NexPoint Residential Trust
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

ANNUAL REPORT 2023 RESIDENTIAL TRUST nxrt.nexpoint.com NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. (“NXRT”) is an externally advised, publicly traded real estate investment trust focused on the acquisition, asset management, and disposition of multifamily assets, located primarily in the Sun Belt region of the United States. April 11, 2024 TO MY FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS, NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. (NYSE: NXRT) (“NXRT” or the “Company”) demonstrated resilience in navigating shifting market conditions, showcasing adaptability in a fluctuating real estate landscape. The Company maintained its commitment to enhancing property values through the successful execution of strategic renovations and upgrades, which positions the portfolio well for long-term value creation. Management’s expertise in identifying and executing these improvements is a key driver of NXRT’s growth and success to date. NXRT’s central focus on high quality suburban Sunbelt locations, targeting underutilized assets that we expect to see increased demand and higher rental incomes over time, continues to serve the Company well. An outsized bias toward Sunbelt assets, where migration, population and employment growth are expected to persist near-term, is expected to support further growth in operating performance, shareholder value and capital demand for our portfolio.1 NXRT continues to dedicate resources toward sustainability and community development. Since inception, NXRT has spent approximately $5.2 million on environmentally responsible green initiatives across all properties. From inception of the program through December 31, 2023, those properties reported reduced utility costs of approximately $10.2 million, saving approximately 1.4 billion gallons of water and 50.0 million kWh since inception, while also generating an average annual ROI of 3.4%. We expect these environmentally friendly improvements will continue to reduce operating expenses, benefitting residents and investors alike, thereby enhancing property value, asset quality, and extending the runway for further organic revenue growth.1 By integrating eco-friendly practices, tech-enabled centralization initiatives and fostering community engagement, NXRT is not only contributing to the well-being of its tenants but also enhancing the appeal of its properties, which leads to higher occupancy rates, improved operating margins and elevated tenant satisfaction.1 Looking ahead, NXRT's initiatives to strengthen the portfolio and engage in responsible growth practices lay a solid foundation for enhancing shareholder value. We believe our strategic investments, focus on high-potential Sunbelt markets, and commitment to sustainability and community well-being highlight a promising trajectory for the future.1 1 PPerformance Highlights – As of Close of Trading March 28, 2024 149.7% Cumulative Total Return Since Inception +27.7% Outperformance Compared to Closest Peer +116.4% Outperformance Compared to the Peer Average +90.5% Outperformance Compared to the RMZ $90,000 $80,000 $70,000 $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $- 4/1/2015 4/1/2016 4/1/2017 4/1/2018 4/1/2019 4/1/2020 4/1/2021 4/1/2022 4/1/2023 NXRT ESS EQR CPT IRT MAA For the full year 2023, NXRT reported Net Income, FFO, Core FFO and AFFO of $44.3M, $71.4M, $73.5M and $84.4M, respectively, attributable to common stockholders.2 For the full year 2022, NXRT reported Net Income (loss), FFO, Core FFO and AFFO of $(9.3)M, $73.4M, $81.8M and $91.4M, respectively, attributable to common stockholders.2 Since inception, we have continued to generate superior Same Store NOI growth relative to our multifamily peers. During 2023, our 2022-2023 Same Store properties average effective rent, total revenue and NOI increased 0.1%, 7.1% and 8.2%, respectively, over the prior year period.2 For the 2023 calendar year, NXRT’s 7.1% revenue growth outpaced the average for our peer group by 167 bps, while our 8.2% NOI growth proved to be 278 bps better than our peers.2,3. Our value-add program has also continued to add to our outsized performance. We completed full and partial renovations on 2,073 units across our portfolio in 2023, improving current resident quality of life, attracting new residents, and achieving meaningful returns for our shareholders. During the past year, we leased 1,544 completed renovations and achieved an average monthly rent increase of $190 resulting in a total return on investment of 21.4%. Looking forward to 2024, we are expecting to complete 235 full interior upgrades and 249 partial interior upgrades which we expect to produce 2 estimated ROIs of approximately 17.4% and 24.0%, respectively, on those value-added initiatives.1 In 2023, we installed 541 new kitchen and laundry appliances, which produced an ROI of approximately 53.1%. Looking forward to 2024, we are budgeting to install 661 washer/dryer sets and expect to produce an estimated ROI of approximately 70.1%.1 We completed full rollouts of our smart home technology and security upgrades at eight properties throughout 2023, which has produced an ROI of approximately 38.5%. We believe NXRT's focus on acquiring properties with a value-add component should continue to produce attractive returns and outsized Core FFO and NOI growth, which we believe will deliver long-term capital appreciation to stockholders.1 Additionally, the Company declared dividends totaling $45.2 million, or $1.722 per share, in 2023. Driven by excellent cash flow generation, our board of directors increased the quarterly dividend by 10.1% during the fourth quarter of 2023. This increase in our quarterly dividend by $0.26 per share represents an 124.5% increase since inception. SSuperior Capital Allocation & Balance Sheet Management During 2023, the Company successfully completed the sale of Silverbrook and Timber Creek for a sale price of $70.0 million and $49.0 million, respectively. Net proceeds from the Silverbrook sale were approximately $21.5M, delivering a trailing nominal cap rate of 4.55%, a 34.0% levered IRR and a 6.14x multiple on invested capital4, while Timber Creek’s net proceeds were approximately $24.0 million, delivering a trailing nominal tax and insurance adjusted cap rate of 5.01%, a 25.8% levered IRR and a 4.45x multiple on invested capital.4 Both dispositions well exceeded underwritten expectations. Additionally, the Company executed a purchase and sale agreement to sell Old Farm in Houston, TX. This sale closed in Q1 2024. Net proceeds from the sale were approximately $49.4 million delivering a trailing nominal tax and insurance adjusted cap rate of 5.36%, a 22.1% levered IRR and a 2.98x multiple on invested capital.4 The Company used a portion of the net proceeds to make a $24 million paydown on the Company's corporate credit facility which took the drawn balance on the facility to $0. The Company will continue to evaluate strategic capital allocation, recycling and deleveraging initiatives that we expect to help position us to take advantage of future opportunities and serve the best interests of investors.1 Outlook/Strategic Advantages1 Looking forward to 2024, we are focusing on resident satisfaction, occupancy optimization, tech-enabled centralization, and efficient operation to drive performance. We continue to favor our portfolio focused on Sunbelt markets, given the growth potential we see, 3 attributable to strong job and population growth, favorable climate, relative affordability, and lower cost of living. While we acknowledge the near-term impact that peaking new apartment deliveries have on market fundamentals this year, we maintain our view that the U.S. is structurally underhoused, particularly at the middle market price point, and we see reason to maintain our conviction around the long-term growth and success of high- quality well-located workforce housing assets. We expect to return to a better-balanced supply/demand environment in 2025/2026, which should serve us well as we continue working to maximize portfolio performance and returns. We maintain a core focus on delivering internal growth and outsized performance to investors while making prudent capital allocation decisions to drive value creation for our shareholders. We have long focused on Class B assets that have been upgraded and will continue to attract tenants, through any market condition. We believe we will continue to be well-positioned – from both geographic and capital allocation perspectives – as we enter 2024. Thank you for your continued support of our team and belief in our Company, James D. Dondero, President 1 See Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, accompanying this letter. 2 For information regarding our non-GAAP measures and reconciliations, see Non-GAAP Measurements included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, accompanying this letter. 3 NXRT’s peer group includes the following NYSE-listed multifamily REITs: CPT, EQR, ESS, IRT, MAA, UDR. 4 We define a “multiple on invested capital” as the total return to NXRT (inclusive of the Company’s share of property distributions and net cash proceeds from sales, less mortgage debt repaid) divided by NXRT’s total capital investment in the properties. Note: The names of the directors and executive officers and brief bios are contained under the headings “Proposal 1 – Election of Directors” and “Executive Officers” in the proxy statement on pages 3 and 17, respectively, which are included with this Annual Report to Shareholders. 4 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) (cid:1409) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 OR (cid:1407) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 001-36663 NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Maryland (State or other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 47-1881359 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 300 Crescent Court, Suite 700, Dallas, Texas (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 75201 (Zip Code) (214) 276-6300 (Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: Title of each class Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share Trading Symbol NXRT Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:1409) No (cid:1407) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:1407) No (cid:1409) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:1409) No (cid:1407) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes (cid:1409) No (cid:1407) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large Accelerated Filer Non-Accelerated Filer Emerging growth company Accelerated Filer Smaller reporting company (cid:1409) (cid:1407) (cid:1407) (cid:1407) (cid:1407) If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. (cid:1407) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. (cid:1409) If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. (cid:401) Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). (cid:401) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:1407) No (cid:1409) The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of such shares on June 30, 2023 was approximately $987,000,000. As of February 27, 2024, the registrant had 25,774,730 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the proxy statement for the registrant’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K. Auditor Firm Id: 185 Auditor Name: KPMG, LLP Auditor Location: Dallas, Texas, United States This page intentionally left blank NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. Form 10-K Year Ended December 31, 2023 INDEX Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements .................................................................................... ii Page PART I Business ................................................................................................................................................... Item 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors ............................................................................................................................................. Unresolved Staff Comments .................................................................................................................... Item 1B. Cybersecurity ........................................................................................................................................... Item 1C. Properties ................................................................................................................................................. Item 2. Legal Proceedings .................................................................................................................................... Item 3. Mine Safety Disclosures .......................................................................................................................... Item 4. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities ................................................................................................................................... [Reserved] ............................................................................................................................................... Item 6. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations .................. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ................................................................. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ........................................................................................ Item 8. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure .................. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures .......................................................................................................................... Other Information .................................................................................................................................... Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ....................................................................... Executive Compensation ......................................................................................................................... Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Item 13. Item 14. Matters .................................................................................................................................................. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ......................................... Principal Accountant Fees and Services .................................................................................................. PART IV 5 17 43 43 45 46 46 47 48 49 74 75 75 75 76 77 77 77 77 77 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules ........................................................................................... Index to Consolidated Financial Statements ............................................................................................ 78 F-1 i Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This annual report (the "Annual Report") contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that are subject to risks and uncertainties. In particular, statements relating to our liquidity and capital resources, the performance of our properties and results of operations contain forward-looking statements. Furthermore, all of the statements regarding future financial performance (including market conditions and demographics) are forward-looking statements. We caution investors that any forward-looking statements presented in this Annual Report are based on management’s current beliefs and assumptions made by, and information currently available to, management. When used, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “result” and similar expressions that do not relate solely to historical matters are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions and may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties and factors that are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected. We caution you therefore against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance, liquidity or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: • unfavorable changes in market and economic conditions in the United States and globally and in the specific markets where our properties are located; • macroeconomic trends including inflation and high interest rates may adversely affect our financial conditions and results of operations; risks associated with ownership of real estate; limited ability to dispose of assets because of the relative illiquidity of real estate investments; our multifamily properties are concentrated in certain geographic markets in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States, which makes us more susceptible to adverse developments in those markets; increased risks associated with our strategy of acquiring value enhancement multifamily properties rather than more conservative investment strategies; failure to succeed in new markets may have adverse consequences on our performance; potential reforms to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”); competition could limit our ability to acquire attractive investment opportunities, which could adversely affect our profitability and impede our growth; competition and any increased affordability of residential homes could limit our ability to lease our apartments or increase or maintain rents; the relatively low residential mortgage rates may result in potential renters purchasing residences rather than leasing them, and as a result, cause a decline in our occupancy rates; the risk that we may fail to consummate future property acquisitions; failure of acquisitions to yield anticipated results; risks associated with increases in interest rates and our ability to issue additional debt or equity securities in the future; risks associated with selling apartment communities, which could limit our operational and financial flexibility; contingent or unknown liabilities related to properties or businesses that we have acquired or may acquire; lack of or insufficient amounts of insurance; the risk that our environmental assessments may not identify all potential environmental liabilities and our remediation actions may be insufficient; high costs associated with the investigation or remediation of environmental contamination, including asbestos, lead- based paint, chemical vapor, subsurface contamination and mold growth; high costs associated with the compliance with various accessibility, environmental, building and health and safety laws and regulations, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the Fair Housing Act; ii • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • risks associated with limited warranties we may obtain when purchasing properties; exposure to decreases in market rents due to our short-term leases; risks associated with operating through joint ventures and funds; our dependence on information systems; risks associated with breaches of our data security; costs associated with being a public company, including compliance with securities laws; the risk that our business could be adversely impacted if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting; risks associated with our substantial current indebtedness and indebtedness we may incur in the future; risks associated with derivatives or hedging activity; risks associated with representations and warranties made by us in connection with sales of our properties may subject us to liability that could result in losses and could harm our operating results and, therefore, distributions we make to our stockholders; loss of key personnel of NexPoint Advisors, L.P. (our “Sponsor”), NexPoint Real Estate Advisors, L.P. (“our Adviser”) and our property manager; the risk that we may not replicate the historical results achieved by other entities managed or sponsored by affiliates of our Adviser, members of our Adviser’s management team or by our Sponsor or its affiliates; risks associated with our Adviser’s ability to terminate the Advisory Agreement (as defined below); our ability to change our major policies, operations and targeted investments without stockholder consent; the substantial fees and expenses we pay to our Adviser and its affiliates; risks associated with any potential internalization of our management functions; conflicts of interest and competing demands for time faced by our Adviser, our Sponsor and their officers and employees; the risk that we may compete with other entities affiliated with our Sponsor or property manager for properties and residents; failure to maintain our status as a REIT; failure of our operating partnership to be taxable as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, possibly causing us to fail to qualify for or to maintain REIT status; compliance with REIT requirements, which may limit our ability to hedge our liabilities effectively and cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities, liquidate certain of our investments or incur tax liabilities; risks associated with our ownership of interests in TRSs; the recognition of taxable gains from the sale of properties as a result of the inability to complete certain like-kind exchanges in accordance with Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”); the risk that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) may consider certain sales of properties to be prohibited transactions, resulting in a 100% penalty tax on any taxable gain; the risk that we may be subject to other tax liabilities that may reduce our cash flows and distributions on our shares; the ineligibility of dividends payable by REITs for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends; risks associated with the stock ownership restrictions of the Code for REITs and the stock ownership limit imposed by our charter; the ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval; recent and potential legislative or regulatory tax changes or other actions affecting REITs; foreign investors may be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on distributions received from us or on proceeds and the disposition of our current common stock; risks associated with the market for our common stock and the general volatility of the capital and credit markets; iii • • • • • • failure to generate sufficient cash flows to service our outstanding indebtedness or pay distributions at expected levels; risks associated with limitations of liability for and our indemnification of our directors and officers; the risk that legal proceedings we become involved in from time to time could adversely affect our business; the risk that acts of violence could decrease the value of our assets and have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations; risks associated with the Highland Capital Management, L.P. bankruptcy, including related litigation and potential conflicts of interest; and any other risks included under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, they are not guarantees of future performance. They are based on estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, data or methods, future events or other changes, except as required by law. iv ITEM 1. BUSINESS General PART I NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “our”) was incorporated in Maryland on September 19, 2014, and has elected to be taxed as a REIT. The Company is focused on “value-add” multifamily investments primarily located in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States. Substantially all of the Company’s business is conducted through NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (the “OP”), the Company’s operating partnership. The Company owns its properties (the “portfolio”) through the OP and its wholly owned TRS. The OP owns approximately 99.9% of the portfolio; the TRS owns approximately 0.1% of the portfolio. The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership GP, LLC (the “OP GP”), is the sole general partner of the OP. As of December 31, 2023, there were 26,053,988 common units in the OP (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 25,951,154, or 99.6%, were owned by the Company and 102,834, or 0.4%, were owned by noncontrolling limited partners (see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements). The Company is externally managed by the Adviser, through an agreement dated March 16, 2015, as amended, and renewed on February 26, 2024 for a one-year term (the “Advisory Agreement”), by and among the Company, the OP and the Adviser. The Adviser conducts substantially all of the Company’s operations and provides asset management services for its real estate investments. The Company expects it will only have accounting employees while the Advisory Agreement is in effect. All of the Company’s investment decisions are made by the Adviser, subject to general oversight by the Adviser’s investment committee and the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”). The Adviser is wholly owned by the Sponsor. The Company’s investment objectives are to maximize the cash flow and value of properties owned, acquire properties with cash flow growth potential, provide quarterly cash distributions and achieve long-term capital appreciation for its stockholders through targeted management and a value-add program. Consistent with the Company’s policy to acquire assets for both income and capital gain, the Company intends to hold at least majority interests in its properties for long-term appreciation and to engage in the business of directly or indirectly acquiring, owning, and operating well-located multifamily properties with a value-add component in large cities and suburban submarkets of large cities primarily in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States consistent with its investment objectives. Economic and market conditions may influence the Company to hold properties for different periods of time. From time to time, the Company may sell a property if, among other deciding factors, the sale would be in the best interest of its stockholders. The Company may allocate up to 30% of the portfolio to investments in real estate-related debt and securities with the potential for high current income or total returns. These allocations may include first and second mortgages and subordinated, bridge, mezzanine, construction and other loans, as well as debt securities related to or secured by multifamily real estate and common and preferred equity securities, which may include securities of other REITs or real estate companies. As of December 31, 2023, the Company, through the OP and the wholly owned TRS, owned 38 properties representing 14,133 units in seven states, as further described under Item 2, “Properties” and Notes 3 and 4 to our consolidated financial statements. 2023 Highlights Key highlights and transactions completed in 2023 include the following: • Dispositions: We sold two properties totaling 994 units in 2023. Details of the dispositions are in the table below (in thousands): Property Name Silverbrook ...................... Timber Creek ................... Location Grand Prairie, Texas Charlotte, North Carolina Date of Sale September 22, 2023 December 13, 2023 Sales Price Outstanding Principal (1) Net Cash Proceeds(cid:3)(2) Gain on Sale of Real Estate $ 70,000 $ 46,088 $ 69,431 $ 43,107 49,000 $ 119,000 $ 24,100 48,348 70,188 $ 117,779 $ 24,819 67,926 (1) Represents the outstanding principal balance when the loan was repaid. (2) Represents sales price, net of closing costs. 5 • Renovations: For the properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023, we completed full and partial renovations on 2,073 units at an average cost of $12,303 per renovated unit. Since inception, for the properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023, we have completed full and partial renovations on 8,534 units at an average cost of $9,715 per renovated unit that has been leased as of December 31, 2023. We have achieved average rent growth of 14.5%, or a $169 average monthly rental increase per unit, on all units renovated and leased as of December 31, 2023, resulting in a return on investment on capital expended for interior renovations of 20.9%. • Dividends: We declared dividends totaling $45.2 million, or $1.722 per share for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the fourth quarter of 2023, we increased our quarterly dividend for the sixth time since the Spin-Off (as defined below) to $0.46242 per share, which was an increase of $0.04242 per share, or a 10.1% increase, over our previous quarterly dividends declared in 2023. The increase in our quarterly dividend to $0.46242 per share is an increase of $0.26 per share, or a 124.5% increase, over our quarterly dividends declared from the Spin-Off. Our fourth quarter dividend equates to a 5.4% annualized yield based on our closing share price of $34.43 on December 31, 2023. • Results of Operations and Non-GAAP Measures: We reported the following net income (loss), net operating income (“NOI”), funds from operations (“FFO”), core funds from operations (“Core FFO”) and adjusted funds from operations (“AFFO”) for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ Change % Change Net income (loss) ......................................... $ NOI .............................................................. (2) FFO attributable to common stockholders ... (2) Core FFO attributable to common stockholders .............................................. (2) AFFO attributable to common stockholders (2) 44,433 $ 167,404 (3) 71,420 (9,291 ) $ 157,424 73,397 53,724 (1) 9,980 (1,977 ) 73,534 84,404 81,796 91,366 (8,262 ) (6,962 ) -578.2 % 6.3 % -2.7 % -10.1 % -7.6 % (1) The change in our net income (loss) between the periods primarily relates to an increase in gain on sales of real estate of $53.2 million and increases in property operating expenses of $0.4 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $2.4 million, partially offset by an increase in total revenues of $13.5 million. (2) See Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for a discussion regarding the non-GAAP measures of NOI, FFO, Core FFO and AFFO provided above, including reconciliations to net income in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). (3) Prior year NOI was updated to include current year NOI add backs. • Same Store Growth: There are 33 properties encompassing 12,378 units of apartment space in our same store pool for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (our “2022-2023 Same Store” properties). Our 2022-2023 Same Store properties exclude the following 5 properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023: Old Farm, Stone Creek at Old Farm, The Adair, Estates on Maryland and Radbourne Lake as well as the 45 units that are currently down (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements). For our 2022-2023 Same Store properties, we recorded the following operating metrics for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022: Operating Metric Occupancy (1) ............................................................................................ Average Effective Monthly Rent Per Unit (2) ........................................... $ Rental income (in thousands) ..................................................................... $ Other income (in thousands) ...................................................................... $ NOI (in thousands) ..................................................................................... $ 2023 2022 % Change 94.7 % $ 1,509 $ 229,801 $ 5,661 $ 144,999 94.1 % 1,508 214,664 5,271 134,020 0.6 % 0.1 % 7.1 % 7.4 % 8.2 % (1) Occupancy is calculated as the number of units occupied as of December 31 for the respective year, divided by the total number of units, expressed as a percentage. (2) Average effective monthly rent per unit is equal to the average of the contractual rent for commenced leases as of December 31 for the respective year minus any tenant concessions over the term of the lease, divided by the number of units under commenced leases as of December 31 for the respective year. 6 • Corporate Credit Facility: On February 2, 2023, the Company made a $17.5 million principal payment on the Corporate Credit Facility. On September 25, 2023, the Company made a $16.0 million principal payment on the Corporate Credit Facility. On December 15, 2023, the Company made a $17.0 million principal payment on the Corporate Credit Facility, reducing the outstanding principal balance to $24.0 million as of December 31, 2023. • Cash Position: At December 31, 2023, we had $45.3 million of cash on our balance sheet, of which $2.9 million was reserved for future renovations, and $30.0 million was reserved for lender-required escrows and security deposits. We believe we have adequate cash on hand, in addition to our expected cash flows from operations, to meet our near-term obligations, service our debt, pay distributions and make opportunistic acquisitions. Our Real Estate Portfolio As of December 31, 2023, we owned 38 properties representing 14,133 units that we lease in seven states that were approximately 94.7% occupied with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,502. For additional information regarding our portfolio, see Item 2, “Properties” and Notes 3 and 4 to our consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our operating performance on an individual property level and view our real estate assets as one industry segment and, accordingly, our properties are aggregated into one reportable segment. Our Business Objectives and Strategies Our primary business objectives are to: • • • • • • deliver stable, attractive yields and long-term capital appreciation to our stockholders; acquire multifamily properties in markets with attractive job growth and household formation fundamentals primarily in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States; acquire assets at discounts to replacement cost; implement a value-add program to increase returns to our stockholders; own assets that provide lifestyle amenities and upgraded living spaces for low and moderate income renters; and recycle capital from dispositions when economic and market conditions present opportunities that we believe are in the best interest of our stockholders. We intend to accomplish these objectives by: • Focusing on Acquiring Class B Properties in Our Core Markets. We will continue to seek opportunities to acquire primarily Class B multifamily properties at prices that we believe represent discounts to replacement cost, provide the potential for significant long-term value appreciation and that we expect will generate attractive yields for our stockholders. We will focus on these types of opportunities in our core markets, which we consider to be primarily major metropolitan areas in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States. • Focusing on Multifamily Properties with a Value-Add Component. We will continue to seek opportunities to acquire multifamily properties that have a value-add component. Due to a lack of reinvestment by many prior owners, we believe these types of properties provide us the opportunity to make relatively modest capital expenditures that result in a significant increase in rents, thereby generating NOI growth, and thus higher yields and capital appreciation for our stockholders. • Prudently Using Leverage to Increase Stockholder Value. We will typically finance new property acquisitions at a target leverage level of approximately 50-60% loan-to-value (outstanding principal balance to enterprise value). Given that we intend for the majority of our acquisitions to have a value-add component in the first three years of ownership, we will generally seek leverage with the optionality to refinance (such as floating rate debt). In the management team’s experience, this leverage strategy allows for the opportunity to maximize returns for our stockholders while providing maximum flexibility. We are currently targeting to reduce our leverage to 40-45% loan-to-value (outstanding principal balance to enterprise value) over time by increasing the value of our properties, refinancing properties we intend to hold longer term and strategically paying down debt with excess cash flows from operations or future equity offerings. Our Adviser’s investment approach combines its management team’s experience with a structure that emphasizes thorough market research, local market knowledge, underwriting discipline and risk management in evaluating potential investments with a goal of maximizing long-term stockholder value and a philosophy of thoughtful capital allocation and balance sheet management. 7 Acquisition and Operating Strategy We seek primarily Class B multifamily properties that are priced at a discount to replacement cost. We believe that through the implementation of our value-add program we will be able to grow the NOI of these types of properties significantly in the first three years of ownership and thus these types of acquisitions will be accretive over the long-term to our FFO, Core FFO and AFFO. As we progress through the real estate life cycle, these opportunities will become more difficult to find. However, we will continue to take a disciplined approach to acquisitions by primarily pursuing these types of opportunities. At times, we may acquire properties from affiliates, including from Delaware statutory trusts managed by affiliates of our Adviser (“Advised DSTs”). On or about March 1, 2022, through our operating partnership, we sent an offer to acquire two properties from Advised DSTs. One property was a Class B apartment community consisting of 232 units located in the Atlanta, Georgia MSA (“Adair”). The other property was a Class A apartment community consisting of 330 units located in the Phoenix, Arizona MSA (“Estates”). The Operating Partnership acquired Adair and Estates through exchange rights granted to the Operating Partnership in the respective trust agreements for Adair and Estates. The total consideration for Adair was $65.5 million. The total consideration for Estates was $77.9 million. Affiliates of our Adviser own less than 2% of the Adair trust units and less than 1% of the Estates trust units and participated in the sales on the same terms as other holders. Under the exchange rights, the owners of the Advised DSTs were permitted to elect to receive either units of the Operating Partnership or cash for their proportionate share of the consideration. The transaction closed in the second quarter of 2022. Our Adviser’s investment approach includes active management of each property acquired. Our Adviser believes that active management is critical to creating value. Prior to the purchase of a property, BH Management Services, LLC (“BH”) and our Adviser generally tour each property and develop a business strategy for the property. This includes a forecast of the action items to be taken and the capital needed to achieve the anticipated returns. Our Adviser reviews such property-level business strategies on an ongoing basis to anticipate changes or opportunities in the market. In an effort to keep properties in compliance with our underwriting standards and management strategies, our Adviser remains involved throughout the investment life cycle of each acquired property and actively consults with BH throughout the holding period. Value-Add Strategy We will continue to implement our value-add strategy at our properties where we believe we can achieve a significant increase in rents above what would otherwise be the case with purely organic market increases. Our value-add program has three components: 1) improvement of exteriors and common areas, 2) improvement of interiors and 3) management and cost improvements. We invest in exterior and common areas improvements at our properties in an effort to enhance asset quality, to improve “curb appeal”/market positioning, and expand or enhance our amenity offerings, all of which we believe will improve tenant retention and modestly drive rent and NOI growth. Renovations to the exteriors and common areas include structural improvements that enhance the physical condition, value and/or useful life of our properties, as well as aesthetic improvements to, among others, landscape and signage. We also seek to improve our competitive positioning by adding to, redecorating or otherwise enhancing our common areas and amenity offerings. As of December 31, 2023, we have renovated the exteriors and common areas at a majority of the properties in our portfolio. We expect interior renovations, along with organic growth in rents, to be the primary drivers of rent and NOI growth at our properties. Our interior renovations include: 1) aesthetic design enhancements such as kitchen and/or bath remodeling, 2) replacement of outdated appliances, equipment and fixtures, 3) addition of washer/dryer appliances, 4) private yards, 5) fiber internet and 6) smart technologies such as Bluetooth locks, networked climate control systems and USB electrical outlets. We also seek to achieve cost improvements through investment in longer-lived materials, energy conservation projects, and other strategic initiatives. Since inception, for the properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023, we have completed full and partial renovations on 8,534 units out of our 14,133 total units with an average monthly rental increase per unit of $169 and an average cost of $9,715 per renovated unit that has been leased as of December 31, 2023. In cases where we believe rents will grow significantly in a market organically, we will implement the value-add program more strategically in order to capture significant rent and NOI growth without expending additional capital. Additionally, to the extent we believe rents at a property are maximized regardless of the level of additional renovations, we may opt not to further renovate units at that property. As of December 31, 2023, we had reserved approximately $2.9 million for our planned capital expenditures and other expenses to implement our value-add program, which will complete approximately 13,209 planned interior rehabs, eliminating the need for us to raise additional capital in order to carry out our currently planned value-add program. 8 Disposition Strategy In general, we intend to hold our multifamily properties for production of rental income for a period of at least three years from the date of acquisition. Economic and market conditions may influence us to hold our investments for different periods of time. From time to time, we may sell an asset before the end of the expected holding period, particularly if we receive a bona fide unsolicited offer with attractive terms, have an upcoming liquidity need, such as a debt maturing, are strategically exiting a certain market or sub-market or the sale of the asset would otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders. When reviewing whether a sale is in the best interest of our stockholders, we take into consideration whether market conditions and asset positioning have maximized the value of the property to us and any potential adverse tax consequences of a sale. Financing Strategy We intend to use leverage in making our investments with an objective of maintaining a strong balance sheet and providing liquidity to grow our portfolio. We are currently targeting to reduce our leverage to 40-45% loan-to-value (outstanding principal balance to enterprise value) over time by increasing the value of our properties and refinancing properties we intend to hold longer-term. However, we are not subject to any limitations on the amount of leverage we may use, and, accordingly, the amount of leverage we use may be significantly less or greater than what we currently anticipate. We are currently meeting our short- term liquidity needs through our cash and cash equivalents and cash flows from operations. When interest rates are high or financing is otherwise unavailable on a timely basis, we may purchase certain properties and other assets for cash with the intention of obtaining a loan for a portion of the purchase price at a later time. We will refinance properties during the term of a loan only under certain circumstances, such as when a decline in interest rates makes it beneficial to prepay an existing mortgage, an existing mortgage matures, the value of the property has increased significantly and we can obtain more attractive terms through refinancing the property, or an attractive investment becomes available and the proceeds from the refinancing can be used to purchase such investment. We typically use floating rate debt with interest rate swaps and interest rate caps as opposed to using fixed rate debt. We believe this is a more sensible and flexible way to utilize leverage, while limiting our interest rate risk in our strategy as we attempt to increase the value of each property over the course of three years after acquisition through our value-add program. Fixed rate financing is typically more expensive and less flexible since there are typically high prepayment penalties, yield maintenance payments and/or defeasance penalties when refinancing the debt prior to maturity. To the extent we intend to hold a property long-term, we will reassess the use of refinancing with fixed rate debt. Property Management Strategy We seek to achieve long-term earnings growth through superior property management. To achieve this, we have partnered with BH to manage all of our properties as an external manager. In order to align our property manager’s interests with those of our stockholders, BH (through an affiliate) is a noncontrolling limited partner of the OP. We believe BH provides the following benefits: • manages approximately 104,000 multifamily units in 27 states and has managed multifamily communities for 31 years; • • • • • • • • brings a scale of operations we could not otherwise achieve for approximately 3% of gross income, which is the contracted amount we pay for its property management services; has operations in all of our current and desired markets, allowing us greater scale when entering new markets or make investments in non-core markets without making substantial investments in management infrastructure in those markets; has a construction management operation and substantial experience in renovating Class B multifamily units; its scale allows it to obtain highly competitive pricing as it pertains to the costs of our value-add program, increasing our return on investment for renovations; helps us source and underwrite opportunities as well as assist in due diligence of properties prior to closing; assists in locating potential buyers for our properties; its size, scale and experience allows it to keep costs low and maximize rents and occupancy; and has proved successful in driving other revenue growth at properties it manages. 9 Our Structure The following chart shows our ownership structure. (cid:13) An affiliate of BH Equities, LLC is the property manager for all of our properties. Our Adviser We are externally managed by our Adviser pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, by and among the OP, our Adviser, and us. Our Adviser was organized on September 5, 2014 and is an affiliate of our Sponsor. Our Adviser has contractual and fiduciary responsibilities to us and our stockholders as further described under “—Our Advisory Agreement” below. The members of our Adviser’s management team are Jim Dondero, Brian Mitts, Matt McGraner and D.C. Sauter, all of whom are employed by our Adviser or its affiliates. Our Advisory Agreement Below is a summary of the terms of our Advisory Agreement: Duties of Our Adviser. Our Advisory Agreement provides that our Adviser manage our business and affairs in accordance with the policies and guidelines established by our Board and that our Adviser be under the supervision of our Board. The agreement requires our Adviser to provide us with all services necessary or appropriate to conduct our business, including the following: • locating, presenting and recommending to us real estate investment opportunities consistent with our investment policies, acquisition and disposition strategies and objectives, including our conflicts of interest policies; 10 • • • • • structuring the terms and conditions of transactions pursuant to which acquisitions and dispositions of properties will be made; acquiring and disposing properties on our behalf in compliance with our investment objectives, strategies and applicable tax regulations; arranging for the financing and refinancing of properties; administering our bookkeeping and accounting functions; serving as our consultant in connection with policy decisions to be made by our Board, managing our properties or causing our properties to be managed by another party; • monitoring our compliance with regulatory requirements, including the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) rules and regulations of the Code to maintain our status as a REIT; performing administrative services; and rendering other services as our Board deems appropriate. • • Our Adviser is required to obtain the prior approval of our Board in connection with: • • • any investment for which the portion of the consideration paid out of our equity equals or exceeds $50,000,000; any investment that is inconsistent with the publicly disclosed investment guidelines as in effect from time to time, or, if none are then publicly disclosed, as otherwise adopted by our Board from time to time; or any engagement of affiliated service providers on behalf of us or the OP, which engagement terms will be negotiated on an arm’s length basis. For these purposes, “equity” means the purchase price of the investment, exclusive of the proceeds of any debt financing incurred or to be incurred in connection with the relevant investment and anticipated closing and other acquisition costs. Our Adviser will be prohibited from taking any action, in its sole judgment, or in the sole judgment of our Board, that: • would adversely affect our qualification as a REIT under the Code, unless our Board had determined that REIT qualification is not in the best interest of us and our stockholders; • would subject us to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”), except to the extent that we and our Adviser have undertaken in the Advisory Agreement and our charter to comply with Section 15 of the 1940 Act in connection with the entry into, continuation of, or amendment of the Advisory Agreement or any advisory agreement; is contrary to or inconsistent with our investment guidelines; or • • would violate any law, rule, regulation or statement of policy of any governmental body or agency having jurisdiction over us or our shares of common stock, or otherwise not be permitted by our charter or bylaws. Advisory Fee. Our Advisory Agreement requires that we pay our Adviser an annual advisory fee of 1.00% of our Average Real Estate Assets. “Average Real Estate Assets” means the average of the aggregate book value of Real Estate Assets (see below) before reserves for depreciation or other non-cash reserves, computed by taking the average of the book value of real estate assets at the end of each month (1) for which any fee under the Advisory Agreement is calculated or (2) during the year for which any expense reimbursement under the Advisory Agreement is calculated. “Real Estate Assets” is defined broadly in the Advisory Agreement to include, among other things, investments in real estate-related securities and mortgages and reserves for capital expenditures (the value-add program). 11 In calculating the advisory fee, we categorize our Average Real Estate Assets into either “Contributed Assets” or “New Assets.” The advisory fee on Contributed Assets may not exceed $4.5 million in any calendar year. This cap is intended to limit the fees paid to our Adviser on the Contributed Assets following our Spin-Off (the "Spin-Off") to the fees that would have been paid by NHF to its adviser had the Spin-Off not occurred. The advisory fee on New Assets is not subject to this limitation but is subject to the expense cap mentioned below. “Contributed Assets” means all of the real estate assets we owned upon the completion of the Spin-Off and is not reduced for dispositions of such assets subsequent to the Spin-Off. “New Assets” means all of the Average Real Estate Assets other than Contributed Assets. New Assets includes proceeds from the sale of a Contributed Asset that are used to purchase a new investment. The advisory fee is payable monthly in arrears in cash, unless our Adviser elects, in its sole discretion, to receive all or a portion of such fee in shares of our common stock, subject to the limitations set forth below under “—Limitations on Receiving Shares.” The number of shares issued to our Adviser as payment for the advisory fee will be equal to the dollar amount of the portion of such fee that is payable in shares divided by the volume-weighted average closing price of shares of our common stock for the ten trading days prior to the end of the month for which such fee will be paid, which we refer to as the fee VWAP. Our Adviser computes each installment of the advisory fee as promptly as possible after the end of the month with respect to which such installment is payable. The accrued fees are payable monthly as promptly as possible after the end of each month during which the Advisory Agreement is in effect. A copy of the computations made by our Adviser to calculate such installment is delivered to our Board for informational purposes only. Administrative Fee. Our Advisory Agreement requires that we pay our Adviser an annual administrative fee of 0.20% of the Average Real Estate Assets. In calculating the administrative fee, we categorize our Average Real Estate Assets into either Contributed Assets or New Assets. The administrative fee on Contributed Assets may not exceed $890,000 in any calendar year. This cap is intended to limit the fees paid to our Adviser on the Contributed Assets following the Spin-Off to the fees that would have been paid by NHF to its adviser had the Spin-Off not occurred. The administrative fee on New Assets is not subject to this limitation but is subject to the expense cap described below. The administrative fee is payable monthly in arrears in cash, unless our Adviser elects, in its sole discretion, to receive all or a portion of such fee in shares of our common stock, subject to the limitations set forth below under “—Limitations on Receiving Shares.” The number of shares issued to our Adviser as payment for the administrative fee will be equal to the dollar amount of the portion of such fee that is payable in shares divided by the fee VWAP. Our Adviser computes each installment of the administrative fee as promptly as possible after the end of each month with respect to which such installment is payable. The accrued fees are payable monthly as promptly as possible after the end of each month during which the Advisory Agreement is in effect. A copy of the computations made by our Adviser to calculate such installment is delivered to our Board for informational purposes only. Reimbursement of Expenses. Our Advisory Agreement requires that we reimburse our Adviser for all of its out-of- pocket expenses in performing its services, including legal, accounting, financial, due diligence and other services performed by our Adviser that outside professionals or outside consultants would otherwise perform and also pay our pro rata share of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment, machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses of our Adviser required for our operations (“Adviser Operating Expenses”). Adviser Operating Expenses do not include expenses for the advisory and administrative services provided under the Advisory Agreement. We will also reimburse our Adviser for any and all expenses (other than underwriters’ discounts) in connection with an offering, including, without limitation, legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees and other documented offering expenses. When applicable, our Adviser prepares a statement documenting all expenses incurred during each month, and delivers such statement to us within 15 business days after the end of each month. When submitted for reimbursement, such expenses are reimbursed by us no later than the 15th business day immediately following the date of delivery of such statement of expenses to us. All expenses payable by us or reimbursable to our Adviser pursuant to the agreement will not be in amounts greater than those which would be payable to outside professionals or consultants engaged to perform such services pursuant to agreements negotiated on an arm’s length basis. Our Adviser may, at its discretion and at any time, waive its right to reimbursement for eligible out-of-pocket expenses paid on our behalf. Once waived, these expenses are considered permanently waived and become non-recoupable in the future. 12 Expense Cap. Reimbursement of Adviser Operating Expenses under the Advisory Agreement, advisory and administrative fees paid to our Adviser and corporate general and administrative expenses such as audit, legal, listing and Board fees and equity-based compensation expense recognized under a long-term incentive plan will not exceed 1.5% of Average Real Estate Assets per calendar year (or part thereof that the Advisory Agreement is in effect) (the “Expense Cap”). The Expense Cap does not limit the reimbursement by us of expenses related to securities offerings paid by our Adviser. The Expense Cap also does not apply to legal, accounting, financial, due diligence and other service fees incurred in connection with mergers and acquisitions, extraordinary litigation or other events outside our ordinary course of business or any out-of-pocket acquisition or due diligence expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition or disposition of real estate assets. Term of the Advisory Agreement. The Advisory Agreement has a one-year term. The Advisory Agreement shall continue in full force and effect so long as the Advisory Agreement is approved at least annually by our Board. On February 26, 2024, our Board, including the independent directors, unanimously approved the renewal of the Advisory Agreement with the Adviser for a one-year term. The Advisory Agreement may be terminated at any time, without payment of any penalty to our Adviser, by vote of our Board or stockholders, or by our Adviser, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ prior written notice to the other party. The Advisory Agreement shall automatically and immediately terminate in the event of its “assignment” (as defined in the 1940 Act). Amendment. The Advisory Agreement may only be amended, waived, discharged or terminated in writing signed by the party against which enforcement of the amendment, waiver, discharge or termination is sought. Limitations on Receiving Shares. The ability of our Adviser to receive shares of our common stock as payment for all or a portion of the advisory and administrative fees due under the terms of our Advisory Agreement will be subject to the following limitations: (1) the ownership of shares of common stock by our Adviser may not violate the ownership limitations set forth in our charter, after giving effect to any exception from such ownership limitations that our Board may grant to our Adviser or its affiliates and (2) compliance with all applicable restrictions under the U.S. federal securities laws and the NYSE rules. To the extent that payment of any fee in shares of our common stock would result in a violation of the ownership limits set forth in our charter (taking into account any applicable waiver or any restrictions imposed under the U.S. federal securities laws or NYSE rules), all or a portion of such fee payable to our Adviser will be payable in cash to the extent necessary to avoid such violation. Registration Rights. We entered into a registration rights agreement with our Adviser with respect to any shares of our common stock that our Adviser receives as payment for any fees owed under our Advisory Agreement. These registration rights will require us to file a registration statement with respect to such shares. We agreed to pay all of the expenses relating to registering these securities. The costs associated with registering these securities will not be deducted from the compensation owed to our Adviser. Liability and Indemnification of our Adviser. Under the Advisory Agreement, we are also required to indemnify our Adviser and to pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding with respect to certain of our Adviser’s acts or omissions. Other Activities of our Adviser and its Affiliates. Our Adviser and its affiliates expect to engage in other business ventures, and as a result, their resources will not be dedicated exclusively to our business. However, pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, our Adviser will be required to devote sufficient resources to our administration to discharge its obligations. Potential Acquisition of our Adviser. Many REITs that are listed on a national stock exchange are considered “self- managed” or “internally managed,” since the employees of such REITs perform all significant management functions. In contrast, REITs that are not self-managed, like us, are referred to as “externally managed” and typically engage a third party, such as our Adviser, to perform management functions on its behalf. Our independent directors may determine that we should become self- managed through the acquisition of our Adviser, which we refer to as an internalization transaction. See “Risk Factors—If we internalize our management functions, the percentage of our outstanding common stock owned by our other stockholders could be reduced, and we could incur other significant costs associated with being self-managed.” Our Property Manager The entities through which we own the properties in our portfolio have entered into management agreements with BH (the "Management Agreements"). Pursuant to these agreements, BH operates and leases the underlying properties in our portfolio. In addition to property management and leasing services, BH also provides us with market research, acquisition advice, a pipeline of investment opportunities and construction management services. We utilize BH for property and construction management services and leasing, paying BH a management fee of approximately 3% of the monthly gross income from each property 13 managed, as well as construction supervision fees and certain other fees described under “—Property Management Agreements” below. Property Management Agreements Under these agreements, BH operates, coordinates and supervises the ordinary and usual business and affairs pertaining to the operation, maintenance, leasing, licensing, and management of each property. The following summarizes the terms of the Management Agreements. Term. The terms of the Management Agreements will continue until the last day of the calendar month following the second anniversary of the Management Agreement. Upon the expiration of the original term, the Management Agreements will automatically renew on a month-to-month basis until terminated. The Management Agreements may be terminated at any time with 60 days written notice. Proposed Management Plans. Each Management Agreement requires that BH prepare and submit a proposed management plan and operating budget for the marketing, operation, repair and maintenance, and renovation of the property for the year the Management Agreement is entered into. BH must submit subsequent proposed management plans 45 days prior to the beginning of the next year. Amounts Payable under the Management Agreements. The entities that own the properties pay BH monthly for its services. Pursuant to the Management Agreements, BH may pay itself out of each property’s operating account. Any sums not paid within 10 days after becoming due bear interest at the rate of 18% per annum. Compensation under the Management Agreements consists of the following components: • Management Fee. The management fee is approximately 3% of the monthly gross income from each property. For the purposes of calculating the management fee, “monthly gross income” is defined as all receipts of every kind and nature actually collected from the operation of the property, determined on a cash basis, including, without limitation, rental or lease payments, late charges, service charges, forfeited security deposits, proceeds of vending machine collections, resident utility payment collections, and all other forms of miscellaneous income (but excluding the collection of any insurance or condemnation awards). • Set-Up/Inspection Fees. BH receives a one-time set-up/inspection fee per unit upon commencement of management of each property. • Construction Supervision Fee. BH receives a construction supervision fee of 5-6% of total project costs if BH performs these services. • Renter’s Insurance Program Fee; Other Fees. In the event that the entities that own the properties direct BH to implement a renter’s insurance program at a property, the entities pay BH a fee in connection with running such program. In consideration for any additional services other than the services required under the Management Agreements, the entities pay BH an hourly rate. Additionally, BH also acts as a paymaster for the properties and is reimbursed at cost for various operating expenses it pays on behalf of the properties. Termination. A Management Agreement will terminate automatically in the event that the entity that owns the property is sold or if all or substantially all of the property to which the agreement applies is otherwise disposed of. Additionally, a Management Agreement may be terminated if certain other events occur, including: • • • • a default by BH or the entity that owns the property that is not cured prior to the expiration of any applicable cure periods; upon written notice by either party if a petition for bankruptcy, reorganization or arrangement is filed by the other party, or if any such petition shall be filed against the other party and is not dismissed within 60 days of the date of such filing, or in the event the other party shall make an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or take advantage of any insolvency statute or similar law; upon 15 days written notice in the event that all or substantially all of the property is destroyed by a casualty, or taken by means of eminent domain or condemnation; or upon 60 days written notice by either party. If a Management Agreement is terminated by the entity that owns the property for any reason, or if it is terminated by BH due to our default or due to the destruction, condemnation or taking by eminent domain of a property, the entity that owns the 14 property will be required to pay damages to BH. Such damages will be equal to the management fee earned by BH for the calendar month immediately preceding the month in which the notice of termination is given, multiplied by the number of months and/or portions thereof remaining from the termination date until the end of the initial term or term year in which the termination occurred. Additionally, for the month or the partial month after the date of the termination of BH’s on-site property management responsibilities, BH will be paid a close-out management fee equivalent to 50% of the last month’s full management fee. Insurance. The entities that own the properties are required to maintain property and liability insurance for each property, and its liability insurance policy must include BH as an “Additional Insured.” BH is required to maintain, at the entities’ expense, workers’ compensation insurance covering all employees of BH employed in, on, or about each property so as to provide statutory benefits required by state and federal laws. Assignment. BH may not assign the Management Agreements without the prior written consent of the entities that own the properties. Indemnification. The entities that own the properties are required to indemnify, defend and hold harmless BH and its agents and employees from and against all claims, liabilities, losses, damages, and/or expenses arising out of (1) BH’s performance under the Management Agreements, or (2) facts, occurrences, or matters first arising before the date of the Management Agreements. The entities that own the properties are not required to indemnify BH against damages or expenses suffered as a result of the gross negligence, willful misconduct, or fraud on the part of BH, its agents, or employees. BH is required to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the entities that own the properties and their agents and employees from and against all claims, liabilities, losses, damages, and/or expenses arising out of the gross negligence, willful misconduct, or fraud on the part of BH, its agents, or employees, and shall at its own cost and expense defend any action or proceeding against us arising therefrom. Regulation Multifamily properties are subject to various laws, ordinances and regulations, including regulations relating to common areas, such as swimming pools, activity centers, and recreational facilities. We believe that each of our properties has the necessary permits and approvals to operate its business. Americans with Disabilities Act The properties in our portfolio must comply with Title III of the Americans with Disability Act of 1990 (the “ADA”), to the extent that such properties are “public accommodations” as defined by the ADA. The ADA may require removal of structural barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our properties where such removal is readily achievable. We believe that our properties are in substantial compliance with the ADA and that we will not be required to make substantial capital expenditures to address the requirements of the ADA. However, noncompliance with the ADA could result in imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. The obligation to make readily accessible accommodations is an ongoing one, and we will continue to assess our properties and make alterations as appropriate in this respect. Fair Housing Act The Fair Housing Act (the “FHA”), its state law counterparts and the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and various state agencies, prohibit discrimination in housing on the basis of race or color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status (including children under the age of 18 living with parents or legal custodians, pregnant women and people securing custody of children under 18) or handicap (disability) and, in some states, financial capability or other bases. A failure to comply with these laws in our operations could result in litigation, fines, penalties or other adverse claims, or could result in limitations or restrictions on our ability to operate, any of which could materially and adversely affect us. We believe that we operate our properties in substantial compliance with the FHA. Environmental Matters Under various federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, as a current or former owner or operator of real property, we may be liable for costs and damages resulting from the presence or discharge of hazardous or toxic substances, waste or petroleum products at, on, in, under, or migrating from such property, including costs to investigate and clean up such contamination and liability for natural resources. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such contamination, and the liability may be joint and several. These liabilities could be substantial and the cost of any required remediation, removal, fines, or other costs could exceed the value of the property and/or our aggregate assets. In addition, the presence of contamination or the failure to remediate 15 contamination at our properties may expose us to third-party liability for costs of remediation and/or personal or property damage or materially adversely affect our ability to sell, lease or develop our properties or to borrow using the properties as collateral. In addition, environmental laws may create liens on contaminated sites in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs to address such contamination. Moreover, if contamination is discovered on our properties, environmental laws may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures. Independent environmental consultants have conducted Phase I Environmental Site Assessments at all of the properties in our portfolio using the American Society for Testing and Materials Standard E 1527-05. A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment is a report that identifies potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities. Site assessments are intended to discover and evaluate information regarding the environmental condition of the assessed property and surrounding properties. These assessments do not generally include soil samplings, subsurface investigations or an asbestos survey. None of the site assessments identified any known past or present contamination that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets or operations. However, the assessments are limited in scope and may have failed to identify all environmental conditions or concerns. A prior owner or operator of a property or historic operations at our properties, or operations and conditions at nearby properties, may have created a material environmental condition that is not known to us or the independent consultants preparing the site assessments. Material environmental conditions may have arisen after the review was completed or may arise in the future, and future laws, ordinances or regulations may impose material additional environmental liability. Moreover, conditions identified in environmental assessments that did not appear material at that time, may in the future result in material liability. Environmental laws also govern the presence, maintenance and removal of hazardous materials in building materials (e.g., asbestos and lead), and may impose fines and penalties for failure to comply with these requirements or expose us to third-party liability (e.g., liability for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos). Such laws require that owners or operators of buildings containing hazardous materials properly manage and maintain certain hazardous materials, adequately notify or train those who may come into contact with certain hazardous materials, and undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement, if certain hazardous materials would be disturbed during renovation or demolition of a building. In addition, the properties in our portfolio are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental and health and safety requirements, such as state and local fire requirements. When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources, and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants above certain levels can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants from the affected property or increase indoor ventilation. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants or others if property damage or personal injury occurs. We are not presently aware of any material adverse indoor air quality issues at our properties. We believe that there are no compliance issues with laws and regulations that have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, that have adversely affected, or are reasonably expected to adversely affect, our business, financial condition and results of operations, and we do not currently anticipate material capital expenditures arising from environmental regulation. We believe that climate change could present risks to our business. Some of the potential impacts of climate change to our business include increased operating costs due to additional regulatory requirements and the risk of disruptions to our business. We do not believe these risks are material to our business at this time. Our currently anticipated capital expenditures for environmental control facility matters are not material. The cost of future environmental compliance may materially and adversely affect us. See “Risk Factors—We may face high costs associated with the investigation or remediation of environmental contamination, including asbestos, lead-based paint, chemical vapor, subsurface contamination and mold growth.” Insurance We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on the properties in our portfolio, with limits of liability customary within the industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. Similarly, we are insured against the risk of direct physical damage in amounts necessary to reimburse us on a replacement-cost basis for costs incurred to repair or rebuild each property, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period. The majority of our property policies for all U.S. operating and development communities include coverage for the perils of flood, tornado and earthquake shock with limits and 16 deductibles customary in the industry and specific to the project. We will also obtain title insurance policies when acquiring new properties, which insure fee title to the properties in our portfolio. We have obtained coverage for losses incurred in connection with both domestic and foreign terrorist-related activities. These policies include limits and terms we consider commercially reasonable. There are certain losses (including, but not limited to, losses arising from environmental conditions, acts of war or certain kinds of terrorist attacks) that are not insured, in full or in part, because they are either uninsurable or the cost of insurance makes it, in our belief, economically impractical to maintain such coverage. Should an uninsured loss arise against us, we would be required to use our own funds to resolve the issue, including litigation costs. In addition, for the properties in our portfolio, we could self-insure certain portions of our insurance program and therefore, use our own funds to satisfy those limits. We believe the policy specifications and insured limits are adequate given the relative risk of loss, the cost of the coverage and industry practice. In the opinion of our management team, the properties in our portfolio are adequately insured. Competition In attracting and retaining residents to occupy the properties in our portfolio, we compete with numerous other housing alternatives. The properties in our portfolio compete directly with other rental apartments as well as condominiums and single- family homes that are available for rent or purchase in the sub-markets in which our properties are located. Principal factors of competition include rent or price charged, attractiveness of the location and property and quality and breadth of services and amenities. If our competitors offer leases at rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates that the tenants of the properties in our portfolio pay, we may lose potential tenants and we may be pressured to reduce rental rates below those currently charged or to offer more substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options in order to retain tenants when the tenants’ leases expire. The number of competitive properties relative to demand in a particular area has a material effect on our ability to lease apartment units at our properties and on the rents we charge. In addition, we compete with numerous other investors for suitable properties. This competition affects our ability to acquire properties and the price that we pay in such acquisitions. Human Capital Disclosure As of December 31, 2023, we had three employees. We endeavor to maintain workplaces that are free from discrimination or harassment on the basis of color, race, sex, national origin, ethnicity, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identification or expression or any other status protected by applicable law. The basis for recruitment, hiring, development, training, compensation and advancement is a person’s qualifications, performance, skills and experience. Our employees are fairly compensated, without regard to gender, race and ethnicity, and routinely recognized for outstanding performance. Our Adviser conducts substantially all of our operations and provides asset management for our real estate investments. We expect we will only have accounting employees while the Advisory Agreement is in effect. Corporate Information Our Adviser’s offices are located at 300 Crescent Court, Suite 700, Dallas, Texas 75201. Our Adviser’s telephone number is (214) 276-6300. We maintain a website at nxrt.nexpoint.com. We make our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Information contained on, or accessible through our website, is not incorporated by reference into and does not constitute a part of this Annual Report or any other report or documents we file with or furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). These documents may also be found on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Item 1A. Risk Factors You should carefully consider the following risks and other information in this Annual Report in evaluating us and our capital stock. Any of the following risks, as well as additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations, and could, in turn, impact the trading price of our capital stock. Summary Risk Factors The following is a summary of some of the risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below. • unfavorable changes in market and economic conditions in the United States and globally and in the specific markets where our properties are located; 17 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • macroeconomic trends including inflation and high interest rates may adversely affect our financial conditions and results of operations; risks associated with the ownership of real estate; limited ability to dispose of assets because of the relative illiquidity of real estate investments; our multifamily properties are concentrated in certain geographic markets in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States, which makes us more susceptible to adverse developments in those markets; increased risks associated with our strategy of acquiring value enhancement multifamily properties rather than more conservative investment strategies; failure to succeed in new markets may have adverse consequences on our performance; competition for attractive investment opportunity and any increased affordability of residential homes could limit our ability to lease our apartments or increase or maintain rents; high costs associated with the compliance with various accessibility, environmental, building and health and safety laws and regulations; risks associated with buying owning and selling apartment communities, including contingent or unknown liabilities related to the properties and the risk that we may not be able to yield anticipated results or sell certain properties; risks associated with operating through joint ventures and funds; our dependence on information systems; risks associated with breaches of our data security; costs associated with being a public company, including compliance with securities laws; the risk that our business could be adversely impacted if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting; risks associated with our substantial current indebtedness and indebtedness we may incur in the future; risks associated with derivatives or hedging activity; risks associated with representations and warranties made by us in connection with sales of our properties may subject us to liability that could result in losses and could harm our operating results and, therefore, distributions we make to our stockholders; loss of key personnel of our Sponsor, our Adviser and our property manager; the risk that we may not replicate the historical results achieved by other entities managed or sponsored by affiliates of our Adviser, members of our Adviser’s management team or by our Sponsor or its affiliates; risks associated with our Adviser’s ability to terminate the Advisory Agreement (as defined below); our ability to change our major policies, operations and targeted investments without stockholder consent; the substantial fees and expenses we pay to our Adviser and its affiliates; risks associated with any potential internalization of our management functions; conflicts of interest and competing demands for time faced by our Adviser, our Sponsor and their officers and employees; the risk that we may compete with other entities affiliated with our Sponsor or property manager for properties and residents; failure to maintain our status as a REIT; failure of our operating partnership to be taxable as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, possibly causing us to fail to qualify for or to maintain REIT status; compliance with REIT requirements, which may limit our ability to hedge our liabilities effectively and cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities, liquidate certain of our investments or incur tax liabilities; risks associated with our ownership of interests in TRSs; 18 • • • • • • • • • • • • • the recognition of taxable gains from the sale of properties as a result of the inability to complete certain like-kind exchanges in accordance with Section 1031 of the Code the risk that the IRS may consider certain sales of properties to be prohibited transactions, resulting in a 100% penalty tax on any taxable gain; the risk that we may be subject to other tax liabilities that may reduce our cash flows and distributions on our shares; the ineligibility of dividends payable by REITs for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends; risks associated with the stock ownership restrictions of the Code for REITs and the stock ownership limit imposed by our charter; the ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval; recent and potential legislative or regulatory tax changes or other actions affecting REITs; foreign investors may be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on distributions received from us or on proceeds and the disposition of our current common stock; risks associated with the market for our common stock and the general volatility of the capital and credit markets; failure to generate sufficient cash flows to service our outstanding indebtedness or pay distributions at expected levels; risks associated with limitations of liability for and our indemnification of our directors and officers; the risk that legal proceedings we become involved in from time to time could adversely affect our business; and the risk that acts of violence could decrease the value of our assets and have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Risks Related to Our Business and Industry Unfavorable market and economic conditions in the United States and globally and in the specific markets or submarkets where our properties are located could adversely affect occupancy levels, rental rates, rent collections, operating expenses and the overall market value of our assets, and impair our ability to sell, recapitalize or refinance our assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate and unfavorable economic conditions in the United States and globally may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates, rent collections, operating expenses, the market value of our properties and our ability to strategically acquire, dispose, recapitalize or refinance our multifamily properties on economically favorable terms or at all. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply of multifamily communities in our markets and is dependent upon overall economic conditions, which are adversely affected by, among other things, inflation, interest rates, a recession, personal debt levels, a downturn in the housing market, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Some of our major expenses, including debt service and real estate taxes, generally do not decline when related rents decline. We expect that any declines in our occupancy levels, rental revenues and/or the values of our multifamily properties would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness, fund necessary capital expenditures and to make distributions to our stockholders, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the market value of our assets. Factors that may affect our occupancy levels, our revenues, our NOI and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others: • • • • • • • • downturns in global, national, regional and local economic conditions; declines in the financial condition of our residents, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from these residents; the inability or unwillingness of our residents to pay rent increases; a decline in household formation; a decline in employment or lack of employment growth; an oversupply of, or a reduced demand for, apartment homes; changes in market rental rates in our core markets; our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms; 19 • • • • • • the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs and renovations, including supply chain issues, inflation and labor shortages; declines in mortgage interest rates, making home and condominium ownership more affordable; changes in home loan lending practices, including the easing of credit underwriting standards, increasing the availability of home loans and thereby reducing demand for apartment homes; government or builder incentives which enable first-time homebuyers to put little or no money down, making alternative housing options more attractive; rent control or rent stabilization laws, or other laws regulating housing, that could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs; and economic conditions that could cause an increase in our operating expenses, such as increases in property taxes (particularly as a result of increased local, state and national government budget deficits and debt and potentially reduced federal aid to state and local governments), utilities, insurance, compensation of on-site associates and routine maintenance. Macroeconomic trends including inflation, high interest rates or recession may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Macroeconomic trends, including increases in or high inflation and high interest rates, may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Inflation could have an adverse impact on general and administrative expenses, as these costs could increase at a rate higher than our rental revenue, interest income or other revenue. Inflationary pressures have increased our direct and indirect operating and investment costs. Inflationary pressures have also increased or may have the effect of increasing our costs related to property management, third-party contractors and vendors, insurance, transportation and taxes, and our residents may also be adversely impacted by higher cost of living expenses, including food, energy and transportation, which may increase our rate of resident defaults and harm our operating results. In response to high inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised the federal funds rate to decade-high levels in 2022 to combat inflation and restore price stability. In addition, the Federal Reserve began a quantitative tightening program in June of 2022. The combination of these actions have resulted in an increase in prevailing interest rates. To the extent our exposure to increases in or high interest rates on any of our debt is not eliminated through interest rate swaps and interest rate protection agreements that we may utilize for hedging purposes, such increases will result in higher debt service costs which will adversely affect our cash flows. We cannot assure you that our access to capital and other sources of funding will not become constrained, which could adversely affect the availability and terms of future borrowings, renewals or refinancings. Such future constraints could increase our borrowing costs, which would make it more difficult or expensive to obtain additional financing or refinance existing obligations and commitments, which could slow or deter future growth. In addition, these actions by the Federal Reserve, as well as efforts by other central banks globally to combat inflation and restore price stability and other global events, may raise the prospect or severity of a recession. The war in Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas war adds, and other international tensions or escalations of conflict may add, instability to the uncertainty driving socioeconomic forces, which may continue to have an impact on global trade and result in inflation or economic instability. Present conditions and the state of the U.S and global economies make it difficult to predict whether and/or when and to what extent a recession will occur in the near future. Should a recession occur it could negatively impact the value of commercial and residential real estate and the value of our investments, potentially materially. While the Company has taken steps to prepare for a potential downturn in the economy, should a recession occur there can be no guaranty that the Company’s efforts will prevent any negative impacts to the value of the Company’s investments. We are subject to risks inherent in ownership of real estate. Real estate cash flows and values are affected by a number of factors, including competition from other available properties and the ability to provide adequate property maintenance and insurance and to control operating costs. Real estate cash flows and values are also affected by such factors as government regulations (including zoning, usage and tax laws) limitations on rent and rent increases, interest rate levels, the availability of financing, property tax rates, utility expenses, potential liability under environmental and other laws and changes in environmental and other laws. Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and may limit our flexibility. Equity real estate investments are relatively illiquid, which tends to limit our ability to react promptly to changes in economic or other market conditions. Our ability to dispose of assets in the future will depend on prevailing economic and market conditions. Our inability to sell our properties on favorable terms or at all could have a material adverse effect on our sources of 20 working capital and our ability to satisfy our debt obligations. In addition, real estate can at times be difficult to sell quickly at prices we find acceptable. These potential difficulties in selling real estate in our markets may limit our ability to change or reduce the number of multifamily properties in our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Our multifamily properties are concentrated in certain geographic markets, which makes us more susceptible to adverse developments in those markets. Our most significant geographic investment concentrations are primarily in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States. We are, therefore, subject to increased exposure from economic and other competitive factors specific to markets within these geographic areas. To the extent general economic conditions worsen in one or more of these markets, or if any of these areas experience a natural disaster, the value of our portfolio and our market rental rates could be adversely affected. As a result, our results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, including cash available to pay distributions to our stockholders, and our ability to satisfy our debt obligations could be materially adversely affected. Failure to succeed in new markets may have adverse consequences on our performance. We may make acquisitions outside of our existing market areas if appropriate opportunities arise. Our historical experience in our existing markets does not ensure that we will be able to operate successfully in new markets, should we choose to enter them. We may be exposed to a variety of risks if we choose to enter new markets, including an inability to accurately evaluate local market conditions, to identify appropriate acquisition opportunities, to hire and retain key personnel and a lack of familiarity with local governmental and permitting procedures. In addition, we may abandon opportunities to enter new markets that we have begun to explore for any reason and may, as a result, fail to recover expenses already incurred. Our strategy for acquiring value-enhancement multifamily properties involves greater risks than more conservative investment strategies. Our primary strategy is a value-add strategy. Therefore, for a majority of our portfolio, we intend to execute a “value- enhancement” strategy whereby we will acquire under-managed assets in high-demand neighborhoods, invest additional capital, and reposition the properties to increase both average rental rates and resale value. Our strategy for acquiring value-enhancement multifamily properties involves greater risks than more conservative investment strategies. The risks related to these value- enhancement investments include risks related to delays in the repositioning or improvement process, higher than expected capital improvement costs, the additional capital needed to execute our value-add program, including possible borrowings or raising additional equity necessary to fund such costs, and ultimately that the repositioning process may not result in the higher rents and occupancy rates anticipated. In addition, our value-enhancement properties may not produce revenue while undergoing capital improvements. Furthermore, we may also be unable to complete the improvements of these properties and may be forced to hold or sell these properties at a loss. For these and other reasons, we cannot assure you that we will realize growth in the value of our value-enhancement multifamily properties, and as a result, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be adversely affected. Potential reforms or changes to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae could adversely affect our business. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $1.4 billion and $119.5 million of outstanding consolidated indebtedness under our Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae mortgage loans, respectively. We rely on national and regional institutions, including Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, to provide financing for our acquisitions and permanent financing on properties we may develop in the future. Currently, there is uncertainty regarding the futures of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Should Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae have their mandates changed or reduced, be disbanded or reorganized by the government, privatized or otherwise discontinue providing liquidity to our sector, it could significantly reduce our access to debt capital and/or increase borrowing costs and could significantly reduce our sales of assets and/or the values realized upon sale. Competition could limit our ability to acquire attractive investment opportunities, which could adversely affect our profitability and impede our growth. We compete with numerous real estate companies and other owners of real estate in seeking multifamily properties for acquisition and pursuing buyers for dispositions. We expect that other real estate investors, including insurance companies, private equity funds, sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, other REITs and other well-capitalized investors, will compete with us to acquire existing properties and to develop new properties, and many of these investors will have greater sources of capital to acquire properties. This competition could increase prices for properties of the type we would likely pursue and adversely affect our profitability and impede our growth. 21 Competition and any increased affordability of residential homes could limit our ability to lease our apartments or increase or maintain rents. Our multifamily properties compete with other housing alternatives to attract residents, including other rental apartments, condominiums and single-family homes that are available for rent, as well as new and existing condominiums and single-family homes for sale. All of our multifamily properties are located in developed areas that include other multifamily properties and/or condominiums. The number of competitive multifamily properties and/or condominiums in a particular area, and any increased affordability of owner occupied single and multifamily homes caused by declining housing prices, low mortgage interest rates and government programs to promote home ownership, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to lease our apartments and the rents we are able to obtain. In addition, single-family homes and other residential properties provide housing alternatives to residents and potential residents of our multifamily properties. A decrease in residential mortgage rates may result in potential renters purchasing residences rather than leasing them, and as a result, cause a decline in occupancy rates. A decrease in residential mortgage interest rates and government-sponsored programs to promote home ownership may encourage potential renters to purchase residences rather than lease them, thereby causing a decline in the occupancy rates of our properties. We depend on our residents for substantially all of our revenues. Poor resident selection and defaults and nonrenewals by our residents may adversely affect our reputation, financial performance and ability to make distributions. We depend on rental income from residents for substantially all of our revenues. As a result, our success depends in large part upon our ability to attract and retain qualified residents for our properties. Our reputation, financial performance and ability to make distributions to our shareholders would be adversely affected if a significant number of our residents fail to meet their lease obligations or fail to renew their leases. For example, residents may default on rent payments, make unreasonable and repeated demands for service or improvements, make unsupported or unjustified complaints to regulatory or political authorities, use our properties for illegal purposes, damage or make unauthorized structural changes to our properties that are not covered by security deposits, refuse to leave the property upon termination of the lease, engage in domestic violence or similar disturbances, disturb nearby residents with noise, trash, odors or eyesores, fail to comply with HOA regulations, sublet to less desirable individuals in violation of our lease or permit unauthorized persons to live with them. Damage to our properties may delay re- leasing after eviction, necessitate expensive repairs or impair the rental income or value of the property resulting in a lower than expected rate of return. Increases in unemployment levels and other adverse changes in the economic conditions in our markets could result in substantial resident defaults. In the event of a resident default or bankruptcy, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord at that property and will incur costs in protecting our investment and re-leasing the property. In addition, we rely on information supplied by prospective residents in making resident selections, which may in some cases be false. We may fail to consummate future property acquisitions, and we may not be able to find suitable alternative investment opportunities. When acquiring properties in the future, we may be subject to various closing conditions, and there can be no assurance that we can satisfy these conditions or that the acquisitions will close. If we fail to consummate future acquisitions, there can be no assurance that we will be able to find suitable alternative investment opportunities. Acquisitions may not yield anticipated results, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations. We intend to actively acquire multifamily properties for rental operations as market conditions, including access to the debt and equity markets, dictate. We may also acquire multifamily properties that are unoccupied or in the early stages of lease- up. We may be unable to lease-up these multifamily properties on schedule, resulting in decreases in expected rental revenues and/or lower yields as the result of lower occupancy and rental rates as well as higher than expected concessions. We may underestimate the costs necessary to bring an acquired property up to standards established for its intended market position or to complete a development project. We may be unable to integrate the existing operations of newly acquired multifamily properties and over time such communities may not perform as well as existing communities or as we initially anticipated in terms of occupancy and/or rental rates. Additionally, we expect that other major real estate investors with significant capital will compete with us for attractive investment opportunities or may also develop properties in markets where we focus our development efforts. This competition may increase acquisition costs for multifamily properties. We may not be in a position or have the opportunity in the future to make suitable property acquisitions on favorable terms. 22 We are subject to certain risks associated with selling apartment communities, which could limit our operational and financial flexibility. We periodically dispose of apartment communities that no longer meet our strategic objectives, but adverse market conditions may make it difficult to sell apartment communities like the ones we own. We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property for the price or on the terms we set, or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and to close the sale of a property. Furthermore, we may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a property can be sold. These conditions may limit our ability to dispose of properties and to change our portfolio promptly in order to meet our strategic objectives, which may in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and the market value of our assets. We are also subject to the following risks in connection with sales of our apartment communities: • a significant portion of the proceeds from our overall property sales may be held by intermediaries in order for some sales to qualify as an exchange under Section 1031 of the Code (“1031 Exchanges”) so that any related capital gain can be deferred for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, we may not have immediate access to all of the cash proceeds generated from our property sales; and • U.S. federal income tax laws limit our ability to profit on the sale of communities that we have owned for less than two years, and this limitation may prevent us from selling communities when market conditions are favorable. We may be subject to contingent or unknown liabilities related to properties or businesses that we have acquired or may acquire for which we may have limited or no recourse against the sellers. The properties or businesses that we have acquired or may acquire, may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which we have limited or no recourse against the sellers. Unknown liabilities might include liabilities for, among other things, cleanup or remediation of undisclosed environmental conditions, liabilities under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), claims of residents, vendors or other persons dealing with the entities prior to the acquisition of such property, tax liabilities, and accrued but unpaid liabilities whether incurred in the ordinary course of business or otherwise. Because many liabilities, including tax liabilities, may not be identified within the applicable contractual indemnification period, we may have no recourse against any of the owners from whom we acquire such properties for these liabilities. The existence of such liabilities could significantly and adversely affect the value of the property subject to such liability. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based on ownership of any of such properties, then we might have to pay substantial sums to settle it, which could adversely affect our cash flows. We are subject to losses that are either uninsurable, not economically insurable or that are in excess of our insurance coverage. There are certain types of losses (including, but not limited to, losses arising from environmental conditions, earthquakes, tornados and hurricanes, acts of war or certain kinds of terrorist attacks) that are not insured, in full or in part, because they are either uninsurable or the cost of insurance makes it, in our belief, economically impractical to maintain such coverage. We carry commercial general liability insurance, property insurance and terrorism insurance with respect to our communities with limits and on terms we consider commercially reasonable. If an uninsured loss or liability were to occur, whether because of a lack of insurance coverage or a loss in excess of insured limits, we could lose our capital invested in a community, as well as the anticipated future revenues from such community. We would also continue to be obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the community. If an uninsured liability to a third party were to occur, we would incur the cost of defense and settlement with, or court ordered damages to, that third party. A significant uninsured property or liability loss could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition and results of operations. Compliance with various laws and regulations, including accessibility, building and health and safety laws and regulations, may be costly, may adversely affect our operations or expose us to liability. In addition to compliance with environmental regulations, we must comply with various laws and regulations such as accessibility, building, zoning, landlord/tenant and health and safety laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the ADA and the FHA. Some of those laws and regulations may conflict with one another or be subject to limited judicial or regulatory interpretations. Under those laws and regulations, we may be liable for, among other things, the costs of bringing our properties into compliance with the statutory and regulatory requirements. Noncompliance with certain of these laws and regulations may result in liability without regard to fault and the imposition of fines and could give rise to actions brought against us by governmental entities and/or third parties who claim to be or have been damaged as a consequence of an apartment not being in compliance with the subject laws and regulations. As part of our due diligence procedures in connection with the acquisition of a property, we typically conduct an investigation of the property’s compliance with known laws and regulatory requirements with which we must comply once we acquire a property, including a review of compliance with the ADA and local zoning 23 regulations. Our investigations and these assessments may not have revealed, and may not with respect to future acquisitions reveal, all potential noncompliance issues or related liabilities and we can provide no assurance that our properties have been, or that our future projects will be, designed and built in accordance with all applicable legal requirements. The development, construction and operation of our communities are subject to regulations and permitting under various federal, state and local laws, regulations and ordinances, which regulate matters including wetlands protection, storm water runoff and wastewater discharge. Noncompliance with such laws and regulations may subject us to fines and penalties. We can provide no assurance that we will not incur any material liabilities as a result of noncompliance with these laws. We may obtain only limited warranties when we acquire a property and may only have limited recourse if our due diligence did not identify any issues that may subject us to unknown liabilities or lower the value of our property, which could adversely affect our financial condition and ability to make distributions to you. The seller of a property often sells the property in its “as is” condition on a “where is” basis and “with all faults,” without any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. In addition, purchase agreements may contain only limited warranties, representations and indemnifications that will survive for only a limited period after the closing. The acquisition of, or purchase of, properties with limited warranties increases the risk that we may lose some or all of our invested capital in the property, lose rental income from that property or may be subject to unknown liabilities with respect to such properties. Representations and warranties made by us in connection with sales of our properties may subject us to liability that could result in losses and could harm our operating results and, therefore, distributions we make to our stockholders. When we sell a property, we may be required to make representations and warranties regarding the property and other customary items. In the event of a breach of such representations or warranties, the purchaser of the property may have claims for damages against us, rights to indemnification from us or otherwise have remedies against us. In any such case, we may incur liabilities that could result in losses and could harm our operating results and, therefore distributions we make to our stockholders. Short-term apartment leases expose us to the effects of declining market rent, which could adversely affect our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders. Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. Because these leases generally permit the residents to leave at the end of the lease term without penalty, our rental revenues may be impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms. We may be subject to risks involved in real estate activity through joint ventures. We may acquire properties through joint ventures when we believe circumstances warrant the use of such structures. Joint venture investments involve risks, including: the possibility that joint venture partners might refuse to make capital contributions when due; that we may be responsible to joint venture partners for indemnifiable losses; that joint venture partners might at any time have business or economic goals which are inconsistent with ours; and that joint venture partners may be in a position to take action or withhold consent contrary to our recommendations, instructions or requests. In some instances, joint venture partners may have competing interests in our markets that could create conflicts of interest. Further, joint venture partners may fail to meet their obligations to the joint venture as a result of financial distress or otherwise, and we would be forced to make contributions to maintain the value of the property. To the extent joint venture partners do not meet their obligations to the joint venture or they take action inconsistent with the interests of the joint venture, we could be adversely affected. If we acquire properties through joint ventures, we may be required to make decisions jointly with the other investors who have interests in the respective joint ventures. We might not have the same interests as the other investors in relation to these decisions or transactions. Accordingly, we might not be able to favorably resolve any of these issues, or we might have to provide financial or other inducements to the other investors to obtain a favorable resolution. In addition, various restrictive provisions and third-party rights, including consent rights to certain transactions, may apply to sales or transfers of interests in joint ventures. Consequently, decisions to buy or sell interests in a property or properties relating to joint ventures may be subject to the prior consent of other investors. These restrictive provisions and third-party rights would potentially preclude us from achieving full value of the properties because of our inability to obtain the necessary consents to sell or transfer the interests. 24 The Company’s real estate assets may be subject to impairment charges. A decline in the fair value of our assets may require us to recognize an impairment against our assets under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) if we were to determine that, with respect to any assets in unrealized loss positions, we do not have the ability and intent to hold such assets for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery of the depreciated cost of such assets. If such a determination were to be made, we would recognize unrealized losses through earnings and write-down the depreciated cost of such assets to a new cost basis, based on the fair value of such assets on the date they are considered to be impaired. Such impairment charges reflect non-cash losses at the time of recognition; subsequent disposition or sale of such assets could further affect our future losses or gains, as they are based on the difference between the sale price received and adjusted amortized cost of such assets at the time of sale. If we are required to recognize material asset impairment charges, these charges could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our business and reputation depend on our ability to continue providing high quality housing and consistent operation of our communities, the failure of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We provide residents with reliable services, including water and electric power, along with the consistent operation of our communities, including a wide variety of amenities. Public utilities, especially those that provide water and electric power, are fundamental for the consistent operation of our communities. The delayed delivery or any prolonged interruption of these services may cause residents to terminate their leases or may result in a reduction of rents and/or increase in our costs or other issues. In addition, we may fail to provide quality housing and continuous access to amenities as a result of other factors, including government mandated closures, mechanical failure, power outage, human error, vandalism, physical or electronic security breaches, war, terrorism or similar events. Such events may also expose us to additional liability claims and damage our reputation and brand and could cause residents to terminate or not renew their leases, or prospective residents to seek housing elsewhere. Any such failures could impair our ability to continue providing quality housing and consistent operation of our communities, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We are dependent on a concentration of our investments in a single asset class, making our results of operations more vulnerable to a downturn in the sector. As of December 31, 2023, substantially all of our investments are concentrated in the multifamily apartment sector. As a result, we are subject to risks inherent in investments in a single type of property. A downturn or slowdown in the demand for multifamily housing may have more pronounced effects on our results of operations or on the value of our assets than if we had diversified our investments into more than one asset class. Risks Related to Health and the Environment Our environmental assessments may not identify all potential environmental liabilities and our remediation actions may be insufficient. Properties being considered for potential acquisition by us are subjected to at least a Phase I or similar environmental assessment prior to closing, which generally does not involve invasive techniques such as soil or ground water sampling. A Phase II assessment is conducted if recommended in the Phase I report. These assessments, together with subsurface assessments conducted on some properties, have not revealed, and we are not otherwise aware of, any environmental conditions that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, financial condition or results of operations. However, such environmental assessments may not identify all potential environmental liabilities. Moreover, we may in the future discover adverse environmental conditions at our communities, including at communities we acquire in the future, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, financial condition or results of operations. In connection with our ownership, operation and selective development of communities, from time to time we undertake substantial remedial action in response to the presence of subsurface or other contaminants, including contaminants in soil, groundwater and soil vapor beneath or affecting our buildings. In some cases, an indemnity exists upon which we may be able to rely if environmental liability arises from the contamination, or if remediation costs exceed estimates. We can provide no assurance, however, that all necessary remediation actions have been or will be undertaken at our communities or that we will be indemnified, in full or at all, in the event that environmental liability arises. We may face high costs associated with the investigation or remediation of environmental contamination, including asbestos, lead-based paint, chemical vapor, subsurface contamination and mold growth. We are subject to various federal, state and local environmental and public health laws, regulations and ordinances. Under various federal, state and local environmental and public health laws, regulations and ordinances, we may be required, regardless of knowledge or responsibility, to investigate and remediate the effects of hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum 25 product releases at our properties (including in some cases natural substances such as methane and radon gas) and may be held liable under these laws or common law to a governmental entity or to third parties for property, personal injury or natural resources damages and for investigation and remediation costs incurred as a result of the contamination. These damages and costs may be substantial and may exceed any insurance coverage we have for such events. The presence of such substances, or the failure to properly remediate the contamination, may adversely affect our ability to borrow against, sell or rent the affected property. In addition, some environmental laws create or allow a government agency to impose a lien on the contaminated site in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs as a result of the contamination. We face risks relating to asbestos. Certain federal, state and local laws, regulations and ordinances govern the removal, encapsulation or disturbance of asbestos containing materials (“ACMs”) when such materials are in poor condition or in the event of renovation or demolition of a building. These laws and the common law may impose liability for release of ACMs and may allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators of real properties for personal injury associated with exposure to ACMs. ACMs may have been used in the construction of a number of the communities that we acquired and may have been used in the construction of communities we acquire in the future. We will implement an operations and maintenance program at each of the communities at which we discover ACMs. We can provide no assurance that we will not incur any material liabilities as a result of the presence of ACMs at our communities. We face risks relating to lead-based paint. Some of our communities may have lead-based paint and we may have to implement an operations and maintenance program at some of our communities. Communities that we acquire in the future may also have lead-based paint. We can provide no assurance that we will not incur any material liabilities as a result of the presence of lead-based paint at our communities. We face risks relating to chemical vapors and subsurface contamination. We are also aware that environmental agencies and third parties have, in the case of certain communities with on-site or nearby contamination, asserted claims for remediation, property damage or personal injury based on the alleged actual or potential intrusion into buildings of chemical vapors (e.g., radon) or volatile organic compounds from soils or groundwater underlying or in the vicinity of those buildings or on nearby properties. We can provide no assurance that we will not incur any material liabilities as a result of vapor intrusion at our communities. We face risks relating to mold growth. Mold growth may occur when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Although the occurrence of mold at multifamily and other structures, and the need to remediate such mold, is not a new phenomenon, there has been increased awareness in recent years that certain molds may in some instances lead to adverse health effects, including allergic or other reactions. To help limit mold growth, we educate residents about the importance of adequate ventilation and include a lease requirement that they notify us when they see mold or excessive moisture. We have established procedures for promptly addressing and remediating mold or excessive moisture when we become aware of its presence regardless of whether the resident believes or we believe a health risk is present. However, we can provide no assurance that mold or excessive moisture will be detected and remediated in a timely manner. If a significant mold problem arises at one of our communities, we could be required to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected community and could be exposed to other liabilities that may exceed any applicable insurance coverage. Risk of Pandemics or Other Health Crises. Pandemics, epidemics or other health crises, including the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), have and could in the future disrupt our business. Both global and locally targeted health events could materially affect areas where our properties, corporate offices or major service providers are located. These events have and could in the future have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity in a number of ways, including, but not limited to: • The deterioration of global economic conditions as a result of such a crisis could ultimately decrease occupancy levels and pricing across our portfolio and/or increase concessions, reduce or defer our residents’ spending, result in changes in resident preferences (including changes resulting from increased employer flexibility to work from home) or negatively impact our residents’ ability to pay their rent on time or at all; 26 • Local and national authorities expanding or extending certain measures that impose restrictions on our ability to enforce residents’ contractual rental obligations (such as eviction moratoriums or rental forgiveness) and limit our ability to raise rents or charge certain fees; • The risk of a prolonged outbreak and/or multiple waves of an outbreak could cause long-term damage to economic conditions, which in turn could diminish our access to capital at attractive terms and/or cause material declines in the fair value of our assets, leading to asset impairment charges; and • The potential inability to maintain adequate staffing at our properties and corporate offices due to an outbreak and/or changes in employee preferences causing them to leave their jobs. To the extent a pandemic, epidemic or other health crisis adversely affects our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, it may also continue to heighten many of the other risks described elsewhere in this Item 1A, Risk Factors. Risks Related to Indebtedness Variable rate debt is subject to interest rate risk, which could increase our interest expense, increase the cost to refinance and increase the cost of issuing new debt. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $1.5 billion of our total debt outstanding bears interest at variable rates, and we may also borrow additional money at variable interest rates in the future. As of December 31, 2023, 10 interest rate swap agreements, with a combined notional amount of $1.2 billion and terms expiring in 2024, 2025 and 2026, effectively fix the interest rate on $1.2 billion, or 76%, of our $1.5 billion of floating rate debt outstanding. As of December 31, 2023, the interest rate cap agreements we have entered into effectively cap the applicable reference rate on $1.3 billion of our floating rate mortgage debt outstanding at a weighted average rate of 5.90% for the term of the agreements, which is generally 3-4 years. Except to the extent we have arrangements in place that hedge against the risk of rising interest rates, increases in interest rates would increase our interest expense under these instruments and would increase the cost of refinancing these instruments and issuing new debt. As a result, our cash flow and our ability to service our indebtedness and to make distributions to our stockholders would be adversely affected, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. We may incur mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings, which we have broad authority to incur, that may increase our business risks and decrease the value of your investment. We expect that in most instances, we will acquire real properties by using either existing financing or borrowing new funds. In addition, we may incur additional mortgage and other secured debt and pledge all or some of our unpledged real properties as security for that debt to obtain funds to acquire additional real properties. We may borrow if we need funds to satisfy the REIT tax qualification requirement that we generally distribute annually to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which does not equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP), determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. We also may borrow if we otherwise deem it necessary or advisable to assure that we maintain our qualification as a REIT. If there is a shortfall between the cash flow from a property and the cash flow needed to service the related debt, then the amount available for distributions to stockholders may be reduced. In addition, incurring secured debt increases the risk of loss since defaults on indebtedness secured by a property may result in lenders initiating foreclosure actions. In that case, we could lose the property securing the loan that is in default, thus reducing the value of your investment. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our properties subject to a nonrecourse mortgage loan would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but would not receive any cash proceeds. In such event, we may be unable to pay the amount of distributions required in order to maintain our REIT status. Foreclosure could also trigger tax indemnification obligations under the terms of any tax protection agreements with respect to the sales of properties subject to any such agreements. We may give full or partial guarantees to lenders of mortgage and other secured debt to the entities that own our properties. When we provide a guaranty on behalf of an entity that owns one of our properties, we will be responsible to the lender for satisfaction of the debt if it is not paid by such entity. If any mortgages or other secured debt contain cross-collateralization or cross-default provisions, a default on a single property could affect multiple properties. If any of our properties are foreclosed upon due to a default, our ability to pay cash distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected, which could result in losing our REIT status and would result in a decrease in the value of your investment. 27 We have a substantial amount of indebtedness, which may limit our financial and operating activities and may adversely affect our ability to incur additional debt to fund future needs. As of December 31, 2023, there was $1.6 billion of mortgage debt outstanding related to our portfolio. Payments of principal and interest on borrowings may leave us with insufficient cash resources to operate our properties, fully implement our capital expenditure, acquisition and development activities, or pay the dividends necessary to maintain our REIT qualification. Our level of debt and the limitations imposed on us by our debt agreements could have significant adverse consequences, including the following: • require us to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to the payment of principal, and interest on, indebtedness, thereby reducing the funds available for other purposes; • make it more difficult for us to borrow additional funds as needed or on favorable terms, which could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to meet operational needs; • force us to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on unfavorable terms (including the possible application of the 100% tax on income from prohibited transactions, discussed below in “—Risks Related to Our Structure”) or in violation of certain covenants to which we may be subject; subject us to increased sensitivity to an increase in or high interest rate; • • make us more vulnerable to economic downturns, adverse industry conditions or catastrophic external events; • • • • limit our ability to withstand competitive pressures; limit our ability to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or the refinancing terms may be less favorable than the terms of our original indebtedness; reduce our flexibility in planning for or responding to changing business, industry and economic conditions; and/or place us at a competitive disadvantage to competitors that have relatively less debt than we have. If any one of these consequences were to materialize, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and trading price of our common stock could be adversely affected. Furthermore, foreclosures could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, which could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code. We may be unable to refinance current or future indebtedness on favorable terms, if at all. We may not be able to refinance existing debt on terms as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness, or at all, including as a result of increases in interest rates or a decline in the value of our portfolio or portions thereof. If principal payments due at maturity cannot be refinanced, extended or paid with proceeds of other capital transactions, such as new equity capital, our operating cash flow will not be sufficient in all years to repay all maturing debt. As a result, certain of our other debt may default, we may be forced to postpone capital expenditures necessary for the maintenance of our properties, we may have to dispose of one or more properties on terms that would otherwise be unacceptable to us or we may be forced to allow the mortgage holder to foreclose on a property. Foreclosure on mortgaged properties or an inability to refinance existing indebtedness would likely have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations and could adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Our debt agreements include restrictive covenants, which could limit our flexibility and our ability to make distributions. Our debt agreements, including our lines of credit, contain customary negative covenants that, among other things, limit our ability, without the prior consent of the lender, to further mortgage the property, to reduce or change insurance coverage or to engage in material asset sales, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions. Our debt agreements require certain mandatory prepayments upon disposition of underlying collateral. Early repayments of certain debt are subject to prepayment penalties. Failure to comply with these covenants could cause a default under the agreements and result in a requirement to repay the indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have an adverse effect on our cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. In addition, loan documents may limit our ability to replace a property’s property manager or terminate certain operating or lease agreements related to a property. These or other limitations would decrease our operating flexibility and our ability to achieve our operating objectives. If we are required to make payments under any “bad boy” carve out guarantees that we have provided in connection with certain mortgages and related loans, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected. In obtaining certain non-recourse loans, we have provided our lenders with standard carve out guarantees. These guarantees are only applicable if and when the borrower directly, or indirectly through an agreement with an affiliate, joint 28 venture partner or other third party, voluntarily files a bankruptcy or similar liquidation or reorganization action or takes other actions that are fraudulent or improper (commonly referred to as “bad boy” guarantees). Although we believe that “bad boy” carve out guarantees are not guarantees of payment in the event of foreclosure or other actions of the foreclosing lender that are beyond the borrower’s control, some lenders in the real estate industry have recently sought to make claims for payment under such guarantees. In the event such a claim were made against us under a “bad boy” carve out guarantee, following foreclosure on mortgages or related loans, and such claim were successful, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected. Derivatives and hedging activity could adversely affect cash flow. In the normal course of business, we use derivatives to manage our exposure to interest rate volatility on debt instruments, including hedging for future debt issuances. At other times, we may utilize derivatives to increase our exposure to floating interest rates. However, these hedging arrangements may not have the desired beneficial impact. Hedging arrangements, which can include a number of counterparties, may expose us to additional risks, including failure of any of our counterparties to perform under these contracts, and may involve extensive costs, such as transaction fees or, if we terminate them, breakage costs. No strategy can completely insulate us from the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. Risks Related to Our Structure The Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by Highland Capital Management, L.P. (“Highland”) may have materially adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and results of operations. On October 16, 2019, Highland, a former affiliate of our Sponsor, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection with the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (the “Highland Bankruptcy”), which was subsequently transferred to the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas (the “Bankruptcy Court”). On January 9, 2020, the Bankruptcy Court approved a change of control of Highland, which involved the resignation of James Dondero as the sole director of, and the appointment of an independent board to, Highland’s general partner. On September 21, 2020, Highland filed a plan of reorganization and disclosure statement with the Bankruptcy Court, which was subsequently amended (the “Fifth Amended Plan of Reorganization”). On October 9, 2020, Mr. Dondero resigned as an employee of Highland and as portfolio manager for all Highland- advised funds. As a result of these changes, our Sponsor is no longer under common control with Highland and therefore Highland is no longer affiliated with us. On February 22, 2021, the Bankruptcy Court entered an order confirming Highlands’s Fifth Amended Plan of Reorganization (the “Plan”), which became effective on August 11, 2021. On October 15, 2021, Marc S. Kirschner, as litigation trustee of a litigation subtrust formed pursuant to the Plan, filed a lawsuit (the “Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit”) against various persons and entities, including our Sponsor and James Dondero. The Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit does not include claims related to our business or our assets or operations. On March 27, 2023, Marc S. Kirschner filed a motion seeking to voluntarily stay the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit, which motion was granted on April 4, 2023. As of January 30, 2024, the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit continues to be stayed. The Highland Bankruptcy and lawsuits filed in connection therewith, including the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit, could expose our Sponsor, our Adviser, our affiliates, our management and/or us to negative publicity, which might adversely affect our reputation and/or investor confidence in us, and/or future debt or equity capital raising activities. In addition, the Highland Bankruptcy and the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit may be both time consuming and disruptive to our operations and cause significant diversion of management attention and resources which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the Highland Bankruptcy has and may continue to expose our Sponsor, our Adviser and our affiliates to claims arising out of our former relationship with Highland that could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Litigation against James Dondero and others may have materially adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and results of operations. On February 8, 2023, UBS Securities LLC and its affiliate (collectively, “UBS”) filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York against Mr. Dondero and a number of other persons and entities seeking to collect on $1.3 billion in judgments UBS obtained against entities that were managed indirectly by Highland (the “UBS Lawsuit”). The UBS Lawsuit does not include claims related to our business or our assets. While neither our Sponsor nor our Adviser are parties to the UBS Lawsuit, these proceedings could expose our Sponsor, our Adviser, our affiliates, our management and/or us to negative publicity, which might adversely affect our reputation and/or investor confidence in us, and/or future debt or equity capital raising activities. In addition, the UBS Lawsuit may be both time consuming and disruptive to our operations and cause significant diversion of management attention and resources which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial 29 condition and results of operations. The Board has formed an independent special committee to oversee a review of the UBS Lawsuit and its potential impact on the Company. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Overview” below for additional information. We depend upon key personnel of our Adviser and its affiliates and our property manager. We are an externally managed REIT and therefore we do not have any internal management capacity and only have accounting employees. We also depend on BH for our property management and construction services. We depend to a significant degree on the diligence, skill and network of business contacts of the management team and other key personnel of our Adviser and of our property manager to achieve our investment objectives, including Messrs. Dondero, Mitts, McGraner and Sauter, all of whom may be difficult to replace. We expect that our Adviser will evaluate, negotiate, structure, close and monitor our investments in accordance with the terms of the Advisory Agreement. We also depend upon the senior professionals of our Adviser and our property manager to maintain relationships with sources of potential investments, and we rely upon these relationships to provide us with potential investment opportunities. We cannot assure you that these individuals will continue to provide indirect investment advice to us. If these individuals, including the members of the management team of our Adviser, do not maintain their existing relationships with our Adviser, maintain existing relationships or develop new relationships with other sources of investment opportunities, we may not be able to grow our investment portfolio. In addition, individuals with whom the senior professionals of our Adviser and our property manager have relationships are not obligated to provide us with investment opportunities. Therefore, we can offer no assurance that such relationships will generate investment opportunities for us. We may not replicate the historical results achieved by other entities managed or sponsored by affiliates of our Adviser, members of our Adviser’s management team or by Highland or its affiliates. Our primary focus in making investments generally differs from that of existing investment funds, accounts or other investment vehicles that are or have been managed by affiliates of our Adviser, members of our Adviser’s management team or sponsored by our former affiliate Highland or its affiliates. In addition, the previously sponsored investment programs by Highland were significantly different from us in terms of targeted assets, regulatory structure and limitations, investment strategy and objectives and investment personnel. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results, and there can be no assurance that we will achieve comparable results of those Highland affiliates. We also cannot assure you that we will replicate the historical results achieved by entities managed by affiliates of our Adviser or members of the management team, and we caution you that our investment returns could be substantially lower than the returns achieved by them in prior periods. Additionally, all or a portion of the prior results may have been achieved in particular market conditions which may never be repeated. Our Adviser can resign on 30 days’ notice from its role as adviser, and we may not be able to find a suitable replacement within that time, resulting in a disruption in our operations that could adversely affect our financial condition, business, and results of operations and cash flows. The Advisory Agreement gives our Adviser the right to resign after giving not more than 60 nor less than 30 days’ written notice, whether we have found a replacement or not. If our Adviser resigns, we may not be able to find a new adviser or hire internal management with similar expertise and ability to provide the same or equivalent services on acceptable terms within 30 to 60 days, or at all. If we are unable to do so quickly, our operations are likely to experience a disruption and our financial condition, business and results of operations, as well as our ability to pay distributions, are likely to be adversely affected. In addition, the coordination of our internal management and investment activities is likely to suffer if we are unable to identify and reach an agreement with a single institution or group of executives having the experience possessed by our Adviser and its affiliates. Even if we are able to retain comparable management, the integration of such management and its lack of familiarity with our investment objectives may result in additional costs and time delays that may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. You will have limited control over changes in our policies and operations, which increases the uncertainty and risks you face as a stockholder. Our Board determines our major policies, including our policies regarding financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions. Our Board may amend or revise these and other policies without your vote. Our Board’s broad discretion in setting policies and your inability to exert control over those policies increases the uncertainty and risks you face as a stockholder. 30 We may change our targeted investments without stockholder consent. We expect our portfolio of investments in commercial real estate to consist primarily of multifamily properties. Though this is our current target portfolio, we may make adjustments to our target portfolio based on real estate market conditions and investment opportunities, and we may change our targeted investments and investment guidelines at any time without the consent of our stockholders. Any such change could result in us making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, the investments described in this Annual Report. These policies may change over time. A change in our targeted investments or investment guidelines, which may occur without notice to you or without your consent, may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could adversely affect the value of our common stock and our ability to make distributions to you. We intend to disclose any changes in our investment policies in our next required periodic report, if any. We pay substantial fees and expenses to our Adviser and its affiliates and to our property manager, which payments increase the risk that you will not earn a profit on your investment. Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, we pay significant fees to our Adviser and its affiliates. Those fees include advisory and administrative fees and obligations to reimburse our Adviser and its affiliates for expenses they incur in connection with providing services to us, including certain personnel services. Additionally, pursuant to the Management Agreements we have entered into with BH, we pay significant fees to BH. These fees include property management fees, construction management and other customary property manager fees. If we internalize our management functions, the percentage of our outstanding common stock owned by our other stockholders could be reduced, and we could incur other significant costs associated with being self-managed. In the future, our Board may consider internalizing the functions performed for us by our Adviser by, among other methods, acquiring our Adviser’s assets. The method by which we could internalize these functions could take many forms. There is no assurance that internalizing our management functions will be beneficial to us and our stockholders. An acquisition of our Adviser could result in a dilution of your interests as a stockholder and could reduce earnings per share and FFO, Core FFO and AFFO per share. Additionally, we may not realize the perceived benefits, we may not be able to properly integrate a new staff of managers and employees or we may not be able to effectively replicate the services provided previously by our Adviser, property manager or their affiliates. Internalization transactions, including without limitation, transactions involving the acquisition of affiliated advisers or property managers have also, in some cases, been the subject of litigation. Even if these claims are without merit, we could be forced to spend significant amounts of money defending claims that would reduce the amount of funds available for us to invest in properties or other investments and to pay distributions. All of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay distributions. There are significant potential conflicts of interest that could affect our investment returns. As a result of our arrangements with our Adviser, there may be times when our Adviser or its affiliates have interests that differ from those of our stockholders, giving rise to a conflict of interest. Our directors and management team serve or may serve as officers, directors or principals of entities that operate in the same or a related line of business as we do, or of investment funds managed by our Adviser or its affiliates. Similarly, our Adviser or its affiliates may have other clients with similar, different or competing investment objectives, including, but not limited to, NexPoint Real Estate Finance, Inc., VineBrook Homes Trust, Inc., NexPoint Homes Trust, Inc. and NexPoint Diversified Real Estate Trust. In serving in these multiple capacities, they may have obligations to other clients or investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which may not be in the best interest of us or our stockholders. For example, the management team of our Adviser has, and will continue to have, management responsibilities for other investment funds, accounts or other investment vehicles managed or sponsored by our Adviser or its affiliates. Our investment objectives may overlap with the investment objectives of such affiliated investment funds, accounts or other investment vehicles. As a result, those individuals may face conflicts in the allocation of investment opportunities among us and other investment funds or accounts advised by or affiliated with our Adviser. Our Adviser will seek to allocate investment opportunities among eligible accounts in a manner consistent with its allocation policy. However, we can offer no assurance that such opportunities will be allocated to us fairly or equitably in the short-term or over time. Additionally, under the Advisory Agreement, our Adviser does not assume any responsibility to us other than to render the services called for under that agreement, and it will not be responsible for any action of our Board in following or declining to follow our Adviser’s advice or recommendations. In addition, we have agreed to indemnify our Adviser and each of its officers, directors, members, managers and employees from and against any claims or liabilities, including reasonable legal fees and other expenses reasonably incurred, arising out of or in connection with our business and operations or any action taken or omitted on 31 our behalf pursuant to authority granted by the Advisory Agreement, except where attributable to gross negligence, willful misconduct, bad faith or reckless disregard of such person’s duties under the Advisory Agreement. These protections may lead our Adviser to act in a riskier manner when acting on our behalf than it would when acting for its own account. Our Adviser faces conflicts of interest relating to the fee structure under our Advisory Agreement, which could result in actions that are not necessarily in the long-term best interest of our stockholders. Under our Advisory Agreement, our Adviser or its affiliates is entitled to fees that are structured in a manner intended to provide incentives to our Adviser to perform in our best interest and in the best interest of our stockholders. However, because our Adviser is entitled to receive substantial compensation regardless of performance, our Adviser’s interests are not wholly aligned with those of our stockholders. In that regard, our Adviser could be motivated to recommend riskier or more speculative investments that would entitle our Adviser to the highest fees. For example, because advisory and administrative fees payable to our Adviser are based on our total real estate assets, including any form of investment leverage, our Adviser may have an incentive to incur a high level of leverage or to acquire properties on less than favorable terms in order to increase the total amount of real estate assets under management. In addition, our Adviser’s ability to receive higher fees and reimbursements depends on our continued investment in real properties. Therefore, the interest of our Adviser and its affiliates in receiving fees may conflict with the interest of our stockholders in earning income on their investment in our common stock. Our Adviser, Sponsor and their officers and employees face competing demands relating to their time, and this may cause our operating results to suffer. Our Adviser, our Sponsor and their officers and employees and their respective affiliates are key personnel, general partners, sponsors, managers, owners and advisers of other real estate investment programs, including investment products sponsored by affiliates of our Adviser, some of which have investment objectives and legal and financial obligations similar to ours and may have other business interests as well. Because these persons have competing demands on their time and resources, they may have conflicts of interest in allocating their time between our business and these other activities. If this occurs, the returns on our investments may suffer. We may compete with other entities affiliated with our Sponsor and property manager for residents. Neither our Sponsor and its affiliates nor BH and its affiliates is prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any other business or from possessing interests in any other business venture, including ventures involved in the acquisition, development, ownership, management, leasing or sale of real estate, including properties in the vicinity of the properties in our portfolio. Our Sponsor and/or its affiliates and BH and its affiliates may own and/or manage properties in the same geographical areas in which we currently own and expect to acquire real estate assets. Therefore, our properties may compete for residents with other properties owned and/or managed by our Sponsor and its affiliates and BH and its affiliates. Our Sponsor and BH may face conflicts of interest when evaluating resident opportunities for our properties and other properties owned and/or managed by our Sponsor and its affiliates and BH and its affiliates, and these conflicts of interest may have a negative impact on our ability to attract and retain residents. Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory, Tax and Accounting Our failure to qualify as a REIT for U.S federal income tax purposes would reduce the amount of income we have available for distribution and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, regarding our organization and ownership, distributions of our income, the nature and diversification of our income and assets and other tests imposed by the Code. Meeting some of these requirements may involve the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. The REIT qualification requirements are extremely complex and interpretation of the U.S. federal income tax laws governing qualification as a REIT is limited. Furthermore, future legislative, judicial or administrative changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws could be applied retroactively, which could result in our disqualification as a REIT. We believe we have been and are organized and qualify as a REIT, and we intend to operate in a manner that will permit us to continue to qualify as a REIT. However, we cannot assure you that we have qualified as a REIT, or that we will remain qualified as a REIT in the future. If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT for any taxable year, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at corporate rates, could be subject to increased state and local taxes and dividends paid to our stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Any resulting corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders, which in turn could have an adverse impact on the value of shares of our common stock. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified 32 from taxation as a REIT and would not be allowed to re-elect REIT status for the four taxable years following the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would materially and adversely affect us. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Furthermore, we may acquire additional direct or indirect interests in one or more entities that will elect to be taxed as REITs under the Code (each, a “Subsidiary REIT”). A Subsidiary REIT is subject to the various REIT qualification requirements and other limitations described herein that are applicable to us. If a Subsidiary REIT were to fail to qualify as a REIT, then (i) that Subsidiary REIT would become subject to U.S. federal income tax and (ii) the Subsidiary REIT’s failure to qualify could have an adverse effect on our ability to comply with the REIT income and asset tests, and thus could impair our ability to qualify as a REIT unless we could avail ourselves of certain relief provisions. If our operating partnership failed to qualify as a partnership or is not otherwise disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we would cease to qualify as a REIT. Our operating partnership intends to qualify as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intends to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. We cannot assure you, however, that the IRS will not challenge the status of our operating partnership or any other subsidiary partnership in which we own an interest as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If classified as a partnership, our operating partnership generally will not be a taxable entity and will not incur any U.S. federal income tax liability. Instead, each of its partners, including us, will be allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of our operating partnership’s income. However, our operating partnership would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes if it was a “publicly traded partnership,” unless at least 90% of its income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although our operating partnership’s partnership units are not traded on an established securities market, the operating partnership’s units could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and our operating partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. Our operating partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If our operating partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, it would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless we qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, and our ability to raise additional capital and pay distributions to our stockholders would be impaired. Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. To qualify as a REIT, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our capital stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance. In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified REIT real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities, securities of TRSs and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities, securities of TRSs and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate, or contribute to a TRS, otherwise attractive investments from our portfolio, and may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise advantageous to us in order to satisfy the tests for qualifying as a REIT. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders. Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge our liabilities effectively and may cause us to incur tax liabilities. The REIT provisions of the Code may limit our ability to hedge our liabilities. Any income from a hedging transaction we enter into to manage risk of interest rate changes, price changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made to acquire or carry real estate assets or to offset certain other positions, if properly identified under applicable Treasury Regulations, does not constitute “gross income” for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests. To the extent that we enter 33 into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions will likely be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may need to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities because our TRSs would be subject to tax on gains or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear. In addition, losses from hedges held in a TRS generally will not provide any tax benefit, except for being carried forward against future taxable income of such TRS. Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flows. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes or non-U.S. taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, property and transfer taxes. In addition, our TRS and any TRS we form in the future will be subject to corporate U.S. federal, state and local taxes. State, local and non-U.S. income tax laws may differ substantially from the corresponding U.S. federal income tax laws. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distributions to stockholders. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of the other U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax laws on an investment in our stock. Our ownership of interests in TRSs raises certain tax risks. A TRS is a corporation other than a REIT in which a REIT directly or indirectly holds stock, and that has made a joint election with such REIT to be treated as a TRS. A TRS also includes any corporation other than a REIT with respect to which a TRS owns securities possessing more than 35% of the total voting power or value of the outstanding securities of such corporation. Other than some activities relating to lodging and health care facilities, a TRS may generally engage in any business, including the provision of customary or non-customary services to residents of its parent REIT. A TRS is subject to income tax as a C corporation. We currently own interests in a TRS and may acquire securities in additional TRSs in the future. We will be required to pay a 100% tax on any “redetermined rents,” “redetermined deductions,” “excess interest” or “redetermined TRS service income.” In general, redetermined rents are rents from real property that are overstated as a result of services furnished to any of our residents by a TRS of ours. Redetermined deductions and excess interest generally represent amounts that are deducted by a TRS of ours for amounts paid to us that are in excess of the amounts that would have been deducted based on arm’s-length negotiations. Redetermined TRS service income generally represents amounts by which the gross income of a TRS attributable to its services for or on behalf of us (other than to a resident of ours) would be increased based on arm’s length negotiations. Our TRS is and any TRS we acquire in the future will be subject to corporate income tax at the U.S. federal, state and local levels, (including on the gain realized from the sale of property held by it, as well as on income earned while such property is operated by the TRS). This tax obligation, if material, would diminish the amount of the proceeds from the sale or operation of such property, or other income earned through the TRS, that would be distributable to our stockholders. U.S. federal, state and local corporate income tax rates may be increased in the future, and any such increase would reduce the amount of the net proceeds available for distribution by us to our stockholders from the sale of property or other income earned through a TRS after the effective date of any increase in such tax rates. We do not anticipate material income tax obligations in connection with our ownership of interests in TRSs. As a REIT, the value of our interests in our TRSs generally may not exceed 20% of the total value of our total assets at the end of any calendar quarter. If the IRS were to determine that the value of our interests in all of our TRSs exceeded this limit at the end of any calendar quarter, then we would fail to qualify as a REIT. If we determine it to be in our best interest to own a substantial number of our properties through one or more TRSs, then it is possible that the IRS may conclude that the value of our interests in our TRSs exceeds 20% of the value of our total assets at the end of any calendar quarter and therefore cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. Additionally, as a REIT, no more than 25% of our gross income with respect to any year may, in general, be from sources other than certain real estate-related assets. Dividends paid to us from a TRS are typically considered to be non-real estate income. Therefore, we may fail to qualify as a REIT if dividends from all of our TRSs, when aggregated with all other non-real estate income with respect to any one year, are more than 25% of our gross income with respect to such year. The sale of certain properties could result in significant tax liabilities unless we are able to defer the taxable gain through 1031 Exchanges. In general, we structure asset sales for possible inclusion in 1031 Exchanges. The ability to complete a 1031 Exchange depends on many factors, including, among others, identifying and acquiring suitable replacement property within limited time periods, and the ownership structure of the properties being sold and acquired. Therefore, we are not always able to sell an asset 34 as part of a 1031 Exchange. When successful, a 1031 Exchange enables us to defer the taxable gain on the asset sold. If we cannot defer the taxable gain resulting from the sales of certain properties, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow, the market price per share of our common stock and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and make distributions to our stockholders could be materially and adversely affected. Certain of our business activities are potentially subject to the prohibited transaction tax, which could reduce the return on your investment. For so long as we qualify as a REIT, our ability to dispose of property during the first few years following its acquisition may be restricted to a substantial extent as a result of our REIT qualification. Under applicable provisions of the Code regarding prohibited transactions by REITs, while we qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to a 100% penalty tax on any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of any property (other than foreclosure property) that we own or hold an interest in, directly or indirectly through any subsidiary entity, including our operating partnership, but generally excluding TRSs, that is deemed to be inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Whether property is inventory or otherwise held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the particular facts and circumstances surrounding each property. During such time as we qualify as a REIT, we intend to avoid the 100% prohibited transaction tax by (1) conducting activities that may otherwise be considered prohibited transactions through a TRS (but such TRS will incur corporate rate income taxes with respect to any income or gain recognized by it), (2) conducting our operations in such a manner so that no sale or other disposition of an asset we own or hold an interest in, directly or through any subsidiary, will be treated as a prohibited transaction, or (3) structuring certain dispositions of our properties to comply with the requirements of the prohibited transaction safe harbor available under the Code for properties that, among other requirements, have been held for at least two years. No assurance can be given that any particular property that we own or hold an interest in, directly or through any subsidiary entity, including our operating partnership, but generally excluding TRSs, will not be treated as inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. The 100% tax described above may limit our ability to enter into transactions that would otherwise be beneficial to us. For example, if circumstances make it not profitable or otherwise uneconomical for us to remain in certain states or geographical markets, the 100% tax could delay our ability to exit those states or markets by selling our assets in those states or markets other than through a TRS, which could harm our operating profits. To continue qualifying as a REIT, we must meet annual distribution requirements, which may force us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities or borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions. This could delay or hinder our ability to meet our investment objectives and reduce your overall return. In order to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute annually to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which does not equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP), determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. We will also be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. These requirements could cause us to distribute amounts that otherwise would be spent on investments in real estate assets and it is possible that we might be required to borrow funds, possibly at unfavorable rates, or sell assets to fund these distributions. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends on a number of factors, including the market’s perception of our growth potential, our current debt levels, and our current and potential future earnings. We cannot assure you that we will have access to such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, which may cause us to curtail our investment activities and/or to dispose of assets at inopportune times, and could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and the value of our securities. Certain types of assets generate substantial mismatches between REIT taxable income and available cash. Such assets include rental real estate that has been financed through financing structures which require some or all of available cash flows to be used to service borrowings. As a result, the requirement to distribute a substantial portion of our REIT taxable income could cause us to: (1) sell assets in adverse market conditions; (2) raise capital on unfavorable terms; or (3) distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, expansions or developments, capital expenditures or repayment of debt, in order to comply with REIT requirements. Further, amounts distributed will not be available to fund our operations. Under certain circumstances, covenants and provisions in our existing and future debt instruments may prevent us from making distributions that we deem necessary to comply with REIT requirements. It is possible that we might not always be able to make distributions sufficient to meet the annual distribution requirements and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes on our earnings while we qualify as a REIT. Furthermore, our inability to make required distributions could threaten our status as a REIT and could result in material adverse tax consequences for us and our stockholders. Alternatively, we may make taxable in-kind distributions of our own stock, which may cause our stockholders to be required to pay income taxes with respect 35 to such distributions in excess of any cash they receive, or we may be required to withhold taxes with respect to such distributions in excess of any cash our stockholders receive. Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends. Income from “qualified dividends” payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts, and estates is generally subject to tax at reduced rates. Currently, the maximum tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for this reduced rate. Distributions from REITs that are treated as dividends but are not designated as qualified dividends or capital gain dividends are treated as ordinary income. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2026, distributions from REITs that are treated as dividends but are not designated as qualified dividends or capital gain dividends are taxed as ordinary income after deducting 20% of the amount of the dividend in the case of non-corporate stockholders. To qualify for this deduction, the U.S. stockholder receiving such dividends must hold the dividend-paying REIT stock for at least 46 days taking into account certain special holding period rules) of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the stock becomes ex-dividend and cannot be under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. At the current maximum ordinary income tax rate of 37% applicable for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2026, the maximum tax rate on ordinary REIT dividends for non-corporate stockholders is 29.6%. Although this does not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our common stock. In addition, certain U.S. stockholders may be subject to a 3.8% Medicare tax on dividends payable by REITs. Tax rates could be changed in future legislation. The share ownership restrictions of the Code for REITs and the 6.2% share ownership limit in our charter may inhibit market activity in shares of our stock and restrict our business combination opportunities. In order to qualify as a REIT, five or fewer individuals, as defined in the Code, may not own, actually or constructively, more than 50% in value of our issued and outstanding shares of stock at any time during the last half of each taxable year, other than the first year for which a REIT election is made. Attribution rules in the Code determine if any individual or entity actually or constructively owns shares of our common stock for purposes of this ownership limitation. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own shares of our common stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year for each taxable year, other than the first year for which a REIT election is made. To help ensure that we meet these tests, among other purposes, our charter restricts the acquisition, ownership and transfer of shares of our common stock. Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT while we so qualify. Unless exempted by our Board (prospectively or retroactively), for so long as we qualify as a REIT, our charter prohibits, among other limitations on ownership and transfer of shares of our stock, any person from beneficially or constructively owning (applying certain attribution rules under the Code) more than 6.2% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our capital stock and more than 6.2% (in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Our Board may not grant an exemption from these restrictions to any proposed transferee whose ownership in excess of the 6.2% ownership limit would result in our failing to qualify as a REIT. Our Board granted a waiver from the ownership limits for Jim Dondero and certain of his affiliates, and may grant additional waivers in the future. These waivers will be subject to certain initial and ongoing conditions in our charter designed to protect our status as a REIT, including providing that any ownership or purported transfer of our shares in violation of the foregoing restrictions will result in the shares so owned or transferred being automatically transferred to a charitable trust for the benefit of a charitable beneficiary, and the purported owner or transferee acquiring no rights in such shares. Furthermore, if a transfer of our shares would result in our shares being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons or the transfer to a charitable trust would be ineffective for any reason to prevent a violation of the other restrictions on ownership and transfer of our shares, the transfer resulting in such violation will be void ab initio. These restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply, however, if our Board determines that it is no longer in our best interest to qualify as a REIT or that compliance with the restrictions is no longer required in order for us to so qualify as a REIT. These ownership limits could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of the stockholders. The ability of the Board to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders. Our charter provides that our Board may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to be a REIT, we will not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing our taxable income and will be subject to 36 U.S. federal income tax at corporate rates and state and local taxes, which may have adverse consequences on our total return to our stockholders. New legislation or administrative or judicial action, in each instance potentially with retroactive effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time, which could affect the U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in us. The U.S. federal income tax rules dealing with REITs are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury, which could result in statutory changes as well as frequent revisions to regulations and interpretations. There can be no assurance that future changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulatory changes will not be proposed or enacted that could impact our business and financial results. If enacted, certain of such changes could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results. We cannot predict whether, when or to what extent any new U.S. federal tax laws, regulations, interpretations or rulings will impact the real estate investment industry or REITs. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding potential future changes to the U.S. federal tax laws on an investment in our stock. Foreign investors may be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax and may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on distributions received from us and upon disposition of shares of our common stock. Subject to certain exceptions, distributions received from us will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. Such dividends paid to a non-U.S. stockholder ordinarily will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a 30% rate, or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, unless the distributions are treated as “effectively connected” with the conduct by the non-U.S. stockholder of a U.S. trade or business. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 (“FIRPTA”), capital gain distributions attributable to sales or exchanges of “U.S. real property interests” (“USRPIs”), generally will be taxed to a non-U.S. stockholder as if such gain were effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. However, a capital gain dividend will not be treated as effectively connected income if (1) the distribution is received with respect to a class of stock that is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States and (2) the non-U.S. stockholder does not own more than 10% of the class of our stock at any time during the one-year period ending on the date the distribution is received. Gain recognized by a non-U.S. stockholder upon the sale or exchange of our common stock generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless such stock constitutes a USRPI under FIRPTA. Our common stock will not constitute a USRPI so long as we are a “domestically-controlled” REIT. A REIT is “domestically controlled” if less than 50% of the REIT’s stock, by value, has been owned directly or indirectly by persons who are not qualifying U.S. persons during a continuous five-year period ending on the date of disposition or, if shorter, during the entire period of the REIT’s existence. We cannot assure you that we will qualify as a “domestically controlled” REIT. If we were to fail to so qualify, gain realized by foreign investors on a sale of shares of our stock would be subject to FIRPTA tax, unless the shares of our stock were traded on an established securities market and the foreign investor did not at any time during a specified testing period directly or indirectly own more than 10% of the value of our outstanding common stock. We and our subsidiaries and stockholders may be subject to state, local or foreign tax filing and payment obligations taxation in various jurisdictions including those in which we or they transact business, own property or reside. We may own assets located in, or transact business in, numerous jurisdictions, and may be required to file tax returns in some or all of those jurisdictions. Our state, local or foreign tax treatment and that of our stockholders may not conform to the U.S. federal income tax treatment discussed above. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the application and effect of state and local income and other tax laws on an investment in our stock. Risks Related to the Ownership of our Common Stock Our common stock is listed on the NYSE and broad market fluctuations could negatively affect the market price of our stock. We have listed shares of our common stock on the NYSE under the symbol “NXRT.” The price of NXRT common stock may fluctuate significantly. Further, the market price of our common stock may be volatile. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could affect our stock price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common stock include: 37 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results; changes in our operations or earnings estimates or publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry; changes in market valuations of similar companies; increases in or high interest rates that lead purchasers of our shares to demand a higher yield; adverse market reaction to any increased indebtedness we incur in the future; additions or departures of key management personnel; actions by institutional stockholders; speculation in the press or investment community; the realization of any of the other risk factors presented in this Annual Report; the extent of investor interest in our securities; the general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of our equity securities in comparison to other equity securities, including securities issued by other real estate-based companies; our underlying asset value; investor confidence in the stock and bond markets, generally; changes in tax laws; future equity issuances; failure to meet income estimates; and failure to meet and maintain REIT qualifications. In the past, class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the price of their common stock. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and trading price of our common stock. The form, timing and/or amount of dividend distributions in future periods may vary and be impacted by economic and other considerations. The form, timing and/or amount of dividend distributions will be declared at the discretion of our Board and will depend on actual cash flows from operations, our financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code and other factors as our Board may consider relevant. Our Board may modify our dividend policy from time to time at its discretion. We may be unable to make distributions at expected levels, which could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock. If sufficient cash is not available for distribution from our operations, we may have to fund distributions from working capital, borrow to provide funds for such distributions, reduce the amount of such distributions, or issue stock dividends. To the extent we borrow to fund distributions, our future interest costs would increase, thereby reducing our earnings and cash available for distribution from what they otherwise would have been. If cash available for distribution generated by our assets is less than we expect, our inability to make the expected distributions could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock. In addition, if we make stock dividends in lieu of cash distributions, it may have a dilutive effect on the holdings of our stockholders. All distributions are made at the discretion of our Board and are based upon, among other factors, our historical and projected results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity, maintenance of our REIT qualification and other tax considerations, capital expenditure and other expense obligations, debt covenants, contractual prohibitions or other limitations, applicable law and such other matters as our Board may deem relevant from time to time. We may not be able to make distributions in the future, and our inability to make distributions, or to make distributions at expected levels, could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock. 38 Our charter permits the Board to issue stock with terms that may subordinate the rights of our common stockholders or discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that could otherwise result in a premium price to our stockholders. Our Board may classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common stock or preferred stock and establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption of any such stock. Thus, our Board could authorize the issuance of preferred stock with terms and conditions that could have priority as to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation over the rights of the holders of our common stock. Such preferred stock could also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price to holders of our common stock. Future issuances of debt securities and equity securities may negatively affect the market price of shares of our common stock and, in the case of equity securities, may be dilutive to existing stockholders and could reduce the overall value of your investment. In the future, we may issue debt or equity securities or incur other financial obligations, including stock dividends and shares that may be issued in exchange for common units and equity plan shares/units. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and other loans and preferred stock will receive a distribution of our available assets before common stockholders. We are not required to offer any such additional debt or equity securities to existing stockholders on a preemptive basis. Therefore, additional common stock issuances, directly or through convertible or exchangeable securities (including common units and convertible preferred units), warrants or options, will dilute the holdings of our existing common stockholders and such issuances or the perception of such issuances may reduce the market price of shares of our common stock. Any convertible preferred units would have, and any series or class of our preferred stock would likely have, a preference on distribution payments, periodically or upon liquidation, which could eliminate or otherwise limit our ability to make distributions to common stockholders. Existing stockholders do not have preemptive rights to any shares we issue in the future. Our charter authorizes us to issue 600 million shares of capital stock, of which 500 million shares are designated as common stock and 100 million shares are designated as preferred stock. Our Board may increase the number of authorized shares of capital stock without stockholder approval. Our Board may elect to (1) sell additional shares in future public offerings; (2) issue equity interests in private offerings; (3) issue shares of our common stock under a long-term incentive plan to our directors, officers and other key employees (and those of our Adviser or its affiliates and our subsidiaries), our non-employee directors, and potentially certain non-employees who perform employee-type functions; (4) issue shares to our Adviser, its successors or assigns, in payment of an outstanding fee obligation or as consideration in a related-party transaction; or (5) issue shares of our common stock to sellers of properties we acquire in connection with an exchange of OP units. To the extent we issue additional equity interests, your percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. Further, depending upon the terms of such transactions, most notably the offering price per share, existing stockholders may also experience a dilution in the book value of their investment in us. Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to recover claims against our independent directors are limited, which could reduce your and our recovery against them if they negligently cause us to incur losses. Maryland law provides that a director has no liability in the capacity as a director if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in the company’s best interest and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. As permitted by the Maryland General Corporation Law (the “MGCL”), our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from: • • actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or a final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated. In addition, our charter authorizes us, and our bylaws require us, to indemnify our directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities and to pay or reimburse their reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. We have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist under common law. Accordingly, in the event that actions taken by any of our directors or officers are immune or exculpated from, or indemnified against, liability but which impede our performance, our stockholders’ ability to recover damages from that director or officer will be limited. 39 Our charter and bylaws contain provisions that may delay, defer or prevent an acquisition of our common stock or a change in control. Our charter and bylaws contain a number of provisions, the exercise or existence of which could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our stockholders or otherwise be in their best interest, including the following: • Our Charter Contains Restrictions on the Ownership and Transfer of Our Stock. In order for us to qualify, and elect to be taxed, as a REIT, no more than 50% of the value of outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, beneficially or constructively, by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of each taxable year other than the first year for which we elect to be taxed as a REIT. Subject to certain exceptions, our charter prohibits any stockholder from owning beneficially or constructively more than 6.2% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock, or 6.2% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our stock. We refer to these restrictions collectively as the “ownership limits.” The constructive ownership rules under the Code are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 6.2% of our outstanding shares of common stock or the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our stock by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity or another individual or entity to own constructively in excess of the relevant ownership limits. Our charter also prohibits any person from owning shares of our stock that would result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common stock or of any of our other capital stock in violation of these restrictions may result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust or may be void. These ownership limits may prevent a third party from acquiring control of us if our Board does not grant an exemption from the ownership limits, even if our stockholders believe the change in control is in their best interest. Our Board granted a waiver from the ownership limits applicable to holders of our common stock to Jim Dondero and certain of his affiliates and may grant additional waivers in the future. These waivers will be subject to certain initial and ongoing conditions designed to protect our status as a REIT. • Our Board Has the Power to Cause Us to Issue Additional Shares of Our Stock without Stockholder Approval. Our charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common or preferred stock. In addition, our Board may, without stockholder approval, amend our charter to increase the aggregate number of shares of our common stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue and classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred stock and set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or reclassified shares. As a result, our Board may establish a series of shares of common or preferred stock that could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our shares of common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders. Certain provisions of Maryland law may limit the ability of a third party to acquire control of us. Certain provisions of the MGCL may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from acquiring us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our common stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares, including: • • “business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding shares of voting stock or an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two- year period immediately prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding stock of the corporation) or an affiliate of any interested stockholder and us for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter imposes two super-majority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and “control share” provisions that provide that holders of “control shares” of us (defined as voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned or controlled by the acquirer, would entitle the acquirer to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of issued and outstanding “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares. Pursuant to the Maryland Business Combination Act, our Board by resolution exempted from the provisions of the Maryland Business Combination Act all business combinations (1) between our Adviser, Jim Dondero and certain of his affiliates or their respective affiliates and us and (2) between any other person and us, provided that such business combination is first approved by our Board (including a majority of our directors who are not affiliates or associates of such person). Our bylaws 40 contain a provision exempting from the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that these exemptions or resolutions will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future. Additionally, Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL permits our Board, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain takeover defenses, such as a classified board, some of which are not currently provided for in our charter or bylaws. Our bylaws designate the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders and provide that claims relating to causes of action under the Securities Act may only be brought in federal district courts, which could limit stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees and could discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees. Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, or, if that court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, any state court located within the state of Maryland, or, if all such state courts do not have subject matter jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland will be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any Internal Corporate Claim, as such term is defined in the MGCL, or any successor provision thereof, (b) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Corporation, (c) any action asserting a claim of breach of any duty owed by any director or officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or to the stockholders of the Company, (d) any action asserting a claim against the Company or any director or officer or other employee of the Company arising pursuant to any provision of the MGCL, the Charter or the Bylaws, (e) any action or proceeding to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of the Charter or the Bylaws of the Company (including any right, obligation, or remedy thereunder), (f) any action or proceeding as to which the MGCL confers jurisdiction on the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, or (g) any action asserting a claim against the Company or any director or officer or other employee of the Company that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in all cases to the fullest extent permitted by law and subject to the court’s having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants, except that the foregoing does not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. The choice of forum provision could limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which could discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we could incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act could materially and adversely affect our business and the market price of our common stock. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we must maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, which require significant resources and management oversight. Internal control over financial reporting is complex and may be revised over time to adapt to changes in our business, or changes in applicable accounting rules. We cannot assure you that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in the future or that a material weakness will not be discovered with respect to a prior period for which we had previously believed that internal controls were effective. Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial data on a timely basis, or may cause us to restate previously issued financial data, and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions or investigations by the SEC, or violations of applicable stock exchange listing rules. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. Confidence in the reliability of our financial statements is also likely to suffer if we or our independent registered public accounting firm reports a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. This could materially adversely affect us by, for example, leading to a decline in the market price for our common stock and impairing our ability to raise capital. Additionally, our independent registered public accounting firm is required pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis. If we cannot maintain effective procedures or internal control over financial reporting, or our independent registered public accounting firm cannot provide an unqualified attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investor confidence and, in turn, the market price of our common stock could decline. 41 General Risks We depend on information systems, and systems failures could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, negatively affect our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. Our business depends on the communications and information systems of our Sponsor, to which we have access through our Adviser. In addition, certain of these systems are provided to our Sponsor by third-party service providers. To protect confidential customer, vendor, financial and employee information, we employ information security measures that secure our information systems from cybersecurity attacks or breaches. Even with these measures, we may be subject to unauthorized access of digital data, which risk may be heightened by the increased prevalence and use of artificial intelligence, with the intent to misappropriate information, corrupt data or cause operational disruptions. If a failure of our safeguarding measures were to occur or if we use software that contains an unknown vulnerability or that is subject to an attack, it could have a negative impact to our business and result in business interruptions, remediation costs and/or legal claims. This, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and negatively affect our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. Breaches of our data security could materially harm our business and reputation. We collect and retain certain personal information provided by our residents. While security measures to protect the confidentiality of this information are in place, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to prevent unauthorized access to this information. Any breach of our data security measures and/or loss of this information may result in legal liability and costs (including damages and penalties), as well as damage to our reputation, that could materially and adversely affect our business and financial performance. Acts of violence could decrease the value of our assets and could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Our apartment communities could directly or indirectly be the location or target of actual or threatened terrorist attacks, crimes, shootings or other acts of violence, the occurrence of which could impact the value of our communities through damage, destruction, loss or increased security costs, as well as result in operational losses due to reduced rental demand, and the availability of insurance may be limited or may be subject to substantial costs. If such an incident were to occur at one of our apartment communities, we may also become subject to significant liability claims, some of which may exceed our insurance coverage for general liability. In addition, the adverse effects that actual or threatened terrorist attacks could have on national economic conditions, as well as economic conditions in the markets in which we operate, could similarly have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. The direct and indirect impacts of climate change may adversely affect our business. We have been and may continue to be adversely impacted by the direct consequences of climate change, such as property damage due to increases in the frequency, duration and severity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and floods. Similarly, changes in precipitation levels could lead to increases in droughts or wildfires that could adversely impact demand for our communities. The increases in property damage due to these events have also contributed to the increases in costs we have faced in property insurance. In addition, changes in federal, state and local legislation and regulation based on concerns about climate change could result in delays and increased costs to complete our rehabilitation projects and increased capital expenditures on our existing properties (for example, to improve their energy efficiency and/or resistance to inclement weather) without a corresponding increase in revenue, and, as a result, adversely impact our financial results and operations. Legal proceedings that we become involved in from time to time could adversely affect our business. As an owner and operator of multifamily apartment communities, we may become involved in various legal proceedings, including, but not limited to, proceedings related to commercial, employment, environmental, securities, shareholder, tenant or tort legal issues, some of which could result in a class action lawsuit. Legal proceedings, if decided adversely to or settled by us, and not covered by insurance, could result in liability material to our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Likewise, regardless of outcome, legal proceedings could result in substantial costs and expenses, affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage and significantly divert the attention of our management. There can be no assurance that we will be able to prevail in, or achieve a favorable settlement of, any pending or future legal proceedings to which we become subject. 42 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 1C. Cybersecurity The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) recognizes the critical importance of maintaining the trust and confidence of our customers, clients, business partners and employees. The Board is actively involved in oversight of the Company’s risk management program, and cybersecurity represents an important component of the Company’s overall approach to risk management. Our Adviser maintains cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices that are based on recognized security frameworks such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology cybersecurity framework (the “NIST CF”) and the Azure Security Benchmark. In general, our Adviser seeks to address cybersecurity risks of the Company through a comprehensive, cross-functional approach that is focused on continually assessing the Company’s information systems to detect, prevent and mitigate cybersecurity threats and effectively respond to cybersecurity incidents when they occur. As one of the critical elements of the Company’s overall risk management, our Adviser’s cybersecurity program is focused on the following key areas: Governance: The Board’s oversight of cybersecurity risk management is supported by the Audit Committee of the Board (the “Audit Committee”), which interacts with our Adviser’s Director of Information Technology and Chief Compliance Officer and other members of management of our Adviser that implement and oversee our Adviser’s cybersecurity program. Risk Assessment: No less frequently than annually, our Adviser completes an assessment to identify potential cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities to better prioritize and mitigate the Company’s cybersecurity risk. The assessment includes, among other things, evaluating the nature, sensitivity and location of information the Company collects, processes and stores and the resiliency of the underlying technologies, the validity and effectiveness of the Company’s security policies, controls and processes and the cybersecurity preparedness of the third-party vendors used by the Company and our Adviser. To supplement our Adviser’s internal assessment, our Adviser also periodically engages third-party consultants to assess system configurations through configuration review and penetration testing. Technical Safeguards: Our Adviser deploys technical safeguards that are designed to protect the Company’s and our Adviser’s information systems from cybersecurity threats, including firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-malware functionality and access controls, which are evaluated and improved through vulnerability assessments and cybersecurity threat intelligence. Incident Response and Recovery Planning: Our Adviser has established and maintains comprehensive business continuity plans that address potential impacts should the information or technology systems become compromised, and such plans are tested and evaluated on a regular basis. Third-Party Risk Management: Our Adviser maintains a comprehensive, risk-based approach to identifying and overseeing cybersecurity risks presented by third parties, including key vendors, service providers and other external users of the Company’s and the Adviser’s systems, as well as the systems of third parties that could adversely impact our business in the event of a cybersecurity incident affecting those third-party systems. Education and Awareness: Our Adviser provides regular, mandatory training for its employees regarding cybersecurity threats as a means to equip its employees with effective tools to address cybersecurity threats, and to communicate our Adviser’s evolving information security policies, standards, processes and practices. Our Adviser engages in the periodic assessment and testing of our Adviser’s policies, standards, processes and practices that are designed to address the Company’s cybersecurity threats and incidents. These efforts include a wide range of activities, including annual penetration and third-party compliance testing and ongoing internal testing and creation and modification of policies and procedures. The results of the annual assessments are reported to the Audit Committee and the Board, and our Adviser adjusts its cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices as necessary based on the information provided by these assessments and ongoing testing. The Audit Committee oversees the Company’s risk management policies, including the management of risks arising from cybersecurity threats. The Audit Committee receives presentations and reports on cybersecurity risks, which address a wide range of topics including annual assessments of internal and third-party policies, vulnerability assessments, technological trends and information security considerations arising with respect to the Company and our Adviser. The Audit Committee also receives prompt and timely information regarding any cybersecurity incident that meets established reporting thresholds, as well as 43 ongoing updates regarding any such incident until it has been addressed. On an annual basis, the Board and the Audit Committee discuss the Company’s approach to cybersecurity risk management with our Adviser, including the Adviser’s Director of Information Technology. The Adviser’s Director of Information Technology, in coordination with relevant senior management and personnel of the Adviser, which includes our Adviser’s Chief Financial Officer, Senior Infrastructure Engineer, and Chief Compliance Officer, work to conceive, implement, and monitor the effectiveness of a program designed to protect the Company’s information systems from cybersecurity threats and to promptly respond to any security incidents in accordance with the Company’s business continuity plan. To ensure the effectiveness of these controls, the Adviser’s technology team continually monitors, hardens, and evolves systems’ security postures to model and mirror various security frameworks such as NIST CSF and Azure Security Benchmark. The Adviser’s Director of Information Technology will promptly notify our General Counsel of any cybersecurity events, with material cybersecurity events promptly communicated to the Audit Committee and publicly disclosed as deemed necessary. The Adviser’s Director of Information Technology has served in various roles in information technology and information security for 25 years, including serving as Global Technology Manager at a multi-national publicly traded broker- dealer, and 15 years as the Director of Information Technology at a privately held financial services firm. The Adviser’s Director of Information Technology holds an undergraduate degree in biochemistry and has attained numerous information technology certifications over the years including Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) and Cisco Certified network Professional (CCNP). The Adviser’s Senior Infrastructure Engineer has over 20 years industry experience, holds an undergraduate degree in radiology, and has completed various Microsoft related information technology certifications. Combined, our Adviser’s information technology team has over 50 years of experience covering all major aspects of network architecture and management. Cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected and are not reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. However, the risk of cybersecurity threats could be significant if the cyber-attack disrupts the Company’s critical operations, service or financial systems. See “Risk Factors - We depend on information systems, and systems failures could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, negatively affect our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders”. 44 Item 2. Properties As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio consisted of 38 properties representing 14,133 units in seven states. The following table provides a summary of the properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023: (44 ) As of December 31, 2023 Location Number of Units Date Acquired Purchase Price (in thousands) Average Effective Monthly Rent Per Unit (1) % Occupied (2) Number of Units Rehabbed (3) Rehab Expenditures per Unit (4) Properties by State 2022-2023 Same Store Properties Texas Arbors on Forest Ridge ..................... Bedford, Texas Cutter's Point ..................................... Richardson, Texas Versailles .......................................... Dallas, Texas Venue at 8651 ................................... Fort Worth, Texas Atera Apartments .............................. Dallas, Texas Versailles II ....................................... Dallas, Texas Summers Landing ............................. Fort Worth, Texas Florida The Summit at Sabal Park ................ Tampa, Florida Courtney Cove .................................. Tampa, Florida Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista ....... Orlando, Florida Cornerstone ....................................... Orlando, Florida Seasons 704 Apartments ................... Parc500 ............................................. Avant at Pembroke Pines .................. West Palm Beach, Florida West Palm Beach, Florida Pembroke Pines, Florida Residences at West Place .................. Orlando, Florida Nevada 210 1/31/2014 $ 196 1/31/2014 388 2/26/2015 333 10/30/2015 380 10/25/2017 242 9/26/2018 196 6/7/2019 252 8/20/2014 324 8/20/2014 400 11/5/2014 430 1/15/2015 12,805 $ 15,845 26,165 19,250 59,200 24,680 19,396 19,050 18,950 49,500 31,550 1,187 1,442 1,262 1,175 1,476 1,181 1,223 1,460 1,327 1,753 1,445 94.3 % 93.9 % 92.3 % 91.0 % 96.3 % 90.6 % 93.4 % 95.2 % 95.4 % 94.5 % 96.0 % 155 $ 269 296 284 214 56 53 207 249 69 448 4,388 3,059 6,164 6,982 3,420 5,632 11,075 5,854 4,974 12,984 4,905 222 4/15/2015 21,000 1,828 96.4 % 188 7,836 217 7/27/2016 22,421 1,914 93.1 % 209 14,668 1,520 8/30/2019 342 7/17/2019 322,000 55,000 Bella Solara ....................................... Las Vegas, Nevada Bloom ................................................ Las Vegas, Nevada Torreyana Apartments ...................... Las Vegas, Nevada 320 11/22/2019 528 11/22/2019 316 11/22/2019 66,500 106,500 68,000 Georgia The Preserve at Terrell Mill .............. Marietta, Georgia Rockledge Apartments ...................... Marietta, Georgia 752 2/6/2015 708 6/30/2017 58,000 113,500 Tennessee Brandywine I & II ............................. Nashville, Tennessee Arbors of Brentwood ........................ Nashville, Tennessee Residences at Glenview Reserve ...... Nashville, Tennessee 632 9/26/2018 346 9/10/2019 360 7/17/2019 79,800 62,250 45,000 22,525 44,600 48,400 41,800 41,900 84,480 256 8/5/2015 415 10/11/2016 248 1/28/2019 204 1/28/2019 204 1/28/2019 352 11/2/2020 Arizona Madera Point ..................................... Mesa, Arizona The Venue on Camelback ................. Phoenix, Arizona Bella Vista ......................................... Phoenix, Arizona The Enclave ...................................... Tempe, Arizona The Heritage ..................................... Phoenix, Arizona Fairways at San Marcos .................... Chandler, Arizona North Carolina The Verandas at Lake Norman ......... Creekside at Matthews ...................... Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte, North Carolina Six Forks Station ............................... Raleigh, North Carolina High House at Cary........................... Cary, North Carolina 2,150 1,559 1,337 1,298 1,461 1,271 1,557 1,222 1,494 1,307 1,312 1,065 1,774 1,820 1,698 1,580 95.6 % 92.1 % 92.6 % 94.9 % 95.9 % 96.7 % 95.5 % 93.7 % 92.2 % 95.3 % 94.9 % 95.2 % 96.4 % 94.6 % 96.6 % 94.9 % 539 117 17,453 11,892 113 141 52 11,232 14,199 13,435 717 440 11,376 11,091 515 135 233 255 264 197 162 173 135 10,755 10,346 13,431 4,535 10,269 10,516 10,392 9,609 13,665 264 6/30/2021 63,500 1,354 95.8 % 30 1,408 240 6/30/2021 323 9/10/2021 302 12/7/2021 58,000 74,760 93,250 1,431 1,409 1,464 95.8 % 92.4 % 95.0 % 15 83 — 4,083 1,281 — Total 2022-2023 Same Store Properties (5) ..................................... Non-Same Store Properties Texas 12,422 $ 1,889,577 $ 1,509 94.7 % 7,013 $ 46,581 Old Farm ........................................... Houston, Texas Stone Creek at Old Farm .................. Houston, Texas 734 12/29/2016 $ 190 12/29/2016 84,721 $ 23,332 1,322 1,299 93.9 % 94.7 % — $ — Arizona Estates on Maryland.......................... Phoenix, Arizona 330 4/1/2022 77,900 1,435 95.2 % — — — — North Carolina Radbourne Lake ................................ Charlotte, North Carolina Georgia The Adair .......................................... Sandy Springs, Georgia Total Non-Same Store Properties .... 225 9/30/2014 24,250 1,450 95.6 % 329 2,841 232 4/1/2022 $ 1,711 65,500 275,703 $ 1,968 7,474 96.6 % 94.8 % — 329 $ — 21,244 Total .................................................... 14,133 $ 2,165,280 $ 1,502 95.3 % 7,342 $ 45,820 (1) Average effective monthly rent per unit is equal to the average of the contractual rent for commenced leases as of December 31, 2023 minus any tenant concessions over the term of the lease, divided by the number of units under commenced leases as of December 31, 2023. 45 (2) Percent occupied is calculated as the number of units occupied as of December 31, 2023, divided by the total number of units, expressed as a percentage. (3) Inclusive of all full and partial interior upgrades completed. (4) Inclusive of all full and partial interior upgrades completed and leased as of December 31, 2023. (5) Includes the 45 downed units excluded from our 2022-2023 Same Store pool (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements). For additional information regarding our portfolio, see Notes 3 and 4 to our consolidated financial statements. Item 3. Legal Proceedings From time to time, we are party to legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Management is not aware of any legal proceedings of which the outcome is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition, nor are we aware of any such legal proceedings contemplated by government agencies. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 46 Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities PART II Market Information Our common stock trades on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “NXRT.” Stockholder Information On February 27, 2024, we had 25,774,730 shares of common stock outstanding held by a total of approximately 815 record holders. The number of record holders is based on the records of Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, who serves as our transfer agent. The number of holders does not include individuals or entities who beneficially own shares but whose shares are held of record by a broker or clearing agency, but does include each such broker or clearing agency as one record holder. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers On June 15, 2016, we announced that our Board authorized us to repurchase an indeterminate number of shares of our common stock at an aggregate market value of up to $30.0 million during a two-year period that was set to expire on June 15, 2018 (the “Share Repurchase Program”). On April 30, 2018, our Board increased the Share Repurchase Program from $30.0 million to up to $40.0 million and extended it by an additional two years to June 15, 2020. On March 13, 2020, our Board further increased the Share Repurchase Program from $40.0 million to up to $100.0 million and extended it to March 12, 2023. On October 24, 2022, the Board authorized us to repurchase an indeterminate number of shares of our common stock at an aggregate market value of up to $100.0 million during a two-year period that will expire on October 24, 2024. This authorization replaced the Board’s prior authorization of the Share Repurchase Program. Since the inception of the Share Repurchase Program through December 31, 2023, the Company had repurchased 2,550,628 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a total cost of approximately $72.4 million, or $28.36 per share as shown in the table below: Period Beginning Total ......................................... October 1 – October 31 .............................. November 1 – November 30 ...................... December 1 – December 31 ....................... Total as of December 31, 2023 ................ Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid(cid:3)Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that may yet be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (in millions) 2,550,628 $ — — — 2,550,628 $ 28.36 — — — 28.36 2,550,628 $ — — — 2,550,628 $ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 47 PERFORMANCE GRAPH On April 1, 2015, our common stock commenced trading on the NYSE. The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common shares for the measurement period commencing December 31, 2017 and ending December 31, 2023 with the cumulative total returns of the Russell 3000 Index, the MSCI U.S. REIT Index (^RMZ) and the Standard & Poor’s U.S. REIT Index. The following graph assumes an investment of $100 on the initial day of the relevant measurement period and that all dividends were reinvested. Dividends We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments to holders of our common stock. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. As a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our taxable income to holders of our common stock out of assets legally available for this purpose, if and to the extent authorized by our Board. Before we make any dividend payments, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service on our debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets, borrow funds or raise additional capital to make cash dividends or we may make a portion of the required dividend in the form of a taxable distribution of stock or debt securities. Item 6. [Reserved] 48 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following is a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and our historical results of operations. The following should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and accompanying notes. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those projected, forecasted, or expected in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this report, and “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. Our management believes the assumptions underlying the Company’s financial statements and accompanying notes are reasonable. However, the Company’s financial statements and accompanying notes may not be an indication of our financial condition and results of operations in the future. Overview As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio consisted of 38 multifamily properties primarily located in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States encompassing 14,133 units of apartment space that was approximately 94.7% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,502. Substantially all of our business is conducted through the OP. We own the portfolio through the OP and our TRS. The OP owns approximately 99.9% of the portfolio; our TRS owns approximately 0.1% of the portfolio. The OP GP is the sole general partner of the OP. As of December 31, 2023, there were 26,053,988 OP Units outstanding, of which 25,951,154, or 99.6%, were owned by us and 102,834, or 0.4%, were owned by an unaffiliated limited partners (see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements). We are primarily focused on directly or indirectly acquiring, owning, and operating well-located multifamily properties with a value-add component in large cities and suburban submarkets of large cities, primarily in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States. We generate revenue primarily by leasing our multifamily properties. We intend to employ targeted management and a value-add program at a majority of our properties in an attempt to improve rental rates and the net operating income (“NOI”) at our properties and achieve long-term capital appreciation for our stockholders. We are externally managed by the Adviser through the Advisory Agreement, by and among the OP, the Adviser and us. The Advisory Agreement was renewed on February 26, 2024 for a one-year term. The Adviser is wholly owned by NexPoint Advisors, L.P. On March 4, 2020, the Company, the OP and the Adviser entered into separate equity distribution agreements with each the ATM Sales Agents, pursuant to the 2020 ATM Program. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, and expect to continue to qualify as a REIT. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders. As a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. We believe we qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code, and we intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurance can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT. Taxable income from certain non-REIT activities is managed through a TRS and is subject to applicable federal, state, and local income and margin taxes. We had no significant taxes associated with our TRS for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. On October 15, 2021, the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit was filed by a litigation subtrust formed in connection with the Highland Bankruptcy against various persons and entities, including our Sponsor and James Dondero. In addition, on February 8, 2023, the UBS Lawsuit was filed against Mr. Dondero and a number of other persons and entities. Neither the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit nor the UBS Lawsuit include claims related to our business or our assets. Our Sponsor and Mr. Dondero have informed us they believe the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit has no merit, and Mr. Dondero has informed us he believes the UBS Lawsuit has no merit; we have been advised that the defendants named in each of the lawsuits intend to vigorously defend against the claims. We do not expect the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit or the UBS Lawsuit will have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Components of Our Revenues and Expenses Revenues Rental income. Our earnings are primarily attributable to the rental revenue from our multifamily properties. We anticipate that the leases we enter into for our multifamily properties will typically be for one year or less on average. Also included are utility reimbursements, late fees, pet fees, and other rental fees charged to tenants. 49 Other income. Other income includes ancillary income earned from tenants such as non-refundable fees, application fees, laundry fees, cable TV income, and other miscellaneous fees charged to tenants. Expenses Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses include property maintenance costs, salary and employee benefit costs, utilities, casualty-related expenses and recoveries and other property operating costs. Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes include the property taxes assessed by local and state authorities depending on the location of each property. Insurance includes the cost of commercial, general liability, and other needed insurance for each property. Property management fees. Property management fees include fees paid to BH, our property manager, or other third party management companies for managing each property (see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements). Advisory and administrative fees. Advisory and administrative fees include the fees paid to our Adviser pursuant to the Advisory Agreement (see Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements). Corporate general and administrative expenses. Corporate general and administrative expenses include, but are not limited to, audit fees, legal fees, listing fees, board of director fees, equity-based compensation expense, investor relations costs and payments of reimbursements to our Adviser for operating expenses. Corporate general and administrative expenses and the advisory and administrative fees paid to our Adviser (including advisory and administrative fees on properties defined in the Advisory Agreement as New Assets) will not exceed 1.5% of Average Real Estate Assets per calendar year (or part thereof that the Advisory Agreement is in effect), calculated in accordance with the Advisory Agreement, or the Expense Cap. The Expense Cap does not limit the reimbursement by us of expenses related to securities offerings paid by our Adviser. The Expense Cap also does not apply to legal, accounting, financial, due diligence, and other service fees incurred in connection with mergers and acquisitions, extraordinary litigation, or other events outside our ordinary course of business or any out-of-pocket acquisition or due diligence expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition or disposition of real estate assets. Additionally, in the sole discretion of the Adviser, the Adviser may elect to waive certain advisory and administrative fees otherwise due. If advisory and administrative fees are waived in a period, the waived fees for that period are considered to be waived permanently and the Adviser may not be reimbursed in the future. Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses include the costs of marketing, professional fees, general office supplies, and other administrative related costs of each property. Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization costs primarily include depreciation of our multifamily properties and amortization of acquired in-place leases. Other Income and Expense Interest expense. Interest expense primarily includes the cost of interest expense on debt, the amortization of deferred financing costs and the related impact of interest rate derivatives used to manage our interest rate risk. Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs. Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs includes prepayment penalties and defeasance costs, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and fair market value adjustments of assumed debt related to the early repayment of debt, costs incurred in a debt modification that are not capitalized as deferred financing costs and other costs incurred in a debt extinguishment. Casualty losses. Casualty losses include expenses resulting from damages from an unexpected and unusual event such as a natural disaster. Expenses can include additional payments on insurance premiums, impairment recognized on a property, and other abnormal expenses arising from the related event. Miscellaneous income. Miscellaneous income includes proceeds received from insurance for business interruption involving the loss of rental income at a property that has temporarily suspended operations due to an unexpected and unusual event. Gain on sales of real estate. Gain on sales of real estate includes the gain recognized upon sales of properties. Gain on sales of real estate is calculated by deducting the carrying value of the real estate and costs incurred to sell the properties from the sales prices of the properties. 50 Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 The year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 The following table sets forth a summary of our operating results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ Change Total revenues .................................................................................... $ Total expenses .................................................................................... Operating income before gain on sales of real estate ......................... Gain on sales of real estate ................................................................. Operating income ............................................................................... Interest expense .................................................................................. Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs .................... Casualty gain (loss) ............................................................................ Gain on forfeited deposits .................................................................. Equity in earnings of affiliate............................................................. Miscellaneous income ........................................................................ Net income (loss) ............................................................................... Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership ............................................. Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders .................... $ 277,526 $ (232,274 ) 45,252 67,926 113,178 (67,106 ) (2,409 ) (856 ) 250 205 1,171 44,433 263,952 $ (232,383 ) 31,569 14,684 46,253 (50,587 ) (8,734 ) 2,506 - - 1,271 (9,291 ) 169 44,264 $ (31 ) (9,260 ) $ 13,574 109 13,683 53,242 66,925 (16,519 ) 6,325 (3,362 ) 250 205 (100 ) 53,724 200 53,524 The change in our net income (loss) between the periods primarily relates to an increase in revenues of $13.6 million and an increase in gain on sale of real estate of $53.2 million, partially offset by an increase in interest expense of $16.5 million. Revenues Rental income. Rental income was $270.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $257.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $12.2 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to a 1.5% increase in the weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit in our portfolio to $1,502 as of December 31, 2023 from $1,480 as of December 31, 2022, primarily driven by the value-add program that we have implemented and organic growth in rents. Other income. Other income was $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $1.3 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to a $2.2 million increase in internet and tech income, partially offset by a decrease in cable income of $1.7 million and an increase in all other other income of approximately $0.8 million. Expenses Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses were $57.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $58.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $0.4 million. The decrease between the periods was primarily due to our acquisition and disposition activity in 2022 and 2023 and the timing of the transactions, as described above. The decrease was also attributable to a decrease in temporary maintenance of $0.2 million. Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes and insurance costs were $36.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $37.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $0.6 million. The decrease between the periods was primarily due to our acquisition activity in 2022 and 2023 and the timing of the transactions. Additionally, the decrease was attributable to property tax refunds of $1.0 million, partially offset by an increase in all other real estate taxes and insurance of $0.4 million. Property management fees. Property management fees were $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.5 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to an increase in total revenues, which the fee is primarily based on. Advisory and administrative fees. Advisory and administrative fees were $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.1 million. For 51 the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our Adviser elected to voluntarily waive advisory and administrative fees of approximately $21.7 million and $21.0 million and are considered permanently waived. Our Adviser is not contractually obligated to waive fees on New Assets in the future and may cease waiving fees on New Assets at its discretion. Advisory and administrative fees may increase in future periods as we acquire additional properties, which will be classified as New Assets. Corporate general and administrative expenses. Corporate general and administrative expenses were $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $2.4 million. The increase was primarily due to increases in stock compensation expense, professional fees, and audit fees of $1.4 million, $0.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses were $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.2 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to increases in apartment listing fees of $0.3 million. Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization costs were $95.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $97.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $2.4 million. The decrease between the periods was primarily due to a decrease in amortization expense of $4.1 million, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense of $1.7 million. The decrease between the periods is primarily attributable to our disposition activity (two dispositions in 2023 versus one disposition in 2022). Other Income and Expense Interest expense. Interest expense was $67.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $50.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $16.5 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to an increase in interest on debt of $52.5 million, partially offset by a decrease in interest rate swap expense of $41.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands): Interest on debt ................................................................................... Amortization of deferred financing costs ........................................... Interest rate swaps .............................................................................. Interest rate caps mark-to-market (gain) ............................................ Total ............................................................................................... $ $ 110,394 $ 2,945 (47,717 ) 1,484 67,106 $ 57,932 $ 2,779 (6,678 ) (3,446 ) 50,587 $ 52,462 166 (41,039 ) 4,930 16,519 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ Change Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs. Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs was $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $6.3 million. The decrease between periods was primarily due to a decrease in prepayment penalties and defeasance costs of $3.3 million, decrease in write-offs of deferred financing costs of $1.5 million and an decrease in debt modification and other extinguishment costs of $1.8 million. The following table details the various costs included in loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands): Prepayment penalties and defeasance costs ....................................... $ Write-off of deferred financing costs ................................................. Write-off of fair market value adjustment of assumed debt ............... Debt modification and other extinguishment costs ............................ Total ............................................................................................... $ 2,370 $ 483 — (444 ) 2,409 $ 5,702 $ 1,961 (256 ) 1,327 8,734 $ (3,332 ) (1,478 ) 256 (1,771 ) (6,325 ) For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ Change Casualty gains (losses). Casualty losses were $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to casualty gains of $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease between periods was primarily due to damages sustained at Cutter’s Point, Venue 8651, and Timber Creek during the year ended December 31, 2022 (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements). Miscellaneous income. Miscellaneous income was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $0.1 million. The decrease between the periods was primarily due to business interruption proceeds received from casualty events (see Note 4). 52 Gain on sales of real estate. Gain on sales of real estate was $67.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $53.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold two properties whereas during the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold one property. The year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 The following table sets forth a summary of our operating results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change Total revenues .................................................................................... $ Total expenses .................................................................................... Operating income before gain on sales of real estate ......................... Gain on sales of real estate ................................................................. Operating income ............................................................................... Interest expense .................................................................................. Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs .................... Casualty gain...................................................................................... Miscellaneous income ........................................................................ Net income (loss) ............................................................................... Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership ............................................. Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders .................... $ 263,952 $ (232,383 ) 31,569 14,684 46,253 (50,587 ) (8,734 ) 2,506 1,271 (9,291 ) 219,240 $ (201,032 ) 18,208 46,214 64,422 (44,623 ) (912 ) 2,595 1,624 23,106 (31 ) (9,260 ) $ 69 23,037 $ 44,712 (31,351 ) 13,361 (31,530 ) (18,169 ) (5,964 ) (7,822 ) (89 ) (353 ) (32,397 ) (100 ) (32,297 ) The change in our net income (loss) between the periods primarily relates to decreases in gain on sales of real estate of $31.5 million, increase in interest expense of $6.0 million, increase in loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs of $7.8 million, increase in total expenses of $31.4 million, partially offset by an increase in total revenues of $44.7 million. Revenues Rental income. Rental income was $257.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $213.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $44.4 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to a 17.4% increase in the weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit in our portfolio to $1,480 as of December 31, 2022 from $1,261 as of December 31, 2021, primarily driven by the value-add program that we have implemented and organic growth in rents. Other income. Other income was $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $0.4 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to $0.3 million and $0.2 million increases in non-refundable and application fees, respectively. Expenses Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses were $58.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $47.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $10.5 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to our acquisition and disposition activity in 2021 and 2022 and the timing of the transactions, as described above. The increase was also attributable to a $2.8 million increase in payroll expense, $1.3 million increase in casualty expenses, $1.1 million increase in water and sewer expenses, $0.5 million increase in trash removal services and an increase in all other property operating expenses of approximately $4.8 million. 53 Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes and insurance costs were $37.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $33.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $4.2 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to our acquisition activity in 2022 and 2021 and the timing of the transactions. The increase between the periods was also due to a $3.4 million, or 12.1%, increase in property taxes and a $1.3 million, or 23.5%, increase in property insurance. Property taxes incurred in the first year of ownership may be significantly less than subsequent years since the purchase price of the property may trigger a significant increase in assessed value by the taxing authority in subsequent years, increasing the costs of real estate taxes. Property management fees. Property management fees were $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $1.3 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to an increase in total revenues, which the fee is primarily based on. Advisory and administrative fees. Advisory and administrative fees were $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an decrease of approximately $0.1 million. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our Adviser elected to voluntarily waive advisory and administrative fees of approximately $21.0 million and $17.3 million and are considered permanently waived. Our Adviser is not contractually obligated to waive fees on New Assets in the future and may cease waiving fees on New Assets at its discretion. Advisory and administrative fees may increase in future periods as we acquire additional properties, which will be classified as New Assets. Corporate general and administrative expenses. Corporate general and administrative expenses were $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $2.7 million. The increase was primarily due to increases in stock compensation expense, professional fees, and general liability insurance of $0.9 million, $1.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses were $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $2.0 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to increases in professional fees of $0.6 million, centralized marketing services of $0.4 million, legal fees of $0.2 million, and an increase of $0.8 million in all other property general and administrative expenses. Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization costs were $97.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $86.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $10.7 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to an increase of depreciation expense of $10.7 million. The increase between the periods is mainly attributable to our acquisitions of four properties in 2021 and two in 2022. Other Income and Expense Interest expense. Interest expense was $50.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $44.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $6.0 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to an increase in interest on debt of $30.5 million, partially offset by a decrease in interest rate swap expense of $21.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Interest on debt ................................................................................... Amortization of deferred financing costs ........................................... Interest rate swaps .............................................................................. Interest rate caps mark-to-market (gain) ............................................ Total ............................................................................................... $ $ 57,932 $ 2,779 (6,678 ) (3,446 ) 50,587 $ 27,405 $ 2,197 14,909 112 44,623 $ 30,527 582 (21,587 ) (3,558 ) 5,964 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change 54 Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs. Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs was $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $7.8 million. The increase between periods primarily relates to increases in prepayment penalties and defeasance costs and write-off of deferred financing costs of $5.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively. The change between periods is attributable to increased refinancing activity in 2022 versus 2021. The following table details the various costs included in loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Prepayment penalties and defeasance costs ....................................... $ Write-off of deferred financing costs ................................................. Write-off of fair market value adjustment of assumed debt ............... Debt modification and other extinguishment costs ............................ Total ............................................................................................... $ 5,702 $ 1,961 (256 ) 1,327 8,734 $ 407 $ 503 — 2 912 $ 5,295 1,458 (256 ) 1,325 7,822 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change Casualty gains (losses). Casualty gains were $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to casualty gains of $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change between the periods was relatively flat. Miscellaneous income. Miscellaneous income was $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was a decrease of approximately $0.3 million. The decrease between the periods was primarily due to business interruption proceeds received from insurance for lost rents (see Note 4). Gain on sales of real estate. Gain on sales of real estate was $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $46.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was a decrease of approximately $31.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold one property; for the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold two properties. Non-GAAP Measurements Net Operating Income and Same Store Net Operating Income NOI is a non-GAAP financial measure of performance. NOI is used by investors and our management to evaluate and compare the performance of our properties to other comparable properties, to determine trends in earnings and to compute the fair value of our properties as NOI is calculated by adjusting net income (loss) to add back (1) interest expense (2) advisory and administrative fees, (3) the impact of: (a) depreciation and amortization expenses and (b) gains or losses from the sale of operating real estate assets that are included in net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP, (4) corporate general and administrative expenses, (5) other gains and losses that are specific to us including loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs, (6) casualty-related expenses/(recoveries) and casualty gains (losses), (7) gain on forfeited deposits, (8) property general and administrative expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on behalf of the Company at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees and (9) equity in earnings of affiliates. 55 The cost of funds is eliminated from net income (loss) because it is specific to our particular financing capabilities and constraints. The cost of funds is also eliminated because it is dependent on historical interest rates and other costs of capital as well as past decisions made by us regarding the appropriate mix of capital, which may have changed or may change in the future. Corporate general and administrative expenses are eliminated because they do not reflect continuing operating costs of the property owner. Depreciation and amortization expenses as well as gains or losses from the sale of operating real estate assets are eliminated because they may not accurately represent the actual change in value in our multifamily properties that result from use of the properties or changes in market conditions. While certain aspects of real property do decline in value over time in a manner that is reasonably captured by depreciation and amortization, the value of the properties as a whole have historically increased or decreased as a result of changes in overall economic conditions instead of from actual use of the property or the passage of time. Gains and losses from the sale of real property vary from property to property and are affected by market conditions at the time of sale, which will usually change from period to period. Casualty-related expenses and recoveries, casualty gains and losses, and losses of extinguished debt and modification costs are excluded because they do not reflect continuing operating costs of the property owner. Entity level general and administrative expenses incurred at the properties and pandemic expenses are eliminated as they are specific to the way in which we have chosen to hold our properties and are the result of our ownership structuring. Gain of forfeited deposits is eliminated because such gains are not part of our core operations for the properties. Equity in earnings of affiliates is excluded as its not part of our core operations for the properties. These items can create distortions when comparing one period to another or when comparing our operating results to the operating results of other real estate companies that have not made similarly timed purchases or sales. We believe that eliminating these items from net income is useful because the resulting measure captures the actual ongoing revenue generated and actual expenses incurred in operating our properties as well as trends in occupancy rates, rental rates and operating costs. However, the usefulness of NOI is limited because it excludes the items listed above, all of which are significant economic costs. NOI may fail to capture significant trends in these components of net income, which further limits its usefulness. NOI is a measure of the operating performance of our properties but does not measure our performance as a whole. NOI is therefore not a substitute for net income (loss) as computed in accordance with GAAP. This measure should be analyzed in conjunction with net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP and discussions elsewhere in “—Results of Operations” regarding the components of net income (loss) that are eliminated in the calculation of NOI. Other companies may use different methods for calculating NOI or similarly entitled measures and, accordingly, our NOI may not be comparable to similarly entitled measures reported by other companies that do not define the measure exactly as we do. We define “Same Store NOI” as NOI for our properties that are comparable between periods. We view Same Store NOI as an important measure of the operating performance of our properties because it allows us to compare operating results of properties owned for the entirety of the current and comparable periods and therefore eliminates variations caused by acquisitions or dispositions during the periods. 56 NOI and 2022-2023 Same Store NOI for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 The following table, which has not been adjusted for the effects of noncontrolling interests, reconciles our NOI and our 2022-2023 Same Store NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 to net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure (in thousands): Net income (loss) ............................................................................................... Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to NOI: $ Advisory and administrative fees ................................................................... Corporate general and administrative expenses ............................................. Casualty-related expenses/(recoveries) .......................................................... (1) Casualty losses (gains) ................................................................................... Gain on forfeited deposits .............................................................................. Property general and administrative expenses ............................................... (2) Depreciation and amortization ....................................................................... Interest expense .............................................................................................. Equity in earnings of affiliate ......................................................................... Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs ................................ Gain on sales of real estate ............................................................................. NOI .................................................................................................................... Less Non-Same Store $ Revenues ........................................................................................................ Operating expenses ........................................................................................ Operating income ........................................................................................... Same Store NOI ................................................................................................. $ For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 44,433 $ (9,291 ) 7,645 16,663 (2,214 ) 856 (250 ) 3,701 95,186 67,106 (205 ) 2,409 (67,926 ) 167,404 $ (41,581 ) 19,327 (151 ) 144,999 $ 7,547 14,670 1,119 (2,506 ) — 3,600 97,648 50,587 — 8,734 (14,684 ) 157,424 (44,017 ) 21,101 (488 ) 134,020 (1) Adjustment expenses/(recoveries). to net income (loss) to exclude certain property operating expenses that are casualty-related (2) Adjustment to net income (loss) to exclude certain property general and administrative expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees. 57 NOI and 2021-2023 Same Store NOI for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 The following table, which has not been adjusted for the effects of noncontrolling interests, reconciles our NOI and our 2021-2023 Same Store NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure (in thousands): Net income (loss) ............................................................................ $ Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to NOI: Advisory and administrative fees ................................................ Corporate general and administrative expenses .......................... Casualty-related expenses/(recoveries) ....................................... (1) Casualty losses (gains) ................................................................ Gain on forfeited deposits ........................................................... Property general and administrative expenses ............................ (2) Depreciation and amortization .................................................... Interest expense ........................................................................... Equity in earnings of affiliate ...................................................... Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs ............. Gain on sales of real estate .......................................................... NOI Less Non-Same Store $ Revenues ..................................................................................... Operating expenses ..................................................................... Operating income ........................................................................ Same Store NOI .............................................................................. $ For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 44,433 $ (9,291 ) $ 23,106 7,645 16,663 (2,214 ) 856 (250 ) 3,701 95,186 67,106 (205 ) 2,409 (67,926 ) 167,404 $ (64,731 ) 28,203 (285 ) 130,591 $ 7,547 14,670 1,119 (2,506 ) — 3,600 97,648 50,587 — 8,734 (14,684 ) 157,424 $ (65,875 ) 29,116 (930 ) 119,735 $ 7,631 11,966 (199 ) (2,595 ) — 2,539 86,878 44,623 — 912 (46,214 ) 128,647 (46,236 ) 21,355 (1,303 ) 102,463 (1) Adjustment to net income to exclude certain property operating expenses that are casualty-related expenses/(recoveries). (2) Adjustment to net income to exclude certain property general and administrative expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax. Net Operating Income for Our 2022-2023 Same Store and Non-Same Store Properties for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 There are 33 properties encompassing 12,378 units of apartment space in our 2022-2023 Same Store properties. Our 2022- 2023 Same Store properties exclude the following 5 properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023: Old Farm, Stone Creek at Old Farm, The Adair, Estates on Maryland and Radbourne Lake as well as the 45 units that are currently down (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements). 58 The following table reflects the revenues, property operating expenses and NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 for our 2022-2023 Same Store and Non-Same Store properties (dollars in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ Change % Change Revenues Same Store Rental income ........................................................... $ Other income ............................................................. Same Store revenues ............................................... Non-Same Store Rental income ........................................................... Other income ............................................................. Non-Same Store revenues ....................................... Total revenues ....................................................... Operating expenses Same Store Property operating expenses (1) ................................ Real estate taxes and insurance ................................. Property management fees (2) .................................. Property general and administrative expenses (3) ..... Same Store operating expenses ............................... Non-Same Store Property operating expenses (4) ................................ Real estate taxes and insurance ................................. Property management fees (2) .................................. Property general and administrative expenses (5) ..... Non-Same Store operating expenses ....................... Total operating expenses ....................................... Operating income Same Store Miscellaneous income ............................................... Non-Same Store Miscellaneous income ............................................... Total operating income ......................................... NOI Same Store ................................................................ Non-Same Store ........................................................ Total NOI ............................................................... $ 229,801 $ 5,661 235,462 40,277 1,304 41,581 277,043 49,221 30,740 6,820 4,702 91,483 10,831 6,107 1,249 1,140 19,327 110,810 214,664 $ 5,271 219,935 15,137 390 15,527 43,191 826 44,017 263,952 (2,914 ) 478 (2,436 ) 13,091 46,389 29,443 6,333 4,533 86,698 10,643 7,990 1,303 1,165 21,101 107,799 2,832 1,297 487 169 4,785 188 (1,883 ) (54 ) (25 ) (1,774 ) 3,011 7.1 % 7.4 % 7.1 % -6.7 % 57.9 % -5.5 % 5.0 % 6.1 % 4.4 % 7.7 % 3.7 % 5.5 % 1.8 % -23.6 % -4.1 % -2.1 % -8.4 % 2.8 % 1,020 783 237 30.3 % 151 1,171 488 1,271 (337 ) (100 ) N/M -7.9 % 144,999 22,405 167,404 $ 134,020 23,404 157,424 $ 10,979 (999 ) 9,980 8.2 % -4.3 % 6.3 % (1) For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $2,268,000 and $614,000, respectively, of casualty-related recoveries. (2) Fees incurred to an unaffiliated third party that is an affiliate of a noncontrolling limited partner of the OP. (3) For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $2,909,000 and $2,914,000, respectively, of expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees. (4) For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $54,000 and $(2,136,000), respectively, of casualty-related expenses/(recoveries). (5) For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $792,000 and $686,000, respectively, of expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees. 59 See reconciliation of net income (loss) to NOI above under “NOI and 2022-2023 Same Store NOI for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.” 2022-2023 Same Store Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 As of December 31, 2023, our 2022-2023 Same Store properties were approximately 94.7% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,509. As of December 31, 2022, our 2022-2023 Same Store properties were approximately 94.1% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,508. For our 2022-2023 Same Store properties, we recorded the following operating results for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022: Revenues Rental income. Rental income was $229.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $214.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $15.1 million, or 7.1%. The majority of the increase is related to a 0.1% increase in the weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit to $1,509 as of December 31, 2023 from $1,508 as of December 31, 2022. Other income. Other income was $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of $0.4 million. The increase between period is attributable to an $0.1 million increase in non refundable fees and increases in all other accounts of $0.3 million. Expenses Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses were $49.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $46.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $2.8 million, or 6.1%. The majority of the increase is related to increases in maintenance and administrative salaries of $2.1 million. Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes and insurance costs were $30.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $29.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $1.3 million, or 4.4%. The majority of the increase is related to a $1.2 million increase in property tax expense. Property management fees. Property management fees were $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.5 million, or 7.7%. The majority of the increase is related to an increase in total revenues, which the fee is primarily based on. Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses were $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.2 million, or 3.7%. The majority of the increase is related to a $0.2 million increase in computer software expense. Net Operating Income for Our 2021-2023 Same Store and Non-Same Store Properties for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 There are 28 properties encompassing 11,061 units of apartment space in our same store pool for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (our “2021-2023 Same Store” properties). Our 2021-2023 Same Store properties exclude the following 10 properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023: Cutter’s Point, Old Farm, Stone Creek at Old Farm, The Verandas at Lake Norman, Creekside at Matthews, Six Forks Station, High House at Cary, The Adair, Estates on Maryland and Radbourne Lake as well as 45 units that are currently down (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements). 60 The following table reflects the revenues, property operating expenses and NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 for our 2021-2023 Same Store and Non-Same Store properties (dollars in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2022 2023 2023 compared to 2022 $ Change % Change $ Change % Change 2023 compared to 2021 Revenues Same Store Rental income .................................... $ 207,034 $ 193,060 $ 167,971 $ 13,974 261 Other income ...................................... Same Store revenues ........................ 212,312 198,077 173,004 14,235 5,033 5,017 5,278 Non-Same Store Rental income .................................... 63,044 64,795 45,534 (1,751 ) 607 Other income ...................................... Non-Same Store revenues ................ 64,731 65,875 46,236 (1,144 ) Total revenues ................................ 277,043 263,952 219,240 13,091 1,080 1,687 702 Operating expenses Same Store Property operating expenses (1) ......... 44,358 42,015 36,848 2,343 996 Real estate taxes and insurance .......... 27,941 26,945 25,505 Property management fees (2) ........... 446 4,946 Property general and administrative 5,705 6,151 expenses (3) .................................... 140 Same Store operating expenses ........ 82,607 78,682 70,862 3,925 3,563 4,017 4,157 Non-Same Store Property operating expenses (4) ......... 15,694 15,017 11,090 Real estate taxes and insurance .......... Property management fees (2) ........... Property general and administrative 8,906 10,488 1,931 1,918 677 7,647 (1,582 ) (13 ) 1,388 5 expenses (5) .................................... 1,230 (913 ) Non-Same Store operating expenses 28,203 29,116 21,355 Total operating expenses ................ 110,810 107,798 92,217 3,012 1,680 1,685 7.2 % $ 39,063 5.2 % 245 7.2 % 39,308 23.3 % 4.9 % 22.7 % -2.7 % 17,510 56.2 % 985 -1.7 % 18,495 5.0 % 57,803 38.5 % 140.3 % 40.0 % 26.4 % 5.6 % 7,510 3.7 % 2,436 7.8 % 1,205 20.4 % 9.6 % 24.4 % 3.5 % 594 5.0 % 11,745 16.7 % 16.6 % 4.5 % 4,604 -15.1 % 1,259 530 -0.7 % 0.3 % 455 -3.1 % 6,848 2.8 % 18,593 41.5 % 16.5 % 38.2 % 37.0 % 32.1 % 20.2 % Operating income Same Store Miscellaneous income ........................ Non-Same Store Miscellaneous income ........................ Total operating income .................... 886 340 321 546 N/M 565 N/M 285 1,171 930 1,270 1,303 1,624 (645 ) (99 ) N/M (1,018 ) (453 ) -7.8 % N/M -27.9 % NOI Same Store ......................................... 130,591 119,735 102,463 10,856 (876 ) Non-Same Store ................................. 36,813 37,689 26,184 Total NOI ........................................ $ 167,404 $ 157,424 $ 128,647 $ 9,980 9.1 % 28,128 -2.3 % 10,629 6.3 % $ 38,757 27.5 % 40.6 % 30.1 % (1) For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, excludes approximately $(2,008,000), $(2,096,000) and $142,000, respectively, of casualty-related expenses/(recoveries). (2) Fees incurred to an unaffiliated third party that is an affiliate of a noncontrolling limited partner of the OP. (3) For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, excludes approximately $2,619,000, $2,638,000 and $1,696,000, respectively, of expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees. (4) For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, excludes approximately $(206,000), $3,215,000 and $(341,000), respectively, of casualty-related expenses/(recoveries). (5) For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, excludes approximately $1,082,000, $963,000 and $843,000, respectively, of expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees. 61 See reconciliation of net income (loss) to NOI above under “NOI and 2021-2023 Same Store NOI for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.” 2021-2023 Same Store Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 As of December 31, 2023, our 2021-2023 Same Store properties were approximately 94.7% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,520. As of December 31, 2022, our 2021-2023 Same Store properties were approximately 94.1% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,520. For our 2021-2023 Same Store properties, we recorded the following operating results for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022: Revenues Rental income. Rental income was $207.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $193.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $13.9 million, or 7.2%. The majority of the increase is related to a 0.6% increase in occupancy from 94.1% as of December 31, 2022 to 94.7% as of December 31, 2023 and a increase in the total number of units in the 2021-2023 same store pool from 11,023 units to 11,061 units as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Other income. Other income was $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of $0.3 million. The increase is related to an increase in non refundable fees of $0.1 million and increases in all other income of $0.2 million. Expenses Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses were $44.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $42.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $2.3 million, or 5.6%. The majority of the increase is related to increases in maintenance and administrative salaries of $2.0 million. Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes and insurance costs were $27.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $26.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $1.0 million, or 3.7%. The majority of the increase is related to a $1.0 million increase in property taxes. Property management fees. Property management fees were $6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.5 million, or 7.8%. The majority of the increase is related to an increase in total revenues, which the fee is primarily based on. Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses were $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.2 million, or 3.5%. The majority of the increase is related to a $0.3 million increase in listing fees. 2021-2023 Same Store Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2021 As of December 31, 2023, our 2021-2023 Same Store properties were approximately 94.7% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,520. As of December 31, 2021, our 2021-2023 Same Store properties were approximately 94.3% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,288. For our 2021-2023 Same Store properties, we recorded the following operating results for the year end December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021: Revenues Rental income. Rental income was $207.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $168.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $39.0 million, or 23.3%. The majority of the increase is related to a 18.0% increase in the weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit to $1,520 as of December 31, 2023 from 1,288 as of December 31, 2021. Other income. Other income was $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The majority of the increase in other income is attributable to an increase in non-refundable fees of $0.2 million. 62 Expenses Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses were $44.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $36.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was increase of approximately $7.5 million, or 20.4%. The majority of the increase is related to a $2.6 million increase in maintenance and administrative salaries and a $1.4 million increase in water, electricity, gas and sewer expenses. Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes and insurance costs were $27.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was increase of approximately $2.4 million, or 9.6%. The majority of the increase is related to increases in property taxes of $2.2 million. Property management fees. Property management fees were $6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $1.2 million, or 24.4%. The majority of the increase is related to an increase in total revenues, which the fee is primarily based on. Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses were $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $0.6 million. The majority of the increase is related to $0.6 million increase in listing fees. FFO, Core FFO and AFFO We believe that net income, as defined by GAAP, is the most appropriate earnings measure. We also believe that funds from operations (“FFO”), as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”), core funds from operations (“Core FFO”) and adjusted funds from operations (“AFFO”) are important non-GAAP supplemental measures of operating performance for a REIT. Since the historical cost accounting convention used for real estate assets requires depreciation except on land, such accounting presentation implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. However, since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market and other conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT that use historical cost accounting for depreciation could be less informative. Thus, NAREIT created FFO as a supplemental measure of operating performance for REITs that excludes historical cost depreciation and amortization, among other items, from net income, as defined by GAAP. FFO is defined by NAREIT as net income computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses from real estate dispositions, plus real estate depreciation and amortization. We compute FFO attributable to common stockholders in accordance with NAREIT’s definition. Our presentation differs slightly in that we begin with net income (loss) before adjusting for amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests and we show the amounts attributable to such noncontrolling interests as an adjustment to arrive at FFO attributable to common stockholders. Core FFO makes certain adjustments to FFO, which are either not likely to occur on a regular basis or are otherwise not representative of the ongoing operating performance of our portfolio. Core FFO adjusts FFO to remove items such as losses on extinguishment of debt and modification costs (including prepayment penalties and defeasance costs incurred on the early repayment of debt, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and fair market value adjustments of assumed debt related to the early repayment of debt, costs incurred in a debt modification that are not capitalized as deferred financing costs and other costs incurred in a debt extinguishment), casualty-related expenses and recoveries and gains or losses, gain on forfeited deposits, the amortization of deferred financing costs incurred in connection with obtaining short-term debt financing, and the noncontrolling interests (as described above) related to these items. We believe Core FFO is useful to investors as a supplemental gauge of our operating performance and is useful in comparing our operating performance with other REITs that are not as involved in the aforementioned activities. AFFO makes certain adjustments to Core FFO in order to arrive at a more refined measure of the operating performance of our portfolio. There is no industry standard definition of AFFO and practice is divergent across the industry. AFFO adjusts Core FFO to remove items such as equity-based compensation expense and the amortization of deferred financing costs incurred in connection with obtaining long-term debt financing, and the noncontrolling interests (as described above) related to these items. We believe AFFO is useful to investors as a supplemental gauge of our operating performance and is useful in comparing our operating performance with other REITs that are not as involved in the aforementioned activities. The effect of the conversion of OP Units held by noncontrolling limited partners is not reflected in the computation of basic and diluted FFO, Core FFO and AFFO per share, as they are exchangeable for common stock on a one-for-one basis. The FFO, Core FFO and AFFO allocable to such units is allocated on this same basis and reflected in the adjustments for noncontrolling interests in the table below. As such, the assumed conversion of these units would have no net impact on the determination of diluted FFO, Core FFO and AFFO per share. See Note 9 for additional information. 63 We believe that the use of FFO, Core FFO and AFFO, combined with the required GAAP presentations, improves the understanding of operating results of REITs among investors and makes comparisons of operating results among such companies more meaningful. While FFO, Core FFO and AFFO are relevant and widely used measures of operating performance of REITs, they do not represent cash flows from operations or net income (loss) as defined by GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative or substitute to those measures in evaluating our liquidity or operating performance. FFO, Core FFO and AFFO do not purport to be indicative of cash available to fund our future cash requirements. Further, our computation of FFO, Core FFO and AFFO may not be comparable to FFO, Core FFO and AFFO reported by other REITs that do not define FFO in accordance with the current NAREIT definition or that interpret the current NAREIT definition or define Core FFO or AFFO differently than we do. The following table reconciles our calculations of FFO, Core FFO and AFFO to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except per share amounts): For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 % Change 2023 - 2022 % Change 2023 - 2021 Net income (loss) .................................................... $ Depreciation and amortization ................................ Gain on sales of real estate ...................................... Adjustment for noncontrolling interests .................. FFO attributable to common stockholders ......... 44,433 $ 95,186 (67,926 ) (273 ) 71,420 (9,291 ) $ 97,648 (14,684 ) (276 ) 73,397 23,106 86,878 (46,214 ) (191 ) 63,579 -578.2 % -2.5 % 362.6 % -1.1 % -2.7 % FFO per share - basic ........................................... $ FFO per share - diluted ........................................ $ 2.78 $ 2.72 $ 2.87 $ 2.81 $ 2.53 2.47 -3.0 % -3.0 % Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs ..................................................................... Casualty-related expenses/(recoveries) ................... Casualty losses (gains) ............................................ Gain on forfeited deposits ....................................... Amortization of deferred financing costs - acquisition term notes .......................................... Adjustment for noncontrolling interests .................. Core FFO attributable to common stockholders 2,409 (2,214 ) 856 (250 ) 1,321 (8 ) 73,534 8,734 1,119 (2,506 ) — 1,083 (31 ) 81,796 912 (199 ) (2,595 ) — 737 4 62,438 -72.4 % N/M N/M 0.0 % 22.0 % -74.2 % -10.1 % Core FFO per share - basic .................................. $ Core FFO per share - diluted ............................... $ 2.87 $ 2.80 $ 3.19 $ 3.13 $ 2.48 2.42 -10.3 % -10.4 % Amortization of deferred financing costs - long term debt ............................................................. Equity-based compensation expense ....................... Adjustment for noncontrolling interests .................. AFFO attributable to common stockholders ...... 1,624 9,287 (41 ) 84,404 1,696 7,911 (37 ) 91,366 1,460 6,997 (25 ) 70,870 AFFO per share - basic ......................................... $ AFFO per share - diluted ..................................... $ 3.29 $ 3.22 $ 3.57 $ 3.49 $ 2.82 2.75 -4.3 % 17.4 % 10.8 % -7.6 % -7.8 % -8.0 % Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic .................................................................. 25,654 25,610 25,170 0.2 % Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted .............................................................. (1) 26,245 26,151 25,760 0.4 % N/M 9.6 % 47.0 % 42.9 % 12.3 % 10.0 % 10.3 % 164.1 % 1012.6 % N/M 0.0 % 79.2 % -300.0 % 17.8 % 15.5 % 15.6 % 11.2 % 32.7 % 64.0 % 19.1 % 16.9 % 16.9 % 1.9 % 1.9 % Dividends declared per common share ............... $ 1.72242 $ 1.56 $ 1.40375 10.4 % 22.7 % Net income (loss) Coverage - diluted ................... (2) FFO Coverage - diluted ........................................ (2) Core FFO Coverage - diluted ............................... (2) AFFO Coverage - diluted ..................................... (2) 0.98x 1.58x 1.63x 1.87x 64 -0.23x 1.80x 2.01x 2.24x 0.63x 1.76x 1.73x 1.96x -525.2 % -12.2 % -18.9 % -16.6 % 54.8 % -10.1 % -5.8 % -4.7 % (1) The Company uses actual diluted weighted average common shares outstanding when in a dilutive position for FFO, Core (2) Indicates coverage ratio of net earnings (loss)/FFO/Core FFO/AFFO per common share (diluted) over dividends declared FFO and AFFO. per common share during the period. The year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 FFO was $71.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $73.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $2.0 million. The change in our FFO between the periods primarily relates to an increase in total revenues of $13.5 million offset by an increase in interest expense of $16.5 million. Core FFO was $73.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $81.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $8.3 million. The change in our Core FFO between the periods primarily relates to an decrease in FFO of $2.1 million and a decrease in loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs of $6.3 million. AFFO was $84.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $91.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $7.0 million. The change in our AFFO between the periods primarily relates to a decrease in Core FFO of $8.3 million partially offset by an increase in equity-based compensation expense of $1.4 million. The year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 FFO was $71.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $63.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $7.8 million. The change in our FFO between the periods primarily relates to an increase in total revenues of $58.2 million, partially offset by increases in gain on sale of real estate and interest expense of $21.7 million and $22.5 million. Core FFO was $73.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $62.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $11.0 million. The change in our Core FFO between the periods primarily relates to an increase in FFO $7.7 million and an increase in loss on extinguishment of debt and medication costs of $1.5 million. AFFO was $84.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $71.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was an increase of approximately $13.4 million. The change in our AFFO between the periods primarily relates to increases in Core FFO of $10.9 million and equity-based compensation expense of $2.3 million. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our short-term cash requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for debt maturities, operating expenses and other expenditures directly associated with our multifamily properties, including: • • • • • • • • • capital expenditures to continue our value-add program and to improve the quality and performance of our multifamily properties; interest expense and scheduled principal payments on outstanding indebtedness (see “—Obligations and Commitments” below); recurring maintenance necessary to maintain our multifamily properties; distributions necessary to qualify for taxation as a REIT; acquisition of additional properties; advisory and administrative fees payable to our Adviser; general and administrative expenses; reimbursements to our Adviser; and property management fees payable to BH. We expect to meet our short-term cash requirements generally through net cash provided by operations and existing cash balances and any unused capacity on the Corporate Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $2.9 million of renovation value-add reserves for our planned capital expenditures to implement our value-add program. Renovation value- add reserves are not required to be held in escrow by a third party. We may reallocate these funds, at our discretion, to pursue other investment opportunities or meet our short-term liquidity requirements. 65 Our long-term cash requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for the costs of acquiring additional multifamily properties, renovations and other capital expenditures to improve our multifamily properties and scheduled debt payments and distributions. We expect to meet our long-term cash requirements through various sources of capital, which may include a revolving credit facility and future debt or equity issuances, existing working capital, net cash provided by operations, long-term mortgage indebtedness and other secured and unsecured borrowings, and property dispositions. However, there are a number of factors that may have a material adverse effect on our ability to access these capital sources, including the state of overall equity and credit markets, our degree of leverage, our unencumbered asset base and borrowing restrictions imposed by lenders (including as a result of any failure to comply with financial covenants in our existing and future indebtedness), general market conditions for REITs, our operating performance and liquidity, market perceptions about us and restrictions on sales of properties under the Code. The success of our business strategy will depend, in part, on our ability to access these various capital sources. In addition to our value-add program, our multifamily properties will require periodic capital expenditures and renovation to remain competitive. Also, acquisitions, redevelopments, or expansions of our multifamily properties will require significant capital outlays. Long-term, we may not be able to fund such capital improvements solely from net cash provided by operations because we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deductions for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT, and we are subject to tax on any retained income and gains. As a result, our ability to fund capital expenditures, acquisitions, or redevelopment through retained earnings long-term is limited. Consequently, we expect to rely heavily upon the availability of debt or equity capital for these purposes. If we are unable to obtain the necessary capital on favorable terms, or at all, our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. We believe that our available cash, expected operating cash flows, and potential debt or equity financings will provide sufficient funds for our operations, anticipated scheduled debt service payments and dividend requirements for the twelve-month period following December 31, 2023. We believe that our sources of long-term cash will be sufficient for our needs thereafter. Cash Flows The following table presents selected data from our consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Net cash provided by operating activities .......................................... $ Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ............................ Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ........................... Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ................................................................................................. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year ........... Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year ..................... $ For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 96,581 $ 51,923 (155,024 ) 79,096 $ (162,303 ) 46,310 73,268 (235,906 ) 194,319 (6,520 ) 51,799 45,279 $ (36,897 ) 88,696 51,799 $ 31,681 57,015 88,696 The year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 Cash flows from operating activities. During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $96.6 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $79.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change in cash flows from operating activities was mainly due to an increase in total revenues of $13.5 million between the periods and an increase in vesting of stock-based compensation of $1.4 million. Cash flows from investing activities. During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by investing activities was $51.9 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $162.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change in cash flows from investing activities was mainly due to our acquisition and disposition activity in 2023 and 2022 and the timing of the transactions. Cash flows from financing activities. During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $155.0 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $46.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change in cash flows from financing activities was mainly due to a net decrease in debt of approximately $226.7 million between the periods. The year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 Cash flows from operating activities. During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $79.1 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $73.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The change in cash flows from operating activities was mainly due to an increase in total revenues of $44.7 million partially 66 offset by increases in total operating expenses and change in fair value of derivative instruments included in interest expense of $10.4 million and $25.1 million. Cash flows from investing activities. During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $162.3 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $235.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change in cash flows from investing activities was mainly due to our acquisition and disposition activity in 2022 and 2021 and the timing of the transactions. Cash flows from financing activities. During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was $46.3 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $194.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change in cash flows from financing activities was mainly due to a net decrease in debt of $89.7 million. Real Estate Investments Statistics As of December 31, 2023, the Company was invested in a total of 38 multifamily properties, as listed below: Rentable Square Footage Property Name (in thousands)* Number of Units*(3) Arbors on Forest Ridge .......... Cutter's Point .......................... The Summit at Sabal Park ...... Courtney Cove ........................ Radbourne Lake ..................... (4) Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista...................................... Cornerstone ............................ The Preserve at Terrell Mill ... Versailles ................................ Seasons 704 Apartments ........ Madera Point .......................... Venue at 8651 ......................... Parc500 ................................... The Venue on Camelback ...... Old Farm ................................. (4) Stone Creek at Old Farm ........ (4) Rockledge Apartments ........... Atera Apartments ................... Versailles II ............................ Brandywine I & II .................. Bella Vista .............................. The Enclave ............................ The Heritage ........................... Summers Landing................... Residences at Glenview Reserve ................................. Residences at West Place ....... Avant at Pembroke Pines ....... Arbors of Brentwood .............. Torreyana Apartments ............ Bloom ..................................... Bella Solara ............................ Fairways at San Marcos ......... The Verandas at Lake Norman ................................. Creekside at Matthews ........... Six Forks Station .................... High House at Cary ................ The Adair ................................ Estates on Maryland ............... 155 198 205 225 247 371 318 692 301 217 193 289 266 256 697 186 802 334 199 414 243 194 199 139 344 345 1,442 325 309 498 271 340 241 263 360 293 328 324 13,023 210 196 252 324 225 400 430 752 388 222 256 333 217 415 734 190 708 380 242 632 248 204 204 196 360 342 1520 346 316 528 320 352 264 240 323 302 232 330 14,133 $ Date Acquired 1/31/2014 1/31/2014 8/20/2014 8/20/2014 9/30/2014 11/5/2014 1/15/2015 2/6/2015 2/26/2015 4/15/2015 8/5/2015 10/30/2015 7/27/2016 10/11/2016 12/29/2016 12/29/2016 6/30/2017 10/25/2017 9/26/2018 9/26/2018 1/28/2019 1/28/2019 1/28/2019 6/7/2019 7/17/2019 7/17/2019 8/30/2019 9/10/2019 11/22/2019 11/22/2019 11/22/2019 11/2/2020 6/30/2021 6/30/2021 9/10/2021 12/7/2021 4/1/2022 4/1/2022 Average Effective Monthly Rent Per Unit as of December 31,*(1) % Occupied as of December 31,*(2) 2023 2022 2023 2022 1,187 $ 1,442 1,460 1,327 1,450 1,753 1,445 1,271 1,262 1,828 1,312 1,175 1,914 1,065 1,322 1,299 1,557 1,476 1,181 1,222 1,774 1,820 1,698 1,223 1,307 1,559 2,150 1,494 1,461 1,298 1,337 1,580 1,354 1,431 1,409 1,464 1,968 1,435 1,180 1,497 1,503 1,490 1,385 1,786 1,453 1,321 1,261 1,837 1,345 1,182 1,927 1,080 1,326 1,343 1,550 1,524 1,252 1,252 1,791 1,851 1,653 1,203 1,233 1,586 2,106 1,423 1,557 1,315 1,371 1,576 1,316 1,397 1,416 1,636 1,807 1,459 94.3 % 93.9 % 95.2 % 95.4 % 95.6 % 94.5 % 96.0 % 96.7 % 92.3 % 96.4 % 94.9 % 91.0 % 93.1 % 95.2 % 93.9 % 94.7 % 95.5 % 96.3 % 90.6 % 93.7 % 96.4 % 94.6 % 96.6 % 93.4 % 95.3 % 92.1 % 95.6 % 92.2 % 95.9 % 94.9 % 92.6 % 94.9 % 95.8 % 95.8 % 92.4 % 95.0 % 96.6 % 95.2 % 92.4 % 93.9 % 94.0 % 94.4 % 93.3 % 95.5 % 90.0 % 91.9 % 93.0 % 94.1 % 95.7 % 91.6 % 95.9 % 91.8 % 95.2 % 93.2 % 92.7 % 96.1 % 95.0 % 94.5 % 98.0 % 96.6 % 95.1 % 93.9 % 95.8 % 93.0 % 95.1 % 89.0 % 93.7 % 89.8 % 88.8 % 93.5 % 94.3 % 94.6 % 92.6 % 95.4 % 94.4 % 92.7 % * Information is unaudited. (1) Average effective monthly rent per unit is equal to the average of the contractual rent for commenced leases as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, minus any tenant concessions over the term of the lease, divided by the number of units under commenced leases as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. 67 (2) Percent occupied is calculated as the number of units occupied as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, divided by the total number of units, expressed as a percentage. (3) Includes 45 down units due to casualty events as of December 31, 2023 (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements). (4) Properties classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2023. Debt, Derivatives and Hedging Activity Mortgage Debt Interest rates for mortgage debt is based on a reference rate plus an applicable margin, except for fixed rate mortgage debt. The reference rate used in our Portfolio is 30-Day Average Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). Loans that transitioned from the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") to SOFR include a 0.11448% adjustment to SOFR for the all-in rate ("Adjusted SOFR"). As of December 31, 2023, our subsidiaries had aggregate mortgage debt outstanding to third parties of approximately $1.6 billion at a weighted average interest rate of 6.90% and an adjusted weighted average interest rate of 3.60%. For purposes of calculating the adjusted weighted average interest rate of our mortgage debt outstanding, we have included the weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682% for Adjusted SOFR on our combined $1.2 billion notional amount of interest rate swap agreements, which effectively fix the interest rate on $1.2 billion of our floating rate mortgage debt. See Notes 5 and 6 for additional information. We have entered into and expect to continue to enter into interest rate swap and cap agreements with various third parties to fix or cap the floating interest rates on a majority of our floating rate mortgage debt outstanding. The interest rate swap agreements generally have a term of four to five years and effectively establish a fixed interest rate on debt on the underlying notional amounts. The interest rate swap agreements involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. As of December 31, 2023, interest rate swap agreements effectively covered 77% of our $1.5 billion of floating rate mortgage debt outstanding. The interest rate cap agreements generally have a term of three to four years, cover the outstanding principal amount of the underlying debt and are generally required by our lenders. Under the interest rate cap agreements, we pay a fixed fee in exchange for the counterparty to pay any interest above a maximum rate. As of December 31, 2023, interest rate cap agreements covered $1.3 billion of our $1.5 billion of floating rate mortgage debt outstanding, which effectively cap SOFR on $1.3 billion of our floating rate mortgage debt at a weighted average rate of 5.90%. LIBOR ceased publication on June 30, 2023. On July 1, 2023, LIBOR rates were replaced with SOFR as the reference rate for most LIBOR debt and derivative instruments. For debt instruments that transitioned from LIBOR to SOFR, the adjustment included an increase of 0.11448% to the all-in rate. For the Company's interest rate swaps, the reference transitioned from one-month LIBOR to Adjusted SOFR. On November 30, 2022, the Company entered into an agreement with KeyBank as a Freddie Mac servicer to refinance $760.7 million of its first mortgage debt relating to 18 properties that had original loan maturities ranging from July 1, 2024 to July 1, 2028. The new loan matures on December 1, 2032 and bears interest at an annual rate of 30-day average SOFR plus 155 basis points. The loans will begin amortizing after the first 5 years. On December 1, 2022, the Company entered into an agreement with KeyBank as a Freddie Mac servicer to refinance $46.8 million of its first mortgage debt relating to Cornerstone original loan maturity on July 1, 2024. The new loan matures on December 1, 2032 and bears interest at an annual rate of 30-day average SOFR plus 209 basis points. The loan will begin amortizing after the first 5 years. We intend to invest in additional multifamily properties as suitable opportunities arise and adequate sources of equity and debt financing are available. We expect that future investments in properties, including any improvements or renovations of current or newly acquired properties, will depend on and will be financed by, in whole or in part, our existing cash, future borrowings and the proceeds from additional issuances of common stock or other securities or property dispositions. Although we expect to be subject to restrictions on our ability to incur indebtedness, we expect that we will be able to refinance existing indebtedness or incur additional indebtedness for acquisitions or other purposes, if needed. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance our indebtedness, incur additional indebtedness or access additional sources of capital, such as by issuing common stock or other debt or equity securities, on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. 68 Furthermore, following the completion of our value-add and capital expenditures programs and depending on the interest rate environment at the applicable time, we may seek to refinance our floating rate debt into longer-term fixed rate debt at lower leverage levels. Corporate Credit Facility On June 30, 2021, the Company, through the OP, entered into a secured $250.0 million credit facility with Truist Bank (“Truist Bank”), as administrative agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto (the “Corporate Credit Facility”). $225 million of the Corporate Credit Facility was a revolving credit facility and $25 million of the Corporate Credit Facility was a term loan. In addition, on June 30, 2021, in connection with entering into the Corporate Credit Facility, the Company, through the OP, terminated its prior $225.0 million revolving credit facility with Truist Bank, as administrative agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto, prior to the maturity date of January 28, 2022. Subject to conditions provided in the Corporate Credit Facility, the Corporate Credit Facility may be increased up to an additional $100.0 million if the lenders agree to increase their commitments or if the lenders agree for the increase to be funded by any additional lender proposed by the Company, through the OP. On September 9, 2021, the Company, through the OP, modified the Corporate Credit Facility to provide for an additional $35.0 million term loan with a maturity date of December 31, 2021, increasing the Corporate Credit Facility from $250 million to $285 million. On December 6, 2021, the Company, through the OP, increased the amount of the Corporate Credit Facility by $55.0 million. On March 25, 2022, the Company entered into a loan modification agreement by and among the Company, the OP, Truist Bank and the Lenders party thereto, which modified the Company’s Corporate Credit Facility. Subject to conditions provided in the Corporate Credit Facility, the commitments under Corporate Credit Facility may be increased up to an additional $150.0 million if the lenders agree to increase their commitments or if the lenders agree for the increase to be funded by any additional lender proposed by the Company, through the OP. The Corporate Credit Facility will mature on June 30, 2025 with respect to the revolving commitments, unless the Company exercises its option to voluntarily and permanently reduce all of the revolving commitments before the maturity date or elects to exercise its right and option to extend the facility with respect to the revolving commitments for a single one-year term. See Note 5 for additional information. Advances under the Corporate Credit Facility accrue interest at a per annum rate equal to, at the Company’s election, either Term SOFR plus a margin of 1.90% to 2.40%, depending on the Company’s total leverage ratio, and a benchmark replacement adjustment of 0.1%, or a base rate determined according to the highest of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (c) Term SOFR plus 1.0% or (d) 0.0% plus a margin of 0.90% to 1.40%, depending on the Company’s total leverage ratio. An unused commitment fee at a rate of 0.15% or 0.25%, depending on the outstanding aggregate revolving commitments, applies to unutilized borrowing capacity under the Corporate Credit Facility. Amounts owing under the Corporate Credit Facility may be prepaid at any time without premium or penalty. The Corporate Credit Facility is guaranteed by the Company and the obligations under the Corporate Credit Facility are, subject to some exceptions, secured by a continuing security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company is in compliance with all of the covenants required in its Corporate Credit Facility. On October 24, 2022, the Company exercised its option to extend the Corporate Credit Facility with respect to the revolving commitments for a single one-year term resulting in a maturity date of June 30, 2025. As of December 31, 2023, there was $326.0 million available for borrowing under the Corporate Credit Facility. Subject to conditions provided in the Corporate Credit Facility, the commitments under Corporate Credit Facility may be increased up to an additional $150.0 million if the lenders agree to increase their commitments or if the lenders agree for the increase to be funded by any additional lender proposed by the Company, through the OP. The Corporate Credit Facility is a non-recourse obligation and contains customary events of default, including defaults in the payment of principal or interest, defaults in compliance with the covenants contained in the document evidencing the loan, defaults in payments under any other security instrument, and bankruptcy or other insolvency events. As of December 31, 2023, the Company believes it is compliant with all provisions. As of December 31, 2023, there was $24.0 million in principal outstanding on the Corporate Credit Facility. For additional information regarding our Corporate Credit Facility, see Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements. Interest Rate Swap Agreements In order to fix a portion of, and mitigate the risk associated with, our floating rate indebtedness (without incurring substantial prepayment penalties or defeasance costs typically associated with fixed rate indebtedness when repaid early or refinanced), we, through the OP, have entered into six interest rate swap transactions with KeyBank and four with Truist Bank (collectively the “Counterparties”) with a combined notional amount of $1.2 billion which are effective as of December 31, 2023. 69 As of December 31, 2023, the interest rate swaps we have entered into effectively replace the floating interest rate (SOFR) with respect to $1.5 billion of our floating rate mortgage debt outstanding with a weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682%. During the term of these interest rate swap agreements, we are required to make monthly fixed rate payments of 1.0682%, on a weighted average basis, on the notional amounts, while the Counterparties are obligated to make monthly floating rate payments based on Adjusted SOFR to us referencing the same notional amounts. For purposes of hedge accounting under FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, we have designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk. See Notes 5 and 6 for additional information. The following table contains summary information regarding our outstanding interest rate swaps (dollars in thousands): Effective Date June 1, 2019 June 1, 2019 September 1, 2019 September 1, 2019 January 3, 2020 March 4, 2020 June 1, 2021 June 1, 2021 March 1, 2022 March 1, 2022 Termination Date June 1, 2024 June 1, 2024 September 1, 2026 September 1, 2026 September 1, 2026 June 1, 2026 September 1, 2026 September 1, 2026 March 1, 2025 March 1, 2025 Counterparty KeyBank Truist KeyBank KeyBank KeyBank Truist KeyBank KeyBank Truist Truist $ $ Notional Fixed Rate (1) 50,000 50,000 100,000 125,000 92,500 100,000 200,000 200,000 145,000 105,000 1,167,500 2.002 % 2.002 % 1.462 % 1.302 % 1.609 % 0.820 % 0.845 % 0.953 % 0.573 % 0.614 % 1.068 % (2) (1) The floating rate option for the interest rate swaps is Adjusted SOFR. As of December 31, 2023, Adjusted SOFR was 5.459%. (2) Represents the weighted average fixed rate of the interest rate swaps. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had the following outstanding interest rate swaps that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk with future effective dates (dollars in thousands): Effective Date September 1, 2026 Termination Date January 1, 2027 Counterparty KeyBank Notional Amount Fixed Rate (1) $ 92,500 1.7980 % (1) The floating rate option for the interest rate swaps is Adjusted SOFR. As of December 31, 2023, Adjusted SOFR was 5.459%. (2) Represents the weighted average fixed rate of the forward interest rate swaps. 70 Obligations and Commitments The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2023 for the next five calendar years subsequent to December 31, 2023. We used SOFR as of December 31, 2023 to calculate interest expense due by period on our floating rate debt and net interest expense due by period on our interest rate swaps. Operating Properties Mortgage Debt Total 2024 Payments Due by Period (in thousands) 2026 2025 2027 2028 Thereafter Principal payments .................. Interest expense ....................... (1) Total .................................... $ 1,463,076 $ — $ 80,641 $ 958,431 222,122 $ 2,001,853 $ 52,462 $ 194,546 $ 349,604 $ 72,975 $ 151,713 $ 1,180,553 538,777 52,170 61,158 59,280 72,975 71,072 292 $ 133,388 $ 290,324 $ Held For Sale Properties Mortgage Debt Principal payments .................. Interest expense ....................... Total .................................... Credit Facility Principal payments .................. Interest expense ....................... Total .................................... $ $ $ $ Total contractual obligations 88,160 $ 68,160 $ 20,000 $ 1,006 3,778 92,944 $ 71,938 $ 21,006 $ 4,784 24,000 $ 2,770 — $ 24,000 $ 913 1,857 26,770 $ 1,857 $ 24,913 $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ — — — — — — and commitments ............... $ 2,121,567 $ 126,257 $ 240,465 $ 349,604 $ 72,975 $ 151,713 $ 1,180,553 (1) Interest expense obligations includes the impact of expected settlements on interest rate swaps which have been entered into in order to fix the interest rate on the hedged portion of our floating rate debt obligations. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had eleven interest rate swaps with a combined notional amount of $1.2 billion. We have allocated the total impact of expected settlements on the $1.2 billion notional amount of interest rate swaps to “Operating Properties Mortgage Debt.” We used Adjusted SOFR as of December 31, 2023 to determine our expected settlements through the terms of the interest rate swaps. Corporate Credit Facility The Corporate Credit Facility will mature on June 30, 2025 with respect to the revolving commitments, unless the Company exercises its option to voluntarily and permanently reduce all of the revolving commitments before the maturity date or elects to exercise its right and option to extend the facility with respect to the revolving commitments for a single one-year term. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements. Advisory Agreement Our Advisory Agreement requires that we pay our Adviser an annual advisory and administrative fee of 1.2%. The advisory and administrative fees paid to the Adviser on the Contributed Assets (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) are subject to an annual cap of approximately $5.4 million. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred advisory and administrative fees of $7.6 million and $7.5 million, respectively. NLMF Holdco, LLC The Company’s agreement with NLMF Holdco, LLC may result in additional funding requirements to cover future project costs. The maximum exposure of potential commitments is expected to be no more than $4.0 million. We expect that these actions will provide faster, more reliable and lower cost internet to our residents. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has funded approximately $0.3 million to NLMF Holdco, LLC which is included in prepaid and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet of the Company. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred expenses of $2.9 million for fiber internet service which is included in property operating expenses on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income. 71 Capital Expenditures and Value-Add Program We anticipate incurring average annual repairs and maintenance expense of $575 to $725 per apartment unit in connection with the ongoing operations of our business. These expenditures are expensed as incurred. In addition, we reserve, on average, approximately $250 to $350 per apartment unit for non-recurring capital expenditures and/or lender required replacement reserves. When incurred, these expenditures are either capitalized or expensed, in accordance with GAAP, depending on the type of the expenditure. Although we will continuously monitor the adequacy of this average, we believe these figures to be sufficient to maintain the properties at a high level in the markets in which we operate. A majority of the properties in our portfolio were underwritten and acquired with the premise that we would invest $4,000 to $10,000 per unit in the first 36 months of ownership, in an effort to add value to the asset’s exterior and interiors. In many cases, we reserve cash at the closing of each acquisition to fund these planned capital expenditures and value-add improvements. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $2.9 million of renovation value-add reserves for our planned capital expenditures and other expenses to implement our value-add program, which will complete approximately 13,209 planned interior rehabs. The following table sets forth a summary of our capital expenditures related to our value-add program for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Rehab Expenditures For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 Interior .......................................................................................... (1) $ Exterior and common area ............................................................ Total rehab expenditures ............................................................. $ 25,504 $ 11,730 37,234 $ 26,229 $ 9,957 36,186 $ 11,278 7,773 19,051 (1) Includes total capital expenditures during the period on completed and in-progress interior rehabs. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we completed full and partial interior rehabs on 2,073, 2,409 and 1,264 units, respectively. Income Taxes We anticipate that we will continue to qualify to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and we intend to continue to be organized and to operate in a manner that will permit us to qualify as a REIT. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to stockholders. As a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. Taxable income from certain non-REIT activities is managed through a TRS and is subject to applicable federal, state, and local income and margin taxes. We had no significant taxes associated with our TRS for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at corporate income tax rates, and dividends paid to our stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing taxable income. Any resulting corporate liability could be substantial and could materially and adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we failed to qualify to be taxed as a REIT. We evaluate the accounting and disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing our tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” (greater than 50 percent probability) of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold would be recorded as a tax benefit or expense in the current year. Our management is required to analyze all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations, for all major jurisdictions, which include federal and certain states. We have no examinations in progress and none are expected at this time. We recognize our tax positions and evaluate them using a two-step process. First, we determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Second, we will determine the amount of benefit to recognize and record the amount that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement. We had no material unrecognized tax benefit or expense, accrued interest or penalties as of December 31, 2023. We and our subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of various state and local jurisdictions. The 2022, 2021 and 2020 tax years remain open to examination by tax jurisdictions to which our subsidiaries and we are subject. When applicable, we recognize interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). 72 Dividends We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments to holders of our common stock. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. As a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our taxable income to holders of our common stock out of assets legally available for this purpose, if and to the extent authorized by our Board. Before we make any dividend payments, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service on our debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets, borrow funds or raise additional capital to make cash dividends or we may make a portion of the required dividend in the form of a taxable distribution of stock or debt securities. We will make dividend payments based on our estimate of taxable earnings per share of common stock, but not earnings calculated pursuant to GAAP. Our dividends and taxable income and GAAP earnings will typically differ due to items such as depreciation and amortization, fair value adjustments, differences in premium amortization and discount accretion, and non- deductible general and administrative expenses. Our quarterly dividends per share may be substantially different than our quarterly taxable earnings and GAAP earnings per share. Our Board declared our fourth quarterly dividend of 2023 of $0.46242 per share on October 30, 2023, which was paid on December 29, 2023 and funded out of cash flows from operations. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of December 31, 2023, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires our management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate these judgments, assumptions and estimates for changes that would affect the reported amounts. These estimates are based on management’s historical industry experience and on various other judgments and assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these judgments, assumptions and estimates. Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that we consider critical to understanding our financial condition or results of operations where there is uncertainty or where significant judgment is required. A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements and our significant accounting policies, including further discussion of the accounting policies described below, can be found in Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in this Annual Report. Purchase Price Allocation Upon acquisition of a property considered to be an asset acquisition, the purchase price and related acquisition costs (“total consideration”) are allocated to land, buildings, improvements, furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and intangible lease assets based on relative fair value in accordance with FASB ASC 805, Business Combinations. Acquisition costs are capitalized in accordance with FASB ASC 805. The allocation of total consideration, which is determined using inputs that are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy established by FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures (see Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements), is based on management’s estimate of the property’s “as-if” vacant fair value and is calculated by using all available information such as the replacement cost of such asset, appraisals, property condition reports, market data and other related information. If any debt is assumed in an acquisition, the difference between the fair value, which is estimated using inputs that are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, and the face value of debt is recorded as a premium or discount and amortized as interest expense over the life of the debt assumed. 73 Impairment Real estate assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The key inputs into our impairment analysis include, but are not limited to, the holding period, net operating income, and capitalization rates. In such cases, we will evaluate the recoverability of such real estate assets based on estimated future cash flows and the estimated liquidation value of such real estate assets, and provide for impairment if such undiscounted cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the real estate asset. If impaired, the real estate asset will be written down to its estimated fair value. The Company’s impairment analysis identifies and evaluates events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of a real estate investment may not be recoverable, including determining the period the Company will hold the rental property, net operating income, and the estimated capitalization rate for each respective real estate investment. Inflation The real estate market has not been directly affected by inflation in the past several years due to increases in rents nationwide. The majority of our lease terms are for a period of one year or less and reset to market if renewed. The majority of our leases also contain protection provisions applicable to reimbursement billings for utilities. Due to the short-term nature of our leases, we do not believe our results will be materially affected. Inflation may also affect the overall cost of debt, as the implied cost of capital increases. We intend to mitigate these risks through long-term fixed interest rate loans and interest rate hedges, which to date have included interest rate cap and interest rate swap agreements. REIT Tax Election We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code and expect to continue to qualify as a REIT. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our “REIT taxable income,” as defined by the Code, to our stockholders. Taxable income from certain non-REIT activities is managed through a TRS and is subject to applicable federal, state, and local income and margin taxes. We had no significant taxes associated with our TRS for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. We believe we qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code, and we intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurance can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Market risk is the adverse effect on the value of assets and liabilities that results from a change in market conditions. Our primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk with respect to our indebtedness and counterparty credit risk with respect to our interest rate derivatives. In order to minimize counterparty credit risk, we enter into and expect to enter into hedging arrangements only with major financial institutions that have high credit ratings. As of December 31, 2023, we had total indebtedness of $1.6 billion at a weighted average interest rate of 6.91%, of which $1.5 billion was debt with a floating interest rate. The interest rate swap agreements we have entered into effectively fix the interest rate on 77% of our $1.5 billion of floating rate mortgage debt outstanding (see below). As of December 31, 2023, the adjusted weighted average interest rate of our total indebtedness was 3.59%. For purposes of calculating the adjusted weighted average interest rate of the total indebtedness, we have included the weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682% for Adjusted SOFR on the $1.2 billion notional amount of interest rate swap agreements that we have entered into as of December 31, 2023, which effectively fix the interest rate on $1.2 billion of our floating rate mortgage debt outstanding. An increase in interest rates could make the financing of any acquisition by us costlier. Rising or high interest rates could also limit our ability to refinance our debt when it matures or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing and increase interest expense on refinanced indebtedness. We may manage, or hedge, interest rate risks related to our borrowings by means of interest rate cap and interest rate swap agreements. As of December 31, 2023, the interest rate cap agreements we have entered into effectively cap SOFR on $1.3 billion of our floating rate mortgage debt at a weighted average rate of 5.90% for the term of the agreements, which is generally three to four years. We also expect to manage our exposure to interest rate risk by maintaining a mix of fixed and floating rates for our indebtedness. 74 In order to fix a portion of, and mitigate the risk associated with, our floating rate indebtedness (without incurring substantial prepayment penalties or defeasance costs typically associated with fixed rate indebtedness when repaid early or refinanced), we, through the OP, have entered into eleven interest rate swap transactions with the Counterparties with a combined notional amount of $1.2 billion. The interest rate swaps we have entered into effectively replace the floating interest rate (SOFR) with respect to that amount with a weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682%. During the term of these interest rate swap agreements, we are required to make monthly fixed rate payments of 1.0682%, on a weighted average basis, on the notional amounts, while the Counterparties are obligated to make monthly floating rate payments based on Adjusted SOFR to us referencing the same notional amounts. We have designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk. Until our interest rates reach the caps provided by our interest rate cap agreements, each quarter point change in SOFR would result in an approximate increase to annual interest expense costs on our floating rate indebtedness, reduced by any payments due from the Counterparties under the terms of the interest rate swap agreements we had entered into as of December 31, 2023, of the amounts illustrated in the table below for our indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands): Change in Interest Rates 0.25% ........................................................................................... $ 0.50% ........................................................................................... 0.75% ........................................................................................... 1.00% ........................................................................................... Annual Increase to Interest Expense 930 1,860 2,790 3,720 There is no assurance that we would realize such expense as such changes in interest rates could alter our liability positions or strategies in response to such changes. We may also be exposed to credit risk in the derivative financial instruments we use. Credit risk is the failure of the Counterparties to perform under the terms of the derivative financial instruments. If the fair value of a derivative financial instrument is positive, the Counterparties will owe us, which creates credit risk for us. If the fair value of a derivative financial instrument is negative, we will owe the Counterparties and, therefore, do not have credit risk. We seek to minimize the credit risk in derivative financial instruments by entering into transactions with major financial institutions that have high credit ratings. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The information required by this Item 8 is included in our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto beginning on page F-1 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As required by Rule 13a-15(b) and Rule 15d-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, including our President and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated, as of December 31, 2023, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e). Based on that evaluation, our President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Exchange Act and is accumulated and communicated to management, including the President and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. We believe, however, that a controls system, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the controls systems are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, within a company have been detected. 75 Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) and for our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our President and our Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management, including our President and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an assessment regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the framework established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment under the criteria described above, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There has been no change in internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein. Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. Not applicable. 76 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required in response to this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required in response to this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required in response to this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required in response to this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required in response to this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 77 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report: PART IV 1. Financial Statements. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules of NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. on page F-1 of this Report. 2. Financial Statement Schedules. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules of NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. on page S-43 of this Annual Report. All other schedules are omitted because they are not required, are inapplicable, or the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto. 3. Exhibits. The exhibits filed with this Annual Report are set forth in the Exhibit Index. 78 Exhibit Number Description EXHIBIT INDEX 1.1 1.2 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Form of Equity Distribution Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 10, 2020) Form of Master Forward Sale Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 18, 2020) Separation and Distribution Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed with the SEC on March 12, 2015) Articles of Amendment and Restatement of NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on 8-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2016) Amended and Restated Bylaws of NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023). Description of the Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February18, 2022) Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed with the SEC on August 1, 2017) First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 19, 2019) Advisory Agreement by and among NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc., NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. and NexPoint Real Estate Advisors, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2015) Amendment to Advisory Agreement, dated June 15, 2016, by and among the Company, NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. and NexPoint Real Estate Advisors, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on 8-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2016) Registration Rights Agreement by and between NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. and NexPoint Real Estate Advisors, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2015) Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed with the SEC on January 9, 2015) NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on 8-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2016) Confirmation of swap transaction, dated May 18, 2016, from KeyBank National Association to NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on 8-K filed with the SEC on May 19, 2016) Confirmation of swap transaction, dated June 13, 2016, from KeyBank National Association to NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on 8-K filed with the SEC on June 17, 2016) 10.10 Confirmation of swap transaction, dated June 30, 2016, from KeyBank National Association to NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on 8-K filed with the SEC on July 1, 2016) 79  10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14† 10.15† 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 Confirmation of swap transaction, dated August 12, 2016, from KeyBank National Association to NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on 8-K filed with the SEC on August 16, 2016) Confirmation of swap transaction, dated March 27, 2017, from KeyBank National Association to NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 28, 2017) Confirmation of swap transaction, dated June 14, 2017, from KeyBank National Association to NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2017) Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement (Officers) for award agreements entered into prior to February 15, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2017) Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement for award agreements entered into on or after February 15, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 18, 2022). Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement (Directors) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2017) Revolving Credit Agreement by and among NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P., as Borrower, the Lenders from time to time party thereto, and SunTrust Bank, a Georgia banking corporation, as Administrative Agent, dated as of January 28, 2019, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 21, 2020) Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, by and among NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P., as borrower, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Truist Bank, as administrative agent, dated as of June 30, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 1, 2021) September 2021 Modification of Loan Documents, dated September 9, 2021, by and among NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P., NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc., Truist Bank and the pledgors and lenders party to thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 on the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2021 filed with the SEC on November 3, 2021) March 2022 Modification of Loan Documents by and among NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P., NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. Trust Bank and the pledgors and lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 29, 2022). September 2021 Modification of Loan Documents by and among NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P., NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc., Truist Bank and the pledgors and lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on April 28, 2022). Form of Easement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, filed with the SEC on July 30, 2021) Form of Onboarding Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, filed with the SEC on July 30, 2021) Separation Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2023). 19.1* Insider Trading Policy of the Company. 80 21.1* 23.1* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1+ 97.1 List of Subsidiaries of NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. Consent of KPMG LLP Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 Clawback Policy of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 7, 2023). 101.INS* Inline XBRL Instance Document (The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document) 101.SCH* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema 101.CAL* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase 101.DEF* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase 101.LAB* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase 101.PRE*104* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) * Filed herewith. + Furnished herewith. † Management contract, compensatory plan or other arrangement 81 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES February 27, 2024 NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. /s/ Jim Dondero Jim Dondero President (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title President and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Date February 27, 2024 /s/ Jim Dondero Jim Dondero /s/ Brian Mitts Brian Mitts /s/ Edward Constantino Edward Constantino /s/ Dr. Arthur Laffer Dr. Arthur Laffer /s/ Scott Kavanaugh Scott Kavanaugh /s/ Dr. Carol Swain Dr. Carol Swain /s/ Catherine Wood Catherine Wood Chief Financial Officer and Director (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) February 27, 2024 Director Director Director Director Director February 27, 2024 February 27, 2024 February 27, 2024 February 27, 2024 February 27, 2024 82 INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page Financial Statements NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc.—Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID # 185) .......................................................... F-2 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 ................................................................................ F-5 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................ F-6 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 .............. F-7 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 ............................. F-8 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ................................................................................................................. F-10 Financial Statements Schedules Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation ........................................................................................... S-1 F-1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc.: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement Schedule III Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. F-2 Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Evaluation of real estate investments for impairment As discussed in Notes 2 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company evaluates the recoverability of its real estate investments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property may not be recoverable. The Company’s analysis evaluates the recoverability of such real estate investments based on estimated undiscounted future cash flows including estimated liquidation value. The key inputs into the Company’s impairment analysis include the expected holding period, estimated net operating income, and estimated capitalization rate. The Company provides for impairment if such estimated undiscounted future cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the real estate investment. As disclosed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company had $2.0 billion in real estate investments as of December 31, 2023. We identified the evaluation of real estate investments for impairment as a critical audit matter. Identifying events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying value of a real estate investment may not be recoverable involves a high degree of subjective auditor judgment. In addition, evaluating the expected period the Company will hold the rental property, estimated net operating income, estimated liquidation value, and the estimated capitalization rate for each respective property requires subjective auditor judgment. The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s process to identify and evaluate events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of a real estate investment may not be recoverable, including controls over determining the period the Company will hold the rental property, estimated net operating income, the estimated capitalization rate, and estimated liquidation value for each respective real estate investment. We compared the estimated undiscounted cash flows, inclusive of the estimated liquidation value, based on the expected holding period, of each real estate investment to its carrying value. We performed independent evaluations using third-party market reports to assess the reasonableness of management’s selected capitalization rates used in their analysis. We compared the estimated net operating income used in their analysis to historical operating results. We inquired of Company officials and inspected documents, such as meeting minutes of the board of directors, to identify Company strategies that might indicate it was more-likely-than not that a property will be sold before the end of the expected period the Company planned to hold the property. We recalculated the estimated liquidation value based on the estimated net operating income and estimated capitalization rate. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014. Dallas, Texas February 27, 2024 F-3 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc.: Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement Schedule III Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ KPMG LLP Dallas, Texas February 27, 2024 F-4 NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 ASSETS Operating Real Estate Investments Land ............................................................................................................................ $ Buildings and improvements ...................................................................................... Construction in progress ............................................................................................. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment .............................................................................. Total Gross Operating Real Estate Investments ............................................................ Accumulated depreciation and amortization ............................................................... Total Net Operating Real Estate Investments ............................................................... Real estate held for sale, net of accumulated depreciation of $31,871 and $22,017, respectively .............................................................................................................. Total Net Real Estate Investments ................................................................................ Cash and cash equivalents .......................................................................................... Restricted cash ............................................................................................................ Accounts receivable, net ............................................................................................. Prepaid and other assets .............................................................................................. Fair market value of interest rate swaps ...................................................................... TOTAL ASSETS ......................................................................................................... $ LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Liabilities: Mortgages payable, net ............................................................................................... $ Mortgages payable held for sale, net........................................................................... Credit facility, net ....................................................................................................... Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities ........................................................... Accrued real estate taxes payable ............................................................................... Accrued interest payable ............................................................................................. Security deposit liability ............................................................................................. Prepaid rents ............................................................................................................... Total Liabilities ........................................................................................................... $ 359,819 $ 1,719,864 8,322 180,435 2,268,440 (411,087 ) 1,857,353 110,747 1,968,100 12,367 32,912 14,598 8,640 71,028 2,107,645 $ 1,453,787 $ 88,044 23,243 17,140 11,230 9,399 3,159 1,773 1,607,775 $ 378,438 1,760,782 10,622 152,529 2,302,371 (349,276 ) 1,953,095 89,457 2,042,552 16,762 35,037 17,121 10,425 103,440 2,225,337 1,526,828 68,016 72,644 12,325 7,232 7,946 3,200 1,849 1,700,040 Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership .............................. 5,246 5,631 Stockholders' Equity: Preferred stock, $0.01 par value: 100,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued ..... Common stock, $0.01 par value: 500,000,000 shares authorized; 25,674,313 and 25,549,319 shares issued and outstanding, respectively .......................................... Additional paid-in capital ........................................................................................... Accumulated earnings less dividends ......................................................................... Accumulated other comprehensive income ................................................................ Total Stockholders' Equity ......................................................................................... TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY ................................. $ — — 256 413,010 11,493 69,865 494,624 2,107,645 $ 255 405,376 11,880 102,155 519,666 2,225,337 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-5 NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in thousands, except per share amounts) Revenues Rental income ........................................................................................ $ Other income .......................................................................................... Total revenues .......................................................................................... Expenses Property operating expenses .................................................................. Real estate taxes and insurance .............................................................. Property management fees (1) ............................................................... Advisory and administrative fees (2) ..................................................... Corporate general and administrative expenses ..................................... Property general and administrative expenses ....................................... Depreciation and amortization ............................................................... Total expenses .......................................................................................... Operating income before gain on sales of real estate .......................... Gain on sales of real estate ..................................................................... Operating income ................................................................................... Interest expense ...................................................................................... Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs ........................ Casualty gain (loss) ................................................................................ Gain on forfeited deposits ...................................................................... Equity in earnings of affiliate ................................................................. Miscellaneous income ............................................................................ Net income (loss) .................................................................................... Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership ............................................. Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders ..................... $ Other comprehensive income (loss) Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate derivatives ............................ Total comprehensive income ................................................................. Comprehensive income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership ............................................. Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders .......... $ For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 270,078 $ 7,448 277,526 $ 257,855 6,097 263,952 213,505 5,735 219,240 57,838 36,847 8,069 7,645 17,146 9,543 95,186 232,274 45,252 67,926 113,178 (67,106 ) (2,409 ) (856 ) 250 205 1,171 44,433 58,151 37,433 7,636 7,547 14,670 9,298 97,648 232,383 31,569 14,684 46,253 (50,587 ) (8,734 ) 2,506 — — 1,271 (9,291 ) 47,739 33,152 6,334 7,631 11,966 7,332 86,878 201,032 18,208 46,214 64,422 (44,623 ) (912 ) 2,595 — — 1,624 23,106 169 44,264 $ (31 ) (9,260 ) $ 69 23,037 (32,413 ) 12,020 99,915 90,624 47,073 70,179 46 11,974 $ 307 90,317 $ 210 69,969 Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic ...................... Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted ................... 25,654 26,245 25,610 25,610 25,170 25,760 Earnings (loss) per share - basic ........................................................... $ Earnings (loss) per share - diluted ........................................................ $ 1.73 $ 1.69 $ (0.36 ) $ (0.36 ) $ 0.92 0.89 (1) Fees incurred to an unaffiliated third party that is an affiliate of a noncontrolling limited partner of the Company’s Operating Partnership (see Note 9). (2) Fees incurred to the Adviser (see Note 10). See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-6 NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Balances, December 31, 2020 ........................... — $ Preferred Stock Common Stock Number of Shares Par Value Par Value Number of Shares — 25,016,957 Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Earnings (Loss) Less Dividends Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (44,354 ) Common Stock Held in Treasury at Cost Net income attributable to common stockholders ................................................... Vesting of stock-based compensation .............. Issuance of common shares through at-the- market offering, net of offering costs ............ Common stock dividends declared .................. Other comprehensive income ........................... Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership .................................... Balances, December 31, 2021 ........................... Net loss attributable to common stockholders . Repurchases of common stock ......................... Retirement of common stock held in treasury . Vesting of stock-based compensation .............. Issuance of common shares through at-the- market offering, net of offering costs ............ Common stock dividends declared .................. Other comprehensive income ........................... Offering costs of the issuance of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership ..................................................... Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership .................................... Balances, December 31, 2022 ........................... Net income attributable to common stockholders ................................................... Vesting of stock-based compensation .............. Common stock dividends declared .................. Other comprehensive loss ................................ Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership .................................... Balances, December 31, 2023 ........................... $ $ — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — 133,097 350,513 — — — — — 25,500,567 — — — — (168,473 ) — 165,134 — — — — 52,091 — — $ $ 250 — 1 4 — — — 255 — — (2 ) 1 1 — — $ $ 376,710 — 5,507 25,586 — — — 407,803 — — (11,125 ) 4,782 3,968 — — (52 ) $ $ 75,321 23,037 — — (36,243 ) — (2,906 ) 59,209 (9,260 ) — — — — (40,809 ) — $ $ — — — — 46,932 — 2,578 — — — — — — 99,577 — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — 25,549,319 $ — 255 $ — 405,376 $ 2,740 11,880 $ — 102,155 $ — — — — — 124,994 — — — 1 — — — 7,569 — — 44,264 — (45,178 ) — — — — (32,290 ) Total $ 407,927 23,037 5,508 25,590 (36,243 ) 46,932 — — — — — — — — — (11,127 ) 11,127 — (2,906 ) $ 469,845 (9,260 ) (11,127 ) — 4,783 — — — — — — — — — — 3,969 (40,809 ) 99,577 (52 ) 2,740 $ 519,666 44,264 7,570 (45,178 ) (32,290 ) — — $ — — — 25,674,313 $ — 256 $ 65 413,010 $ 527 11,493 $ — 69,865 $ — — 592 $ 494,624 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7 NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 44,433 $ (9,291 ) $ 23,106 Cash flows from operating activities Net income (loss) ............................................................................................................................. $ Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Gain on sales of real estate ............................................................................................................ Depreciation and amortization ...................................................................................................... Amortization/write-off of deferred financing costs ...................................................................... Change in fair value on derivative instruments included in interest expense .............................. Net cash received (paid) on derivative settlements ...................................................................... Amortization/write-off of fair market value adjustment of assumed debt ................................... Provision for bad debts, net ........................................................................................................... Vesting of stock-based compensation ........................................................................................... Insurance proceeds received for business interruption ................................................................. Equity in earnings of affiliate ........................................................................................................ Gain on forfeited deposits ............................................................................................................. Casualty gains................................................................................................................................ Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions: Accounts receivable ...................................................................................................................... Prepaid and other assets ................................................................................................................ Operating liabilities ....................................................................................................................... Real estate taxes payable ............................................................................................................... Net cash provided by operating activities ................................................................................ Cash flows from investing activities Net proceeds from sales of real estate ........................................................................................... Forfeited deposits .......................................................................................................................... Self-insurance paid for casualty loss ............................................................................................. Insurance proceeds received from casualty losses ........................................................................ Additions to real estate investments ............................................................................................. Acquisitions of real estate investments ......................................................................................... Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ................................................................. Cash flows from financing activities Mortgage proceeds received ......................................................................................................... Mortgage payments ....................................................................................................................... Credit facilities proceeds received ................................................................................................ Credit facilities payments .............................................................................................................. Deferred financing costs received (paid) ...................................................................................... Interest rate cap fees paid .............................................................................................................. Prepayment penalties on extinguished debt .................................................................................. Proceeds from the issuance of common shares through at-the-market offering, net of offering costs ........................................................................................................................................... Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of stock-based compensation ....................... Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership ..................... Repurchase of common stock ....................................................................................................... Dividends paid to common stockholders ...................................................................................... Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership ...................... Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ................................................................. (67,926 ) 95,186 5,354 (46,233 ) 49,699 (108 ) 8,652 9,286 936 (205 ) (250 ) (2,842 ) (8,090 ) (15 ) 4,706 3,998 96,581 117,779 250 (1,819 ) 6,713 (71,415 ) 415 51,923 42,788 (98,580 ) — (50,500 ) 1,001 (592 ) (2,370 ) — (1,716 ) (70 ) — (44,801 ) (184 ) (155,024 ) Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ............................................ Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year ....................................................... Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year .................................................................. $ (6,520 ) 51,799 45,279 $ See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-8 (14,684 ) 97,648 11,513 (10,124 ) 2,329 (194 ) 8,004 7,902 681 — — (1,863 ) (10,651 ) (666 ) 4,442 (5,950 ) 79,096 36,455 — (1,819 ) 5,957 (62,100 ) (140,796 ) (162,303 ) 885,825 (559,944 ) 55,000 (260,500 ) (13,007 ) (3,925 ) (5,704 ) 3,969 (3,119 ) — (11,127 ) (40,639 ) (519 ) 46,310 (36,897 ) 88,696 51,799 $ (46,214 ) 86,878 3,131 14,952 (14,909 ) (203 ) 3,921 6,997 1,457 — — (4,503 ) (3,103 ) (433 ) 1,831 360 73,268 90,236 — (1,591 ) 8,792 (43,006 ) (290,337 ) (235,906 ) 154,630 (41,562 ) 340,000 (243,000 ) (3,267 ) (372 ) (407 ) 25,590 (1,489 ) — — (35,804 ) — 194,319 31,681 57,015 88,696 NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information Interest paid ........................................................................................................ $ 109,049 $ 52,671 $ 27,391 Supplemental Disclosure of Noncash Activities Issuance of operating partnership units for purchase of noncontrolling interests ........................................................................................................... 415 2,444 — Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP .......................................................................................................... Capitalized construction costs included in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities .......................................................................................................... Change in fair value on derivative instruments designated as hedges ................. Other assets acquired from acquisitions .............................................................. Liabilities assumed from acquisitions ................................................................. Increase in dividends payable upon vesting of restricted stock units .................. Write-off of assets due to casualty losses ........................................................... Write-off of fully amortized in-place leases ....................................................... Write-off of deferred financing costs .................................................................. 592 2,740 (2,906 ) 5,789 (32,413 ) — — 377 1,897 — 483 4,721 99,915 168 358 170 7,014 5,179 1,961 2,913 47,073 164 571 439 2,028 3,647 503 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-9 NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Organization and Description of Business NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. (the “Company”, “we”, “our”) was incorporated in Maryland on September 19, 2014, and has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) and the Company believes the current organization and method of operation will enable it to maintain its status as a REIT. The Company is focused on “value-add” multifamily investments primarily located in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States. Substantially all of the Company’s business is conducted through NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (the “OP”), the Company’s operating partnership. The Company also consolidates certain variable interest entities ("VIEs") in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board’s ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810 Consolidation. The Company controls and consolidates the OP as a VIE. The Company owns its properties (the “portfolio”) through the OP and its wholly owned taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”). The OP owns approximately 99.9% of the portfolio; the TRS owns approximately 0.1% of the portfolio. The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership GP, LLC (the “OP GP”), is the sole general partner of the OP. As of December 31, 2023, there were 26,053,988 common units in the OP (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 25,951,154, or 99.6%, were owned by the Company and 102,834, or 0.4%, were owned by a noncontrolling limited partner (see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements). The Company is externally managed by NexPoint Real Estate Advisors, L.P. (the “Adviser”), through an agreement dated March 16, 2015, as amended, and renewed on February 26, 2024 for a one-year term (the “Advisory Agreement”), by and among the Company, the OP and the Adviser. The Adviser conducts substantially all of the Company’s operations and provides asset management services for its real estate investments. The Company expects it will only have accounting employees while the Advisory Agreement is in effect. All of the Company’s investment decisions are made by the Adviser, subject to general oversight by the Adviser’s investment committee and the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”). The Adviser is wholly owned by NexPoint Advisors, L.P. (the “Sponsor”). The Company’s investment objectives are to maximize the cash flow and value of properties owned, acquire properties with cash flow growth potential, provide quarterly cash distributions and achieve long-term capital appreciation for its stockholders through targeted management and a value-add program. Consistent with the Company’s policy to acquire assets for both income and capital gain, the Company intends to hold at least majority interests in its properties for long-term appreciation and to engage in the business of directly or indirectly acquiring, owning, and operating well-located multifamily properties with a value-add component in large cities and suburban submarkets of large cities primarily in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States consistent with its investment objectives. Economic and market conditions may influence the Company to hold properties for different periods of time. From time to time, the Company may sell a property if, among other deciding factors, the sale would be in the best interest of its stockholders. The Company may allocate up to 30% of the portfolio to investments in real estate-related debt and securities with the potential for high current income or total returns. These allocations may include first and second mortgages and subordinated, bridge, mezzanine, construction and other loans, as well as debt securities related to or secured by multifamily real estate and common and preferred equity securities, which may include securities of other REITs or real estate companies. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Accounting The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual amounts realized or paid could differ from those estimates. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. There have been no significant changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the year ended December 31, 2023. Principles of Consolidation The Company accounts for subsidiary partnerships, joint ventures and other similar entities in which it holds an ownership interest in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, Consolidation. The Company first evaluates whether each entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”). Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, including the OP and its subsidiaries. F-10 Reclassification of Prior Year Activity on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Certain reclassifications have been made within the consolidated statements of cash flows to the changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of sales and acquisitions for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 to be comparative to the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023. Restricted Cash The Company's restricted cash balance consist of security deposits, operating escrows and renovation reserves. Revenue Recognition The Company’s primary operations consist of rental income earned from its residents under lease agreements typically with terms of one year or less. Rental income is recognized when earned. This policy effectively results in income recognition on the straight-line method over the related terms of the leases. The Company records an allowance to reflect revenue that may not be collectable. This is recorded through a provision for bad debts which is included in rental income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Resident reimbursements and other income consist of charges billed to residents for utilities, carport and garage rental, and pets, administrative, application and other fees and are recognized when earned. Purchase Price Allocation Upon acquisition of a property considered to be an asset acquisition, the purchase price and related acquisition costs (“total consideration”) are allocated to land, buildings, improvements, furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and intangible lease assets in accordance with FASB ASC 805, Business Combinations. Acquisition costs are capitalized in accordance with FASB ASC 805. The allocation of total consideration, which is determined using inputs that are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy established by FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures (“ASC 820”) (see Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements), is based on management’s estimate of the property’s “as-if” vacant fair value and is calculated by using all available information such as the replacement cost of such asset, appraisals, property condition reports, market data and other related information. The allocation of the total consideration to intangible lease assets represents the value associated with the in-place leases, which may include lost rent, leasing commissions, legal and other related costs, which the Company, as buyer of the property, did not have to incur to obtain the residents. If any debt is assumed in an acquisition, the difference between the fair value, which is estimated using inputs that are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, and the face value of debt is recorded as a premium or discount and amortized as interest expense over the life of the debt assumed. Real estate assets, including land, buildings, improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and intangible lease assets are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Costs incurred in making repairs and maintaining real estate assets are expensed as incurred. Expenditures for improvements, renovations, and replacements are capitalized at cost. Real estate-related depreciation and amortization are computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as described in the following table: Land ................................................................................... Not depreciated Buildings ............................................................................ 30 years Improvements .................................................................... 15 years Furniture, fixtures, and equipment ..................................... 3 years Intangible lease assets ........................................................ 6 months Construction in progress includes the cost of renovation projects being performed at the various properties. Once a project is complete, the historical cost of the renovation is placed into service in one of the categories above depending on the type of renovation project and is depreciated over the estimated useful lives as described in the table above. Impairment Real estate assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The key inputs into our impairment analysis include, but are not limited to, the holding period, net operating income, and capitalization rates. In such cases, the Company will evaluate the recoverability of such real estate assets based on estimated future cash flows inclusive of the estimated liquidation value of such real estate assets, and provide for impairment if such undiscounted cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the real estate asset. If impaired, the real estate asset will be written down to its estimated fair value. The Company’s impairment analysis identifies and evaluates events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of a real estate investment may not be recoverable, including determining the period the Company will hold the rental property, net operating income, and the F-11 estimated capitalization rate for each respective real estate investment. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company has not recorded any impairment on its real estate assets. Held for Sale The Company periodically classifies real estate assets as held for sale when certain criteria are met, in accordance with GAAP. At that time, the Company presents the net real estate assets and the net debt associated with the real estate held for sale separately in its consolidated balance sheet, and the Company ceases recording depreciation and amortization expense related to that property. Real estate held for sale is reported at the lower of its carrying amount or its estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there are three and two properties held for sale. In addition to the net real estate and mortgages payable held for sale, the consolidated balance sheet also includes approximately $0.8 million and $0.7 million of accounts receivable and prepaid and other assets, and approximately $4.9 million and $4.0 million of accounts payable, real estate taxes payable, security deposits, prepaid rents, and other accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company had entered into a purchase and sale agreement for Old Farm and Stone Creek at Old Farm, and during the three months ended June 30, 2023, the buyer terminated the purchase and sale agreement and forfeited its deposit. As part of the forfeiture, the Company recognized a gain of approximately $0.3 million for forfeited deposits which is reflected in gain on forfeited deposits and forfeited deposits in cash flows from investing activities in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and the consolidated statements of cash flows, respectively. During the period ended December 31, 2022, the Company did not recognize any gain on forfeited deposits. On August 16, 2023, the Company entered into a purchase agreement with NexBank Capital, Inc. (“NexBank”), an affiliate of the Adviser through common beneficial ownership, for the sale of Old Farm for $103.0 million. Income Taxes The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and expects to continue to qualify as a REIT. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute annually at least 90% of its “REIT taxable income,” as defined by the Code, to its stockholders. As a REIT, the Company will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions it pays with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of its ordinary income, (2) 95% of its capital gain net income and (3) 100% of its undistributed income from prior years. The Company intends to operate in such a manner so as to qualify as a REIT, but no assurance can be given that the Company will operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT. Taxable income from certain non-REIT activities is managed through a TRS and is subject to applicable federal, state, and local income and margin taxes. The Company had no significant taxes associated with its TRS for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. If the Company fails to meet these requirements, it could be subject to U.S. federal income tax on all of the Company’s taxable income at corporate rates for that year. The Company would not be able to deduct distributions paid to stockholders in any year in which it fails to qualify as a REIT. Additionally, the Company will also be disqualified from electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost unless the Company is entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company believes it is in compliance with all applicable REIT requirements. The Company evaluates the accounting and disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” (greater than 50 percent probability) of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold would be recorded as a tax benefit or expense in the current year. The Company’s management is required to analyze all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations, for all major jurisdictions, which include federal and certain states. The Company has no examinations in progress and none are expected at this time. The Company recognizes its tax positions and evaluates them using a two-step process. First, the Company determines whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Second, the Company will determine the amount of benefit to recognize and record the amount that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company had no material unrecognized tax benefit or expense, accrued interest or penalties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of various state and local jurisdictions. The 2022, 2021 and 2020 tax years remain open to examination by tax jurisdictions to which the Company F-12 and its subsidiaries are subject. When applicable, the Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions on its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) (“ASU 2020-04”). ASU 2020-04 contains practical expedients for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance in ASU 2020-04 is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. The Company has taken the ASC 848 elections needed to allow for the hedged forecasted transactions to transition while not discontinuing the associated hedge accounting designations. Application of these hedged accounting expedients preserves the presentation of derivatives consistent with past presentation. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 ("ASU 2022-06") which was issued to defer the sunset date of Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform to December 31, 2024. ASU 2022-06 is effective immediately for all companies. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of the guidance and may apply other elections as applicable as additional changes in the market occur. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires a public entity to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items in interim and annual periods and expands the ASC 280 disclosure requirements for interim periods. The ASU also explicitly requires public entities with a single reportable segment to provide all segment disclosures under ASC 280, including the new disclosures under ASU 2023-07. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Management is currently evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company's disclosures. 3. Investments in Subsidiaries The Company conducts its operations through the OP, which owns properties through single asset limited liability companies that are special purpose entities (“SPEs”). The Company consolidates the SPEs that it controls as well as any VIEs where it is the primary beneficiary. The Company controls and consolidates the OP as a VIE. In connection with its indirect equity investments in the properties acquired, the Company, through the OP and the TRS, directly or indirectly holds 100% of the membership interests in SPEs that directly own the properties. All of the properties the SPEs own are consolidated in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The assets of each entity can only be used to settle obligations of that particular entity, and the creditors of each entity have no recourse to the assets of other entities or the Company. Additionally, the Company has in the past and may in the future enter into purchase and sale transactions structured as reverse like-kind exchanges (“Reverse 1031 Exchanges”) under Section 1031 of the Code. For a Reverse 1031 Exchange in which the Company purchases a new property prior to selling the property to be matched in the like-kind exchange (the Company refers to the new property being acquired in the Reverse 1031 Exchange prior to the sale of the related property as a “Parked Asset”), legal title to the Parked Asset is held by an Exchange Accommodation Titleholder (“EAT”) engaged to execute the Reverse 1031 Exchange until the sale transaction and the Reverse 1031 Exchange are completed. The Company, through a wholly owned subsidiary, enters into a master lease agreement with the EAT whereby the EAT leases the acquired property and all other rights acquired in connection with the acquisition to the Company. The term of the master lease agreement is the earlier of the completion of the Reverse 1031 Exchange or 180 days from the date that the property was acquired. The EAT is classified as a VIE as it does not have sufficient equity investment at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. The Company consolidates the EAT as its primary beneficiary because it has the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact the EAT’s economic performance and the Company retains all of the legal and economic benefits and obligations related to the Parked Assets prior to completion of the Reverse 1031 Exchange. As such, the Parked Assets are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as VIEs until legal title and control is transferred to the Company upon either completion of the Reverse 1031 Exchange or termination of the master lease agreement, at which time they will be consolidated as wholly owned subsidiaries. F-13 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company, through the OP and the wholly owned TRS, owned 38 and 40 properties, respectively, through SPEs. The following table represents the Company’s ownership in each property by virtue of its 100% ownership of the SPEs that directly own the title to each property as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Effective Ownership Percentage at December 31, 2023 2022 100 % 100 % — 100 % 100 % 100 % — 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % (3) 100 % (3) 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % Property Name Location Arbors on Forest Ridge ................. Bedford, Texas Cutter's Point ................................. Richardson, Texas Silverbrook ................................... (1) Grand Prairie, Texas The Summit at Sabal Park ............. Tampa, Florida Courtney Cove .............................. Tampa, Florida Radbourne Lake ............................ (2) Charlotte, North Carolina Timber Creek ................................ (1) Charlotte, North Carolina Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista ... Orlando, Florida Cornerstone ................................... Orlando, Florida The Preserve at Terrell Mill .......... Marietta, Georgia Versailles ...................................... Dallas, Texas Seasons 704 Apartments ............... West Palm Beach, Florida Madera Point ................................. Mesa, Arizona Venue at 8651 ............................... Fort Worth, Texas Parc500 ......................................... West Palm Beach, Florida The Venue on Camelback ............. Phoenix, Arizona Old Farm ....................................... (2) Houston, Texas Stone Creek at Old Farm ............... (2) Houston, Texas Rockledge Apartments .................. Marietta, Georgia Atera Apartments .......................... Dallas, Texas Versailles II ................................... Dallas, Texas Brandywine I & II ......................... Nashville, Tennessee Bella Vista .................................... Phoenix, Arizona The Enclave .................................. Tempe, Arizona The Heritage ................................. Phoenix, Arizona Summers Landing ......................... Fort Worth, Texas Residences at Glenview Reserve .. Nashville, Tennessee Residences at West Place .............. Orlando, Florida Avant at Pembroke Pines .............. Pembroke Pines, Florida Arbors of Brentwood .................... Nashville, Tennessee Torreyana Apartments .................. Las Vegas, Nevada Bloom ........................................... Las Vegas, Nevada Bella Solara ................................... Las Vegas, Nevada Fairways at San Marcos ................ Chandler, Arizona The Verandas at Lake Norman ..... Charlotte, North Carolina Creekside at Matthews .................. Charlotte, North Carolina Six Forks Station ........................... Raleigh, North Carolina High House at Cary ....................... Cary, North Carolina The Adair ...................................... Sandy Springs, Georgia Estates on Maryland ...................... Phoenix, Arizona Year(cid:3) Acquired 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2022 (1) (2) (3) Properties sold in 2023. Properties classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2023. Properties classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2022. F-14 4. Real Estate Investments As of December 31, 2023, the major components of the Company’s investments in multifamily properties were as follows $ (in thousands): Operating Properties Arbors on Forest Ridge ....................... Cutter's Point ....................................... The Summit at Sabal Park .................. Courtney Cove .................................... Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista......... Cornerstone ......................................... The Preserve at Terrell Mill ................ Versailles ............................................. Seasons 704 Apartments ..................... Madera Point ....................................... Venue at 8651 ..................................... Parc500 ............................................... The Venue on Camelback ................... Rockledge Apartments ........................ Atera Apartments ................................ Versailles II ......................................... Brandywine I & II ............................... Bella Vista ........................................... The Enclave ........................................ The Heritage ....................................... Summers Landing ............................... Residences at Glenview Reserve ........ Residences at West Place.................... Avant at Pembroke Pines .................... Arbors of Brentwood .......................... Torreyana Apartments ........................ Bloom .................................................. Bella Solara ......................................... Fairways at San Marcos ...................... The Verandas at Lake Norman ........... Creekside at Matthews ........................ Six Forks Station ................................. High House at Cary ............................ The Adair ............................................ Estates on Maryland ........................... Accumulated depreciation and amortization .................................... Total Operating Properties .............. $ $ Held For Sale Properties Old Farm ............................................. Stone Creek at Old Farm .................... Radbourne Lake .................................. Accumulated depreciation and amortization .................................... Total Held For Sale Properties ........ $ $ Land Buildings and Improvements Construction in Progress Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment Totals 2,330 $ 3,330 5,770 5,880 7,558 1,500 10,170 6,720 7,480 4,920 2,350 3,860 8,340 17,451 22,371 4,124 6,237 10,942 11,046 6,835 1,798 3,367 3,345 48,436 6,346 23,824 23,803 12,605 10,993 9,510 11,515 11,357 23,809 8,344 11,553 359,819 $ — 359,819 $ 11,078 $ 3,493 2,440 — 17,011 $ 11,874 $ 14,622 14,663 15,099 45,023 31,181 53,490 22,048 15,585 18,330 19,720 21,501 38,497 99,310 38,922 20,764 73,895 37,410 30,723 35,216 18,955 42,693 53,512 284,582 54,735 44,231 83,440 52,645 73,068 53,864 46,047 63,404 68,263 57,192 65,360 1,719,864 $ (287,963 ) 1,431,901 $ 71,097 $ 19,689 23,229 (24,536 ) 89,479 $ 78 $ — — 12 — 30 44 587 25 — 374 270 324 1,649 142 391 — — — — 2 — — 85 1,534 13 8 1,687 — — 3 985 62 — 17 8,322 $ — 8,322 $ 24 $ — 3 — 27 $ 2,301 $ 6,760 2,746 3,837 5,040 5,193 15,116 5,586 4,025 3,771 4,688 5,421 5,901 10,844 3,622 2,656 9,541 4,086 3,688 3,730 1,589 5,524 4,319 21,681 3,576 2,478 5,638 3,230 4,443 2,491 3,231 4,101 3,501 2,852 3,229 180,435 $ 16,583 24,712 23,179 24,828 57,621 37,904 78,820 34,941 27,115 27,021 27,132 31,052 53,062 129,254 65,057 27,935 89,673 52,438 45,457 45,781 22,344 51,584 61,176 354,784 66,191 70,546 112,889 70,167 88,504 65,865 60,796 79,847 95,635 68,388 80,159 2,268,440 (123,124 ) 57,311 $ (411,087 ) 1,857,353 6,081 $ 1,465 4,019 (7,335 ) 4,230 $ 88,280 24,647 29,691 (31,871 ) 110,747 Total ................................................... $ 376,830 $ 1,521,380 $ 8,349 $ 61,541 $ 1,968,100 F-15 As of December 31, 2022, the major components of the Company’s investments in multifamily properties were as follows $ (in thousands): Operating Properties Arbors on Forest Ridge ....................... Cutter's Point ....................................... Silverbrook .......................................... The Summit at Sabal Park .................. Courtney Cove .................................... Radbourne Lake .................................. Timber Creek ...................................... Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista......... Cornerstone ......................................... The Preserve at Terrell Mill ................ Versailles ............................................. Seasons 704 Apartments ..................... Madera Point ....................................... Venue at 8651 ..................................... Parc500 ............................................... The Venue on Camelback ................... Rockledge Apartments ........................ Atera Apartments ................................ Crestmont Reserve .............................. Brandywine I & II ............................... Bella Vista ........................................... The Enclave ........................................ The Heritage ....................................... Summers Landing ............................... Residences at Glenview Reserve ........ Residences at West Place.................... Avant at Pembroke Pines .................... Arbors of Brentwood .......................... Torreyana Apartments ........................ Bloom .................................................. Bella Solara ......................................... Fairways at San Marcos ...................... The Verandas at Lake Norman ........... Creekside at Matthews ........................ Six Forks Station ................................. High House at Cary ............................ The Adair ............................................ Estates on Maryland ........................... Accumulated depreciation and amortization .................................... Total Operating Properties .............. $ $ Held For Sale Properties Old Farm ............................................. Stone Creek at Old Farm .................... Accumulated depreciation and amortization .................................... Total Held For Sale Properties ........ $ $ Land Buildings and Improvements Construction in Progress Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment Totals 2,330 $ 3,330 4,860 5,770 5,880 2,440 11,260 7,580 1,500 10,170 6,720 7,480 4,920 2,350 3,860 8,340 17,451 22,371 4,124 6,237 10,942 11,046 6,835 1,798 3,367 3,345 48,436 6,346 23,824 23,803 12,605 10,993 9,510 11,515 11,357 23,809 8,361 11,573 378,438 $ — 378,438 $ 11,078 $ 3,493 — 14,571 $ 11,809 $ 13,147 25,927 13,990 14,920 23,040 13,504 42,809 31,014 53,429 21,594 15,042 18,294 17,977 21,352 38,860 96,896 38,942 21,105 73,920 37,493 30,777 35,286 18,669 42,563 52,712 278,736 54,239 43,861 82,802 52,351 73,007 53,061 45,779 62,816 67,855 56,163 65,041 1,760,782 $ (245,093 ) 1,515,689 $ 71,305 $ 19,772 (17,339 ) 73,738 $ 2 $ — 1,962 38 — — 2,823 314 146 — 124 9 — 1,036 4 27 912 — 6 — 8 16 — — — 12 2,139 121 — 37 — — 25 78 116 52 525 90 10,622 $ — 10,622 $ 12 $ 3 — 15 $ 2,029 $ 7,562 6,201 2,326 2,883 3,237 4,337 3,776 4,440 11,177 4,618 3,095 3,174 4,394 4,893 4,277 8,241 2,956 1,954 7,156 3,416 3,037 3,166 1,124 3,867 3,195 15,780 3,126 1,965 4,226 2,687 3,397 1,726 2,133 2,111 1,789 1,453 1,605 152,529 $ 16,170 24,039 38,950 22,124 23,683 28,717 31,924 54,479 37,100 74,776 33,056 25,626 26,388 25,757 30,109 51,504 123,500 64,269 27,189 87,313 51,859 44,876 45,287 21,591 49,797 59,264 345,091 63,832 69,650 110,868 67,643 87,397 64,322 59,505 76,400 93,505 66,502 78,309 2,302,371 (104,183 ) 48,346 $ (349,276 ) 1,953,095 4,686 $ 1,125 (4,678 ) 1,133 $ 87,081 24,393 (22,017 ) 89,457 Total ................................................... $ 393,009 $ 1,589,427 $ 10,637 $ 49,479 $ 2,042,552 Depreciation expense was $95.2 million, $93.5 million and $82.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense related to the Company’s intangible lease assets was $0.0 million, $4.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. F-16 Due to the six-month useful life attributable to intangible lease assets, the value of intangible lease assets on any acquisition prior to June 30, 2023 has been fully amortized and the assets and related accumulated amortization have been written off as of December 31, 2023. Acquisitions There were no acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company acquired two properties for a combined purchase price of approximately $143.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, as detailed in the table below (in thousands). See Notes 3 and 5 for additional information. Property Name The Adair ....................... Location Sandy Springs, Georgia Estates on Maryland ....... Phoenix, Arizona Date of Acquisition Purchase Price Mortgage Debt (1) # Units Effective Ownership April 1, 2022 April 1, 2022 $ $ 65,500 $ 77,900 143,400 $ 35,115 232 43,157 330 78,272 562 100 % 100 % (1) For additional information regarding the Company’s debt, see Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements. Dispositions The Company sold two properties during the year ended December 31, 2023, as detailed in the table below (in thousands). The Company sold one property for approximately $36.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Property Name Silverbrook ......................... Timber Creek ...................... Location Grand Prairie, Texas Charlotte, North Carolina Date of Sale September 22, 2023 December 13, 2023 Sales Price Net Cash Proceeds(cid:3) (1) Gain on Sale of Real Estate $ 70,000 $ 69,431 $ 43,107 49,000 119,000 $ $ 48,348 117,779 $ 24,819 67,926 (1) Represents sales price, net of closing costs. NXRT Captive On July 6, 2023, NexPoint Captive Insurance Company, Inc. (“NexPoint Captive”) was authorized to transact business in the State of Montana as a captive insurance company. NexPoint Captive began providing rental insurance coverage to NXRT properties and properties managed by affiliates of the Adviser on August 1, 2023. The OP purchased 100% ownership interest and has the power to direct the activities of NexPoint Captive. NexPoint Captive is required to maintain a cash reserve of $250,000 to fund potential claims, which is classified as restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $0.1 million accrued for case reserves. The Company consolidates NexPoint Captive in its consolidated financial statements. Casualty Losses The Company experienced certain casualty events during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Certain casualty proceeds from insurance are recorded in casualty gains (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income in relation to these events. Events that are considered to be small, standard and not extraordinary are recorded through property operating expense. Insurance proceeds received from casualty losses are recognized on the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows as investing activities. The Company differentiates proceeds received from business interruption and casualty gains (losses) in accounting for the transactions. Business interruption proceeds are specifically insurance proceeds to recoup lost rents due to a qualifying event(s) (i.e., fires, floods, storms, water damage, etc.) as determined by the insurance policy and are reflected as operating cash flows in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. Business interruption that has been accrued by the Company is presented in miscellaneous income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Casualty gains (losses) are distinctly attributable to damage and subsequent write down of the property (loss), and the recoupment of funds from the insurance policy, as it relates to the damage. Such proceeds received from the damage to the property are accounted for as a gain to the Company, and potentially offset losses attributable to net write off of damaged assets. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $0.9 million in casualty loss, $2.5 million in casualty gains, and $2.6 million in casualty gains, respectively, and $1.2 million, $1.3 million, and $1.6 million in F-17 business interruption proceeds on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income due to casualty events, respectively. 5. Debt Mortgage Debt The following table contains summary information concerning the mortgage debt of the Company as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands): Operating Properties Arbors on Forest Ridge ........................... Cutter's Point ........................................... The Summit at Sabal Park ...................... Courtney Cove ........................................ The Preserve at Terrell Mill .................... Versailles ................................................. Seasons 704 Apartments ......................... Madera Point ........................................... Venue at 8651 ......................................... The Venue on Camelback ....................... Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista............. Cornerstone ............................................. Parc500 ................................................... Rockledge Apartments ............................ Atera Apartments .................................... Versailles II ............................................. Brandywine I & II ................................... Bella Vista ............................................... The Enclave ............................................ The Heritage ........................................... Summers Landing ................................... (2) Residences at Glenview Reserve ............ (2) Residences at West Place........................ (2) Avant at Pembroke Pines ........................ Arbors of Brentwood .............................. Torreyana Apartments ............................ Bloom ...................................................... Bella Solara ............................................. Fairways at San Marcos .......................... The Verandas at Lake Norman ............... Creekside at Matthews ............................ Six Forks Station ..................................... High House at Cary ................................ The Adair ................................................ Estates on Maryland ............................... Fair market value adjustment ................. Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $3,763 .. Type Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Fixed Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Held For Sale Properties Old Farm ................................................. Stone Creek at Old Farm ........................ Radbourne Lake ...................................... Floating Floating Floating Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $827 ..... Term(cid:3)(months) Outstanding Principal 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 84 120 120 120 120 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 120 84 84 120 120 120 120 84 120 120 84 84 84 84 84 84 $ $ $ $ $ $ 19,184 21,524 30,826 36,146 71,098 40,247 33,132 34,457 18,690 42,788 42,100 46,804 29,416 93,129 46,198 12,061 43,835 29,040 25,322 24,625 10,109 25,574 33,817 177,101 34,237 50,580 59,830 40,328 60,228 34,925 29,648 41,180 46,625 35,115 43,157 1,463,076 503 (3) (9,792 ) 1,453,787 52,886 15,274 20,000 88,160 (116 ) 88,044 Interest Rate (1) 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 7.52% 6.76% 7.43% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.64% 6.64% 6.78% 6.78% 6.78% 6.64% 6.90% 4.24% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 6.89% 7.19% 6.89% 7.06% 7.35% 7.31% 7.31% Maturity Date 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 2/1/2033 9/1/2025 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 10/1/2025 10/1/2025 2/1/2026 2/1/2026 2/1/2026 10/1/2025 10/1/2025 10/1/2028 9/1/2026 10/1/2026 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 7/1/2028 12/1/2032 10/1/2031 1/1/2029 4/1/2029 4/1/2029 7.14% 7.14% 6.75% 7/1/2024 7/1/2024 10/1/2025 (1) Interest rate is based on a reference rate plus an applicable margin, except for fixed rate mortgage debt. The reference rates used in our portfolio is 30-Day Average Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). Loans that transitioned from LIBOR to SOFR include a 0.11448% adjustment to SOFR for the all-in rate. As of December 31, 2023, SOFR was 5.344%. (2) Debt was assumed upon acquisition of this property and recorded at approximated fair value. F-18 (3) The Company reflected a valuation adjustment on its fixed rate debt for Residences at West Place to adjust it to fair market value on their respective dates of acquisition for the difference between the fair value and the assumed principal amount of debt. The difference is amortized into interest expense over the remaining terms of the mortgages. The following table contains summary information concerning the mortgage debt of the Company as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands): Operating Properties Arbors on Forest Ridge ........................... Cutter's Point ........................................... Silverbrook .............................................. The Summit at Sabal Park ...................... Courtney Cove ........................................ The Preserve at Terrell Mill .................... Versailles ................................................. Seasons 704 Apartments ......................... Madera Point ........................................... Venue at 8651 ......................................... The Venue on Camelback ....................... Timber Creek .......................................... Radbourne Lake ...................................... Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista............. Cornerstone ............................................. Parc500 ................................................... Rockledge Apartments ............................ Atera Apartments .................................... Crestmont Reserve .................................. Brandywine I & II ................................... Bella Vista ............................................... The Enclave ............................................ The Heritage ........................................... Summers Landing ................................... Residences at Glenview Reserve ............ Residences at West Place........................ Avant at Pembroke Pines ........................ Arbors of Brentwood .............................. Torreyana Apartments ............................ Bloom ...................................................... Bella Solara ............................................. Fairways at San Marcos .......................... The Verandas at Lake Norman ............... Creekside at Matthews ............................ Six Forks Station ..................................... High House at Cary ................................ The Adair ................................................ Estates on Maryland ............................... Fair market value adjustment ................. Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $2,618 .. Type Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Fixed Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Held For Sale Properties Old Farm ................................................. Stone Creek at Old Farm ........................ Floating Floating Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $528 ..... Interest Rate 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 6.07% 5.65% 5.68% 5.69% 6.15% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.57% 5.57% 5.71% 5.71% 5.71% 5.57% 5.83% 4.24% 5.82% 5.82% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.61% 5.91% 5.61% 5.78% 6.07% 6.03% 6.03% Maturity Date 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 7/1/2024 10/1/2025 10/1/2025 9/1/2025 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 10/1/2025 10/1/2025 2/1/2026 2/1/2026 2/1/2026 10/1/2025 10/1/2025 10/1/2028 9/1/2026 10/1/2026 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 12/1/2032 7/1/2028 12/1/2032 10/1/2031 1/1/2029 4/1/2029 4/1/2029 6.07% 6.07% 7/1/2024 7/1/2024 Term(cid:3)(months) Outstanding Principal $ $ $ $ $ $ 19,184 21,524 46,088 30,826 36,146 71,098 40,247 33,132 34,457 18,690 28,093 24,100 20,000 42,100 46,804 29,416 93,129 46,198 12,061 43,835 29,040 25,322 24,625 10,109 25,873 33,817 177,101 34,237 50,580 59,830 40,328 60,228 34,925 29,648 41,180 46,625 35,115 43,157 1,538,868 609 (12,649 ) 1,526,828 52,886 15,274 68,160 (144 ) 68,016 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 84 84 84 84 120 120 120 120 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 120 84 84 120 120 120 120 84 120 120 84 84 84 84 84 F-19 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold two properties and repaid the related mortgage loans that encumbered the properties, as detailed in the table below (in thousands): Property Name Date of Sale Silverbrook ........................................................ September 22, 2023 Timber Creek ..................................................... December 13, 2023 Type Floating Floating Outstanding Principal (1) $ $ 46,088 24,100 70,188 (1) Represents the outstanding principal balance when the loan was repaid. The weighted average interest rate of the Company’s mortgage indebtedness was 6.90% as of December 31, 2023 and 5.71% as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the adjusted weighted average interest rate of the Company’s mortgage indebtedness was 3.60%. For purposes of calculating the adjusted weighted average interest rate of the outstanding mortgage indebtedness, the Company has included the weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682% for Adjusted SOFR on its combined $1.2 billion notional amount of interest rate swap agreements, which effectively fix the interest rate on $1.2 billion of $1.5 billion of the Company’s floating rate mortgage debt (see Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements). Each of the Company’s mortgages is a non-recourse obligation subject to customary provisions. The loan agreements contain customary events of default, including defaults in the payment of principal or interest, defaults in compliance with the covenants contained in the documents evidencing the loan, defaults in payments under any other security instrument covering any part of the property, whether junior or senior to the loan, and bankruptcy or other insolvency events. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company believes it is in compliance with all provisions. Credit Facility The following table contains summary information concerning the Company’s credit facility as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands): Type Term(cid:3) (months) Outstanding Principal Available Principal Corporate Credit Facility .......... Floating Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $2,250 .................................... 36 $ 24,000 $ 326,000 $ (757 ) 23,243 Interest Rate (1) 7.60% Maturity Date 6/30/2025 (1) Interest rate is based on Term SOFR plus an applicable margin. Term SOFR as of December 31, 2023 was 5.355%. On June 30, 2021, the Company, through the OP, entered into a secured $250.0 million credit facility with Truist Bank (“Truist Bank”), as administrative agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto (as amended or modified, the “Corporate Credit Facility”). In connection with entering into the Corporate Credit Facility, the Company, through the OP, terminated its $225.0 million credit facility with Truist Bank, as administrative agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto, prior to the maturity date of January 28, 2022. On September 9, 2021, the Company, through the OP, modified the Corporate Credit Facility to provide for an additional $35.0 million term loan with a maturity date of December 31, 2021, increasing the Corporate Credit Facility from $250 million to $285 million. In conjunction with the increase in the facility, the Company incurred costs of $0.3 million in obtaining the additional financing through the modification. On December 6, 2021, the Company, through the OP, increased the amount of the Corporate Credit Facility by $55.0 million, and incurred costs of $0.4 million of deferred financing costs in conjunction with the increase in the facility. On March 25, 2022, the Company entered into a loan modification agreement by and among the Company, the OP, Truist Bank and the Lenders party thereto, which modified the Corporate Credit Facility. Subject to conditions provided in the Corporate Credit Facility, the commitments under Corporate Credit Facility may be increased up to an additional $150.0 million if the lenders agree to increase their commitments or if the lenders agree for the increase to be funded by any additional lender proposed by the Company, through the OP. On March 25, 2022, the Company drew on $55.0 million of the Corporate Credit Facility. On October 24, 2022, the Company exercised its option to extend the Corporate Credit Facility with respect to the revolving commitments for a single one-year term resulting in a maturity date of June 30, 2025. As of December 31, 2023, there was $24.0 million in aggregate principal outstanding on the Corporate Credit Facility and $326.0 million available for borrowing under the Corporate Credit Facility. F-20 Advances under the Corporate Credit Facility accrue interest at a per annum rate equal to, at the Company’s election, either Term SOFR plus a margin of 1.90% to 2.40%, depending on the Company’s total leverage ratio, and a benchmark replacement adjustment of 0.1%, or a base rate determined according to the highest of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (c) Term SOFR plus 1.0% or (d) 0.0% plus a margin of 0.90% to 1.40%, depending on the Company’s total leverage ratio. An unused commitment fee at a rate of 0.15% or 0.25%, depending on the outstanding aggregate revolving commitments, applies to unutilized borrowing capacity under the Corporate Credit Facility. Amounts owing under the Corporate Credit Facility may be prepaid at any time without premium or penalty. The Corporate Credit Facility is guaranteed by the Company and the obligations under the Corporate Credit Facility are, subject to some exceptions, secured by a continuing security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company is in compliance with all of the covenants required in its Corporate Credit Facility. Deferred Financing Costs The Company defers costs incurred in obtaining financing and amortizes the costs over the terms of the related loans using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method. Deferred financing costs, net of amortization, are recorded as a reduction from the related debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Upon repayment of or in conjunction with a material change in the terms of the underlying debt agreement, any unamortized costs are charged to loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs (see “Loss on Extinguishment of Debt and Modification Costs” below). For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, amortization of deferred financing costs of approximately $2.9 million, $2.8 million and $2.2 million, respectively, is included in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Gain (loss) on Extinguishment of Debt and Modification Costs Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt and modification costs includes prepayment penalties and defeasance costs incurred on the early repayment of debt, costs incurred in a debt modification that are not capitalized as deferred financing costs and other costs incurred in a debt extinguishment. Upon repayment of or in conjunction with a material change in the terms of the underlying debt agreement, any unamortized costs are charged to loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs. The following table contains summary information concerning the loss on extinguishment of debt and medication costs for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands): Prepayment penalties and defeasance costs ....................................... $ Write-off of deferred financing costs ................................................. Write-off of fair market value adjustment of assumed debt ............... Debt modification and other extinguishment costs ............................ Total ............................................................................................... $ 2,370 $ 483 — (444 ) 2,409 $ 5,702 $ 1,961 (256 ) 1,327 8,734 $ 407 503 — 2 912 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Schedule of Debt Maturities The aggregate scheduled maturities, including amortizing principal payments, of total debt for the next five calendar years subsequent to December 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands): Operating Properties Held For Sale Property Credit Facility Total 2024 ................................................................ $ 2025 ................................................................ 2026 ................................................................ 2027 ................................................................ 2028 ................................................................ Thereafter ........................................................ Total ............................................................ $ 292 $ 133,388 290,324 — 80,641 958,431 1,463,076 $ 68,160 $ 20,000 — — — — 88,160 $ — $ 24,000 — — — — 24,000 $ 68,452 177,388 290,324 — 80,641 958,431 1,575,236 6. Fair Value of Derivatives and Financial Instruments Fair value measurements are determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources F-21 independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy): • Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. • Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. • Level 3 inputs are the unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity’s own assumption, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on input from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. The Company utilizes independent third parties to perform the allocation of value analysis for each property acquisition and to perform the market valuations on its derivative financial instruments and has established policies, as described above, processes and procedures intended to ensure that the valuation methodologies for investments and derivative financial instruments are fair and consistent as of the measurement date. Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its debt funding and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company may enter into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash payments principally related to the Company’s borrowings. In order to minimize counterparty credit risk, the Company enters into and expects to enter into hedging arrangements only with major financial institutions that have high credit ratings. The Company utilizes an independent third party to perform the market valuations on its derivative financial instruments. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. The fair values of interest rate caps are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates rise above the strike rate of the caps. The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the cap are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. To comply with the provisions of ASC 820, the Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both the Company’s own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of the Company’s derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with the Company’s derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by the Company and its counterparties. The Company has determined that the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments made to its derivative contracts, which determination was based on the fair value of each individual contract, was not significant to the overall valuation. As a result, all of the Company’s derivatives held as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s main objective in using interest rate derivatives is to add stability to interest expense related to floating rate debt. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps and caps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The F-22 interest rate swaps have terms ranging from four to five years. Interest rate caps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. The interest rate caps have terms ranging from three to four years. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, interest rate cap derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with a portion of the Company’s floating rate debt. The interest rate cap agreements the Company has entered into effectively cap SOFR on $1.3 billion of the Company’s floating rate mortgage indebtedness at a weighted average rate of 5.90%. The Company determined at inception of each of the interest rate caps that they do not meet the hedge accounting criteria, and therefore the Company recognizes market-to-market movements of the interest rate caps against interest expense on the consolidated statement of operations and in prepaid and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. In order to fix a portion of, and mitigate the risk associated with, the Company’s floating rate indebtedness (without incurring substantial prepayment penalties or defeasance costs typically associated with fixed rate indebtedness when repaid early or refinanced), the Company, through the OP, has entered into interest rate swap transactions with KeyBank National Association (“KeyBank”) and Truist Bank. The interest rate swaps the Company has entered into effectively fix the floating interest rate with respect to that amount with a weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682%. The Company has designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk. LIBOR ceased publication on June 30, 2023. On July 1, 2023, LIBOR rates were replaced with SOFR as the reference rate for most LIBOR debt and derivative instruments. For debt instruments that transitioned from LIBOR to SOFR, the adjustment included an increase of 0.11448% to the all-in rate. For the Company's interest rate swaps, the reference transitioned from one-month LIBOR to Adjusted SOFR. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had the following outstanding interest rate swaps that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk (dollars in thousands): Effective Date June 1, 2019 June 1, 2019 September 1, 2019 September 1, 2019 January 3, 2020 March 4, 2020 June 1, 2021 June 1, 2021 March 1, 2022 March 1, 2022 Termination Date June 1, 2024 June 1, 2024 September 1, 2026 September 1, 2026 September 1, 2026 June 1, 2026 September 1, 2026 September 1, 2026 March 1, 2025 March 1, 2025 Counterparty KeyBank Truist KeyBank KeyBank KeyBank Truist KeyBank KeyBank Truist Truist $ $ Notional Amount Fixed Rate (1) 2.0020 % 2.0020 % 1.4620 % 1.3020 % 1.6090 % 0.8200 % 0.8450 % 0.9530 % 0.5730 % 0.6140 % 1.0682 % (2) 50,000 50,000 100,000 125,000 92,500 100,000 200,000 200,000 145,000 105,000 1,167,500 (1) The floating rate option for the interest rate swaps is Adjusted SOFR. As of December 31, 2023, Adjusted SOFR was 5.459%. (2) Represents the weighted average fixed rate of the interest rate swaps. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had the following outstanding interest rate swaps that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk with future effective dates (dollars in thousands): Future Swaps Effective Date September 1, 2026 Termination Date January 1, 2027 Counterparty KeyBank Notional Amount Fixed Rate (1) $ 92,500 1.7980 % (1) The floating rate option for the interest rate swaps is Adjusted SOFR. As of December 31, 2023, Adjusted SOFR was 5.459% Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and are used to manage the Company’s exposure to interest rate movements but either do not meet the strict requirements to apply hedge accounting in accordance with FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, or the Company has elected not to designate such derivatives as hedges. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are recorded directly in net income (loss) as interest expense. F-23 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had the following interest rate caps outstanding that were not designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk (dollars in thousands): Properties Residences at Glenview Reserve ... Timber Creek ................................. Brandywine I & II .......................... Radbourne Lake ............................. Summers Landing .......................... Versailles II .................................... The Verandas at Lake Norman ...... Creekside at Matthews ................... Six Forks Station ............................ High House at Cary ....................... Estates on Maryland ...................... The Adair ....................................... Rockledge Apartments ................... The Preserve at Terrell Mill ........... Fairways at San Marcos ................. Bloom ............................................. Atera Apartments ........................... Silverbrook ..................................... Torreyana Apartments ................... Cornerstone .................................... Versailles ........................................ Bella Solara .................................... Courtney Cove ............................... Madera Point .................................. Creekside at Matthews ................... Parc500 .......................................... Seasons 704 Apartments ................ The Summit at Sabal Park ............. Cutter's Point .................................. Venue at 8651 ................................ The Heritage .................................. The Enclave ................................... Bella Vista ...................................... Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista.... Arbors on Forest Ridge .................. Venue on Camelback ..................... Type Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Floating Maturity Date Notional Strike Rate 10/1/2024 $ 10/1/2024 10/1/2024 10/1/2024 10/1/2024 10/1/2024 7/1/2024 7/1/2024 10/1/2024 1/1/2025 4/1/2025 4/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 12/1/2025 2/1/2024 2/1/2024 2/1/2024 9/1/2024 12/1/2025 2/1/2026 $ 25,645 24,100 43,835 20,000 10,109 12,061 34,925 31,900 41,180 46,625 43,157 35,115 93,129 71,098 60,228 59,830 46,198 46,088 50,580 46,804 40,247 40,328 36,146 34,457 29,648 29,416 33,132 30,826 21,524 18,690 24,625 25,322 29,040 42,100 19,184 42,788 1,340,080 4.81 % 4.99 % 6.82 % 6.46 % 6.07 % 6.82 % 3.40 % 4.40 % 4.00 % 2.74 % 3.91 % 3.91 % 6.45 % 6.45 % 6.70 % 6.70 % 6.45 % 6.45 % 6.70 % 6.66 % 6.45 % 6.70 % 6.70 % 6.70 % 6.45 % 6.45 % 6.70 % 6.70 % 6.45 % 6.45 % 5.18 % 5.18 % 5.18 % 6.20 % 6.70 % 6.07 % 5.90 % The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands): Balance Sheet Location December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate swaps ...................... Fair market value of interest rate swaps $ 71,028 $ 103,440 $ — $ — Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate caps ........................ Total ............................................... Prepaid and other assets 2,988 74,016 $ 7,634 111,074 $ $ — — $ — — F-24 The tables below present the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Amount of gain recognized in OCI Location of gain reclassified from accumulated Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from OCI into income 2023 2022 2021 OCI into income 2023 2022 2021 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: For the year ended December 31, Interest rate products ............ $ 15,304 $ 106,593 $ 32,164 Interest expense $ 47,717 $ 6,678 $ (14,909 ) Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: For the year ended December 31, Interest rate products .............. Location of gain (loss) recognized in income Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income 2023 2022 2021 Interest expense $ (1,484 ) $ 3,446 $ (112 ) Other Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP have a redemption feature and are marked to their redemption value if such value exceeds the carrying value of the redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP (see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements). The redemption value is based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the redemption date, and therefore, is calculated based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the balance sheet date. Since the valuation is based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP are classified as Level 2 if they are adjusted to their redemption value. Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value At December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, prepaid and other assets, excluding interest rate caps, accounts payable and other accrued liabilities, accrued real estate taxes payable, accrued interest payable, security deposits and prepaid rent approximated their carrying values because of the short term nature of these instruments. The estimated fair values of other financial instruments were determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and develop estimated fair values. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company would realize on the disposition of the financial instruments. The use of different market assumptions or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. Long-term indebtedness is carried at amounts that reasonably approximate their fair value. In calculating the fair value of its long-term indebtedness, the Company used interest rate and spread assumptions that reflect current credit worthiness and market conditions available for the issuance of long-term debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. These financial instruments utilize Level 2 inputs. The table below presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our debt at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Fixed rate debt ............... $ Floating rate debt (1) ...... $ 33,817 $ 1,541,419 $ 31,950 $ 1,335,635 $ 33,817 $ 1,647,711 $ 31,857 1,506,741 (1) Includes balances outstanding under our Corporate Credit Facility and held for sale debt. F-25 Real estate assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In such cases, the Company will evaluate the recoverability of such real estate assets based on estimated future cash flows and the estimated liquidation value of such real estate assets and provide for impairment if such undiscounted cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the real estate asset. If impaired, the real estate asset will be written down to its estimated fair value. There can be no assurance that the estimates discussed herein, using Level 3 inputs, are indicative of the amounts the Company could realize on disposition of the real estate asset. The Company did not record any impairment charges related to real estate assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. 7. Stockholders’ Equity Common Stock During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company issued 124,994, 165,134 and 133,097 shares of common stock pursuant to its long-term incentive plan (see “Long Term Incentive Plan” below) and zero, 52,091 and 350,513 pursuant to its at-the-market offering (see “At-the-Market Offering” below). As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 25,674,313 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, issued and outstanding. Share Repurchase Program On June 15, 2016, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase up to $30.0 million of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, during a two-year period that was set to expire on June 15, 2018 (the “Share Repurchase Program”). On April 30, 2018, the Board increased the Share Repurchase Program from $30.0 million to up to $40.0 million and extended it by an additional two years to June 15, 2020. On March 13, 2020, the Board further increased the Share Repurchase Program from $40.0 million to up to $100.0 million and extended it to March 12, 2023. On October 24, 2022, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase an indeterminate number of shares of our common stock at an aggregate market value of up to $100.0 million during a two year period that will expire on October 24, 2024. This authorization replaced the Board’s prior authorization of the Share Repurchase Program. The Company may utilize various methods to affect the repurchases, and the timing and extent of the repurchases will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, regulatory requirements and other corporate considerations, including whether the Company’s common stock is trading at a significant discount to net asset value per share. Repurchases under this program may be discontinued at any time. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 168,473 shares of its common stock for approximately $11.1 million, or $66.04 per share. Since the inception of the Share Repurchase Program through December 31, 2023, the Company has repurchased 2,550,628 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a total cost of approximately $72.4 million, or $28.36 per share on average. Treasury Shares From time to time, in accordance with the Company’s Share Repurchase Program, the Company may repurchase shares of its common stock in the open market. Until any such shares are retired, the cost of the shares is included in common stock held in treasury at cost on the consolidated balance sheet. The number of shares of common stock classified as treasury shares reduces the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding and, accordingly, are considered in the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company retired 168,473 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any shares of common stock held in treasury. Long Term Incentive Plan On June 15, 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved a long-term incentive plan (the “2016 LTIP”) and the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-8 registering 2,100,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, which the Company may issue pursuant to the 2016 LTIP. The 2016 LTIP authorizes the compensation committee of the Board to provide equity-based compensation in the form of stock options, appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units and certain other awards denominated or payable in, or otherwise based on, the Company’s common stock or factors that may influence the value of the Company’s common stock, plus cash incentive awards, for the purpose of providing the Company’s directors, officers and other key employees (and those of the Adviser and the Company’s subsidiaries), the Company’s non-employee directors, and potentially certain non-employees who perform employee-type functions, incentives and rewards for performance. F-26 Restricted Stock Units. Under the 2016 LTIP, restricted stock units may be granted to the Company’s directors, officers and other key employees (and those of the Adviser and the Company’s subsidiaries) and typically vest over a three to five-year period for officers, employees and certain key employees of the Adviser and annually for directors. Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the total requisite service period for the entire reward. Beginning on the date of grant, restricted stock units earn dividends that are payable in cash on the vesting date. The following table includes the number of restricted stock units granted to its directors, officers, employees and certain key employees of the Adviser under the 2016 LTIP: February March May Total Summary of Grants 2019 ............ 2020 ............ 2021 ............ 2022 ............ 2023 ............ Total ............ 186,662 168,183 204,663 142,519 — 702,027 — — — — 260,709 260,709 — 116,852 — — — 116,852 186,662 285,035 204,663 142,519 260,709 1,079,588 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 620,137 and 527,926 unvested units under the 2016 LTIP, respectively. The following table includes the number of restricted stock units granted, vested, forfeited and outstanding as of December 31, 2023: 2023 Number of Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding January 1, .......................................................................... Granted ................................................................................................. Vested ................................................................................................... Forfeited ................................................................................................ Outstanding December 31, .................................................................... $ 527,926 260,709 (160,811 ) (1) (7,687 ) 620,137 $ 52.66 47.50 39.02 50.88 47.50 (1) Certain key employees of the Adviser elected to net the taxes owed upon vesting against the shares issued resulting in 124,994 shares being issued as shown on the consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity. The following table contains information regarding the vesting of restricted stock units under the 2016 LTIP for the next five calendar years subsequent to December 31, 2023: Shares Vesting February March May 2024 ..................................................................... 2025 ..................................................................... 2026 ..................................................................... 2027 ..................................................................... 2028 ..................................................................... Total ..................................................................... 132,525 97,154 64,147 26,281 — 320,107 63,329 49,098 47,988 47,988 47,981 256,384 21,877 21,769 — — — 43,646 Total 217,731 168,021 112,135 74,269 47,981 620,137 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had issued 982,204 and 857,210 shares of common stock under the 2016 LTIP, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized approximately $9.3 million, $7.9 million and $7.0 million, respectively, of equity-based compensation expense related to grants of restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had recognized a liability of approximately $2.1 million and $1.7 million, respectively, related to dividends earned on restricted stock units that are payable in cash upon vesting which is included in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had total unrecognized compensation expense on restricted awards of approximately $21.5 million, and the expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 1.5 years. F-27 At-the-Market Offering On March 4, 2020, the Company, the OP and the Adviser entered into separate equity distribution agreements with each of Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), Raymond James & Associates, Inc. (“Raymond James”), KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc. (“KeyBanc”) and Truist Securities (f/k/a SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., “SunTrust,” and together with Jefferies, Raymond James and KeyBanc, the “2020 ATM Sales Agents”), pursuant to which the Company could issue and sell from time to time shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having an aggregate sales price of up to $225,000,000 (the “2020 ATM Program”). Sales of shares of common stock, were made in transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings, as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, including, without limitation, sales made by means of ordinary brokers’ transactions on the New York Stock Exchange, to or through a market maker at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices based on prevailing market prices. In addition to the issuance and sale of shares of common stock, the Company entered into forward sale agreements with each of Jefferies, KeyBanc and Raymond James, or their respective affiliates, through the 2020 ATM Program. The following table contains summary information of the 2020 ATM Program since its inception: Gross proceeds ................................................................................................. Common shares issued ..................................................................................... Gross average sale price per share ................................................................... Sales commissions ........................................................................................... Offering costs ................................................................................................... Net proceeds .................................................................................................... Average price per share, net ............................................................................. $ $ $ $ 62,310,967 1,120,910 55.59 934,665 1,353,015 60,023,287 53.55 8. Earnings (Loss) Per Share Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding, which excludes any unvested restricted stock units issued pursuant to the 2016 LTIP. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed by adjusting basic earnings (loss) per share for the dilutive effect of the assumed vesting of restricted stock units. During periods of net loss, the assumed vesting of restricted stock units is anti-dilutive and is not included in the calculation of earnings (loss) per share. The effect of the conversion of OP Units held by noncontrolling limited partners is not reflected in the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share as the assumed conversion of these units would have no net impact on the determination of diluted earnings (loss) per share. See Note 8 for additional information. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the periods presented (in thousands, except per share amounts): Numerator for earnings (loss) per share: Net income (loss) ........................................................................ $ Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership ...................................... Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders ...... $ 44,433 $ (9,291 ) $ 23,106 169 44,264 $ (31 ) (9,260 ) $ 69 23,037 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 Denominator for earnings (loss) per share: Weighted average common shares outstanding .......................... Denominator for basic earnings (loss) per share ....................... Weighted average unvested restricted stock units ....................... Denominator for diluted earnings (loss) per share .................... (1) 25,654 25,654 591 26,245 25,610 25,610 542 25,610 25,170 25,170 590 25,760 Earnings (loss) per weighted average common share: Basic ......................................................................................... $ Diluted ...................................................................................... $ 1.73 $ 1.69 $ (0.36 ) $ (0.36 ) $ 0.92 0.89 F-28 (1) If the Company sustains a net loss for the period presented, unvested restricted stock units are not included in the diluted earnings (loss) per share calculation. 9. Noncontrolling Interests Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in the OP Interests in the OP held by limited partners are represented by OP Units. Net income (loss) is allocated to holders of OP Units based upon net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders and the weighted average number of OP Units outstanding to total common shares plus OP Units outstanding during the period. Capital contributions, distributions, and profits and losses are allocated to OP Units in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreement of the OP. Each time the OP distributes cash to the Company, outside limited partners of the OP receive their pro-rata share of the distribution. Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP have a redemption feature and are marked to their redemption value if such value exceeds the carrying value of the redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP. On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired The Adair and Estates on Maryland, from investors in a Delaware Statutory Trust managed by an entity affiliated with the Adviser, for total consideration of $143.4 million (the “Purchase Price”). The Purchase Price consisted of 31,071 OP Units (valued at $2.9 million) that were issued in connection with the acquisition and approximately $70.7 million in cash and debt. The fair value of the OP Units was determined based on the April 1, 2022 share price of NXRT as the OP units are convertible to common stock on a one to one basis. On June 30, 2017, the Company and the OP entered into a contribution agreement with BH Equities, LLC and its affiliates (collectively, “BH Equity”), whereby the Company purchased 100% of the joint venture interests in the portfolio owned by BH Equity, representing approximately 8.4% ownership in the portfolio (the “BH Buyout”), for total consideration of approximately $51.7 million (the “Purchase Amount”). The Purchase Amount consisted of approximately $49.7 million in cash that was paid on June 30, 2017 and 73,233 OP Units (initially valued at $2.0 million) that were issued on August 1, 2017. The number of OP Units issued was calculated by dividing $2.0 million by the midpoint of the range of the Company’s net asset value as publicly disclosed in connection with the Company’s release of its second quarter of 2017 earnings results, which was $27.31 per share. In connection with the issuance of OP Units to BH Equity on August 1, 2017, the Company and the OP amended the partnership agreement of the OP (the “Amendment”). Pursuant to the Amendment, limited partners holding OP Units have the right to cause the OP to redeem their units at a redemption price equal to and in the form of the Cash Amount (as defined in the partnership agreement of the OP), provided that such OP Units have been outstanding for at least one year. The Company, through the OP GP, as the general partner of the OP may, in its sole discretion, purchase the OP Units by paying to the limited partner either the Cash Amount or the REIT Share Amount (one share of common stock of the Company for each OP Unit), as defined in the partnership agreement of the OP. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a limited partner will not be entitled to exercise its redemption right to the extent the issuance of the Company’s common stock to the redeeming limited partner would (1) be prohibited, as determined in the Company’s sole discretion, under the Company’s charter or (2) cause the acquisition of common stock by such redeeming limited partner to be “integrated” with any other distribution of the Company’s common stock for purposes of complying with the Securities Act. Accordingly, the Company records the OP Units held by noncontrolling limited partners outside of permanent equity and reports the OP Units at the greater of their carrying value or their redemption value using the Company’s stock price at each balance sheet date. The following table sets forth the redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands): Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP, December 31, 2021 ................................................ $ Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP ................................................... Other comprehensive income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP .................. Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP ............................................................... Issuance of operating partnership units for purchase of noncontrolling interests .................................... Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP ..................... Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP, December 31, 2022 ................................................ $ Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP .............................................. Other comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP ....................... Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP ............................................................... Issuance of operating partnership units for purchase of noncontrolling interests .................................... Redemption of operating partnership units of noncontrolling interests ................................................... Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP ..................... Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP, December 31, 2023 ................................................ $ 6,139 (31 ) 338 (519 ) 2,444 (2,740 ) 5,631 169 (123 ) (184 ) 415 (70 ) (592 ) 5,246 F-29 Fees and Reimbursements to BH and its Affiliates The Company has entered into Management Agreements with BH Management Services, LLC (“BH”), the Company’s property manager and an independently owned third party, who manages the Company’s properties and supervises the implementation of the Company’s value-add program. BH is an affiliate of BH Equities, LLC and its affiliates (collectively, (“BH Equity"), who was a noncontrolling interest member of the Company’s joint ventures prior to the BH purchase by the Company of 100% of the joint venture interests in the portfolio owned by BH Equity, representing approximately 8.4% ownership in the portfolio (the “BH Buyout") on June 30, 2017. Through BH Equity’s noncontrolling interests in such joint ventures, BH Equity was deemed to be a related party. With the completion of the BH Buyout, BH Equity is no longer deemed to be a related party. BH Equity became a noncontrolling limited partner of the OP upon execution of the Amendment. BH and its affiliates do not have common ownership in any joint venture with the Adviser; there is also no common ownership between BH and its affiliates and the Adviser. The property management fee paid to BH is approximately 3% of the monthly gross income from each property managed. Currently, BH manages all of the Company’s properties. Additionally, the Company may pay BH certain other fees, including: (1) a fee of $15-25 per unit for the one-time setup and inspection of properties, (2) a construction supervision fee of 5-6% of total project costs, which is capitalized, (3) acquisition fees and due diligence costs reimbursements, and (4) other owner approved fees at $55 per hour. BH also acts as a paymaster for the properties and is reimbursed at cost for various operating expenses it pays on behalf of the properties. The following is a summary of fees that the properties incurred to BH and its affiliates, as well as reimbursements paid to BH from the properties for various operating expenses, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Fees incurred Property management fees ..................... (1) $ Construction supervision fees ................ (2) Design fees ............................................. (2) Acquisition fees ..................................... (3) Reimbursements 2023 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 8,051 $ 2,062 67 (83 ) 7,606 $ 2,000 198 45 Payroll and benefits................................ (4) Other reimbursements ............................ (5) 18,809 8,001 21,310 4,695 6,308 1,098 88 677 18,802 3,574 (1) Included in property management fees on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. (2) Capitalized on the consolidated balance sheets and reflected in buildings and improvements. (3) Includes due diligence costs. Acquisition fees are capitalized to real estate assets on the consolidated balance sheets. (4) Included in property operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. (5) Includes property operating expenses such as repairs and maintenance costs and certain property general and administrative expenses, which are included on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. 10. Related Party Transactions Advisory and Administrative Fee In accordance with the Advisory Agreement, the Company pays the Adviser an advisory fee equal to 1.00% of the Average Real Estate Assets (as defined below). The duties performed by the Company’s Adviser under the terms of the Advisory Agreement include, but are not limited to: providing daily management for the Company, selecting and working with third party service providers, managing the Company’s properties or overseeing the third party property manager, formulating an investment strategy for the Company and selecting suitable properties and investments, managing the Company’s outstanding debt and its interest rate exposure through derivative instruments, determining when to sell assets, and managing the value-add program or overseeing a third party vendor that implements the value-add program. “Average Real Estate Assets” means the average of the aggregate book value of Real Estate Assets before reserves for depreciation or other non-cash reserves, computed by taking the average of the book value of real estate assets at the end of each month (1) for which any fee under the Advisory Agreement is calculated or (2) during the year for which any expense reimbursement under the Advisory Agreement is calculated. “Real Estate Assets” is defined broadly in the Advisory Agreement to include, among other things, investments in real estate-related securities and mortgages and reserves for capital expenditures (the value-add program). The advisory fee is payable monthly in arrears in cash, unless the Adviser elects, in its sole discretion, to receive all or a portion of the advisory fee in shares of common stock, subject to certain limitations. F-30 In accordance with the Advisory Agreement, the Company also pays the Adviser an administrative fee equal to 0.20% of the Average Real Estate Assets. The administrative fee is payable monthly in arrears in cash, unless the Adviser elects, in its sole discretion, to receive all or a portion of the administrative fee in shares of common stock, subject to certain limitations. The advisory and administrative fees paid to the Adviser on the Contributed Assets (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) are subject to an annual cap of approximately $5.4 million (the “Contributed Assets Cap”) (see “Expense Cap” below). Pursuant to the terms of the Advisory Agreement, the Company will reimburse the Adviser for all documented Operating Expenses and Offering Expenses it incurs on behalf of the Company. “Operating Expenses” include legal, accounting, financial and due diligence services performed by the Adviser that outside professionals or outside consultants would otherwise perform, the Company’s pro rata share of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment, machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses of the Adviser required for the Company’s operations, and compensation expenses under the 2016 LTIP. Operating Expenses do not include expenses for the advisory and administrative services described in the Advisory Agreement. Certain Operating Expenses, such as the Company’s ratable share of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment, machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses incurred by the Adviser or its affiliates that relate to the operations of the Company, may be billed monthly to the Company under a shared services agreement. “Offering Expenses” include all expenses (other than underwriters’ discounts) in connection with an offering, including, without limitation, legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees and other documented offering expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Adviser did not bill any Operating Expenses or Offering Expenses to the Company and any such expenses the Adviser incurred during the periods are considered to be permanently waived. Expense Cap Pursuant to the terms of the Advisory Agreement, expenses paid or incurred by the Company for advisory and administrative fees payable to the Adviser and Operating Expenses will not exceed 1.5% of Average Real Estate Assets per calendar year (or part thereof that the Advisory Agreement is in effect (the “Expense Cap”)). The Expense Cap does not limit the reimbursement of expenses related to Offering Expenses. The Expense Cap also does not apply to legal, accounting, financial, due diligence and other service fees incurred in connection with mergers and acquisitions, extraordinary litigation or other events outside the Company’s ordinary course of business or any out-of-pocket acquisitions or due diligence expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition or disposition of real estate assets. Also, advisory and administrative fees are further limited on Contributed Assets to approximately $5.4 million in any calendar year. “Contributed Assets” refers to all Real Estate Assets contributed to the Company as part of its Spin-Off. The Contributed Assets Cap is not reduced for dispositions of such assets subsequent to its Spin-Off. Advisory and administrative fees on New Assets are not subject to the above limitation and are based on an annual rate of 1.2% on Average Real Estate Assets, but are subject to the Expense Cap. New Assets are all Real Estate Assets that are not Contributed Assets. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred advisory and administrative fees of $7.6 million, $7.5 million and $7.6 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Adviser elected to voluntarily waive advisory and administrative fees of $21.7 million, $21.0 million and $17.3 million, respectively. The advisory and administrative fees waived by the Adviser for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are considered to be permanently waived for the periods. The Adviser is not contractually obligated to waive fees on New Assets in the future and may cease waiving fees on New Assets at its discretion. F-31 Other Related Party Transactions The Company has in the past, and may in the future, utilize the services of affiliated parties. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company paid approximately $0.2 million, $0.8 million and $0.2 million, respectively, to NexBank Title, Inc. (“NexBank Title”). NexBank Title is an affiliate of the Adviser through common beneficial ownership. NexBank Title provides title insurance and work related to providing title insurance on properties related to acquisitions, dispositions and refinancing transactions. These amounts are either capitalized as real estate assets or deferred financing costs, expensed as loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs, or expensed as selling costs when determining gain (loss) on sales of real estate, depending on the appropriate accounting as determined for each specific transaction. The Company holds multiple operating accounts at NexBank Capital, Inc., an affiliate of the Adviser through common beneficial ownership. On July 30, 2021, three of our property-owning subsidiaries entered into agreements with NLMF Holdco, LLC, an entity under common control with our Adviser and in which we own a 10% equity interest, to provide faster, more reliable and lower cost internet to our residents. The lease of the fiber facilities and easement is between NLMF Holdco, LLC and NLMF Leaseco, LLC, which is wholly and separately owned by NLMF Leaseco Owner, LLC, which is controlled by Matt McGraner, one of our officers. The fiber management and internet services agreement is managed by NLMF Leaseco, LLC. The Company accounts for its interest in NLMF Holdco, LLC using the equity method of accounting. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has funded approximately $0.3 million to NLMF Holdco, LLC which is included in prepaid and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet of the Company. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $0.2 million of NLMF Holdco, LLC net income in equity in earnings of affiliate on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income. The Company incurred expenses of $2.9 million, $0.1 million and $0.1 million for fiber internet service to NLMF Leaseco, LLC for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which is included in property operating expenses on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income. On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired The Adair and Estates on Maryland, from investors in a Delaware Statutory Trust managed by an entity affiliated with the Adviser, for total consideration of $143.4 million (the “Purchase Price”). The Purchase Price consisted of 31,071 OP Units (valued at $2.9 million) that were issued in connection with the acquisition and approximately $70.7 million in cash and debt. The fair value of the OP Units was determined based on the April 1, 2022 share price of NXRT as the OP units are convertible to common stock on a one to one basis. On August 16, 2023, the Company entered into a purchase agreement with NexBank, an affiliate of the Adviser through common beneficial ownership, for the sale of Old Farm for $103.0 million. 11. Commitments and Contingencies Commitments In the normal course of business, the Company enters into various rehabilitation construction related purchase commitments with parties that provide these goods and services. In the event the Company were to terminate rehabilitation construction services prior to the completion of projects, the Company could potentially be committed to satisfy outstanding or uncompleted purchase orders with such parties. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, management does not anticipate any material deviations from schedule or budget related to rehabilitation projects currently in process. The Company’s agreement with NLMF Holdco, LLC may result in additional funding requirements to cover future project costs. The maximum exposure of potential commitments is expected to be no more than $4.0 million. Contingencies In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to claims, lawsuits, and legal proceedings. While it is not possible to ascertain the ultimate outcome of all such matters, management believes that the aggregate amount of such liabilities, if any, in excess of amounts provided or covered by insurance, will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated balance sheets or consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income of the Company. The Company is not involved in any material litigation nor, to management’s knowledge, is any material litigation currently threatened against the Company or its properties or subsidiaries. Environmental liabilities could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, assets, cash flows or results of operations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company was not aware of any environmental liabilities. There can be no assurance that material environmental liabilities do not exist. F-32 Self-Insurance Program On March 1, 2021, the Adviser entered into a new policy resulting in a new aggregate amount of $2,468,750 (the “2021 Aggregate Amount”) which is allocated across properties managed by the Adviser with approximately $1.6 million being allocated to the Company. On March 1, 2022, the Adviser entered into a self-insurance policy resulting in a new aggregate amount of $2,497,500 (the “2022 Aggregate Amount”) which is allocated across properties managed by the Adviser with approximately $1.8 million being allocated to the Company. On April 1, 2023, the Adviser entered into a new policy resulting in a new aggregate amount of $2,950,000 (the “2023 Aggregate Amount”) which is allocated across properties managed by the Adviser with approximately $2.1 million being allocated to the Company. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has funded $1.8 million of 2023 Aggregate Amount allocated to the Company has been prepaid by the Company (see Note 4). 12. Subsequent Events Dividends Declared On February 15, 2024, the Company’s board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.46242 per share, payable on March 28, 2024 to stockholders of record on March 15, 2024. F-33 NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE III REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION DECEMBER 31, 2023 (in thousands) Property Name Location Arbors on Forest Ridge ...... Bedford, Texas Cutter's Point ...................... Richardson, Texas The Summit at Sabal Park . Tampa, Florida Courtney Cove ................... Tampa, Florida Radbourne Lake ................. Charlotte, North Carolina Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista................................. Orlando, Florida Cornerstone ........................ Orlando, Florida The Preserve at Terrell Mill .................................. Marietta, Georgia Versailles ........................... Dallas, Texas Seasons 704 Apartments .... West Palm Beach, Florida Madera Point ...................... Mesa, Arizona Venue at 8651 .................... Fort Worth, Texas Parc500 .............................. West Palm Beach, Florida The Venue on Camelback .. Phoenix, Arizona Old Farm ............................ Houston, Texas Stone Creek at Old Farm ... Houston, Texas Rockledge Apartments ....... Marietta, Georgia Atera Apartments ............... Dallas, Texas Versailles II ........................ Dallas, Texas Brandywine I & II .............. Nashville, Tennessee Bella Vista .......................... Phoenix, Arizona The Enclave ....................... Tempe, Arizona The Heritage ...................... Phoenix, Arizona Summers Landing .............. Fort Worth, Texas Residences at Glenview Reserve ............................ Nashville, Tennessee Residences at West Place ... Orlando, Florida Avant at Pembroke Pines ... Pembroke Pines, Florida Arbors of Brentwood ......... Nashville, Tennessee Torreyana Apartments ....... Las Vegas, Nevada Bloom ................................. Las Vegas, Nevada Bella Solara ........................ Las Vegas, Nevada Fairways at San Marcos ..... Chandler, Arizona The Verandas at Lake Norman ............................ Charlotte, North Carolina Creekside at Matthews ....... Charlotte, North Carolina Six Forks Station ................ Raleigh, North Carolina High House at Cary ............ Cary, North Carolina The Adair ........................... Sandy Springs, Georgia Estates on Maryland ........... Phoenix, Arizona Initial Cost to Company Buildings and Improvements (2) Encumbrances (1) Land $ 19,184 $ 21,524 30,826 36,146 2,330 $ 3,330 5,770 5,880 10,475 $ 12,515 13,280 13,070 Total 12,805 $ 15,845 19,050 18,950 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition Gross Amount Carried at December 31, 2023 Buildings and Improvements (3) Total Land Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization 4,090 $ 9,219 4,533 6,309 2,330 $ 3,330 5,770 5,880 14,253 $ 21,382 17,409 18,948 16,583 $ 24,712 23,179 24,828 Date Acquired (6,364 ) 1/31/2014 (9,557 ) 1/31/2014 (7,040 ) 8/20/2014 (7,602 ) 8/20/2014 20,000 2,440 21,810 24,250 6,093 2,440 27,251 29,691 (9,853 ) 9/30/2014 42,100 46,804 7,580 1,500 71,098 40,247 10,170 6,720 33,132 34,457 18,690 29,416 42,788 52,886 15,274 93,129 46,198 12,061 43,835 29,040 25,322 24,625 10,109 25,574 33,817 177,101 34,237 50,580 59,830 40,328 60,228 7,480 4,920 2,350 3,860 8,340 11,078 3,493 17,451 22,371 4,124 6,237 10,942 11,046 6,835 1,798 3,367 3,345 48,436 6,346 23,824 23,803 12,605 10,993 41,920 30,050 47,830 19,445 13,520 17,605 16,900 19,424 36,520 73,986 19,937 96,577 37,090 20,667 73,870 37,661 30,933 35,244 17,628 41,652 52,657 275,671 56,409 44,560 83,290 54,262 73,785 49,500 31,550 58,000 26,165 21,000 22,525 19,250 23,284 44,860 85,064 23,430 114,028 59,461 24,791 80,107 48,603 41,979 42,079 19,426 45,019 56,002 324,107 62,755 68,384 107,093 66,867 84,778 9,508 7,248 7,558 1,500 22,634 9,357 10,170 6,720 6,516 5,125 8,393 8,259 8,925 6,570 1,789 18,247 6,936 3,831 11,328 4,754 4,247 4,452 3,451 7,480 4,920 2,350 3,860 8,340 11,078 3,493 17,451 22,371 4,124 6,237 10,942 11,046 6,835 1,798 50,063 36,404 68,650 28,221 19,635 22,101 24,782 27,192 44,722 77,202 21,154 111,803 42,686 23,811 83,436 41,496 34,411 38,946 20,546 57,621 37,904 78,820 34,941 27,115 27,021 27,132 31,052 53,062 88,280 24,647 129,254 65,057 27,935 89,673 52,438 45,457 45,781 22,344 (17,009 ) 11/5/2014 (13,961 ) 1/15/2015 (27,171 ) 2/6/2015 (11,267 ) 2/26/2015 (7,470 ) 4/15/2015 (8,327 ) 8/5/2015 (9,227 ) 10/30/2015 (10,211 ) 7/27/2016 (13,950 ) 10/11/2016 (17,393 ) 12/29/2016 (4,625 ) 12/29/2016 (29,845 ) 6/30/2017 (11,231 ) 10/25/2017 (5,794 ) 9/26/2018 (20,087 ) 9/26/2018 (9,694 ) 1/28/2019 (8,242 ) 1/28/2019 (8,946 ) 1/28/2019 (4,033 ) 6/7/2019 7,547 6,352 3,367 3,345 48,217 57,831 51,584 61,176 (10,085 ) 7/17/2019 (10,582 ) 7/17/2019 37,666 4,650 3,363 7,647 4,459 5,401 48,436 6,346 23,824 23,803 12,605 10,993 306,348 59,845 46,722 89,086 57,562 77,511 354,784 66,191 70,546 112,889 70,167 88,504 (56,548 ) 8/30/2019 (10,597 ) 9/10/2019 (7,984 ) 11/22/2019 (15,449 ) 11/22/2019 (9,696 ) 11/22/2019 (10,426 ) 11/2/2020 34,925 9,510 54,270 63,780 3,056 9,510 56,355 65,865 (5,783 ) 6/30/2021 29,648 11,515 46,741 58,256 3,541 11,515 49,281 60,796 (5,446 ) 6/30/2021 41,180 46,625 11,357 23,809 63,748 69,793 75,105 93,602 5,942 3,409 11,357 23,809 68,490 71,826 79,847 95,635 (6,458 ) 9/10/2021 (5,948 ) 12/7/2021 35,115 43,157 8,344 11,553 1,551,236 $ 376,852 $ 57,156 66,347 65,500 77,900 1,798,298 $ 2,175,150 $ $ 2,888 2,259 8,344 11,553 279,994 $ 376,830 $ 60,044 68,606 68,388 80,159 2,034,228 $ 2,411,058 $ (4,247 ) 4/1/2022 (4,810 ) 4/1/2022 (442,958 ) (1) Encumbrances includes mortgage debt. (2) Includes gross intangible lease assets of approximately $46.7 million and buildings, improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment of approximately $1.8 billion, which includes total acquisition costs of approximately $8.2 million incurred on the acquisitions and a fair market value adjustment, a premium of approximately $0.9 million, related to the assumption of debt. (3) Includes construction in progress of approximately $8.3 million and furniture, fixtures and equipment of approximately $192.0 million. S-1 290,743 43,202 (55,045 ) (6,347 ) 2,248,796 215,494 82,760 4,118 (11,028 ) (4,248 ) 287,096 NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE III REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION DECEMBER 31, 2023 A summary of activity for real estate and accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows (in thousands): Real Estate: Balance, beginning of year ................................................................. $ Additions: Real estate acquired ......................................................................... Improvements .................................................................................. Deductions: 2023 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2,413,845 $ 2,248,796 $ 1,976,243 — 72,262 143,400 58,715 Real estate sold ................................................................................ Write-off of fully amortized assets and other................................... Balance, end of year ........................................................................... $ (72,958 ) (2,091 ) 2,411,058 $ (28,239 ) (8,827 ) 2,413,845 $ Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization: Balance, beginning of year ................................................................. $ Depreciation expense ....................................................................... Amortization expense ...................................................................... Accumulated depreciation on sales .................................................. Write-off of fully amortized assets and other................................... Balance, end of year ........................................................................... $ 371,293 $ 95,186 — (23,327 ) (194 ) 442,958 $ 287,096 $ 93,499 4,149 (6,459 ) (6,992 ) 371,293 $ S-2 This page intentionally left blank RESIDENTIAL TRUST 300 Crescent Court Suite 700 Dallas, TX 75201 ir@nexpoint.com nxrt.nexpoint.com 

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