment (1) Canada - Intangible asset impairment (2) Canada - Asset abandonment (3) Europe - Asset abandonment (4) International - Asset impairment and write-off (5) Unusual or infrequent items Europe - Flood loss (insurance reimbursement), net (6) Termination fees and other (gains) losses U.S. - Acquisition revaluation gain and reclassification of historical share of MillerCoors' AOCI (7) Canada - Gain on sale of asset (3) Europe - Gain on sale of asset (4) International (8) Acquisition purchase price adjustment settlement gain (9) Total Special items, net 8.2 — 24.5 3.8 — — — — — 7.1 $ (328.0) (249.7) $ 7.3 2.7 495.2 5.0 10.8 30.8 (9.3) (2,965.0) (110.4) — — — 14.5 — 14.4 9.5 — — — — (4.6) — — 36.4 $ (2,532.9) (1) (2) (3) Charges for 2018 relate to the closure of the Colfax, California cidery, and consist primarily of accelerated depreciation in excess of normal depreciation, as well as other costs associated with the previously closed Eden, North Carolina brewery, including net charges associated with the sale of the Eden real property. Charges for 2017 also relate to the Eden brewery closure. During the fourth quarter of 2016, we recognized impairment charges related to indefinite-lived intangible assets in Canada. See Note 10, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" for further discussion. As part of our ongoing strategic review of our Canadian supply chain network, during 2016 we completed the sale of our Vancouver brewery, resulting in net cash proceeds received of CAD 183.1 million ( $140.8 million ), and recognized a gain of $110.4 million within special items. In conjunction with the sale of the brewery, we agreed to leaseback the existing property to continue operations on an uninterrupted basis while our new brewery is being constructed. We have evaluated this transaction pursuant to the accounting guidance for sale-leaseback transactions, and concluded that the relevant criteria had been met for full gain recognition. Additionally, during 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , we incurred other abandonment charges, consisting primarily of accelerated depreciation charges in excess of normal depreciation, related to the planned closure of the Vancouver brewery, which is currently expected to occur in the third quarter of 2019 . Additionally, in the third quarter of 2017, as a result of the continuation of this strategic review, we announced the plan to build a more efficient and flexible brewery in the greater Montreal area. As a result of this decision, we have begun to develop plans to transition out of our existing Montreal brewery. Accordingly, we incurred accelerated depreciation charges associated with the existing brewery closure in the second half of 2017 and in 2018, of which the amount in excess of normal depreciation is recorded within special items. We expect to incur additional charges, including estimated accelerated depreciation charges in excess of normal depreciation of approximately CAD 65 million , through final closure of the brewery, which is currently expected to occur in 2021 . However, due to the uncertainty inherent in our estimates, these estimated future accelerated depreciation charges as well as the timing of the brewery closure are subject to change. 120       (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) As a result of our continued strategic review of our European supply chain network, during 2018, 2017 and 2016, we incurred charges consisting primarily of accelerated depreciation in excess of normal depreciation related to the closure of our Burton South brewery and other associated closure costs. The Burton South Brewery closed during the first quarter of 2018. Additionally, as part of this review, related to the closures of our Plovdiv brewery in Bulgaria and Alton brewery in the U.K., during 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded asset abandonment related special charges. Separately, during 2017 we completed the sale of land related to our previously closed Plovdiv brewery and received net cash proceeds of $8.2 million and recognized a gain of $4.6 million within special items. Based on an interim impairment assessment performed during the second quarter of 2016, which was triggered by the enactment of total alcohol prohibition in the state of Bihar, India on April 5, 2016, we recorded an impairment loss in the second quarter of 2016. See Note 10, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" for additional details. During the third quarter of 2016, we received the final settlement of insurance proceeds related to losses incurred by our Europe business from flooding in Serbia, Bosnia and Croatia that occurred during 2014. On October 11, 2016, we completed the Acquisition and recorded a revaluation gain on the excess of the estimated fair value remeasurement for our pre- existing 42% interest in MillerCoors over its carrying value, as well as the reclassification of the loss related to MCBC's historical AOCI on our 42% interest in MillerCoors within special items, net in the fourth quarter of 2016. See Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further details. Represents charges related to the exit of our China business in 2018, consisting primarily of the reclassification of the associated cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment from AOCI upon substantial liquidation. See Note 14, "Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)" for further details. During the first quarter of 2018, we recorded the settlement proceeds related to the Adjustment Amount as a gain within special items, net in our consolidated statement of operations in our Corporate segment and within cash provided by operating activities within our consolidated statement of cash flows. See Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further details. Restructuring Activities Beginning in 2016, restructuring initiatives related to the integration of MillerCoors after the completion of the Acquisition were implemented in order to operate a more efficient business and achieve cost saving targets which to date resulted in reduced employment levels by approximately 110 employees. Total restructuring costs related to integration initiatives were $1.6 million in 2017 and $9.3 million in 2016, representing the majority of the charges within the table below by segment. Subsequently, during the third quarter of 2018, we initiated restructuring activities in the U.S. in order to align our cost base with our scale of business. As a result, we reduced U.S. employment levels by approximately 300 employees in the fourth quarter of 2018. Additionally, we also initiated global restructuring activities during the fourth quarter of 2018, and reduced employment levels across the business by approximately 20 employees. Severance costs related to these restructuring activities were recorded as special items in our consolidated statements of operations. As we continually evaluate our cost structure and seek opportunities for further efficiencies and cost savings as part of these initiatives, we may incur additional restructuring related charges in the future, however, we are unable to estimate the amount of charges at this time. We have continued our ongoing assessment of our supply chain strategies across our segments in order to align with our cost saving objectives. As part of this strategic review, which began in 2014, we have had restructuring activities related to the closure or planned closure of breweries, as well as activities related to business efficiencies. As a result, we have reduced employment levels by a total of 456 employees. Consequently, we recognized severance and other employee- related charges, which we have recorded as special items within our consolidated statements of operations. We will continue to evaluate our supply chain network and seek opportunities for further efficiencies and cost savings, and we therefore may incur additional restructuring related charges or adjustments to previously recorded charges in the future, however, we are unable to estimate the amount of charges at this time. 121 The accrued restructuring balances represent expected future cash payments required to satisfy the remaining severance obligations to terminated employees, the majority of which we expect to be paid in the next 12 months. U.S. Canada Europe International Corporate Total (In millions) Balance as of December 31, 2015 $ — $ 2.3 $ 5.6 $ Balance assumed in Acquisition Charges incurred Payments made Changes in estimates Foreign currency and other adjustments Balance as of December 31, 2016 Charges incurred and changes in estimates Payments made Foreign currency and other adjustments Balance as of December 31, 2017 Charges incurred and changes in estimates Payments made Foreign currency and other adjustments Balance as of December 31, 2018 8. Stockholders' Equity 6.9 3.2 (5.0) — — — 4.0 (0.4) — — — 1.2 (1.2) (2.1) (0.7) 5.1 $ 5.9 $ 2.8 $ 0.8 (5.3) — — (1.9) 0.3 0.1 (1.3) 0.2 0.6 $ 4.3 $ 1.8 $ 29.6 (8.6) — (0.7) (2.0) (0.1) 2.2 (3.3) (0.1) 21.6 $ 1.5 $ 0.6 $ $ $ $ Changes to the number of shares of capital stock issued were as follows: 1.3 $ — 0.3 (1.4) — — $ 0.2 1.6 (1.6) — $ 0.2 2.2 (1.8) — 0.6 $ — $ — 0.7 — — — $ 0.7 0.1 (0.8) — — $ 1.4 (0.1) — 1.3 $ 9.2 6.9 9.4 (8.0) (2.1) (0.7) 14.7 2.6 (10.9) 0.5 6.9 34.7 (15.8) (0.2) 25.6 Balance as of December 31, 2015 Shares issued from public offering Shares issued under equity compensation plans Shares exchanged for common stock Balance as of December 31, 2016 Shares issued under equity compensation plans Shares exchanged for common stock Balance as of December 31, 2017 Shares issued under equity compensation plans Shares exchanged for Class B exchangeable shares Balance as of December 31, 2018 Common stock issued Exchangeable shares issued Class A Class B (1) Class A Class B (Share amounts in millions) 2.6 — — — 2.6 — — 2.6 — — 2.6 172.5 29.9 0.5 0.8 203.7 0.5 0.5 204.7 0.7 — 205.4 2.9 — — — 2.9 — — 2.9 — (0.1) 2.8 16.0 — — (0.8) 15.2 — (0.5) 14.7 — 0.1 14.8 (1) During 2016, we received proceeds from our February 3, 2016, equity offering of our Class B common stock. See "Class B Common Stock Equity Issuance" below for further discussion. Exchangeable Shares The Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares were issued by Molson Coors Canada Inc. ("MCCI"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The exchangeable shares are substantially the economic equivalent of the corresponding shares of Class A and Class B common stock that a Molson shareholder would have received in the Merger if the holder had elected to receive shares of Molson Coors common stock. Holders of exchangeable shares also receive, through a voting trust, the benefit of Molson Coors voting rights, entitling the holder to one vote on the same basis and in the same circumstances as one corresponding share of Molson Coors common stock. 122       Voting Rights Each holder of record of Class A common stock, Class B common stock, Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares is entitled to one vote for each share held, without the ability to cumulate votes on the election of directors. Our Class B common stock has fewer voting rights than our Class A common stock and holders of our Class A common stock have the ability to effectively control or have a significant influence over company actions requiring stockholder approval. Specifically, holders of Class B common stock voting together as a single class have the right to elect three directors of the Molson Coors Board of Directors, as well as the right to vote on certain additional matters as outlined in the Restated Certificate of Incorporation (as amended, the “Certificate”), such as merger agreements that require approval under applicable law, sales of all or substantially all of the our assets to unaffiliated third parties, proposals to dissolve MCBC, and certain amendments to the Certificate that require approval under applicable law, each as further described and limited by the Certificate. The Certificate also provides that holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock shall vote together as a single class, on an advisory basis, on any proposal to approve the compensation of MCBC's named executive officers. Conversion Rights The Certificate provides for the right of holders of Class A common stock to convert their stock into Class B common stock on a one-for-one basis at any time. The exchangeable shares are exchangeable at any time, at the option of the holder on a one -for-one basis for corresponding shares of Molson Coors common stock. Class B Common Stock Equity Issuance On February 3, 2016, we completed an underwritten public offering of our Class B common stock, which increased the number of Class B common shares issued and outstanding by 29.9 million shares and received proceeds of approximately $2.5 billion , net of issuance costs. The proceeds from the issuance were utilized to partially fund the completion of the Acquisition on October 11, 2016. See Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further details. 9. Properties Land and improvements Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment Returnable containers Furniture and fixtures Software Natural resource properties Construction in progress Total properties cost Less: accumulated depreciation Properties, net As of December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 (In millions) 369.3 $ 953.6 4,095.0 403.4 361.1 445.0 3.8 535.9 7,167.1 (2,558.8) 4,608.3 $ 363.9 930.6 3,910.6 356.2 360.5 310.4 3.8 534.3 6,770.3 (2,096.6) 4,673.7 $ $ Depreciation expense was $633.4 million , $590.7 million and $306.3 million in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Loss and breakage expense related to our returnable containers, included in the depreciation expense amounts noted above, was $48.4 million , $46.9 million and $33.0 million in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, and is classified within cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, the previously mentioned depreciation expense for 2018 , 2017 and 2016 includes accelerated depreciation of $30.7 million , $20.5 million and $12.4 million respectively, primarily associated with brewery closures, and is classified within special items in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 7, "Special Items" for further discussion as well as details around facility closures. 123       10. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Balance as of December 31, 2016 $ 6,415.6 $ 567.6 $ 1,260.5 $ 6.4 $ 8,250.1 U.S. Canada Europe International Consolidated (In millions) Adjustments to preliminary purchase price allocation and synergy allocation (1) Business acquisition (2) Foreign currency translation Balance as of December 31, 2017 (487.1) — — 295.0 13.8 55.7 100.0 — 177.5 $ 5,928.5 $ 932.1 $ 1,538.0 $ — — 0.5 6.9 (92.1) 13.8 233.7 $ 8,405.5 Adjustments to preliminary purchase price allocation (2) Business acquisition (3) Foreign currency translation Balance as of December 31, 2018 — — — (2.8) — (72.7) — 10.3 (78.9) — — (0.6) $ 5,928.5 $ 856.6 $ 1,469.4 $ 6.3 $ (2.8) 10.3 (152.2) 8,260.8 (1) On October 11, 2016, we completed the Acquisition and estimated preliminary goodwill of approximately $6.4 billion , which was initially allocated to our U.S. segment. During 2017, we recorded adjustments to our preliminary purchase price allocation resulting in a net decrease in goodwill of $92.1 million . Separately, early in the fourth quarter of 2017, and prior to the completion of the one year measurement period, we completed the allocation of goodwill to our reporting units, resulting in $295.0 million and $100.0 million allocated to the Canada and Europe reporting units, respectively, as of October 11, 2016. Refer to Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further details. (2) (3) During the fourth quarter of 2017, we completed the acquisition of Le Trou du Diable, a craft brewer located in Quebec. As part of the preliminary purchase price accounting in the fourth quarter of 2017, goodwill generated in conjunction with this acquisition was recorded within our Canada segment. During 2018, we recorded adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation related to this acquisition, which is now finalized. During the first quarter of 2018, we completed the acquisition of Aspall Cyder Limited, an established premium cider business in the U.K. Goodwill generated in conjunction with this acquisition was recorded within our Europe segment, and our purchase price allocation is now finalized. The following table presents details of our intangible assets, other than goodwill, as of December 31, 2018 : Intangible assets subject to amortization: Brands License agreements and distribution rights Other Intangible assets not subject to amortization: Brands Distribution networks Other Total Gross Accumulated amortization (In millions) Net $ 4,988.0 $ (682.4) $ 220.2 129.2 8,169.9 741.8 337.6 (95.7) (32.2) — — — $ 14,586.7 $ (810.3) $ 4,305.6 124.5 97.0 8,169.9 741.8 337.6 13,776.4 Useful life (Years) 10 - 50 15 - 28 2 - 40 Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite 124   The following table presents details of our intangible assets, other than goodwill, as of December 31, 2017 : Intangible assets subject to amortization: Brands License agreements and distribution rights Other Intangible assets not subject to amortization: Brands Distribution networks Other Total Useful life (Years) 10 - 50 15 - 28 2 - 40 Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite Gross Accumulated amortization (In millions) Net $ 5,215.3 $ 236.3 148.3 8,216.6 804.7 337.6 (516.0) $ (103.9) (42.4) — — — $ 14,958.8 $ (662.3) $ 4,699.3 132.4 105.9 8,216.6 804.7 337.6 14,296.5 The changes in the gross carrying amounts of intangibles from December 31, 2017 , to December 31, 2018 , are primarily driven by the impact of foreign exchange rates, as a significant amount of intangibles are denominated in foreign currencies. Based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 , the estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets is as follows: Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 $ Amount (In millions) 220.4 219.4 213.1 208.5 207.6 Amortization expense of intangible assets was $224.1 million , $222.1 million , and $82.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 , respectively. The increase in amortization expense in 2017 versus 2016 is primarily attributable to the addition of U.S. definite- lived intangible asset amortization following the completion of the Acquisition, as well as the reclassification of the Molson core brand intangible assets from indefinite to definite-lived following the completion of our annual impairment test as of October 1, 2016. This expense is primarily presented within marketing, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. We completed our required annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible impairment testing as of October 1, 2018, the first day of our fourth quarter, and concluded there were no impairments of goodwill within our U.S., Europe, Canada or India reporting units. Further, there were no impairments of our other indefinite-lived intangible assets as a result of the annual review process. Reporting Units and Goodwill As of the date of our annual impairment test, performed as of October 1, 2018, the operations in each of the specific regions within our U.S., Canada, Europe and International segments are considered components based on the availability of discrete financial information and the regular review by segment management. We have concluded that the components within the U.S., Canada and Europe segments each meet the criteria of having similar economic characteristics and therefore have aggregated these components into the U.S., Canada and Europe reporting units, respectively. Additionally, we determined that the components within our International segment do not meet the criteria for aggregation, and therefore, the operations of our India business constitute a separate reporting unit at the component level. See Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion of our determination of reporting units for purposes of goodwill impairment testing. The fair value of the U.S., Europe and Canada reporting units were estimated at approximately 19% , 11% and 6% in excess of carrying value, respectively, as of the October 1, 2018, testing date. In the current year testing, it was determined that the fair value of each of the reporting units declined from the prior year, resulting in our Europe and Canada reporting units 125     now being considered at risk of impairment. The decline in fair value across all reporting units in the current year is largely due to the recent interest rate environment which has resulted in an increase to the risk-free rate included in our current year discount rate calculations. This fact, coupled with the recent changes in market conditions resulting in lower earnings multiples of comparable public companies within our market-based valuations, adversely impacted the results of our impairment testing. In the U.S. reporting unit, market driven declines from the prior year were partially offset by a decrease in the tax rate driven by the enactment of the 2017 Tax Act within the U.S., as well as inclusion of incremental cost saving initiatives included in the current year forecast. In the Europe reporting unit, declines from the prior year were partially offset by continued volume and revenue growth throughout 2018 benefiting management's forecasts and positively impacting the forecasted future cash flows of the reporting unit. The market-driven decline in the excess of the fair value over the carrying value of the Canada reporting unit was coupled with continued challenging industry dynamics during the year, including continued performance declines within the Molson and Coors Light core brands, resulting in a reduction of forecasted results in comparison to the prior year. These declines were slightly offset by incremental cost saving initiatives included in the current year forecast. The fair value of the India reporting unit declined slightly from the prior year, as a result of shifts in business strategy; however, the fair value of the India reporting unit continues to remain in excess of its carrying value as of our annual testing date. Although the fair value of each of our reporting units was determined to be in excess of its respective carrying value as of the October 1, 2018, testing date, the fair value determinations are sensitive to further unfavorable changes in forecasted cash flows, macroeconomic conditions, market multiples or discount rates that could negatively impact future analyses. Indefinite-Lived Intangibles The Coors and Miller indefinite-lived brands in the U.S. continue to be sufficiently in excess of their respective carrying values as of the annual testing date. The fair value of the Coors Light brand distribution rights in Canada continues to be sufficiently in excess of its carrying value as of the testing date. Separately, during 2016, we recorded an aggregate impairment charge to the Molson core indefinite-lived brand asset of $495.2 million . The impairment charge was the result of a continued decline in performance of the Molson core brand asset throughout 2016, which drove a downward shift in management's forecast, along with a challenging market dynamic and competitive conditions that were not expected to subside in the near-term. At that time, we also reassessed the brand's indefinite-life classification and determined that the Molson core brands had characteristics that indicated a definite-life assignment was more appropriate, including prolonged weakness in consumer demand driven by increased economic and competitive pressures. Given these factors resulted in sustained declines in brand performance, and it was unclear when these ongoing pressures on the brands would subside, these brands were reclassified as definite-lived intangible assets as of October 1, 2016, and are being amortized over their remaining useful lives ranging from 30 to 50 years. The fair values of our indefinite-lived intangibles in Europe, including the Staropramen and Carling brands, continue to be sufficiently in excess of their respective carrying values as of the annual testing date. We utilized Level 3 fair value measurements in our impairment analysis of certain indefinite-lived intangible brand assets, including the Coors and Miller brands in the U.S., and the Staropramen brand in Europe, which utilizes an excess earnings approach to determine the fair values of these assets as of the testing date. The future cash flows used in the analysis are based on internal cash flow projections based on our long range plans and include significant assumptions by management as noted below. Separately, we performed qualitative assessments of certain indefinite-lived intangible assets, including the Coors Light brand distribution rights in Canada, Carling brand in Europe and water rights in the U.S., to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair values of these assets were greater than their respective carrying amounts. Based on the qualitative assessments, we determined that a full quantitative analysis was not necessary. Key Assumptions As of the date of our annual impairment test, performed as of October 1, the Europe and Canada reporting unit goodwill balances are at risk of future impairment in the event of significant unfavorable changes in the forecasted cash flows (including prolonged weakening of economic conditions, or significant unfavorable changes in tax, environmental or other regulations, including interpretations thereof), terminal growth rates, market multiples and/or weighted-average cost of capital utilized in the discounted cash flow analyses. For testing purposes of our reporting units, management's best estimates of the expected future results are the primary driver in determining the fair value. Current projections used for our Canada reporting unit testing reflect continued challenges within the beer industry in Canada adversely impacting the projected cash flows of the business, offset by growth resulting from the benefit of anticipated cost savings and specific brand-building and innovation activities. Current projections used for our Europe reporting unit incorporate ongoing anticipated cost savings, coupled with continued volume and revenue growth. Positive assumptions included in management's forecast for both the Europe and Canada reporting units are being offset by adverse market conditions negatively impacting discount rate and market multiple assumptions applied to our fair valuation models in the current year. 126 Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions and factors. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates and assumptions made for purposes of the annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible impairment tests will prove to be an accurate prediction of the future. Examples of events or circumstances that could reasonably be expected to negatively affect the underlying key assumptions and ultimately impact the estimated fair value of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangibles may include such items as: (i) a decrease in expected future cash flows, specifically, a decrease in sales volume and increase in costs that could significantly impact our immediate and long-range results, a decrease in sales volume driven by a prolonged weakness in consumer demand or other competitive pressures adversely affecting our long-term volume trends, a continuation of the trend away from core brands in certain of our markets, especially in markets where our core brands represent a significant portion of the market, unfavorable working capital changes and an inability to successfully achieve our cost savings targets, (ii) adverse changes in macroeconomic conditions or an economic recovery that significantly differs from our assumptions in timing and/or degree (such as a recession), (iii) volatility in the equity and debt markets or other country specific factors which could result in a higher weighted-average cost of capital, (iv) sensitivity to market multiples; and (v) regulation limiting or banning the manufacturing, distribution or sale of alcoholic beverages. Based on known facts and circumstances, we evaluate and consider recent events and uncertain items, as well as related potential implications, as part of our annual assessment and incorporate into the analyses as appropriate. These facts and circumstances are subject to change and may impact future analyses. While historical performance and current expectations have resulted in fair values of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets in excess of carrying values, if our assumptions are not realized, it is possible that an impairment charge may need to be recorded in the future. Definite-Lived Intangibles Regarding definite-lived intangibles, we continuously monitor the performance of the underlying assets for potential triggering events suggesting an impairment review should be performed. Excluding the definite-lived intangible asset impairment charge associated with the triggering event which occurred in Bihar, India in 2016 further discussed below, no such triggering events that resulted in an impairment charge were identified in 2018 , 2017 or 2016 . India Triggering Event and Interim Impairment Assessment On April 5, 2016, the government of the state of Bihar implemented a complete prohibition of the sale and consumption of all forms of alcohol. Due to this triggering event, and as the expected length of the prohibition was unclear and was expected to remain in effect for the foreseeable future, we performed an interim impairment assessment for the impacted tangible assets, intangible assets and the India reporting unit goodwill. Specifically, upon identification of the triggering event we completed step one of the goodwill impairment test comparing the fair value of the India reporting unit to its carrying value using a combination of discounted cash flow analyses and market approaches, which resulted in the need to complete step two. Upon completion of step two, we recorded an impairment of tangible assets of $11.0 million and impairment of goodwill and definite-lived intangibles of $19.8 million within special items during the second quarter of 2016. The remaining goodwill attributable to the India reporting unit of $6.3 million , based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 , is associated with cash flows in other states in India, where alcohol sales are not prohibited. We continue to monitor legal proceedings impacting the regulatory environment as it relates to our ability to resume operations in the state. 127 11. Debt Debt Obligations Senior notes: CAD 400 million 2.25% notes due 2018 (1) CAD 500 million 2.75% notes due 2020 (1) CAD 500 million 2.84% notes due 2023 (2) CAD 500 million 3.44% notes due 2026 (1)(2) $500 million 1.45% notes due 2019 (2) $500 million 1.90% notes due 2019 (3) $500 million 2.25% notes due 2020 (3) $1.0 billion 2.10% notes due 2021 (2) $500 million 3.5% notes due 2022 (4) $2.0 billion 3.0% notes due 2026 (2) $1.1 billion 5.0% notes due 2042 (4) $1.8 billion 4.2% notes due 2046 (2) EUR 500 million notes due 2019 (3) EUR 800 million 1.25% notes due 2024 (2) Other long-term debt Less: unamortized debt discounts and debt issuance costs Total long-term debt (including current portion) Less: current portion of long-term debt Total long-term debt Short-term borrowings: Commercial paper program (5) Other short-term borrowings (6) Current portion of long-term debt Current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings As of December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 (In millions) $ — $ 366.6 366.6 366.6 500.0 499.8 499.0 1,000.0 509.3 2,000.0 1,100.0 1,800.0 573.4 917.4 43.0 (64.8) 10,476.9 (1,583.1) 8,893.8 $ — $ 11.4 1,583.1 1,594.5 $ $ $ $ 318.2 397.7 397.7 397.7 500.0 498.5 498.2 1,000.0 512.2 2,000.0 1,100.0 1,800.0 600.3 960.4 22.1 (75.9) 10,927.1 (328.4) 10,598.7 379.0 7.4 328.4 714.8 (1) (2) Prior to Molson Coors International, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership and wholly-owned subsidiary of MCBC ("Molson Coors International L.P."), issuing our CAD 500 million 2.75% notes due September 18, 2020 ("CAD 500 million notes"), and CAD 400 million 2.25% notes due September 18, 2018 ("CAD 400 million notes", and together with the CAD 500 million notes, the "2015 Notes"), on September 18, 2015 , we entered into forward starting interest rate swap agreements to hedge the interest rate volatility for a 10 year period. We settled these swaps at the time of issuance of the 2015 Notes and are amortizing a portion of the resulting loss from AOCI to interest expense over the remaining term of the 2015 Notes as well as over a portion of the 2016 Notes defined below up to the full 10-year term of the interest rate swap agreements. The amortizing loss will increase our effective cost of borrowing compared to the stated coupon rates by 0.65% and 0.60% on each of the CAD 500 million notes due in 2020 and 2026, respectively. See Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" for further details on the forward starting interest rate swaps. During the third quarter of 2018, we repaid the CAD 400 million notes with cash on hand. On July 7, 2016 , MCBC issued approximately $5.3 billion senior notes with portions maturing from July 15, 2019 , through July 15, 2046 ("2016 USD Notes"), and EUR 800.0 million senior notes maturing July 15, 2024 ("2016 EUR Notes"), and Molson Coors International L.P., completed a private placement of CAD 1.0 billion senior notes maturing July 15, 2023 , and July 15, 2026 ("2016 CAD Notes"), in order to partially fund the financing of the Acquisition (2016 USD Notes, 2016 EUR Notes and 2016 CAD Notes, collectively, the "2016 Notes"). These issuances resulted in total proceeds of approximately $6.9 billion , net of underwriting fees and discounts of $36.5 million and $17.7 million , 128       respectively. Total debt issuance costs capitalized in connection with these notes including underwriting fees, discounts and other financing related costs, were approximately $65 million and are being amortized over the respective terms of the 2016 Notes. The 2016 Notes began accruing interest upon issuance, with semi-annual payments due on the 2016 USD Notes and 2016 CAD Notes in January and July beginning in 2017, and annual interest payments due on the 2016 EUR Notes in July beginning in 2017. Prior to issuing the 2016 EUR Notes and the 2016 CAD Notes, we entered into foreign currency forward agreements to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure of a portion of the respective notes, which were subsequently settled on July 7, 2016 , concurrent with the issuance of the 2016 Notes. Additionally, upon issuance we designated the EUR Notes as a net investment hedge of our Europe business. See Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" for further details. Prior to using the proceeds from our 2016 Notes and February 3, 2016, equity issuance to partially fund the Acquisition, we invested these proceeds in various fixed rate deposit and money market accounts with terms of three months or less and, accordingly, recognized interest income of $19.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 , within interest income (expense). (3) On March 15, 2017, MCBC issued approximately $1.5 billion of senior notes, consisting of $500 million 1.90% senior notes due March 15, 2019 , and $500 million 2.25% senior notes due March 15, 2020 (collectively, the "2017 USD Notes") and EUR 500 million floating rate senior notes due March 15, 2019 ("2017 EUR Notes") (2017 USD Notes and 2017 EUR Notes, collectively, the "2017 Notes"). We bear quarterly interest on the 2017 EUR Notes at the rate of 0.35% plus three-month EURIBOR . These issuances resulted in total proceeds of approximately $1.5 billion , net of underwriting fees and discounts of $3.1 million and $0.7 million , respectively. Total debt issuance costs capitalized in connection with these notes, including underwriting fees, discounts and other financing related costs, were $6.1 million and are being amortized over the respective terms of the 2017 Notes. The 2017 Notes began accruing interest upon issuance, with quarterly payments due on the 2017 EUR Notes beginning June 15, 2017, and semi-annual payments due on the 2017 USD Notes beginning September 15, 2017. The proceeds from our 2017 Notes were used to repay our term loans. In the first quarter of 2017, we entered into interest rate swaps to economically convert our fixed rate 2017 USD Notes to floating rate debt. As a result of these hedge programs, the carrying value of the $500 million 1.90% notes and $500 million 2.25% notes were adjusted for fair value movements attributable to the benchmark interest rate. During the fourth quarter of 2017, we settled these interest rate swaps, at which time we ceased adjusting the carrying value of the 2017 USD Notes for the fair value of these swaps. At the time of termination, cumulative adjustments to the carrying value of the notes were losses of $1.6 million on the $500 million 1.90% notes and $1.9 million on the $500 million 2.25% notes. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2017, we began amortizing these cumulative adjustments to interest expense over the remaining term of each respective note and will accordingly increase the annual effective interest rate for the $500 million 1.90% notes and $500 million 2.25% notes for the remaining term of the notes by 0.24% and 0.17% , respectively. The fair value adjustments and subsequent amortization have been excluded from the aggregate principal debt maturities table presented below. During the second quarter of 2018, we entered into cross currency swaps in order to hedge a portion of the foreign currency translational impacts of our European investment. As a result of the swaps, we economically converted our $500 million 2.25% senior notes due 2020 and associated interest to EUR denominated, which will result in a EUR interest rate to be received at 0.85% . See Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" for further details. Prior to issuing the 2017 EUR Notes, we entered into foreign currency forward agreements to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure of a portion of the respective notes, which were subsequently settled on March 15, 2017, concurrent with the issuance of the 2017 EUR Notes. Additionally, upon issuance we designated the 2017 EUR Notes as a net investment hedge of our Europe business. See Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" for further details. (4) On May 3, 2012, we issued approximately $1.9 billion of senior notes with portions maturing in 2017, 2022 and 2042. The issuance resulted in total proceeds, before expenses, of approximately $1.9 billion , net of underwriting fees and discounts of $14.7 million and $4.6 million , respectively. Total debt issuance costs capitalized in connection with these senior notes, including the underwriting fees and discounts, were approximately $18.0 million and are being amortized over the term of the notes. During the second quarter of 2017, we repaid the $300 million 2.0% notes due 2017 using commercial paper. During 2014, we entered into interest rate swaps to economically convert our fixed rate $500 million 3.5% notes due 2022 (" $500 million notes") to floating rate debt. As a result of fair value hedge accounting, the carrying value of the $500 million notes included a cumulative adjustment for the change in fair value of $18.1 million at the time of 129 (5) (6) termination of the swaps. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015, we began amortizing this cumulative adjustment to interest expense over the remaining term of the $500 million notes and will accordingly decrease the annual effective interest rate for the remaining term by 0.56% . The fair value adjustments and subsequent amortization have been excluded from the aggregate principal debt maturities table presented below. As of December 31, 2018 , we had no outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper program and as of December 31, 2017 , we had total outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper program of $379.0 million at a weighted-average effective interest rate and tenor of 1.84% and 45 days, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 , we had $1.1 million in bank overdrafts and $88.9 million in bank cash related to our cross-border, cross-currency cash pool for a net positive position of $87.8 million . As of December 31, 2017 , we had $1.2 million in bank overdrafts and $37.8 million in bank cash related to our cross-border, cross-currency cash pool for a net positive position of $36.6 million . We had total outstanding borrowings of $7.3 million and $3.2 million under our two JPY overdraft facilities as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively. In addition, we have GBP and CAD lines of credit under which we had no outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2018 , or December 31, 2017 . A summary of our short-term facility availability is presented below. See Note 18, "Commitments and Contingencies" for further discussion related to letters of credit. JPY 900 million overdraft facility at Japan base rate plus 0.45% JPY 500 million overdraft facility at Japan base rate plus 0.35% • • • CAD 30 million overdraft facility at USD Prime or CAD Prime depending on the borrowing currency • GBP 20 million overdraft facility at GBP LIBOR plus 1.5% • USD 20 million line of credit overdraft facility at USD Prime plus 5% Debt Fair Value Measurements We utilize market approaches to estimate the fair value of certain outstanding borrowings by discounting anticipated future cash flows derived from the contractual terms of the obligations and observable market interest and foreign exchange rates. As of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , the fair value of our outstanding long-term debt (including current portion of long-term debt) was approximately $9.9 billion and $11.2 billion , respectively. All senior notes are valued based on significant observable inputs and classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The carrying values of all other outstanding long-term borrowings and our short-term borrowings approximate their fair values and are also classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Revolving Credit Facility On July 7, 2017, we entered into a 5 -year, $1.5 billion revolving multi-currency credit facility, which provides a $150 million sub-facility available for the issuance of letters of credit which replaced our previous revolving credit facility. In connection with the new revolving credit facility, we increased the size of our existing commercial paper program to a maximum aggregate amount outstanding at any time of $1.5 billion . Concurrent with these transactions, in the third quarter of 2017, we incurred $3.4 million of issuance costs related to the $1.5 billion revolving credit facility, which are being amortized over the term of the agreement. During the third quarter of 2018, we extended the maturity date of our revolving credit facility by one year to July 7, 2023. We had no borrowings drawn on our $1.5 billion revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2018 . As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately $1.1 billion available to draw under our $1.5 billion revolving credit facility, as the borrowing capacity is reduced by borrowings under our commercial paper program. We had no other borrowings drawn on this revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2017. The maximum leverage ratio of this facility is 4.75x debt to EBITDA, with a decline to 4.00x debt to EBITDA as of the last day of the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2020 . Under the terms of each of our debt facilities, we must comply with certain restrictions. These include customary events of default and specified representations and warranties and covenants, including, among other things, covenants that restrict our ability to incur certain additional priority indebtedness, create or permit liens on assets, or engage in mergers or consolidations. As of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , we were in compliance with all of these restrictions and have met all debt payment obligations. All of our outstanding senior notes as of December 31, 2018 , rank pari-passu. 130 As of December 31, 2018 , the aggregate principal debt maturities of long-term debt and short-term borrowings, based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 , for the next 5 years are as follows: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total Interest Interest incurred Interest capitalized Interest expensed 12. Inventories Finished goods Work in process Raw materials Packaging materials Inventories, net 13. Share-Based Payments Year Amount (In millions) 1,595.2 866.6 1,000.0 500.0 366.6 6,211.6 10,540.0 $ $ For the years ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ 311.7 $ (5.5) 306.2 $ (In millions) 351.8 $ (2.5) 349.3 $ 272.2 (0.6) 271.6 As of December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ (In millions) 229.8 $ 83.4 224.3 54.3 591.8 $ 222.3 85.2 231.7 52.3 591.5 We have one share-based compensation plan, the MCBC Incentive Compensation Plan (the "Incentive Compensation Plan"), as of December 31, 2018 , and all outstanding awards fall under this plan. Molson Coors Brewing Company Incentive Compensation Plan We issue the following types of awards related to shares of Class B common stock to certain directors, officers, and other eligible employees, pursuant to the Incentive Compensation Plan: RSUs, DSUs, PSUs, and stock options. RSU awards are issued based upon the market value equal to the price of our stock at the date of the grant and vest over a period of three years. In 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , we granted 0.4 million , 0.3 million and 0.2 million RSUs, respectively, with a weighted-average market value of $72.78 , $92.02 and $92.95 each, respectively. Prior to vesting, RSUs have no voting rights. DSU awards, under the Directors' Stock Plan pursuant to the Incentive Compensation Plan, are elections made by non-employee directors of MCBC that enable them to receive all or one-half of their annual cash retainer payments in our stock. The deferred stock unit awards are issued at the market value equal to the closing price on the date of the grant. The DSUs are paid in shares of stock upon termination of service. Prior to vesting, DSUs have no voting rights. In 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , we granted a small number of DSUs with a weighted-average market value of $64.48 , $86.06 and $100.60 per share, respectively. As part of our annual grant in the first quarter of 2018 , 2017 and 2016 we granted PSUs. PSUs are granted with a target value established at the date of grant and vest upon completion of a service requirement. The settlement amount of the PSUs is 131             determined based on market and performance metrics, which include our total shareholder return performance relative to the S&P 500 and specified internal performance metrics designed to drive greater shareholder return. PSU compensation expense is based on a fair value assigned to the market metric upon grant using a Monte Carlo model, which remains constant throughout the vesting period of three years and a performance multiplier, which will vary due to changing estimates of the performance metric condition. During 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , we granted 0.2 million , 0.2 million and 0.1 million PSUs, respectively, each with a weighted-average fair value of $78.30 , $97.13 and $90.49 , respectively. Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the market value of a share of Class B common stock on the date of grant. Stock options have a term of ten years and generally vest over three years. During 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , we granted 0.2 million , 0.2 million and 0.1 million options, respectively, each with a weighted-average fair value of $15.44 , $18.66 and $16.65 , respectively. In connection with the Acquisition, MCBC issued replacement awards to various MillerCoors employees who had awards outstanding under the historical MillerCoors share-based compensation plan consisting of 0.5 million stock options with a weighted-average fair value of $42.21 per share, 0.4 million RSUs with a weighted-average market value of $107.91 per share, and 0.1 million PSUs with a weighted-average fair value of $106.17 per share. The terms and fair values of these awards were substantially the same as the replaced MillerCoors awards. The fair value of the replacement awards associated with services rendered through the date of the Acquisition was recognized as a non-cash component of the total purchase consideration. The remaining fair value of the replacement awards associated with post-Acquisition service is being recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining vesting period of the awards. The fair values of the replacement stock options were estimated using a binomial lattice valuation model due to their various in-the-money levels and remaining terms. Pretax share-based compensation expense Tax benefit (1) After-tax share-based compensation expense For the years ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ 42.6 $ (6.9) 35.7 $ (In millions) 58.3 $ (11.1) 47.2 $ 32.3 (10.0) 22.3 (1)The tax benefit for 2017 excludes the impact of the remeasurement of related deferred tax assets resulting from the reduction of the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate pursuant to the 2017 Tax Act. See Note 6, "Income Tax" for further discussion. As of December 31, 2018 , there was $39.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost from all share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Incentive Compensation Plan, related to unvested awards. This total compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years. Non-vested as of December 31, 2017 Granted Vested Forfeited Non-vested as of December 31, 2018 RSUs and DSUs PSUs Weighted-average grant date fair value per unit Units Weighted-average grant date fair value per unit (In millions, except per unit amounts) $95.80 $72.77 $91.39 $89.78 $88.53 0.4 0.2 (0.1) — 0.5 $89.57 $78.30 $75.46 $— $86.85 Units 1.0 0.4 (0.3) (0.1) 1.0 The weighted-average fair value per unit for the non-vested PSUs is $84.90 as of December 31, 2018 . The total intrinsic values of RSUs and DSUs vested during 2018 , 2017 and 2016 were $24.8 million , $31.5 million and $21.8 million , respectively. 132             Outstanding as of December 31, 2017 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding as of December 31, 2018 Expected to vest as of December 31, 2018 Exercisable as of December 31, 2018 Stock options Weighted- average remaining contractual life (years) Weighted- average exercise price (In millions, except per share amounts and years) Aggregate intrinsic value $63.60 $78.79 $47.16 — $70.56 $85.32 $64.73 4.6 $ 31.3 5.2 8.3 4.0 $ $ $ 4.3 — 4.3 Awards 1.5 0.2 (0.4) — 1.3 0.4 0.9 The total intrinsic values of exercises during 2018 , 2017 and 2016 were $9.6 million , $7.0 million and $17.7 million , respectively. During 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , cash received from stock options exercises was $16.0 million , $4.0 million and $11.2 million , respectively, and total tax benefits realized, including excess tax benefits, from share-based awards vested or exercised was $8.4 million , $20.2 million and $15.1 million , respectively. The shares of Class B common stock to be issued under the stock option plans are made available from authorized and unissued MCBC Class B common stock. As of December 31, 2018 , there were 3.9 million shares of MCBC Class B common stock available for the issuance under the Incentive Compensation Plan. The fair value of each option granted in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 was determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield Volatility range Weighted-average volatility Expected term (years) Weighted-average fair value December 31, 2018 2.65% 2.08% For the years ended December 31, 2017 2.04% 1.64% December 31, 2016 1.40% 1.81% 22.36% - 24.14% 22.40% - 22.88% 23.16% - 24.64% 22.81% 5.3 $15.44 22.52% 5.1 $18.66 23.53% 5.2 $16.65 The risk-free interest rates utilized for periods throughout the contractual life of the stock options are based on a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury security yield at the time of grant. Expected volatility is based on a combination of historical and implied volatility of our stock. The expected term of stock options is estimated based upon observations of historical employee option exercise patterns and trends of those employees granted options in the respective year. 133         The fair value of the market metric for each PSU granted in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 was determined on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo model to simulate total stockholder return for MCBC and peer companies with the following weighted-average assumptions: Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield Volatility range Weighted-average volatility Expected term (years) Weighted-average fair market value December 31, 2018 2.34% 2.08% For the years ended December 31, 2017 1.59% 1.64% December 31, 2016 1.04% 1.81% 13.03% - 81.87% 13.71% - 80.59% 14.10% - 77.11% 22.76% 2.8 $78.30 24.24% 2.8 $97.13 23.68% 2.8 $90.49 The risk-free interest rates utilized for periods throughout the expected term of the PSUs are based on a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury security yield at the time of grant. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of our stock as well as the stock of our peer firms, as shown within the volatility range above, for a period from the grant date consistent with the expected term. The expected term of PSUs is calculated based on the grant date to the end of the performance period. 134 14. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) MCBC stockholders' equity Foreign currency translation adjustments Gain (loss) on derivative instruments Pension and Postretirement Benefit adjustments (In millions) Equity Method Investments Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (598.3) $ (350.4) $ As of December 31, 2015 Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments Reclassification of derivative (gain) loss to income Pension and other postretirement benefit adjustments Amortization of net prior service (benefit) cost and net actuarial (gain) loss to income and settlement Reclassification of historical share of MillerCoors' AOCI loss to income (1) Ownership share of unconsolidated subsidiaries' other comprehensive income (loss) (1) Tax benefit (expense) (1) As of December 31, 2016 Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative and non-derivative instruments Reclassification of derivative (gain) loss to income Pension and other postretirement benefit adjustments Amortization of net prior service (benefit) cost and net actuarial (gain) loss to income and settlement Ownership share of unconsolidated subsidiaries' other comprehensive income (loss) $ (769.9) $ (227.4) — — — — — — 3.2 $ (994.1) $ 638.3 — — — — — 14.5 $ — 20.0 (3.4) — — — — (9.9) 21.2 $ — (205.3) 2.0 — — — Tax benefit (expense) As of December 31, 2017 Foreign currency translation adjustments Reclassification of cumulative translation adjustment to income (2) Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments Reclassification of derivative (gain) loss to income Pension and other postretirement benefit adjustments Amortization of net prior service (benefit) cost and net actuarial (gain) loss to income and settlement Ownership share of unconsolidated subsidiaries' other comprehensive income (loss) 41.2 71.2 $ (314.6) $ (110.9) $ (411.6) 106.4 6.0 — — — — — — 14.5 3.4 — — — Tax benefit (expense) As of December 31, 2018 (24.5) (744.7) $ $ (31.2) (17.8) $ — — — — — 458.3 36.8 (214.6) (69.9) $ — — — — — 14.3 (3.9) (59.5) $ — — — — — — (1.0) 0.2 (1,704.1) (234.7) 20.0 (3.4) 64.4 28.9 458.3 36.8 (238.0) (1,571.8) 643.0 (205.3) 2.0 181.8 4.4 14.3 71.6 (860.0) (305.8) 6.0 14.5 3.4 55.4 6.5 (1.0) (69.0) (7.3) — — 64.4 28.9 — — (16.7) (529.0) $ 4.7 — — 181.8 4.4 — (36.9) (375.0) $ (0.6) — — — 55.4 6.5 — (13.5) (327.2) $ (60.3) $ (1,150.0) (1) Upon completion of the Acquisition on October 11, 2016, we recorded a loss of $458.3 million within special items, net upon reclassification of our accumulated other comprehensive loss related to our historical 42% interest in MillerCoors. The associated income tax benefit of $200.1 million was also reclassified and recorded as a component of the income tax benefit (expense) line item on the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further details. The remaining AOCI of our equity method investments is related to changes to BRI and BDL pension obligations. (2) As a result of exiting our China business, the associated cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment was reclassified from AOCI and recognized within special items, net upon substantial liquidation. See Note 7, "Special Items" for further details. We have significant levels of net assets denominated in currencies other than the USD due to our operations in foreign countries, and therefore we recognize OCI gains and/or losses when those items are translated to USD. The foreign currency translation losses recognized during 2018 were due to the weakening of the CAD, GBP and other currencies of our Europe operations versus the USD. The foreign currency translation gains recognized during 2017 were due to the strengthening of 135       CAD, GBP, and other currencies of our Europe operations versus the USD. The foreign currency translation losses recognized during 2016 were due to the weakening of the GBP and other currencies of our Europe operations versus the USD, partially offset by slight strengthening of the CAD versus the USD. Reclassifications from AOCI to income: December 31, 2018 For the years ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Reclassifications from AOCI (In millions) Location of gain (loss) recognized in income Gain/(loss) on cash flow hedges: Forward starting interest rate swaps Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency forwards Total income (loss) reclassified, before tax Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) reclassified, net of tax Amortization of defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plan items: Prior service benefit (cost) Net actuarial gain (loss) and settlement Total income (loss) reclassified, before tax Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) reclassified, net of tax $ $ $ $ Other reclassifications from AOCI to Income: China cumulative translation adjustment resulting from substantial liquidation $ Historical share of MillerCoors' AOCI loss Total income (loss) reclassified, before tax Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) reclassified, net of tax Total income (loss) reclassified, net of tax $ $ 15. Employee Retirement Plans and Postretirement Benefits (3.0) $ (3.7) $ (3.8) Interest expense, net (0.2) (0.2) (3.4) 0.9 3.7 (2.0) (2.0) 0.7 (2.5) $ (1.3) $ 14.4 Cost of goods sold (7.2) Other income (expense), net 3.4 (0.4) 3.0 (0.5) $ (0.5) $ (6.0) (6.5) 1.6 (3.9) (4.4) 0.8 (4.9) $ (3.6) $ Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net (0.6) Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net (28.3) (28.9) 6.1 (22.8) (6.0) $ — (6.0) — (6.0) $ — $ — — — — $ — Special items, net (458.3) Special items, net (458.3) 200.1 (258.2) (13.4) $ (4.9) $ (278.0) We maintain retirement plans for the majority of our employees. Depending on the location and benefit program, we provide either defined benefit pension or defined contribution plans to our employees. Each plan is managed locally and in accordance with respective local laws and regulations. We have defined benefit pension plans in the U.S., U.K., Canada and Japan. All active retirement plans for Corporate employees are defined contribution pension plans. Additionally, we offer OPEB plans to a portion of our Canadian, U.S., Corporate and Central European employees; these plans are not funded. BRI and BDL maintain defined benefit, defined contribution and postretirement benefit plans as well; however, those plans are excluded from this disclosure as BRI and BDL are equity method investments and not consolidated. The U.S. participates in and makes contributions to multi-employer pension plans. Contributions to multi-employer pension plans were $7.9 million in 2018 , $7.7 million in 2017 and $1.2 million for the post-Acquisition period of October 11, 2016, through December 31, 2016. Additionally, the U.S. postretirement health plan qualifies for the federal subsidy under the 136 Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (“the Act”) because the prescription drug benefits provided under the Company's postretirement health plan for Medicare eligible retirees generally require lower premiums from covered retirees and have lower co-payments and deductibles than the benefits provided in Medicare Part D and, accordingly, are actuarially equivalent to or better than the benefits provided under the Act. The benefits paid, including prescription drugs, were $37.1 million in 2018 , $36.6 million in 2017 and $9.0 million for the post-Acquisition period of October 11, 2016, through December 31, 2016. Subsidies of $0.3 million for both 2018 and 2017 , and $0.1 million for the post-Acquisition period of October 11, 2016, through December 31, 2016, were received. As a result of the Acquisition, MillerCoors' results of operations became fully consolidated by MCBC, and, therefore, for the year ended December 31, 2016, the consolidated statement of operations includes MillerCoors' pension and OPEB expenses attributable to the period from October 11, 2016, to December 31, 2016. MillerCoors' pension and OPEB plans were recorded at fair value upon close of the Acquisition. Defined Benefit and OPEB Plans Net Periodic Pension and OPEB Cost (Benefit) We have adopted the FASB's new guidance related to the classification of defined benefit pension and other postretirement plan costs. Specifically, the new guidance requires us to report only the service cost component in the same line item as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period; while the other components of net benefit cost are now presented in the consolidated statements of operations separately from the service cost component and outside of operating income. We have also determined that only service cost will be reported within each operating segment and all other components will be reported within the Corporate segment. See further discussion in Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements." December 31, 2018 Pension OPEB Consolidated Pension December 31, 2017 OPEB Consolidated Pension December 31, 2016 OPEB Consolidated (In millions) For the years ended $ 5.5 $ 9.3 $ 14.8 $ 7.7 $ 10.9 $ 18.6 $ 7.6 $ 4.1 $ 11.7 Service cost: Service cost Other pension and postretirement costs (benefits), net: Interest cost Expected return on plan assets, net of expenses Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) Amortization of net actuarial loss (gain) Curtailment, settlement or special termination benefit loss (gain) Less: expected participant contributions Total other pension and postretirement cost (benefits), net Net periodic pension and OPEB cost (benefit) $ $ 161.8 25.8 (232.8) 0.5 187.6 (232.3) 205.6 30.6 (287.9) 0.4 0.7 7.6 0.8 (0.8) (0.2) (1.7) 0.1 — 0.5 5.9 0.9 0.5 12.2 — — (5.4) (2.9) (0.8) (0.5) — 236.2 (287.5) 0.5 12.2 (8.3) (0.5) 146.4 10.9 (194.1) — 0.7 (0.1) 17.8 10.5 (0.5) — — — (62.7) $ 24.5 $ (38.2) $ (75.5) $ 28.1 $ (47.4) $ (19.2) $ 10.8 $ 157.3 (194.1) 0.6 17.8 10.5 (0.5) (8.4) (57.2) $ 33.8 $ (23.4) $ (67.8) $ 39.0 $ (28.8) $ (11.6) $ 14.9 $ 3.3 137       Obligations and Changes in Funded Status For the year ended December 31, 2018 For the year ended December 31, 2017 Pension OPEB Consolidated Pension OPEB Consolidated Change in benefit obligation: Prior year benefit obligation $ 5,584.4 $ Service cost, net of expected employee contributions Interest cost Actual employee contributions Actuarial loss (gain) Amendments and special termination benefits Benefits paid Settlement Foreign currency exchange rate change Benefit obligation at end of year Change in plan assets: Prior year fair value of assets Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Actual employee contributions Settlement Benefits and plan expenses paid Foreign currency exchange rate change Fair value of plan assets at end of year Funded status: Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets: Other non-current assets Accounts payable and other current liabilities Pension and postretirement benefits Net amounts recognized $ $ $ $ $ $ 4.7 161.8 0.6 (342.3) 10.7 (296.8) (0.6) (217.8) 4,904.7 $ 5,897.7 $ (156.1) 8.9 0.6 (0.6) (296.8) (236.4) 5,217.3 312.6 $ $ 416.7 $ (4.5) (99.6) 312.6 $ 803.6 $ 9.3 25.8 — (108.8) (3.2) (44.1) — (10.5) 672.1 $ — $ — 44.1 — — (44.1) — — $ (672.1) $ — $ (45.1) (627.0) (672.1) $ (In millions) 6,388.0 $ 14.0 187.6 0.6 (451.1) 7.5 (340.9) (0.6) (228.3) 5,576.8 $ 5,897.7 $ (156.1) 53.0 0.6 (0.6) (340.9) (236.4) 5,217.3 (359.5) $ $ 416.7 $ (49.6) (726.6) (359.5) $ 6,177.5 $ 7.2 205.6 0.7 179.4 — (327.5) (947.6) 289.1 5,584.4 $ 5,945.5 $ 608.9 310.0 0.7 (947.6) (327.5) 307.7 5,897.7 $ 313.3 $ 412.0 $ (4.9) (93.8) 313.3 $ 835.0 $ 10.9 30.6 — (34.9) (4.4) (43.3) — 9.7 803.6 $ — $ — 43.3 — — (43.3) — — $ (803.6) $ — $ (48.9) (754.7) (803.6) $ 7,012.5 18.1 236.2 0.7 144.5 (4.4) (370.8) (947.6) 298.8 6,388.0 5,945.5 608.9 353.3 0.7 (947.6) (370.8) 307.7 5,897.7 (490.3) 412.0 (53.8) (848.5) (490.3) The accumulated benefit obligation for our defined benefit pension plans was approximately $4.9 billion and $5.6 billion as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , respectively. The $130.8 million decrease in the net underfunded status of our aggregate pension and OPEB plans from December 31, 2017 , to December 31, 2018 , was primarily driven by the increase in discount rates. Our underfunded status also includes the impact of the High Court ruling in the U.K. related to equalizing pension benefits between men and women, which had an immaterial impact to our net underfunded status. As of December 31, 2018 , our defined benefit plan in the U.K. and certain defined benefit plans in the U.S. and Canada were overfunded as a result of our ongoing de-risking strategy. Information for our defined benefit plans that had aggregate accumulated benefit obligations and projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2018 , is as follows: Accumulated benefit obligation Projected benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets As of December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ $ (In millions) 742.1 $ 742.4 $ 638.3 $ 864.0 864.3 765.6 Information for OPEB plans with an accumulated postretirement benefit obligation in excess of plan assets has been disclosed above in "Obligations and Changes in Funded Status" as all of our OPEB plans are unfunded. 138 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Amounts recognized in AOCI not yet recognized as components of net periodic pension and OPEB cost, pretax, were as follows: Net actuarial loss (gain) Net prior service cost Total not yet recognized As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2017 Pension OPEB Consolidated Pension OPEB Consolidated $ $ 687.8 $ (191.7) $ 496.1 $ 645.4 $ (83.3) $ 10.2 (5.6) 4.6 1.5 (1.6) 698.0 $ (197.3) $ 500.7 $ 646.9 $ (84.9) $ 562.1 (0.1) 562.0 (In millions) Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI, pretax, were as follows: Pension OPEB Consolidated (In millions) Accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) as of December 31, 2016 $ 800.7 $ (47.8) $ Amortization of prior service (costs) benefit Amortization of net actuarial (loss) gain Net prior service cost Settlement Current year actuarial loss (gain) Foreign currency exchange rate change (0.5) (12.2) — 5.4 (141.5) (5.0) — — (1.6) 2.9 (38.7) 0.3 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) as of December 31, 2017 $ 646.9 $ (84.9) $ Amortization of prior service (costs) benefit Amortization of net actuarial (loss) gain Net prior service cost Settlement Current year actuarial loss (gain) Foreign currency exchange rate change (0.7) (7.6) 9.8 — 46.8 2.8 0.2 1.7 (4.1) (0.1) (107.9) (2.2) Accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) as of December 31, 2018 $ 698.0 $ (197.3) $ 752.9 (0.5) (12.2) (1.6) 8.3 (180.2) (4.7) 562.0 (0.5) (5.9) 5.7 (0.1) (61.1) 0.6 500.7 139   Assumptions Periodic pension and OPEB cost is actuarially calculated annually for each individual plan based on data available at the beginning of each year. Assumptions used in the calculation include the settlement discount rate selected and disclosed at the end of the previous year as well as other assumptions detailed in the table below. The weighted-average rates used in determining the periodic pension and OPEB cost for the fiscal years 2018 , 2017 and 2016 were as follows: Weighted-average assumptions: Settlement discount rate Rate of compensation increase Expected return on plan assets (1) Health care cost trend rate December 31, 2018 For the years ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Pension OPEB Pension OPEB Pension OPEB 3.01% 2.00% 4.10% N/A 3.34% N/A N/A Ranging ratably from 6.75% in 2018 to 4.5% in 2037 3.36% 2.00% 4.83% N/A 3.76% N/A N/A Ranging ratably from 7.0% in 2017 to 4.5% in 2037 3.72% 2.00% 5.15% N/A 3.59% N/A N/A Ranging ratably from 7.7% in 2016 to 4.5% in 2028 (1) We develop our EROA assumptions annually with input from independent investment specialists including our actuaries, investment consultants, plan trustee and other specialists. Each EROA assumption is based on historical data, including historical returns, historical market rates and is calculated for each plan's individual asset class. The calculation includes inputs for interest, inflation, credit, and risk premium (active investment management) rates and fees paid to service providers. We consider our EROA to be a significant management estimate. Any material changes in the inputs to our methodology used in calculating our EROA could have a significant impact on our reported defined benefit pension plans' expense. Benefit obligations are actuarially calculated annually at the end of each year based on the assumptions detailed in the table below. Obligations under the OPEB plans are determined by the application of the terms of medical, dental, vision and life insurance plans, together with relevant actuarial assumptions and heath care cost trend rates. The weighted-average rates used in determining the projected benefit obligation for defined pension plans and the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation for OPEB plans, as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , were as follows: Weighted-average assumptions: Settlement discount rate Rate of compensation increase Health care cost trend rate As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2017 Pension 3.44% 2.00% N/A OPEB 3.92% N/A Ranging ratably from 6.5% in 2019 to 4.5% in 2037 Pension 3.01% 2.00% N/A OPEB 3.34% N/A Ranging ratably from 6.75% in 2018 to 4.5% in 2037 The change to the weighted-average discount rates used for our defined benefit pension plans and postretirement plans as of December 31, 2018 , from December 31, 2017 , is primarily the result of overall market changes during 2018. Investment Strategy The obligations of our defined benefit pension plans in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. are supported by assets held in trusts for the payment of future benefits. The business segments are obligated to adequately fund these asset trusts. The underlying investments within our defined benefit pension plans include: cash and short-term instruments, debt securities, equity securities, investment funds, and other investments including derivatives, hedge fund of funds and real estate. Investment allocations reflect the customized strategies of the respective plans. The plans use liability driven investment strategies in managing defined pension benefits. For all defined benefit pension plan assets the plans have the following primary investment objectives: 140       (1) (2) (3) optimize the long-term return on plan assets at an acceptable level of risk and manage projected future cash contributions; maintain a broad diversification across asset classes and among investment managers; and manage the risk level of the plans' assets in relation to the plans' liabilities. Each plan's respective allocation targets promote optimal expected return and volatility characteristics given a focus on a long-term time horizon for fulfilling the plans' obligations. All assets are managed by external investment managers with a mandate to either match or outperform their benchmark. The plans used different asset managers in the U.S., U.K. and Canada and each plan's respective asset allocation could be impacted by a change in asset managers. Our investment strategies for our defined benefit pension plans also consider the funding status for each plan. For defined benefit pension plans that are highly funded, assets are invested primarily in fixed income holdings that have a similar duration to the associated liabilities. For plans with lower funding levels, the fixed income component is managed in a similar manner to the highly funded plans. In addition to this liability-matching fixed income allocation, these plans also contain exposure to return generating assets including: equities, real estate, debt, and other investments held with the goal of producing higher returns, which may also have a higher risk profile. These investments are diversified by investing globally with limitations placed on issuer concentration. Both our U.K. and Canadian plans hedge a portion of the foreign exchange exposure between plan assets that are not denominated in the local plan currency and the local currency as the Canadian and U.K. pension liabilities will be settled in CAD and GBP, respectively. Target Allocations The following compares target asset allocation percentages with actual asset allocations on a weighted-average asset basis as of December 31, 2018 : Equities Fixed income Real estate Annuities Other Target allocations 14.4% 67.1% 2.6% 9.6% 6.3% Actual allocations 13.1% 70.9% 2.5% 9.7% 3.8% During the first quarter of 2019, we adjusted our target allocation of plan assets to align with our updated investment strategy. These allocation changes are reflected in our weighted-average EROA assumptions for 2019. Significant Concentration Risks We periodically evaluate our defined benefit pension plan assets for concentration risks. As of December 31, 2018 , we did not have any individual underlying asset position that composed a significant concentration of each plan's overall assets. However, we currently have significant plan assets invested in U.K., U.S. and Canadian government fixed income holdings. A provisional credit rating downgrade for any of these governments could negatively impact the asset values. Further, as our benefit plans maintain exposure to non-government investments, a significant system-wide increase in credit spreads would also negatively impact the reported plan asset values. In general, equity and fixed income risks have been mitigated by company-specific concentration limits and by utilizing multiple equity managers. We do have significant amounts of assets invested with individual fixed income and hedge fund managers, therefore, the plans use outside investment consultants to aid in the oversight of these managers and fund performance. Valuation Techniques We use a variety of industry accepted valuation techniques to value our plan assets. The techniques vary depending upon instrument type. Whenever possible, we prioritize the use of observable market data in our valuation processes. We use market, income and cost approaches to value our plan assets as of period end. See Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for additional information on our fair value methodologies and accounting policies. We have not changed our fair value techniques used to value plan assets this year. 141   Major Categories of Plan Assets As of December 31, 2018 , our major categories of plan assets included the following: • • • • • • Cash and short-term instruments—Includes cash, trades awaiting settlement, bank deposits, short-term bills and short-term notes. Our "trades awaiting settlement" category includes payables and receivables associated with asset purchases and sales that are awaiting final cash settlement as of year-end due to the use of trade date accounting for our pension plans assets. These payables normally settle within a few business days of the purchase or sale of the respective asset. The respective assets are included in or removed from our year end plan assets and categorized in their respective asset categories in the fair value hierarchy below. We include these items in Level 1 of this hierarchy, as the values are derived from quoted prices in active markets. Short-term instruments are included in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as these are highly liquid instruments that are valued using observable inputs, but their asset values are not publicly quoted. Debt securities—Includes various government and corporate fixed income securities, interest and inflation-linked assets such as bonds and swaps, collateralized securities, and other debt securities. The majority of the plans' fixed income assets trade on "over the counter" exchanges, which provides observable inputs that are the primary data used to determine each individual investment's fair value. We also use independent pricing vendors, as well as matrix pricing techniques. Matrix pricing uses observable data from other similar investments as the primary input to determine the individual security's fair value. Government and corporate fixed income securities are generally classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy as they are valued using observable inputs. Assets included in our collateralized securities include mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, which are considered Level 3 due to the use of the significant unobservable inputs used in deriving these assets' fair values. Equities—Includes publicly traded common and other equity-like holdings, primarily publicly traded common stock and real estate investment trusts. Equity assets are well diversified between international and domestic investments. We consider equities quoted on public exchanges as Level 1 while other assets that are not quoted on public exchanges but valued using significant observable inputs as Level 2 depending on the individual asset's characteristics. NAV per share practical expedient—Includes our debt funds, equity funds, hedge fund of funds, real estate fund holdings and private equity funds. The market values for these funds are based on the net asset values multiplied by the number of shares owned. Annuities—Includes non-participating annuity buy-in insurance policies purchased to cover a portion of the plan members. The fair value of non-participating contracts fluctuates based on changes in the obligation associated with covered plan members. These values are considered Level 3 due to the use of the significant unobservable inputs used in deriving these assets' fair values. Other—Includes derivatives, repurchase agreements, recoverable taxes for taxes paid and awaiting reclaim due to the tax exempt nature of the pension plan, venture capital, and private equity. Derivatives are priced using observable inputs including yields, interest rate curves and spreads. Exchange traded derivatives are typically priced using the last trade price. Repurchase agreements are agreements where our plan has created an asset exposure using borrowed assets, creating a repurchase agreement liability, to facilitate the trade. The assets associated with the repurchase agreement are included in the other category in the fair value hierarchy, and the repurchase agreement liability is classified as Level 1 in the hierarchy, as the liability is valued using quoted prices in active markets. When determining the presentation of our target and asset allocations for repurchase agreements, we are viewing the asset type, as opposed to the investment vehicle, and accordingly include the associated assets within fixed income, specifically interest and inflation linked assets. We include recoverable tax items in Level 1 of this hierarchy, as these are cash receivables and the values are derived from quoted prices in active markets. Private equity is included in Level 3 as the values are based upon the use of unobservable inputs. 142 Fair Value Hierarchy The following presents our fair value hierarchy for our defined benefit pension plan assets excluding investments using the NAV per share practical expedient (in millions): Total as of  December 31, 2018 Fair value measurements as of December 31, 2018 Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) Significant observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Cash and cash equivalents Cash Trades awaiting settlement Bank deposits, short-term bills and notes Debt Government securities Corporate debt securities Interest and inflation linked assets Collateralized debt securities Equities Common stock Investment funds Private equity Annuities Buy-in annuities Other Repurchase agreements Recoverable taxes Private Equity $ 297.3 $ (11.2) 34.6 1,695.8 1,235.5 1,112.4 7.2 297.3 $ (11.2) — — — — — 299.0 299.0 23.8 481.1 (1,448.8) 0.4 137.0 — — (1,448.8) 0.4 — — $ — 34.6 1,695.8 1,235.5 1,065.8 — — — — — — — Total fair value of investments excluding NAV per share practical expedient $ 3,864.1 $ (863.3) $ 4,031.7 $ — — — — — 46.6 7.2 — 23.8 481.1 — — 137.0 695.7 143       The following presents our total fair value of plan assets including the NAV per share practical expedient for our defined benefit pension plan assets: Fair value of investments excluding NAV per share practical expedient Fair value of investments using NAV per share practical expedient Debt funds Equity funds Real estate funds Private equity funds Total fair value of plan assets Total at  December 31, 2018 (In millions) 3,864.1 818.8 420.9 20.0 93.5 5,217.3 $ $ The following presents our fair value hierarchy for our defined benefit pension plan assets excluding investments using the NAV per share practical expedient (in millions): Total at  December 31, 2017 Fair value measurements as of December 31, 2017 Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) Significant observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Cash and cash equivalents Cash Trades awaiting settlement Bank deposits, short-term bills and notes Debt Government securities Corporate debt securities Interest and inflation linked assets Collateralized debt securities Equities Common stock Investment funds Private equity Annuities Buy-in annuities Other Repurchase agreements Recoverable taxes Venture capital Private equity $ 299.1 $ 299.1 $ 26.4 41.2 1,873.6 1,515.3 1,248.3 10.6 26.4 — — — — — — $ — 41.2 1,873.6 1,515.3 1,193.7 — 697.1 695.9 1.2 24.2 178.9 — — (1,835.5) (1,835.5) 0.5 0.3 200.4 0.5 — — — — — — — — Total fair value of investments excluding NAV per share practical expedient $ 4,280.4 $ (813.6) $ 4,625.0 $ — — — — — 54.6 10.6 — 24.2 178.9 — — 0.3 200.4 469.0 144       The following presents our fair value hierarchy including the NAV per share practical expedient for our defined benefit pension plan assets: Fair value of investments excluding NAV per share practical expedient Fair value of investments using NAV per share practical expedient Debt funds Equity funds Real estate funds Private equity funds Total fair value of plan assets Fair Value: Level Three Rollforward Total at  December 31, 2017 (In millions) 4,280.4 913.3 554.9 50.0 99.1 5,897.7 $ $ The following presents our Level 3 Rollforward for our defined pension plan assets excluding investments using the NAV per share practical expedient: Balance as of December 31, 2016 Total gain or loss (realized/unrealized): Realized gain (loss) Unrealized gain (loss) included in AOCI Purchases, issuances, settlements Foreign exchange translation (loss)/gain Balance as of December 31, 2017 Total gain or loss (realized/unrealized): Realized gain (loss) Unrealized gain (loss) included in AOCI Purchases, issuances, settlements Foreign exchange translation (loss)/gain Balance as of December 31, 2018 Expected Cash Flows Amount (In millions) 337.4 0.6 10.2 94.9 25.9 469.0 13.8 (18.8) 272.2 (40.5) 695.7 $ $ $ In 2019 , we expect to make contributions to our defined benefit pension plans of approximately $6 million and benefit payments under our OPEB plans of approximately $45 million based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 . BRI and BDL contributions to their respective defined benefit pension plans are excluded here, as they are not consolidated in our financial statements. Plan funding strategies are influenced by employee benefits, tax laws and plan governance documents. 145 Expected future benefit payments for defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 , are as follows: Expected benefit payments 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024-2028 Defined Contribution Plans Pension OPEB (In millions) $ $ $ $ $ $ 301.4 $ 287.7 $ 289.3 $ 289.9 $ 290.2 $ 1,450.9 $ 45.2 45.4 45.2 44.9 44.6 216.3 We offer defined contribution pension plans for the majority of our U.S., Corporate, Canadian and U.K. employees. The investment strategy for defined contribution plans are determined by each individual participant from the options we have made available as the plan sponsor. U.S. non-union and Corporate employees are eligible to participate in qualified defined contribution plans which provide for employer contributions ranging from 5% to 11% of eligible compensation (certain employees were also eligible for additional employer contributions). Effective, December 29, 2017, the plans covering the U.S. non-union and Corporate employees were merged while retaining the contribution percentages previously indicated. U.S. union employees are eligible to participate in a qualified defined contribution plan which provides for employer contributions based a factors associated with various collective bargaining agreements. The employer contributions to the U.K. and Canadian plans range from 3% to 8.5% of employee compensation. Both employee and employer contributions were made in cash in accordance with participant investment elections. We recognized costs associated with defined contribution plans of $78.5 million , $80.5 million and $24.0 million in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. In addition, we have other deferred compensation and nonqualified defined contribution plans. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company formed the Molson Coors Deferred Compensation Plan through the merger of the Molson Coors Brewing Company Supplemental Savings and Investment Plan with and into the MillerCoors LLC Combined Deferred Compensation Plan and Salaried Non-Union Employees’ Retirement Savings Supplemental Plan. We have voluntarily funded these liabilities through rabbi trusts. These assets are invested in publicly traded mutual funds whose performance is expected to closely match changes in the plan liabilities. As of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , the plan liabilities were equal to the plan assets and were included in other liabilities and other assets on our consolidated balance sheets, respectively. 16. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Overview and Risk Management Policies We use derivatives as part of our normal business operations to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency, commodity price risk and for other strategic purposes related to our core business. We have established policies and procedures that govern the risk management of these exposures. Our primary objective in managing these exposures is to decrease the volatility of cash flows affected by changes in the underlying rates and prices. To achieve our objectives, we enter into a variety of financial derivatives, including foreign currency exchange, commodity, interest rate, cross currency swaps as well as options. We also enter into physical hedging agreements directly with our suppliers to manage our exposure to certain commodities. Counterparty Risk While, by policy, the counterparties to any of the financial derivatives we enter into are major institutions with investment grade credit ratings of at least A- by Standard & Poor's (or the equivalent) or A3 by Moody's, we are exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties. This credit risk is generally limited to the unrealized gains in such contracts, should any of these counterparties fail to perform as contracted. We have established a counterparty credit policy and guidelines that are monitored and reported to management according to prescribed guidelines to assist in managing this risk. As an additional measure, we utilize a portfolio of institutions either headquartered or operating in the same countries that we conduct our business. In calculating the fair value of our 146   derivative balances, we also record an adjustment to recognize the risk of counterparty credit and our own non-performance risk, as appropriate. Price and Liquidity Risks We base the fair value of our derivative instruments upon market rates and prices. The volatility of these rates and prices are dependent on many factors that cannot be forecasted with reliable accuracy. The current fair values of our contracts could differ significantly from the cash settled values with our counterparties. As such, we are exposed to price risk related to unfavorable changes in the fair value of our derivative contracts. We may be forced to cash settle all or a portion of our derivative contracts before the expected settlement date upon the occurrence of certain contractual triggers including a change of control, termination event or other breach of agreement. This could have a negative impact on our liquidity. For derivative contracts that we have designated as hedging instruments, early cash settlement would result in the timing of our hedge settlement not being matched to the cash settlement of the forecasted transaction or firm commitment. We may also decide to cash settle all or a portion of our derivative contracts before the expected settlement date through negotiations with our counterparties, which could also impact our cash position. Due to the nature of our counterparty agreements, we are not able to net positions with the same counterparty across business units. Thus, in the event of default, we may be required to early settle all out-of-the-money contracts, without the benefit of netting the fair value of any in-the-money positions against this exposure. Collateral We do not receive and are not required to post collateral unless a change of control event occurs. This termination event would give either party the right to early terminate all outstanding swap transactions in the event that the other party consolidates, merges with, or transfers all or substantially all of its assets to, another entity, and the creditworthiness of the surviving entity that has assumed such party's obligations is materially weaker than that of such party. As of December 31, 2018 , we did not have any collateral posted with any of our counterparties. Derivative Accounting Policies Overview Our foreign currency forwards and our forward starting interest rate swaps are designated in hedging relationships as cash flow hedges, and our cross currency swaps are designated as net investment hedges. Prior to settlements discussed below, our forward starting interest rate swaps were also designated as cash flow hedges and our interest rate swaps were designated as fair value hedges. In certain situations, we may execute derivatives that do not qualify for, or we do not otherwise seek, hedge accounting but are determined to be important for managing risk. For example, our commodity swaps, commodity options, as well as the swaptions that we entered into in association with the Acquisition were not designated in hedge accounting relationships. These outstanding economic hedges are measured at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value recorded in earnings. We have historically elected to apply the NPNS exemption to certain contracts, as applicable. These contracts are typically transacted with our suppliers and include risk management features that allow us to fix the price on specific volumes of purchases for specified delivery periods. We also consider whether any provisions in our contracts represent embedded derivative instruments as defined in authoritative accounting guidance and apply the appropriate accounting. Hedge Accounting Policies We formally document all relationships receiving hedge accounting treatment between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk- management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge transactions pursuant to prescribed guidance. We also formally assess effectiveness both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis, specifically whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions have been highly effective in mitigating the risk designated as being hedged and whether those hedges may be expected to remain highly effective in future periods. Specific to net investment hedges, we have elected to use the spot-to-spot methodology to assess effectiveness. We discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when (1) the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a forecasted future transaction; (2) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; (3) it is no longer probable that the forecasted transaction will occur; (4) management determines that designating the derivative as a hedging instrument is no longer appropriate; or (5) management decides to cease hedge accounting. When we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, but it continues to be probable that the forecasted transaction will occur in the originally expected period, the existing gain or loss on the derivative remains in AOCI for cash flow hedges and net investment hedges or in the carrying value of the hedged item for fair value hedges and is reclassified into earnings when the 147 forecasted transaction affects earnings. However, if it is no longer probable that a forecasted transaction will occur by the end of the originally specified time period or within an additional two-month period of time thereafter, the gains and losses in AOCI are recognized immediately in earnings. In all situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued and the derivative remains outstanding, we carry the derivative at its fair value on the consolidated balance sheets until maturity, recognizing future changes in the fair value in current period earnings. Significant Derivative/Hedge Positions Derivative Activity Related to the Acquisition During the first quarter of 2016, we entered into swaption agreements with a total notional amount of $855.0 million to economically hedge a portion of our long-term debt issuance with which we partially funded the Acquisition. We paid upfront premiums of $37.8 million for the option to enter into and exercise swaps with a forward starting effective date. These swaptions were not designated in hedge accounting relationships as the hedges were entered into in association with the Acquisition and, accordingly, all mark-to-market fair value adjustments were reflected within interest expense. During the second quarter of 2016, we terminated and cash settled these swaptions in anticipation of the issuance of the 2016 Notes, resulting in cash proceeds of $1.4 million . Separately, prior to issuing the EUR Notes and the CAD Notes on July 7, 2016 , we entered into foreign currency forward agreements in the second quarter of 2016 with a total notional amount of EUR 794.6 million and CAD 965.5 million , representing a majority of the anticipated net proceeds from the issuance of the respective CAD Notes and EUR Notes, to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure of the associated notes against the USD prior to issuance and to convert the proceeds to USD upon issuance through gross settlement. We settled these foreign currency forwards on July 7, 2016 , resulting in a loss of $3.6 million , and received the USD necessary, along with the USD Notes, to complete our financing needs for the Acquisition. These foreign currency forwards were not designated in hedge accounting relationships, and, accordingly, the mark-to-market fair value adjustments and resulting unrealized losses were recorded to other income (expense). On July 7, 2016 , concurrent with the issuance of the EUR Notes, we designated the principal EUR 800 million of the EUR Notes as a non-derivative financial net investment hedge of our investment in our Europe business in order to hedge a portion of the related foreign currency translational impacts, and, accordingly, record changes in the carrying value of the EUR Notes due to fluctuations in the spot rate to AOCI. See Note 11, "Debt" for further discussion of the EUR Notes and CAD Notes. Interest Rate Swaps In the first quarter of 2017, we entered into interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $1.0 billion to economically convert our fixed rate $1.0 billion 2017 USD Notes to floating rate debt. We received fixed interest payments semi-annually at a rate of 1.90% and 2.25% per annum on our $500 million senior notes due March 15, 2019 , and $500 million senior notes due March 15, 2020 , respectively, and paid a rate to our counterparties based on a credit spread plus the one-month LIBOR rate , thereby effectively exchanging a fixed interest obligation for a floating interest obligation. We entered into these interest rate swap agreements to minimize exposure to changes in the fair value of each of our $500 million notes that results from fluctuations in the benchmark interest rate, specifically LIBOR. We designated these swaps as fair value hedges and determined that there was zero ineffectiveness. The changes in fair value of derivatives designated as fair value hedges and the offsetting changes in fair value of the hedged item were recognized in earnings. The changes in fair value of the two $500 million interest rate swaps were recorded in interest expense in our consolidated statement of operations and were fully offset by changes in fair value of the two $500 million notes attributable to the benchmark interest rate, also recorded to interest expense. During the fourth quarter of 2017, we voluntarily settled our aggregate notional amount of $1.0 billion which resulted in net cash payments of $3.5 million , representing the cumulative adjustments to the carrying value of the notes from inception to termination. At the time of settlement we ceased adjusting the carrying value of the two $500 million notes for the fair value movements and these cumulative adjustments are now being amortized as a charge to interest expense over the expected remaining term of the respective note. See Note 11, "Debt" for additional details. Separately, in prior years, we also entered into similar interest rate swap agreements to economically convert our fixed rate $500 million 3.5% notes due 2022 to floating rate debt. These interest rate swap agreements were also previously voluntarily cash settled, at which time we ceased adjusting the carrying value of the notes for the fair value movements. The cumulative adjustments which increased the carrying value of the notes are being amortized as a benefit to interest expense over the expected remaining term of the notes. See Note 11, "Debt" for additional details. 148 Net Investment Hedges On March 15, 2017, we issued an aggregate of EUR 500 million (approximately $530 million at issuance), 0.35% plus three-month EURIBOR floating rate senior notes due March 15, 2019. We simultaneously designated the principal of the 2017 EUR Notes as a net investment hedge of our investment in our Europe business in order to hedge a portion of the foreign currency translational impacts and, accordingly, will record changes in the carrying value of the 2017 EUR Notes due to fluctuations in the spot rate to AOCI. See Note 11, "Debt" for further discussion. Forward Starting Interest Rate Swaps Forward starting interest rate swaps are instruments we use to manage our exposure to the volatility of the interest rates associated with future interest payments on a forecasted debt issuance. During the third quarter of 2018, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps with notional amounts totaling $1.5 billion . The forward starting interest rate swaps have an effective date of July 2018 and termination dates of July 2021, May 2022 and July 2026, mirroring the terms of the forecasted debt issuances. Weighted-average interest rates on the swaps are fixed at 3.00% , 3.01% and 3.10% for July 2021, May 2022 and July 2026, respectively. Under the agreements we are required to early terminate these swaps at the time we expect to issue the related forecasted debt. We have designated these contracts as cash flow hedges. As a result, the unrealized mark-to-market gains or losses will be recorded to AOCI until termination at which point the realized gain or loss of these swaps at issuance of the hedged debt will be reclassified from AOCI and amortized to interest expense over the term of the hedged debt. Prior to the issuance of the 2015 Notes, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps with a notional of CAD 600 million in order to manage our exposure to the volatility of the interest rates associated with the future interest payments on the forecasted debt issuances. The swaps had an effective date of September 2015 and a termination date of September 2025 mirroring the terms of the initially forecasted debt issuance. Under these agreements we were required to early terminate these swaps at the approximate time we issued the previously forecasted debt. We had designated these contracts as cash flow hedges and accordingly, a portion of the CAD 39.2 million ( $29.5 million at settlement) loss on the forward starting interest rate swaps is being reclassified from AOCI and amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the 2015 Notes and over a portion the CAD 500 million notes due in 2026 up to the full 10-year term of the interest rate swap agreements. Cross Currency Swaps Effective April 18, 2018, we entered into cross currency swap agreements having a total notional of approximately EUR 404 million ( $500 million upon execution) in order to hedge a portion of the foreign currency translational impacts of our European investment. As a result of the swaps, we economically converted our $500 million 2.25% senior notes due 2020 and associated interest to EUR denominated, which will result in a EUR interest rate to be received at 0.85% . We have designated these cross currency swaps as net investment hedges and accordingly, record changes in fair value due to fluctuations in the spot rate to AOCI. The changes in fair value of the swaps attributable to changes other than those due to fluctuations in the spot rate are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recorded to interest expense over the life of the hedge. Foreign Currency Forwards Prior to issuing the 2017 EUR Notes on March 15, 2017, we entered into foreign currency forward agreements in the first quarter of 2017 with a total notional amount of EUR 499 million , representing a majority of the anticipated net proceeds from the issuance of the respective 2017 EUR Notes, to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure of the associated notes against the USD prior to issuance and to convert the proceeds to USD upon issuance through gross settlement. We settled these foreign currency forwards on March 15, 2017, resulting in a loss of $8.3 million . These foreign currency forwards were not designated in hedge accounting relationships, and, accordingly, the mark-to-market fair value adjustments and resulting losses were recorded to other income (expense). We have financial foreign exchange forward contracts in place to manage our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations. We hedge foreign currency exposure related to certain royalty agreements, exposure associated with the purchase of production inputs and imports that are denominated in currencies other than the functional entity's local currency, and other foreign exchanges exposures. These contracts have been designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted foreign currency transactions. We use foreign currency forward contracts to hedge these future forecasted transactions up to a 60 month horizon. Commodity Swaps and Options We have financial commodity swap and option contracts in place to hedge changes in the prices of natural gas, aluminum, including surcharges relating to our aluminum exposures, corn, barley and diesel. These contracts allow us to swap our floating exposure to changes in these commodity prices for a fixed rate. These contracts are not designated in hedge accounting relationships. As such, changes in fair value of these derivatives are recorded in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of operations. We hedge forecasted purchases of natural gas up to 60 months , aluminum up to 60 months , corn up to 149 60 months , and diesel up to 60 months out in the future for use in our supply chain, in line with our risk management policy. Further, we hedge forecasted purchases of barley based on crop year and physical inventory management. For purposes of measuring segment operating performance, the unrealized changes in fair value of the swaps not designated in hedge accounting relationships are reported in Corporate outside of the segment specific operating results until such time that the exposure we are managing is realized. At that time we reclassify the gain or loss from Corporate to the operating segment, allowing our operating segments to realize the economic effects of the derivative without the resulting unrealized mark-to-market volatility. Warrants On October 4, 2018 , in connection with the formation of the Truss joint venture, as discussed further in Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments," our joint venture partner, HEXO, issued to our Canadian subsidiary a total of 11.5 million warrants to purchase common shares of HEXO at a strike price of CAD 6.00 per share at any time during the three year period following the formation of the joint venture. The fair value of the warrants at issuance of approximately $45 million was recorded as a non-current asset and as an adjustment to paid-in capital, net of tax. All changes in the fair value of the warrants subsequent to issuance will be recorded in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. Derivative Fair Value Measurements We utilize market approaches to estimate the fair value of our derivative instruments by discounting anticipated future cash flows derived from the derivative's contractual terms and observable market interest, foreign exchange and commodity rates. The fair values of our derivatives also include credit risk adjustments to account for our counterparties' credit risk, as well as our own non-performance risk, as appropriate. The fair value of the HEXO warrants is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. As of December 31, 2018 , the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the HEXO warrants are as follows: Expected term (years) Estimated volatility Risk-free interest rate Expected dividend yield 2.75 88.71% 2.04% —% The expected term is based on the contractual maturity date of the warrants. Estimated volatility is based on a blend of implied volatility along with historical volatility levels of peer companies. The risk-free rate utilized is based on a zero-coupon Canadian Treasury security yield with a remaining term equal to the expected term of the warrants. The expected dividend yield is determined by historical dividend levels. The table below summarizes our derivative assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 . See Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion related to measuring the fair value of derivative instruments. Cross currency swaps Interest rate swaps Foreign currency forwards Commodity swaps and options Warrants Total Total as of December 31, 2018 Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) Fair Value Measurements as of  December 31, 2018 Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) $ $ 36.5 $ (12.3) 16.3 (42.0) 19.6 18.1 $ 150 (In millions) — $ — — — — — $ 36.5 $ (12.3) 16.3 (42.0) 19.6 18.1 $ — — — — — —         Total as of December 31, 2017 Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) Fair Value Measurements as of  December 31, 2017 Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) $ $ (10.9) $ 122.8 111.9 $ (In millions) — $ — — $ (10.9) $ 122.8 111.9 $ — — — Foreign currency forwards Commodity swaps and options Total As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , we had no significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2. New derivative contracts transacted during 2018 were all included in Level 2. Results of Period Derivative Activity The following tables include the year-to-date results of our derivative activity in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , and our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 , respectively. Fair Value of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions): Asset derivatives Liability derivatives December 31, 2018 Notional amount Balance sheet location Fair value Balance sheet location Fair value Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Cross currency swaps Interest rate swaps Foreign currency forwards $ $ $ 500.0 1,500.0 338.6 Other non-current assets Other non-current assets Other current assets Other non-current assets $ 36.5 Other liabilities — Other liabilities 7.3 Accounts payable and other current liabilities 9.2 Other liabilities Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: $ 53.0 Commodity swaps (1) Commodity options (1) Warrants $ $ $ 868.4 Other current assets Other non-current assets 46.6 50.6 Other current assets Other non-current assets $ 12.1 Accounts payable and other current liabilities 6.1 Other liabilities 0.1 Accounts payable and other current liabilities 19.6 Other liabilities Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 37.9 Asset derivatives Liability derivatives December 31, 2017 Notional amount Balance sheet location Fair value Balance sheet location Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Foreign currency forwards $ 326.4 Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Commodity swaps (1) $ 765.0 Other current assets Other non-current assets Other current assets Other non-current assets Commodity options (1) Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 30.6 Other current and non-current assets $ $ $ $ 0.4 Accounts payable and other current liabilities 0.2 Other liabilities 0.6 70.8 Accounts payable and other current liabilities 63.5 Other liabilities Accounts payable and other current liabilities and other liabilities 0.2 134.5 $ — (12.3) (0.1) (0.1) $ (12.5) $ (37.9) (22.3) (0.1) — $ (60.3) Fair value $ (6.1) (5.4) $ (11.5) $ $ (7.3) (4.2) (0.2) (11.7) (1) Notional includes offsetting buy and sell positions, shown in terms of absolute value. Buy and sell positions are shown gross in the asset and/or liability position, as appropriate. 151                         Items Designated and Qualifying as Hedged Items in Fair Value Hedging Relationships in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions): Line item in the balance sheet in which the hedged item is included Carrying amount of the hedged assets/liabilities Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment(s) in the hedged assets/liabilities (1)  Increase/(Decrease) As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2018 Current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings Long-term debt $ $ (1) Entire balances relate to hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships. (In millions) — $ — $ (0.2) 8.3 The Pretax Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedge Accounting on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (in millions): Derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships Forward starting interest rate swaps Foreign currency forwards Total $ $ For the year ended December 31, 2018 Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative Interest expense Cost of goods sold Other income (expense), net (12.3) 26.8 14.5 $ $ (3.0) (0.2) (0.2) (3.4) For the year ended December 31, 2018 Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing) Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing) (1) $ $ 36.5 Interest expense 36.5 $ $ — Interest expense — $ $ 10.7 10.7 Derivatives in net investment hedge relationships Cross currency swaps Total (1) Represents amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness for which the difference between changes in fair value and period amortization is recorded in other comprehensive income. Non-derivative financial instruments in net investment hedge relationships Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing) Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing) For the year ended December 31, 2018 EUR 800 million notes due 2024 EUR 500 million notes due 2019 Total $ $ Other income (expense), net Other income (expense), net 43.0 26.9 69.9 $ $ Other income (expense), net Other income (expense), net — — — $ $ — — — 152 Derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships Forward starting interest rate swaps Foreign currency forwards Total For the year ended December 31, 2017 Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion) Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income (effective portion) Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative (effective portion) $ $ — Interest expense (22.7) Cost of goods sold Other income (expense), net (22.7) $ $ (3.7) 3.7 (2.0) (2.0) For the year ended December 31, 2017 Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) Interest expense Cost of goods sold Other income (expense), net Location of gain  (loss) recognized  in income  on derivative  (ineffective portion  and amount  excluded from  effectiveness testing) Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) Amount of gain  (loss) recognized  in income  on derivative  (ineffective portion  and amount  excluded from  effectiveness testing) $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — Non-derivative financial instruments in net investment hedge relationships EUR 800 million notes due 2024 EUR 500 million notes due 2019 Total $ $ Amount of gain  (loss) recognized  in OCI on  derivative  (effective portion) Location of gain  (loss) reclassified  from AOCI  into income  (effective portion) Amount of gain  (loss) recognized  from AOCI  on derivative  (effective portion) Other income (expense), net Other income (expense), net (119.0) (63.6) (182.6) $ $ Other income (expense), net Other income (expense), net — — — Derivatives in fair value hedge relationship Interest rate swaps Total Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative $ $ Interest expense (3.5) (3.5) Location of gain (loss) recognized in income For the year ended December 31, 2017 For the year ended December 31, 2016 Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion) Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income (effective portion) Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative (effective portion) Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) — Interest expense $ (23.7) Cost of goods sold Other income (expense), net (3.8) 14.4 Interest expense Cost of goods sold Other income (expense), net (7.2) 3.4 $ $ Derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships Forward starting interest rate swaps $ Foreign currency forwards Total $ (23.7) $ 153 For the year ended December 31, 2016 Amount of gain  (loss) recognized  in OCI on  derivative  (effective portion) Location of gain  (loss) reclassified  from AOCI  into income  (effective portion) Amount of gain  (loss) recognized  from AOCI  on derivative  (effective portion) Location of gain  (loss) recognized  in income  on derivative  (ineffective portion  and amount  excluded from  effectiveness testing) Amount of gain  (loss) recognized  in income  on derivative  (ineffective portion  and amount  excluded from  effectiveness testing) $ $ Other income (expense), net 43.7 43.7 $ $ Other income (expense), net — — $ $ — — Non-derivative financial instruments in net investment hedge relationships EUR 800 million notes due 2024 Total We expect net gains of approximately $4 million (pretax) recorded in AOCI as of December 31, 2018 , will be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months. For derivatives designated in cash flow hedge relationships, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged as of December 31, 2018 , is approximately 8 years. The Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedge Accounting on the Consolidated Statements of Operations (in millions) : Total amount of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statement of operations in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded Gain (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships: Forward starting interest rate swaps Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income Foreign currency forwards Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income Location and amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on fair value and cash flow hedging relationships For the year ended December 31, 2018 Cost of goods sold Other income (expense), net Interest expense $ $ $ (6,584.8) $ (12.0) $ (306.2) — $ — $ (0.2) $ (0.2) $ (3.0) — The Effect of Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations (in millions): Derivatives not in hedging relationship Commodity swaps Warrants Total Derivatives not in hedging relationship Commodity swaps Foreign currency swaps Total For the year ended December 31, 2018 Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative Cost of goods sold Other income (expense), net For the year ended December 31, 2017 Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative Cost of goods sold Other income (expense), net $ $ $ $ (110.5) (23.8) (134.3) Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative 150.1 (8.3) 141.8 154 Derivatives not in hedging relationship Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative For the year ended December 31, 2016 Commodity swaps Commodity options Foreign currency swaps Swaption Total Cost of goods sold Cost of goods sold Other income (expense), net Interest expense $ $ 13.0 (0.7) (4.3) (36.4) (28.4) Lower commodity prices relative to our hedged positions, primarily in aluminum, during 2018 drove the total loss recognized in income related to commodity swaps for the year end December 31, 2018 . Contrarily, higher commodity prices, also primarily in aluminum, during 2017 resulted in the total gain recognized in income related to commodity swaps for the year ended December 31, 2017 . 17. Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities Accounts payable and accrued trade payables Accrued compensation Accrued excise and other non-income related taxes Accrued interest Accrued selling and marketing costs Container liability Other (1) Accounts payable and other current liabilities As of December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 (In millions) 1,616.8 $ 224.6 244.1 112.6 120.0 163.0 225.3 1,568.6 262.4 292.9 116.1 92.0 146.0 206.5 2,706.4 $ 2,684.5 $ $ (1) Includes current liabilities related to derivatives, income taxes, pensions and other postretirement benefits and other accrued expenses. 18. Commitments and Contingencies Letters of Credit As of December 31, 2018 , we had $64.5 million outstanding in letters of credit with financial institutions. These letters primarily expire throughout 2019 and $19.4 million of the letters contain a feature that automatically renews the letter for an additional year if no cancellation notice is submitted. These letters of credit are being maintained as security for deferred compensation payments, reimbursements to insurance companies, reimbursements to the trustee for pension payments, deductibles or retention payments made on our behalf, various payments due to governmental agencies, operations of underground storage tanks and other general business purposes, and are not included on our consolidated balance sheets. Guarantees and Indemnities We guarantee indebtedness and other obligations to banks and other third parties for some of our equity method investments and consolidated subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , the consolidated balance sheets include liabilities related to these guarantees of $35.9 million and $42.8 million , respectively, primarily related to the guarantee of the indebtedness of our equity method investments. See Note 4, "Acquisition and Investments" for further detail. Kaiser In 2006, we sold our entire equity interest in our Brazilian unit, Cervejarias Kaiser Brasil S.A. ("Kaiser") to FEMSA Cerveza S.A. de C.V. ("FEMSA"). The terms of the sale agreement require us to indemnify FEMSA for certain exposures related to tax, civil and labor contingencies arising prior to FEMSA's purchase of Kaiser. In addition, we provided an indemnity to FEMSA for losses Kaiser may incur with respect to tax claims associated with certain previously utilized purchased tax credits. We settled a portion of our tax credit indemnity obligation during 2010. The maximum potential claims amount for the remainder of the purchased tax credits (which we believe present less risk than those previously settled), was $90.2 million as 155       of December 31, 2018 . Our total estimate of the indemnity liability as of December 31, 2018 , was $10.3 million , of which $4.2 million was classified as a current liability, and $6.1 million classified as non-current. Our estimates consider a number of scenarios for the ultimate resolution of these issues, the probabilities of which are influenced not only by legal developments in Brazil but also by management's intentions with regard to various alternatives that could present themselves leading to the ultimate resolution of these issues. The liabilities are impacted by changes in estimates regarding amounts that could be paid, the timing of such payments, adjustments to the probabilities assigned to various scenarios and foreign currency exchange rates. Our indemnity also covers fees and expenses that Kaiser incurs to manage the cases through the administrative and judicial systems. Additionally, we also provided FEMSA with indemnity related to all other tax, civil, and labor contingencies existing as of the date of sale. In this regard, however, FEMSA assumed their full share of all of these contingent liabilities that had been previously recorded and disclosed by us prior to the sale on January 13, 2006. However, we may have to provide indemnity to FEMSA if those contingencies settle at amounts greater than those amounts previously recorded or disclosed by us. We will be able to offset any indemnity exposures in these circumstances with amounts that settle favorably to amounts previously recorded. Our exposure related to these indemnity claims is capped at the amount of the sales price of the 68% equity interest of Kaiser, which was $68.0 million . As a result of these contract provisions, our estimates include not only probability-weighted potential cash outflows associated with indemnity provisions, but also probability- weighted cash inflows that could result from favorable settlements, which could occur through negotiation or settlement programs arising from the federal or any of the various state governments in Brazil. The recorded value of the tax, civil, and labor indemnity liability was $4.4 million as of December 31, 2018 , which is classified as non-current. For the remaining portion of our indemnity obligations, not deemed probable, we continue to utilize probability-weighted scenarios in determining the value of the indemnity obligations. Future settlement procedures and related negotiation activities associated with these contingencies are largely outside of our control. The sale agreement requires annual cash settlements relating to the tax, civil, and labor indemnities. Indemnity obligations related to purchased tax credits must be settled upon notification of FEMSA's settlement. Due to the uncertainty involved with the ultimate outcome and timing of these contingencies, significant adjustments to the carrying values of the indemnity obligations have been recorded to date, and additional future adjustments may be required. These liabilities are denominated in Brazilian Reais and are therefore, subject to foreign exchange gains or losses. As a result, these foreign exchange gains and losses are the only impacts recorded within other income (expense), net. The table below provides a summary of reserves associated with the Kaiser indemnity obligations from December 31, 2015 , through December 31, 2018 : Balance as of December 31, 2015 Changes in estimates Foreign exchange impacts Balance as of December 31, 2016 Changes in estimates Foreign exchange impacts Balance as of December 31, 2017 Changes in estimates Foreign exchange impacts Balance as of December 31, 2018 156 Total indemnity reserves (In millions) 14.4 — 3.2 17.6 — (0.3) 17.3 — (2.6) 14.7 $ $ $ $   Purchase Obligations We have various long-term supply contracts and distribution agreements with unaffiliated third parties and our joint venture partners to purchase materials used in production and packaging and to provide distribution services. The supply contracts provide that we purchase certain minimum levels of materials throughout the terms of the contracts. Additionally, we have various long-term non-cancelable commitments for advertising, sponsorships and promotions, including marketing at sports arenas, stadiums and other venues and events. The future aggregate minimum required commitments under these purchase obligations are shown in the table below based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 . The amounts in the table do not represent all anticipated payments under long-term contracts. Rather, they represent unconditional, non-cancelable purchase commitments under contracts with remaining terms greater than one year. Year Supply and Distribution Advertising and Promotions 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total (Amounts in millions) $ 445.4 $ 400.5 345.5 316.5 217.0 1.3 $ 1,726.2 $ 142.3 104.4 66.3 48.9 35.5 88.1 485.5 Total purchases under our supply and distribution contracts in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 were approximately $1.1 billion , $1.2 billion and $910.7 million , respectively. Total advertising expense was approximately $1.2 billion , $1.3 billion and $644.1 million in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Leases We lease certain office facilities and operating equipment under cancelable and non-cancelable agreements accounted for as operating leases. Additionally, we lease certain buildings and equipment which are accounted for as capital leases. Gross assets recorded under capital leases as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , were $ 82.5 million and $ 71.4 million , respectively. The associated accumulated amortization on these assets as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , was $ 13.2 million and $ 9.0 million , respectively. These amounts are recorded within properties on the consolidated balance sheets. Based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2018 , future minimum lease payments under operating leases that have initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year, as well as capital leases, are as follows: Year Operating Leases Capital Leases 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total future minimum lease payments Less: Interest on capital leases (Amounts in millions) $ 49.4 $ 40.2 32.6 24.6 17.0 21.0 $ 184.8 $ Present value of future minimum capital lease payments (1) $ 6.1 36.2 5.9 5.9 5.8 64.2 124.1 (38.8) 85.3 (1) Includes current portion of $ 3.2 million . Current and non-current capital lease obligations are recorded within accounts payable and other current liabilities, and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively. Total rent expense was $66.1 million , $64.1 million and $36.6 million in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. 157     Litigation and Other Disputes and Environmental Related to litigation, other disputes and environmental issues, we have accrued an aggregate of $13.7 million as of December 31, 2018 , and $17.8 million as of December 31, 2017 . While we cannot predict the eventual aggregate cost for litigation, other disputes and environmental matters in which we are currently involved, we believe adequate reserves have been provided for losses that are probable and estimable. Further, we believe that any payments, if required, for these matters would be made over a period of time in amounts that would not be material in any one year to our results from operations, cash flows or our financial or competitive position. Additionally, we believe that any reasonably possible losses in excess of the amounts accrued are immaterial to our consolidated financial statements, except as otherwise noted. We are involved in other disputes and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of our business. While it is not feasible to predict or determine the outcome of these proceedings, in our opinion, based on a review with legal counsel, other than as noted, none of these disputes or legal actions are expected to have a material impact on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. Each year since 2014, we received assessments from a local country regulatory authority related to indirect tax calculations in our Europe operations. The aggregate amount of the assessments received at the time of resolution of this matter was approximately $139.0 million . We challenged the validity of these assessments and defended our position regarding the method of calculation, including by following the required regulatory procedures in order to proceed with an appeal of the assessments. During the fourth quarter of 2016, following discussions with the regulatory authority and consideration of existing facts and circumstances at that time, we concluded that a portion of this estimated range of loss was deemed probable. As a result, we recorded a charge of approximately $50 million within the excise taxes line item on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. In April 2017, a local jurisdictional court ruled in our favor. Based on this favorable ruling, we released this provision in the first quarter of 2017 as we no longer deemed this loss probable. This resulted in a benefit of approximately $50 million , recorded within the excise taxes line item on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the second quarter of 2017, we received formal confirmation from the regulatory authority that they would not appeal the local jurisdictional court ruling, and the regulatory authority has since withdrawn its assessments. As a result, we believe this dispute is fully resolved. On February 12, 2018, Stone Brewing Company filed a trademark infringement lawsuit in federal court in the Southern District of California against MillerCoors LLC alleging that the Keystone brand has “rebranded” itself as “Stone” and is marketing itself in a manner confusingly similar to Stone Brewing Company's registered Stone trademark. Stone Brewing Company seeks treble damages in the amount of MillerCoors’ profit from Keystone sales. MillerCoors subsequently filed an answer and counterclaims against Stone Brewing Company. On May 31, 2018, Stone Brewing Company filed motions to dismiss and for a preliminary injunction seeking to bar MillerCoors from continuing to use “STONE” on Keystone Light cans and related marketing materials. We are currently awaiting the court decision regarding the motions to dismiss and preliminary injunction. We intend to vigorously assert and defend our rights in this lawsuit. A range of potential loss is not estimable at this time. In December 2018, the U.S. Department of Treasury issued a regulation that impacts our ability to claim a refund of certain federal duties, taxes, and fees paid for beer sold between the U.S. and certain other countries effective in February 2019. As a result, future claims will no longer be accepted, and we may be further unable to collect historically claimed, but not yet received, refunds of approximately $38 million , which are recorded within other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 . Environmental When we determine it is probable that a liability for environmental matters or other legal actions exists and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable, an estimate of the future costs is recorded as a liability in the financial statements. Costs that extend the life, increase the capacity or improve the safety or efficiency of our assets or are incurred to mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination may be capitalized. Other environmental costs are expensed when incurred. Total environmental expenditures recognized as other expense for 2018 , 2017 and 2016 were immaterial to our consolidated financial statements. Canada Our Canada brewing operations are subject to provincial environmental regulations and local permit requirements. Our Montréal and Toronto breweries have water treatment facilities to pre-treat waste water before it goes to the respective local governmental facility for final treatment. We have environmental programs in Canada including organization, monitoring and verification, regulatory compliance, reporting, education and training, and corrective action. 158 We sold a chemical specialties business in 1996. We are still responsible for certain aspects of environmental remediation, undertaken or planned, at those chemical specialties business locations. We have established provisions for the costs of these remediation programs. United States We were previously notified that we are or may be a potentially responsible party ("PRP") under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act or similar state laws for the cleanup of sites where hazardous substances have allegedly been released into the environment. We cannot predict with certainty the total costs of cleanup, our share of the total cost, the extent to which contributions will be available from other parties, the amount of time necessary to complete the cleanups or insurance coverage. Lowry We are one of a number of entities named by the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") as a PRP at the Lowry Superfund site. This landfill is owned by the City and County of Denver ("Denver") and is managed by Waste Management of Colorado, Inc. ("Waste Management"). In 1990, we recorded a pretax charge of $30 million , a portion of which was put into a trust in 1993 as part of a settlement with Denver and Waste Management regarding the then-outstanding litigation. Our settlement was based on an assumed remediation cost of $120 million (in 1992 adjusted dollars). We are obligated to pay a portion of future costs, if any, in excess of that amount. Waste Management provides us with updated annual cost estimates through 2032. We review these cost estimates in the assessment of our accrual related to this issue. Our expected liability (based on the $120 million threshold being met) is based on our best estimates available. Based on the assumptions utilized, the present value and gross amount of the costs as of December 31, 2018 , are approximately $5 million and $7 million , respectively. Cost estimates were discounted using a 2.86% risk-free rate of return. We did not assume any future recoveries from insurance companies in the estimate of our liability, and none are expected. Considering the estimates extend through the year 2032 and the related uncertainties at the site, including what additional remedial actions may be required by the EPA, new technologies and what costs are included in the determination of when the $120 million is reached, the estimate of our liability may change as further facts develop. We cannot predict the amount of any such change, but additional accruals in the future are possible. Other In prior years, we were notified by the EPA and certain state environmental divisions that we are a PRP, along with other parties, at the East Rutherford and Berry's Creek sites in New Jersey and the Chamblee site in Georgia. Certain former non-beer business operations, which we discontinued use of and subsequently sold, were involved at these sites. Potential losses associated with these sites could increase as remediation planning progresses. We are aware of groundwater contamination at some of our properties in Colorado resulting from historical, ongoing, or nearby activities. There may also be other contamination of which we are currently unaware. Europe and International We are subject to the requirements of governmental and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations within each of the countries in which we operate. Compliance with these laws and regulations did not materially affect our 2018 capital expenditures, results of operations or our financial or competitive position, and we do not anticipate that they will do so in 2019 . 19. Supplemental Guarantor Information For purposes of this Note 19, including the tables, "Parent Issuer" shall mean MCBC. "Subsidiary Guarantors" shall mean certain Canadian and U.S. subsidiaries reflecting the substantial operations of each of our Canada and U.S. segments. SEC Registered Securities On May 3, 2012, MCBC issued $1.9 billion of senior notes, in a registered public offering, consisting of $300 million 2.0% senior notes due 2017 (subsequently repaid in the second quarter of 2017), $500 million 3.5% senior notes due 2022, and $1.1 billion 5.0% senior notes due 2042. Additionally, on July 7, 2016 , MCBC issued the 2016 USD Notes and the 2016 EUR Notes, in a registered public offering. In December 2017, MCBC completed an exchange offer in which it issued publicly registered senior notes in exchange for its $500 million 1.90% senior notes due 2019, $500 million 2.25% senior notes due 159 2020 and our EUR 500 million floating rate senior notes due 2019, which were issued in private placement transactions in March 2017. "Parent Issuer" in the below tables is specifically referring to MCBC in its capacity as the issuer of these 2012, 2016 and 2017 issuances. These senior notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by the Subsidiary Guarantors. Each of the Subsidiary Guarantors is 100% owned by the Parent Issuer. The guarantees are full and unconditional and joint and several. None of our other outstanding debt is registered with the SEC, and such other outstanding debt is guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by the Parent and/or Subsidiary Guarantors. These guarantees are full and unconditional and joint and several. See Note 11, "Debt" for details of all debt issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 . Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements for Income Tax Accounting Errors As a result of the restatement to correct errors related to income tax accounting discussed in Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," we have restated our supplemental guarantor condensed consolidating statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and condensed consolidating balance sheet as of December 31, 2017. The errors did not impact the total net cash flows from operating, investing or financing activities in the condensed consolidating statement of cash flows. See Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion of these corrections. The impacts to the guarantor condensed consolidating financial statements are included in the tables below. Condensed Consolidating Statement of Operations: As Reported Equity income (loss) in subsidiaries Operating income (loss) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MCBC As Restated Equity income (loss) in subsidiaries Operating income (loss) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MCBC Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors Year ended December 31, 2017 Subsidiary Non Guarantors (In millions) Eliminations Consolidated (285.7) $ 1,481.2 $ 1,937.0 $ (86.6) $ 1,850.4 $ 1,850.4 $ 2,634.4 $ (285.7) $ 1,481.2 $ 1,937.0 $ 64.8 $ 2,001.8 $ 2,001.8 $ 2,785.8 $ 193.4 $ 370.0 $ (63.4) $ (6.7) $ (70.1) $ (92.3) $ (1,758.1) $ (1,758.1) $ (1,758.1) $ — $ (1,758.1) $ (1,758.1) $ 376.8 $ (3,011.2) $ 193.4 $ 370.0 $ (63.4) $ (6.7) $ (70.1) $ (92.3) $ (1,909.5) $ (1,909.5) $ (1,909.5) $ — $ (1,909.5) $ (1,909.5) $ 376.8 $ (3,162.6) $ — 1,677.7 1,383.2 53.2 1,436.4 1,414.2 2,126.0 — 1,677.7 1,383.2 204.6 1,587.8 1,565.6 2,277.4 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,850.4 $ 1,584.6 $ 1,267.7 $ 146.5 $ 1,414.2 $ 1,414.2 $ 2,126.0 $ 2,001.8 $ 1,736.0 $ 1,419.1 $ 146.5 $ 1,565.6 $ 1,565.6 $ 2,277.4 $ 160 Condensed Consolidating Statement of Operations: As Reported Equity income (loss) in subsidiaries Operating income (loss) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MCBC As Restated Equity income (loss) in subsidiaries Operating income (loss) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MCBC Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets: As Reported Net investment in and advances to subsidiaries Total assets Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities MCBC stockholders' equity Total stockholders' equity Total equity Total liabilities and equity As Restated Net investment in and advances to subsidiaries Total assets Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities MCBC stockholders' equity Total stockholders' equity Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors Year ended December 31, 2016 Subsidiary Non Guarantors (In millions) Eliminations Consolidated 2,268.8 $ 2,044.8 $ 1,780.6 $ (340.4) $ 3,170.2 $ 3,374.7 $ 212.4 $ (1,108.0) $ 1,993.0 $ 1,993.0 $ 2,125.3 $ 1,869.7 $ 1,645.7 $ 1,381.5 $ 2,266.7 $ 2,266.7 $ 2,362.5 $ (340.4) $ 3,170.2 $ 3,374.7 $ 212.4 $ (1,507.1) $ 1,593.9 $ 1,593.9 $ 1,726.2 $ 1,867.6 $ 1,867.6 $ 1,963.4 $ — $ (1,055.2) (119.1) $ (1,809.3) $ (83.1) $ (1,809.3) $ (291.9) $ (159.6) $ (451.5) $ (457.4) $ (705.9) $ (1,809.3) $ (1,809.3) $ (1,809.3) $ (1,656.6) $ (119.1) $ (1,410.2) $ (83.1) $ (1,410.2) $ — 3,322.6 3,054.1 1,998.9 1,993.0 2,125.3 — 3,322.6 3,054.1 (291.9) $ (159.6) $ (451.5) $ (457.4) $ (705.9) $ (1,410.2) $ — $ (1,454.3) (1,410.2) $ (1,410.2) $ (1,257.5) $ 1,599.8 1,593.9 1,726.2 Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors As of December 31, 2017 Subsidiary Non Guarantors (In millions) Eliminations Consolidated 26,443.9 $ 4,297.4 $ 4,683.1 $ (35,424.4) $ — 26,677.0 $ 30,289.1 $ 11,135.1 $ (37,854.3) $ 30,246.9 — $ 864.7 $ 845.0 $ (61.1) $ 13,452.1 $ 5,382.9 $ 8,351.9 $ (10,375.0) $ 13,226.1 $ 31,275.5 $ 4,148.9 $ (35,424.4) $ 13,224.9 $ 24,906.2 $ 2,574.3 $ (27,479.3) $ 13,224.9 $ 24,906.2 $ 2,783.2 $ (27,479.3) $ 26,677.0 $ 30,289.1 $ 11,135.1 $ (37,854.3) $ 1,648.6 16,811.9 13,226.1 13,226.1 13,435.0 30,246.9 26,196.2 $ 4,297.4 $ 4,683.1 $ (35,176.7) $ — 26,429.3 $ 30,289.1 $ 11,135.1 $ (37,606.6) $ 30,246.9 — $ 13,452.1 $ 1,112.4 $ 5,630.6 $ 845.0 $ (61.1) $ 8,351.9 $ (10,375.0) $ 12,978.4 $ 31,027.8 $ 4,148.9 $ (35,176.7) $ 12,977.2 $ 24,658.5 $ 2,574.3 $ (27,231.6) $ 12,977.2 $ 24,658.5 $ 2,783.2 $ (27,231.6) $ 26,429.3 $ 30,289.1 $ 11,135.1 $ (37,606.6) $ 1,896.3 17,059.6 12,978.4 12,978.4 13,187.3 30,246.9 161 Presentation Certain amounts have been revised to reflect the new accounting pronouncements recently adopted as discussed in Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements." Effective January 1, 2018, MillerCoors USA LLC, a new entity with no historic activity, was added as a subsidiary guarantor. In addition, effective December 26, 2017, our historical subsidiary guarantor, Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Co., LLC, was merged with and into the existing subsidiary guarantor, MillerCoors LLC, and, on January 1, 2018, our historical subsidiary guarantors MillerCoors Holdings LLC and MC Holding Company LLC were also merged with and into MillerCoors LLC, a subsidiary guarantor. In the first quarter of 2018, MillerCoors LLC, a subsidiary guarantor, declared a distribution of approximately $1.7 billion to Molson Coors Brewing Company, which was simultaneously non-cash settled via offset to an equal amount of payables that were owed by Molson Coors Brewing Company to MillerCoors LLC. The following information sets forth the condensed consolidating statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 , condensed consolidating balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 , and condensed consolidating statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 . Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for under the equity method; accordingly, entries necessary to consolidate the Parent Issuer and all of our guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries are reflected in the eliminations column. In the opinion of management, separate complete financial statements of MCBC and the Subsidiary Guarantors would not provide additional material information that would be useful in assessing their financial composition. 162 Table of Contents Sales Excise taxes Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net Equity income (loss) in subsidiaries Operating income (loss) Other income (expense), net Interest income (expense), net Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Other income (expense), net Total other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS (IN MILLIONS) Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors Year ended December 31, 2018 Subsidiary Non Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated $ 162.5 $ 10,118.0 $ 3,739.8 $ (682.3) $ 13,338.0 — 162.5 (2.0) 160.5 (305.5) (1.7) 1,367.8 1,221.1 (323.2) (0.1) (0.1) (323.4) 897.7 218.8 1,116.5 — (1,420.3) 8,697.7 (5,242.6) 3,455.1 (2,041.0) 270.6 (126.5) 1,558.2 342.7 5.4 (57.3) 290.8 1,849.0 (480.8) 1,368.2 — (1,148.1) 2,591.7 (1,800.3) 791.4 (678.4) (19.2) 131.4 225.2 (317.7) 32.9 45.4 (239.4) (14.2) 36.8 22.6 (18.1) — (682.3) 460.1 (222.2) 222.2 — (1,372.7) (1,372.7) — — — — (1,372.7) — (1,372.7) — (2,568.4) 10,769.6 (6,584.8) 4,184.8 (2,802.7) 249.7 — 1,631.8 (298.2) 38.2 (12.0) (272.0) 1,359.8 (225.2) 1,134.6 (18.1) 1,116.5 826.5 Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MCBC $ $ 1,116.5 $ 1,368.2 $ 4.5 $ (1,372.7) $ 826.5 $ 1,061.9 $ (122.8) $ (939.1) $ 163 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS (IN MILLIONS) Sales Excise taxes Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net Equity income (loss) in subsidiaries Operating income (loss) Other income (expense), net Interest income (expense), net Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Other income (expense), net Total other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Year ended December 31, 2017 As Restated Subsidiary Non Guarantors Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated $ 21.8 $ 10,457.9 $ 3,513.7 $ (521.9) $ 13,471.5 — 21.8 (2.0) 19.8 (284.8) (0.8) 2,001.8 1,736.0 (308.4) — (8.5) (316.9) 1,419.1 146.5 1,565.6 — (1,475.1) 8,982.8 (5,020.3) 3,962.5 (2,165.8) (29.8) (285.7) 1,481.2 275.6 1.3 178.9 455.8 1,937.0 64.8 2,001.8 — (993.6) 2,520.1 (1,701.4) 818.7 (636.3) (5.8) 193.4 370.0 (310.5) 46.1 (169.0) (433.4) (63.4) (6.7) (70.1) (22.2) — (521.9) 487.0 (34.9) 34.9 — (1,909.5) (1,909.5) — — — — (1,909.5) — (1,909.5) — (2,468.7) 11,002.8 (6,236.7) 4,766.1 (3,052.0) (36.4) — 1,677.7 (343.3) 47.4 1.4 (294.5) 1,383.2 204.6 1,587.8 (22.2) 1,565.6 2,277.4 Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MCBC $ $ 1,565.6 $ 2,001.8 $ (92.3) $ (1,909.5) $ 2,277.4 $ 2,785.8 $ 376.8 $ (3,162.6) $ 164 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS (IN MILLIONS) Year ended December 31, 2016 As Restated Subsidiary Non Guarantors Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated Sales Excise taxes Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Marketing, general and administrative expenses Special items, net Equity income (loss) in subsidiaries Equity income in MillerCoors Operating income (loss) Other income (expense), net Interest income (expense), net Other pension and postretirement benefits (costs), net Other income (expense), net Total other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests $ 26.5 $ 3,742.8 $ 3,044.3 $ (216.2) $ — 26.5 — 26.5 (249.5) (1.0) 1,869.7 — 1,645.7 (202.1) (0.1) (62.0) (264.2) 1,381.5 212.4 1,593.9 — (661.4) 3,081.4 (1,831.8) 1,249.6 (805.2) 2,565.3 (340.4) 500.9 3,170.2 268.9 (3.5) (60.9) 204.5 3,374.7 (1,507.1) 1,867.6 — (1,051.0) 1,993.3 (1,352.8) 640.5 (573.1) (31.4) (119.1) — (83.1) (311.2) 12.0 90.4 (208.8) (291.9) (159.6) (451.5) (5.9) — (216.2) 185.6 (30.6) 30.6 — (1,410.2) — (1,410.2) — — — — (1,410.2) — (1,410.2) — Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MCBC $ $ 1,593.9 $ 1,867.6 $ (457.4) $ (1,410.2) $ 1,726.2 $ 1,963.4 $ (705.9) $ (1,257.5) $ 6,597.4 (1,712.4) 4,885.0 (2,999.0) 1,886.0 (1,597.2) 2,532.9 — 500.9 3,322.6 (244.4) 8.4 (32.5) (268.5) 3,054.1 (1,454.3) 1,599.8 (5.9) 1,593.9 1,726.2 165 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEETS (IN MILLIONS) Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Other receivables, net Inventories, net Other current assets, net Intercompany accounts receivable Total current assets Properties, net Goodwill Other intangibles, net Net investment in and advances to subsidiaries Other assets Total assets Liabilities and equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable and other current liabilities Current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings Intercompany accounts payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt Pension and postretirement benefits Deferred tax liabilities Other liabilities Intercompany notes payable Total liabilities MCBC stockholders' equity Intercompany notes receivable Total stockholders' equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors As of December 31, 2018 Subsidiary Non Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated $ 515.8 $ — 50.0 — 3.0 — 568.8 19.0 — 6.0 25,475.0 159.9 $ 156.1 427.3 48.3 451.6 157.2 2,366.0 3,606.5 3,427.5 6,444.0 11,800.0 3,893.2 193.2 $ $ 26,228.7 $ 29,364.4 $ 170.8 $ 1,651.0 $ 1,572.6 1,836.5 3,579.9 7,765.6 3.2 — 26.0 1,347.6 12,722.3 13,507.4 (1.0) 13,506.4 — 120.9 1,771.9 1,097.4 711.2 1,461.1 199.3 63.6 5,304.5 30,057.5 (5,997.6) 24,059.9 — — 13,506.4 24,059.9 $ 26,228.7 $ 29,364.4 $ 166 386.0 $ 317.1 28.3 140.2 85.4 31.0 988.0 1,161.8 1,816.8 1,970.4 4,579.7 436.0 10,952.7 $ 884.6 $ 21.9 439.6 1,346.1 30.8 12.2 758.9 98.5 5,998.6 8,245.1 3,890.4 (1,411.2) 2,479.2 228.4 2,707.6 10,952.7 $ — $ — — — — (2,397.0) (2,397.0) — — — (33,947.9) (91.1) (36,436.0) $ — $ — (2,397.0) (2,397.0) — — (91.1) — (7,409.8) (9,897.9) (33,947.9) 7,409.8 (26,538.1) — (26,538.1) (36,436.0) $ 1,057.9 744.4 126.6 591.8 245.6 — 2,766.3 4,608.3 8,260.8 13,776.4 — 698.0 30,109.8 2,706.4 1,594.5 — 4,300.9 8,893.8 726.6 2,128.9 323.8 — 16,374.0 13,507.4 — 13,507.4 228.4 13,735.8 30,109.8 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEETS (IN MILLIONS) As of December 31, 2017 As Restated Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Non Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Other receivables, net Inventories, net Other current assets, net Intercompany accounts receivable Total current assets Properties, net Goodwill Other intangibles, net Net investment in and advances to subsidiaries Other assets Total assets Liabilities and equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable and other current liabilities Current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings Intercompany accounts payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt Pension and postretirement benefits Deferred tax liabilities Other liabilities Intercompany notes payable Total liabilities MCBC stockholders' equity Intercompany notes receivable Total stockholders' equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ $ $ $ 6.6 — 90.4 — 9.6 — 106.6 16.8 — 8.0 26,196.2 101.7 $ 140.9 424.8 45.2 457.7 184.8 2,303.2 3,556.6 3,509.8 6,487.8 12,183.8 4,297.4 253.7 26,429.3 $ 30,289.1 $ $ 1,648.9 $ 180.4 379.0 2,131.8 2,691.2 9,399.7 2.9 — 10.7 1,347.6 13,452.1 12,978.4 (1.2) 12,977.2 317.8 102.8 2,069.5 1,189.5 832.1 1,112.4 200.1 227.0 5,630.6 31,027.8 (6,369.3) 24,658.5 — — 12,977.2 24,658.5 $ 26,429.3 $ 30,289.1 $ 167 271.1 $ 309.0 32.6 133.8 83.2 65.6 895.3 1,147.1 1,917.7 2,104.7 4,683.1 387.2 11,135.1 $ 855.2 $ 18.0 134.2 1,007.4 9.5 13.5 845.0 106.0 6,370.5 8,351.9 4,148.9 (1,574.6) 2,574.3 208.9 2,783.2 11,135.1 $ — $ — — — — (2,368.8) (2,368.8) — — — (35,176.7) (61.1) (37,606.6) $ — $ — (2,368.8) (2,368.8) — — (61.1) — (7,945.1) (10,375.0) (35,176.7) 7,945.1 (27,231.6) — (27,231.6) (37,606.6) $ 418.6 733.8 168.2 591.5 277.6 — 2,189.7 4,673.7 8,405.5 14,296.5 — 681.5 30,246.9 2,684.5 714.8 — 3,399.3 10,598.7 848.5 1,896.3 316.8 — 17,059.6 12,978.4 — 12,978.4 208.9 13,187.3 30,246.9 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (IN MILLIONS) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 1,199.8 $ 1,044.6 $ 331.7 $ (244.8) $ 2,331.3 Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors Year ended December 31, 2018 Subsidiary Non Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Additions to properties Proceeds from sales of properties and other assets Other Net intercompany investing activity Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Exercise of stock options under equity compensation plans Dividends paid Payments on debt and borrowings Debt issuance costs Net proceeds from (payments on) revolving credit facilities and commercial paper Other Net intercompany financing activity Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS: (11.1) — — 46.3 35.2 16.0 (325.2) — (0.5) (378.4) (5.1) (32.6) (725.8) (440.5) 23.4 (0.6) (35.4) (453.1) — (56.4) (307.3) — — (8.5) (199.9) (572.1) (200.1) 9.1 (49.3) 176.4 (63.9) — (217.4) (12.5) — 4.1 37.5 45.2 (143.1) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 509.2 19.4 124.7 — — — (187.3) (187.3) — 244.8 — — — — 187.3 432.1 — — — (651.7) 32.5 (49.9) — (669.1) 16.0 (354.2) (319.8) (0.5) (374.3) 23.9 — (1,008.9) 653.3 (14.0) 418.6 Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Balance at beginning of year Balance at end of period — 6.6 (4.2) 140.9 (9.8) 271.1 $ 515.8 $ 156.1 $ 386.0 $ — $ 1,057.9 168 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (IN MILLIONS) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 792.5 $ 1,474.7 $ 818.5 $ (1,219.4) $ 1,866.3 Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors Year ended December 31, 2017 Subsidiary Non Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Additions to properties Proceeds from sales of properties and other assets Other Net intercompany investing activity Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Exercise of stock options under equity compensation plans Dividends paid Payments on debt and borrowings Proceeds on debt and borrowings Debt issuance costs Net proceeds from (payments on) revolving credit facilities and commercial paper Other Net intercompany financing activity Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS: (12.1) — — 72.1 60.0 4.0 (324.0) (2,600.0) 1,536.0 (7.0) 378.5 (12.9) 32.2 (993.2) (428.6) 4.4 0.4 21.1 (402.7) — (809.5) (398.4) — — — (11.1) 149.1 (1,069.9) (158.9) 56.1 0.5 (254.4) (356.7) — (439.3) (1.7) — — (4.2) (26.2) (20.1) (491.5) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (140.7) 2.1 (29.7) Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Balance at beginning of year Balance at end of period — 147.3 (2.7) 141.5 28.7 272.1 $ 6.6 $ 140.9 $ 271.1 $ — $ 169 — — — 161.2 161.2 — 1,219.4 — — — — — (161.2) 1,058.2 — — — (599.6) 60.5 0.9 — (538.2) 4.0 (353.4) (3,000.1) 1,536.0 (7.0) 374.3 (50.2) — (1,496.4) (168.3) 26.0 560.9 418.6 Table of Contents MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (IN MILLIONS) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 666.6 $ 579.4 $ 245.3 $ (364.4) $ 1,126.9 Parent Issuer Subsidiary Guarantors Year ended December 31, 2016 Subsidiary Non Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Additions to properties Proceeds from sales of properties and other assets Payment for completion of Acquisition, net of cash acquired Investment in MillerCoors Return of capital from MillerCoors Other Net intercompany investing activity Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net Exercise of stock options under equity compensation plans Dividends paid Payments on debt and borrowings Proceeds on debt and borrowings Debt issuance costs Net proceeds from (payments on) revolving credit facilities and commercial paper Other Net intercompany financing activity Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS: Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Balance at beginning of year Balance at end of period (14.3) — — — — — (11,260.0) (11,274.3) 2,525.6 11.2 (322.2) (200.0) 8,667.6 (56.2) — (17.4) — 10,608.6 (164.1) 159.0 (11,972.6) (1,253.7) 1,086.9 1.9 (1,429.1) (13,571.7) — — (355.7) (0.2) 768.8 (4.5) — — 12,624.9 13,033.3 (163.4) 15.5 11.6 — — 6.6 — — — — — — (1,425.7) (1,555.4) 14,114.8 14,114.8 — — (39.4) (23.7) 24.2 — (1.1) (23.5) 1,489.9 1,426.4 — — 364.4 — — — — — (14,114.8) (13,750.4) — — — (341.8) 174.5 (11,961.0) (1,253.7) 1,086.9 8.5 — (12,286.6) 2,525.6 11.2 (352.9) (223.9) 9,460.6 (60.7) (1.1) (40.9) — 11,317.9 158.2 (28.2) 430.9 560.9 0.9 41.0 116.3 — 146.4 (5.7) 106.2 (22.5) 178.3 $ 147.3 $ 141.5 $ 272.1 $ — $ 170 Table of Contents 20. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) The 2017 quarterly information reflects retrospective adjustments for the adoption of the new accounting guidance related to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans as discussed in Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements." First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter 2018 2017 2018 2017 As Revised 2018 2017 As Revised 2018 2017 As Restated (In millions, except per share data) Sales Excise taxes Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit $ 2,868.0 $ 2,913.8 $ 3,820.5 $ 3,793.1 $ 3,625.1 $ 3,552.9 $ 3,024.4 $ 3,211.7 (536.5) (465.1) (735.3) (701.8) (690.9) (669.7) (605.7) (632.1) 2,331.5 2,448.7 3,085.2 3,091.3 2,934.2 2,883.2 2,418.7 2,579.6 (1,535.7) (1,372.3) (1,739.1) (1,755.5) (1,714.0) (1,589.1) (1,596.0) (1,519.8) $ 795.8 $ 1,076.4 $ 1,346.1 $ 1,335.8 $ 1,220.2 $ 1,294.1 $ 822.7 $ 1,059.8 Amounts attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company: Net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company $ Basic net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company per share Diluted net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company per share $ $ 278.1 $ 208.5 $ 424.1 $ 327.0 $ 338.3 $ 313.2 $ 76.0 $ 716.9 1.29 $ 0.97 $ 1.96 $ 1.52 $ 1.57 $ 1.45 $ 0.35 $ 3.33 1.28 $ 0.96 $ 1.96 $ 1.51 $ 1.56 $ 1.45 $ 0.35 $ 3.31 The sum of the quarterly net income per share amounts may not agree to the full-year net income per share amounts. We calculate net income per share based on the weighted-average number of outstanding shares during the reporting period. The average number of shares fluctuates throughout the year and can therefore produce a full-year result that does not agree to the sum of the individual quarters. Correction of Previously Issued Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for Income Tax Accounting Errors As a result of the corrections of the income tax accounting errors discussed in Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," we have corrected our previously disclosed unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three month and year-to-date periods ended June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017, and December 31, 2017, and the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of the end of each of the quarterly periods in 2017 and 2018. Specifically, in addition to the impacts of the errors described in Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," we have further corrected our 2017 unaudited interim financial statements to increase the deferred tax liability and corresponding deferred tax expense by $2.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, and to decrease the deferred tax liability and corresponding deferred tax expense by $26.2 million and $128.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, and December 31, 2017, respectively. There was no impact of the corrections on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2017, or for the three months and year-to-date periods ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, and September 30, 2018. We assessed the applicable guidance issued by the SEC and the FASB and concluded that these errors in the 2017 and 2018 quarterly and year-to-date financial statements were not material, individually or in the aggregate, to MCBC’s previously issued unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the applicable interim periods included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the aforementioned quarterly periods. The errors in the three months ended December 31, 2017, were material and as such are described as restated. The revision of our previously issued unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2018, three and six months ended June 30, 2018, and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, will be affected in connection with our quarterly filings for the quarters ending March 31, June 30, and September 30, 2019, respectively. 171   Table of Contents March 31, 2018 As of June 30, 2018 September 30, 2018 As Reported As Revised As Reported As Revised As Reported As Revised (In millions) Consolidated Balance Sheets: Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities Retained earnings Total Molson Coors Brewing Company stockholders' equity Total equity $ $ $ $ $ 1,688.7 $ 1,936.4 $ 1,771.0 $ 2,018.7 $ 1,853.6 $ 2,101.3 16,521.0 $ 16,768.7 $ 16,764.3 $ 17,012.0 $ 16,380.3 $ 16,628.0 7,367.9 $ 7,120.2 $ 7,703.5 $ 7,455.8 $ 7,953.2 $ 7,705.5 13,445.9 $ 13,198.2 $ 13,576.6 $ 13,328.9 $ 13,864.1 $ 13,616.4 13,663.5 $ 13,415.8 $ 13,796.6 $ 13,548.9 $ 14,090.0 $ 13,842.3 Three Months Ended Six Months Ended Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended Three Months Ended June 30, 2017 June 30, 2017 September 30, 2017 September 30, 2017 December 31, 2017 As Reported As Revised As Reported As Revised As Reported As Revised As Reported As Revised As Reported As Restated Consolidated Statements of Operations: (In millions) Income tax benefit (expense) $ (125.2) $ (128.1) $ (191.1) $ (194.0) $ (147.4) $ (121.2) $ (338.5) $ (315.2) $ 391.7 $ 519.8 Net income (loss) $ 335.0 $ 332.1 $ 550.0 $ 547.1 $ 293.1 $ 319.3 $ 843.1 $ 866.4 $ 593.3 $ 721.4 Net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company $ Basic net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company per share Diluted net income (loss) attributable to Molson Coors Brewing Company per share $ $ 329.9 $ 327.0 $ 538.4 $ 535.5 $ 287.0 $ 313.2 $ 825.4 $ 848.7 $ 588.8 $ 716.9 1.53 $ 1.52 $ 2.50 $ 2.49 $ 1.33 $ 1.45 $ 3.83 $ 3.94 $ 2.73 $ 3.33 1.52 $ 1.51 $ 2.49 $ 2.47 $ 1.33 $ 1.45 $ 3.81 $ 3.92 $ 2.72 $ 3.31 March 31, 2017 As of June 30, 2017 September 30, 2017 As Reported As Revised As Reported As Revised As Reported As Revised (In millions) Consolidated Balance Sheets: Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities Retained earnings Total Molson Coors Brewing Company stockholders' equity Total equity $ $ $ $ $ 1,762.6 $ 2,161.7 $ 1,865.2 $ 2,267.2 $ 1,932.4 $ 2,308.2 17,732.3 $ 18,131.4 $ 17,812.2 $ 18,214.2 $ 17,980.2 $ 18,356.0 6,265.5 $ 5,866.4 $ 6,507.1 $ 6,105.1 $ 6,705.8 $ 6,330.0 11,602.9 $ 11,203.8 $ 12,105.5 $ 11,703.5 $ 12,503.0 $ 12,127.2 11,814.9 $ 11,415.8 $ 12,315.4 $ 11,913.4 $ 12,711.4 $ 12,335.6 172 Table of Contents ITEM 9.    CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that because of the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2018 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management necessarily applies its judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of such disclosure controls and procedures that, by their nature, can only provide reasonable assurance regarding management's control objectives. Also, we have investments in certain unconsolidated entities that we do not control or manage. Management performed additional analysis and other post-closing procedures as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, to ensure the consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), including reviewing the accounting for income taxes related to existing partnerships. Management has concluded that, notwithstanding the material weakness described below, the company’s consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of the dates, and for the periods presented, in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 , based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 Framework), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. A material weakness, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2, is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a result of this assessment, management concluded that we did not design and maintain effective controls over the completeness and accuracy of the accounting for, and disclosure of, the income tax effects of acquired partnership interests. Specifically, we did not design appropriate controls to identify and reconcile deferred income taxes associated with the accounting for acquired partnership interests. This material weakness resulted in material errors in connection with our step acquisition of MillerCoors that were corrected through the restatement of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the 173 Table of Contents years ended December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, and the correction of the unaudited quarterly financial information for fiscal years 2018 and 2017. Additionally, this material weakness could result in misstatements to the aforementioned account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. As a result of the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described above, management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. An independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 , as stated in their report which appears in Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Management's Plan for Remediation of the Material Weakness In response to the material weakness described above, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, management is currently evaluating our policies and procedures related to the accounting for income taxes and plans to design and implement adequate internal controls to ensure that (i) the income tax effects of acquired partnership interests are properly accounted for and disclosed in the period of acquisition, and (ii) the resulting investment in partnership deferred income tax assets and liabilities are assessed and reconciled periodically to the book-tax differences in the underlying assets and liabilities within the partnership to determine whether any adjustment is necessary. The remediation efforts are intended both to address the identified material weakness and to enhance our overall financial control environment. Management is committed to continuous improvement of the company’s internal control over financial reporting and will continue to diligently review the company’s internal control over financial reporting. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)) during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 , that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B.    OTHER INFORMATION None. 174 Table of Contents PART III ITEM 10.    DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2019 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018 . ITEM 11.    EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2019 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018 . ITEM 12.    SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2019 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018 . Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table summarizes information about the Incentive Compensation Plan as of December 31, 2018 . All outstanding awards shown in the table below relate to our Class B common stock. Plan category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1) Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total (1) A B Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights 2,947,496 — 2,947,496 Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights $70.56 N/A $70.56 C Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column A) 3,943,057 — 3,943,057 Under the Incentive Compensation Plan, we may issue RSUs, DSUs, PSUs and stock options. Amount in column A includes 1,172,015 RSUs and DSUs, 503,747 PSUs (assuming the target award is met) and 1,271,734 options, respectively, outstanding as of December 31, 2018 . See Part II—Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 13, "Share-Based Payments" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. Outstanding RSUs, DSUs and PSUs do not have exercise prices and therefore have been disregarded for purposes of calculating the weighted- average exercise price. ITEM 13.    CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2019 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018 . ITEM 14.    PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2019 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018 . 175 Table of Contents PART IV ITEM 15.    EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) Financial Statements, Financial Statement Schedules and Exhibits The following are filed or incorporated by reference as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: (1) Management's Report Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 , and December 31, 2017 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (2) Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 (3) Exhibit list Exhibit Number 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 4.1.1 4.1.2 Document Description Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 11, 2015, by and between Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV and Molson Coors Brewing Company. Amendment No. 1 to Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2016, by and between Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV and Molson Coors Brewing Company. Amendment No. 2 to Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2016, by and between Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV and Molson Coors Brewing Company. Settlement Agreement, dated as of January 21, 2018, by and between Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV and Molson Coors Brewing Company . Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Molson Coors Brewing Company. Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Molson Coors Brewing Company. Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of Molson Coors Brewing Company. Indenture, dated as of May 3, 2012, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 3, 2012, to the Indenture dated May 3, 2012, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. Incorporated by Reference Filed Herewith Form 8-K 10-Q 8-K 8-K Exhibit 2.1 2.1 2.1 Filing Date November 12, 2015 May 3, 2016 October 4, 2016 10.1 January 22, 2018 Schedule 14A Annex G December 10, 2004 3.1 3.1 4.1 4.2 August 6, 2013 August 4, 2009 May 3, 2012 May 3, 2012 10-Q 10-Q 8-K 8-K 176   Table of Contents Exhibit Number 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 Document Description Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 15, 2012, to the Indenture dated May 3, 2012, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 13, 2016, to the Indenture dated May 3, 2012, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 19, 2016, to the Indenture dated May 3, 2012, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 30, 2016, to the Indenture dated May 3, 2012, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 11, 2016, to the Indenture dated May 3, 2012, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee.  Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 11, 2018, to the Indenture dated May 3, 2012, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. Form of 3.500% Senior Notes due 2022. Form of 5.000% Senior Notes due 2042. Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of February 9, 2005, by and among Adolph Coors Company, Pentland Securities (1981) Inc., 4280661 Canada Inc., Nooya Investments Ltd., Lincolnshire Holdings Limited, 4198832 Canada Inc., BAX Investments Limited, 6339522 Canada Inc., Barleycorn Investments Ltd., DJS Holdings Ltd., 6339549 Canada Inc., Hoopoe Holdings Ltd., 6339603 Canada Inc., and The Adolph Coors, Jr. Trust dated September 12, 1969. Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2015, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2015, to the Indenture dated September 18, 2015, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2015, to the Indenture dated September 18, 2015, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 13, 2016, to the Indenture dated September 18, 2015, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Incorporated by Reference Filed Herewith Form 10-Q 8-K 10-Q Exhibit 4.8 Filing Date August 8, 2012 4.3 4.9 June 28, 2016 November 1, 2016 10-Q 4.10 November 1, 2016 10-K 4.2.7 February 14, 2017 10-K 4.1.8 February 14, 2018 4.2 4.2 99.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.2 May 3, 2012 May 3, 2012 February 15, 2005 September 18, 2015 September 18, 2015 September 18, 2015 June 28, 2016 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 177       Table of Contents Exhibit Number 4.5.5 4.5.6 4.5.7 4.5.8 4.6 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.7.4 4.7.5 4.7.6 4.7.7 Document Description Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 19, 2016, to the Indenture dated September 18, 2015, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 30, 2016, to the Indenture dated September 18, 2015, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 11, 2016, to the Indenture dated September 18, 2015, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee.  Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 11, 2018, to the Indenture dated September 18, 2015, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Form of 2.75% Series 2 Notes due 2020. Indenture, dated as of July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 7, 2016, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee and paying agent. Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 7, 2016, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 19, 2016, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 30, 2016, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 11, 2016, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee.  Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 11, 2018, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee. 4.8 4.9 4.10 Form of 1.250% Senior Notes due 2024. Form of 1.450% Senior Notes due 2019. Form of 2.100% Senior Notes due 2021. Incorporated by Reference Filed Herewith Form 10-Q Exhibit 4.3 Filing Date November 1, 2016 10-Q 4.4 November 1, 2016 10-K 4.4.7 February 14, 2017 10-K 4.5.8 February 14, 2018 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 September 18, 2015 July 7, 2016 July 7, 2016 July 7, 2016 10-Q 4.14 November 1, 2016 10-Q 4.15 November 1, 2016 10-K 4.5.6 February 14, 2017 10-K 4.8.7 February 14, 2018 4.2 4.3 4.3 July 7, 2016 July 7, 2016 July 7, 2016 8-K 8-K 8-K 178           Table of Contents Exhibit Number 4.11 4.12 4.13.1 4.13.2 4.13.3 4.13.4 4.13.5 4.13.6 4.14 4.15 4.16.1 4.16.2 4.17.1 4.17.2 Document Description Form of 3.000% Senior Notes due 2026 . Form of 4.200% Senior Notes due 2046. Indenture, dated as of July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors International LP, Molson Coors Brewing Company, as parent, the subsidiary guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 7, 2016, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors International LP, Molson Coors Brewing Company, as parent, the subsidiary guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 19, 2016, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 30, 2016, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 11, 2016, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee.  Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 11, 2018, to the Indenture dated July 7, 2016, by and among Molson Coors International LP, the guarantors named therein and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee. Form of 2.840% Senior Notes due 2023. Form of 3.440% Senior Notes due 2026. Indenture, dated as of March 15, 2017, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 11, 2018, to the Indenture dated as of March 15, 2017, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. Indenture, dated as of March 15, 2017, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 11, 2018, to the Indenture, dated as of March 15, 2017, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the guarantors named therein and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. Incorporated by Reference Filed Herewith Form 8-K 8-K 8-K Exhibit 4.3 4.3 4.9 Filing Date July 7, 2016 July 7, 2016 July 7, 2016 8-K 4.10 July 7, 2016 10-Q 10-Q 4.7 4.8 November 1, 2016 November 1, 2016 10-K 4.11.5 February 14, 2017 10-K 4.14.6 February 14, 2018 8-K 8-K 8-K 4.10 4.10 4.1 July 7, 2016 July 7, 2016 March 15, 2017 10-K 4.17.2 February 14, 2018 8-K 4.4 March 15, 2017 10-K 4.18.2 February 14, 2018 4.18 4.19 Form of 1.900% Senior Notes due 2019. Form of 2.250% Senior Notes due 2020. 4.20 Form of Senior Floating Rate Notes due 2019. 10.1 * Amended and Restated Molson Coors Brewing Company Directors' Stock Plan effective May 31, 2012. 8-K 8-K 8-K 10-Q 179 4.1 4.1 4.4 10.7 March 15, 2017 March 15, 2017 March 15, 2017 August 8, 2012           Table of Contents Exhibit Number 10.2.1 * 10.2.2 * 10.2.3 * 10.2.4 * 10.2.5 * 10.2.6 * 10.3 * 10.4 * 10.5 * 10.6 * 10.7.1 10.7.2 10.7.3 10.7.4 10.7.5 Document Description Amended and Restated Molson Coors Brewing Company Incentive Compensation Plan. Form of Long-Term Incentive Performance Share Unit Award Agreement pursuant to the Amended and Restated Molson Coors Brewing Company Incentive Compensation Plan. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement pursuant to the Amended and Restated Molson Coors Brewing Company Incentive Compensation Plan. Form of Directors DSU Award Statement pursuant to the Amended and Restated Molson Coors Brewing Company Incentive Compensation Plan. Form of Directors RSU Award Statement pursuant to the Amended and Restated Molson Coors Brewing Company Incentive Compensation Plan. Form of Stock Option pursuant to the Amended and Restated Molson Coors Brewing Company Incentive Compensation Plan. Form of Executive Continuity and Protection Program Letter Agreement . Molson Coors Brewing Company Amended and Restated Change in Control Protection Program effective January 1, 2008. Offer Letter, dated as of September 30, 2016, by and between Peter H. Coors and Molson Coors Brewing Company. Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of November 5, 2015, by and between MillerCoors, LLC and Gavin D.K. Hattersley. Credit Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2017, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the borrowing subsidiaries party thereto, CitiBank, N.A., as administrative agent and a U.S. issuing bank, Bank of America, N.A., as a U.S. issuing bank, The Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ, LTD. as a U.S. issuing bank, Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, and The Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners, and Bank of America, N.A. and The Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. as Co-Syndication Agents. Amendment No. 1 and Extension Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2018, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited, Molson Canada 2005, Molson Coors Canada Inc. and Molson Coors International LP, the lenders party thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent. Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2017, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the subsidiaries named on Schedule I thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent. Supplement No. 1, dated as of January 11, 2018, to the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement, dated July 7, 2017, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the subsidiaries named on Schedule I thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent. Supplement No. 2, dated as of January 14, 2019, to the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement, dated July 7, 2017, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company, the subsidiaries named on Schedule I thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent. Incorporated by Reference Filed Herewith Form 10-Q 10-K 10-K 10-K 10-Q 10-K 10-Q 10-Q 8-K 10-Q 8-K Exhibit 10.1 10.2.2 Filing Date August 6, 2015 February 14, 2017 10.2.3 February 14, 2017 10.2.4 February 14, 2017 10.6 10.7.8 10.7 10.8 10.1 10.1 10.1 November 7, 2008 February 12, 2015 May 11, 2005 August 8, 2012 October 4, 2016 May 3, 2017 July 13, 2017 8-K 10.1 July 19, 2018 8-K 10.2 July 13, 2017 10-K 10.8.3 February 14, 2018 X 10.8 Form of Commercial Paper Dealer Agreement . 8-K 10.3 July 13, 2017 180             Table of Contents Exhibit Number 10.9 * 10.10 10.11 * 10.12 * 10.13 * 21 23.1 31.1 31.2 32 101.INS ** 101.SCH ** 101.CAL ** 101.DEF ** 101.LAB ** 101.PRE ** Document Description Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of November 13, 2014, by and between Molson Coors Brewing Company and Mark R. Hunter. Variation Agreement, dated as of November 12, 2013, by and among Molson Coors Brewing Company and Grupo Modelo SAB de C.V. and certain of their respective affiliates. Employment Letter, dated as of November 2, 2009, by and between Molson Coors Brewing Company and Krishnan Anand. Offer Letter, dated as of November 22, 2016, by and between Molson Coors Brewing Company and Tracey Joubert. Molson Coors Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2018. Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer. Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer. Written Statement of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer furnished pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350). XBRL Instance Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document Incorporated by Reference Filed Herewith Form 8-K 10-K 10-Q 8-K 8-K Exhibit 10.1 Filing Date November 18, 2014 10.44 February 14, 2014 10.1 10.1 10.1 May 7, 2015 November 25, 2016 May 25, 2018 X X X X X X X X X X X * Represents a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. ** Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests, (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and (vii) document and entity information. (b) Exhibits The exhibits included in Item 15(a)(3) above are filed or incorporated by reference pursuant to the requirements of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. (c) Other Financial Statement Schedules 181   Table of Contents SCHEDULE II MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS (IN MILLIONS) Allowance for doubtful accounts—trade accounts receivable Year ended: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Allowance for obsolete supplies and inventory Year ended: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Deferred tax valuation account Year ended: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Balance at beginning of year Additions charged to costs and expenses Deductions (1) Foreign exchange impact Balance at end of year $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 17.2 $ 10.7 $ 8.7 $ 15.5 $ 8.8 $ 8.5 $ 5.1 $ 7.2 $ 4.0 $ 30.1 $ 20.6 $ 4.4 $ (7.1) $ (2.0) $ (1.5) $ (19.6) $ (14.5) $ (3.7) $ (0.7) $ 1.3 $ (0.5) $ (0.6) $ 0.6 $ (0.4) $ 14.5 17.2 10.7 25.4 15.5 8.8 1,077.7 $ 901.7 $ 824.9 $ 18.7 $ 67.8 $ 161.3 $ (7.3) $ (21.1) $ (53.6) $ (49.1) $ 129.3 $ (30.9) $ 1,040.0 1,077.7 901.7 (1) Amounts related to write-offs of uncollectible accounts, claims or obsolete inventories and supplies. Amounts related to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance are primarily due to the utilization of capital loss and operating loss carryforwards and re-evaluations of deferred tax assets. 182 Table of Contents ITEM 16.    FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 183 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY By /s/ MARK R. HUNTER Mark R. Hunter President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) February 12, 2019 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated. By By By By By By By By By By By By By By By By /s/ MARK R. HUNTER President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Mark R. Hunter /s/ TRACEY I. JOUBERT Tracey I. Joubert /s/ BRIAN C. TABOLT Brian C. Tabolt Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ PETER H. COORS Chairman Peter H. Coors /s/ GEOFFREY E. MOLSON Vice Chairman Geoffrey E. Molson /s/ PETER J. COORS Peter J. Coors Director /s/ BETTY K. DEVITA Director Betty K. DeVita /s/ ROGER G. EATON Director Roger G. Eaton /s/ MARY LYNN FERGUSON-MCHUGH Director Mary Lynn Ferguson-McHugh /s/ CHARLES M. HERINGTON Director Charles M. Herington /s/ FRANKLIN W. HOBBS Director Franklin W. Hobbs /s/ ANDREW T. MOLSON Director Andrew T. Molson /s/ IAIN J. G. NAPIER Iain J. G. Napier Director /s/ H. SANFORD RILEY Director H. Sanford Riley /s/ DOUGLAS D. TOUGH Director Douglas D. Tough /s/ LOUIS VACHON Louis Vachon Director February 12, 2019 Exhibit 10.7.5 SUPPLEMENT NO. 2, dated as of January 14, 2019 (this “ Supplement ”), to the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement dated as of July 7, 2017, among MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY, a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”), MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY (UK) LIMITED, MOLSON CANADA 2005, MOLSON COORS CANADA INC. and MOLSON COORS INTERNATIONAL LP (the “ Initial Borrowing Subsidiaries ” and, together with the Company and other Borrowing Subsidiaries from time to time party to the Credit Agreement, the “ Borrowers ”), each subsidiary of the Company listed on Schedule I hereto (each such subsidiary individually, a “ Guarantor ” and collectively, the “ Guarantors ”) and CITIBANK N.A., as Administrative Agent (in such capacity, the “ Administrative Agent ”). A. Reference is made to the Credit Agreement dated as of July 7, 2017 (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “ Credit Agreement ”), among the Company, the Initial Borrowing Subsidiaries and other Borrowing Subsidiaries from time to time party thereto, the Lenders and Issuing Banks from time to time party thereto and the Administrative Agent. B. Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in the Credit Agreement and the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement referred to therein. C. The Guarantors have entered into the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement in order to induce the Lenders to make Loans and accept and purchase B/As upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement. Section 21 of the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement provides that additional Subsidiaries of the Company may become Guarantors under the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement by execution and delivery of an instrument in the form of this Supplement. The undersigned Subsidiary (the “ New Subsidiary ”) is executing this Supplement in accordance with the requirements of the Credit Agreement to become a Guarantor under the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement in order to induce the Lenders to make additional Loans and accept and purchase additional B/As and as consideration for Loans previously made and B/As previously accepted and purchased. Accordingly, the Administrative Agent and the New Subsidiary agree as follows: SECTION 1. In accordance with Section 21 of the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement, the New Subsidiary by its signature below becomes a Canadian Guarantor under the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement with the same force and effect as if originally named therein as a Canadian Guarantor and the New Subsidiary hereby agrees to all the terms and provisions of the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement applicable to it as a Canadian Guarantor thereunder. Each reference to a “Canadian Guarantor” in the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement shall be deemed to include the New Subsidiary. The Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement is hereby incorporated herein by reference. SECTION 2. The New Subsidiary represents and warrants to the Administrative Agent and the Lenders that this Supplement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by it and constitutes its legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and subject to general principles of equity, regardless of whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law. SECTION 3. This Supplement may be executed in counterparts (and by different parties hereto on different counterparts), each of which shall constitute an original, but all of which when taken together shall constitute a single contract. This Supplement shall become effective when the Administrative Agent shall have received a counterpart of this Supplement that bears the signature of the New Subsidiary. Delivery of an executed signature page to this Supplement by facsimile transmission (or other electronic transmission (including by .pdf)) shall be as effective as delivery of a manually signed counterpart of this Supplement. SECTION 4. Except as expressly supplemented hereby, the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement shall remain in full force and effect. SECTION 5. THIS SUPPLEMENT SHALL BE CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AND GOVERNED BY THE LAW OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. SECTION 6. In case any one or more of the provisions contained in this Supplement should be held invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby (it being understood that the invalidity of a particular provision in a particular jurisdiction shall not in and of itself affect the validity of such provision in any other jurisdiction). The parties hereto shall endeavor in good- faith negotiations to replace the invalid, illegal or unenforceable provisions with valid provisions the economic effect of which comes as close as possible to that of the invalid, illegal or unenforceable provisions. SECTION 7. All communications and notices hereunder shall be in writing and given as provided in Section 8 of the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement. All communications and notices hereunder to the New Subsidiary shall be given to it at the address set forth under its signature below. SECTION 8. The New Subsidiary agrees to reimburse the Administrative Agent for its reasonable out-of-pocket expenses in connection with this Supplement, including the reasonable fees, other charges and out-of-pocket disbursements of counsel for the Administrative Agent to the extent payable pursuant to Section 10.03 of the Credit Agreement. [Remainder of Page Intentionally Left Blank] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the New Subsidiary and the Administrative Agent have duly executed this Supplement to the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement as of the day and year first above written. MOLSON ULC, as Canadian Guarantor By: Name: E. Lee Reichert, III Title: Assistant Secretary CITIBANK, N.A., as Administrative Agent By: Name: Title: Schedule I to Supplement to the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement GUARANTORS COORS BREWING COMPANY CBC HOLDCO 3 INC. CBC HOLDCO 2 LLC CBC HOLDCO LLC NEWCO3, INC. MILLERCOORS LLC MOLSON COORS INTERNATIONAL GENERAL, ULC COORS INTERNATIONAL HOLDCO 2, ULC MOLSON COORS INTERNATIONAL LP MOLSON COORS CALLCO ULC MOLSON COORS CANADA HOLDCO, ULC MOLSON COORS CANADA INC. MOLSON ULC MOLSON CANADA 2005 3230600 NOVA SCOTIA COMPANY MOLSON COORS (UK) HOLDINGS LLP GOLDEN ACQUISITION MOLSON COORS HOLDINGS LIMITED MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY (UK) LIMITED MOLSON COORS HOLDCO INC. MOLSON COORS BREWING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT The following table lists our significant subsidiaries and the respective jurisdictions of their organization or incorporation as of December 31, 2018. All subsidiaries listed below are included in our consolidated financial statements. Exhibit 21 Name Coors Brewing Company d/b/a Molson Coors International CBC Holdco 2 LLC CBC Holdco LLC Newco3, Inc. CBC Holdco 3, Inc. Coors International Holdco 2, ULC Molson Coors International General, ULC Molson Coors International LP Molson Coors Callco ULC Molson Coors Canada Holdco, ULC Molson Coors Canada Inc. Molson ULC f/k/a Molson Inc. Molson Canada 2005 3230600 Nova Scotia Company Molson Coors (UK) Holdings LLP Molson Coors Cayman 2 Company Molson Coors (Barbados) SRL Golden Acquisition Molson Coors Holdings Limited Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited Molson Coors Holdco Inc. Molson Coors European Finance Company Molson Coors Lux 1 Molson Coors Lux 2 Molson Coors Netherlands B.V. f/k/a Starbev Netherlands B.V. Pivovary Staropramen s.r.o. f/k/a Molson Coors Czech s.r.o. MillerCoors LLC MillerCoors USA LLC State/province/country of organization or incorporation Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Delaware Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Canada British Columbia Ontario Nova Scotia United Kingdom Cayman Islands Barbados United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Delaware Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg Netherlands Czech Republic Delaware Delaware   Exhibit 23.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-124140, 333-122628, 333-110855, 333-110854, 33- 40730, 333-103573, 333-59516, 333-38378, 333-166521 and 333-183243), Form S-3 (Nos. 333-120776, 333-49952 and 333-48194) and Form S-3ASR (No. 333- 223427) of Molson Coors Brewing Company of our report dated February 12, 2019 relating to the consolidated financial statements, financial statement schedule and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10‑K. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Denver, Colorado February 12, 2019 Exhibit 31.1 I, Mark R. Hunter, certify that: SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Molson Coors Brewing Company; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) c) d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. February 12, 2019 /s/ MARK R. HUNTER Mark R. Hunter President & Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Exhibit 31.2 I, Tracey I. Joubert, certify that: SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Molson Coors Brewing Company; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) c) d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. February 12, 2019 /s/ TRACEY I. JOUBERT Tracey I. Joubert Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) WRITTEN STATEMENT OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER FURNISHED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002 (18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350) AND FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPLYING WITH RULE 13a-14(b) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. Exhibit 32 The undersigned, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of Molson Coors Brewing Company (the “Company”) respectively, each hereby certifies that to his knowledge on the date hereof: a) the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed on the date hereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and b) information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ MARK R. HUNTER Mark R. Hunter President & Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) February 12, 2019 /s/ TRACEY I. JOUBERT Tracey I. Joubert Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 12, 2019 A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above