Noah Holdings Ltd. Annual Report 2022

Plain-text annual report

Table of ContentsUNITED STATESSECURITY AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549FORM 20-F(Mark One)☐REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR 12(G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACTOF 1934OR☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.OR☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934OR☐SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF1934Date of event requiring this shell company reportFor the transition period from toCommission file number: 001-34936NOAH HOLDINGS LIMITED(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)N/A(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)Cayman Islands(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)Building 2, Changyang Valley, 1687 Changyang Road,Shanghai 200090, People’s Republic of China(Address of principal executive offices)Qing Pan, Chief Financial OfficerNoah Holdings LimitedBuilding 2, Changyang Valley, 1687 Changyang Road,Shanghai 200090, People’s Republic of ChinaPhone: (86) 21 8035 9221Facsimile: (86) 21 8035 9641(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of exchange on which registeredAmerican depositary shares, two of which representone ordinary share, par value US$0.0005 per share NOAHNew York Stock Exchangeordinary shares, par value US$0.0005 per share6686The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited(Title of Each Class and Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered)Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:NONE(Title of Class)Table of ContentsSecurities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:NONE(Title of Class)Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annualreport: 31,945,575 ordinary shares issued, par value US$0.0005 per share.Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ NoIf this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or (15) (d) of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ NoIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filingrequirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ NoIndicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 ofRegulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ NoIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. Seethe definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has electednot to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of theExchange Act. ☐† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its AccountingStandards Codification after April 5, 2012.Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internalcontrol over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm thatprepared or issued its audit report. ☒If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in thefiling reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentivebased compensation receivedby any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:U.S. GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issuedby the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected tofollow: ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. ☐ Yes ☐ NoTable of ContentsiTABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION1FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS3PART I4Item 1.Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers4Item 2.Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable4Item 3.Key Information4Item 4.Information on the Company60Item 4A.Unresolved Staff Comments107Item 5.Operating and Financial Review and Prospects107Item 6.Directors, Senior Management and Employees131Item 7.Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions146Item 8.Financial Information148Item 9.The Offer and Listing150Item 10.Additional Information150Item 11.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk161Item 12.Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities162PART II168Item 13.Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies168Item 14.Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds168Item 15.Controls and Procedures168Item 16.Reserved171Item 16A.Audit Committee Financial Expert171Item 16B.Code of Ethics171Item 16C.Principal Accountant Fees and Services171Item 16D.Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees172Item 16E.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers172Item 16F.Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant172Item 16G.Corporate Governance172Item 16H.Mine Safety Disclosure172Item 16I.Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections172Item 16J.Insider trading policies173PART III174Item 17.Financial Statements174Item 18.Financial Statements174Item 19.Exhibits174Table of Contents1INTRODUCTIONUnless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to:●“active clients” for a given period refer to registered clients who purchase one or more investment products distributed orprovided by us during a given period, excluding clients in our other business segment;●“ADSs” refer to our American depositary shares, two of which represent one ordinary share;●“assets under advisory” or “AUA” refers to clients’ total outstanding assets managed by Gopher or third party productproviders;●“assets under management” or “AUM” refers to the amount of capital commitments made by investors to the funds weprovide continuous management services without adjustment for any gain or loss from investment, for which we are entitledto receive recurring service fees or performance-based income, except for public securities investments. For pubic securitiesinvestments, the “assets under management” or “AUM” refers to the net asset value of the investments we manage, forwhich we are entitled to receive recurring service fees and performance-based income;●“China” or the “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this annual report only, HongKong, Macau and Taiwan;●“Consolidated Affiliated Entities” refer to Noah Investment and its subsidiaries;●“Contractual Arrangements” refer to variable interest entity structure and, where the context requires, the agreementsunderlying the structure;●“CSRC” refer to the China Securities Regulatory Commission;●“FOF” refers to fund of funds;●“Gopher Asset Management” refers to Gopher Asset Management Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established underthe laws of the PRC on February 9, 2012, and one of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities;●“Gopher GP” refers to Gopher Capital GP Limited, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated in the CaymanIslands on May 11, 2012, and one of the significant subsidiaries;●“HK$” or “Hong Kong dollars” or “HK dollars” refers to Hong Kong dollars, the lawful currency of Hong Kong;●“HNW” refers to high net worth;●“HNW clients” or “HNW investors” refer to clients/investors with investable financial assets of no less than RMB6 million;●“Hong Kong” or “HK” or “Hong Kong S.A.R.” refers to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the PRC;●“Hong Kong Listing Rules” refers to the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The Stock Exchange of Hong KongLimited, as amended or supplemented from time to time;●“Hong Kong Stock Exchange” refers to The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited;●“investment products” refer to products we distribute to clients, such as mutual fund products, private secondary products,private equity products and other products;Table of Contents2●“Main Board” refers to the stock market (excluding the option market) operated by the Hong Kong Stock Exchange which isindependent from and operated in parallel with the Growth Enterprise Market of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange;●“MoM” refers to manager of managers;●“NAV” refers to net asset value;●“Noah Group” refers to Shanghai Noah Investment (Group) Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established under the lawsof the PRC on August 24, 2007, and one of the significant subsidiaries;●“Noah HK” refers to Noah Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kongon September 1, 2011, and one of the significant subsidiaries;●“Noah Investment” refers to Shanghai Noah Investment Management Co., Ltd., a limited liability company establishedunder the laws of the PRC on August 26, 2005, and one of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities;●“Noah Upright” refers to Noah Upright Fund Distribution Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established under the laws ofthe PRC on November 18, 2003, and one of the significant subsidiaries;●“NYSE” refers to the New York Stock Exchange;●“ordinary shares” refer to our ordinary shares, par value US$0.0005 per share;●“PCAOB” refers to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;●“private funds” refer to investment funds which raise capital through non-public offerings of funds targeting qualifiedinvestors;●“registered clients” refer to clients who have completed a preliminary know-your-client and anti-money laundering reviewprocess, but may or may not have purchased any products from us;●“RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China;●“Shanghai Gopher” refers to Shanghai Gopher Asset Management Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established in thePRC on December 14, 2012, and one of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities;●“Shanghai Massa” refers to Shanghai Gopher Massa Asset Management Co., Ltd., a limited liability company establishedunder the laws of the PRC on June 29, 2015, and one of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities;●“Shanghai Nuohong” refers to Shanghai Nuohong Real Estate Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established under thelaws of the PRC on May 30, 2013, and one of the significant subsidiaries;●“transaction value” refers to the aggregate value of the investment products we distribute during a given period; and●“we,” “us,” “our company,” “our group,” “our” and “Noah” refer to Noah Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries, and, in thecontext of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, the Consolidated Affiliated Entities.Unless otherwise noted, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars (“USD” or “US$”) are made at a rate of RMB6.8972 toUS$1.00, the effective noon buying rate for December 30, 2022 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board.Table of Contents3FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTSThis annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements otherthan statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, includingthose listed under “Risk Factors,” may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from thoseexpressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,”“aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statementslargely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financialcondition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include:●our goals and strategies;●our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;●the expected growth of the industries in which we operate;●our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of the products and services we distribute, manage or offer;●our expectations regarding keeping and strengthening our relationships with product providers;●relevant government policies and regulations relating to the industries in which we operate;●our ability to attract and retain qualified employees;●our ability to stay abreast of market trends and technological advances;●our plans to invest in research and development to enhance our product choices and service offerings;●competition in the industries in which we operate;●general economic and business conditions in China and internationally;●our ability to obtain certain licenses and permits necessary to operate and expand our businesses;●our ability to effectively protect our intellectual property rights and not infringe on the intellectual property rights of others;and●all other risks and uncertainties described in the section headed “Risk Factors” in this annual report.These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed inthese forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results could bematerially different from our expectations. Other sections of this annual report include additional factors that could adversely impact ourbusiness and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge fromtime to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of allfactors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from thosecontained in any forward-looking statements. You should thoroughly read this annual report and the documents that we refer to herein withthe understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from, or worse than, what we expect. We qualify all of ourforward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.Table of Contents4PART IItem 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and AdvisersNot applicable.Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected TimetableNot applicable.Item 3. Key InformationOur Corporate Structure and Contractual Arrangements with The Consolidated Affiliated Entities and Their RespectiveIndividual ShareholdersNoah Holdings Limited is a Cayman Islands holding company with no business operations. We conduct our operations throughour subsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. Because we are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, weare classified as a foreign enterprise under PRC laws and regulations, and our wholly-owned PRC subsidiaries are foreign-investedenterprises, or the subsidiaries of the foreign-invested enterprises. PRC laws and regulations impose certain restrictions or prohibitions onforeign ownership of PRC companies engaging in value-added telecommunications services.To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we rely on the Contractual Arrangements with Noah Investment and its subsidiaries tooperate a portion of our operations in China, primarily the asset management business. A series of contractual agreements, including anexclusive option agreement, an exclusive support service agreement, a share pledge agreement and power of attorney, have been enteredinto by and among Noah Group, Noah Investment and its shareholders. These contractual arrangements enable us to (1) be considered asthe primary beneficiary of Noah Investment and its subsidiaries for accounting purposes and consolidate the financial results of theConsolidated Affiliated Entities; (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits from Noah Investment and its subsidiaries inconsideration for the services provided by Noah Group; and (3) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests inNoah Investment when and to the extent permitted by PRC law, or request any existing shareholder of Noah Investment to transfer any orpart of the equity interests in Noah Investment to another PRC person or entity designated by us at any time at our discretion. For moredetails of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—ContractualArrangements.”Because of the Contractual Arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Noah Investment and its subsidiaries and hence treatthem as our consolidated entities and consolidate their results of operations into our consolidated financial statements in accordance withU.S. GAAP. The Consolidated Affiliated Entities, Noah Investment and its subsidiaries, generated RMB978.6 million, RMB1,505.1million and RMB1,282.2 million (US$185.9 million) in net revenues in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, which contributed 29.6%,35.1% and 41.4% of our total net revenues in the respective years. In addition, we hold the required licenses and permits necessary toconduct our asset management business in China through the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. Investors of our ordinary shares or ADSsare not purchasing equity interest in the Consolidated Affiliated Entities in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a CaymanIslands holding company with no direct equity ownership of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities.Table of Contents5Our corporate structure is subject to risks associated with the Contractual Arrangements with the Consolidated Affiliated Entities.The Contractual Arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the Consolidated AffiliatedEntities and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. Additionally, there are substantial uncertaintiesregarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws and regulations. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws orregulations relating to the Contractual Arrangements will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If the corporate structure andthe Contractual Arrangements are deemed by relevant regulatory authority or court to be illegal or invalid, either in whole or in part, wemay lose control of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities and have to modify such structure to comply with regulatory requirements.Further, if the corporate structure and the Contractual Arrangements are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws orregulations, the relevant regulatory authority would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with the violation or failure, in whichcase, we could be subject to severe penalties, including being prohibited from continuing its operations or unwinding the ContractualArrangements. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutoryprovisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legalprotection we enjoy. Our Cayman Islands holding company, our subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities, and investors of ourcompany face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractualarrangements with the Consolidated Affiliated Entities and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of theConsolidated Affiliated Entities and our company as a whole. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related toCorporate Structure.”We face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties associated with being based in and having our operations primarilyin China and the evolving PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government has complex regulatory requirements on the ability of a China-based company, like us, to conduct its business, accept foreign investments or be listed on United States or other foreign exchange outsideof China. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offerings that are conducted overseas by and foreigninvestment in China-based issuers, the use of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, and oversight oncybersecurity and data privacy. The PRC government may also influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to advanceregulatory and societal goals and policy positions. The PRC government has also promulgated certain regulations and rules to exert moreoversight and control over offerings and listings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any suchaction could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our securities, limit or hinder our ability to offer orcontinue to offer securities to investors. Furthermore, implementation of industry-wide regulations directly targeting our operations couldcause the value of our securities to significantly decline. For a detailed description of the related risks, see “Item 3. Key Information—D.Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval of or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authoritiesmay be required under PRC law in connection with our issuance of securities overseas, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or forhow long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relatedto Doing Business in China—PRC governmental authorities’ complex regulatory requirements on offerings conducted overseas by, andforeign investment in, China-based issuers could limit or hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and result ina material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”Additionally, uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement oflaws, and quickly evolving policies, laws and regulations in China, could adversely affect us. The PRC legal system is a civil law systembased on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Because certain recentlyenacted laws, rules and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the nonbinding natureof these decisions, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations involve uncertainties. Therefore, it is possiblethat our existing operations may be found not to be in full compliance with relevant laws and regulations in the future. Furthermore, thePRC legal system is based in part on government policies, some of which are not published or not on a timely basis. As a result, we maynot be aware of our potential violation of these policies and rules. For a detailed description of the related risks, see “Item 3. KeyInformation—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC governmental authorities’ complex regulatoryrequirements on offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could limit or hinder our ability to offeror continue to offer securities to investors and result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”Table of Contents6In addition, pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, if the SEC determines that we havefiled audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutiveyears, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter tradingmarket in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued the HFCA Act Determination Report, or 2021 determinations,according to which our independent registered public accounting firm is subject to the determinations that the PCAOB is unable to inspector investigate completely. On April 12, 2022, we were identified by the SEC under the HFCA Act as having filed audit reports issued by aregistered public accounting firm that cannot be inspected or investigated completely by the PCAOB in connection with our filing of theannual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB vacated its 2021determinations and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigatecompletely registered public accounting firms. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completelyregistered public accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the futurethat it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continueto use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with theSEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer again following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for therelevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year,and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCA Act. Aprohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wishto do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. For a detaileddescription of the related risks, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our ADSsmay be prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act in the future if the PCAOB isunable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, maymaterially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”Enforceability of Civil LiabilitiesCayman IslandsWe are incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability in order to enjoy the followingbenefits:●political and economic stability;●an effective judicial system;●a favorable tax system;●the absence of exchange control or currency restrictions; and●the availability of professional and support services.However, certain disadvantages accompany incorporation in the Cayman Islands. These disadvantages include, but are notlimited to, the following:●the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States and these securitieslaws provide significantly less protection to investors; and●Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to sue before the federal courts of the United States.Our memorandum and articles of association do not contain provisions requiring that disputes, including those arising under thesecurities laws of the United States, between us, our officers, directors and shareholders, be arbitrated.Substantially all of our operations are conducted in China, and substantially all of our assets are located in China. A majority ofour directors and executive officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and a substantial portion of theirassets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for a shareholder to effect service of process within the UnitedStates upon these persons, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicatedupon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.Table of Contents7Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, has advised us that the courts of the Cayman Islandsare unlikely to:●recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us or our directors or officers predicated uponthe civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States; or●in original actions brought in the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands, impose liabilities against us or our directors orofficers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, so far as the liabilitiesimposed by those provisions are penal in nature.Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP has informed us that in those circumstances, although there is no statutory enforcement inthe Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands willrecognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on theprinciple that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgmenthas been given, provided such judgment (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) imposes on the judgment debtor aliability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (c) is final and conclusive, (d) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or apenalty, and (e) is not inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same manner, impeachable on the grounds of fraudand is not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of theCayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liabilityprovisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligationsto make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrentproceedings are being brought elsewhere.PRCWe have been advised by Zhong Lun Law Firm, our PRC legal counsel, that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of thePRC would enforce judgments of United States courts or Cayman courts obtained against us or these persons predicated upon the civilliability provisions of the United States federal and state securities laws. Zhong Lun Law Firm has further advised us that the recognitionand enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreignjudgments in accordance with the requirements of PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the countrywhere the judgment is made or on reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other form of reciprocity with theUnited States or the Cayman Islands that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign civil judgments. In addition,some of our directors and senior executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and are PRC nationals.Furthermore, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, courts in the PRC will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directorsand officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or public interest. Asa result, it may be difficult or impossible for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or these persons inside China, and it isuncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States or in the CaymanIslands. Under the PRC Civil Procedures Law and the PRC Law on Choice of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relationships, foreignshareholders may originate actions based on PRC law against us in the PRC, if they can establish sufficient nexus to the PRC for a PRCcourt to have jurisdiction, and meet other procedural requirements, including, among others, the plaintiff must have a direct interest in thecase, and there must be a concrete claim, a factual basis and a cause for the suit. However, it would be difficult for foreign shareholders toestablish sufficient nexus to the PRC by virtue only of holding the ADSs or ordinary shares.For a detailed description of the related risks, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs—Holders of your ordinary shares and/or ADSs may have difficulty effecting service of process and enforcing judgments obtained againstus, our directors and our management, and the ability of U.S. or Hong Kong authorities to bring and enforce actions in the PRC may alsobe limited.”You should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report before making an investment in the ADSs. In particular,as we are a China based company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, you should pay special attention to subsections headed “Item 3.Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Corporate Structure” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—RisksRelated to Doing Business in China.” Below please find a summary of the principal risks and uncertainties we face, organized underrelevant headings:Table of Contents8Risks Related to Corporate Structure●We are a Cayman Islands holding company primarily operating in China through our subsidiaries and ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities, including Noah Investment with which we have maintained Contractual Arrangements and itssubsidiaries in the PRC. Investors thus are not purchasing, and may never directly hold, equity interests in the ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and futurePRC laws, regulations, and rules relating to such agreements that establish the Contractual Arrangements for a portion ofour China operations, including potential future actions by the PRC government, which could affect the enforceability of theContractual Arrangements with Noah Investment and its subsidiaries and, consequently, significantly affect the financialcondition and results of operations of us. If the PRC government finds that such agreements do not comply with PRC laws,regulations, and rules, or if these laws, regulations, and rules or the interpretation thereof change in the future, we could besubject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in Noah Investment and its subsidiaries or forfeit its rightsunder the Contractual Arrangements.●We rely on the Consolidated Affiliated Entities to operate a portion of our China operations, which may not be as effective asdirect ownership in providing operational control.●Contractual Arrangements among our PRC subsidiary, Noah Group, one of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, NoahInvestment, and Noah Investment’s shareholders may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, who may determinethat we or Noah Investment and its subsidiaries owe additional taxes, which could substantially reduce our consolidated netincome and the value of your investment.●Because certain shareholders of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities are our directors and executive officers, their fiduciaryduties to us may conflict with their respective roles in the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. If any of the shareholders of theConsolidated Affiliated Entities fails to act in the best interests of our company or our shareholders, our business and resultsof operations may be materially and adversely affected.●We may rely to a large extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cashand financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to uscould have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.●Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law.●PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control ofconversion of foreign currencies into Renminbi may delay or prevent us from using any offshore cash we may have to makeloans to our PRC subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities or to make additional capital contributions to our PRCsubsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.Risks Related to Doing Business in China●Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act in thefuture if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of our ADSs, orthe threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.●Proceedings instituted by the SEC against certain PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered publicaccounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of theU.S. Exchange Act.●The approval of or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required under PRC law in connectionwith our issuance of securities overseas, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able toobtain such approval or complete such filing.Table of Contents9●PRC governmental authorities’ complex regulatory requirements on offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investmentin, China-based issuers could limit or hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and result in amaterial adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.●Our business is subject to various evolving PRC laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. Failure ofcybersecurity and data privacy concerns could subject us to penalties, damage our reputation and brand, and harm ourbusiness and results of operations.Risks Related to Our Business●The investment products that we distribute or manage involve various risks and any failure to identify or fully appreciatesuch risks may negatively affect our reputation, client relationships, operations and prospects.●Our reputation and brand recognition are crucial to our business. Any harm to our reputation or failure to maintain, protect,promote or enhance our brand recognition may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and resultsof operations.●Our businesses may be adversely impacted by general economic and market conditions.●The performance of our investment portfolio may affect the AUM, revenue and profitability of our asset managementbusiness.●We may not be able to continue to grow at our historical rate of growth, and if we fail to manage our growth effectively, ourbusiness may be materially and adversely affected.●Because a significant portion of the one-time commissions and recurring service fees we earn on the distribution ofinvestment products are based on commission and fee rates, any decrease in these commission and fee rates may have anadverse effect on our revenues, cash flow and results of operations.●The investment products we distribute are supplied by a limited number of product partners; and the renegotiation ortermination of our relationships with such product partners could significantly impact our business.●Because the laws and regulations governing the industries of wealth management, asset management and other businessesin China are developing and subject to further change, any failure to obtain or maintain requisite approvals, licenses orpermits necessary to conduct our operations or any failure to comply with laws and regulations applicable to our businessand services could harm our business.●Some of our clients may redeem their investments from time to time, which could reduce our recurring service fees.●Our lending business is subject to credit risks, which could adversely affect our results of operations.●Our business involves relatively new business models which may not be successful.Risks Related to Our ADSs and Ordinary Shares●The market price for our ADSs and/or ordinary shares have been and may continue to be volatile.●There is no assurance if and when we will pay dividends in the future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment inour ADSs and/or ordinary shares as a source of future dividend income.●Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares in the public market could causethe price of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares to decline.Table of Contents10●We adopt different practices as to certain matters as compared with many other companies listed on the Hong Kong StockExchange.●Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the trading price of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares.●If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change theirrecommendations regarding our ADSs and/or ordinary shares, the market price for our ADSs and /or ordinary shares andtrading volume could decline.●Holders of our ordinary shares and/or ADSs may have difficulty effecting service of process and enforcing judgmentsobtained against us, our directors and our management, and the ability of U.S. or Hong Kong authorities to bring andenforce actions in the PRC may also be limited.●There is uncertainty as to whether Hong Kong stamp duty will apply to the trading or conversion of our ADSs.Permits and Permission Required from the PRC Authorities for Our OperationsOur PRC subsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated Entities have obtained all material licenses and approvals required for ouroperations in China. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcementpractice by relevant government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings, or approvals for ourbusiness operations in the future. If we fail to obtain or maintain the required licenses, permits and approvals, we may be subject to fines,confiscation of the income derived from the related business, the suspension of operations and adverse publicity arising from such non-compliance with government regulations. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain, maintain and renew all ofthe approvals, licenses and permits required for our business operations upon their expiration in a timely manner or at all, which maymaterially impact our business operations.In addition, the PRC government has promulgated certain regulations and rules to exert more oversight and control over offeringsthat are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the TrialAdministrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”) as well as fivesupporting guidelines (together with Trial Measures, the “Filing Measures”), which took effect on March 31, 2023 and implemented afiling-based regulatory system over PRC domestic companies seeking to offer or list equity securities in an overseas market, whetherthrough direct or indirect form. The Filing Measures stipulate certain circumstances under which the overseas offering or listing would beprohibited, as well as the measures taken by a PRC domestic company required by the CSRC if it falls into any of such circumstancesprior to the overseas offering or listing, such as postponement or termination of the proposed overseas offering or listing, and reporting tothe CSRC and competent authorities under the State Council in a timely manner. According to the Filing Measures and the Notice onAdministrative Arrangement of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing of Domestic Companies issued by the CSRC on February 17,2023, our future issuances of equity securities, such as shares, convertible bonds and exchangeable bonds, etc., to foreign investors andlistings are subject to the filing requirement. For detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related toDoing Business in China—The approval of or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required under PRC lawin connection with our issuance of securities overseas, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able toobtain such approval or complete such filing.”Transfer of Funds and Other Assets between Our Company, Its Subsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated EntitiesNoah Holdings Limited is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We conduct business in the PRC through ourPRC subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities. Under PRC law, we may provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only throughcapital contributions or loans, and to the Consolidated Affiliated Entities only through loans, subject to the satisfaction of applicablegovernment registration and approval requirements.Table of Contents11We may also rely significantly on dividends and other distributions by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financingrequirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and pay any debt we mayincur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability topay dividends or make other distributions to us. Under the Contractual Arrangements, we, through our PRC subsidiary Noah Group, arealso entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities in the form of service fees and license fees.For risks relating to the fund flows of our operations in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to DoingBusiness in China—PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficialowners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRCsubsidiaries’ ability to increase its registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us” and “Item 3. KeyInformation—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiaries may besubject to PRC tax under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition andresults of operations. In addition, if we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification couldresult in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.” In addition, the PRC tax authorities mayrequire us to adjust our taxable income under the Contractual Arrangements, which would materially and adversely affect its ability to paydividends and other distributions to us.Our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordancewith PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC laws, each of our PRC subsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated Entitiesare required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% ofits registered capital. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate futurelosses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in theevent of liquidation. As a result of these PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portionof their net assets, including general reserve and registered capital, either in the form of dividends, loans or advances. Such restrictedportion amounted to RMB2,040.5 million, RMB2,950.5 million and RMB2,826.6 million (US$409.8 million) as of December 31, 2020,2021 and 2022, respectively.Under the Contractual Arrangements, Noah Group provides certain support services to the Consolidated Affiliated Entities and isentitled to receive service fees from the Consolidated Affiliated Entities in exchange. The Contractual Arrangements provide that theConsolidated Affiliated Entities shall pay Noah Group a service fee on a quarterly basis. The amount of the service fees shall be verifiedand determined according to actual services provided by Noah Group, provided that the total service fees shall be equal to the revenue lessexpenses and the license fees. The license fees are paid by the Consolidated Affiliated Entities to Noah Group on a yearly basis, inconsideration of the intellectual property rights licenses granted by Noah Group. The amount of the license fees shall be determined by theboard of Noah Group. Pursuant to the Contractual Arrangements, Noah Group is entitled to collect all or part of the revenue as the agent ofthe Consolidated Affiliated Entities, subject to a joint decision by the parties. Under that circumstance, Noah Group shall deduct theservice fees from the revenue it collects on behalf of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. During the three years ended December 31,2020, 2021 and 2022, Noah Group did not charge any service fees or licenses fees from the Consolidated Affiliated Entities under theContractual Arrangements, and there was no cash flows or transfers of other assets between Noah Group and the Consolidated AffiliatedEntities under the Contractual Arrangements. See “—Financial Information Related to the VIEs” and “—Intercompany Revenues betweenthe Consolidated Affiliated Entities and Oue Subsidiaries” for other services provided, cash flows or transfer of other assets between ourcompany, our subsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated Entities during the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.Neither the PRC subsidiaries of our Company nor the Consolidated Affiliated Entities is obligated to make dividends ordistributions to our company under the Contractual Arrangements. On March 28, 2023, we announced that our board of directorsrecommended a final dividend in cash. This recommendation is subject to the approval by our shareholders at the annual general meetingto be held on or around June 12, 2023. See “Item 8. Financial Information-A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information-Dividend Policy.”Furthermore, cash transfers from our PRC subsidiaries to our subsidiaries outside of China are subject to PRC governmentcontrol of currency conversion. Restrictions on the availability of foreign currency may affect the ability of our PRC subsidiaries andConsolidated Affiliated Entities to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy theirforeign currency denominated obligations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC foreign exchange control regulations restricting the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies may limit our ability to utilizeour revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.”Table of Contents12Financial Information Related to the Consolidated Affiliated EntitiesThe following tables set forth the summary condensed consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 andthe summary of the condensed consolidated statements of operations and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and2022 of (i) our company, (ii) our subsidiaries other than Noah Group, (iii) Noah Group, which is the primary beneficiary of theConsolidated Affiliated Entities, (iv) the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, and (v) eliminating adjustments. Our consolidated financialstatements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Our subsidiaries’and Consolidated Affiliated Entities’ historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods. You should readthis information together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Reviewand Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report.Selected Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets DataAs of December 31, 2022OurSubsidiariesOther thanConsolidatedEliminations ofConsolidated Our company Noah Group Noah Group Affiliated Entities Adjustments Total(RMB in thousands)Assets Cash and cash equivalents 349,845 2,482,018 5,323 1,566,729 — 4,403,915Restricted cash — 21,287 — 1,916 23,203Short-term investments — 233,385 — 82,594 — 315,979Accounts receivable and contract assets, net — 335,983 166 161,957 — 498,106Amounts due from related parties, net 823 113,810 41,214 287,577 — 443,424Loans receivables, net — 396,975 — 68,805 — 465,780Investments in subsidiaries and theConsolidated Affiliated Entities 9,636,776 — 5,481,095 — (15,117,871) —Amounts due from internal companies — — 929,380 — (929,380) —Long-term investments — 425,103 — 348,992 — 774,095Investment in affiliates 361,831 269,975 1,314 858,700 — 1,491,820Property and equipment, net — 2,446,935 3,688 35,694 — 2,486,317Operating lease right-of-use assets, net — 154,594 — 13,598 — 168,192Deferred tax assets — 265,589 78,747 92,105 — 436,441Other assets 724 192,883 28,603 68,653 — 290,863Total assets 10,349,999 7,338,537 6,569,530 3,587,320 (16,047,251) 11,798,135Liabilities Accrued payroll and welfare expenses — 387,336 45,486 236,131 — 668,953Income tax payable — 3,749 — 123,099 — 126,848Amounts due to internal companies 467,178 406,440 — 55,762 (929,380) —Deferred revenue — 59,351 — 8,616 — 67,967Contingent liabilities 469,018 99,000 —— — 568,018Deferred tax liabilities — 212,049 20,000 17,719 — 249,768Operating lease liabilities, non-current — 76,321 — 6,850 — 83,171Other liabilities 8,107 296,870 35,339 192,619 — 532,935Total liabilities 944,303 1,541,116 100,825 640,796 (929,380) 2,297,660Total net assets 9,405,696 5,797,421 6,468,705 2,946,524 (15,117,871) 9,500,475Table of Contents13As of December 31, 2021OurSubsidiariesOther thanConsolidatedEliminations ofConsolidated Our company Noah Group Noah Group Affiliated Entities Adjustments total(RMB in thousands)Assets Cash and cash equivalents 224,145 1,993,930 5,049 1,181,479 — 3,404,603Restricted cash — — — 510 510Short-term investments — 83,141 — 9,662 — 92,803Accounts receivable and contract assets, net — 332,377 — 475,652 — 808,029Amounts due from related parties, net 760 135,302 38,583 276,744 — 451,389Loans receivables, net — 544,882 — 50,884 — 595,766Investments in subsidiaries and theConsolidated Affiliated Entities 8,538,829 — 5,349,728 — (13,888,557) —Amounts due from internal companies — 53,364 701,389 — (754,753) —Long-term investments — 367,852 — 300,720 — 668,572Investment in affiliates 301,509 245,122 1,314 854,138 — 1,402,083Property and equipment, net — 2,533,665 3,299 43,971 — 2,580,935Operating lease right-of-use assets, net — 208,621— 15,031 — 223,652Deferred tax assets — 211,166 61,427 63,312 — 335,905Other assets 637 211,166 52,872 60,867 — 325,542Total assets 9,065,880 6,920,588 6,213,661 3,332,970 (14,643,310) 10,889,789Liabilities Accrued payroll and welfare expenses — 522,641 42,253 381,653 — 946,547Income tax payable — 41,034 — 149,226 — 190,260Amounts due to internal companies 575,428 — — 179,325 (754,753) —Deferred revenue — 56,910 — 6,721 — 63,631Contingent liabilities 433,345 — — — — 433,345Deferred tax liabilities — 233,880 — 254 — 234,134Operating lease liabilities, non-current — 115,444 — 15,512 — 130,956Other liabilities 16,332 400,682 40,404 291,857 — 749,275Total liabilities 1,025,105 1,370,591 82,657 1,024,548 (754,753) 2,748,148Total net assets 8,040,775 5,549,997 6,131,004 2,308,422 (13,888,557) 8,141,641Table of Contents14Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations DataFor the year ended December 31, 2022OurSubsidiaries other thanConsolidatedEliminations ofConsolidatedOur company Noah Group Noah Group Affiliated Entities Adjustments total(RMB in thousands)Net revenue — 1,960,197 95,892 1,282,220 (237,937) 3,100,372Total operating cost and expenses (32,302) (1,454,846) (175,719) (586,993) 237,937 (2,011,923)(Loss) income from operations (32,302) 505,351 (79,827) 685,227 — 1,088,449Total other income (expenses) 15,333 (69,688) 10,029 105,426 — 61,100Income tax expenses — (68,632) (2,681) (195,795) — (267,108)Income from equity in affiliates 51,459 (15,476)— 53,165 — 89,148Income from equity in subsidiaries and theConsolidated Affiliated Entities 942,081 — 277,970 — (1,220,051) —Net income 976,571 351,555 205,491 658,023 (1,220,051) 971,589For the year ended December 31, 2021OurSubsidiariesother thanConsolidatedEliminations ofConsolidated Our company Noah Group Noah Group Affiliated Entities Adjustments total(RMB in thousands)Net revenue — 2,975,886 46,221 978,589 (234,121) 4,293,094Total operating cost and expenses (42,240) (2,238,991) (179,871) (524,913) 234,121 (3,094,196)(Loss) income from operations (42,240) 736,895 (133,650) 453,676 — 1,198,898Total other (expenses) income (21,853) 103,108 (5,979) 68,444 — 99,144Income tax expenses — (133,024) 34,530 (128,563) — (293,940)Income from equity in affiliates 68,388 83,485— (258) — 301,979Income from equity in subsidiaries and theConsolidated Affiliated Entities 1,309,836 — 790,762 — (2,100,598) —Net income 1,314,131 790,464 685,663 393,299 (2,100,598) 1,306,081For the year ended December 31, 2020OurSubsidiaries other thanConsolidatedEliminations ofConsolidatedOur company Noah Group Noah Group Affiliated Entities Adjustments total(RMB in thousands)Net revenue — 2,511,001 2,905 978,589 (186,669) 3,305,826Total operating cost and expenses (5,944) (1,625,523) (77,639) (524,913) 186,669 (2,047,350)(Loss) income from operations (5,944) 885,478 (74,734) 453,676 — 1,258,476Total other (expenses) income (1,793,649) (170,939) 52,349 68,444 — (1,843,795)Income tax expenses (3,058) (145,545) 18,706 (128,563) — (258,460)Income from equity in affiliates 78,768 21,747— (258) — 100,257Income from equity in subsidiaries and theConsolidated Affiliated Entities 978,658 — 703,015 — (1,681,673) —Net income (745,225) 590,741 699,336 393,299 (1,681,673) (743,522)Table of Contents15Selected Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows DataFor the year ended December 31, 2022OurSubsidiariesother thanConsolidatedEliminations ofConsolidated Our company Noah Group Noah Group Affiliated Entities Adjustments total(RMB in thousands)Net cash provided by (used in) operatingactivities 55,195 (39,428) (44,810) 661,944 — 632,901Net cash (used in) provided by investingactivities (17,492) 321,986 (614) (275,289) 45,698 74,289Net cash provided by financing activities 87,997 145,764 45,698— (45,698) 233,761For the year ended December 31, 2021OurSubsidiariesother thanConsolidatedEliminations ofConsolidated Our company Noah Group Noah Group Affiliated Entities Adjustments total(RMB in thousands)Net cash provided by (used in) operatingactivities 63,125 (105,959) 1,002,272 562,400 — 1,521,838Net cash used in investing activities (1,120,785) (719,823) (2,100,280) (207,114) 1,575,908 (2,572,094)Net cash provided by (used in) financingactivities 93,861 (115,391) 1,100,733 (16,416) (1,575,908) (513,121)For the year ended December 31, 2020OurSubsidiariesother thanConsolidatedEliminations ofConsolidated Our company Noah Group Noah Group Affiliated Entities Adjustments total(RMB in thousands)Net cash provided by (used in) operatingactivities 412,444 702,787 142,981 (409,359) (52,500) 796,353Net cash (used in) provided by investingactivities 57,424 36,440 (141,996) 357,026 43,690 352,584Net cash used in financing activities (248,238) (131,994) — — 8,810 (371,422)Intercompany Revenues between the Consolidated Affiliated Entities and Our SubsidiariesThe intercompany services between the Consolidated Affiliated Entities and our subsidiaries principally consist of shared serviceswithin the group, including the support of information technology, marketing activities, strategic development, human resources and legalconsulting.The Consolidated Affiliated Entities provide shared services to our subsidiaries, the amounts of which were RMB43.1 million,RMB38.3 million and RMB64.4 million (US$9.3 million), for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Theintercompany service charge is eliminated at the consolidation level.Our subsidiaries provide investment consulting services and shared services to the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, the amountsof which were RMB141.7 million, RMB187.0 million and RMB264.4 million (US$38.3 million) for the years ended December 31, 2020,2021 and 2022, respectively. The intercompany service charge is eliminated at the consolidation level.For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, cash paid by the Consolidated Affiliated Entities to our subsidiaries forthe services rendered were RMB538.5 million , RMB112.8 million and RMB323.5 million (US$46.9 million), respectively.Table of Contents16Dividends or Distributions Made to the Holding CompanyThe income of our holding company attributable to our non-PRC subsidiaries was RMB331.4 million, RMB655.4 million andRMB551.2 million (US$79.9 million) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Among which, Gopher CCMLimited made distributions of RMB12.1 million to our holding company for the year ended December 31, 2021. Gopher CCM Limitedgenerated revenue through direct equity investments and is not subject to tax on income or capital gains under the current laws of theCayman Islands where it was incorporated. No dividend or distribution was made to our holding company by our non-PRC subsidiariesfor the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2022.The income (loss) of our holding company attributable to our PRC-based subsidiaries was RMB253.9 million, RMB38.0 millionand RMB(267.2) million (US$38.7 million) for the years ended December 31, 2020, and 2021 and 2022, respectively. Among which,Noah Group made distributions of RMB5.0 million (US$0.7 million) to our holding company for the year ended December 31, 2022, andpaid RMB0.5 million (US$0.1 million) dividend tax to PRC tax authorities. No dividends or distributions have been made to our holdingcompany by our PRC-based subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021.The income of our holding company attributable to the Consolidated Affiliated Entities was RMB393.3 million, RMB616.4million and RMB658.0 million (US$95.4 million) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. No dividends ordistributions have been made to our holding company by the Consolidated Affiliated Entities.A.[Reserved]B.Capitalization and IndebtednessNot applicable.C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of ProceedsNot applicable.D.Risk FactorsRisks Related to Corporate StructureWe are a Cayman Islands holding company primarily operating in China through our subsidiaries and Consolidated AffiliatedEntities, including Noah Investment with which we have maintained Contractual Arrangements and its subsidiaries in the PRC.Investors thus are not purchasing, and may never directly hold, equity interests in the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. There aresubstantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations, and rules relatingto such agreements that establish the Contractual Arrangements for a portion of our China operations, including potential futureactions by the PRC government, which could affect the enforceability of the Contractual Arrangements with Noah Investment and itssubsidiaries and, consequently, significantly affect the financial condition and results of operations of our company. If the PRCgovernment finds that such agreements do not comply with PRC laws, regulations, and rules, or if these laws, regulations, and rules orthe interpretation thereof change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in NoahInvestment and its subsidiaries or forfeit its rights under the Contractual Arrangements.We operate our domestic asset management business under the Contractual Arrangements. In our domestic asset managementbusiness, we act as the general partner of relevant investment funds which investment portfolio includes, among others, investments inthird-party managed funds and equity investments into private companies. The PRC government regulates certain businesses through strictbusiness licensing requirements and laws and regulations, including restrictions on foreign investment. These third-party managed fundsor investee companies may target or operate certain businesses that are subject to foreign investment restrictions, which may require thatinvestors shall not be foreign-invested enterprises (“FIEs”) or their foreign ownership percentage shall be limited to a specified ceiling tothe extent permitted by relevant foreign investment regulations. We adopted the Contractual Arrangements because if we were to conductour domestic asset management business through our PRC subsidiaries which are FIEs, we may lose the accessibility to the investments incertain businesses that are subject to foreign investment restrictions. Therefore, we rely on the Contractual Arrangements that we enteredinto with Noah Investment and its shareholders to carry out our domestic asset management business.Table of Contents17The Contractual Arrangements with Noah Investment and its shareholders enable us to (1) be considered as the primarybeneficiary of Noah Investment and its subsidiaries for accounting purposes and consolidate the financial results of the ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities; (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits from Noah Investment and its subsidiaries in consideration for theservices provided by Noah Group; and (3) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Noah Investment whenand to the extent permitted by PRC law, or request any existing shareholder of Noah Investment to transfer any or part of the equityinterests in Noah Investment to another PRC person or entity designated by us at any time at our discretion. Because of the ContractualArrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Noah Investment and its subsidiaries and hence treat them as the Consolidated AffiliatedEntities and consolidate their results of operations into ours. In addition, we hold the required licenses and permits necessary to conductour asset management business in China through the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. Investors of our ADSs are not purchasing equityinterest in the Consolidated Affiliated Entities in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding companywith no direct equity ownership of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. For further details on the Contractual Arrangements, see “Item 4.Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements.”One of the shareholders of Noah Investment ceased to be a PRC citizen in 2018. According to the provisions of the Regulationson Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (Revised in 2009) issued by the MOFCOM on June 22, 2009,the change of nationality of a shareholder of a domestic company who is a natural person will not cause our company to cease to bedeemed a domestic company. However, if the funds for which we have been acting, or will act as the general partner or fund managerinvest into other equity investment funds or investee companies in China, it is possible that these funds or investee companies may berecognized by PRC governmental authorities as having foreign ultimate beneficiaries. This may result in violation of foreign investmentrestrictions by these funds or investee companies or limit our potential investment opportunities due to restrictions on foreign investmentsin certain industries in China, thus adversely affect our domestic asset management business.We believe that our corporate structure and the Contractual Arrangements do not result in a violation of the current applicablePRC laws and regulations. Our PRC legal counsel, Zhong Lun Law Firm, based on its understanding of PRC laws and regulationscurrently in effect, is of the opinion that each of the contracts under the Contractual Arrangements among our wholly-owned PRCsubsidiary, Noah Group, Noah Investment, and its shareholders, is valid, legal and binding in accordance with its terms. However, we havebeen further advised by our PRC legal counsel that as there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application ofPRC laws and regulations and relevant regulatory measures concerning the foreign investment restrictions and administrative licenses andpermits related to various underlying industries, there can be no assurance that the PRC government authorities or courts, or otherauthorities that regulate the industries that our funds are directly or indirectly investing into, would agree that our corporate structure orany of the contracts under the Contractual Arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements, withexisting policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. PRC laws and regulations governing the legality,validity and enforceability of the Contractual Arrangements are uncertain and the relevant government authorities have broad discretion ininterpreting these laws and regulations.We believe that our corporate structure and the Contractual Arrangements do not result in a violation of the current applicablePRC laws and regulations. Our PRC Legal Adviser, based on its understanding of PRC laws and regulations currently in effect, is of theopinion that each of the contracts under the Contractual Arrangements among our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, Noah Group, NoahInvestment, and its shareholders, is valid, legal and binding in accordance with its terms. However, we have been further advised by ourPRC Legal Adviser that as there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations andrelevant regulatory measures concerning the foreign investment restrictions and administrative licenses and permits related to variousunderlying industries, there can be no assurance that the PRC government authorities or courts, or other authorities that regulate theindustries that our funds are directly or indirectly investing into, would agree that our corporate structure or any of the contracts under theContractual Arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies or withrequirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. PRC laws and regulations governing the legality, validity and enforceability ofthe Contractual Arrangements are uncertain and the relevant government authorities have broad discretion in interpreting these laws andregulations.Table of Contents18If our corporate structure and the Contractual Arrangements are deemed by relevant regulatory authorities to be illegal, either inwhole or in part, we may lose control of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities and have to modify such structure to comply with regulatoryrequirements. However, there can be no assurance that we can achieve this without material disruption to our business. Further, if ourcorporate structure and the Contractual Arrangements are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, therelevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:●revoking our business and operating licenses;●levying fines on us;●confiscating any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations;●shutting down our services;●discontinuing or restricting our operations in China;●imposing conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply;●requiring us to change our corporate structure and the Contractual Arrangements;●restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds from overseas offering to finance the Consolidated Affiliated Entities’business and operations; and●taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business.As of the date of this annual report, we had not encountered any interference or encumbrance from any PRC regulators inoperating our business through the Consolidated Affiliated Entities under the Contractual Arrangements. However, new PRC laws, rulesand regulations may be introduced to impose additional requirements that may be applicable to our corporate structure and the ContractualArrangements. Occurrence of any of these events could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results ofoperations. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties or requirement to restructure our corporate structure causes us to lose therights to direct the activities of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities or our right to receive its economic benefits, we would no longer beable to consolidate the financial results of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities in our consolidated financial statements.Table of Contents19We rely on the Consolidated Affiliated Entities to operate a portion of our China operations, which may not be as effective as directownership in providing operational control.As noted above, we rely on the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, to operate a portion of our operations in China. The ContractualArrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. If NoahInvestment or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the Contractual Arrangements, our recourse to the assetsheld by the Consolidated Affiliated Entities is indirect and we may have to incur substantial costs and expend significant resources toenforce such arrangements in reliance on legal remedies under PRC law. These remedies may not always be effective, particularly in lightof uncertainties in the PRC legal system. Furthermore, in connection with litigation, arbitration or other judicial or dispute resolutionproceedings, assets under the name of any of record holder of equity interests in the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, including such equityinterests, may be put under court custody. As a consequence, we cannot be certain that the equity interests will be disposed pursuant to theContractual Arrangement or ownership by the record holder of the equity interests. In addition, we may lose the ability to use and enjoyassets held by any of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities that are important to the operation of our business if those ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities declare bankruptcy or become subject to dissolution or liquidation proceedings. The Contractual Arrangements aregoverned by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in the PRC. Accordingly, these contracts would beinterpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. Under theContractual Arrangements, as a legal matter, if our Noah Investment or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations underthe Contractual Arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. Wemay also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claimingdamages, which we cannot assure you will be effective. However, the legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in otherjurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce the ContractualArrangements, which may make it difficult to exert effective control over the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, and our ability to conductour business may be negatively affected.Contractual Arrangements among our PRC subsidiary, Noah Group, one of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, Noah Investment, andNoah Investment’s shareholders may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, who may determine that we or Noah Investmentand its subsidiaries owe additional taxes, which could substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of yourinvestment.Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit orchallenge by the PRC tax authorities. We are not able to determine whether the Contractual Arrangements that we have entered intoamong our PRC subsidiary, Noah Group, one of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, Noah Investment, and Noah Investment’sshareholders will be regarded by the PRC tax authorities as arm’s length transactions. We could face material and adverse taxconsequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the Contractual Arrangements among Noah Group, Noah Investment, and NoahInvestment’s shareholders were not entered into on an arm’s length basis or resulted in an impermissible reduction in taxes underapplicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and adjust Noah Investment’s income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transferpricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction, for PRC tax purposes, of expense deductions recorded by NoahInvestment, which could in turn increase its respective tax liabilities. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose punitive interest onNoah Investment for the adjusted but unpaid taxes at the rate of 5% over the basic Renminbi lending rate published by the PBOCaccording to applicable regulations. Although Noah Group did not generate any revenues from providing services to Noah Investmentunder the Contractual Arrangements in the past, if there are such revenues in the future and the PRC tax authorities decide to make transferpricing adjustments on Noah Investment’s net income, our consolidated net income may be adversely affected.Table of Contents20Because certain shareholders of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities are our directors and executive officers, their fiduciary duties to usmay conflict with their respective roles in the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. If any of the shareholders of the Consolidated AffiliatedEntities fails to act in the best interests of our company or our shareholders, our business and results of operations may be materiallyand adversely affected.Certain shareholders of Noah Investment, one of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, are our directors and executive officers,including Ms. Jingbo Wang, our chairwoman and chief executive officer, Mr. Zhe Yin, our director, and Mr. Boquan He, our independentdirector. Conflicts of interest may arise between the dual roles of those individuals who are either our directors or executive officers andshareholders of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. The fiduciary duties owed by these directors and officers to our company underCayman Islands law, including their duties to act honestly, in good faith and in our best interests, may conflict with their roles asshareholders of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, as what is in the best interest of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities may not be in thebest interests of our company. In addition, these individuals may breach or cause Noah Investment and its subsidiaries to breach or refuseto renew the existing Contractual Arrangements with us. We do not have existing arrangements to address such potential conflicts ofinterest, other than to replace the current directors of Noah Investment, either by exercising our option under the exclusive optionagreement with Noah Investment’s shareholders to cause them to transfer all of their equity ownership in Noah Investment to a PRC entityor individual designated by us, and this new shareholder of Noah Investment could then appoint new directors of Noah Investment toreplace the current directors, or cause our PRC subsidiary, Noah Group, in the capacity of the attorney-in-fact of Noah Investment’sshareholders to directly appoint new directors of Noah Investment to replace these individuals.We rely on Noah Investment’s shareholders to comply with PRC law, which protects contracts and provides that directors andexecutive officers owe a duty of loyalty to our company and require them to avoid conflicts of interest and not to take advantage of theirpositions for personal gains. Although our independent directors or disinterested officers may take measures to prevent the parties withdual roles from making decisions that may favor themselves as shareholders of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, we cannot assure youthat these measures would be effective in all instances and that when conflicts arise, those individuals will act in the best interest of ourcompany or that conflicts will be resolved in our favor. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and thoseindividuals, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which may materially disrupt our business. There is also substantial uncertaintyas to the outcome of any such legal proceeding.If we exercise the option to acquire equity ownership of Noah Investment, the ownership transfer may subject us to certain limitationsand substantial costs.Pursuant to the Contractual Arrangements, Noah Group or its designated person(s) has the exclusive option to elect to purchase atany time, when permitted by the then applicable PRC laws, all or any part of the equity interests in Noah Investment from its shareholder.The transfer price of the relevant equity interest shall be the minimum purchase price permitted under PRC law or a higher price asotherwise agreed by Noah Group. In the event that Noah Group exercises the options under the exclusive option agreement to acquire theequity interests in Noah Investment, the equity transfer price may be subject to review and tax adjustment by the relevant tax authority.Such tax amounts could be substantial and our financial condition may be adversely affected as a result.We may rely to a large extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash andfinancing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could have amaterial adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.We are a holding company, and we may rely to a large extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRCsubsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to ourshareholders and any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governingthe debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require us toadjust our taxable income under the Contractual Arrangements that Noah Group currently has in place with the Consolidated AffiliatedEntities in a manner that would materially and adversely affect its ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.Table of Contents21In addition, our PRC subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities are required to maintain certain statutory reserves and mayalso allocate a portion of their after-tax profits to staff welfare and bonus funds, which in each case are not distributable as cash dividendsexcept in the event of liquidation. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries and affiliated entities to pay dividends or makeother distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficialto our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law.On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1,2020 and replaced the previous laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture EnterpriseLaw, the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-Invested Enterprises Law together with theirimplementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize itsforeign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legalrequirements for both foreign and domestic investments. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulationsin China—Regulation on Foreign Investment.”The corporate structure implemented through the Contractual Arrangements structure has been adopted by many PRC-basedcompanies, including us, to comply with laws and regulations in China. However, uncertainties still exist in relation to the interpretationand implementation of current and future PRC laws and regulations, including the Foreign Investment Law, especially in regard to thepermissibility of the Contractual Arrangements. While the Foreign Investment Law does not comment on the concept of “de facto control”and does not define contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment explicitly, it has a catch-all provision under the definition of“foreign investment” to include investments made by foreign investors in China through means stipulated by laws, administrativeregulations, or provisions of the State Council. We cannot assure you that future laws and regulations will not provide for contractualarrangements as a form of foreign investment. Therefore, there can be no assurance that our control over the Consolidated AffiliatedEntities under the Contractual Arrangements will not be deemed as foreign investment in the future. In the event that any possibleimplementing regulations of the Foreign Investment Law or any other future laws, administrative regulations, or provisions of the StateCouncil deem contractual arrangements as a type of foreign investment, when the funds that we act as the general partner invest into otherequity investment funds or companies in China (either directly or through the investments in other equity investment funds), there couldbe a risk that such funds or companies may be deemed as having foreign investment in their shareholding structure when governmentalauthorities review such funds or investee companies’ applications for certain approvals or licenses in industries that are subject to foreigninvestment restrictions. Any such future changes in applicable laws or regulations could reduce the investment opportunities available tous.PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control ofconversion of foreign currencies into Renminbi may delay or prevent us from using any offshore cash we may have to make loans toour PRC subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, whichcould materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities, or we may make additional capitalcontributions to our PRC subsidiaries.Any loans made by us to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to PRC regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations. Forexample, loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits, i.e., the difference between its totalamount of investment and its registered capital, or certain amount calculated based on elements including capital or net assets and thecross-border financing leverage ratio (“Macro-prudential Management Mode”) under relevant PRC laws and the loans must be registeredwith the local counterpart of the SAFE, or filed with SAFE in its information system. We may also provide loans to the ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities or its subsidiaries or other domestic PRC entities under the Macro-prudential Management Mode. According to theCircular of the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Adjusting the Macro-prudent AdjustmentParameter for Cross-border Financing issued on January 7, 2021, the macro-prudent adjustment parameter for cross-border financing hasbeen decreased to 1 from 1.25. Moreover, any medium or long-term loan to be provided by us to the Consolidated Affiliated Entities or itssubsidiaries or other domestic PRC entities must also be registered with the NDRC. We may also decide to finance our PRC subsidiariesby means of capital contributions. These capital contributions must be recorded with the competent administration for market regulation.Table of Contents22On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the AdministrativeApproach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises (“SAFE Circular 19”) which tookeffect and replaced previous regulations from June 1, 2015. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, up to 100% of foreign currency capital of aforeign-invested enterprise may be converted into RMB capital according to the actual operation, and within the business scope, of theenterprise in its discretion. Although SAFE Circular 19 allows for the use of RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominatedcapital for equity investments in the PRC, the restrictions continue to apply as to FIEs’ use of the converted RMB for purposes beyond thebusiness scope, for entrusted loans or for inter-company RMB loans. SAFE promulgated the Circular Regarding Further Promotion of theFacilitation of Cross-Border Trade and Investment on October 23, 2019 (“SAFE Circular 28”), pursuant to which all foreign-investedenterprises can make equity investments in the PRC with their capital funds in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. As SAFECircular 28 is newly issued, its interpretation and implementation in actual practice are still subject to uncertainties.In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshoreholding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or the record-filings ona timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or the Consolidated Affiliated Entities or with respect tofuture capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or record-filings, our ability to use anyoffshore cash we may have, including the proceeds we receive from any future offshore offering of equity or debt securities, and tocapitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity andour ability to fund and expand our business.Risks Related to Doing Business in ChinaOur ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act in the future ifthe PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of theirbeing delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, the SEC will identify a “Commission-IdentifiedIssuer” if an issuer has filed an annual report containing an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that the PCAOB hasdetermined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in the foreign jurisdiction, and willthen impose a trading prohibition on an issuer after it is identified as a Commission Identified Issuer for two consecutive years.Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included in our annual report filed withthe Securities and Exchange Commission, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registeredwith the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess itscompliance with the applicable professional standards.On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report, or 2021 determination, to notify the SEC of its determination that thePCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and HongKong. The PCAOB identified our auditor as one of the registered public accounting firms that the PCAOB was unable to inspect orinvestigate completely. On April 12, 2022, we were identified by the SEC under the HFCA Act as having filed audit reports issued by aregistered public accounting firm that cannot be inspected or investigated completely by the PCAOB in connection with our filing of theannual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.Table of Contents23On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB vacated its 2021 determinations and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the listof jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. Each year, the PCAOB willdetermine whether it can inspect and investigate completely registered public accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, amongother jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accountingfirms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue anaudit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer again following thefiling of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as aCommission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subjectto the prohibition on trading under the HFCA Act. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair yourability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negativeimpact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us,or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.Proceedings instituted by the SEC against certain PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered publicaccounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the U.S.Exchange Act.Starting in 2011 the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accountingfirm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and PRC law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited inmainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and relateddocuments. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under PRC law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators onthose requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the CSRC.In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice andalso under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms, including our independent registered public accountingfirm. A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgmentagainst the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practicebefore the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6,2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SECaccepts that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms will receivematching Section 106 requests, and are required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substancerequire them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they fail to meet specified criteria, the SEC retains authority to impose a variety ofadditional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Remedies for any future noncompliance could include, asappropriate, an automatic six-month bar on a single firm’s performance of certain audit work, commencement of a new proceeding againsta firm, or in extreme cases the resumption of the current proceeding against all four firms. If additional remedial measures are imposed onthe PRC-based “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, in administrative proceedingsbrought by the SEC alleging the firms’ failure to meet specific criteria set by the SEC with respect to requests for the production ofdocuments, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the U.S. Exchange Act.In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in theUnited States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC,which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the U.S. Exchange Act,including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investoruncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.If our independent registered public accounting firm was denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and wewere unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, ourfinancial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the U.S. Exchange Act. Such a determinationcould ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from NYSE, or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduceor effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.Table of Contents24The approval of or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required under PRC law in connection with ourissuance of securities overseas, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval orcomplete such filing.On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of theState Council issued the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Law (the “Opinions onSecurities Activities”), which announced the plans to take effective measures to enhance the administration over illegal securities activitiesand the supervision on the offering and listing of PRC domestic companies in an overseas market, including promoting the construction ofrelevant regulatory systems.On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing byDomestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”) as well as five supporting guidelines (together with Trial Measures, the “Filing Measures”),which took effect on March 31, 2023 and implemented a filing-based regulatory system over PRC domestic companies seeking to offer orlist equity securities in an overseas market, whether through direct or indirect form. The Filing Measures stipulate certain circumstancesunder which the overseas offering or listing would be prohibited, as well as the measures taken by a PRC domestic company required bythe CSRC if it falls into any of such circumstances prior to the overseas offering or listing, such as postponement or termination of theproposed overseas offering or listing, and reporting to the CSRC and competent authorities under the State Council in a timely manner.According to the Filing Measures and the Notice on Administrative Arrangement of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing of DomesticCompanies issued by the CSRC on February 17, 2023, our future issuances of equity securities, such as shares, convertible bonds andexchangeable bonds, etc., to foreign investors and listings are subject to the filing requirement. For details, please see “Item 4. Informationon the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations in China — Regulations on Securities Offering and Listing Outside of thePRC.”On November 14, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) publicly solicited opinions on the Regulations onNetwork Data Security Management (Draft for Comments), according to which, data processors seeking a public listing in Hong Kongthat affect or may affect national security shall apply for cybersecurity review. On December 28, 2021, the Revised Cybersecurity ReviewMeasures was released, which stipulate, among others, that the procurement of network products and services by critical informationinfrastructure operators and the data processing activities conducted by network platform operators which affect or may affect nationalsecurity shall be subject to cybersecurity review. See also “—Risks Related to Our Business—Our business is subject to various evolvingPRC laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. Failure of cybersecurity and data privacy concerns could subject us topenalties, damage our reputation and brand, and harm our business and results of operations.”The foregoing regulations are relevantly new and remain unclear on how they will be interpreted, amended and implemented bythe relevant PRC governmental authorities. We cannot assure you that we will be able to strictly comply with the relevant regulatoryrequirements, including but not limited to completing the filing procedures with the CSRC for our future issuance or offering of securities,on a timely manner, or at all.In addition, we cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not imposeadditional requirements on any of our future proposed offering of securities overseas or the listing of our ADSs, and to what extent thefiling documents may satisfy the requirements of the CSRC. If it is determined in the future that any additional approvals, filings,registrations or other kind of governmental authorisation from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities are required for any ofour future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of our ADSs, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it willtake us to obtain such authorisation, and whether any such authorisation could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtainingsuch authorisation, or a rescission of any such authorization if obtained by us, may subject us to regulatory actions or other sanctions fromthe CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or resultsof operations.Table of Contents25PRC governmental authorities’ complex regulatory requirements on offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in,China-based issuers could limit or hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and result in a material adversechange in our operations and the value of our ADSs.We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries in which we hold equity ownership interests, and the ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities controlled under the Contractual Arrangements. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations.The PRC governmental authorities have complex regulatory requirements on the conduct of our business, and they may implement stricterrequirements and urge us to adjust accordingly, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and/or the value of ourADSs. Also, the PRC governmental authorities have promulgated certain regulations and rules to exert more oversight and control overofferings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any such action could limit or hinder our ability tooffer or continue to offer securities to investors. In addition, implementation of industry-wide regulations directly targeting our operationscould cause the value of our securities to significantly decline. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potentialuncertainty from actions taken by the PRC governmental authorities affecting our business.In particular, The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited forreference but have limited precedential value. Because certain recently enacted laws, rules and regulations are relatively new, and becauseof the limited number of published decisions and the nonbinding nature of these decisions, the interpretation and enforcement of theselaws, rules and regulations involve uncertainties. Therefore, it is possible that our existing operations may be found not to be in fullcompliance with relevant laws and regulations in the future. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies,some of which are not published or not on a timely basis. As a result, we may not be aware of our potential violation of these policies andrules.Certain administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resourcesand management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have broad discretion in interpreting and implementingstatutory and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legalprotection we enjoy. Such uncertainties towards our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into could materially and adverselyaffect our business, financial condition and results of operations.In addition, the PRC government has promulgated certain regulations and rules to enhance its regulatory oversight of Chinesecompanies listing overseas. The Opinions on Securities Activities issued on July 6, 2021 called for:●tightening oversight of data security, cross-border data flow and administration of classified information, as well asamendments to relevant regulation to specify responsibilities of overseas listed Chinese companies with respect to datasecurity and information security;●enhanced oversight of overseas listed companies as well as overseas equity fundraising and listing by Chinese companies;and●extraterritorial application of China’s securities laws.Table of Contents26As the Opinions on Securities Activities were recently issued, there are uncertainties with respect to the interpretation andimplementation thereof. The PRC government may promulgate relevant laws, rules and regulations that may impose additional andsignificant obligations and liabilities on overseas listed Chinese companies regarding its overseas offering and listing, data security, cross-border data flow, and compliance with China’s securities laws. See also “—Risks Related to Our Business—The approval of or filing withthe CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required under PRC law in connection with our issuance of securities overseas,and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing”, “—Anyfailure to ensure cybersecurity or protection of our clients’ personal data or privacy could lead to legal liabilities, adversely affect ourreputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations” and “—Our business is subjectto various evolving PRC laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. Failure of cybersecurity and data privacy concernscould subject us to penalties, damage our reputation and brand, and harm our business and results of operations.” It is uncertain whether orhow these new laws, rules and regulations and the interpretation and implementation thereof may affect us, but among other things, ourability to obtain external financing through the issuance of equity securities overseas could be negatively affected.Our business is subject to various evolving PRC laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. Failure ofcybersecurity and data privacy concerns could subject us to penalties, damage our reputation and brand, and harm our business andresults of operations.We face significant challenges with respect to cybersecurity and data privacy, including the receipt, processing, storage, andtransmission of the data of our clients and others, much of which is confidential. We are subject to various regulatory requirements relatingto cybersecurity and data privacy, including, without limitation the PRC Cybersecurity Law (the “Cybersecurity Law”). The CybersecurityLaw requires, among others, a network operator to adopt technical measures and other necessary measures to safeguard the safety andstability of network operations, effectively respond to network security incidents, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain theintegrity, confidentiality and availability of network data. The Cybersecurity Law also reaffirms certain basic principles and requirementson personal information protection.Regulatory requirements on cybersecurity and data privacy are constantly evolving and can be subject to varying interpretations,resulting in uncertainties about the scope of our responsibilities in that regard. For example, on June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee ofthe National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Data Security Law (the “Data Security Law”), which took effect on September 1,2021. The Data Security Law applies to data processing activities, including the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission,availability and disclosure of data, and security supervision of such activities within the territory of the PRC. According to the DataSecurity Law, whoever carries out data processing activities shall establish a sound data security management system throughout thewhole process, organize data security education and training, and take corresponding technical measures and other necessary measures toensure data security. The Data Security Law provides a national data security review system, under which data processing activities thataffect or may affect national security shall be reviewed, and prohibits any individual or entity in China from providing data stored in PRCto foreign judicial or law enforcement departments without the approval of competent PRC authorities. In Addition, the PersonalInformation Protection Law of the PRC (the “Personal Information Protection Law”), issued on August 20, 2021 by the SCNPC, furtherdetails the general rules and principles on personal information processing and further increases the potential liability of personalinformation processor. Even though we have already taken necessary organizational and technical measures in accordance with applicablelegal requirements to protect the safety of our network facilities and the data processed by us, we may still face risks inherent in handlingand protecting large volumes of data, including protecting the data temporarily hosted in our system, detecting and prohibitingunauthorized data sharing and transfers, preventing attacks on our system by outside parties, foiling any fraudulent behavior or improperuse by our employees, and maintaining and updating our database. Any system failure, security breach or attempts by third parties toillegally obtain the data that results in any actual or perceived release of client data could damage our reputation and brand, deter currentand potential clients from using our services, affect our business and results of operations, and expose us to potential legal liability.Table of Contents27The Regulations on Network Data Security Management (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Network Data Regulations, wasreleased by CAC on November 14, 2021. The CAC has solicited comments on this draft until December 13, 2021. According to the DraftNetwork Data Regulations, listing abroad of data processors processing over one million users’ personal information and listing in HongKong which affects or may affect national security, etc. shall be subject to the cybersecurity review requirement theriunder. As of the dateof this annual report, the Network Data Regulations had not yet been formally adopted and there is no timetable as to when it will beenacted. As such, substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, final content, interpretation and implementation,and we cannot assure that relevant governmental authorities will not interpret the laws and regulations in ways that may negatively affectus.On December 28, 2021, Measures for Cybersecurity Review was issued by CAC jointly with other governmental authorities,which took effect on February 15, 2022. Under the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, the procurement of network products and servicesby critical information infrastructure operators and the data processing activities conducted by network platform operators which affect ormay affect national security shall be subject to cybersecurity review. Besides, according to the Article 7 of the Measures for CybersecurityReview, a network platform operator who processes the personal information of more than one million users and is seeking for listing in aforeign country must apply for a cybersecurity review. In addition, according to Article 16 of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review,member organizations of the cybersecurity review working mechanism (“the Working Members”) may initiate cybersecurity reviewtowards network products, network services, and data processing activities ex officio, which means we may be also subject tocybersecurity review when the Working Members initiate such cybersecurity review ex officio.Based on Measures for Cybersecurity Review, cybersecurity review shall focus on the assessment of a number of nationalsecurity risk factors of the relevant object or situation, including but not limited to, risks of any illegal control or supply chain interruptionof critical information infrastructure, and risks of illegal use or cross-border transmission of data. As advised by our PRC legal counsel,Zhong Lun Law Firm, we should not be deemed as an operator of critical information infrastructure and the network products and servicespurchased and used by us are general network products and services in the market, and there is no obvious risk of supply chaininterruption. We have not received any material queries or notifications from the CAC or other PRC governmental authorities and have notbeen subject to any material administrative penalties or other sanctions by any competent regulatory authorities in relation tocybersecurity, data and personal information protection. There has been no material cybersecurity or data protection incidents with respectto data or personal information theft, leakage, damage or loss. Our data will be transferred to recipients located in regions and countriesoutside the territory of mainland China, such as Hong Kong and the United States. However, since we process less than one million users’personal information and transmit an insignificant number of users’ personal information to overseas recipients, the possibility for us toapply to the CAC for cybersecurity review is relatively low. Besides, we have taken necessary technical and organizational measures toprotect the security of the data being transferred abroad, including using data encryption to secure personal information when it is intransit. We have also established a basic cybersecurity and data protection system pursuant to the Cybersecurity Law, the Data SecurityLaw, the Personal Information Protection Law and other relevant laws and regulations.There are uncertainties as to the interpretation and application of these cybersecurity laws, regulations and standards, which lawsmay be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our current policies and practices or require changes to the features ofour system. If we are unable to address any data security and information protection concerns, any compromise of security that resultsunauthorized disclosure or transfer of personal data, or to comply with the then applicable laws and regulations, we may incur additionalcosts and liability and result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause ourclients to lose trust in us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition andprospects. We may also be subject to new laws, regulations or standards or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations or standards,including those in the areas of data security and data privacy, which could require us to incur additional costs and restrict our businessoperations.Table of Contents28Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on the value of your investment.The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economicconditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. In June 2010, the PRC government allowed the Renminbi toappreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar. However, starting from June 2015, the trend of appreciation changed and the Renminbi started todepreciate against the U.S. dollar gradually. In recent years, the exchange rate between Renminbi and U.S. dollar has fluctuated. It isdifficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and theU.S. dollar in the future.The majority of our sales contracts were denominated in Renminbi and majority of our costs and expenses are denominated inRenminbi, while a portion of our financial assets are denominated in U.S. dollars. Very limited hedging options are available in China toreduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, and we have not used any forward contracts or currency borrowings to hedge ourexposure to foreign currency risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectivenessof these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchangelosses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As aresult, any significant revaluation of the Renminbi or the U.S. dollar may adversely affect our cash flows, earnings and financial position,and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs. For example, an appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar wouldmake any new RMB-denominated investments or expenditures more costly to us, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars intoRenminbi for such purposes. An appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would also result in foreign currency translationlosses for financial reporting purposes when we translate our U.S. dollar-denominated financial assets into Renminbi, our reportingcurrency. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ADSs,for payment of interest expenses, for strategic acquisitions or investments or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollaragainst the Renminbi would have a negative effect on us.PRC foreign exchange control regulations restricting the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies may limit our ability toutilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, theremittance of currency out of China. We receive the majority of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, we mayrely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRCforeign exchange control regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade andservice-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying withcertain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are currently able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us withoutprior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with appropriategovernment authorities or designated banks is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of Chinato pay capital expenses, such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretionrestrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us fromobtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currenciesto our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or ourPRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ abilityto increase its registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.SAFE has promulgated several rules and regulations that require PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities to register with andobtain approval from SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities (the “SAFERules”). In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the SAFE Circular 37, which replaces the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning ForeignExchange Administration on PRC Residents’ Financing and Round-Trip Investment via Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFECircular 75. These SAFE Rules are applicable to our shareholders who are PRC individuals or PRC corporate entities and may beapplicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.Table of Contents29Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) who make direct or indirectinvestments in offshore special purpose vehicles (the “SPV”), are required to register such investments with SAFE or its local branches. Inaddition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an SPV is required to update its registration with the local branch ofSAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any change of the basic information, such as any change relating to the PRC individualshareholder, name or operation period, or any material events, such as increase or decrease of capital contribution, share transfer orexchange, or merger or division. In February 2015, SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign ExchangeAdministration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13. Pursuant to SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchangeregistration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37,shall be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. Qualified banks should examine the applications and accept registrations under thesupervision of SAFE. However, due to the uncertainty in the implementation of regulations by the PRC government authorities, theseSAFE registrations may not always be practically available under all circumstances prescribed in these regulations.We may not be fully informed of the identities of all our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents, and we do nothave control over them and cannot compel them to comply with the SAFE Rules. Therefore, we cannot provide assurance that anyapplicable registrations or any amendment under the SAFE Rules has been or will be completed in a timely manner, or at all. The failureor inability of our existing or future shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents to register or amend their foreign exchangeregistrations under the SAFE Rules may subject such shareholders, beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to fines and legal sanctions,or could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions, including (i) the requirement by SAFEto return the foreign exchange remitted overseas or into the PRC within a period of time specified by SAFE, with a fine of up to 30% ofthe total amount of foreign exchange remitted overseas or into PRC and deemed to have been evasive or illegal and (ii) in circumstancesinvolving serious violations, a fine of no less than 30% of and up to the total amount of remitted foreign exchange deemed evasive orillegal. Failure to register or comply with relevant requirements may also restrict our cross-border investment activities or limit our abilityto contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us.These risks may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.Furthermore, as these foreign exchange, inbound investment and outbound investment related regulations and their interpretationand implementation have been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore orcross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. We cannot predict howthese regulations will affect our business operations or future strategy. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review andapproval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominatedborrowings, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRCdomestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessaryapprovals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability toimplement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.In addition, our offshore financing activities, such as the issuance of foreign debt, are also subject to PRC laws and regulations. Inaccordance with such laws and regulations, we may be required to complete filing and registration with the National Development andReform Commission prior to such activities. Failure to comply with the requirements may result in administrative hearing, warning,notification and other regulatory penalties and sanctions.Table of Contents30Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration of share options held by our employees who are “domesticindividuals” may subject such employee or us to fines and legal or administrative sanctions.In January 2007, SAFE issued Implementing Rules for the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals(the “Individual Foreign Exchange Rule”), which, among other things, specified approval requirements for certain capital accounttransactions such as a PRC citizen’s participation in the employee stock ownership plans or stock option plans of an overseas publicly-listed company. On February 15, 2012, SAFE issued the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for DomesticIndividuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company (the “Stock Incentive Plan Rules”), pursuant towhich “domestic individuals” (both PRC residents and non-PRC residents who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less thanone year, excluding foreign diplomatic personnel and representatives of international organizations) participating in any stock incentiveplan of an overseas-listed company are required, through qualified PRC agents (which could be the PRC subsidiary of such overseas-listedcompany), to register with SAFE and complete certain other procedures related to the stock incentive plan.We and our employees who are “domestic individuals” and have been granted share options (the “PRC optionees”), becamesubject to the Stock Incentive Plan Rules when our company became an overseas-listed company upon the completion of our initial publicoffering. We and our PRC optionees have completed the registration requirement under the Stock Incentive Plan Rules and intend tocontinue making such registration on an on-going basis as new awards are granted. If we or our PRC optionees fail to comply with theIndividual Foreign Exchange Rule and the Stock Incentive Plan Rules, we and/or our PRC optionees may be subject to fines and otherlegal sanctions. We may also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional option plans for our directorsand employees under PRC law. In addition, the SAT has issued a few circulars concerning employee stock options. Under these circulars,our employees working in China who exercise stock options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries haveobligations to file documents related to employee stock options with relevant tax authorities and withhold individual income taxes of thoseemployees who exercise their stock options. If our employees fail to pay and we fail to withhold their income taxes, we may face sanctionsimposed by tax authorities or any other PRC government authorities. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding theinterpretation and implementation of the Individual Foreign Exchange Rule and the Stock Incentive Plan Rules. We cannot guarantee thatour current practices will comply with future interpretations of the Individual Foreign Exchange Rule and the Stock Incentive Plan Rule,and any failure to comply could subject us to fines and other legal sanctions.The dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiaries may be subject to PRC tax under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, whichwould have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we are classified as a PRCresident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, dividends generated and payable by a foreign-investedenterprise in China to its foreign investors are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction ofincorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. We are a Cayman Islands holdingcompany and the majority of our income may come from dividends we receive, directly or indirectly, from our wholly foreign-owned PRCsubsidiaries. Since there is currently no such tax treaty between China and the Cayman Islands, dividends we directly receive from ourwholly foreign-owned PRC subsidiaries will generally be subject to a 10% withholding tax.In addition, under the Arrangement between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for theAvoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income, where a Hong Kong residententerprise, which is considered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise, directly holds at least 25% of the equity interests in a PRC enterprise,the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by such PRC enterprise to such Hong Kong resident enterprise is reducedto 5% from a standard rate of 10%, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. Accordingly, our Hong Kong subsidiaries, such asNoah Insurance (Hong Kong) Limited (“Noah Insurance”), are able to enjoy the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends they receivefrom their PRC subsidiaries in which they hold a more than 25% of the equity interests if they satisfy the conditions prescribed in relevanttax rules and regulations and obtain the approvals as required. However, if Noah Insurance is considered to be a non-beneficial owner forpurposes of the tax arrangement, any dividends paid to it by our wholly foreign-owned PRC subsidiaries directly would not qualify for thepreferential dividend withholding tax rate of 5%, but rather would be subject to a rate of 10%.Table of Contents31Furthermore, under the EIT Law and the Implementation Rules to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, an enterprise establishedoutside of the PRC with its “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a PRC resident enterprise and will be subject toPRC enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in China—Regulations on Tax—PRC Enterprise Income Tax.” We do not believe that our company or any of its subsidiariesoutside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for the year ended December 31, 2022, because neither we nor these subsidiaries arecontrolled by a PRC enterprise or PRC enterprise group, and because our records and these subsidiaries’ records (including the resolutionsof the respective boards of directors and the resolutions of the respective shareholders) are maintained outside the PRC. However, the taxresident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to theinterpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that our company or any of its subsidiariesoutside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes, they would be subject to a 25% PRC enterprise income tax on theirglobal income. In addition, if our company is considered a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes, we may be required to withholda 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-PRC resident enterprises, including the holders of ourADSs. Furthermore, non-PRC resident enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% PRC tax on gainsrealized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. It is unclearwhether our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gainsobtained by such non-PRC individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were toapply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty.However, it is also unclear whether our non-PRC shareholders would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaty between their countryof tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are considered as a PRC resident enterprise. If we are required to withhold such PRCincome tax under the EIT Law, your investment in our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.We face uncertainties with respect to the application of the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Enterprise Income Tax forShare Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises.The SAT has issued several rules and notices to tighten the scrutiny over acquisition transactions in recent years, including theNotice on Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued in February2015 (“SAT Circular 7”). Pursuant to these rules and notices, if a non-PRC resident enterprise indirectly transfers PRC taxable properties,referring to properties of an establishment or a place in the PRC, real estate properties in the PRC or equity investments in a PRC taxresident enterprise, by disposition of equity interests in an overseas non-public holding company, without a reasonable commercialpurpose and resulting in the avoidance of PRC enterprise income tax, such indirect transfer should be deemed as a direct transfer of PRCtaxable properties and gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to the PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. SATCircular 7 has listed several factors to be taken into consideration by the tax authorities in determining whether an indirect transfer has areasonable commercial purpose. However, in spite of these factors, an indirect transfer satisfying all the following criteria shall be deemedto lack reasonable commercial purpose and be taxable under the PRC laws: (i) 75% or more of the equity value of the overseas enterprisebeing transferred is derived directly or indirectly from the PRC taxable properties; (ii) at any time during the one-year period before theindirect transfer, 90% or more of the asset value of the overseas enterprise (excluding cash) is comprised directly or indirectly ofinvestments in the PRC, or 90% or more of its income is derived directly or indirectly from the PRC; (iii) the functions performed andrisks assumed by the overseas enterprise and any of its subsidiaries that directly or indirectly hold the PRC taxable properties are limitedand are insufficient to prove their economic substance; and (iv) the foreign tax payable on the gain derived from the indirect transfer of thePRC taxable properties is lower than the potential PRC tax on the direct transfer of such assets. Nevertheless, an indirect transfer fallinginto the scope of certain safe harbors under SAT Circular 7 may not be subject to PRC tax. Such safe harbors include qualified grouprestructuring, secondary market equity trading and tax treaty exemptions.On October 17, 2017, the SAT released the Public Notice Regarding Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-residentEnterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Public Notice 37, effective from December 1, 2018. SAT Public Notice 37 replaced a series ofcirculars and revised the rules governing the administration of withholding tax on China-sourced income derived by nonresidententerprises. SAT Public Notice 37 provided certain key changes to the current withholding regime including, such as (i) the withholdingobligation for a non-resident enterprise which is declaring a dividend arises on the day the payment is actually made rather than on the dayof the resolution to declare the dividends; and (ii) the provision that a non-resident enterprise must self-report tax within seven days if itswithholding agents fail to withhold or is removed.Table of Contents32Under SAT Circular 7 and SAT Public Notice 37, the entities or individuals obligated to pay the transfer price to the transferorshall be withholding agents and shall withhold the PRC tax from the transfer price. If a withholding agent fails to do so, the transferor shallreport to and pay the PRC tax to the PRC tax authorities. In case neither a withholding agent nor the transferor complies with theobligations under SAT Circular 7 and SAT Public Notice 37, in addition to imposing penalties such as late payment interest on thetransferors, the tax authority may also hold a withholding agent liable and impose a penalty of 50% to 300% of the unpaid tax on thewithholding agent, provided that such penalty imposed on the withholding agent may be reduced or waived if the withholding agent hassubmitted the relevant materials in connection with the indirect transfer to the PRC tax authorities in accordance with SAT Circular 7 andSAT Public Notice 37.However, there is no assurance that the tax authorities will not apply SAT Circular 7 and SAT Public Notice 37 to previousinvestments by non-PRC resident investors in our company or our pre-listing restructuring, if any of such transactions were determined bythe tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose. As a result, we and our existing non-PRC resident investors may be at risk ofbeing taxed under these rules and notices and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with or to establish that we shouldnot be taxed under such rules and notices, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations orsuch non-PRC resident investors’ investments in us. We have conducted and may conduct acquisitions involving corporate structures, andhistorically our shares were transferred by certain then shareholders to our current shareholders. We cannot assure you that the PRC taxauthorities will not, at their discretion, adjust any capital gains and impose tax return filing obligations on us or require us to provideassistance for the investigation of PRC tax authorities with respect thereto. Any PRC tax imposed on a transfer of our shares or anyadjustment of such gains would cause us to incur additional costs and may have a negative impact on the value of your investment in us.The enforcement of the Labor Contract Law, Social Insurance Law and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may increase ourlabor cost and adversely affect our business and our results of operations.In June 2007, the National People’s Congress of China enacted the Labor Contract Law of the PRC (the “Labor Contract Law”),which became effective in January 2008 and was subsequently amended in July 2013. The Labor Contract Law establishes morerestrictions on and increases costs for employers to dismiss employees, including specific provisions related to fixed-term employmentcontracts, temporary employment, probation, consultation with the labor union and employee assembly, employment without a contract,dismissal of employees, compensation upon termination and overtime work and collective bargaining. According to the Labor ContractLaw, an employer is obliged to sign a labor contract with unlimited term with an employee if the employer continues to hire the employeeafter the expiration of two consecutive fixed-term labor contracts, subject to certain conditions, or after the employee has worked for theemployer for ten consecutive years. The employer is also required to pay compensation to an employee if the employer terminates anunlimited-term labor contract. Such compensation is also required when the employer refuses to renew a labor contract that has expired,unless it is the employee who refuses to extend the expired contract. In addition, under the Labor Contract Law, if we decide to lay off alarge number of employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law may also limit our ability toeffect these changes in a manner that we believe to be cost-effective or desirable, which could adversely affect our business and results ofoperations.We cannot assure you that our employment practices do not or will not violate these labor-related laws and regulations. If we aredeemed to have been non-compliant with any such laws and regulations or to have failed to make adequate contributions to any socialinsurance schemes, we may be subject to penalties and negative publicity, and our business, results of operations and prospects may bematerially adversely affected.Risks Related to Our BusinessThe investment products that we distribute or manage involve various risks and any failure to identify or fully appreciate such risksmay negatively affect our reputation, client relationships, operations and prospects.We distribute and manage a variety of investment products, including onshore and offshore private equity and venture capitalproducts, public securities products, and other products. These products often have complex structures and involve default risks, interestrate risks, liquidity risks, market risks, counterparty risks, fraud risks and other risks.Table of Contents33Our success in distributing, managing and offering our products and services depends, in part, on our ability to successfullyidentify and fully appreciate the risks associated with such products and services. Not only must we be cautious about these risks indesigning and developing our products and services, we must also accurately describe and disclose the risks associated with our productsand services to, and evaluate them for, our clients. Our risk management policies and procedures may not be fully effective in mitigatingthe risk exposure for all of our clients in all market environments or covering all types of risks.If we fail to identify and fully appreciate the risks associated with the products and services we distribute, manage and offer, orfail to disclose such risks to our clients, or if our clients suffer financial losses or other damages resulting from the investment products orservices we distribute, manage or offer, our reputation, client relationships, business, results of operations and prospects may be materiallyand adversely affected.In addition, we are subject to risks arising from any potential fraudulent activities or other misconduct or violation of laws by thethird-party product partners or investment partners we collaborate with. Any such misconduct or violation of laws may adversely affect theperformance of the relevant products we distribute and expose our clients to losses. Despite product risk warnings and platformdisclaimers, our clients may attempt to hold us responsible for their losses, which may subject us to civil or criminal liability, harm ourreputation and cause us to incur additional costs and expenses. Furthermore, in order to maintain social harmony and financial marketstability, we may also face pressure from regulatory authorities or expectation from the public to compensate or bail out our clients whoseinvestments are negatively impacted by misconduct or violation of laws of our product partners or investment partners, which could have amaterial and adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.Our reputation and brand recognition are crucial to our business. Any harm to our reputation or failure to maintain, protect, promoteor enhance our brand recognition may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.Our reputation and brand recognition, which depend on earning and maintaining the trust and confidence of our clients orprospective clients, are critical to our business. Our reputation and brand recognition are vulnerable to threats that are difficult orimpossible to control, and costly or impossible to remediate. Regulatory inquiries or investigations, lawsuits initiated by clients or otherthird parties, employee misconduct, perceptions of conflicts of interest and rumors, among others, could substantially damage ourreputation, even if they are baseless.Moreover, any misconduct or allegations of misconduct by our product managers of third-party funds we distribute could result innegative media publicity and adversely affect our reputation and the confidence of our clients. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”Furthermore, any negative media coverage about the financial service industry in general or product/service quality problems inthe industry, may also negatively impact our reputation and brand recognition. If we are unable to maintain a good reputation or furtherenhance our brand recognition, our ability to attract and retain clients, product partners and key employees could be harmed and, as aresult, our business and revenues may be materially and adversely affected.Table of Contents34If we breach fiduciary duties or other contractual obligations as the general partner or fund managers of the funds, or if our third-party product partners or investment partners engage in illegal activities or market misconduct, our results of operations will beadversely impacted. In addition, misconduct of our relationship managers or other employees, including potential misuse of clientfunds, could harm our reputation or lead to regulatory sanctions or litigation costs.Because we serve as the general partner or manager for the funds under our asset management business, we have fiduciary dutyto the limited partners or the investors. If we are deemed to breach the fiduciary duty, such as failure to establish or implement appropriatecontrols when handling and processing our clients’ cash investments, we may be exposed to risks and losses. We could also experiencelosses on our principal in a fund in the form of limited liability partnership for which we act as the general partner, as the general partnertypically bears unlimited liabilities for the debts of a limited liability partnership. In addition, illegal activities or market misconductcommitted by the third-party product partners or investment partners we collaborate with may adversely impact our product offerings andreputation, discourage clients from purchasing products distributed or provided by us, lead to regulatory actions and penalties, and causeus to share any losses incurred by our clients. Furthermore, as the current regulatory regime for the legal segregation of losses or liabilitiesincurred by contract-based private funds and assets of the fund manager in the PRC remains unclear, we cannot assure you that whetherour assets will be subject to third-party claims arising from losses or liabilities incurred by contract-based private funds that we manage. Ifthe assets managed by us are subject to such claims, our future growth may be materially and adversely affected.In addition, misconduct of our relationship managers or other employees could result in violations of law, regulatory sanctions,litigation or serious reputational or financial harm, among other consequences. Misconduct may include but not limited to:●engaging in misrepresentation, negligence or fraudulent activities when distributing investment products or providing assetmanagement or other services to clients;●improperly using or disclosing confidential information of our clients, product partners or other parties;●concealing unauthorized or unsuccessful activities, resulting in unknown and unmanaged risks or losses;●accessing and misusing client funds, especially those maintained in segregated accounts for our contract-based private funds;or●other conducts not complying with laws and regulations or our internal policies or procedures.Our internal control system which supervises service quality and regulatory compliance may not always deter misconduct of ourrelationship managers or other employees, and the precautions we take to prevent and detect misconduct may not be effective in all cases.Any of the abovementioned misconduct could impair our ability to attract, serve and retain clients and may lead to significant legalliability, reputational harm and material adverse effects on our business, results of operations or financial condition.Table of Contents35Our businesses may be adversely impacted by general economic and market conditions.As a wealth management service provider, our businesses, financial condition and results of operations may be materially affectedby China’s and global economic and financial market conditions, as well as economic conditions specific to our business. We serve HNWclients in China and globally through both our wealth management and asset management businesses. As a result, any economicdownturns or capital market volatilities may negatively affect the financial performance of the products distributed or managed by us,reduce the revenue generated from our wealth management and asset management businesses, which in turn may materially and adverselyaffect our overall financial performance and results of operations.The performance of our investment portfolio may affect the AUM, revenue and profitability of our asset management business.The allocation of our investment portfolio under asset management and investment amounts varies by investment type and isbased upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of inherent and known risks associated with the respective asset class. The revenue ofour asset management business include performance-based fees, which are typically based on the amount of returns on our managedaccounts which exceed a certain threshold of return for each investor. We will not earn performance-based fees if our management’sjudgment is incorrect and the investment portfolio does not generate cumulative performance that surpasses the relevant target thresholdsor if a fund experiences losses on a cumulative basis.Less satisfactory portfolio performance, either as a result of macro-economic downturns in the market or economic conditions,including but not limited to changes in interest rates, inflation, political uncertainty, our investment style and the particular investmentsthat we make, may result in a decline in our revenue and income by causing (i) the NAV of the assets under our management or advisoryto decrease, which would result in lower recurring service fees to us, (ii) lower investment returns, resulting in a reduction of performance-based income to us, and (iii) increase in investor redemptions, which would in turn lead to fewer AUM and lower recurring service feesfor us. If our future investment performance is perceived to worsen, the revenue and profitability of our asset management business willlikely decline and our ability to grow existing funds and raise new funds in the future will likely be impaired.We may not be able to continue to grow at our historical rate of growth, and if we fail to manage our growth effectively, our businessmay be materially and adversely affected.We commenced our business in 2005 as a consulting services provider focusing on wealth management and have graduallytransitioned to a comprehensive integrated financial services group with wealth management, asset management, and other businesses. Wehave achieved significant growth in scale and profitability since our inception, and maintained robust growth during the past few years.We cannot assure you that we will continue to grow at our historical rate of growth, or that we will be able to achieve expected results, infuture. It is difficult to predict whether the new investment products and services we continuously develop will be attractive to our clientsand prospective clients. In addition, our growth has placed, and will continue to place, a significant strain on our management, personnel,systems and resources. We may not manage our growth effectively or accurately predict our future results of operations. As a result, ourhistorical growth rate may not be indicative of our future performance.Table of Contents36Because a significant portion of the one-time commissions and recurring service fees we earn on the distribution of investmentproducts are based on commission and fee rates, any decrease in these commission and fee rates may have an adverse effect on ourrevenues, cash flow and results of operations.Substantially all of our recurring service fees and one-time commissions are paid by funds managed by our third-party productpartners and Gopher, our asset management arm, which are negotiated and vary from product to product. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, 82.4%,78.1% and 83.0% of our total revenues were derived from recurring service fees and one-time commissions, respectively. Recurringservice fees and one-time commission rates can fluctuate based on the prevailing political, economic, regulatory, taxation and competitivefactors that affect the product partners and Gopher. These factors, which are not within our control, include the capacity of productpartners and Gopher to place new business, profits of product partners, client demand and preference for investment products, theavailability of comparable products from other product partners at a lower cost, the availability of alternative investment products toclients and the tax deductibility of commissions and fees. In addition, the historical volume of investment products that we distributed ormanaged may have a significant impact on our bargaining power with product partners or clients in relation to the commission and feerates for future products. Because we can neither determine, nor predict, the timing or extent of commission and fee rate changes withrespect to the investment products, it is difficult for us to assess the effect of any of these changes on our operations. Therefore, anydecrease in commission and fee rates may adversely affect our revenues, cash flow and results of operations.The investment products we distribute are supplied by a limited number of product partners; and the renegotiation or termination ofour relationships with such product partners could significantly impact our business.The investment products we distribute are supplied by a selected number of investment product partners, including private equityfirms, real estate fund managers, securities investment fund managers, mutual fund management companies, and insurance companies.Although our wealth management business has a broad coverage of most major fund managers and product partners in the market, due toour stringent screening process and risk management standards, a significant portion of the products distributed by us are sourced from alimited number of product partners. Our relationships with our product partners or funds managed by our product partners are governed bydistribution agreements. These agreements establish, among other things, the scope of our responsibility and our commission rates withrespect to the distribution of particular products. These agreements typically are entered into on a product by product basis and expire atthe expiration date of the relevant investment product. For any new investment products, new agreements need to be negotiated andentered into. If product partners that in the aggregate account for a significant portion of our business decide not to enter into contractswith us for their investment products, or the terms of our contracts with them become less beneficial to us, our business and operatingresults may be materially and adversely affected.Because the laws and regulations governing the industries of wealth management, asset management and other businesses in Chinaare developing and subject to further change, any failure to obtain or maintain requisite approvals, licenses or permits necessary toconduct our operations or any failure to comply with laws and regulations applicable to our business and services could harm ourbusiness.The relevant regulatory authorities, including the CSRC and the AMAC, have released various laws and regulations governingthe industries of wealth management, asset management and other businesses in China, including regulations over private equity products,privately-raised securities investment funds, asset management plans managed by securities companies or mutual fund managementcompanies, trust products and insurance products. However, these laws and regulations are evolving rapidly and subject to furtherdevelopment, and the interpretations of these laws and regulations may contain inconsistencies among different governmental authoritiesand enforcement of these laws and regulations involves uncertainties.Table of Contents37As for our asset management business, the CSRC is in charge of the supervision and regulation of private funds, including,without limitation, private equity funds, venture capital funds, privately-raised securities investment funds and other forms of privatefunds. The AMAC has promulgated a series of rules and measures regulating the registration of private funds, qualified investor standards,fund raising, investment advice service provided by third parties, structured asset management plan and private asset management plansinvesting into real estate development enterprises or projects and etc. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in China—Regulations on Private Funds.” In addition, the CSRC and AMAC may adopt further detailed regulations andimplementing policies that govern private funds and private fund managers. These laws, rules and regulations could be complex,continuously evolving and could be subject to varying and evolving interpretations, which may increase our difficulties in strictcompliance with all regulatory requirements. Since fund management business is a significant part of our asset management business, ourasset management business is subject to such regulations on private funds and related implementation rules thereof.As the regulators of the wealth management and asset management industries in China are enhancing their supervision over theindustries, applicable laws and regulations may be adopted to address new issues that arise from time to time or to require additionallicenses and permits. For example, on April 27, 2018, the PBOC, CBIRC, CSRC and SAFE jointly released the Guidance Opinions onRegulating the Asset Management Business of Financial Institutions (the “Guidance Opinions”), which prohibits the issuance of privatecredit products that contain maturity mismatch arrangements or any direct or indirect guarantee of return, and requires relevant institutionsto follow detailed guidance with regards to the maximum volume of private credit products issued and minimum liquidity thresholds. TheGuidance Opinions will apply to private funds in the absence of specific laws and regulations thereto. On July 20, 2018, the PBOC issuedthe Circular on Further Clarifying Matters concerning the Guidance Opinions on Regulating the Asset Management Business of FinancialInstitutions. On October 22, 2018, the CSRC issued the Administrative Measures on Private Asset Management Business of Securities andFutures Institutions. Furthermore, according to the Instructions for the Filing of Privately-Raised Investment Funds (2019 Version) (the“Filing Instructions”) issued by the AMAC on December 23, 2019, the AMAC does not accept the filing application of private fundsengaging in regular and operational private lending activities in form of entrustment loans, trust loans or other means. In line with ourunderstanding and anticipation of the changing regulatory and market environment given the publication of the new rules including theGuidance Opinions and the Filing Instructions, we have strategically ceased offering substantially all of our credit products from the thirdquarter of 2019, which had a negative impact on our results of operations.Furthermore, on August 28, 2020, the CSRC issued the Supervision Measures on Distribution Institutions of Publicly-RaisedSecurities Investment Fund (the “Supervision Measures”), which came into effect in October 2020. The Supervision Measures providesthat independent fund distribution institutions, like Noah Upright, shall specialize in the distribution of publicly-raised securitiesinvestment funds and privately-raised securities investment funds, except as otherwise provided by the CSRC. Following the enactment ofthe Supervision Measures, we ceased offering investment products that invest in private equity investments through Noah Upright, andcollaborate with our private equity product partners solely through our asset management business.As we develop our business, the products we manage or distribute might be subject to detailed regulations and implementingpolicies to be issued by the CSRC or AMAC in the future and we cannot assure you that our asset management or wealth managementbusiness will not be materially and adversely affected if any supervisory authority enhances its regulation over asset management plans.Table of Contents38Furthermore, the Notice on Regulation and Renovation of the “Cash Loan” Business promulgated on December 1, 2017 (the“Circular 141”) requires microloan companies and other entities to charge synthetic fund costs, including the interest and fees paid by theborrowers, in compliance with the rules provided by the Supreme People’s Court, and such costs shall be within the legally allowedannualized interest rate for private lending. The Circular 141 and subsequent rules and regulations also provide that no institution or third-party agency shall collect loans by actual or threatened violence, intimidation, insult, defamation, harassment, disseminating privateinformation, or other ways that cause harm. In addition, the Opinions on Several Issues Concerning Handling Illegal Lending CriminalCases, jointly promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, and theMinistry of Justice on July 23, 2019, provides rules on supervision of and punishment for illegal lending, such as debt-collection by meansof violence. Although we have decreased the scale of our lending businesses since the third quarter of 2019, we cannot assure you whetherthe funding party, loan collection agencies or other service providers we cooperate with charge extra fees from the borrower or conductother behaviors in violation of the provisions of the relevant rules and regulations. The local authorities have discretion in interpreting,implementing and enforcing the applicable laws, rules, regulations and governmental policies, such as capital reserve ratio, the maximumamount of a single loan, limitation on operating territory, payment method of interest and fees, restrictions on financing and methods ofdebt collection. As a result, there are uncertainties in the interpretation, implementation and enforcement of such laws, rules, regulationsand governmental policies, and occasionally, we may receive instructions issued by the local authorities on our microloan business modelfrom time to time, or have to depend on verbal clarifications from local authorities. Therefore, if the local authorities make unfavorableinterpretation, instruction or ruling against our microloan business model, or modify the local regulatory policies on microloan business inthe future, our lending business might be restricted and negatively impacted.In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations in jurisdictions in which we operate, our subsidiaries and the ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities are required to obtain and maintain various approvals, licenses and permits necessary to operate our business from thecentral and/or local government, including but not limited to, business license, fund distribution license, certificate for privately-raisedinvestment fund manager, family trust license, insurance brokerage license, and trust business license. These approvals, licenses andpermits are obtained upon satisfactory compliance with, among other things, the applicable laws and regulations, which are developingand might conflict with each other. If we fail to obtain or maintain the required licenses, permits and approvals, we may be subject to fines,confiscation of the income derived from the related business, the suspension of operations and adverse publicity arising from such non-compliance with government regulations. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain, maintain and renew all ofthe approvals, licenses and permits required for our business operations upon their expiration in a timely manner or at all, which maymaterially impact our business operations.As of the date of this annual report, our significant subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities had obtained all materiallicenses, approvals and permits necessary from competent regulatory authorities for our business operations in the jurisdictions in whichwe operate. We renew all such permits and licenses from time to time to comply with the relevant laws and regulations. As of the date ofthis annual report, we were not aware of any facts that would prevent us from renewing permits or licenses material to our group.Table of Contents39Some of our clients may redeem their investments from time to time, which could reduce our recurring service fees.Certain of the agreements we entered into with investors in relation to investment products distributed to them permit investors toredeem their investments with us at quarterly or annual intervals, after an initial “lock-up” period during which redemptions are restrictedor penalized. If the return on the assets under our management does not meet investors’ expectations, investors may elect to redeem theirinvestments and invest their assets elsewhere. As our recurring service fees correlate directly with the amount of our AUM, redemptionsmay cause our expected recurring service fees to decrease. Similarly, the total balance of investment products offered or distributed by usto our clients could decrease due to redemptions as well and impact our fees from investment products. Investors may decide to reallocatetheir capital away from us for a number of reasons, including less satisfactory investment performance, changes in prevailing interest rateswhich make other investment options more attractive, changes in investor perception regarding our focus or alignment of interest,dissatisfaction with, changes in or a broadening of a fund’s investment strategy, changes in our reputation, and departures of, or changes inresponsibilities of, key investment professionals. For these and other reasons, the pace of investor redemptions and the correspondingreduction in our AUM and total balance of investment products offered or distributed by us could accelerate. In addition, investorsentiment in stock market may be adversely affected during periods when capital markets are volatile, especially after our transformationto NAV-based products, which may result in decreases in the transaction value of mutual fund products and private secondary products aswell as increases in investor redemptions. This may also lead to a flight-to-safety and a change in product mix, causing fluctuations in ourfees from investment products. Furthermore, redemptions of the investment products that we manage could ultimately require us toliquidate fund assets under unfavorable circumstances, which may further harm our reputation and results of operations.Our business is subject to risks related to complaints, claims, controversies, regulatory actions, arbitration and legal proceedings.We are subject to lawsuits, regulatory actions and other claims in the ordinary course of our business from time to time. Inparticular, we may face lawsuits, arbitrations or other claims brought by our clients who purchase investment products or services wedistribute, offer or provide which turn out to be unsuitable for any reason, such as misconduct by the managers of the third-party funds, orproviders of the products that we have recommended or made available to our clients, or illegal, non-compliance or unsatisfactory actionstaken by third parties such as suppliers, service providers and other business partners that are outside of our control, or change of legalrequirements or regulatory environment. For example, certain credit funds managed by Shanghai Gopher had invested in supply chainaccount receivables with respect to the sale of computer, consumer electronics and communication products by affiliates of CamsingInternational Holding Limited as underlying investable assets. Certain companies and individuals in connection with such supply chainaccount receivables were later suspected to commit fraudulent activities. Shanghai Gopher, as the fund manager, has received notices fromcourt and arbitration tribunal concerning claims initiated by individual clients. See “Item 8. Financial Information-A. ConsolidatedStatements and Other Financial Information-Legal Proceedings” for more information. We may also encounter claims allegingmisrepresentation by our relationship managers or other employees. Moreover, we may not be able to comply with any new regulatoryrequirement in a timely manner or at all, and we may also be subject to regulatory actions and may encounter additional lawsuits,arbitrations or other claims from our investors. These risks may be heightened during periods when credit, equity or other financialmarkets are deteriorating in value or are volatile, or when clients or investors are experiencing losses.Claims or actions brought against us may result in settlements, awards, injunctions, fines, claims and penalties or other resultsadverse to us, including harm to our reputation. In the event that we become subject to claims caused by actions taken or unsatisfactoryperformance by our suppliers, service providers or other business partners, we may attempt to seek compensation from the relevantsuppliers, service providers or other business partners. However, such compensation may be limited. If no claim can be asserted against asupplier, service provider or business partner, or amounts that we claim cannot be fully recovered from the supplier, service provider orbusiness partner, we may be required to bear such losses and compensation at our own costs. Even if we are successful in defendingagainst these actions, we may incur significant expenses. Predicting the outcome of such matters is inherently difficult, particularly whereclaimants seek substantial or unspecified damages, or when legal or other proceedings are at an early stage. A substantial judgment, award,settlement, fine, or penalty may be materially adverse to our results of operations and financial condition.Table of Contents40Our lending business is subject to credit risks, which could adversely affect our results of operations.There are inherent risks associated with the lending business provided by us, including credit risk which is the risk that borrowersmay not repay the outstanding loans balances. These borrowers are primarily individuals and generally have fewer financial resources interms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities and may have fewer financial resources to weather an economic downturn.Moreover, since the loans made by us are collateralized by real estate properties or investment products distributed by us, any decrease inreal estate prices or downturn in the investment performances could adversely affect the values of these collaterals, which may in turnhave a negative impact on the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and further adversely affect our operating results and financialcondition. Factors, such as inflation, employment levels, local policy changes and other factors beyond our control may increase our creditrisks, which may result in material adverse effects on our business and financial conditions.Our business involves relatively new business models which may not be successful.Our business comprises various business lines, some of which are relatively new, such as our mutual fund product offerings.Although we intend to devote additional resources to expanding these businesses and develop and offer more innovative products andservices to our clients, we have limited experience with these businesses and cannot assure you of their future success. If we fail to addressthe needs of our clients, adapt to rapidly-evolving market trends or continue to offer innovative products and services, we may fail tocapture market demand. In addition, our new business lines will continue to encounter risks and difficulties that early-stage businessesfrequently experience, including the potential failure to expand client base in a cost-efficient manner, adequately manage risks andexpenses, implement, adapt and modify our client development strategies as needed, develop and maintain our competitive advantages andanticipate and adapt to changing economic, competitive and other market conditions in China’s financing industry. If we are unable tosuccessfully develop our new business lines into profitable businesses, our business and revenues may be materially and adverselyaffected.We face significant competition in our businesses. If we are unable to compete effectively with our existing and potential competitors,we could lose our market share and our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.The wealth management and asset management industries in China are all undergoing rapid changes and growth. We operate in acompetitive environment and compete for clients on the basis of product offering and performance, client services, reputation and brandnames. Our ability to compete in this environment is also affected by license requirements for the distribution of investment products, theprovision of asset management and certain other services imposed on businesses operating in such industries. Our future success in each ofthese areas will depend in part on our ability to continue to maintain the relevant licenses and anticipate and meet market needs on a timelyand cost-effective basis.In our wealth management business, we face competition primarily from other independent wealth management companies aswell as commercial banks and their wealth management subsidiaries, private banks and securities firms. In our asset managementbusiness, we also face competition from other asset management service providers in the market, including managers of private equityfunds, real estate funds and public securities funds. In addition, our other businesses segment faces competition from a range of financialservice providers which offer similar services in China. As part of China’s reform and opening policy, the Chinese government has furtherliberalized the financial sector in recent years, including lifting certain restrictions on the business scope of financial institutions such asforeign banks, securities companies and fund management companies, reducing quantitative entry conditions for foreign investors toinvest in banking and insurance institutions and carry out these businesses, relaxing the limits on foreign ownership of joint ventures inChina’s financial sectors such as banking, securities investment fund management companies, securities and insurance companies. If suchliberalization continues, we may face additional competition in the industries in which we operate and our market share might bethreatened or taken by foreign competitors or their joint ventures operating in the Chinese financial market.Many of our competitors have greater financial and marketing resources or larger customer base. For example, the PRCcommercial banks we compete with tend to enjoy significant competitive advantages due to their nationwide distribution networks, longeroperating histories, larger customer bases and settlement capabilities. Moreover, many product partners with whom we currently haverelationships, such as private equity investment firms, are also engaged in, or may in the future engage in, the distribution of third-partyinvestment products and may benefit from the integration of investment products with their other product offerings.Table of Contents41Our failure to respond to rapid product innovation in the financial industry in a timely and cost-effective manner may have an adverseeffect on our business and operating results.The financial industry is increasingly influenced by frequent new product and service introductions and evolving industrystandards. We believe that our future success will depend on our ability to continue to anticipate product and service innovations and tooffer additional products and services that meet evolving standards on a timely and cost-effective basis. There is a risk that we may notsuccessfully identify new product and service opportunities or develop and introduce these opportunities in a timely and cost-effectivemanner. In addition, products and services that our competitors develop or introduce may render our products and services lesscompetitive. As a result, our failure to respond to product and service innovation that may affect our industry in the future may have amaterial adverse effect on our business and results of operations.If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report ourresults of operations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be materially and adverselyaffected.As a public company in the United States, we are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-OxleyAct of 2002, or Section 404, requires that we include a report from management on the effectiveness of its internal control over financialreporting in our annual report on Form 20-F. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on theeffectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2022. Ourindependent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on our management’s assessment of our internal control overfinancial report and has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective in all material aspects.However, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified,supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controlover financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. If we fail to maintain an effective internal control system, our financial statementscould contain material misstatements and we could fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to loseconfidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, andlead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs.Adverse changes in China’s or global economic and political policies could materially and adversely affect our business, financialcondition and results of operations.Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operationsand financial condition, and continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital marketsto meet potential liquidity needs.Table of Contents42Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and politicalpolicies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Since we derive the majority of our revenues from ouroperations in China, our business and prospects may be affected by economic, political and legal developments or changes in the financialmarkets in China. Our revenues ultimately depend on the appetite of our clients to invest in the investment products we distribute ormanage, which in turn depend on their level of disposable income, perceived future earnings and willingness to invest. As there are stillsubstantial uncertainties in the current and future conditions in the global and China’s economies, our clients may reduce or delay theirinvestment in the financial markets in general, and defer or forgo the purchase of products we distribute or manage. We may havedifficulty expanding our client base fast enough, or at all, to offset the impact of decreased investment by our existing clients. Additionally,our business and prospects are directly affected by the inherent risks associated with the capital markets in China, such as market volatility,overall investment sentiments, fluctuations in capital raising and trading volumes and the creditworthiness of the securities industry.Securities market volatility could discourage investor confidence and reduce securities trading and corporate finance activities, which, inturn, may negatively affect the commission income, recurring service fees and performance-based income we earn from our wealthmanagement and asset management businesses due to reduced value of our wealth management and asset management portfolio andincreased client redemptions. Moreover, insolvencies associated with an economic downturn could adversely affect our business throughthe loss of investment product providers or clients or by hampering our ability to place business. Any prolonged slowdown in the global orChina’s economy may lead to reduced investment in the products we distribute or manage, which could materially and adversely affect ourfinancial condition and results of operations. Specifically, owners of small to medium enterprises and our other entrepreneur clients whoface pressures in business operations and cash flow because of the COVID-19 outbreak might reduce their transaction volumes with us.In addition, our results of operations may also be affected by geopolitical events and other developments beyond our control,which may in turn adversely affect the economic and market conditions in China and globally. There have been concerns over unrest andterrorist threats in the Middle East, Europe and elsewhere, as well as over the conflicts involving Ukraine, Syria and North Korea. Forexample, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has resulted in an escalated regional instability, amplified the existing geopoliticaltension among Russia and other countries in the region and in the west, as well as adversely affected commodity and other financialmarkets or economic conditions. The United States, European Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and other countries have imposed,and may further impose, financial and economic sanctions and export controls targeting certain Russian entities and/or individuals, whichcould adversely affect the global economy and financial markets, even though we do not have any direct exposure to Russia or theadjoining geographic regions. The duration of such conflict and the related sanctions, as well as their impact on the global financialmarkets, cannot be predicted. In addition, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and Chinawith respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Furthermore, there is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the monetary and fiscal policies adopted by central banks and financial authorities in some of the world’s leadingeconomies, including the United States and China.Moreover, a slowdown in the global or Chinese economy or the recurrence of any financial disruptions may have a material andadverse impact on financings available to us. The weakness in the economy could erode investors’ confidence, which constitutes the basisof the equity markets. Any financial turmoil affecting the financial markets and banking system may significantly restrict our ability toobtain financing in the capital markets or from financial institutions on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Although we areuncertain about the extent to which any global financial and economic crisis or slowdown of the China’s economy may impact ourbusiness, there is a risk that our business, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected by any globaleconomic downturn or any prolonged slowdown of the China’s economy.Our business is subject to the risks associated with international operations.International expansion is an important component of our growth strategy, with revenues from countries and regions outside ofmainland China representing 26.5% of our total revenues in 2022. Expanding our business overseas exposes us to a number of risks,including but not limited to:●our ability to select the appropriate geographical regions for international expansion;●difficulty in understanding local markets and culture and complying with unfamiliar laws and regulations;●unexpected legal or regulatory changes in local markets;Table of Contents43●fluctuations in currency exchange rates;●difficulty in identifying appropriate partners and establishing and maintaining good cooperative relationships with them;●difficulty in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel;●potentially adverse tax consequences; and●increased costs associated with doing business in foreign jurisdictions.We may face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.In addition to the impact of COVID-19, our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, healthepidemics or other public safety concerns affecting China or elsewhere in the world. Natural disasters may give rise to server interruptions,breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data ormalfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide services. There have been outbreaks of epidemics inChina and globally, which could disrupt our business operation. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to theextent that any health epidemic harms the Chinese economy in general and a prolonged outbreak of any of these illnesses or other adversepublic health developments in China or elsewhere. Such outbreaks could significantly impact our industry, and any failure to have ourbusiness insurance claims covered could severely disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business, financial condition and resultsof operations.Our headquarters is located in Shanghai, where most of our management and employees currently reside. Our relationshipmanagers are based in 75 cities in mainland China, and various offices overseas. Consequently, if any natural disasters, health epidemicsor other public safety concerns were to affect Shanghai and other locations where our offices reside in, our operation may experiencematerial disruptions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are alsovulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events may give rise to server or service interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technologyplatform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware, as well asadversely affect our ability to provide products and services. Our business operation could also be disrupted if any of our employees aresuspected of having contracted any contagious disease or condition, since it could require our employees to be quarantined or our officesto be closed down and disinfected. All of these may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition inthe near terms. Additionally, if the outbreak persists or escalates, we may be subject to further negative impact on our business operationsor financial condition.In addition, our business, results of operations, financial conditions and prospects could also be adversely affected to the extentthat any natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks harms the Chinese and global economies in general.Certain of the investment products we distribute or manage have real estate or real estate-related businesses as underlying assets.These products are subject to the risks inherent in the construction, development, ownership and operation of real estate, as well asrisks associated with regulatory and policy changes affecting the real estate industry in China.Certain investment products that we distribute or manage have real estate or real estate-related business in China as theirunderlying assets. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, the total value of investment products that we distributed with real estate or real estate-relatedbusinesses as the underlying assets accounted for 0.8%, 0.9% and 1.9% of the total value of all the products we distributed, respectively.Real estate investments as a percentage of our total AUM were 8.3%, 4.3% and 4.3% in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Our real estateinvestments primarily include two properties in Shanghai and seven properties in the United States.Table of Contents44Although we are not exposed to risks related to high yield bonds issued by Chinese residential real estate developers, suchproducts are still subject to the risks inherent in the ownership and operation of real estate and real estate-related businesses and assets.These risks include those associated with the burdens of ownership of real property, general and local economic conditions, changes insupply of and demand for competing properties in an area, natural disasters, changes in government regulations, changes in real propertytax rates, changes in interest rates, the reduced availability of mortgage funds, which may render the sale or refinancing of propertiesdifficult or impracticable, and other factors that are beyond our control.In particular, the real estate industry in China is subject to governmental regulation and policy changes. The PRC governmentexerts considerable direct and indirect influence on the development of the real estate sector by imposing various industry policies andother economic measures. Specifically, in the past few years, PRC governments at both national and local levels have adopted numerouspolicies to slow down the surge of real estate prices and to curb speculative buying through more stringent implementation of residentialprice control measures, some of which were subsequently cancelled when the market turned softer. Such measures may adversely impactthe real estate market, dissuade potential purchasers from making purchases, reduce transaction volume, cause a decline in selling prices,and prevent developers from raising capitals they need and increase developers’ costs to start new projects. In addition, we cannot assureyou that the PRC government will not adopt new measures in the future that may result in lower growth rates in the real estate industry.Frequent changes in government policies may also create uncertainty that could discourage investment in the real estate sector.Any failure to ensure cybersecurity or protection of our clients’ personal data or privacy could lead to legal liabilities, adversely affectour reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.Our services involve the exchange of information, including personal and financial information related to our clients in a varietyof electronic and non-electronic means.We face risks inherent in handling large volumes of data and protecting such data, particularly concerning transactions and otheractivities that take place on our platform, including but not limited to:●protecting the data on our system, including against attacks on our system by outside parties or fraudulent behaviors by ouremployees;●addressing concerns related to privacy and data-sharing, safety, security and other factors; and●complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations relating to the collection, use, disclosure or security of personalinformation, including any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to such data.There have been many media reports about different financial services companies, consumer-based companies, governmentalagencies and other organizations involving unauthorized disclosure of confidential information related to their clients or users in recentyears, as well as cyber-attacks involving the dissemination, theft and destruction of corporate information or other assets, which resulted inthird-party claims or actions against these companies. There have also been incidents where hackers have requested “ransom” payments inexchange for not disclosing client information or for restoring access to information or systems.We are occasionally the target of attempted cyber-attacks, including denial-of-service attacks, and we continuously monitor anddevelop our systems to protect our technology infrastructure and data from misappropriation or corruption. We may face an increasingnumber of attempted cyber-attacks as we expand our mobile- and other Internet-based products and services, as well as our usage ofmobile technologies and as we provide more of these services to a greater number of individual clients. In addition, in collaboration withthird-party vendors and their respective service providers, agents, exchanges, clearing houses and other financial institutions, we could beadversely impacted if any of them is subject to a successful cyber-attack or other information security event. These effects could includethe loss of access to information or services from the third party subject to the cyber-attack or other security breach, which could, in turn,interrupt certain of our businesses.Table of Contents45Our efforts in enhancing the security of our systems and information may not be successful in anticipating, detecting orimplementing effective preventive measures against all cyber threats, especially because the techniques used are increasinglysophisticated, change frequently and are often not recognized until attacks are launched. Cyber-attacks can originate from a variety ofsources. Any system failure or security breach or lapse that results in the leakage of user data could harm our reputation and brand and,consequently, our business, in addition to exposing us to potential legal liability. We rely on a complex network of process and softwarecontrols to protect the confidentiality of data provided to us or stored on our systems. If we do not maintain adequate internal controls orfail to implement new or improved controls as necessary, we may experience data misappropriation or breach of confidentiality. We couldbe subject to liability if we inappropriately disclose any client’s personal information, or if third parties are able to penetrate our networksecurity or otherwise gain access to any client’s name, address, portfolio holdings, or other personal information stored by us. Any suchevent could subject us to claims for identity theft or other similar fraud claims or claims for other misuses of personal information, such asunauthorized marketing or unauthorized access to personal information. In addition, such events would cause our clients to lose their trustand confidence in us, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.In addition, as we provide investment product distribution services for product partners, we may have to share certain personalinformation of our investors with contracted product partners, such as names, addresses, phone numbers and transaction accounts. Wehave limited control or influence over the security policies or measures adopted by such product partners. Any compromise or failure ofthe information security measures of these product partners could also have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business,prospects, financial condition and results of operations.The proper functioning of our technology platforms is essential to our business. Any significant failure in our information technologysystems could have a material adverse effect on our business and profitability.Our business is highly dependent on the ability of our information technology systems to timely process a large amount ofinformation relating to the investment products and services we provide to our clients. The proper functioning of our financial control,accounting, product database, client database, client service and other data processing systems, together with the communication systemsbetween our various service centers and our headquarters in Shanghai, is critical to our business and to our ability to compete effectively.In particular, we rely on our online service platforms, including our website www.noah-fund.com and our mobile applications, such asWeNoah, Fund Smile and iNoah, to provide our clients with updated information about the products they purchased. Maintaining andimproving our technology infrastructure requires a significant level of investment. Any failure to maintain satisfactory performance,reliability, security and availability of our network infrastructure could result in the unavailability or slowdown of our website or reducedorder fulfillment performance and cause significant harm to our reputation and our ability to attract and maintain users. Serverinterruptions, breakdowns or system failures in the cities where we maintain our servers and system hardware, including failures that maybe attributable to sustained power shutdowns, or other events within or outside our control, could reduce the volume of products sold andthe attractiveness of product offerings on our platform. We maintain our backup system hardware and operate our back-end infrastructure,but such backup may not be effective in addressing any of the foregoing problems. Our network systems are also vulnerable to damagefrom computer viruses, fire, flood, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer hacking and similar events. Althoughwe have not experienced any major system failures, any such future occurrences could reduce client satisfaction, damage our reputationand may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could reduce demands for our products andservices, adversely affect our revenues and harm our competitive position.We rely primarily on a combination of copyrights, trade secret, trademarks, competition laws and contractual arrangements toprotect our intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that the steps we have taken or will take in the future to protect ourintellectual property rights will be sufficient. The implementation, enforcement and scope of protection of intellectual property-relatedlaws in China is evolving and may be subject to uncertainties. Current or potential competitors may use our intellectual property withoutauthorization to develop products and services that are substantially equivalent or superior to ours, which could reduce demands for oursolutions and services, adversely affect our operational results and harm our competitive position. Even if we are able to discover evidenceof infringement or misappropriation, our recourse against such competitors may be limited or we may have to pursue litigation, whichcould involve substantial costs and diversion of our management’s attention from the operation of our business.Table of Contents46We may face intellectual property infringement claims against us, which could be time-consuming and costly to defend and may resultin the loss of significant rights by us.Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time-consuming and could divert resources and management attention from theoperation of our business even if the claim is without merit. Although we have not been subject to any litigation, pending or threatened,alleging infringement of third parties’ intellectual property rights, we cannot assure you that such infringement claims will not be assertedagainst us in the future. If there is a successful claim of infringement, we may be required to alter our services, cease certain activities, paysubstantial royalties and damages to, and obtain one or more licenses from, third parties. We may not be able to obtain those licenses oncommercially acceptable terms, or at all. Any of those consequences could reduce our revenues, impair our client relationships and harmour reputation.Confidentiality agreements with employees, product partners and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of our trade secrets andother proprietary information.We require our employees, product partners and others to enter into confidentiality agreements in order to protect our tradesecrets, other proprietary information and, most importantly, our client information. These agreements might not effectively preventdisclosure of our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information and might not provide an adequate remedy in the event ofunauthorized disclosure of such confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietaryinformation, and in such cases we could not assert any trade secret rights against such parties. We may be subject to costly and time-consuming litigations to protect or defend ourselves in these incidents, which may materially and adversely affect our business andfinancial condition.Our future success depends to a certain extent on our continuing efforts to retain our existing management team and other keyemployees as well as to attract, integrate and retain highly skilled and qualified personnel, and our business may be disrupted if ourefforts are unsuccessful.Our future success depends to a certain extent on the continued services of our current executive officers and senior managementteam. We also rely on the skills, experience and efforts of other key employees, including management, marketing, support, research anddevelopment, technical and services personnel. Qualified employees are in high demand across the financial service industries in China,and our future success depends on our ability to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled employees and the ability of our executiveofficers and other members of our senior management to work effectively as a team.If one or more of our executive officers or other key employees are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, wemay not be able to find replacements easily, which may disrupt our business operations. We do not have key personnel insurance in place.If any of our executive officers or other key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose clients, know-how,key professionals and staff members. Each of our executive officers has entered into an employment agreement with us, which containsconfidentiality and non-competition provisions. However, if any dispute arises between our executive officers and us, we cannot assureyou of the extent to which any of these agreements could be enforced in China.If we fail to attract and retain qualified relationship managers, our business could suffer.We rely on our relationship managers to develop and maintain relationships with our clients for our wealth management business.Our relationship managers serve as our day-to-day contacts with our clients and carry out a substantial portion of the client services wedeliver. Their professional competence and approachability are essential to establishing and maintaining our brand image. We rely on ourrelationship managers to distribute investment products, from which we derive substantially all of our revenues. As we further grow ourbusiness and expand into new cities and regions, we have an increasing demand for professional relationship managers. We have beenactively recruiting and will continue to recruit qualified relationship managers to join our coverage network. However, there is noassurance that we can recruit and retain sufficient relationship managers to support our further growth. In some of the regions where wehave recently established or plan to establish service centers, the talent pool from which we can recruit relationship managers is smallerthan in national economic centers such as Shanghai and Beijing. Even if we could recruit sufficient relationship managers, we may have toincur disproportional training and administrative expenses in order to prepare our local recruits for their job. If we are unable to attract,train and retain highly productive relationship managers, our business could be materially and adversely affected. Competition forrelationship managers may also force us to increase the compensation of our relationship managers, which would increase operating costand reduce our profitability.Table of Contents47We may be subject to domestic and overseas anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist financing and sanctions relatedlaws and regulations and any failure by us to comply with such laws and regulations could damage our reputation, expose us tosignificant penalties, and decrease our income and profitability.We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist financing and sanctions related laws and regulations inthe PRC and other jurisdictions where we operate. These laws and regulations require wealth management providers to establish soundinternal control policies and procedures with respect to the relevant monitoring and reporting activities. Such policies and proceduresrequire us to, among other things, establish a customer identification system in accordance with relevant rules, record the details ofcustomer activities and report suspicious transactions to relevant authorities.While we have adopted policies and procedures aimed at detecting and preventing the use of our services to facilitate moneylaundering activities, terrorist acts or business of sanctioned persons, such policies and procedures may not completely eliminate instancesin which we may be used by other parties to engage in money laundering and other illegal or improper activities without our knowledge.In addition, there is no assurance that our employees will always abide by our anti-corruption and integrity policies. In the event that wefail to fully comply with applicable laws and regulations, the relevant government agencies may impose fines or other penalties against us,and our reputation, financial condition and results of operations may be negatively affected.We have limited insurance coverage.Insurance companies in mainland China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companiesin more developed economies. For example, while we are able to obtain professional indemnity insurance in Hong Kong for ouroperations located there, such insurance offerings are rare in mainland China. Other than casualty insurance on some of our assets, anddirectors, supervisors and senior executives’ liability insurance, we do not have commercial insurance coverage on our other assets and wedo not have insurance to cover our business or interruption of our business, litigation or product liability. We have determined that thecosts of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make itimpractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured occurrence of loss or damage to property, litigation or business disruption mayresult in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations andfinancial condition.A downgrade in our credit rating could restrict our access to, and negatively impact the terms of, current or future financings.Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings (“S&P”) has given us an investment grade long-term credit rating. We cannot provideassurance that our current rating will remain in effect for any given period of time or will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by S&P if,in its judgment, circumstances so warrant. Any decision by S&P to downgrade our rating in the future, or any rating by other ratingagencies below our current S&P rating, particularly below investment grade, could restrict our access to, and negatively impact the termsand conditions of future financings. Specifically, if our rating is downgraded and we decide to conduct more financings, such as obtainingbank loans, our borrowing costs would increase. In addition, we may not be able to obtain favorable credit terms or lenders may require usto provide collateral, letters of credit, or other forms of security, which would increase our operating costs.We have granted, and may continue to grant, share options and other forms of share-based incentive plans, which may result inincreased share-based compensation expenses.We have adopted the Share Incentive Plans for the purposes of attracting and retaining the best available personnel by linking thepersonal interests of our employees to our success and by providing such individuals with an incentive for outstanding performance togenerate superior returns for the Shareholders. As of December 31, 2022, there were 925,473 options to purchase ordinary sharesoutstanding, and 89,855 restricted shares had been issued and were outstanding under the 2010 and 2017 Share Incentive Plan. In 2020,2021 and 2022, we recorded share-based compensation expenses of RMB59.8 million, RMB51.0 million and RMB42.3 million (US$6.1million), respectively.We believe the granting of share-based compensation is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personneland employees, and we will continue to grant share-based compensation to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associatedwith share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.Table of Contents48We are subject to credit risk.We are subject to credit risk related to accounts receivable, amounts due from related parties and loans receivable, and anysignificant default on our receivables could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. Asof December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, our accounts receivables amounted to RMB434.5 million, RMB808.0 million and RMB498.1million (US$72.2 million), respectively, our amounts due from related parties amounted to RMB520.2 million, RMB451.4 million andRMB443.4 million (US$64.3 million), respectively, and our loans receivable amounted to RMB418.9 million, RMB595.8 million andRMB465.8 million (US$67.5 million). We may not be able to collect all such receivables due to a variety of factors that are beyond ourcontrol. For example, fund investors may not satisfy their contractual obligation to fund capital calls when requested by Gopher or otherfund managers of the funds. This may result in shortfalls in capital and may affect the ability of our funds to consummate investments andadversely affect our ability to receive service fees and other income. If we are not able to effectively manage the credit risk associated withour receivables, or if one or more counterparties run into financial difficulties, this could result in losses for us. The performance of ourfunds may also be affected by credit risk, which could have an adverse effect on our income.Fluctuation of fair value change of short-term and long-term investments that we made and valuation uncertainty of other long-terminvestments measured at fair value due to the use of unobservable inputs may adversely affect our financial condition, results ofoperations, and prospects.From time to time, we purchase short-term investments, which mainly include held-to-maturity investments, available-for-saleinvestments, trading debt securities and investments held by consolidated investment funds measured at fair value, and long-terminvestments, which consist of investments in several private equity funds as a limited partner and equity investments of common shares ofseveral companies. The methodologies that we use to assess the fair value of the short-term and long-term investments involve asignificant degree of management judgment and are inherently uncertain. We are exposed to credit risks in relation to our short-term andlong-term investments, which may adversely affect the net changes in their fair value. As of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, we hadshort-term investments of RMB114.9 million, RMB92.8 million and RMB316.0 million (US$45.8 million), and long term investments ofRMB536.4 million, RMB668.6 million and RMB774.1 million (US$112.2 million), respectively. In addition, certain of our other long-term investments are measured at fair value with significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation techniques. Changes in any of theseunobservable inputs may result in changes of the valuation of our other long-term investments measured at fair value, which leads touncertainty in accounting estimation. We cannot assure you that market conditions will create gains on our short-term and long-terminvestments or we will not incur any fair value losses or impairment losses on our short-term and long-term investments in the future. Ifwe incur such fair value losses or impairment losses, our financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be adverselyaffected.We are subject to risk of recoverability of deferred tax assets.We recorded deferred tax assets of RMB224.2 million, RMB335.9 million, RMB436.4 million (US$63.3 million), respectively, asof December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. We periodically assess the probability of the realization of deferred tax assets, using significantjudgments and estimates with respect to, among other things, the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses, forecasts of futureprofitability, the duration of statutory carry forward periods, our experience with tax attributes expiring unused and tax planningalternatives. Our ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on the ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carry forwardperiods provided for in the tax law. Any changes in management’s judgment as well as our future taxable profits and tax planningstrategies would affect the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets to be recognized and the recoverability of deferred tax assets recognizedin our consolidated financial statements, and therefore could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results ofoperation in future years.Table of Contents49Our investments in affiliates may not be successful and we may incur significant losses or be subject to liquidity risk as a result.Our investments in affiliates primarily consist of (i) investments in affiliated companies, over which we had significant influencegenerally through an ownership interest of 20% or higher, but not considered as control, and (ii) investments in funds that we served asgeneral partner or fund manager, including Gopher Transform Private Fund, real estate funds and real estate funds of funds, private equityfunds of funds, and other public securities funds of funds. We may not be successful in achieving the strategic objective upon which anygiven investment or joint venture is premised, and we could lose all or part of our investment. As of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022,we recorded investments in affiliates of RMB1,264.7 million, RMB1,402.1 million and RMB1,491.8 million (US$216.3 million),respectively. We recognized impairment losses on investments in affiliates of RMB38.2 million, nil and RMB0.5 million (US$0.1 million)for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, which were recorded as income from equity in affiliates in theconsolidated statements of operations. Therefore, any such losses may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, and inparticular, our net income or loss.In addition, our investments in affiliates are relatively illiquid as there is no cash flow until proceeds from the disposal ofinvestments and payments of dividends, among others, have been received. We cannot predict whether such entities will declare anydividends or make any other distributions to us. Therefore, the illiquidity nature of our investments in affiliates may limit our ability torespond to adverse changes in the performance of such investees and subject us to liquidity risk, which may in turn materially andadversely affect our financial condition and result or operations.The government subsidies received by us were nonrecurring in nature.For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, certain government subsidies of RMB113.4 million, RMB115.9 millionand RMB129.5 million (US$18.8 million), respectively, were granted to us as incentives for our investing and operating in certain localdistricts in the PRC. These government subsidies are non-recurring in nature and the amounts of these subsidies were subject to thediscretion of local governments and there were no fulfilled conditions or contingencies. There is no assurance that we will receive suchgovernment subsidies for future financial years.Risks Related to Our ADSs and Ordinary SharesThe market price for our ADSs and/or ordinary hares may continue to be volatile.The trading prices of our ADSs have been, and are likely to continue to be, volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factorsbeyond our control. The trading prices of our ADSs in NYSE ranged from US$12.78 to US$33.57 per ADS in 2022. Moreover, as wecompleted our global offerings and listing in Hong Kong in July 13, 2022, the trading price of our ordinary shares can be volatile forsimilar or different reasons. The trading prices of our ordinary shares in Hong Kong Stock Exchange ranged from HK$200.8 to HK$307.8per ordinary share in 2022. In addition, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations thatmay or may not relate to our operating performance, which may have a material and adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs and/orordinary shares. In particular, volatility in the PRC stock markets in the last few years has resulted in some volatility in the trading pricesof most China-based companies whose shares are traded in Hong Kong and/or the United States. The market price for our ADSs and/orordinary shares is likely to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:●variation in our revenues, earnings, cash flow and data related to our user base or user engagement;●regulatory developments in our target markets affecting us, our clients or our competitors;●announcements of studies and reports relating to the quality of our products and services or those of our competitors;●changes in the performance or market valuations of other companies in the industries in which we operate;●actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and changes or revisions of our expected results;●changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;Table of Contents50●detrimental adverse publicity about us or our industry;●conditions in the industries in which we operate;●announcements by us or our competitors of new services, investments, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures orcapital commitments;●addition or departure of key personnel;●fluctuations of exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar;●release or expiry of transfer restrictions on our outstanding ordinary shares or ADSs.●sales or perceived potential sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs; and●potential litigation or regulatory investigations.In addition, the market prices for China-based companies listed in the United States and/or Hong Kong have experiencedvolatility that might have been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The substantial declines in the market prices ofthe securities of China-based companies may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States and/orHong Kong in general, which consequently may impact the market price of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares, regardless of our actualoperating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inappropriate corporate governance practices or corporatestructure, fraudulent accounting or other matters of some China-based companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investorstowards China-based companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities.The global financial crisis and the ensuing economic recessions in many countries have contributed and may continue tocontribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets, such as the large declines in share prices in the United States, mainland China,Hong Kong and other jurisdictions at various times since 2008. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect theprices of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, shareholders of a public company haveoften instituted securities class action suits against us following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. Ifwe were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from ourbusiness and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Anysuch class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition,if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect onour financial condition and results of operations.The volatility resulting from any of the above factors may affect the price at which you could sell the ADSs and/or ordinaryshares.Table of Contents51There is no assurance if and when we will pay dividends in the future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSsand/or ordinary shares as a source of future dividend income.Though our board of directors has approved and adopted a new dividend policy on August 10, 2022, according to which, innormal circumstances, the annual dividends to be declared and distributed in each calendar year shall be, in principle, no less than 10% ofthe Group’s non-GAAP net income attributable to the Shareholders of the preceding financial year as reported in the our audited annualreports, the dividend policy shall in no way constitute a legally binding commitment by us in respect of our future dividend and/or in noway obligate us to declare a dividend at any time or from time to time. There can be no assurance that dividends will be paid in anyparticular amount for any given year. In addition, our shareholders by ordinary resolution may approve or disapprove the proposeddividend distribution proposal by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on itsshares out of either profit or share premium amount, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in ourcompany being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declareand pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results ofoperations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries,our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. We may not declare anydividend in the future, and even if we do so, any future dividend may be less than those historically declared. Therefore, you should notrely on an investment in our ADSs and/or ordinary shares as a source of future dividend income. Accordingly, the return on yourinvestment in our ADSs and/or ordinary shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs and/or ordinaryshares. There is no guarantee that our ADSs and/or ordinary shares will appreciate in value or even maintain their current price.Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares in the public market could cause the price ofour ADSs and/or ordinary shares to decline.Additional sales of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, couldcause the market price of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares to decline. Such sales also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity orequity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. If any existing shareholder or shareholders sell asubstantial amount of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares, the prevailing market price for our ADSs and/or ordinary shares could beadversely affected. In addition, if we pay for our future acquisitions in whole or in part with additionally issued ordinary shares, yourownership interests in our company would be diluted and this, in turn, could have a material and adverse effect on the price of our ADSsand/or ordinary shares.Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the trading price of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares.Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third-party with theintention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in thevalue of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects topay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many shortsellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order tocreate negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past,led to selling of shares in the market.Public companies listed in the United States that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of shortselling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financialreporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherencethereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and externalinvestigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions.Table of Contents52It is not clear what effect such negative publicity could have on us. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorableallegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources toinvestigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may beconstrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable statelaw or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming and could distract our management fromgrowing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact ourbusiness operations and shareholder’s equity, and any investment in our ADSs and/or ordinary shares could be greatly reduced or renderedworthless.If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change theirrecommendations regarding our ADSs and/or ordinary shares, the market price for our ADSs and/or ordinary shares and tradingvolume could decline.The trading market for our ADSs and/or ordinary shares will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securitiesanalysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs and/or ordinary shares, the market pricefor our ADSs and/or ordinary shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publishreports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSsand/or ordinary shares to decline.Our memorandum and articles of association contain provisions that could discourage a third party from seeking to obtain control ofour company, which could adversely affect the interests of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs by limiting their opportunities tosell them at a premium.Our sixth amended memorandum and articles of association contain certain provisions that could limit the ability of others toacquire control of our company, including provisions that, subject to the requirements under the Hong Kong Listing Rule, grant to ourboard of directors the authority to issue shares, grant rights over existing shares or issue other securities in one or more series as they deemnecessary and appropriate and determine designations, powers, preferences, privileges and other righsts, including dividend rights,conversion rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the powers and rightsassociated with Shares held by existing Members, at such time and on such other term as they think proper. The provisions could have theeffect of depriving holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs of the opportunity to sell their shares or ADSs at a premium over the prevailingmarket price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions.The voting rights of holders of our ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and holders of our ADSs may not be able toexercise their right to direct the voting of the underlying shares represented by their ADSs.Holders of our ADSs may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our ordinary shares. Except as described in thisannual report and in the deposit agreement for the ADSs, holders of our ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to theshares represented by our ADSs on an individual basis. Holders of our ADSs will appoint the depositary or its nominee as theirrepresentative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the shares represented by the ADSs. Holders of our ADSs may not receive votingmaterials in time to instruct the depositary to vote, and it is possible that holders of our ADSs, or persons who hold their ADSs throughbrokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote.Under the deposit agreement, if holders of our ADSs do not give voting instructions to the depositary as to how to vote theunderlying shares represented by their ADSs, the depositary will give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the sharesrepresented by their ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless:●we have failed to timely provide the depositary with notice of meeting and related voting materials;●we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given;●we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting;●a matter to be voted on at the meeting would have a material adverse impact on shareholders; orTable of Contents53●the voting at the meeting is to be made by show of hands.The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if holders of our ADSs fail to give voting instructions to the depositary as to how tovote the underlying shares represented by their ADSs at any particular shareholders’ meeting, they cannot prevent such shares representedby their ADSs from being voted at that meeting, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult forshareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.Holders of our ADSs may not be able to participate in any future rights offerings, which may cause dilution to their holdings andholders of our ADSs may not receive cash dividends if it is impractical to make them available to ADS holders.We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders and other parties, including rights to acquire our securities. Forinstance, in connection with the settlement of the Camsing Incident, we voluntarily made an ex gratia settlement offer to affected clients.An affected client accepting the offer shall receive restricted share units, which upon vesting will become ordinary shares of our company.The maximum number of ordinary shares to be issued by our company to these settled clients would account for approximately 9.3% ofthe total issued shares of our company as of December 31, 2022. Such settlement plan will, and any future settlement plan may dilute theholdings of ADS holders in our company.However, we cannot make rights available to ADS holders in the United States unless we register both the rights and thesecurities to which the rights relate under the U.S. Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Underthe deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to ADS holders unless both the rights and the underlying securities tobe distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the U.S. Securities Act or exempt from registration under the U.S. Securities Act.We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such aregistration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the U.S.Securities Act. Accordingly, ADS holders may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in theirholdings.The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to holders of our ADSs the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodianreceives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. Holders of our ADSs will receive thesedistributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares their ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decidethat it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determinethat it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost ofmailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to holders of our ADSs.Holders of our ADSs may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.Our ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time orfrom time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse todeliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we orthe depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under anyprovision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.Table of Contents54We incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.As a public company listed in the United States and Hong Kong, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses thatwe did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the NYSE andthe Hong Kong Listing Rules, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We expect theserules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming andcostlier. As we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial managementeffort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules andregulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we need to increase the number of independent directorsand adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. Operating as a public company will make it moredifficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policylimits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we incur additional costsassociated with our public company reporting requirements in the United States and Hong Kong. It may also be more difficult for us tofind qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers.We may be involved in class action lawsuits in the United States and Hong Kong in the future. Companies that have experiencedvolatility in the volume and market prices of their shares have been subject to an increased incidence of securities class action litigation.We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert ourmanagement’s attention from other business concerns, and, if adversely determined, could have a material adverse effect on our business,financial condition and results of operations.Holders of our ordinary shares and/or ADSs may have difficulty effecting service of process and enforcing judgments obtained againstus, our directors and our management, and the ability of U.S. or Hong Kong authorities to bring and enforce actions in the PRC mayalso be limited.We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct a substantial portion of ouroperations in the PRC and substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States and Hong Kong. In addition, a majority ofour directors and officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and Hong Kong and a substantial portionof their assets are located outside the United States and Hong Kong. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for our shareholders toeffect service of process or bring an action against us or against them in the United States or in Hong Kong in the event that ourshareholders believe that their rights have been infringed under the securities laws of the United States, Hong Kong or otherwise. Even ifour shareholders are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands, the PRC or other relevant jurisdictionmay render our shareholders unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. In addition, theU.S. or Hong Kong authorities may also have difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against us or our directors or officers in theCayman Islands or the PRC.We have been advised by Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, that in thosecircumstances, although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States or HongKong, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdictionwithout retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor anobligation to pay the liquidated sum for which judgment has been given, provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign moneyjudgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be (i)in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, (ii) inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, (iii) impeachable onthe grounds of fraud or (iv) obtained in a manner, nor be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the publicpolicy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A CaymanIslands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.Table of Contents55Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time,and by the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against us and ourdirectors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors are to a large extent governed by the common law ofthe Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in theCayman Islands as well as from English common law, which provides persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the CaymanIslands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established asthey would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States or Hong Kong. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a lessdeveloped body of securities laws than the United States or Hong Kong and provides significantly less protection to investors. In addition,Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in U.S. federal courts or Hong Kong courts.We have been advised by Zhong Lun Law Firm that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for underPRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of PRC CivilProcedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on reciprocity betweenjurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other form of reciprocity with the United States or the Cayman Islands that provide forthe reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign civil judgments. In addition, some of our directors and senior executive officersreside within China for a significant portion of the time and are PRC nationals. According to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, courts in thePRC will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basicprinciples of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for our shareholdersto effect service of process upon us or these persons inside China, and it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court wouldenforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States or in the Cayman Islands. Furthermore, shareholder claims that are common inthe United States, including securities law class actions and fraud claims, may be difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in thePRC. Under the PRC Civil Procedures Law, foreign shareholders may originate actions based on PRC law against a company in the PRCfor disputes if they can establish sufficient nexus to the PRC for a PRC court to have jurisdiction, and meet other procedural requirements,including, among others, that the plaintiff must have a direct interest in the case, and that there must be a concrete claim, a factual basisand a cause for the suit. It will be, however, difficult for U.S. and other shareholders to originate actions against us in the PRC inaccordance with PRC laws because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and it will be difficult for U.S. and othershareholders, only by virtue of holding our ADSs, to establish a connection to the PRC for a PRC court to have jurisdiction as requiredunder the PRC Civil Procedures Law.As a result, our public shareholders and holders of our ADSs may have more difficulty in protecting their interests throughactions against us, our management, our directors or our major shareholders and limited remedies than shareholders of a corporationincorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States or Hong Kong would have.It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matterof law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are certain obstacles to providing information needed for regulatoryinvestigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanismwith the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, suchcooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practicalcooperation mechanisms. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective inMarch 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within theterritory of the PRC. While detailed interpretations of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inabilityfor an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increasedifficulties you may face in protecting your interests.Table of Contents56The different characteristics of the capital markets in Hong Kong and the U.S. may negatively affect the trading prices of our ordinaryshares and/or ADSs.Currently we are subject to both the United States and Hong Kong listing and regulatory requirements concurrently. The HongKong Stock Exchange and the NYSE have different trading hours, trading characteristics (including trading volume and liquidity), tradingand listing rules, and investor bases (including different levels of retail and institutional participation). As a result of these differences, thetrading prices of our ordinary shares and our ADSs may not be the same, even allowing for currency differences. Fluctuations in the priceof our ADSs due to circumstances peculiar to the U.S. capital markets could materially and adversely affect the price of our ordinaryshares, or vice versa. Certain events having significant negative impact specifically on the U.S. capital markets may result in a decline inthe trading price of our ordinary shares notwithstanding that such event may not impact the trading prices of securities listed in HongKong generally or to the same extent, or vice versa. Because of the different characteristics of the U.S. and Hong Kong capital markets,the historical market prices of our ADSs may not be indicative of the trading performance of our ordinary shares.Exchange between our ordinary shares and our ADSs may adversely affect the liquidity and/or trading price of each other.Our ordinary shares are currently traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and our ADSs are currently traded on the NYSE.Subject to U.S. securities law and the terms of the Deposit Agreement, holders of our ordinary shares may deposit ordinary shares with thedepositary in exchange for the issuance of our ADSs. Any holder of ADSs may also withdraw the underlying ordinary shares representedby the ADSs pursuant to the terms of the Deposit Agreement for trading on the Hong Kong Stock Exchang. In the event that a substantialnumber of ordinary shares are deposited with the depositary in exchange for ADSs or vice versa, the liquidity and trading price of ourordinary shares on the Hong Kong Stock Exchang and our ADSs on the NYSE may be adversely affected.The time required for the exchange between ordinary shares and ADSs might be longer than expected and investors might not be ableto settle or effect any sale of their securities during this period, and the exchange of ordinary shares into ADSs involves costs.There is no direct trading or settlement between the NYSE and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on which our ADSs and theordinary shares are respectively traded. In addition, the time differences between Hong Kong and New York and unforeseen marketcircumstances or other factors may delay the deposit of ordinary shares in exchange of ADSs or the withdrawal of ordinary sharesunderlying the ADSs. Investors will be prevented from settling or effecting the sale of their securities during such periods of delay. Inaddition, there is no assurance that any exchange of ordinary shares into ADSs (and vice versa) will be completed in accordance with thetimelines investors may anticipate.Furthermore, the depositary for the ADSs is entitled to charge holders fees for various services, including for the issuance ofADSs upon deposit of ordinary shares, cancelation of ADSs, distributions of cash dividends or other cash distributions, distributions ofADSs pursuant to share dividends or other free share distributions, distributions of securities other than ADSs and annual service fees. Asa result, shareholders who exchange ordinary shares into ADSs, and vice versa, may not achieve the level of economic return theshareholders may anticipate.If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of our ADSs or ordinary shares, such person may be subject to adverseUnited States federal income tax consequences.If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power ofour ADSs or ordinary shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreigncorporation,” or CFC, in our group. Because our group includes one or more United States subsidiaries that are classified as corporationsfor United States federal income tax purposes, in certain circumstances we could be treated as a CFC and certain of our non-United Statessubsidiary corporations could be treated as CFCs (regardless of whether or not we are treated as a CFC).Table of Contents57A United States shareholder of a CFC may be required to annually report and include in its United States taxable income its prorata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income” and investments in United States property by CFCs, whether ornot we make any distributions. An individual who is a United States shareholder with respect to a CFC generally would not be allowedcertain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a corporation that is a United States shareholder. A failure to complywith these reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent starting of thestatute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s United States federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due.We cannot provide any assurance that we will monitor whether we are or any of our non-United States subsidiaries is treated as a CFC orwhether any investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to us or any of our CFC subsidiaries, or that we will furnish toany United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax payingobligations. A United States investor should consult its tax advisor regarding the potential application of these rules in its particularcircumstances.There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which couldresult in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares.We will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if, applyingthe applicable look-through rules, either: (1) at least 75% of our gross income for such year is passive income or (2) at least 50% of thevalue of our assets (generally determined based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable toassets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income.Based on the market price of our ADSs, the value of our assets and the nature and composition of our income and assets, webelieve that we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2022. We believe we were also a PFIC for our taxable year endedDecember 31, 2020, but we do not believe we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2021.PFIC status for a taxable year is based on an annual determination that cannot be made until the close of such taxable year andinvolves extensive factual investigation, including ascertaining the fair market value of all of our assets on a quarterly basis and thecharacter of each item of income that we earn during the relevant taxable year, and is subject to uncertainty in several respects (includingwith respect to our treatment of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes).The determination of whether we will be a PFIC for any taxable year may also depend in part upon the value of our goodwill and otherunbooked intangibles not reflected on our balance sheet (which may depend upon the market price of our ADSs or ordinary shares fromtime to time, which may fluctuate significantly) and also may be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our liquid assets and thecash we generate from our operations and raise in any offering. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for ourcurrent or any future taxable year. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, does not issue rulings with respect to PFIC status, andwe cannot assure you that the IRS, or a court, will agree with any determination we make.Because we believe that we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2022, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10.Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) could be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal incometax consequences and related reporting requirements. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income TaxConsiderations—Passive Foreign Investment Company.”Table of Contents58The Common Reporting Standard could subject us to certain new information reporting and withholding requirements.The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has developed a Common Reporting Standard (the “CRS”) andmodel competent authority agreement to enable the multilateral and automatic exchange of financial account information, which wereadopted by many jurisdictions. Effective on January 1, 2017, CRS and its implementing legislations in mainland China and Hong Kongrequire financial institutions to identify and report the tax residency and account details of non-resident customers to the relevantauthorities in jurisdictions adhering to CRS. On September 6, 2018, the arrangements for the multilateral and automatic exchange offinancial account information between mainland China and Hong Kong officially came into effect. Hong Kong and mainland Chinaconducted the first automatic exchange of financial account information in September 2018, and many jurisdictions (including HongKong) have promised to implement the multilateral and automatic exchange of financial account information. While CRS was modeled onthe U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (the “FATCA”), the scope, coverage and volume under CRS are significantly greater thanthat under FATCA, which requires non-U.S. institutions to report to the IRS if U.S. tax payers have an account with the non-U.S. financialinstitution and have met the standard of the overseas financial assets. As the reporting requirement under CRS is burdensome, we cannotassure you that we will not be adversely affected by the information reporting and withholding requirements imposed by CRS and itsimplementing legislations in mainland China, Hong Kong and other jurisdictions subject to CRS in which we conduct or may conductbusiness in the future.We could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and anti-corruption laws in other applicablejurisdictions.As an NYSE listed company with operations in various countries, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of1977 (the “FCPA”) and other anti-corruption laws and regulations in applicable jurisdictions. The FCPA generally prohibits companiesand their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business.Companies subject to the FCPA may be held liable for actions taken by partners or representatives. We may be subject to these and similaranti-corruption laws in other applicable jurisdictions. Failure to comply with legal requirements could expose us to civil and/or criminalpenalties, including fines, prosecution and significant reputational damage, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business,results of operations, including our relationships with our clients, and our financial results. Compliance with the FCPA and otherapplicable anti-corruption laws and related regulations and policies imposes potentially significant costs and operational burdens on us.Moreover, the compliance and monitoring mechanisms that we have in place, including our Code of Ethics and our anti-bribery and anti-corruption policy, may not adequately prevent or detect all possible violations under applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption legislation.We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the U.S. Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certainprovisions applicable to United States domestic public companies.Because we are a foreign private issuer under the U.S. Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securitiesrules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:●the rules under the U.S. Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-Kwith the SEC;●the sections of the U.S. Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of asecurity registered under the U.S. Exchange Act;●the sections of the U.S. Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activitiesand liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and●the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.Table of Contents59We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend topublish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the NYSE. Press releasesrelating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are requiredto file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S.domestic issuers. As a result, holders of our ADSs may not be afforded the same protections or information, which would be madeavailable to ADS holders, were they investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporategovernance matters that differ significantly from NYSE corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford lessprotection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with NYSE corporate governance listing standards.As a Cayman Islands company listed on the NYSE, we are subject to NYSE corporate governance listing standards. However, theNYSE rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporategovernance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governancelisting standards. Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspectcorporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our memorandum andarticles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by ourshareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain theinformation needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connectionwith a proxy contest. Currently, we elect to rely on home country practices to be exempted from the corporate governance requirements tohave a corporate governance and nominating committee composed entirely of independent directors. Our shareholders may be affordedless protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.There is uncertainty as to whether Hong Kong stamp duty will apply to the trading or conversion of our ADSs.In connection with our public offering of ordinary shares in Hong Kong in July 2022, or the Hong Kong IPO, we established abranch register of members in Hong Kong, or the Hong Kong share register. Our ordinary shares that are traded on the Hong Kong StockExchange, including those issued in the Hong Kong IPO and those that may be converted from ADSs, are registered on the Hong Kongshare register, and the trading of these ordinary shares on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange are subject to the Hong Kong stamp duty. Tofacilitate ADS-ordinary share conversion and trading between the NYSE and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, we have moved a portionof our issued ordinary shares from our Cayman Islands share register to our Hong Kong share register.Under the Hong Kong Stamp Duty Ordinance, any person who effects any sale or purchase of Hong Kong stock, defined as stockthe transfer of which is required to be registered in Hong Kong, is required to pay Hong Kong stamp duty. The stamp duty is currently setat a total rate of 0.26% of the greater of the consideration for, or the value of, shares transferred, with 0.13% payable by each of the buyerand the seller.To the best of our knowledge, Hong Kong stamp duty has not been levied in practice on the trading or conversion of ADSs ofcompanies that are listed in both the United States and Hong Kong and that have maintained all or a portion of their ordinary shares,including ordinary shares underlying ADSs, in their Hong Kong share registers. However, it is unclear whether, as a matter of Hong Konglaw, the trading or conversion of ADSs of these dual-listed companies constitutes a sale or purchase of the underlying Hong Kong-registered ordinary shares that is subject to Hong Kong stamp duty. We advise investors to consult their own tax advisors on this matter. IfHong Kong stamp duty is determined by the competent authority to apply to the trading or conversion of our ADSs, the trading price andthe value of your investment in our ADSs and/or ordinary shares may be affected.Table of Contents60Item 4. Information on the CompanyA.History and Development of the CompanyFounded in August 2005, we are a leading wealth management service provider in the PRC offering comprehensive one-stopadvisory services on global investment and asset allocation primarily for HNW investors.We are an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands with subsidiaries andaffiliated entities primarily in China. In August 2005, our founders started our business when Noah Investment was incorporated. Weexercise effective control over Noah Investment and its subsidiaries through Contractual Arrangements. In 2007, Sequoia Capital China, awell-known venture capital firm based in China, invested in our business. In November 2010, we were listed on the New York StockExchange as the first independent wealth management company from China. In July 2022, we were listed on the Hong Kong StockEchange as the first independent wealth management company listed on both NYSE and Hong Kong Stock Exchange from China.We commenced our asset management business in 2010 when Gopher Asset Management Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries(collectively, “Gopher Asset Management” or “Gopher”) were established. The business scope of Gopher covers private equity andventure capital investment, real estate investment, public securities investment, and multi-strategy investment. In 2012, Noah Upright(formerly known as Noah Upright (Shanghai) Fund Investment Consulting Co. Ltd.), a wholly owned subsidiary of Noah, obtained the“No. 001” fund distribution license issued by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) in China.We officially launched our overseas business expansion in early 2012. We first established Noah HK and obtained Type 1(Dealing in Securities), Type 4 (Advising on Securities), and Type 9 (Asset Management) licenses from the Hong Kong Securities andFutures Commission, Hong Kong SFC or the SFC, as well as an insurance broker license in Hong Kong (China). Subsequently, we furtherexpanded our overseas presence by launching offices in Taiwan (China), Silicon Valley, New York and Singapore. We have obtained andmaintained family trust licenses in Hong Kong and Jersey Island, investment advisor license and insurance brokerage license in the UnitedStates, as well as capital market services license, family trust license and exempt financial advisor license in Singapore.In July 2022, our ordinary shares commenced trading on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange under the stock code“6686”. We raised from our global offering in connection with the listing in Hong Kong approximately HK$315.6 million(US$40.2 million) in net proceeds after deducting underwriters’ commissions and offering expenses. Upon our listing on the Hong KongStock Exchange, all the Class B ordinary shares were converted into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis. Subsequently, noClass B ordinary shares will be issued or outstanding and we will cease to have a dual-class voting structure. On December 23, 2022, weadopted the sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to reflect the removal of the dual-class voting structure,among other things.Our principal executive offices are located at Building 2, Changyang Valley, 1687 Changyang Road, Shanghai, China. In May2021, we purchased office premises with a gross floor area of approximately 72,000 square meters at 218, Shaohong Road, 1226 and1256, South Shenbin Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, which will be used as our new headquarters. Our telephone number is (86) 218035-9221. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309,Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands.B.Business OverviewWe are a leading wealth management service provider in China offering comprehensive one-stop advisory services on globalinvestment and asset allocation primarily for HNW investors. Substantially all our RMB-denominated investment products are managedand distributed in China, and most of our foreign currency denominated products are managed and distributed through our Hong Kongsubsidiary, Noah HK, which serves as our offshore booking center.Table of Contents61With over 18 years of operating experience, we continue to distribute and manage investment products and provide comprehensivefinancial services to our HNW clients globally, while at the same time constantly optimizing and improving our risk and asset managementprocedures to strengthen our core competitiveness.Our Business ModelWe provide comprehensive financial services through our subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities, comprising ourwealth management business, asset management business and other businesses, to our clients. In 2022, our wealth management business,asset management business, and other businesses contributed to 71.0%, 26.9% and 2.1% of our total net revenues, respectively.●Wealth management business. Through the licensed distribution channels operated by our subsidiaries, we offer variousinvestment products, including primarily domestic and overseas mutual fund products, private secondary products and otherproducts, on behalf of our third-party product partners and Gopher, our asset management arm. We also provide customizedvalue-added financial services to our clients, including investor education and trust services.●Asset management business. Through Gopher, our asset management arm, we manage our clients’ investments in privateequity, real estate, public securities, multi-strategy and other investment products. We conduct our domestic assetmanagement business through the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, and overseas asset management business through oursubsidiaries Noah HK and Gopher GP.●Other businesses. This segment mainly includes lending services whereby we make secured loans to creditworthy clientsthrough our subsidiaries. Since the third quarter of 2019, we have decreased lending and other businesses as we strategicallyshifted focus to our core wealth management and asset management businesses.Historically, we also offered private equity products through our wealth management business. Following the enactment of theSupervision Measures on Distribution Institutions of Publicly-Raised Securities Investment Fund, or the Supervision Measures in October2020, which provides that independent fund distribution institutions shall specialize in the distribution of funds that invest in publicsecurities, our wealth management business ceased offering private equity products, and now primarily focuses on distributing mutualfund products and private secondary products. We now provide domestic private equity products only through our asset management arm,Gopher, which forms funds and raises capital directly from our clients.We operate our business to cater to the needs of our clients by leveraging (i) our unique ecosystem with leading product partners, including fund managers and top PE/VC general partners, (ii) a diversified product mix that contributes to a favorable revenue structure with competitive profit margins and delivers successful investment results, and (iii) significant synergies and high operating efficiency. We are a pioneer in China’s HNW wealth management services industry with various market-first achievements, and are the first wealth manager to have built an ecosystem with leading private secondary funds and PE/VC firms in China. Leveraging our early-mover advantage, deep understanding of the industry, strong execution capabilities and rigorous risk management, we have developed a comprehensive set of product offerings in collaboration with our product partners. Table of Contents62Set forth below is a diagram illustrating our unique ecosystem:1Following the enactment of the Supervision Measures in October 2020, we ceased offering domestic private equity products throughour wealth management business, and we now provide domestic private equity products only through our asset management arm,Gopher, which forms funds and raises capital directly from our clients.2Others include insurance products, multi-strategies products and others.Our ClientsWe primarily serve Chinese HNW clients who reside in mainland China or overseas with total investable assets exceedingRMB6.0 million. In addition to individual clients, we also strategically provide services to certain institutional clients, including entitiesaffiliated with such individuals, such as their family offices, as well as other institutional investors. In 2021, we started to provide mutualfunds and related wealth management services to satisfy our corporate and institutional clients’ money market and liquidity managementdemands through our mutual fund SaaS platform, “Smile Treasury”, operated by our PRC subsidiary Noah Upright. We have attracted aloyal and high quality client base, with approximately 35,877 active clients (including mutual fund-only clients) as of December 31, 2022.The table below sets forth certain information regarding our clients as of or for the periods indicated.Year Ended December 31, 2020 2021 2022Number of active clients (excluding mutual fund-only clients) 12,161 12,831 6,520Number of active clients (including mutual fund-only clients) 34,213 42,764 35,877Table of Contents63In order to provide targeted and personalized services to our clients, we classify our clients into five categories based on theirAUA with us, namely ivory, gold, platinum, diamond, and black card clients, with the black card clients being the highest level. Thenumber of our black card clients and diamond card clients reached 2,104 and 7,585 as of December 31, 2022, with an AUA per client ofRMB66.6 million (US$9.7 million) and RMB13.0 million (US$1.9 million), respectively.The table below sets forth the number of our coreclients as of the periods indicated.As of December 31,2020(3)2021(3)2022Number of black card clients(1) 1,250 1,722 2,104Number of diamond card clients(2) 5,685 6,475 7,585(1)Black card clients refer to clients with an AUA of over RMB50 million (approximately US$7 million).(2)Diamond card clients refer to clients with an AUA of over RMB10 million (approximately US$1.5 million) but less than RMB50million (approximately US$7 million).(3)Starting from the second quarter of 2021, in order to more accurately identify our core client group, we have made certain adjustmentsto our client membership AUA calculation mechanism to align with the AUA basis for charging recurring service fees. Specifically,private equity products are calculated based on subscription amount while public securities products are calculated based on NAVunder the new mechanism. We have also retrospectively adjusted the calculation for the prior periods to conform to the currentmechanism.Client Onboard Process and Key Contractual TermsWe have implemented comprehensive know-your-client (“KYC”) and anti-money laundering (“AML”) procedures and policiesin compliance with applicable laws and regulations in the PRC and other jurisdictions where we operate, as well as our internal controlpolicies. When a client opens an account with us, we require the client to complete our KYC and AML review process. In terms of ourKYC process, we collect documentations including, among others, proof of client’s identity and source of funds for investments and verifysuch information against reliable supporting documents and official database, as well as conduct risk tolerance assessment to betterunderstand clients’ risk appetite. We also perform due diligence procedures on clients that specifically focus on and attest to theirqualification to invest in accordance with relevant laws and regulations in different jurisdictions. For example, for clients who intend topurchase private fund products in the PRC, we require them to provide proof that their financial conditions and risk tolerance have met thethresholds of qualified investors under relevant PRC regulations, and conduct ongoing due diligence on such clients to verify theirqualification. In addition, our relationship managers follow up with our clients on a regular basis to maintain up-to-date client risk profileand investment preferences. In terms of our AML process, we have established rigorous AML internal control policies, including a real-name policy in the process of business operations and a record keeping policy on client information covering their identification,transaction records as well as source of funds. We have an AML information reporting system aimed at detecting, reporting on andpreventing money laundering activities. We also provide trainings to our employees to enhance their AML awareness. Moreover, we enterinto a set of standard client service agreements with our clients at account opening. Such client service agreements set forth rights andobligations of our clients when using service provided by us and authorizes us to collect and use certain personal information of ourclients. Clients will also receive an investor right notification form setting forth their interest and risks in purchasing a specific product.Table of Contents64Our Key Products and ServicesOur Wealth Management BusinessWe provide diversified investment products, customized asset allocation and value-added services to our clients inside andoutside of China for our wealth management business through our subsidiaries. Our dedicated relationship managers work with clients tobuild an asset allocation objective and a dynamic investment portfolio for each of them with the diversified investment products we offer,aiming to meet our clients’ wealth management needs, minimizing their risks while generating attractive returns. Our clients benefit fromour comprehensive services, expertise and capacities, including, among others, investor education services and trust services. In 2020,2021 and 2022, net revenues contributed by our wealth management business were RMB2,366.3 million, RMB3,194.9 million andRMB2,200.0 million (US$319.0 million), representing 71.6%, 74.2% and 71.0% of our total net revenues, respectively.Revenue ModelFor our wealth management business, we generate revenue primarily from the offering of investment products and services to ourclients through our subsidiaries in four ways: (i) one-time commissions paid by funds managed by our product partners, (ii) recurringservice fees paid by our product partners or funds managed by them over the duration of the investment product, (iii) sharing of a portionof the performance-based income earned by product partners who manage the products, and (iv) revenue from comprehensive services weprovide, especially the revenue from our investor education business. We also earn one-time commissions from insurance companies byreferring clients to purchase insurance products from them, and recognize revenue when the underlying insurance contracts becomeeffective. We do not bear any loss from our clients’ investments nor do we provide guarantees of return with respect to the products wedistribute, in accordance with the investment agreements with our clients.Set forth below is a diagram illustrating the business and revenue model of our wealth management business:Investment Product OfferingsWe have a proven track record of consistently pioneering a broad array of innovative and high-quality investment products andservice offerings which provide comprehensive and tailored investment opportunities to meet the specific wealth managementrequirements of our clients. During the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the domestic and overseas investmentproducts provided by our product partners and Gopher primarily consist of:●mutual fund products, which are publicly-raised, public securities investment funds;●private secondary products, which are privately-raised investment funds with underlying assets consisting of publicly listedsecurities and bonds in the secondary market;Table of Contents65●private equity products, including investments in (i) various PE/VC funds sponsored by third party domestic andinternational asset management firms, (ii) real estate equity funds, and (iii) PE/VC funds managed by Gopher, includingFoFs, feeder funds, S funds and direct and co-investment funds. Following the enactment of the Supervision Measures inOctober 2020, we ceased offering domestic private equity products through our wealth management business, and we nowprovide domestic private equity products only through our asset management arm, Gopher, which forms funds and raisescapital directly from our clients;●other products we distribute or provide or manage but cannot be classified into any of the above product categories, such asinsurance and multi-strategy products.The table below sets out the aggregate transaction value of the different types of investment products that we distributed duringthe periods indicated:Year Ended December 31,20202021 2022 RMB % RMB % RMB US$ %(in millions, except for percentages)Product type Mutual fund products 37,981 40.1 37,169 5,833 44,726 6,485 63.6Private secondary products 35,162 37.1 37,776 5,928 11,516 1,670 16.4Private equity products 17,876(1) 18.9 18,069(1) 2,835 11,037(1) 1,600 15.7Other products 3,717 3.9 4,189 657 3,001 435 4.3All products 94,736 100.0 97,203 15,253 70,280 10,190 100.0(1)Following the enactment of Supervision Measures in October 2020, we ceased offering domestic private equity products through ourwealth management business, and we now provide private domestic equity products only through our asset management arm, Gopher,which forms funds and raises capital directly from our clients. In particular, in 2020, a total of RMB5.2 billion private equity productswere offered by Gopher. The figures are included in the table for illustration and comparison purposes only.Overseas Wealth ManagementIn addition to our well-established domestic and RMB-denominated product offerings, we also offer a variety of overseasproducts denominated in a variety of currencies to our clients. The diversification of our investment product offerings distinguishes usfrom many of our competitors in China, who typically only have domestic and RMB-denominated product offerings. In 2022, revenuefrom our overseas products accounted for 26.5% of our total revenues.Comprehensive ServicesIn addition to the investment products we provide to our clients, we develop and provide customized value-added financial andrelated services to our clients to better serve their needs.●Investor Education: We primarily provide our investor education services under the brand name “Enoch Education”,organizing various types of online and offline training programs to our individual clients and their families. These programsinclude wealth planning, market insights and entrepreneurship camps. We charge attendees fees for these events primarilybased on the duration (which typically last up to one year) and location of each program.Since the launch of our investor education services, we have organized more than 400 training sessions, which have attractedmore than 20,000 investors. We believe that Enoch Education is an important tool for building our business as it raises thefinancial sophistication of our clients, enables us to deepen our relationships with them, and broadens the clients’ investmentknowledge, all of which are believed to further enhance their loyalty and willingness to invest with us, especially for long-duration products.Table of Contents66●Trust Services: We currently offer international trust services in Hong Kong, Jersey Island and Singapore through Ark Trust(Hong Kong) Limited (“Ark Trust”), Ark Trust (Jersey) Limited and Ark Trust (Singapore) Ltd., respectively. Ark Trust wasfounded in 2014 and is one of the first family trust service companies registered outside of mainland China among theindependent wealth management companies in China. Ark Trust provides a full range of services to our clients, includingfamily trust and fiduciary services, employee stock ownership plans, charitable trust services and wealth planning services.Our Asset Management BusinessTo further address the asset allocation needs of our clients, we started our asset management business in 2010 under the brand nameGopher. We manage investments with underlying assets in mainland China through the Consolidated Affiliated Entities and outside ofmainland China through our subsidiaries Noah HK and Gopher GP, denominated in Renminbi or other currencies. Our AUM wereRMB152.8 billion, RMB156.0 billion and RMB157.1 billion (US$22.8 billion), respectively, as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.Revenue ModelWe generate revenue from our asset management business through the Consolidated Affiliated Entities and certain overseassubsidiaries primarily in the form of (i) one-time commissions from funds managed by Gopher when the investment product wasdistributed directly by Gopher, (ii) recurring service fees paid by funds managed by Gopher over the duration of the investment productsand (iii) performance-based income from funds for which we serve as the fund managers.Gopher, as a proprietary product provider, enters into agreements on an arm’s length basis with our wealth management branchfor product distribution, and in accordance with such agreements, shares a portion of recurring service fees and performance-based incomewith the wealth management branch in certain cases. To the extent that recurring service fees and performance-based income are sharedwith the wealth management branch, such intragroup revenue are deducted from our consolidated statements of operations.Set forth below is a diagram illustrating the business and revenue model of our asset management business:Given that over 80% of Gopher’s AUM as of December 31, 2022 consisted of private equity investments which generally have along duration with no contractual redemption rights or high redemption costs as provided under the relevant subscription agreements, webelieve that the recurring service fees we earn are relatively predictable and sustainable.Table of Contents67Investment StructureGopher establishes fund vehicles (the “Gopher Funds”) as investment vehicles to raise capital from clients and manage theinvestments. The investment portfolio of Gopher Funds includes primarily (i) private equity investments, including equity investments intoprivate companies and commitments in private equity funds; (ii) public securities investments, including direct investments in publicsecurities and commitments in money market funds, mutual funds and private secondary funds. In particular, Gopher launched its target-strategy products in 2021, a series of NAV-based products utilizing different investment strategies aiming to deliver stable investmentreturns with relatively low volatilities, to meet clients’ investment targets; (iii) real estate investments, typically in the form of equity ofprivate companies holding such investments; and (iv) multi-strategy and other investments, primarily consisting of multi-asset portfolios.We act as the fund manager and/or general partner for the Gopher Funds and collect management fees and performance-basedincome. We also invest in certain Gopher Funds as general partners, and our equity interests in each individual fund are normally less than3%. The following table sets forth the typical structure of a Gopher Fund:Table of Contents68Product OfferingsAs a multi-asset management service provider, Gopher invests in different categories of assets, including:•private equity investments, including investments in the leading domestic and overseas private equity funds throughFoFs, feeder funds and S funds, as well as direct and co-investments in sectors such as TMT, financial services andhealthcare.As of December 31, 2022, the AUM of Gopher’s private equity investments was RMB133.1 billion (US$19.3billion), covering over 120 Gopher PE/VC FoFs, and directly or indirectly through these funds, invested in more than 7,500companies.FoFs. In 2010, we established the first market-oriented FoF by private capital in China. Our asset management business hashistorically focused primarily on investments in FoFs, whereby the Gopher Funds invest in one or more third-party managedfunds, which directly or indirectly invest in portfolio companies or other investment portfolios. The graph below illustratesthe portfolio structure of a simple FoF. Major Gopher PE/VC FoFs typically involve several layers of FoFs and/or feederfunds structure. Under such structure, multiple Gopher Funds are set up as intermediate investment vehicles, which aremanaged by Gopher for the purpose of asset and ownership segregation.Feeder funds. We also manage feeder funds that invest in certain single third-party managed funds. Such third-party managedfunds usually have multiple feeder funds as capital sources. Following the enactment of the Supervision Measures, weleverage primarily feeder funds to raise capital for our PE/VC investment partners. The graph below illustrates theinvestment structure of our feeder funds that invest in single third-party managed funds.Table of Contents69S funds. In May 2013, we introduced the first S fund to HNW investors in China. The S funds explore investmentopportunities by investing in pre-existing limited partner commitments in the private equity market, which allows privateequity investors to sell their investments in private equity funds. S funds typically invest in more diversified investmentportfolios than primary PE funds, and typically deploy capital faster and have a shorter investment term than other privateequity investments ranging from 2 years to 3 years. The graph below illustrates the portfolio structure of our S funds.●Public securities investments, mainly including Target Strategy, namely a series of NAV-based products utilizing multipleinvestment strategies to manage underlying assets consisting of publicly listed securities, FoF and MoM investments, as wellas direct investments in listed companies. Gopher has a dedicated investment team managing Target Strategy products,which consist of active, balanced and conservative types of funds, utilizing diverse strategies with an aim to create long-termand stable investment returns with relatively low volatility. For the MoM approach, we as the fund manager choose third-party fund managers for certain investment programs of the Gopher Funds and monitor their performances. The third-partyfund managers specialize in utilizing different investment strategies to diversify risks and achieve different investing goalsamid market volatilities. These third-party fund managers receive an incentive service fee.●Real estate investments, including funds investing in residential as well as commercial real estate properties such as officebuildings and shopping malls, in the form of both credit and equity investments. As of December 31, 2022, our real estateinvestments primarily included two office buildings in Shanghai through a FoF investment, namely Gopher Aroma Plaza andGopher Garden Place. Our real estate investments as of December 31, 2022 also included seven rental apartment projects inthe United States.●Multi-strategy and other investments. Our multi-strategy investments primarily include multi-asset portfolios and familyoffice accounts. We use asset allocation principles to build multi-asset portfolios and multi- or single-family office accounts.Starting from the third quarter in 2019, we stopped investing in private credit products and started to redeem all outstandingprivate credit products. By the end of the second quarter in 2021, Gopher had successfully exited approximately RMB30billion of private credit product investments, marking an important milestone of transformation to NAV-based products.For a discussion of the change of our asset management product mix during the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and2022, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations—Key Performance Indicators—AUM.”Table of Contents70Overseas Asset ManagementIn response to our clients’ increasing demands for overseas investment opportunities, we have cooperated with more overseaspartners and increased the number of non-RMB-denominated funds of funds offered. We have built a global Gopher platform to identifyand source non-RMB-denominated investment products for offshore individuals, with our Hong Kong office focusing on globalinvestments, Silicon Valley office focusing on technology-related venture capital funds and direct investment opportunities, and New Yorkoffice focusing on U.S. real estate investments. As of December 31, 2022, the overseas AUM of Gopher reached RMB32.5 billion(US$4.7 billion), representing 20.7% of the total AUM for our asset management business.Our Portfolio CompaniesOur Gopher Funds strive to invest into companies with great growth potential through private equity investments to generateattractive investment returns. Over the years, our Gopher Funds have invested in many portfolio companies that have achieved outstandingperformance and hence generating more performance-based income, which demonstrates our strong asset management capabilities. As ofDecember 31, 2022, Gopher’s AUM included over 120 Gopher PE/VC FoFs, which in aggregate invested in more than 200 fundsmanaged by third parties, and directly or indirectly through these funds, invested in more than 7,500 companies, many of which hadachieved substantial growth. As of December 31, 2022, more than 600 companies Gopher invested in had successfully become listedcompanies and more than 100 companies had grown into unicorn companies with a valuation over US$1.0 billion.Our Product Partners and Investment PartnersWe have established extensive business relationships with reputable product partners and investment partners both in China andglobally, in connection with our distribution of investment products. Our product partners and investment partners are typically the issuersor managers of investment products. The product partners and investment partners with which we collaborate encompass a variety ofinstitutions and companies, mainly including PE/VC general partners, mutual fund managers and private secondary fund managers. Wedistribute investment products provided by these product partners directly, and for our asset management business, our Gopher Fundsinvest into the investment products provided by our investment partners, whereby we offer limited partnership commitments to our GopherFunds as asset management products to our clients. In certain occasions, our Gopher Funds also co-invest with our investment partnersinto portfolio companies directly. During the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, we collaborated with over 100 productpartners and investment partners in aggregate. A certain partner can either act as a product partner for our wealth management business oran investment partner for our asset management business.We have a strong presence in private equity investment industry, and has built collaborative relationships with 15 out of the top20 VC fund managers as named in the “2021 Annual List of Chinese Venture Capital Investment Institutions” in December 2021 by CVInfo, one of China’s leading third-party private equity information providers, and nine of the top 25 international PE firms as named in“Private Equity International’s PEI 300 list” for 2022.In addition to leading PE/VC firms, we also collaborate with other financial institutions to provide a variety of investmentproducts. Specifically, we currently collaborate with private secondary fund managers, such as Perseverance Asset Management andGreenwoods, as one of their exclusive distribution channels for public securities. Our onshore mutual fund platform, “Fund Smile”,currently works with all of the top 20 non-money market funds and 47 out of the top 50 non-money market funds in China in terms ofAUM as of the end of 2022.Key Contractual Terms with Product Partners for Our Wealth Management BusinessWe enter into service agreements with the product partners for the majority of the products we distribute through our wealthmanagement business. These service agreements usually expire upon the redemption of the underlying investment products. Under theseagreements, we typically undertake to provide the counterparty with services relating to our clients’ purchases of the relevant products.Such services generally include providing our clients with information on the relevant products, evaluating the financial condition and riskprofiles of those clients who desire to purchase the relevant products, educating them on the transaction documentation as well asfurnishing other assistance to facilitate their communications with the product partners.Under our service agreements with respect to our fund products distributed through our wealth management business, we alsoundertake to assist the product partners to maintain investor relationships by providing our clients who have purchased the relevantproducts with various post-investment services, including investor communications assistance and periodic portfolio management reports.Table of Contents71Key Contractual Terms with Investment Partners for Our Asset Management BusinessAs for the investment partners we collaborate within our asset management business through FoF investments, our Gopher Fundinvest in the funds set up and managed by the investment partners. Our investment partner set up fund vehicles to raise capital, whichsubsequently invest into asset portfolios. In connection with such investment, Gopher Fund enters into a limited partnership agreement asa limited partner of the fund and the investment partner as the general partner of the fund. In accordance with the limited partnershipagreements, our investment partner actively manages the investment on behalf of Gopher Fund and other limited partners. Gopher Fund isobligated to provide capital to the fund in due course. The limited partnership agreements set forth the duration and redemption terms ofthe fund.In case of co-investment with our investment partners, Gopher Fund and the fund managed by our investment partners both investin the investment portfolio directly. For such investments, we generally enter into a set of agreements in connection with such investmentsincluding share purchase agreement and shareholders’ agreements to protect the interest of our clients and us.Product Development and SelectionWe have a rigorous product development and selection process is key to our business. In light of the tightened regulatoryenvironment in China in recent years, we have been further enhancing our comprehensive risk management system.Product Development and Selection PhilosophyOur product development team focuses on meeting the evolving demands of clients by balancing the investment return,investment risk, and liquidity of the products we offer. For our wealth management business, our team is primarily responsible forselection of wealth management products to be distributed by our wealth management segment, whereby for our asset managementbusiness, our team strives to develop and structure the investment products offered by Gopher. Our product selection efforts are guided byour comprehensive research, which provides a top-down review on our overall tactical asset allocation strategy at least quarterly, based onwhich our product team develops strategies in each asset class.We strive to provide a variety of investment products to our clients. Based on our research, we strategically select products thatcaptures current investment opportunities, as well as products of stable long-term performance. We believe such product mix allows ourinvestors to customize their investment portfolio based on their risk appetite and return expectations.As for our asset management business, Gopher’s investment philosophy focuses on identifying and capturing opportunities fromemerging trends in the market, evaluating a wide range of assets and investment opportunities from numerous investment partners, andconstructing investment portfolios through vigorous due diligence process. Moreover, we seek to minimize volatility of the performance ofour investments by investing in a wide range of asset classes and investment structures, which enhances the sustainability of our revenuestreams under various economic circumstances.Table of Contents72Product Development and Selection ProcessEach product offered to our clients, including the investment products we distribute and asset management products we offer,must go through a strictly implemented product screening procedure as indicated in the diagram below:Our product development and selection process involves three key stages: project screening, project evaluation and risk control.In-house experts and professionals, including high-level management team members from our legal department, risk managementdepartment, compliance department and product department will gather periodically to carefully screen and evaluate each product we offerand distribute.●In the project screening stage, our professionals select the potential product or the proposed investment portfolio from abroad range of investment products and review our internal due diligence findings to determine whether the product may besuitable for investment and/or distribution to our clients. A prospective product or investment needs to be approved by atleast a majority of the members participating in the project screening meeting before the product or investment moves ontothe next stage.oFor investment products, we have adopted an effective screening mechanism that analyzes and evaluates the proposedinvestment product or portfolio both qualitatively and quantitatively. To facilitate the screening of the fund products, wemaintain a whitelist of fund product providers that we update on real-time basis. Our wealth management arm conductsindependent assessment of investment products developed by Gopher.oFor each proposed investment under our asset management business, in particular private equity direct or co-investments, we designate a dedicated project team to conduct preliminary due diligence on the potential investmenttarget. After conducting the preliminary review, the project team submits an investment analysis and due diligencememorandum on the investment targets, focusing on investment overview and recommendation, market opportunities,investment strategies, investment return analysis, eligible investors, key risks and risk control solutions, among otherconsiderations. If necessary, we will also engage qualified third-party services providers such as independent auditorsand law firms to conduct independent research and analysis on our proposed investment portfolio.●In the project evaluation stage, our professionals analyze the legal structure, financial statistics and other aspects of theproduct and evaluate the potential returns to our clients and the risks of the investment.Table of Contents73●In the risk control stage, our core management team meets to fully evaluate the risk of the product and determine whetherappropriate risk management is in place for the investment in the portfolio and/or distribution of the product. After approvedby the risk control meeting, the product will be reviewed by our in-house risk analysts before it is officially launched.We have also established a complete risk management system for our daily operations. On the product provider side, we havepolicies and procedures regarding, among other things, periodically reviewed product ratings, anti-bribery control, as well as postinvestment portfolio monitor and alert system. See “—Risk Management and Internal Control.”In particular, we rigorously monitor the performance of our asset management products offered by Gopher on a real-time basis.We have established a systematic post-investment monitoring mechanism to track the performance of funds we manage and to establish along-term relationship with the fund managers whose funds we invested in. We have built a proprietary system, the GIMSP, which tracksthe profiles and performance of all invested funds and underlying projects and consolidates such information in our internal database. Thisenables us to understand investment trends and develop the corresponding strategies in an innovative way. See “—Our Technologies.”Product DistributionWe have established a dedicated client services team for our wealth management business and asset management business.Through the licensed distribution channels of our wealth management business, we offer various investment products such as publicsecurities investments and private secondary products on behalf of third-party product partners and Gopher. In addition, Gopher’s directsales team raises capital for the private equity products directly.Our integrated client service team adopts the “Noah Triangle” solution to provide efficient professional services to our clients.Based on our clients’ specific needs, a typical Noah Triangle consists of: (i) one account representative who is a client relationshipmanager primarily for originating and maintaining client relationships, as well as providing asset allocation advisory services, (ii) one ormore solution representatives, each with certain specialized knowledge to provide detailed and more technical advice regarding ourdomestic and overseas investment products, such as primary and secondary market products as well as comprehensive services includingfamily trust, respectively; and (iii) one fulfillment representative who primarily serves investment execution, administration and otherback-office functions.Our clients enjoy the flexibility to either choose the products provided by third-party product partners or select the productsoffered by Gopher based on their specific investment needs. We strive to provide unbiased product recommendations as well astrustworthy advice to our clients and facilitate the most suitable products available tailored to their individual investment preferences andrisk appetites, regardless of whether the recommended products are provided by third-party product partners or by Gopher under wealthmanagement business or asset management business.The “Noah Triangle” solution is a three-dimensional service team in which members support each other by timely responding tothe needs of our clients. A typical service process we provide to a client under the “Noah Triangle” service model is as follows:●Onboarding. An account representative will be assigned to a client seeking to openaccount with us and assist the clientin completing KYC and AML procedures, including but not limited to identification and source of funds verification,risk tolerance assessment as well as attestation to his or her qualification to invest.●Understanding investment needs. After the client passes KYC and AML procedures, our account representative willwork closely with the client to understand his or her asset allocation needs, investment preferences and risk appetite.Before the client indicates any specific investment needs or preferences or forms any preliminary investment plan, wetypically only offer him or her investor education and other client event opportunities to familiarize him or her with thelatest market trends and our product offerings, which in turn could facilitate the client’s understanding of his or herinvestment needs.Table of Contents74●Product recommendation and risk matching. When the client has developed an investment need, our accountrepresentative will work with one or more solution representatives with certain specialized knowledge of a product orservice depending on the client’s specific need and preference, to collectively provide investment solutions. Our solutionrepresentatives offer customized investment strategies by taking into account, among others, the client’s preferences forprimary or secondary market products, preferred product providers and/or fund managers, available funds forinvestment, return expectations as well as risk tolerance, and recommend to the client a broad selection of investmentproducts from both third-party product providers and Gopher that meet the client’s requirements. In addition, buildingupon our proprietary risk rating model to assign risk scores to both clients and investment products, we are able toensure that appropriate products with matching risk profiles are recommended to suitable clients.●Decision making and more. With our accurate recommendation of products based on the client’s investment preferenceand risk appetite, the client will exercise his or her own independent judgment to make the final investment decision asto whether to purchase any product recommended or which product, from third-party product providers or Gopher, he orshe desires to purchase. Our fulfillment representative will then assist the client with the procedures and documentationof the investment process, and later on delivers portfolio management reports to the client after the investment.We believe this “Noah Triangle” solution enables us to provide in-depth services to our clients more efficiently andprofessionally.Our sales and marketing efforts are designed to attract and retain clients and build brand awareness and reputation. We focus onmaintaining long-term relationships with our clients through regular, personalized interaction to build trust with our clients, as well asenhancing and sustaining their loyalty. We also believe that the various other value-added services we offer to our clients, such as investoreducation services and trust planning, further enhance the loyalty of our clients.Wealth ManagementNoah Upright, our primary distribution channel, is among the first batch of independent financial service companies in mainlandChina which has obtained the fund distribution license from the CSRC. Furthermore, we have established offices in Hong Kong (China),Taiwan (China), Silicon Valley, New York, and Singapore to offer our clients global investment opportunities.We distribute investment products on behalf of third-party product partners and Gopher, primarily through our network ofrelationship managers, and we use an array of marketing channels to attract potential clients. Furthermore, we also enjoy continuedorganic growth in clients from word-of-mouth referrals.Our dedicated relationship managers strive to provide tailored investment services to our clients based on a deep understanding ofeach client’s financial position and objectives, utilizing our specialty in asset allocation and manager selection and the wide range of multi-asset class investments that we offer. We optimized and condensed our sales force in 2020 to further improve our operational efficiency,and as a result, the total number of relationship managers decreased to 1,231 as of December 31, 2020, as compared to 1,288 as ofDecember 31, 2019. In 2021, we made strategic investments in our talents to capture market opportunities and seek for long-term growthpotential. As a result, the total number of relationship managers increased to 1,316 as of December 31, 2021. In 2022, in order to mitigatethe risk of the macro environment volatility, we further condensed our sales force and the total number of relationship managers decreasedto 1,259 as of December 31, 2022. Meanwhile, in 2022, we also started to establish our offshore “Noah Triangle” team who resides inHong Kong to provide more dedicated and globalized services to our offshore HNW investors, we have 17 overseas relationship managersas of December 31, 2022.Table of Contents75Asset ManagementHistorically, the majority of the funds managed by Gopher were distributed through Noah Upright, the distribution network of ourwealth management business. Following the enactment of the Supervision Measures in October 2020, which provides that independentfund distribution institutions shall specialize in the distribution of funds that invest in public securities, only mutual fund products andprivate secondary products are distributed through Noah Upright. Gopher has built its direct sales team to raise capital for Gopher Funds itestablishes that invest in domestic private equity investments. When a client of the wealth management business shows interest in assetmanagement products Gopher offers, a relationship manager of Gopher, typically a PE solution representative, will introduce the productto the client and handle the investment process. Gopher’s direct sales team also targets institutional investors and family offices.The following table sets forth a selection of licenses that are material to our business operations held by us as of December 31,2022.Location Licenses Expiration Date Mainland ChinaCertificate for privately-raised investment fund managerN/AFund distribution licenseN/AHong KongType 1 (Dealing in securities)N/AType 4 (Advising on securities)N/AType 9 (Asset management)N/AInsurance brokerage licenseJuly 14, 2024TCSP (trust or company service provider) licenseNovember 4, 2023Money lenders licenseSeptember 1, 2023Jersey IslandsFamily trust licenseN/AUnited StatesInvestment advisor licenseN/AInsurance brokerage licenseMay 31, 2023SingaporeCapital market service licenseN/AFamily trust licenseN/AExempt financial advisor licenseN/AIntegrated Client Service TeamOur relationship managers are all full-time employees who typically receive a base salary as well as performance-based quarterlyand annual bonuses. We focus on recruiting, training and motivating our relationship managers, with the goal of enabling our relationshipmanagers to deliver thoughtful advice and investment solutions tailored for each client.Table of Contents76We provide a comprehensive training system for relationship managers in different career stages, helping them understand theasset allocation theory promoted by Noah and investment philosophy within different asset categories. Upon recruitment, our relationshipmanagers will receive required training before interacting with clients. We also provide routine training to our relationship managers fromtime to time. These specialized training opportunities enhance the skills of our top relationship managers and also serve as an importantmotivational tool for all of our relationship managers as they compete to attend these events.We also provide training to our account representatives, solution representatives and fulfillment representatives to familiarizethem with relevant regulations, industry practices, product strategies, and client services, and require them to pass internal exams beforethey can be assigned to the client service team. For example, fulfillment representatives are required to be proficient in various fields,including but not limited to fund operations, online account opening process for different markets, fund transactions, redemptions,distributions, portfolio management reports and investor communications.Client Service CentersWe believe our high-quality client service enhances our client loyalty and brand image. We serve our clients primarily throughour network of relationship managers. Headquartered in Shanghai, our client service network covered 75 cities in mainland China as ofDecember 31, 2022, multiple developed regions where the country’s HNW population is concentrated, including the Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta, the Bohai Rim and other regions. Our strategy is to open offices at locations with concentrated HNW population andstrong regional economies. We have opened offices in tier-one and tier-two cities and key provincial capitals in mainland China. We alsohave offices in Hong Kong (China), Taiwan (China), Silicon Valley, New York and Singapore.We also operate a call center network providing real-time assistance to our clients. Our call center representatives work with ourclients to record their requests and complaints, and we have also integrated AI-based client service robots into our mobile applications. Weprovide regular trainings to our representatives and periodically review callers’ level of satisfaction with the service they received from us.At the end of each call, each caller is asked to grade the quality of our client service, and a designated call-back team follows up on allincidences of dissatisfaction. We have also invested in ChatBot, a software tool that enhances verbal and textual conversations with ourclients and our call center representatives, for our call center to provide better services for our clients.Our Online Transaction and Service PlatformsInvestments in substantially all of our wealth management and asset management products can be facilitated online. We havedeveloped a comprehensive wealth management product mobile application “WeNoah” as a one-stop and integrated client service portal.In addition to WeNoah, we also developed “Fund Smile” and “iNoah”, mobile applications specifically for investing in domestic andoverseas mutual funds, respectively. WeNoah automatically directs clients who intend to execute mutual fund transactions to our mutualfund transaction systems Fund Smile, which are incorporated into WeNoah. Furthermore, WeNoah is also connected with our investmentplatforms for private secondary funds and private equity investments, and facilitate a transaction process that could be completed whollyonline. In 2021, we started to provide mutual funds and related wealth management services to satisfy our corporate and institutionalclients’ money market and liquidity management demands through our mutual fund SaaS platform, “Smile Treasury”. We also provideservices on web-based client service channels. Utilizing these online platforms, our relationship managers are able to provide real-timeonline assistance and personalized investment experience to a broader client base.Other BusinessesIn addition to our wealth management business and asset management business, we also provide other services through oursubsidiaries. These services serve as value-added services that we provide to our clients to broaden and deepen client relationships. In2020, 2021 and 2022, other businesses represented 1.9%, 1.3% and 2.1% of our net revenues, respectively.Marketing and Brand PromotionOur relationship managers target potential HNW clients and adopts effective marketing based on thorough data analytics. Ourclient engagement and branding initiatives primarily include the following:Table of Contents77Offline and Online Investor Seminars and Wealth Management ForumsIn order to attract new clients and develop client loyalty, we organize targeted client events on a regular basis, such as high-profileinvestor seminars and workshops, industry conferences and other investor education and social events, where we present our marketoutlook and highlight our product selections. We invite experts or authorities in the industry to share the latest market trends, newlypromulgated laws and regulations, and other updates with our clients. We organize these events offline as well as online. In 2022, weorganized over 600 investor seminars and wealth management forums, which were attended by an aggregate of over 50,000 clients onlinceand offline.Online Client Service ChannelsTo improve the efficiency of our sales team and better serve our expanding client base, we connect with our client communitythrough WeNoah, as well as online social media networks such as WeChat’s enterprise version, WeCom.WeNoah allows us to keep close relationships with our clients and provide a convenient and efficient platform for these clients toaccess the products and services offered by us. We maintain proprietary databases on a broad range of investment products and clientonline behavior, and leverage them to provide personalized services and initiate targeted marketing initiatives.Strategic Client ManagementIn 2021, we established a Strategic Client Center at group level to systematically go through Gopher’s portfolio companies,leading unlisted firms, listed companies and trust clients, provide business-to-business treasury management services, and work under the“Noah Triangle” service model for new client acquisition and existing client conversion.Word-of-Mouth ReferralWord-of-mouth is one of the most effective marketing tools for our business. Although we employ a variety of methods topromote our brand, we believe the reputation and high level of awareness of our brand in China and, increasingly, abroad and referencesfrom clients is our best and most cost-efficient marketing channel. We believe once clients are satisfied with their experiences, they willcontinue investing in investment products we distribute, or referring their friends and colleagues to our products and services.Risk Management and Internal ControlWe have adopted risk management and internal control policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance forachieving our business objectives, including efficient operations, reliable financial reporting and compliance with applicable laws andregulations. Highlights of our risk management and internal control system include the following:●Board of Directors, Audit Committee and Internal Audit. Our board of directors and audit committee are responsible for ouroverall risk management and internal controls. We also maintain an internal control and internal audit department, which isresponsible for reviewing the effectiveness of our internal controls and submitting internal audit reports to our auditcommittee quarterly. Our internal audit department, with the help of our business division managers, prepares and updatesquestionnaires for our various business departments to conduct self-assessment of internal control and risk management eachyear, and our internal audit department will follow up with the business personnel to timely rectify any deficiencies soidentified.●Regulatory compliance. We have adopted and implemented various internal control and risk management policies, includinginsider trading, whistleblowing, related party transaction, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering and sanctions relatedpolicies, as well as code of business conduct and ethics. We provide regular training to our employees on these policies. Wealso engage outside counsel to provide training to our legal department and other senior personnel from time to time to keepthem abreast of recent regulatory developments.●Treasury management. We have established and implemented treasury management policies and procedures in managing ourinvestments, including:Table of Contents78●budget plans: we require our subisidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities to prepare budget plans on a periodicbasis to optimize our Group’s use of funds, according to which we could allocate proper amount of funds to be used ininvestment projects.●approval process: we have adopted approval processes related to investments, including (i) preliminary review andanalysis of the proposed investment project (including but not limited to, background search, due diligence andcompliance analysis), and (ii) the final review and approval by our treasury management committee.●monitoring: our treasury department and treasury management committee will continuously monitor the approvedinvestment projects.●Licenses and approvals. We maintain policies to ensure that we have required licenses and approvals in place. Ourcompliance department reviews the licenses obtained before we adopt new business initiatives, and our internal controldepartment conducts annual reviews to monitor the status and effectiveness of those licenses and approvals. We alsoregularly review and update all policies and measures related to licenses and approvals.●Data security. We have adopted measures to protect our client data and other confidential information. We also have adedicated information security team of IT professionals to carry out our data and system related risk management. See “—Privacy and Data Security.”●Know-your-client. As part of our risk management and compliance practice, we operate a strict client due diligence process,including:●At account opening: we require individuals seeking to open account with us to complete standard know-your-client andanti-money laundering procedures, including documents for proof of their identity, automatic real-person biometricrecognition for our individual clients and declaring source of funds for investment.●Before product purchase: we require our clients to complete a more comprehensive know-your-client questionnairespecifically designed for the proposed investment product in accordance with laws and regulations of the competentjurisdiction in which we distribute the product. Such questionnaires are designed to collect a wide array of personal andfinancial information, including the individuals’ professional background, investment experience, level of investableassets and risk tolerance. We also require our clients to provide supporting documents, such as trading statements andproof of assets.●Regular updates: our relationship managers follow up with a registered client to complete questionnaires in order toupdate the client’s risk profile and investment preferences on a regular basis.●Client suitability assessment and recordkeeping. We have adopted various measures to ensure that the client’s risk profilematches the risk profile of investment products recommended to them. We have designed a risk scoring model for ourclients, which accounts for information on clients’ risk tolerance we obtained in the know-your-client process. Similarly, wealso assign a risk rating score for each product we distribute, considering factors such as industry risk, concentration risk,level of leverage and risks related to the investment portfolio. Both scores are reviewed by our specialists in accordance withrelevant guidelines, and may be adjusted if inconsistent with supporting documents and due diligence results. We provideinvestor right and risk disclosure statement to our clients, and recommend to them only investment products with matchingrisk scores or lower. For each newly launched product, we provide training to our relationship managers with a focus on therisk profile of such products.Table of Contents79●Anti-money laundering. In addition to our know-your-client measures, we have also implemented anti-money launderingpolicies, including (i) a real-name policy in the process of business operations, (ii) requirement of complete clientinformation, (iii) requirement of trackable transaction records and (iv) requiring and source of fund information. We havefurther established an anti-money laundering information reporting system, as part of the policies and procedures aimed atpreventing money laundering activities. Our employees collect, analyze, monitor and preserve client information andtransaction records, and are required to report any suspicious transactions detected to our anti-money laundering committee.We deal with any suspicious activities on a timely basis to mitigate the risk of money laundering. We also actively carry outtraining on anti-money laundering to enhance the awareness of anti-money laundering among our employees.We continually review the implementation of our risk management and internal control policies and procedures to enhance theireffectiveness and sufficiency.Our TechnologiesOur technology infrastructure is integrated and readily scalable to support the growth of all of our business segments anddigitalization across front-end, middle-end and back-end operations. Each aspect of our business operations is supported by its innovativetechnology infrastructure, and the success of our business is dependent on our strong technological capabilities that support us indelivering superior user experience, increasing operational efficiency and providing future growth opportunities. Principal components ofour technology system primarily include:●Convenient online transaction platforms. Our online platforms WeNoah, Fund Smile and iNoah facilitate investments insubstantially all of our wealth management and asset management products online, providing a smooth investmentexperience. These convenient online transaction platforms allow us to serve a broader client base and increase ourtransaction value, in particular in mutual fund products. We have launched our domestic and overseas mutual fund platformsFund Smile and iNoah in July 2019 and June 2020, respectively. Investments of RMB77.1 billion and US$720.1 million,respectively, were completed through Fund Smile and iNoah for the year ended December 31, 2022. Furthermore, leveragingour extensive coverage of mutual funds in the industry as well as our comprehensive fund screening process, our self-developed treasury management interface, Smile Treasury, is able to fulfil our institutional clients’ diversified money marketand liquidity management needs by providing them with customized plans. Through a fully automated online accountopening option, Smile Treasury helps small and dedium-size enterprises to optimize cash returns while maintaining liquidityof working capital. In addition, our online transaction capabilities allow us to serve our clients and facilitate transactions in amore convenient and cost-effective manner, in particular during the COVID-19 pandemic when face-to-face meetings werelimited due to quarantine measures and travel bans.●24/7 digitalized client service experience. Our client service platforms enable our relationship managers to provide 24/7 realtime client services to our clients, including providing professional investment advices, guiding our clients through theinvestment process and providing various post-investment services. In addition, we also organize various investor educationsessions and product roadshows through our online platforms, which enhances the client stickiness.●Automated investment management system. We developed and launched GIMSP, an automated investment managementsystem that digitalizes almost all aspects of Gopher’s asset management business. GIMSP functions as a digitalized andstructured database designed for private equity investments, which includes information on more than 7,000 potentialportfolio companies. GIMSP visualizes data in a clear and systematic fashion using techniques such as knowledge mapping,allowing specialists to extract and analyze information easily amidst large volumes of documents, which is particularlyhelpful for private equity investments and portfolio management. Leveraging proprietary technology, GIMSP incorporateswork flow engines that automate various tasks during the lifespan of investment funds, saving substantial amounts of tediousmanual labor that would have otherwise been done by personnel. GIMSP is able to swiftly update its data based oninformation uploaded and retrieved, and shortens the lead time for commitment share mapping for targeted portfolios aftercapital calls, from traditional “T+N” to “T+1”, with T being the wire date, “T+1” being the date after wire date and “T+N”being a few business days after wire date. GIMSP is the first and only investment management system in the HNW wealthmanagement services industry in China to have achieved this function.Table of Contents80●Intelligent investment advisory tools for relationship managers. Our upgraded CRM (client relationship management)platform is an intelligent online wealth management system that significantly improves the work efficiency and productivityof our relationship managers. In particular, our Mutual Fund Work Station, one of the key modules in our CRM platform,provides our relationship managers with in-depth and up-to-date market data, including real-time trading updates of differentmutual fund products, to help them update their clients from time to time. Furthermore, leveraging big data technology andits extensive database of investment products, Mutual Fund Work Station also enables our relationship managers toquantitatively analyze expected return and risk of investment products, automatically alert risk events and generateinvestment recommendations based on clients’ investment preferences, expected returns and risk appetite, among others.●Open service platform. Starting from the fourth quarter of 2020, we have been integrating our internal resources to launch“Noah Digital International”, a new consolidated division to facilitate our offering of comprehensive services such asinvestor education and family trust.●Digitalized KYC/KYA/KYP management. We have adopted a digitalized approach to manage our operations, especially our“know-your-client,” “know-your-agent” and “know-your products” practices. Based on our extensive industry knowledgeand experience, we label our clients, relationship managers and products based on different segmentations, and utilize suchsegmentation to optimize our resource allocation. For instance, leveraging our digitalized KYC/KYA/KYP management, weare able to accurately match our products with a suitable client base, and therefore enhance our operating efficiency.Research and DevelopmentOur business innovations and developments are empowered by our innovative technology infrastructure and strong research anddevelopment capabilities in creating and identifying suitable investment products.We had a dedicated research and development team of 344 employees out of the total 2,884 employees as of December 31, 2022,representing approximately 11.9% of our total workforce. Our research and development team is led by a team of visionary andexperienced industry experts. It is an industry veteran team with extensive experience in software platform research and development andstructuring. Core members of the team have previously worked in managerial positions at leading technology or finance companiesincluding Tencent, Alibaba, eBay, Vipshop, China Mobile, Lufax, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley.We devote significant resources to our research and development efforts, focusing on developing our technology infrastructureand proprietary systems, expanding our technological footprint and leading the digitalization of our business operations.Certain of our subsidiaries have been recognized as high-tech enterprises in China. In addition, Noah Upright, our distributionchannel, has received many awards and recognitions due to its development and ownership of many software copyrights and patents,including Model Enterprise with Four New Technologies in Hongkou District and the Center of Technology for Enterprises in HongkouDistrict.Privacy and Data SecurityWe place a strong emphasis on our clients’ privacy and data security. To achieve the objective, we have an information securityteam comprised of experts who specialize in different areas, including network security, data security, compliance, and risk management.Our information security team is deeply involved in the key aspects of our business operations, providing professional advisory services toother departments.Table of Contents81We have made great efforts to improve our client privacy and data security systems and processes. We have built a secureSoftware Development Lifecycle (SDLC) to ensure the security of all the software systems we develop before launch. We have alsoestablished a security management framework and obtained ISO 27001 (information security management) and ISO 29151 (personallyidentifiable information protection) certifications issued by DNV. To ensure our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we havealso implemented a series of internal policies on cybersecurity and data protection. We collect clients’ personal information legallyrequired for our business operations only, including account opening procedures, know-your-client and anti-money laundering reviewprocesses, as well as for their investments with us. For our daily operations, we collect and store personal identity information (PII),including sensitive information such as client ID numbers, bank accounts information, proof of income and assets, in an encrypted form, topreserve the confidentiality of all clients’ information. We have formulated our own privacy policies that are embedded with our mobileapplications and websites to inform our clients of the purposes and methods of processing personal information, the type of personalinformation to be processed and its retention period, as well as the procedures for the clients to exercise their rights under the PersonalInformation Protection Law. Before any personal information can be provided to any third parties or transferred abroad, we will informour clients of the name and contact information of the receiving parties, the type of personal information involved, and the purposes andmethods of providing such information, as well as how they can exercise their rights under applicable laws and regulations. If anysensitive personal information is to be processed, we will also inform the relevant individuals of the necessity of processing suchinformation and the potential impact on their rights and interests.We use personal information of our clients only for limited purposes as authorized by the individuals or required by laws andregulations. If the use of such personal information is beyond the original scope authorized, a separate authorization is required. Inaddition, we will conduct Personal Information Protection Assessment according to Noah Personal Information Protection ImpactAssessment Policy on our personal information processing activities that involve greater risks, such as processing sensitive personalinformation, providing personal information to other third parties, as well as transferring personal information abroad. From an internalpolicy perspective, we have set up access control mechanisms to ensure that our employees are granted access to data to the minimumextent that is necessary to fulfill their job responsibilities and on a “need-to-know” basis.Personal information of our clients will only be preserved in our server for a minimum period of time, unless otherwise requiredby applicable laws and regulations. We also implement multiple layers of security protections to insulate our database from unauthorizedaccess, and use secure protocols (HTTPS) for data transmission. Where the purpose of processing personal information has been achievedor is unable to be achieved, or the personal information is no longer necessary for achieving such purpose, we will delete relevant personalinformation in a timely manner. At the same time, we have specified the requirements for deleting and destroying data in our Noah DataSecurity Management Measures.To reduce the risk of cyber-attacks and protect our network and computer systems, we deploy a variety of cyber securitytechniques, including but not limited to Network Firewall, Web Application Firewall (WAF), Anti-Virus, Host-based Intrusion DetectionSystem (HIDS) and Data loss prevention (DLP). We also develop and maintain a Cyber Security Operation Center (SOC) platform tomonitor and respond to all types of cyber-attacks effectively on a real-time basis. Our SOC system is designed to automatically detectsuspicious activities and an alert will be instantly sent to our information security team for analysis and solutions.To keep improving our staff’s information security awareness and reduce human factors, we have organized various internaltraining sessions and prepared quizzes on information security. In 2022, our employees participated in a total of over 10,000 hours oftrainings.Intellectual PropertyWe believe that the protection of our brand, trade names, domain names, trademarks, trade secrets, patents, and other intellectualproperty rights is critical to our business. Such intellectual properties distinguish the products we distribute and the services we providefrom those of our competitors and contribute to our competitive advantage in both wealth management and asset management industries.We rely on a combination of copyright, trade secret, trademark, competition laws and contractual arrangements to protect our intellectualproperty rights. We enter into confidentiality agreements and non-compete covenants with all of our employees and our third-party productpartners.Table of Contents82As of December 31, 2022, we had 678 registered trademarks (557 registered trademarks in mainland China and 121 registeredtrademarks in Hong Kong (China), Taiwan (China), the U.S., Europe, Singapore, Canada, India, Australia and several other countries andregions), 110 software copyrights, 231 registered domain names, and three issued invention patents in mainland China. Specifically, theTrademark owned by Noah Investment has been recognized as a “Well-known Trademark” in China. The trademark owned by Gopher has also been recognized as a “Well-known Trademark” in mainland China.Our intellectual property is subject to risks of theft and other unauthorized use, and our ability to protect our intellectual propertyfrom unauthorized use is limited. In addition, we may be subject to claims that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of others.See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of ourintellectual property, which could reduce demands for our products and services, adversely affect our revenues and harm our competitiveposition” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may face intellectual propertyinfringement claims against us, which could be time-consuming and costly to defend and may result in the loss of significant rights by us.”CompetitionThe independent HNW wealth management services industry in China is concentrated. We primarily compete with otherindependent HNW wealth management service providers in China, which are providers primarily engaged in providing diversifiedinvestment products and comprehensive services to HNW clients and are not associated with any financial institutions. We believe that oursophisticated and loyal client base, ecosystem with product and investment partners, unique investment opportunities we provide,domestic and overseas capabilities and leading technology infrastructure provide us a competitive advantage. We also compete withprivate banking arms of financial institutions, typically the private banking departments of commercial banks in China.InsuranceWe participate in government sponsored social security plans including endowment insurance, unemployment insurance,maternity insurance, employment injury insurance, medical insurance and housing provident funds. We also maintain a director and officerliability insurance policy for our board directors, executives and employees. In Hong Kong, we maintain investment structure insurance asrequired by the SFC. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or key-man life insurance. We consider our insurance coverage tobe adequate for our existing operations and in line with that of other wealth management companies of similar size in China.Occupational Health and SafetyOur operations are subject to regulation and periodic monitoring by local work safety authorities. If we fail to comply withpresent or future laws and regulations, we would be subject to fines, suspension of business or cessation of operations. As such, weemphasize occupational health and safety and have established work safety policies and procedures to ensure that our operations are incompliance with applicable safety laws and regulations. During the three years ended December 31, 20220, 2021 and 2022 and up to thedate of this annual report, none of our employees had been involved in any major workplace accident in the course of their employment,and we had not been subject to any material disciplinary actions with respect to labor protection issues.Environment, Social and Corporate GovernanceWe pay close attention to environmental, social and corporate governance (“ESG”) matters and take actions in our day-to-dayoperations and investment services. Since 2014, we have been voluntarily releasing a Corporate Social Responsibility (“CSR”) Report onan annual basis, which are well recognized both domestically and internationally. In 2022, we were awarded ESG Responsibility ModelEnterprise from China Business News, and 2022 ESG Pioneer Award and Green Finance Product Innovation Award from Cailian News.Table of Contents83We actively work to promote our growth and operations in a sustainable and responsible manner and aim to become a companybuilt on sustainable development and responsible strategies, aligned with our core corporate values—client-centricity, integrity,professionalism, embracing changes, self-improvement, and passion. We updated our corporate mission in 2018 as “enriching life withwealth and wisdom” and envision ourselves to become a trustworthy partner by developing a deep understanding of clients through thepursuit of professionalism and excellence. We have been continuously investing in training and education programs for employees andclients.We believe that our operations do not produce material industrial waste and have a relatively limited impact on the environmentcompared to companies that directly engage in production. During the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 and up to thedate of this annual report, we were not subject to any administrative penalty for violating the applicable PRC or other environmental lawsand regulations that are material to our group.Our 2022 Noah Holdings Limited Sustainability Report will be released in April 2023, prepared in accordance with GlobalReporting Initiative (GRI) G4 Core Option and Standard AA1000 (2008). The report will highlight our efforts in ESG matters during theperiod, including corporate governance, employee compensation, anti-bribery and anti-corruption, sustainable management, human capitalmanagement, client-oriented innovation and investor education, digitalization, charity as well as other ESG matters. We hope our effortswill help create a healthy ecosystem in our business operations and promote sustainable development in the industry.In March 2021, Ms. Jingbo Wang, our founder, chairwomen and chief executive officer, signed the Statement of Support forWomen’s Empowerment Principles at UN Women. As of December 31, 2022, female employees accounted for 62.1% of our totalemployees and 33.9% of our senior management team. The average training hours of our employees are approximately 83.8 hours in theyear. We endeavor to include ESG-related topics into the decision-making process of risk management, product and service developmentand provision, as well as marketing activities.In October 2021, we were recognized by the international certification agency SGS and obtained ISO 14064-1:2018 (qualificationand reporting of greenhouse gas emission and removal, becoming the first company in China to meet the standard. The new officepremises we purchased in Hongqiao Transporation Hub consists of four office buildings, one of which was certified as LEED platinumlevel with the other three as LEED gold level by LEED certification, a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement andleaderships.In April 2020, our company and Gopher Asset Management both joined the UN supported Principles for Responsible Investmentinitiatives as official signatories, to promote responsible investments from both wealth management and asset management ends, andpractice sustainable development. Our company signed as a service provider and Gopher Asset Management signed as an investmentmanager. Our company became the first independent wealth management firm in China to participate in this initiative.In 2020, we also established an ESG sustainability committee consisting of directors and senior management members, to reportto our board of directors and to oversee the sustainable development of our company. In addition, the key performance indicators of oursenior management members have incorporated ESG indicators. The ESG sustainability committee, together with the strategy committee,talent committee, operation committee, science and technology revolution committee, product committee, ethics compliance committee(including compliance and discipline supervision committee), client interest committee, contributes to our organizational leadershipcapability and forms an effective collective decision-making mechanism.In 2020, Gopher Asset Management jointly initiated China Asset Manager ESG Investment Alliance with 50 fund managers. InJuly 2021, Gopher Asset Management released its ESG Responsible Investment Report, introducing the development trends ofinternational and domestic ESG responsible investment, analyzing ESG-related investment opportunities, stating Gopher AssetManagement’s research and investment actions, as well as presenting a group of excellent investment cases in line with sustainablebusiness models.Since 2021, Noah’s domestic and overseas mutual fund platform, “Smile Fund” and “iNoah” have both launched special ESGzone, with a professional team that regularly updates long-term tracking to screen high-quality ESG funds for customers and create moresocial value while protecting their assets.In 2022, Rayliant and our company jointly established an ESG committee and set up ESG fundamental quantitative products,aiming to bring long-term relatively stable returns to investors through ESG strategies.Table of Contents84As of December 31, 2022, we, our employees and clients had donated more than 387,000 saxaul trees that have been planted inTengger Desert in China, covering more than 1,365.2 acres of land and helping to stabilize 3.8 square kilometers of sand. Noah alsosupports the “Noah Ark – Biodiversity Conservation” program in the South West China to help protect animals such as green peafowls andAsian elephants. In February 2022, the program has entered into an agreement for renting 235.6 acres of forest in Yuxi, Yunnan province,which will be used in protecting Green Peafowl and the ecological restoration of their habitat for next 20 years.From 2015 to 2022, we organized 220 series of Noah Care courses in more than 50 cities in China, covering topics of happiness,well-being, and psychological health, which have been attended by or benefited more than 27,000 people. A social program we launchedhas helped thousands of beneficiaries including children in underdeveloped villages in China to receive education and community non-resident children to receive healthcare, as well as providing training sessions for children with infantile autism.In April 2022, in order to help combat the serious COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai, we have donated a total of more thanRMB2.5 million in materials, helping our employees, clients and the front-line epidemic protection institutions to overcome the hard time.Our ESG efforts are recognized by various organizations, demonstrated by the awards we received, including the OutstandingContributors to ESG Investment Services from The 6th Global CSR Summit, 2022 CWGM Awards and Transcendence Awards issued byCailian Press.We have launched a dedicated Noah ESG website in 2020 to promote ESG awareness and efforts in the industry. Moreinformation and the CSR reports are available at esg.noahgroup.com.Regulations in ChinaRegulation on Foreign InvestmentInvestment activities in the PRC by foreign investors were principally governed by the Catalogue for the Guidance of ForeignInvestment Industry, or the Guidance Catalogue, which was promulgated and is amended from time to time by the MOFCOM and theNDRC, the Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprise Law of the PRC, the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law of the PRC, theLaw of the PRC on Chinese-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures, or collectively the Old FIE Laws, and their respective implementationrules and ancillary regulations. The Guidance Catalogue laid out the basic framework for foreign investment in China, classifyingbusinesses into three categories with regard to foreign investment: “encouraged,” “restricted” and “prohibited”. Industries not listed in theGuidance Catalogue are generally deemed as falling into a fourth category “permitted” unless specifically restricted by other PRC laws.Under the Guidance Catalogue, certain ownership requirements, requirements for senior executives and other special managementmeasures shall apply to foreign investors with regard to the access of foreign investments in certain restricted categories, and foreigninvestors shall not engage in any business that falls into the prohibited categories.On June 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and the NDRC released the Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2019Version), or the 2019 Encouraging Catalogue and the Special Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment(2019), or the 2019 Negative List, which became effective on July 30, 2019, to amend and supplement the Guidance Catalogue andreplace the previous negative list thereunder. Under the 2019 Negative List, foreign investment in companies providing value-addedtelecommunications services, excluding e-commerce, domestic multi-party communications, data collection and transmission services andcall centers, should not exceed 50% of the total equity interests.On December 27, 2020, the MOFCOM and the NDRC released the Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment(2020 Version), which became effective on January 27, 2021, to replace the 2019 Encouraging Catalogue. On December 27, 2021, theMOFCOM and the NDRC released the Special Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment (2021Version), or the 2021 Negative List, which became effective on January 1, 2022, to further reduce restrictions on the foreign investmentand replace the previous negative list.Table of Contents85On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, or the ForeignInvestment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the Old FIE Laws. The Foreign Investment Law, by means oflegislation, establishes the basic framework for the access, promotion, protection and administration of foreign investment in view ofinvestment protection and fair competition. According to the Foreign Investment Law, a foreign invested entity shall be treated nodifferent than a domestic company, except for those foreign invested entities that operate in industries deemed to be either “restricted” or“prohibited” in the “negative list”. The Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign invested entities operating in the “restricted”industries will be required to conform to relevant investment conditions before they can operate in such industries and foreign investedentities shall not invest in any “prohibited” industry. The Foreign Investment Law also provides several protective rules and principles forforeign investors and their investments in the PRC, including, among others, that foreign investors’ funds can be freely transferred out andinto the territory of PRC, which run through the entire life cycle from the entry to the exit of foreign investment, and that a comprehensivesystem to guarantee fair competition among foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises is to be established. If these protectiverules and principles are so implemented via specific rules and regulations, it could mean that the restrictions on the injection of ourcompany’s funds into our PRC subsidiary and the distribution of the PRC subsidiary’s profits and dividends to our company may furtherloosen. In addition, foreign investors and foreign-invested enterprises are subject to legal liabilities for failing to report their investmentinformation in accordance with the requirements of the information reporting system to be further established. Furthermore, the ForeignInvestment Law provides that foreign invested enterprises established according to the existing laws regulating foreign investment maymaintain their structure and corporate governance within five years after the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law, which meansthat after the five-year grace period, foreign invested enterprises may be required to adjust their structure and corporate governance inaccordance with the then current PRC Company Law and other laws and regulations governing the corporate governance.On December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Rules to the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC,which became effective on January 1, 2020. The implementation rules further clarified that the state encourages and promotes foreigninvestment, protects the lawful rights and interests of foreign investors, regulates foreign investment administration, continues to optimizeforeign investment environment, and advances a higher-level opening.On December 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, jointly promulgatedthe Measures for Information Reporting on Foreign Investment, which became effective on January 1, 2020. Pursuant to the Measures forInformation Reporting on Foreign Investment, where a foreign investor carries out investment activities in China directly or indirectly, theforeign investor or the foreign-invested enterprise shall submit the investment information to the competent commerce department.On December 19, 2020, the MOFCOM and the NDRC, jointly promulgated the Measures for the Security Review of ForeignInvestments, or the Security Review Measures, which took effect on January 18, 2021. Pursuant to the Security Review Measures, forforeign investments which affect or may affect national security, security review shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions ofthe Security Review Measures. The State establishes a working mechanism for the security review of foreign investments, the “WorkingMechanism”, and be responsible for organizing, coordinating and guiding the security review of foreign investments. For foreigninvestments related to important financial services, important information technology and internet products and services, etc., the foreigninvestors who obtains the actual controlling stake in the investee enterprise or relevant parties in the PRC shall proactively declare to theoffice of the Working Mechanism prior to implementation of the investments.Table of Contents86Regulations on Private FundsOn August 21, 2014, the CSRC promulgated Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Private InvestmentFunds, or the Interim Measures, which became effective on the same date. According to the Interim Measures, private funds refer to theinvestment funds established by way of raising capitals from qualified investors in a non-public manner within the territory of the PRC.The qualified investors shall be (i) institutional investors with net assets of not less than RMB10 million, (ii) individual investors withfinancial assets of not less than RMB3 million or the average annual income of not less than RMB500,000 for the past three years, and(iii) other types of investors that have been prescribed in the Interim Measures. The Interim Measures mainly cover the following fiveaspects: specifying the registration of fund manager and record-filing of private funds of all types, setting up a qualified investor system,specifying the fund raising regulations of private funds, presenting the investment operations and introducing industry self-regulation andsupervision and administration measures for private funds. Apart from the Interim Measures, other laws or regulations applying to privatefunds shall still apply, including the Company Law of the PRC, or the PRC Company Law, which applies to fund managers or privatefunds taking the form of limited liability company or company limited by shares and the Partnership Law of the PRC, which applies tofund managers or private funds taking the form of limited liability partnership or general partnership. Unlike general partnerships, limitedpartnerships allow investors to join as partners with their liability for the partnership’s debts limited by the amount of their capitalcommitment. A limited partnership must consist of no more than 49 limited partners and at least one general partner, who will beresponsible for the operation of the partnership and bear unlimited liability for the partnership’s debts.According to the Interim Measures, the establishment of management institutions of private funds and the formation of privatefunds are not subject to administrative examination or approvals. All types of fund managers are allowed to set up private funds to acumulative number of investors not exceeding the number specified by laws. Managers of private funds of all types are, however, requiredto register with the AMAC and apply with the AMAC for record filing after the fund raising of a private fund of any type is completed.Accordingly, the AMAC formulated the Measures for the Registration of Private Investment Fund Managers and Filling of PrivateInvestment Funds (for Trial Implementation) on January 17, 2014, and recently issued the Measures for Registration and Filing of PrivateInvestment Fund, or the New Registration and Filing Measures, on February 24, 2023 to replace the former, the Registration and FilingMeasures will take effect on May 1, 2023, setting forth the procedures and requirements for the registration of private fund managers andrecord filing of private funds to perform self-regulatory administration of private funds.Since late 2015, the AMAC promulgated a series of detailed measures and guidance to enhance the supervision in the privatefund industry, including the Administration of Information Disclosure of Private Investment Funds, the Notice to Further Regulate SeveralIssues on the Registration of Private Funds Managers, Rules on the Management of Private Asset Management Plan Filing by Securitiesand Futures Institutions No. 1 to 3 and Rules on the Management of Private Asset Management Plan Filing by Securities and FuturesInstitutions No. 4. These regulations have the effect of (i) expanding the self-discipline rules regarding the private fund industry,(ii) intensifying the registration of private fund manager and record-filing of private funds, (iii) establishing the qualification censorship offund manager by attorney and (iv) strengthening the practice qualifications of management.In December 2018, the AMAC updated the Notice for Private Fund Manager Registration, or the Private Fund ManagerRegistration Notice, which will be replaced by the the New Registration and Filing Measures, setting further requirements for theregistration and ongoing compliance matters for private fund managers. Among others, the Private Fund Manager Registration Noticementioned that: (i) if a new entity under the common control with a private fund manager intends to file a new application for private fundmanager registration with the AMAC, it shall state in its application the purpose and rationale of setting up multiple private fundmanagers, the difference in the business of such private fund managers, and how horizontal competition among such private fundmanagers can be avoided, the de facto control person and the registered related private fund manager under its control shall undertake inwriting that it shall bear the joint and several liability for any violations of such private fund manages during their operations; and (ii)except for its legal representative, other senior officers of a private fund manager shall not have any other part-time jobs, and in the eventthat such senior officers have any part-time job in addition to the position in such private fund manager, the fund manager shall providerelevant documentations for the rationale for such additional part-time job; the number of the senior officers who have such additionalpart-time jobs shall not exceed 50% of the total number of the senior officers of the private fund manager.Table of Contents87On November 9, 2017, the State Council promulgated the Notice of Implementation Measures to Transfer a Portion of State-owned Capital to Social Security Fund, or the State-owned Capital Transfer Notice, which amended the previous mechanism of state-owned capital transfer. In the past, if the portion of state-owned capital of an entity is more than 50% or otherwise considered assignificant by competent authorities (State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Committee, Ministry of Finance or CSRC indifferent occasions), the entity shall voluntarily transfer a portion of shares to the Social Security Fund in its initial public offering. Inpractice, before the State-owned Capital Transfer Notice, the limited partners with state-owned capital had the liberty to determine theportion and status of state-owned capital in its own shareholding/equity structure, which will eventually impact the state-ownedcapital percentage of the private fund the limited partner invested in. In addition, before the State-owned Capital Transfer Notice, when aprivate fund, or its invested enterprise, is considered to be in fact controlled by state-owned capital, the invested enterprise will likely haveto transfer the relevant shares in its first public offering. Pursuant to the State-owned Capital Transfer Notice, only the prescribed type ofentities shall transfer the shares to Social Security Fund and unless otherwise clarified by the State Council, a private fund is not aprescribed type entity.On April 27, 2018, the PBOC, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, or the CBIRC, CSRC and StateAdministration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, jointly released the Guidance Opinions on Regulating the Asset Management Businessof Financial Institutions, or the Guidance Opinions, which provides that specific laws and regulations relating to private investment fundswill be applied to private investment funds. However, if there are no such laws and regulations addressing particular topics, then theGuidance Opinions applies. On July 20, 2018, PBOC issued the Circular on Further Clarifying Matters concerning the Guidance Opinionson Regulating the Asset Management Business of Financial Institutions. On October 22, 2018, CSRC issued the Administrative Measureson Private Asset Management Business of Securities and Futures Institutions. CBIRC has also issued specific implementation rules in theindustries subject to its regulation. On October 19, 2019, NDRC, PBOC, the Ministry of Finance, CBIRC, CSRC and SAFE jointlyreleased the Notice on Further Clarifying the Matters Concerning Regulating Asset Management Products for Financial Institutions toInvest in Venture Capital Funds and Government-funded Industry Investment Funds, specifying how Guidance Opinions applies toventure capital funds and government-funded industry investment funds. On December 23, 2019, the AMAC updated the Instructions forthe Filing of Privately-Raised Investment Funds (2019 Version), which reflects certain provisions set forth in the Guidance Opinions, suchas the prohibition of the establishment of multiple private funds in disguised forms in order to contravene restrictions on the number ofinvestors or other regulatory requirements and the requirement for leverage ratios in respect of the private funds.On February 14, 2020, the CSRC released the Decision on the Revision to the Administrative Measures for the Offering ofSecurities by Listed Companies, the Decision on the Revision to the Implementing Rules for Private Placement of Shares by ListedCompanies and the Supervision Q&A for Offering - Supervision Requirements for Guiding and Regulating Financing Acts of ListCompanies (the abovementioned rules, collectively, the “Refinancing Rules (2020)”), relaxing the supervision requirements forrefinancing by PRC listed companies and participation in private placement by investors. According to the Refinancing Rules (2020), theCSRC (i) shortens the lock period for transfer of the newly subscribed shares held by the subscribers; and (ii) increases the offering pricediscount and the maximum amount of shares for private placement etc. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Measures for theAdministration of Registration of Securities Offering by Listed Companies, or the New Refinacing Measures, which took effect on thesame day and replaced the Refinancing Rules (2020), the New Refinancing Measures further regulated the lock-up period for the newlysubscribed shares, the maximum price and amount of shares for private placement.On December 30, 2020, the CSRC promulgated the Several Provisions on Strengthening the Regulation of Private InvestmentFunds, or the Private Investment Funds Regulation Provisions, putting forward a series of prohibitive requirements for private fundmanagers and their practitioners. The Private Investment Funds Regulation Provisions mainly covers the following six aspects: (i)regulating the name and business scope of private fund managers; (ii) optimizing the regulation of group private fund managers; (iii)restating that private funds shall be offered to qualified investors in a non-public manner; (iv) clarifying the property investmentrequirements for private equity funds; (v) strengthening the normative requirements for private equity fund managers, practitioners andother subjects, and standardizing related-party transactions; (vi) clarifying legal liability and grace period arrangements.Table of Contents88On February 24, 2023, the AMAC issued the New Registration and Filing Measures, which will take effect on May 1, 2023 andwould replace the Measures for the Registration of Private Investment Fund Managers and Filling of Private Investment Funds (for TrialImplementation), the Notice for Private Fund Manager Registration and Answers to questions related to the registration and filing ofprivate equity funds (IV), (XIII) and (XIIII), (collectively, the Replaced Measures). The New Registration and Filing Measures furtherstandardized and clarified the relevant issues and requirements relating to registration and filing of private fund managers and privatefunds, and the submission of private fund operation information, besides, it also further improved the standards for the requirement inregards to the registration and filing of private fund managers and private funds, as well as the operation requirements of private fundmanagers. Compared with the Replaced Measures, the New Registration and Filing Measures required that private fund managers mustmeet the paid-in monetary capital of not less than 10 million yuan and have not less than 5 full-time employees when registering.Regulations on Fund DistributionAccording to the Administrative Measures on Securities Investment Fund Distribution, or the Fund Distribution AdministrativeMeasures, issued by the CSRC on March 15, 2013, fund distribution institutions refer to the fund managers and other institutionsregistered with the CSRC or its branches. Other institutions, including commercial banks, securities companies, futures companies,insurance institutions, securities investment consulting institutions and independent institutions, are required to register with the localCSRC branch and obtain the relevant fund distribution license, in order to carry out fund distribution service. Distribution servicesregulated under the Fund Distribution Administrative Measures refer to marketing and promotion, sales and distribution, subscription andredemption services of mutual funds in particular.The AMAC issued the Measures for the Administration of the Fund Raising Conducts of the Private Investment Funds, or theFund Raising Measures, on April 15, 2016 and the Implementation Guidance of the Management of Investor Suitability for Fund RaisingInstitutions (Trial), or the Investor Suitability Management Guidance, on June 28, 2017 in consistent with the Administrative Measures ofthe Securities and Futures Investor Suitability issued by the CSRC on December 12, 2016 and took effect on July 1, 2017 (last amended onAugust 12, 2022), which both made significant changes to the fund raising procedures and fund distribution institutions. According to theFund Raising Measures, only two kinds of institutions are qualified to conduct the fund raising of private investment funds: (a) privatefund managers which have registered with the AMAC (only applicable when raising fund for the funds established and managed bythemselves); and (b) the fund distributors which have obtained the fund distribution license and also become members of the AMAC. Inaddition, the Fund Raising Measures set forth detailed procedures for conducting fund raising business and introduced new processes suchas the “cooling-off period” and the “re-visit.”The Investor Suitability Management Guidance categorized fund investors into two types: common investors and sophisticatedinvestors. Sophisticated investors include (i) financial institutions approved by relevant financial bureaus and the products they distribute,(ii) entities with net asset of no less than RMB20 million as of the end of the previous year and financial asset of no less than RMB10million as of the end of the previous year, and with at least two years of relevant investment experience, and (iii) individuals with financialasset of no less than RMB5 million or average annual income of no less than RMB500,000 for the past three years, and with at least twoyears of relevant investment experience or work experience or relevant qualification,etc. The investors other than the sophisticatedinvestors are common investors (including investors with the lowest risk tolerance), who are further divided into 5 categories according totheir risk tolerance level. The Investor Suitability Management Guidance listed the requirements and steps for identifying the risktolerance and category of each investor, which shall be the first step to take in a fund-raising process when determining the product withcorresponding risk level that such investor can subscribe to.On November 8, 2019, the Supreme People’s Court of the PRC issued the Notice by the Supreme People’s Court of Issuing theMinutes of the National Courts’ Civil and Commercial Trial Work Conference, or the Conference Minutes, which identifies the liability ofsellers of financial products in respect of the trial of cases relating to disputes over protection of the rights and interests of financialconsumers. According to the Conference Minutes, where an issuer or seller of a financial product fails to perform its suitabilityobligations, causing damages to any financial consumer in the course of purchasing the financial product, the financial consumer isentitled to compensations from either the issuer or the seller of the financial product, or, in accordance with Article 167 of the GeneralProvisions of the Civil Law (the predecessor of the General Provisions of Civil Code of the PRC), from both the issuer and the seller.Further, the Conference Minutes also clearly states that if a financial service provider fails to follow the suitability principle, that is, to sellsuitable products to suitable customers, causing damages to any financial consumer participating in high-risk investment activities afterproviding its financial services, the financial consumer may request the financial service provider to assume its liability for compensations.Table of Contents89On August 28, 2020, the CSRC issued the Supervision Measures on Distribution Institutions of Publicly-Raised SecuritiesInvestment Fund, or the Supervision Measures, which came into effect on October 1, 2020 and replaced the Fund DistributionAdministrative Measures. The Supervision Measures set out various requirements on fund distribution institutions distributing publicly-raised securities investment funds as well as privately-raised securities investment funds, including registration, operational standards,internal control and risk management. Fund distribution institutions distributing publicly-raised securities investment funds are required toobtain a fund distribution license. The Supervision Measures provide that independent fund distribution institutions shall specialize in thedistribution of publicly-raised securities investment funds and privately-raised securities investment funds, and no other business shall beengaged, except as otherwise prescribed by the CSRC. In addition, pursuant to the Provisions on the Implementation of the SupervisionMeasures on Distribution Institutions of Publicly-Raised Securities Investment Fund issued by the CSRC on August 28, 2020 and effectivefrom October 1, 2020, an independent fund distribution institution engaging in the distribution of products other than publicly-raisedsecurities investment funds and privately-raised securities investment funds shall, within two years from the implementation date of theSupervision Measures, complete the rectification, and during the rectification period, cut the scale of holdings of relevant products underdistribution in an orderly manner and after the expiration of the rectification period, only provide services for existing shares held byrelevant stock product investors.Regulations on Microloan BusinessThe Guidance on the Pilot Establishment of Microloan Companies, jointly promulgated by the China Banking RegulatoryCommission, or the CBRC, and the PBOC on May 4, 2008, allows provincial governments to approve the establishment of microloancompanies on a trial basis. This guidance set the basic principles and requirements to set up microloan company, which requires that theregistered capital shall be fully paid in and that the capital from one individual, entity or other association (including the capital fromaffiliates) shall not exceed 10% of the total registered capital.On October 10, 2008, the People’s Government of Anhui Province promulgated the Pilot Administrative Measures (for Trialimplementation) on Microloan Company in Anhui, and on May 18, 2009, the Anhui Government promulgated the Interim Regulations onthe Supervision and Administration of Microloan Business of Anhui Province. According to such measures and regulations, a microloancompany is not allowed to accept public deposits. The major sources of funds of a microloan company shall be the capital paid in byshareholders, donated capital and the capital borrowed from a maximum of two banking financial institutions. The balance of the capitalborrowed from banking financial institutions shall not exceed 50% of the net capital. When applying for the establishment of a microloancompany, the shareholding percentage of the founding shareholder shall not exceed 20% in principle, and the capital contribution from oneindividual, entity or other association (including the capital from affiliates) to a company in this business may not exceed 10% of thecompany’s total registered capital. In addition, the total amount of loans of the same borrower shall not exceed 5% of the registered capitalof the microloan company. On October 24, 2011, the government of Anhui Province published the Opinions of Finance Office of AnhuiProvince on Promoting the Standardized Development of Microloan Companies across Anhui Province, or the Anhui Microloan CompanyDevelopment Notice, which explicitly states that microloan companies cannot raise money through authorized loans, and cannot receivepublic deposits. The Anhui Microloan Company Development Notice relaxes the restrictions on the equity proportion of microloancompanies, according to which, when applying for the establishment of a microloan company, the shareholding percentage of the foundingshareholder shall not exceed 35% in principle, the shareholding percentage of the founding shareholder and its affiliated shareholder shallnot exceed 50% and the capital contribution from the other affiliated shareholders of the company may not exceed 30% of the company’stotal registered capital.Table of Contents90The Notice on Regulation and Renovation of the Cash Loan Business promulgated on December 1, 2017 and the ImplementationPlan for Renovation of the Risk of Online Microloan Business for Microloan Company issued on December 8, 2017 (collectively, the“Microloan Renovation Plan”) set forth the requirements for cash loan or online loan making. The previous practice such as loan withoutprescribed usage, extensive borrowing from third parties or public deposits to carry out lending business, transfer or sell of the creditassets through online platform or local exchange is expressly prohibited. In addition, the Notice on Regulation and Renovation of the CashLoan Business prescribed that engaging credit asset transfer or ABS business through Internet finance is prohibited. Further, it providesthat the capital from credit asset transfer or ABS business shall be counted together with capital from other financing methods ofmicroloan company, and the total amount of capital shall not exceed the prescribed percentage of a microloan company’s net asset in theMicroloan Renovation Plan. On July 23, 2019, the Opinions on Illegal Lending, jointly promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court, theSupreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, and the Ministry of Justice and became effective on October 21, 2019,provides rules on the supervision of and punishment for illegal lending, including (i) regularly granting loans to the public for profits inviolation of the provisions issued by the state, without the approval of the regulatory authorities, or beyond the scope of business, (ii)granting illegal loans as stipulated in (i) under circumstances where the annual interest rate of the loan exceeds 36%; and (iii) debt-collection by means of violence.On September 7, 2020, the CBIRC issued the Notice of the General Office of the CBIRC on Strengthening Regulation onMicroloan Companies, or the Microloan Companies Notice. The Microloan Companies Notice requires microloan companies to primarilyengage in loan business and limits the amount of debt they can borrow. Specifically, the balance of funds borrowed from banks,shareholders and through other non-standard financings should not exceed microloan companies’ net assets and the balance of debt raisedvia issuance of bonds, asset-backed securities and other standard debt instruments should not exceed four times the microloan companies’net assets. The Microloan Companies Notice also sets out requirements on various aspects of microloan companies’ business operations,including credit concentration, use of loan proceeds, territorial scope, interests rate and prohibited activities. In particular, microloancompanies should strengthen funds management and improve credit process, including pre-loan approval check, loan approval review andpost-loan monitoring, separation of loan application investigation and approval, and loan classification. Additionally, microloan companiesare required to improve various practices, such as loan collection process, information disclosure, and customer data safekeeping andcooperate in regulatory reviews.Regulations on Internet Financial ServicesDue to the relatively short history of the Internet financial service industry in China, the PRC government has not adopted a clearregulatory framework governing the industry. There are ad hoc laws and regulations applicable to elements of Internet financial service-related businesses, such as laws and regulations governing value-added telecommunication services.On July 14, 2015, the PBOC together with nine other PRC regulatory agencies jointly issued a series of policy measuresapplicable to Internet financial services titled the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of Internet Finance, or theGuidelines. On April 12, 2016, the General Office of the PRC State Council issued the Implementation Plan for Special Rectification ofInternet Financial Risks, or the Rectification Implementation Plan. The Guidelines introduced formally for the first time the regulatoryframework and basic principles for Internet financial services industry in China as “law-abiding regulation, appropriate regulation,classified regulation, collaborative regulation and innovative regulation.” The Guidelines further stated the definitions and basic principlesfor Internet financial services in the areas of Internet payment, Internet fund distribution and others.The Guidelines also specified several basic rules for Internet financial services industry administration, such as: (i) anyorganization or individual that intends to set up a website to provide Internet financial services shall, in addition to going through relevantfinancial regulatory procedures as required, also undergo website record-filing procedures with telecommunications authorities pursuant tothe law; (ii) unless otherwise specified, an industry player shall select qualified banking financial institutions as fund depositoryinstitutions to manage and oversee client funds, and manage client funds and its proprietary funds under separate accounts; and (iii) suchindustry player shall comply with basic rules of information disclosure, risk reminder and qualified investors, information security andanti-money laundering. The Rectification Implementation Plan further provides that: (i) the regulators will adopt the see-through way ofsupervision; and (ii) the non-financial institutions, or the enterprises which do not carry out financial business, shall not use the wordings,such as “exchange,” “finance,” “asset management,” “wealth management,” “fund,” “fund management,” “investment management,”“equity investment fund,” “online lending,” “peer-to-peer,” “equity crowd-funding,” “Internet insurance,” “payment” or the like, as theirenterprise name or registered business. If the enterprise chooses to use the aforementioned word/words, the Administration of Industry andCommerce will inform the financial regulators.Table of Contents91Regulations Relating to Cyber SecurityOn November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC, promulgated the CyberSecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the Cyber Security Law, effective on June 1, 2017, to protect cyberspace security andorder. Pursuant to the Cyber Security Law, any individual or organization using the network must comply with the PRC constitution andthe applicable laws, follow the public order, respect social ethics, and must not endanger cyber security, or engage in activities by makinguse of the network that endanger the national security, honor or interests, or infringe on the fame, privacy, intellectual property or otherlegitimate rights and interests of others. The Cyber Security Law sets forth various security protection obligations for network operators,which are defined as “owners and administrators of networks and network service providers,” including, among other obligations,complying with a series of requirements of tiered cyber protection systems, verifying users’ real identities, localizing the personalinformation and important data gathered and produced by key information infrastructure operators during operations within the PRC andproviding assistance and support to government authorities where necessary for protecting national security and investigating crimes.On September 14, 2022, the CAC published a draft amendment to the Cyber Security Law for public comment (the “DraftAmendment”) which was formulated to align the Cyber Security Law with several new laws that were released after the Cyber SecurityLaw came into effect in June 2017, including the Administrative Punishment Law, the Data Security Law, and the Personal InformationProtection Law, all of which were adopted or amended in 2021. The Draft Amendment mainly proposes revisions on legal responsibility toadjust the types and ranges of administrative penalties for violating the Cyber Security Law and to align them with other laws. Generally,the fines and penalties to be imposed by Chinese cyberspace regulators have been significantly increased and expanded.On December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with certain other PRC governmental authorities, jointly released the RevisedCybersecurity Review Measures, which took effect on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures,operators of critical information infrastructure that intend to purchase network products and services, or online platform operators thatconduct data processing activities, that affect or may affect national security must apply for a cybersecurity review. In addition, any onlineplatform operator holding over one million users’ individual information must apply for a cybersecurity review before listing abroad. Thecybersecurity review will evaluate, among others, the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data, or the risk of alarge amount of personal information being influenced, controlled or maliciously used by foreign governments after going public, andcyber information security risk. The Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures set out certain general factors which would be the focus inassessing the national security risk during a cybersecurity review. However, the scope of network product or service or data processingactivities that will or may affect national security is still unclear, and the PRC government authorities may have wide discretion in theinterpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations.Furthermore, on 14 November 2021, the CAC publicly solicited opinions on the Regulations on the Administration of Cyber DataSecurity (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Data Security Regulations. According to the Draft Data Security Regulations, data processorsshall, in accordance with relevant state provisions, apply for cyber security review when carrying out the following activities:(i) themerger, reorganization or separation of Internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to nationalsecurity, economic development or public interests, which affects or may affect national security; (ii) data processors that handle thepersonal information of more than one million people intends to be listed abroad; (iii) the data processor intends to be listed in HongKong, which affects or may affect national security; (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security.However, substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of the Draft DataSecurity Regulations.Table of Contents92Regulations Relating to Internet PrivacyIn recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted laws and regulations on Internet use to protect personal informationfrom any unauthorized disclosure. The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services prohibit ICP service operators frominsulting or slandering a third party or infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of a third party. Under the Several Provisions onRegulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the MIIT on December 29, 2011, an ICP service operator may notcollect any user’s personal information or provide any such information to third parties without the consent of the user. An ICP serviceoperator must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user’s personalinformation and may only collect such information necessary for the provision of its services. An ICP service operator is also required toproperly keep the user personal information, and in the case of any leak or potential leak of the user’s personal information, the ICPservice operator must take immediate remedial measures and, in severe circumstances, to make an immediate report to thetelecommunications regulatory authority. In addition, pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Informationissued by the SCNPC on December 28, 2012 and the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User’s PersonalInformation issued by the MIIT in July 2013, any collection and use of user’s personal information must be subject to the consent of theusers, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes. An ICPservice operator must also keep such information strictly confidential, and is further prohibited from divulging, tampering or destroyingany such information, or selling or providing such information to other parties. Any violation of the above decision or order may subjectthe ICP service operator to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancelation of filings, closedown ofwebsites or even criminal liabilities.Furthermore, in June 2016, the CAC issued the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services, whichbecame effective on August 1, 2016, and was further amended and took effect on August 1, 2022, to further strengthen the regulation ofthe mobile application information services. Pursuant to these provisions, owners or operators of mobile Internet applications that provideinformation services are required to be responsible for information security management, establish and improve the protective mechanismfor user information, observe the principles of legality, rightfulness, necessity and integrity, and expressly state the purpose, method andscope of, and obtain user consent to, the collection and use of users’ personal information. In addition, the new Cyber Security Law alsorequires network operators to strictly keep users’ personal information that they have collected confidential and to establish and improvetheir user information protective mechanisms.On November 28, 2019, the Secretary Bureau of the Cyberspace Administration of China, the General Office of the MIIT, the GeneralOffice of the Ministry of Public Security and the General Office of the SAMR promulgated the Identification Method of Illegal Collectionand Use of Personal Information Through App, which provides guidance for the regulatory authorities to identify the illegal collection anduse of personal information through mobile apps, and for the app operators to conduct self-examination and self-correction and for otherparticipants to voluntarily monitor compliance. On February 13, 2020, the PBOC issued Personal Financial Information ProtectionTechnical Specification, which sets forth the security protection requirements, including the security technology requirements and securitymanagement requirements, for the collection, transmission, storage, use, deletion, destroying and other aspects of the personal financialinformation. On July 22, 2020, the MIIT issued the Notice on Carrying out Special Rectification Actions in Depth against theInfringement upon Users’ Rights and Interests by Apps, the tasks of which includes rectification of (i) illegally collection and use ofpersonal information of users by the APP and the SDK; (ii) conduct of setting up obstacles and frequently harassing users; (iii) cheatingand misleading users; (iv) inadequate fulfillment of application distribution platforms’ responsibilities. In addition, the SAMR andStandardization Administration issued the Standard of Information Security Technology-Personal Information Security Specification(2020 edition), which took effect on October 1, 2020. Pursuant to the standard, any entity or person who has the authority or right todetermine the purposes for and methods of using or processing personal information are seen as a personal information controller. Suchpersonal information controller is required to collect information in accordance with applicable laws, and except in certain specific eventsthat are expressly exempted in the standard, to obtain the information provider’s consent prior to collection of such data.Pursuant to the Civil Code of the PRC which came into effect on January 1, 2021, the personal information of a natural personshall be protected by the law. Any organization or individual that needs to obtain personal information of others shall obtain suchinformation legally and ensure the safety of such information, and shall not illegally collect, use, process or transmit personal informationof others, or illegally purchase or sell, provide or make public personal information of others.Table of Contents93On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Personal InformationProtection Law, or the PIPL, which became effective on November 1, 2021. Pursuant to the PIPL, personal information refers to theinformation related to an identified or identifiable individual recorded electronically or by other means, excluding the anonymizedinformation, and processing of personal information includes among others, the collection, storage, use, handling, transmission, provision,disclosure, deletion of personal information. The PIPL explicitly sets forth the circumstances where it is allowed to process personalinformation, including (i) the consent from the individual has been obtained; (ii) it is necessary for the conclusion and performance of acontract under which an individual is a party, or it is necessary for human resource management in accordance with the labor related rulesand regulations and the collective contracts formulated or concluded in accordance with laws; (iii) it is necessary to perform statutoryduties or statutory obligations; (iv) it is necessary to respond to public health emergencies, or to protect the life, health and property safetyof individuals in emergencies; (v) carrying out news reports, public opinion supervision and other acts for the public interest, andprocessing personal information within a reasonable scope; (vi) processing personal information disclosed by individuals or other legallydisclosed personal information within a reasonable scope in accordance with this law; or (vii) other circumstances stipulated by laws andadministrative regulations. In addition, this law emphasizes that individuals have the right to withdraw their consent to process theirpersonal information, and the processors must not refuse to provide products or services on the grounds that the individuals do not agree tothe processing of their personal information or withdraw their consent, unless processing of personal information is necessary for theprovision of products or services. Before processing the personal information, the processors should truthfully, accurately and completelyinform individuals of the following matters in a conspicuous manner and in clear and easy-to-understand language: (i) the name andcontact information of the personal information processor; (ii) the purpose of processing personal information, processing method, type ofpersonal information processed, and the retention period; (iii) methods and procedures for individuals to exercise their rights under thislaw; (iv) other matters that should be notified according to laws and administrative regulations. Furthermore, the law provides thatpersonal information processors who use personal information to make automated decisions should ensure the transparency of decision-making and the fairness and impartiality of the results, and must not impose unreasonable differential treatment on individuals in terms oftransaction prices and other transaction conditions.In addition to the aforementioned general rules, the PIPL also introduces the rules for processing sensitive personal information,which refers to the personal information that, once leaked or illegally used, can easily lead to the infringement of the personal dignity ofnatural persons or harm personal and property safety, including biometrics, religious beliefs, specific identities, medical health, financialaccounts, whereabouts and other information, as well as personal information of minors under the age of fourteen. Personal informationprocessors can process sensitive personal information only if they have a specific purpose and sufficient necessity, and take strictprotective measures. In addition, the law provides rules for cross-border provision of personal information. In particular, it is provided thatthe operators of critical information infrastructures and the personal information processors that process personal information up to thenumber prescribed by the national cyberspace administration shall store personal information collected and generated within the PRC. If itis really necessary to provide such personal information overseas, they shall pass the security assessment organized by the nationalcyberspace administration, except as otherwise stipulated by laws, administrative regulations and the national cyberspace administration.Any processor in violation of this law may be subject to administrative penalties including rectifications, warnings, fines, confiscation ofillegal gains, suspension of the apps illegally processing personal information or suspension of the relevant business, revocation ofbusiness operation permits or business licenses, civil liabilities or even criminal liabilities. The directly responsible personnel in chargeand other directly responsible personnel may be imposed with fines and prohibited from serving as directors, supervisors, seniormanagement personnel and personal information protection officers of related companies within a certain period of time.Table of Contents94Regulations Relating to Data Cross-border TransferOn July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Data Cross-border Transfer, or the SecurityAssessment Measures, which took effect on September 1, 2022 and requires that any data processor providing important data collected andgenerated during operations within the territory of the PRC or personal information that should be subject to security assessment accordingto law to an overseas recipient shall conduct security assessment. The Security Assessment Measures provides four circumstances, underany of which data processors shall, through the local cyberspace administration at the provincial level, apply to the national cyberspaceadministration for security assessment of data cross-border transfer. These circumstances include: (i) where the data to be transferred to anoverseas recipient contain important data collected and generated by data processors; (ii) where the data to be transferred to an overseasrecipient are personal information collected and generated by operators of critical information infrastructure or data processors processingover one million users’ individual information; (iii) where the personal information of more than 100,000 people or sensitive personalinformation of more than 10,000 people are transferred overseas accumulatively since January 1 of the previous year; or (iv) othercircumstances under which security assessment of data cross-border transfer is required as prescribed by the national cyberspaceadministration.On August 31, 2022, the CAC promulgated the first edition of the Guide to Applications for Security Assessment of OutboundData Transfers, or the Security Assessment Guide. The Security Assessment Guide provides practical guidance to the implementation ofthe Security Assessment Measures. The Security Assessment Guide also reaffirms CAC’s position that a cross-border data transfer out ofmainland China includes where a data processor stores data collected or generated in its operations in mainland China to an overseasrecipient, and where a data processor allows an overseas entity, organization, or individual to access, retrieve, download, or export data thedata processor collects or generates and stores in mainland China.On February 22, 2023, the CAC promulgated the Measures for Standard Contract for Outbound Data Transfer of PersonalInformation, or the Measures, which will come into effect on June 1, 2023. The Measures provide a transitional period of six months fromthe effective date for companies to take necessary measures to comply with the requirements. According to the Measures, in the caseswhere the personal information processor provides personal information abroad by concluding a standard contract, the contract shall beconcluded in strict compliance with the form Standard Contract that is attached as an annex to the Measures. The Measures further providethat personal information processors may agree on other terms with overseas recipients, but they shall not conflict with the StandardContract. According to the Measures, the personal information processor shall, within ten working days from the effective date of thestandard contract, file with the local provincial cyberspace administration and submit the standard contract and personal informationprotection impact assessment report for record.Regulations on Labor ProtectionOn June 29, 2007, the SCNPC promulgated the Labor Contract Law of the PRC, as amended on December 28, 2012, whichformalizes employees’ rights concerning employment contracts, overtime hours, layoffs and the role of trade unions and provides forspecific standards and procedure for the termination of an employment contract. In addition, the Labor Contract Law requires the paymentof a statutory severance pay upon the termination of an employment contract in most cases, including in cases of the expiration of a fixed-term employment contract. In addition, under the Regulations on Paid Annual Leave for Employees and its implementation rules, whichbecame effective on January 1, 2008 and on September 18, 2008 respectively, employees are entitled to a paid vacation ranging from 5 to15 days, depending on their length of service and to enjoy compensation of three times their regular salaries for each such vacation day incase such employees are deprived of such vacation time by employers, unless the employees waive such vacation days in writing.Table of Contents95Enterprises in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including socialinsurance funds, namely a pension plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance planand a maternity insurance plan, and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the plans or funds in amounts equal to certain percentagesof salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations wherethey operate their businesses or where they are located. According to the Social Insurance Law of the PRC, an employer that fails to makesocial insurance contributions may be ordered to pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee of0.05% of the amount overdue per day from the original due date by the relevant authority. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure tomake social insurance contributions by such stipulated deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times the amountoverdue. According to the Regulations on Management of Housing Fund issued by the State Council on March 24, 2002, an enterprise thatfails to make housing fund contributions may be ordered to rectify the noncompliance and pay the required contributions within astipulated deadline; otherwise, an application may be made to a local court for compulsory enforcement.Regulations on TaxPRC Enterprise Income TaxThe PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on the taxable income determined under the PRC laws and accountingstandards. On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress of China enacted Law of the PRC on Enterprise Income Tax, or the EITLaw, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was revised on February 24, 2017 and December 29, 2018. On December 6, 2007,the State Council promulgated Implementing Regulations of the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the EIT Implementation Rules,which also became effective on January 1, 2008 and was further amended on April 23, 2019. The EIT Law imposes a uniform enterpriseincome tax rate of 25% on all domestic enterprises, including Foreign Investment Enterprises, or FIEs, unless they qualify for certainexceptions, and terminates most of the tax exemptions, reductions and preferential treatments available under previous tax laws andregulations.Moreover, under the EIT Law, enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto managementbodies” located within China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and therefore subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of25% of their worldwide income. The EIT Implementation Rules define the term “de facto management body” as the management bodythat exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of anenterprise. In addition, the Circular Related to Relevant Issues on the Identification of a Chinese-Holding Enterprise IncorporatedOverseas as a Resident Enterprise in accordance with the Actual Standards of Organizational Management issued by the StateAdministration of Taxation, or the SAT, on April 22, 2009 and amended on January 29, 2014, provides that a foreign enterprise controlledby a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be classified as a “resident enterprise” with its “de facto management bodies” locatedwithin China if the following requirements are satisfied: (i) the senior management and core management departments in charge of itsdaily operations function mainly in the PRC; (ii) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval bypersons or bodies in the PRC; (iii) its major assets, accounting books, company seals and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (iv) not less than half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rightsreside in the PRC. Although the circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises and not those controlled byPRC individuals or foreigners, the determining criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de factomanagement body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they arecontrolled by PRC enterprises, individuals or foreigners.Value-added TaxOn March 23, 2016, the Ministry of Finance and the SAT jointly issued the Circular on the Pilot Program for OverallImplementation of the Collection of Value Added Tax Instead of Business Tax, or Circular 36, which took effect on May 1, 2016. Pursuantto the Circular 36, all companies operating in construction industry, real estate industry, finance industry, modern service industry or otherindustries which were required to pay business tax are required to pay value-added tax, or VAT, in lieu of business tax. The applicable VATtax rates are 3%, 6%, 11%, and 17%, according to the Circular 36.Table of Contents96On December 21, 2016, the Notice on Clarification of Value-Added Tax Policies for Finance, Real Estate Development,Education Support Services, or Notice No. 140, was issued to explain the application of the Circular 36. According to Notice No. 140, foractivities subject to value-added tax occurring in the course of asset management services, the manager of the asset managementinvestment shall be the taxpayer. On December 30, 2016, the Tax Policy Division of the Ministry of Finance and the Goods and ServicesTax Division of the SAT further explain several provisions in the Notice No. 140, stating that the asset management investments refer tothe fund products, trust plans, and financial products managed by asset management service provider.On June 30, 2017, the Ministry of Finance and the SAT jointly issued the Notice on Relevant Issues Regarding the Value AddedTax of the Asset Management Products, or Notice No.56, which clarifies the rate that shall apply to the asset management product. NoticeNo.56 further states that the tax for the taxable act before January 1, 2018 shall not be required to be paid and the notice itself has becomeeffective since January 1, 2018. The Circular 36, Notice No.140 and Notice No.56 will influence the investment return of the investors ofthe asset management products. But the regulator has not clarified the detailed operation for the structured products and the influence onthese products is hard to value at current stage.In addition, on November 19, 2017, the State Council promulgated the Decisions on Abolishing the Provisional Regulations ofthe PRC on Business Tax and Amending the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Value-added Tax, or the Order 691. According to theProvisional Regulations of the PRC on Value-added Tax and the Order 691, all enterprises and individuals engaged in the sale of goods,the provision of processing, repair and replacement services, sales of services, intangible assets, real property and the importation of goodswithin the territory of the PRC are the taxpayers of VAT. The VAT tax rates generally applicable are simplified as 17%, 11%, 6% and 0%,and the VAT tax rate applicable to the small-scale taxpayers is 3%. On April 4, 2018, the Ministry of Finance and the SAT jointly issuedthe Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on the Adjustment to VAT Rates and the Circular onUnifying the Criteria for Small-scale Value-added Tax Payers, which became effective on May 1, 2018. Pursuant to these circulars, thededuction rates of 17% and 11% applicable to the taxpayers who have VAT taxable sales activities or imported goods were adjusted to16% and 10%, respectively. In addition, the small-scale VAT taxpayer are now defined as those whose annual sales are no more thanRMB5 million.On November 7, 2018, the Ministry of Finance and the SAT jointly issued the Circular on Policies on Enterprise Income Tax andValue-added Tax for Overseas Institutions Investing in the Domestic Bond Market, or Circular 108. Pursuant to the Circular 108, effectivefrom November 7, 2018 to November 6, 2021, enterprise income tax and VAT shall be temporarily exempted on income from bondinterests derived by overseas institutions from investments in domestic bond market. The scope of the aforesaid temporary exemption ofenterprise income tax shall exclude bond interests derived by the institutions or establishments that are set up within China by overseasinstitutions if such income has an actual connection with the institutions or establishments. On March 20, 2019, the Ministry of Finance,SAT and General Administration of Customs issued the Announcement on Relevant Policies for Deepening Value-Added Tax Reform, orCircular 39, which became effective on April 1, 2019. Under the Circular 39, among others, (i) the applicable VAT rate of 16% for taxablesales or imported goods of a VAT general taxpayer, is adjusted to 13%, and the applicable VAT rate of 10% is adjusted to 9%; and (ii) therange for VAT input deduction is expanded by adding the domestic transport services, the applicable deduction rate for airline and railwaytickets is 9% of ticket value, and 3% for the waterway and highway tickets; (iii) taxpayers of manufacturing and living service industriesshall be allowed to add an extra 10% based on the offsetable input VAT for the current period for deduction of the tax payable from April1, 2019 to December 31, 2022.Dividend Withholding TaxPursuant to the EIT Law and the EIT Implementation Rules, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its foreign investors are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction ofincorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. We are a Cayman Islands holdingcompany and the majority of our income may come from dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiaries directly or indirectly. Sincethere is no such tax treaty between China and the Cayman Islands, dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiaries will generally besubject to a 10% withholding tax.Table of Contents97Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidanceof Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Tax Arrangement, where a Hong Kong resident enterprise which isconsidered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise directly holds at least 25% equity interests in a PRC enterprise, the withholding tax rate inrespect of the payment of dividends by such PRC enterprise to such Hong Kong resident enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rateof 10%, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. Pursuant to the Notice of the SAT on the Issues concerning the Application ofthe Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements, or SAT Circular 81, issued on February 20, 2009, a resident enterprise of the counter-party tosuch Tax Arrangement should meet the following conditions, among others, in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax under the TaxArrangement: (i) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in such PRC resident enterprise; and(ii) it should directly own such percentage in the PRC resident enterprise anytime in the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. Thereare also other conditions for enjoying such reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. Pursuant tothe Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Taxpayer to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties issued by the SAT, or SAT Circular 60,on August 27, 2015, which became effective on November 1, 2015, any non-resident taxpayer may be entitled to such reducedwithholding tax rate automatically if such non-resident taxpayer satisfies the conditions prescribed in the relevant tax rules andregulations, and obtains the approvals required under the administrative measures described in the preceding sentence. The SAT issued theAnnouncement of State Taxation Administration on Promulgation of the Administrative Measures on Non-resident Taxpayers EnjoyingTreaty Benefits, or SAT Circular 35, on October 14, 2019, which became effective on January 1, 2020. The SAT Circular 35 furthersimplified the procedures for enjoying treaty benefits and replaced the SAT Circular 60. According to the SAT Circular 35, no approvalsfrom the tax authorities are required for a non-resident taxpayer to enjoy treaty benefits. Where a non-resident taxpayer self-assesses andconcludes that it satisfies the criteria for claiming treaty benefits, it may enjoy treaty benefits at the time of tax declaration or at the time ofwithholding through the withholding agent, but it shall gather and retain the relevant materials as required for future inspection, and acceptfollow-up administration by the tax authorities. However, according to the SAT Circular 81, if the relevant tax authorities consider thetransactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities mayadjust the favorable withholding tax in the future.On February 3, 2018, the SAT issued the Announcement of the SAT on Issues concerning the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties,which clarifies the interpretation of the beneficial ownership requirement in the dividends, interest and royalty articles of Chinese doubletax agreements and provides a more flexible guidance to determine whether the applicant engages in substantive business activities.On September 29, 2018, the Ministry of Finance, SAT, NDRC and MOFCOM jointly released the Notice on Expanding theApplication Scope of Withholding Tax Deferral Treatment on Direct Reinvestments Made by Foreign Investors, or Circular 102, to furtherencourage foreign investments in China. According to the Circular 102, when certain conditions are met, increase of paid-in capital/capitalreserve in the existing investee company by its foreign investor using its attributable/distributable profits is considered a direct equityinvestment and withholding tax deferral treatment may apply.U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance ActUnder Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, commonly referred to as the ForeignAccount Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”), withholding at a rate of 30% will generally be required on certain U.S.-source payments madeto certain non-U.S. entities (including investment funds and non-U.S. entities acting as intermediaries). In general, the 30% withholdingtax applies to certain payments made to a non-U.S. entity unless (i) the non-U.S. entity is a “foreign financial institution” and the non-U.S.entity undertakes certain due diligence, reporting, withholding, and certification obligations, (ii) the non-U.S. entity is a “non-financialforeign entity” and the non-U.S. entity identifies certain of its U.S. investors or provides certification that it does not have any suchinvestors, or (iii) the non-U.S. entity is otherwise exempt from FATCA. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States andanother country may also modify these requirements. The Cayman Islands has entered into a Model 1 intergovernmental agreement withthe United States, which gives effect to the automatic tax information exchange requirements of FATCA, and a similar intergovernmentalagreement with the United Kingdom. We will be required to comply with the Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority Law (2014Revision) (as amended) together with regulations and guidance notes made pursuant to such law that give effect to the intergovernmentalagreements with the United States and the United Kingdom. We do not believe FATCA will have a material impact on its business oroperations, but because FATCA is particularly complex and the intergovernmental agreement with the PRC, though agreed to in substance,has not been published, and PRC regulations or guidance notes have not been published, we cannot assure you that it will not be adverselyaffected by this legislation in the future.Table of Contents98Common Reporting StandardSimilarly, the OECD has developed the CRS and modeled competent authority agreement to enable the multilateral andautomatic exchange of financial account information, which has been adopted by many jurisdictions. CRS and its implementinglegislations in China and Hong Kong require financial institutions to identify and report the tax residency and account details of non-resident customers to the relevant authorities in jurisdictions adhering to CRS.On May 9, 2017, the SAT, Ministry of Finance, PBOC, CBRC, CSRC, and CIRC promulgated the Administrative Measures onDue Diligence Checks on Tax-related Information of Non-residents’ Financial Accounts, or the CRS Due Diligence Measures, whichrequires that financial institutions shall register with the SAT official website and report the information in a timely manner. As the CRSDue Diligence Measures requires, the private fund in the form of limited partnership or limited liability company and its fund manager aredefined as qualified financial institution; the foregoing private funds and fund managers and other qualified financial institutionsprescribed in the CRS Due Diligence Measures shall comply with their obligations thereunder. Several subsidiaries of our company, aswell as the private funds under our management, have complied with the CRS Due Diligence Measures and reported to the SAT asrequired. On September 6, 2018, the arrangements for the multilateral and automatic exchange of financial account information betweenChina and Hong Kong became effective. Hong Kong and China conducted the first automatic exchange of financial account informationin September 2018, and many jurisdictions (including Hong Kong) have promised to implement the multilateral and automatic exchangeof financial account information.Regulations on Foreign ExchangeForeign exchange regulations in China are primarily governed by the following rules:●Foreign Exchange Administration Rules (1996), most recently amende on August 5, 2008, or the Exchange Rules; and●Administration Rules of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange (1996), or the Administration Rules.Under the Exchange Rules, the Renminbi is convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interestand royalty payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. Conversion of Renminbi for capital account items, such asdirect investment, loan, securities investment and repatriation of investment, however, is still subject to the approval of the SAFE.Under the Administration Rules, FIEs may only buy, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at banks authorized to conduct foreignexchange business after providing valid commercial documents required and, in the case of capital account item transactions, obtainingapproval from SAFE. Capital investments by FIEs outside of China are also subject to limitations, including approval by regulatorygovernment bodies like the MOFCOM, SAFE and the NDRC or their local counterparts.On May 11, 2013, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Foreign ExchangeAdministration over Domestic Direct Investment by Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents, which specifies that theadministration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC shall be conducted by way ofregistration. Institutions and individuals shall register with SAFE and/or its branches for their direct investment in the PRC. Banks shallprocess foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on the registration information provided by SAFEand its branches.Table of Contents99On March 30, 2015, the SAFE issued the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming theManagement Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or the SAFE Circular 19,which took effect and replaced previous regulations from June 1, 2015. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, up to 100% of foreign currencycapital of a foreign-invested enterprise may be converted into RMB capital according to the actual operation of the enterprise within thebusiness scope at its will and the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may beused for equity investments within the PRC provided that such usage shall fall into the business scope of the foreign-invested enterprise,which will be regarded as the reinvestment of foreign-invested enterprise. Although the SAFE Circular 19 allows for the use of RMBconverted from the foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in the PRC, the restrictions continue to apply as toforeign- invested enterprises’ use of the converted RMB for purposes beyond the business scope, for entrusted loans or for inter-companyRMB loans. If the Consolidated Affiliated Entities require financial support from us or our wholly owned subsidiary in the future and wefind it necessary to use foreign currency-denominated capital to provide such financial support, our ability to fund the ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities’ operations will be subject to statutory limits and restrictions, including those described above. On June 9, 2016, theSAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign ExchangeSettlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or the SAFE Circular 16, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19,but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-affiliated enterprises. Inaddition, the SAFE promulgated the Circular Regarding Further Promotion of the Facilitation of Cross-Border Trade and Investment onOctober 23, 2019, or the SAFE Circular 28, pursuant to which all foreign-invested enterprises can make equity investments in the PRCwith their capital funds in accordance with laws and regulations. On April 10, 2020, the SAFE promulgated Notice of the SAFE onOptimizing Foreign Exchange Administration to Support the Development of Foreign-related Business, or the SAFE Circular 8, whichtook effect on the same date. According to the SAFE Circular 8, under the prerequisite of ensuring true and compliant use of funds andcompliance with the prevailing administrative provisions on use of income under the capital account, enterprises which satisfy the criteriaare allowed to use income under the capital account, such as capital funds, foreign debt and overseas listing, etc. for domestic payment,without prior provision of proof materials for veracity to the bank for each transaction.On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on FurtherSimplifying and Improving the Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Direct Investments, or the SAFE Circular 13, which tookeffect on June 1, 2015 and was amended in December 2019. The SAFE Circular 13 specifies that the administrative examination andapproval procedures with the SAFE or its local branches relating to the foreign exchange registration approval for domestic directinvestments as well as overseas direct investments have been canceled, and qualified banks are delegated the power to directly conductsuch foreign exchange registrations under the supervision of the SAFE or its local branches.Regulations on Dividend DistributionAs the Foreign Investment Law came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the Old FIE Laws, the principal regulationsgoverning dividend distributions of wholly foreign-owned companies include the PRC Company Law, the EIT Law, and itsimplementation rules.Under the current regulatory regime in the PRC, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC may pay dividends only out of theirretained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. A PRC company is required to setaside as statutory reserve funds at least 10% of its after-tax profit, until the cumulative amount of such reserve funds reaches 50% of itsregistered capital unless laws regarding foreign investment provide otherwise. A PRC company shall not distribute any profits until anylosses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profitsfrom the current fiscal year.Table of Contents100Regulations on Offshore Investment by PRC ResidentsOn July 4, 2014, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration onDomestic Residents’ Offshore Investment, Financing and Round-Trip Investment via Special Purpose Vehicles, or the SAFE Circular 37,which terminated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration on PRC Residents’ Financing and Round-Trip Investment via Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or the SAFE Circular 75, and became effective on the same date. The SAFECircular 37 and its detailed guidelines require PRC residents to register with the local branch of the SAFE before contributing their legallyowned onshore or offshore assets or equity interests into any special purpose vehicle directly established, or indirectly controlled, by themfor the purpose of investment or financing; and when there is (a) any change to the basic information of the SPV, such as any changerelating to its individual PRC resident shareholders, name or operation period or (b) any material change, such as increase or decrease inthe share capital held by its individual PRC resident shareholders, a share transfer or exchange of the shares in the SPV, or a merger orsplit of the SPV, the PRC resident must register such changes with the local branch of SAFE on a timely basis.On February 13, 2015, the SAFE further enacted the SAFE Circular 13 which took effect on June 1, 2015 and was furtheramended on December 30, 2019. The SAFE Circular 13 has delegated to the qualified banks the authority to register all PRC residents orentities’ investment and financing in special purpose vehicles pursuant to the SAFE Circular 37, except that those PRC residents who havefailed to comply with SAFE Circular 37 will remain to fall into the jurisdiction of the local SAFE branch and must make theirsupplementary registration application with the local SAFE branch. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a specialpurpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited fromdistributing profits to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities. In addition, thespecial purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to complywith various SAFE registration requirements described above would result in liability for foreign exchange evasion under PRC laws.Regulations on Stock Incentive PlansOn December 25, 2006, the PBOC promulgated the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals,setting forth the respective requirements for foreign exchange transactions by individuals (both PRC or non-PRC citizens) under either thecurrent account or the capital account. On January 5, 2007, the SAFE issued the Implementing Rules of the Administrative Measures forPersonal Foreign Exchange, which, among other things, specified approval requirements for certain capital account transactions such as aPRC citizen’s participation in the employee stock ownership plans or stock option plans of an overseas publicly-listed company. OnFebruary 15, 2012, the SAFE issued the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues Related to Foreign ExchangeAdministration in Domestic Individuals’ Participation in Equity Incentive Plans of Companies Listed Abroad, or the Stock Incentive PlanRules, which terminated the Operation Rules on the Foreign Exchange Administration of the Participation of Domestic Individuals inOverseas Listed Companies’ Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Share Option Schemes issued by the SAFE on March 28, 2007. Thepurpose of the Stock Incentive Plan Rules is to regulate foreign exchange administration of PRC domestic individuals who participate inemployee stock holding plans or stock option plans of overseas listed companies.According to the Stock Incentive Plan Rules, if PRC “domestic individuals” (both PRC residents and non-PRC residents whoreside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year, excluding the foreign diplomatic personnel and representatives ofinternational organizations) participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas listed company, a PRC domestic qualified agent, whichcould be the PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, shall, among others things, file, on behalf of such individual, an applicationwith the SAFE to conduct the SAFE registration with respect to such stock incentive plan, and obtain approval for an annual allowancewith respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with stock holding or stock option exercises. With the SAFE registrationcertificate for stock incentive plan, the PRC domestic qualified agent shall open a special foreign exchange account at a PRC domesticbank to hold the funds required in connection with the stock purchase or option exercise, any returned principal or profits upon sales ofstock, any dividends issued upon the stock and any other income or expenditures approved by SAFE. Such PRC individuals’ foreignexchange income received from the sale of stock and dividends distributed by the overseas listed company and any other income shall befully remitted into a special foreign currency account opened and managed by the PRC domestic qualified agent before distribution to suchindividuals.Table of Contents101Regulations on Securities Offering and Listing Outside of the PRCOn February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated a new set of regulations consists of the Trial Administrative Measures of OverseasSecurities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines (collectively, the “FilingMeasures”), which came into effect on March 31, 2023 to regulate overseas securities offering and listing activities by domesticcompanies either in direct or indirect form.The Filing Measures apply to overseas securities offering or listing activities by domestic companies, the term “securities” underthe Filing Measures refers to equity shares, depository receipts, corporate bonds convertible to equity shares and other equity securities.Both direct and indirect overseas securities offering or listing by domestic companies will be regulated, of which the former refers tosecurities offering or listing in an overseas market made by a joint-stock company incorporated domestically, and the latter refers tooverseas offering or listing by a company in the name of an overseas incorporated entity, whereas the company’s major businessoperations are located domestically and such offering and listing is based on the underlying equity, assets, earnings or other similar rightsof a domestic company. According to the Filing Measures, any overseas offering or listing made by an issuer that meets both the followingconditions will be determined as indirect: (i) 50% or more of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets asdocumented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent accounting year is accounted for by domestic companies;and; (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in the Chinese Mainland, or its main places of business are locatedin the Chinese Mainland, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly Chinese citizens ordomiciled in the Chinese Mainland. The determination as to whether or not an overseas offering and listing by domestic companies isindirect, shall be made on a substance-over-form basis.Under the Filing Measures, a filing-based regulatory system would be implemented covering both direct and indirect overseasoffering or listing. For an issuer applying to or having completed indirect overseas offering or listing, it shall designate a major domesticoperating entity as the domestic responsible entity to submit the filing documents to the CSRC within 3 working days (i) after theapplication for overseas initial offering or listing is submitted; (ii) after the subsequent securities offerings in the same overseas market;and (iii) after the application for offering or listing in other overseas markets. The CSRC would, within 20 working days if filingdocuments are complete and in compliance with the stipulated requirements, complete the filing and publish the filing information on theCSRC’s official website. While for confidential filings of overseas offering and listing application documents, the designated filing entitymay apply for an extension of the publication of such filing. The issuer shall report to the CSRC within 3 working days after the overseasoffering and listing application documents become public. In addition, subsequent securities offerings of an issuer in the same overseasmarket where it has previously offered or listed securities shall be filed with the CSRC within 3 working days after the offering iscompleted.Meanwhile, no overseas offering and listing shall be made under any of the following circumstances:(i) where such securitiesoffering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (ii) where theintended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under theState Council in accordance with law; (iii) where the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or itscontrolling shareholders and the actual controller, have committed crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation ofproperty or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years;. (iv) where the domestic companyintending to make the securities offering and listing is suspected of committing crimes or major violations of laws and regulations, and isunder investigation according to law, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; (v) where there are material ownership disputes overequity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder or by other shareholders that are controlled by the controlling shareholderand/or actual controller. If a domestic company falls into the above circumstances, the domestic company shall postpone or terminate theintended overseas offering and listing, and report to the CSRC and competent authorities under the State Council in a timely manner.If domestic companies fail to fulfill the above-mentioned filing procedures or offer and list in an overseas market against theprohibited circumstances, they would be warned and fined up to RMB10 million. The controlling shareholders and actual controllers ofsuch domestic companies that organize or instruct the aforementioned violations would be fined up to RMB10 million and directly liablepersons-in-charge and other directly liable persons would be each fined up to RMB 5 million.Table of Contents102On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection, the National Archives Administrationof China and the MOF jointly promulgated the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related toOverseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises, which came into effect on March 31, 2023, together with the FilingMeasures, and replaced the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration in Overseas Issuance and Listing ofSecurities issued in 2009. The provisions aim to develop a gatekeeping mechanism in provision of information by domestic enterprises tothe relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities or other entity or individual, so as toprevent sensitive information from leakage and prescribe protective protocols for any residual sensitive information that still has to beprovided. The provisions apply to both domestic issuer applying to or having completed direct overseas offering or listing and domesticoperating entity of the issuer applying to or having completed indirect overseas offering or listing.U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance ActUnder Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, commonly referred to as the ForeignAccount Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, withholding at a rate of 30% will generally be required on certain non-U.S. entities (includinginvestment funds and non-U.S. entities acting as intermediaries). In general, the 30% withholding tax applies to certain payments madeto a non-U.S. entity unless (i) the non-U.S. entity is a “foreign financial institution” and the non-U.S. entity undertakes certain duediligence, reporting, withholding, and certification obligations, (ii) the non-U.S. entity is a “nonfinancial foreign entity” and the non-U.S.entity identifies certain of its U.S. investors or provides certification that it does not have any such investors, or (iii) the non-U.S. entity isotherwise exempt from FATCA. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States and another country may also modify theserequirements. The Cayman Islands has entered into a Model 1 intergovernmental agreement with the United States, which gives effect tothe automatic tax information exchange requirements of FATCA, and a similar intergovernmental agreement with the United Kingdom.We will be required to comply with the Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority Act (As Revised) together with regulations andguidance notes made pursuant to such law that give effect to the intergovernmental agreements with the United States and the UnitedKingdom.Regulations in Hong KongSecurities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or SFOLicensed entities that conduct regulated activities within the meaning of the SFO in Hong Kong are regulated by the Hong KongSecurities Futures Commission (“SFC”), a statutory body independent from the government of Hong Kong to regulate Hong Kong’ssecurities and futures markets. It is funded mainly by transaction levies and licensing fees.Under the SFO, any corporation carrying on one or more regulated activities must apply to the SFC for a license in respect of theregulated activities that they plan to carry on, and any individual who carries on one or more regulated activities on behalf of a licensedcorporation is also required to apply for approval as a “licensed representative” accredited to that corporation.Noah HK, our wholly owned subsidiary, was licensed with the SFC on January 4, 2012 to carry out Type 1 regulated activity(dealing in securities), Type 4 regulated activity (advising on securities) and Type 9 regulated activity (asset management). Noah HKserves as an offshore product and service center which offers wealth management and asset management services to professional investorsas defined in the SFO. With the aforementioned licenses in place, Noah HK is able to provide investment advisory services and distribute,offer and manage investment products for our clients in Hong Kong.Licensed entities are required to comply with the SFO, its sub-legislations and other relevant codes and guidelines including the(i) Code of Conduct for Persons Licensed by or Registered with the SFC (“Code of Conduct”), (ii) Guideline on Anti-Money Launderingand Counter-Financing of Terrorism (“Guideline on AML”), (iii) Management, Supervision and Internal Control Guidelines for PersonsLicensed by or Registered with the SFC (“Internal Control Guideline”), (iv) Suggested Control Techniques and Procedures for Enhancinga Firm’s Ability to Comply with the Securities and Futures (Client Securities) Rules and the Securities and Futures (Client Money) Rules(“Client Securities/Money Rules”), (v) the Fund Manager Code of Conduct (“FM Code of Conduct”), and (vi) suitability circulars/FAQsand other relevant regulatory requirements.Table of Contents103The Client Securities/Money Rules provide guidelines on the treatment of client assets and how they should be properlysafeguarded. The Code of Conduct sets out the general conduct requirements for licensed persons and other regulatory expectations ontopics such as know you client (KYC), diligence, responsibility of senior management and conflicts of interest. The Guideline on AML setouts the requirements and the standards on the subjects of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CTF) and practicalguidance to assist licensed persons and their senior management in designing and implementing policies, procedures and controls in therelevant operational areas, taking into consideration their special circumstances so as to meet the relevant AML/CTF statutory andregulatory requirements.The suitability circulars/FAQs outlines the general requirements and factors to be considered when providing investment advicesto client.The FM Code of Conduct sets out conduct requirements for licensed persons whose business involves the discretionarymanagement of collective investment schemes and/or discretionary accounts.Insurance Ordinance (Cap. 41 of the Laws of Hong Kong)Noah Insurance was validly registered with The Hong Kong Confederation of Insurance Brokers (a former self-regulatoryorganization for insurance brokers approved by the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance) as an authorized insurance broker from 2014until the commencement of the new regulatory regime for insurance intermediaries on 23 September 2019 on which date the InsuranceAuthority (IA) took over from relevant self-regulatory organizations all aspects of the regulation of insurance intermediaries in HongKong pursuant to the Insurance Ordinance (Cap. 41). Under the new regulatory regime, Noah Insurance is deemed to be a licensedinsurance intermediary as a licensed insurance broker company for a period of 3 years from the commencement of the new regime unlessthe licence is revoked in accordance with the Insurance Ordinance. Noah Insurance is permitted to carry on the Long Term Business(excluding linked long term) within the meaning of the Insurance Ordinance. As an insurance broker, Noah Insurance must comply withthe minimum requirements specified in the guideline issued pursuant to the Insurance Ordinance by IA.Trustee Ordinance (Cap. 29 of the Laws of Hong Kong)ARK Trust (Hong Kong) Limited has complied with the requirements of section 77 of the Trustee Ordinance and has beenregistered as a trust company under section 78(1) of the Trustee Ordinance since 2014. Accordingly, ARK Trust (Hong Kong) Limitedmay act as trustee in accordance with the Trustee Ordinance.83Table of Contents104C.Organizational StructureWe are an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands with major subsidiariesand Consolidated Affiliated Entities in mainland China, Hong Kong, the United States and other jurisdictions. We mainly operate ourbusiness through the following significant subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities, as of December 31, 2022: Percentage Place ofof Date of Incorporation Incorporation Ownership Noah Upright Fund Distribution Co., Ltd. (formerly knownas Noah Upright (Shanghai) Fund Investment ConsultingCo., Ltd.)November 18, 2003 PRC 100%Shanghai Noah Investment (Group) Co., Ltd. (formerlyknown as Shanghai Noah Rongyao Investment ConsultingCo., Ltd.)August 24, 2007 PRC 100%Noah Insurance (Hong Kong) LimitedJanuary 3, 2011 Hong Kong 100%Noah Holdings (Hong Kong) LimitedSeptember 1, 2011Hong Kong 100%Gopher Capital GP LimitedMay 11, 2012 Cayman Islands 100%Zigong Noah Financial Service Co., Ltd.October 22, 2012 PRC 100%Wuhu Fangtiao Technology Co., Ltd.November 28, 2019PRC 100%Shanghai Nuohong Real Estate Co., Ltd.May 30, 2013PRC 100%Noah International (Hong Kong) LimitedJanuary 7, 2015Hong Kong100%Shanghai Noah Investment Management Co., Ltd.August 26, 2005 PRC Controlled under theContractual ArrangementGopher Asset Management Co., Ltd.February 9, 2012 PRC Controlled under theContractual ArrangementWuhu Gopher Asset Management Co., Ltd.October 10, 2012 PRC Controlled under theContractual ArrangementShanghai Gopher Asset Management Co., Ltd.December 14, 2012 PRC Controlled under theContractual ArrangementShanghai Gopher Massa Asset Management Co., Ltd.June 29, 2015PRCControlled under theContractual ArrangementTable of Contents105Our corporate structure, for the purpose of reflecting Noah Holdings Limited and its relationship with its significant subsidiaries,as that term is defined under Section 1-02 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act, as well as the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, is asfollows:Note:(1)The registered shareholders of Noah Investment consisted of (i) Ms. Jingbo Wang, (ii) Mr. Zhe Yin, (iii) Mr. Boquan He, (iv) Ms. Xinjun Zhang, (v)Ms. Yan Wei, and (vi) Ms. Qianghua Yan.(2)Our company indirectly held all the equity interests in Shanghai Nuohong through certain insignificant subsidiaries.(3)Wuhu Fangtiao Technology Co., Ltd. was indirectly held as to 100% by Noah Upright.(4)Shanghai Gopher was directly held as to 80% by Gopher Asset Management Co., Ltd. and indirectly held as to 20% by NoahInvestment.Table of Contents106Contractual ArrangementsExclusive Option Agreement. Pursuant to an exclusive option agreement entered into by the Registered Shareholders and NoahGroup in September 2007, or the Exclusive Option Agreement, the Registered Shareholders granted Noah Group or its third-partydesignee an irrevocable and exclusive option to purchase all or part of their equity interests in Noah Investment when and to the extentpermitted by PRC law. The purchase price shall be the higher of the minimum amount required by PRC law or an amount determined byNoah Group. Noah Group may exercise such option at any time and from time to time until it has acquired all equity interests of NoahInvestment. During the term of this agreement, the shareholders of Noah Investment are prohibited from transferring their equity interestsin Noah Investment to any third party, and Noah Investment is prohibited from declaring and paying any dividend without Noah Group’sprior consent. The term of this exclusive option agreement is ten years and will be automatically renewed upon expiration of each ten-yearperiod if there has been no objection by the parties thereunder. In June 2022, the Registered Shareholders have amended the ExclusiveOption Agreement, removing the above ten year team and the automatic renewal arrangement, upon which the Exclusive OptionAgreement will remain effective without subject to the consent of the parties thereunder until all of the equity interests held by theRegistered Shareholders in Noah Investment have been transferred to Noah Group or its designee according to the terms and conditionsthereunder.Exclusive Support Service Agreement. Pursuant to an the exclusive support service agreement entered into by Noah Investmentand Noah Group in September 2007, or the Exclusive Support Service Agreement, Noah Investment engages Noah Group as its exclusivetechnical and operational consultant to support Noah Investment’s operational activities. Noah Group has agreed to provide certain supportservices to Noah Investment, including client management, technical and operational support and other services, for which NoahInvestment has agreed to pay to Noah Group service fees determined based on actual services provided, which shall be the income ofNoah Investment, less (i) expenses and costs, and (ii) the License Fee (as defined below). Noah Group is also obligated to grant NoahInvestment licenses to use certain intellectual property rights, for which Noah Investment has agreed to pay license fees, or the LicenseFee, at the rates set by the board of Noah Group. The term of the Exclusive Support Service Agreement is ten years and will beautomatically renewed upon expiration of each ten-year period if no objection by each party thereunder. In June 2022, Noah Investmentand the Registered Shareholders have amended the Exclusive Support Service Agreement, removing the above ten year team and theautomatic renewal arrangement, upon which the Exclusive Support Service Agreement will remain effective without subject to the consentof the parties thereunder until all of the equity interests held by the Registered Shareholders in Noah Investment have been transferred toNoah Group or its designee according to the Exclusive Option Agreement.Share Pledge Agreement. Pursuant to the a share pledge agreement entered into by each of the Registered Shareholders andNoah Group in September 2007, or the Share Pledge Agreement, the Registered Shareholders pledged all of their equity interests in NoahInvestment, or the Pledge Equity Interests, to Noah Group as collateral to secure their obligations under the Exclusive Option Agreement.and Noah Investment’s obligations under the Exclusive Support Service Agreement. In the case that Noah Investment increases itsregistered capital upon prior written consent of Noah Group, the Pledge Equity Interests shall include all the additional equity interestssubscribed by the Registered Shareholders in such capital increase. If Noah Investment or the Registered Shareholders breach any of theirrespective obligations under the Exclusive Support Service Agreement or the Exclusive Option Agreement, Noah Group, as the pledgee,will be entitled to certain rights, including being repaid in priority by the proceeds from auction or sale of the Pledge Equity Interests. Theterm of the share pledge is same as that of Exclusive Option Agreement. The share pledges under the Share Pledge Agreement have beenregistered with competent branches of the SAMR.Powers of Attorney. Each of the Registered Shareholders of Noah Investment has executed a power of attorney in September2007, or the Power of Attorney, respectively, to grant Noah Group or its designee the power of attorney to act on his or her behalf on allmatters pertaining to Noah Investment and to exercise all of his or her rights as a shareholder of Noah Investment, including the right toattend shareholders meetings, appoint board members and senior management members, other voting rights and the right to transfer all ora part of his or her equity interests in Noah Investment. The Powers of Attorney shall remain irrevocable and effective during theperiod that the Registered Shareholders are shareholders of Noah Investment.In the opinion of Zhong Lun Law Firm, our PRC legal counsel:·the ownership structure of Noah Investment and Noah Group does not result in a violation of any applicable PRC laws andregulations currently in effect; andTable of Contents107·the Contractual Arrangements among Noah Group, Noah Investment, and the Registered Shareholders governed by PRClaws are valid, legal and binding, and do not result in a violation of any applicable PRC laws or regulations currently ineffect.We have been advised by our PRC legal counsel that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation andapplication of current and future PRC laws and regulations, and accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities or courts may take a view thatis contrary to the above opinion of our PRC legal counsel. It is uncertain whether any other new PRC laws or regulations relating tocontractual arrangements will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If our corporate structure and the ContractualArrangements are deemed by relevant regulatory authority or court to be illegal or invalid, either in whole or in part, we may lose controlof the Consolidated Affiliated Entities and have to modify such structure to comply with regulatory requirements. However, there can beno assurance that we can achieve this without material disruption to our business. Further, if our corporate structure and the ContractualArrangements are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant regulatory authority would havebroad discretion to take action in dealing with the violation or failure, in which case, we could be subject to severe penalties, includingbeing prohibited from continuing our operations or unwinding the Contractual Arrangements. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. RiskFactors—Risks Related to Corporate Structure—We are a Cayman Islands holding company primarily operating in China through oursubsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities, including Noah Investment with which we have maintained Contractual Arrangementsand its subsidiaries in the PRC. Investors thus are not purchasing, and may never directly hold, equity interests in the ConsolidatedAffiliated Entities. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws,regulations, and rules relating to such agreements that establish the Contractual Arrangements for a portion of our China operations,including potential future actions by the PRC government, which could affect the enforceability of the Contractual Arrangements withNoah Investment and its subsidiaries and, consequently, significantly affect the financial condition and results of operations of ourcompany. If the PRC government finds that such agreements do not comply with PRC laws, regulations, and rules, or if these laws,regulations, and rules or the interpretation thereof change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquishour interests in Noah Investment and its subsidiaries or forfeit its rights under the Contractual Arrangements.”D.Property, Plants and EquipmentOur principal executive offices are located in leased office space at Building 2, Changyang Valley, 1687 Changyang Road,Shanghai, which occupy approximately a total of 19,246 square meters. As of December 31, 2022, we owned a total of two properties,with one property for office premises in Suzhou and one property to be used for headquarters in Shanghai. The aggregate gross floor areaof our owned properties is approximately 74,000 square meters. In May 2021, we purchased office premises with a gross floor area ofapproximately 72,000 square meters at 218, Shaohong Road, 1226 and 1256, South Shenbin Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, which willbe used as our new headquarters. As of December 31, 2022, we also leased offices in Hong Kong (China), Taiwan (China), Silicon Valley,New York and Singapore, as well as leased offices for our service centers and headquarters across China. We consider these facilities to besuitable and adequate for current and anticipated management and operations of our business.Item 4A. Unresolved Staff CommentsNot applicable.Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and ProspectsYou should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with ourconsolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion may containforward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materiallyfrom those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. KeyInformation—D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F.Table of Contents108A.Operating ResultsFactors Affecting Our Results of OperationsOur business is affected by factors relating to general economic conditions and the HNW wealth management services industry inChina and other jurisdictions in which we operate, including:●Levels of individual investable financial assets and HNW population in China. We have benefited from the overall economicgrowth of China and the corresponding increased levels of individual investable financial assets and growing HNWpopulation. The growth of HNW wealth management services industry depends on the continuation of these trends.●Client awareness of HNW wealth management services. As Chinese HNW individuals become more sophisticated withrespect to their investment strategies and utilizing the value-added services provided by wealth management providers, anincreasing number of qualified and experienced wealth management service providers have focused on the development andinnovation of investment products, which will further boost the development of the industry.●Development of capital markets in China. Recent reforms in Chinese capital markets, including establishment of theShanghai Stock Exchange Science and Technology Innovation Board, the Beijing Stock Exchange and registration-basedIPO regime, provide greater exit opportunities for private equity investments. The opening-up to foreign investments alsofacilitates globalization of China’s capital market and encourages more trading and investment activities. Thesedevelopments have in turn driven an expansion in the supply of investment products, both of which has furthered the growthof the HNW wealth management services industry.●Macroeconomics and secondary market. Changes in investment demand or investment preferences brought about by factorssuch as perceived or actual general economic conditions in China and globally, including but not limited to changes ininterest rates, inflation and political uncertainty, or performance of the secondary market could affect demand of our clientsfor our investment products and our operating results. Furthermore, as a portion of our revenues come from performance-based fees earned by investment product partners, our performance is particularly sensitive to cycles in the secondary marketas our investment products primarily consist of mutual fund products and private secondary products. An active andbooming secondary market generally provides more exit opportunities for our investments, better investment returns for ourclients and more performance-based fees for us.●Regulatory and policy changes. The wealth management and asset management markets are subject to extensivegovernmental regulation and policy changes, which may have a material impact on our performance. In particular, in recentyears, PRC regulatory authorities published a series of new rules that restrict the issuance of non-standardized creditproducts, which had a material impact on our product mix, and accordingly affected our revenue structure and operatingperformance. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Because the laws andregulations governing the industries of wealth management, asset management and other businesses in China are developingand subject to further change, any failure to obtain or maintain requisite approvals, licenses or permits necessary to conductour operations or any failure to comply with laws and regulations applicable to our business and services could harm ourbusiness.”While our business is influenced by general factors affecting our industry, our operating results are more directly affected by thefollowing Company-specific factors:●Our ability to expand our client base and enhance client loyalty. Our revenue growth has been driven primarily by theincreasing number of clients we serve, especially core clients including diamond and black card clients, and the investmentproducts we offer or distribute to these clients. We maintain and expand our client base primarily through our dedicated teamof relationship managers and strategic client center. We strive to enhance our client loyalty by offering attractive investmentproducts, smooth and convenient investment process, various online and offline investor education and other client events.Table of Contents109●Our ability to increase transaction value, AUM and service fee rates. We generate revenues from the transaction value ofinvestment products we distribute and the AUM we manage. Our ability to maintain and increase our transaction value,AUM and service fee rates in turn depends on the following factors:●Our ability to enhance cooperation with product partners and investment partners. We rely on cooperation with ourproduct partners and investment partners to provide investment products to our clients, and we generate a majority ofour revenues from services fees paid by our product partners and investment partners. Our ability to collaborate withleading product partners and investment partners affects our ability to offer attractive products to our clients, maintainand increase our client base, grow our transaction value and AUM and obtain a resilient and favorable revenue structure.In addition, our continued success also depends on our ability to negotiate favorable service fee rates with our productpartners and investment partners.●Our ability to grow our AUM and enhance the performance of investments managed by Gopher. We generate asubstantial portion of revenue from our asset management business, which correspond directly to our domestic andoverseas AUM, respectively. Our ability to grow our AUM depends on Gopher’s investment performance. To the extentthat Gopher’s historical investment performance is not satisfactory, or that Gopher’s future investment performance isperceived to worsen in either relative or absolute terms, the revenue and profitability of our asset management businesswill likely decline and our ability to grow existing funds and raise new funds in the future will likely be impaired.●Our ability to optimize our product mix. As a multi-asset allocator, our ability to adjust and transform our product mixdue to evolving economic conditions, risk appetite of our clients and regulatory environment is vital to our businessgrowth. We typically charge different fee rates for different kinds of products we distribute or manage, and ourprofitability could vary depending on the mix our product offerings.●Our ability to innovate and effectively invest in technology. Our ability to innovate our products and value-added servicesand continue investing effectively in technology is key to improving our client experience and enhance client intention andloyalty. By investing in our technology platforms and fulfillment infrastructure cost-efficiently, we also strive to increase ouroperating efficiency, which also affects our results of operations.●Our ability to manage risks. Our business operation exposes us to a number of risks, including economic fluctuations,unexpected legal or regulatory changes as well as risks related to our product partners and investment, investment portfoliosof the products we distribute or offer, and other business counterparties. Our performance depends on our ability to foresee,identify and effectively manage these risks. In the event of any default or unsatisfactory performance of the investmentproducts we distribute or offer, our performance may be negatively affected even if we do not guarantee the return of theinvestment products. We have developed various risk management and internal control policies and procedures tailored tothe characteristics of our business operations. To manage our investments, we have also established and implementedtreasury management policies and procedures. For details of our risk management and internal control policies, see “Item 4Information on the Company- B Business Overview- Risk Management and Internal Control”.●Our ability to enhance efficiency and productivity. The growth of our business will result in substantial demands on ourmanagement, operational, technological, financial and other resources. Our ability to control cost and manage workingcapital is key to our success. Our ability to streamline our operational human resources and improve efficiency of ourrelationship managers is key to our success.●Our ability to recruit and retain our relationship managers in our “Noah Triangles” solution service team. We rely on ourrelationship managers in our “Noah Triangles” solution service team to distribute investment products and provide assetallocation and comprehensive services to our clients, from which we derive substantially all of our revenues. Our ability torecruit and retain sufficient high quality relationship managers in our “Noah Triangles” solution service team in a cost-effective manner is crucial to our results of operation.Table of Contents110Impact of COVID-19The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an adverse impact on the Chinese and global economy, as well as the HNW wealthmanagement services industry. Perceived or actual changes in investable assets and client confidence in the economy could reduce thedemand for HNW wealth management service we provide and negatively impact our operating results. We have experienced decrease intotal revenues generated from our overseas businesses and domestic value-added services as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.Nevertheless, we achieved 30.1% and 21.5% year-over-year increases, respectively, in our total revenues and non-GAAP adjusted netincome attributable to Noah’s shareholders from 2020 to 2021. Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have increased ourinvestment in technology to develop online transactional and operational capabilities. We are currently able to complete substantially all ofour transactions and investor education online. In 2021, our business operation had substantially returned to normal levels.However in 2022, there has been an increasing number of COVID-19 cases, including the COVID-19 Delta and Omicron variantcases, in multiple cities in China. As a result, various measures, including travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders, have been reinstatedand we may have to adjust various aspects of our operations. Any prolonged suspension of or slowdown in business operations and theinstability of a workforce arising from any potential mandatory quarantine requirements may negatively affect our business, financialcondition and results of operations. In addition, the highly-contagious Delta and Omicron variants of COVID-19 have caused authorities invarious countries to reimpose restrictions such as mask mandates, curfews and prohibitions on large gatherings, which adversely affect themacro-economic environment and our busiesness. Our net revenue was decreased by 27.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022compared with 2021.Starting in the middle of December, 2022, there were series of measures to ease the control of COVID-19 announced and adoptednationwide, such as cancellation of mandatory quarantine requirements, curfews, prohibitions on large gatherings and travel bans, andmacro-economic activity had substantially returned to normal levels.There might be policy uncertainties surrounding COVID-19 in the future, and the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic mayadversely affect the macro-economic environment and our business, our results of operations and financial condition depends on theseverity of the conditions and policies. We cannot assure you that we will be able to achieve the same level of total revenues and non-GAAP adjusted net income attributable to Noah’s shareholders that we previously achieved in the future. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks,which could significantly disrupt our operations.”Key Performance IndicatorsWe utilize a set of non-financial and financial key performance indicators which our senior management reviews frequently. Thereview of these indicators facilitates timely evaluation of the performance of our business and effective communication of results and keydecisions, allowing our business to react promptly to changing client demands and market conditions.Number of ClientsOur revenue growth has been driven primarily by (i) the increasing number of clients we serve, and (ii) the increasing number ofour core clients including diamond and black card clients. For our wealth management business, we closely monitor the numbers of bothour core clients and active clients as key operating metrics. For our asset management business, the majority of the AUM is sourced fromour clients’ investments, so the number of clients will also have an influence on this segment.We assign each of our registered clients a relationship manager, and the number of new clients we may acquire is affected by thebreadth of our coverage network. Leveraging our broad coverage network and efficient “Noah Triangle” solution service team, we expectto increase our capability to cultivate and serve new clients, which may result in an increase in the number of new registered and activeclients. For details on the number of our clients, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Clients.”Table of Contents111Transaction ValueTransaction value is an operating metric specifically related to our wealth management business. It refers to the aggregate valueof the investment products we distribute in a given period, which in turn affects the amount of our revenue, primarily one-timecommissions and recurring service fees. We provide to our clients four types of investment products that are originated and distributed inand outside of the PRC, (i) mutual fund products, (ii) private secondary products, (iii) private equity products, and (iv) other products wedistribute, provide or manage but cannot be classified into any of the above product categories. The product type determines whether wecan receive one-time commissions, recurring service fees and/or performance-based income. For most investment products, we are entitledto one-time commissions and recurring service fees shared by fund managers over the duration of the investment in the products, and, insome cases, performance-based income shared by fund managers when determined.The table below sets out the aggregate transaction value of the different types of investment products that we distributed duringthe periods indicated:Year Ended December 31,202020212022 RMB % RMB % RMB US$ %(in millions, except for percentages)Product type Mutual fund products 37,981 40.1 37,169 38.2 44,726 6,485 63.6Private secondary products 35,162 37.1 37,776 38.9 11,516 1,670 16.4Private equity products 17,876 (1) 18.9 18,069 18.6 11,037 1,600 15.7Other products 3,717 3.9 4,189 4.3 3,001 435 4.3All products 94,736 100.0 97,203 100.0 70,280 10,190 100.0(1)Following the enactment of Supervision Measures in October 2020, we ceased offering domestic private equity products through ourwealth management business, and we now provide domestic private equity products only through our asset management arm, Gopher,which forms funds and raises capital directly from our clients. In particular, in 2020, a total of RMB5.2 billion private equity productswere offered by Gopher. The figures are included in the table for illustration and comparison purposes only.Over the last three years, our product mix has evolved due to the economic and market cycles in China and the changingregulatory environment. From the third quarter of 2019, we ceased the offering of private credit products (classified in “other products” inthe table above) and transitioned to offer more standardized public securities products. This decision was based on a combination of (i) ourunderstanding and anticipation of the changing regulatory and market environment, and (ii) our commercial evaluation of the risks relatedto private credit products. Our transaction value increased by 2.6% from RMB94.7 billion in 2020 to RMB97.2 billion in 2021, primarilydue to a slight increase in the distribution of private secondary products. Due to the volatility of macro environment and global secondarymarket in 2022, our transaction value decreasd by 27.7% from RMB97.2 billion in 2021 to RMB70.3 billion in 2022.AUMWe measure the performance of our asset management business primarily through AUM. AUM determines the recurring servicefees and performance-based income that we are able to collect over the life cycle of the investment products managed by us. Gopher’sAUM were RMB152.8 billion, RMB156.0 billion and RMB157.1 billion (US$22.8 billion) as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022,respectively. Gopher’s AUM increased from RMB152.8 billion as of December 31, 2020 to RMB156.0 billion as of December 31, 2021,primarily due to continued increase in our management of private equity assets, partially offset by voluntary redemption of credit and realestate assets. Gopher’s AUM increased from RMB156.0 billion as of December 31, 2021 to RMB157.1 billion (US$22.8 billion) as ofDecember 31, 2022, primarily due to continued increase in our management of private equity assets.Table of Contents112For our asset management business, Gopher develops and manages alternative investments with underlying assets in China andoverseas, denominated in Renminbi and foreign currencies, respectively. Historically, it developed and managed principally FoFs whichinvest in third-party managed funds, but it is also increasingly making direct investments in portfolio companies and co-investments withfund managers. Gopher also manages feeder funds that invest in certain single third-party managed master funds. Gopher focuses on thefollowing categories of investments across different types of asset classes:●private equity investments, including investments in the leading domestic and overseas private equity and venture capitalfunds through FoFs, feeder funds and S funds, as well as direct and co-investments in companies and projects withinvestment partners;●public securities investments, mainly including target strategy funds, secondary market equity and bond FoF and MoMinvestments which are sub-advised by outside fund managers, direct investments in listed companies as well as U.S. Dollarcash management products managed by Gopher;●real estate investments, including funds primarily investing in commercial real estate properties such as office buildings inChina, as well as rental residential developments in the U.S., in the form of equity investments;●multi-strategy investments that invest in different types of assets, such as stocks, bonds, real estate or cash to create animbler and broadly diversified portfolio. We use asset allocation principles to build multi-asset portfolios and multi orsingle family office accounts; and●other investments, including funds investing in private credit related underlying products. We have substantially ceasedthese investments since the third quarter in 2019.The table below summarizes our AUM and typical management fee rates chargeable by asset management services provided byGopher for the last three years: As of December 31,202020212022TypicalTypicalTypicalmanagementmanagementmanagement fee rates RMB % fee rates RMB % fee rates RMB % (in billions, except for percentages)Product typePrivate equity investments 0.5%-2.0% 117.7 77.00.5%-2.1% 130.9 83.9 0.5%-2.1% 133.1 84.7Public securities investments 0.4%-1.4% 9.8 6.40.4%-1.7% 11.2 7.2 0.2%-1.8% 11.0 7.0Real estate investments 0.5%-2.2% 12.7 8.30.5%-2.3% 6.6 4.3 0.5%-3.0% 6.8 4.3Multi-strategies investments 0.6%-1.1% 7.1 4.60.6%-1.1% 5.9 3.8 0.5%-1.2% 4.8 3.1Other investments[1] 0.1%-0.6% 5.5 3.7 — 1.4 0.8 — 1.4 0.9All products 152.8 100.0 156.0 100.0 157.1 100.0[1]Since the first quarter of 2021, we reclassified all remaining mezzanine financing products linked to corporate merger and acquisitionsand buy outs from credit to private equity in the amount of RMB4.7 billion, considering its nature is more akin to equity than credit.We have also revised the comparative period presentation to conform to current period presentationExcept for public securities investments, all AUMs are booked at cost basis, and reflect no mark-to-market effect during theperiods indicated.Long-duration private equity investments represent an increasing portion of the total AUM, which we expect to help us receivemore consistent revenue from recurring service fees. Private equity investments as a percentage of total AUM grew from 77.0% as ofDecember 31, 2020 to 83.9% as of December 31, 2021, and further grew to 84.7% as of December 31, 2022, primarily due to theincreasing demand for private equity investments as well as the accumulation effect for the strategy of fund investments with a longduration. Gopher has also been focusing on developing our co-investment and direct investment capabilities in recent years and expectsuch investments to increase in the future, further increasing the fee rate we could charge from clients.Table of Contents113From the third quarter of 2019, Gopher ceased the offering of private credit products and transitioned to offer more standardizedpublic securities products. As a result, there was a decrease in the percentage of private credit products (classified in “other investments”in the table above) in Gopher’s total AUM from 3.7% as of December 31, 2020 to 0.8% as of December 31, 2021, and remained stable at0.9% as of December 31, 2022, while the percentage of public securities products in Gopher’s total AUM increased from 6.4% as ofDecember 31, 2020 to 7.2% as of December 31, 2021 and remained stable at 7.0% as of December 31, 2022.For domestic real estate investments, Gopher has been strategically changed the investment strategy over the past few years,gradually shifting from residential real estate to commercial real estate domestically, due to the evolving risks and reward profile of theseinvestments. Meanwhile, Gopher expanded its offshore real estate investments in the United States over the past few years, focusing onmulti-family real estate investments.In addition, over 75.0% of Gopher’s AUM as of December 31, 2022 can generate performance-based income if the investmentreturns exceed certain thresholds, which are typically recorded when underlying investments are exited and monetized.Furthermore, in response to client demands for more overseas investment opportunities, we are cooperating with more overseaspartners in various asset classes and increased the amount of overseas investment. Our overseas AUM managed by Gopher GP wereRMB25.2 billion, RMB28.4 billion and RMB31.5 billion (US$4.6 billion), respectively, representing 14.8%, 16.5% and 20.2% of our totalAUM for asset management business as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.Components of Results of OperationsRevenuesWe derive revenues from three business segments: wealth management, asset management and other services. We generaterevenues primarily from:Revenue from the Wealth Management BusinessWhen a client purchases an investment product recommended by the wealth management branch, the client typically subscribesfor a fund managed by the relevant product provider. In connection with the purchase, our wealth management branch is entitled to receivefees from the fund or product provider for services provided and derive revenue accordingly, which include:a.from the fund, one-time commissions for fund-raising services that the wealth management branch provides to the fund at theestablishment of the fund;b.from the fund, recurring service fees for continuous portfolio management services provided to the fund over the duration ofthe fund, which is paid to us on a regular basis (typically quarterly, semi-annually or annually);c.in certain cases when we do not receive the recurring service fee from the fund in clause b., from the product provider, aportion of the recurring service fees received by the product provider from the fund for continuous portfolio managementservices provided, in connection with the product distribution agreement with the relevant product provider, which is paid tous over the duration of the fund on a regular basis (typically quarterly, semi-annually or annually); andd.in certain cases, from the product provider, a portion of the performance-based income received by the product provider for continuousportfolio management services provided from the fund, in connection with the product distribution agreement with the relevant productprovider, which is based on the extent to which the fund’s investment performance exceeds a certain threshold, which is also known as“carry”.We also earn one-time commissions from insurance companies by referring clients to purchase insurance products from them.Table of Contents114Revenue from the Asset Management BusinessWhen the investment product that the client purchases is offered by Gopher, Gopher is entitled to receive fees as the fundmanager, and derive revenue accordingly, which include:a.from the fund, one-time commissions, when the investment product was primarily distributed directly by Gopher, instead ofthe wealth management branch, for fund-raising services provided to the fund. Most of Gopher products were distributed bythe wealth management branch during the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. Since the fourth quarter of2020, as Gopher has been selling all of our domestic PE/VC investment products directly to comply with a new regulation1,one-time commissions in relation to such products are recognized as revenue from the asset management segment.b.from the fund, recurring service fees for fund management services provided to the fund;c.from the fund, carry (as performance-based income) for fund management services provided to the fund and as an incentivefor fund manager to achieve excess return, which is based on the extent to which the fund’s investment performance exceedsa certain threshold; andGopher, as a proprietary product provider, enters into agreements on an arm’s length basis with our wealth management branchfor product distribution, and in accordance with such agreements, shares a portion of recurring service fees and performance-based incomewith the wealth management branch in certain cases. To the extent of recurring service fees and performance-based income are shared withthe wealth management branch, such intra-group revenue are deducted from our consolidated statements of operations.The above revenue model descriptions reflect the various contractual agreements for fee sharing among parties. The fees receivedby us are ultimately born by our clients, as when the client subscribes to the fund, the client agrees that the fund pays Noah’s wealthmanagement branch and/or the relevant product provider, including Gopher, for services provided to the fund.The following table summarizes our revenues from both business segments: Wealth Management Segment Asset management SegmentOne-time commissionsFrom the fund–For fund raising services of productsdistributed by Noah UprightFrom insurance companies–For client referral servicesFrom the fund–For fund raising services of productsdirectly placed by GopherRecurring service feesFrom the fund and/or product provider–For portfolio management servicesprovidedFrom the fund–For fund management services andportfolio management servicesprovidedPerformance-based incomeFrom the product provider–For portfolio management servicesprovidedFrom the fund–For fund management services andportfolio management servicesprovided1In accordance with the Supervision Measures which came into effect in October 2020, independent fund distribution institutions likeNoah Upright shall not distribute privately-raised investment funds that invest in PE/VC products except as otherwise permitted bythe CSRC, and shall specialize in the distribution of funds that invest in public securities. Licensed fund managers of privately-raisedinvestment fund like Gopher are not subject to the Supervision Measures.Table of Contents115In addition, we also receive other service fees derived from (i) comprehensive financial services we provide in the wealthmanagement segment, and (ii) other services segment:●for wealth management: revenue generated from our investor education business and other comprehensive financial serviceswe provide;●for other services: service fees paid by clients for the lending business and other services we provide.Operating Costs and ExpensesOur financial condition and operating results are directly affected by our operating cost and expenses, primarily consisting of(i) compensation and benefits, including salaries and commissions for our relationship managers, share-based compensation expenses,performance-based bonuses, and other employee salaries and bonuses, (ii) selling expenses, (iii) general and administrative expenses, (iv)provision for credit losses, and (v) other operating expenses, which are partially offset by the receipt of government subsidies. Ouroperating costs and expenses are primarily affected by several factors, including the number of our employees, rental expenses andcertain non-cash charges.Compensation and BenefitsCompensation and benefits mainly include salaries and commissions for our relationship managers, salaries and bonuses forinvestment professionals and other employees, share-based compensation expenses for our employees and directors, and bonuses relatedto performance-based income. The number of our employees was 2,960, 3,148 and 2,884 as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022,respectively. Considering the macro volatility, we implemented more strict cost control and improve opearating effeiciency, our headcountwas decreased by 8.4% from 2021. We anticipate to continue our investments in talent but will still closely monitor our headcount tomaintain high operating efficiency.In 2020, 2021 and 2022, we incurred relationship managers compensation of RMB614.0 million, RMB920.9 million andRMB497.1 million (US$72.1 million), respectively, representing 18.6%, 21.5% and 16.0% of our net revenues in the same periods,respectively. As of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, we had 1,231, 1,316 and 1,276 relationship managers, whose compensationtypically comprises base salaries, quarterly bonuses, and year-end performance-based bonuses. We anticipate that the compensation andbenefits of our relationship managers will continue to be a significant portion of our costs and expenses as we continue to rely on ourrelationship managers to distribute more investment products.Share-based compensation expenses include grants and vesting of stock options and restricted shares to our employees anddirectors. We adopted two share incentive plans in 2008 and 2010, and replaced both with a new share incentive plan in 2017, which wasterminated when our 2022 Share Incentive Plan was approved and adopted in December 2022. We expect to incur additional share-basedcompensation expenses relating to share options or restricted shares in the future as we plan to continue to grant share options or restrictedshares to our employees and directors.Share-based compensation expenses were included in compensation and benefits in 2020, 2021 and 2022. The following tablesets forth our share-based compensation expenses both in absolute amounts and as a percentage of net revenues for the periods indicated:Years Ended December 31, 2020 2021 2022 RMB % RMB % RMB US$%(in thousands, except for percentages)Share options 21,837 0.7 18,081 0.4 24,726 3,585 0.8Restricted shares 37,952 1.1 32,956 0.8 17,574 2,584 0.6Total share-based compensation 59,789 1.8 51,037 1.2 42,300 6,133 1.4Table of Contents116Selling ExpensesOur selling expenses primarily include (i) expenses associated with the operations of service centers, such as rental expenses, and(ii) expenses for online and offline marketing activities. We operated service centers in 80, 84 and 75 cities in China as of December 31,2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.General and Administrative ExpensesOur general and administrative expenses primarily include rental and related expenses of our leased office spaces andprofessional service fees. The main items include rental expenses for our group and regional headquarters and offices, depreciationexpenses and consulting expenses, among others.Provision for Credit LossesProvision for credit losses represent net changes of the allowance for loan losses as well as other financial assets. Our provisionfor credit losses were recorded primarily in connection with the Camsing Incident and loan receivables.Other Operating ExpensesOur other operating expenses mainly include various expenses incurred directly in relation to our other service fees.Government SubsidiesGovernment subsidies are cash subsidies received in the PRC from local governments as incentives for investing and operating incertain local districts. Such subsidies are used by us for general corporate purposes and are reflected as an offset to our operating costs andexpenses.TaxationThe Cayman IslandsWe are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, we are notsubject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, payments of capital or dividends in respect of our shares are not subject to withholdingtax in the Cayman Islands. Gains derived from the disposal of our shares are not subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax. TheCayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is notaxation in the nature of inheritance tax, estate duty, or inheritance tax. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by thegovernment of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within thejurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.Hong KongUnder the current Hong Kong Inland Revenue Ordinance, the first HK$2 million of profits earned by the qualifying group entitiesincorporated in Hong Kong will be taxed at half the current tax rate (i.e. 8.25%) while the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at theexisting 16.5% tax rate. The profits of group entities incorporated in Hong Kong not qualifying for the two-tiered profits tax rates regimewill continue to be taxed at a flat rate of 16.5%. In addition, payments of dividends from Hong Kong subsidiaries to their shareholders arenot subject to any Hong Kong withholding tax.Table of Contents117PRCOn March 23, 2016, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the Circular on the PilotProgram for Overall Implementation of the Collection of Value Added Tax Instead of Business Tax, or Circular 36, which took effect onMay 1, 2016. Pursuant to Circular 36, all companies operating in construction industry, real estate industry, finance industry, modernservice industry or other industries which were required to pay business tax are required to pay value-added tax (“VAT”), in lieu ofbusiness tax.Our PRC subsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated Entities are subject to VAT and related surcharges including urbanmaintenance and construction tax (with 1%, 5%, or 7% of VAT based on different locations), education surtax (3% of VAT), localeducation surtax (2% of VAT) and river-way management fee (1% of VAT) on the services provided in the PRC. As VAT liability isexcluded when calculating net revenues, our net revenues are total revenues, net only of VAT related surcharges, which range from 7% to13% of VAT liabilities. The VAT and related surcharges in the amounts of RMB18.9 million, RMB33.5 million and RMB28.5 million(US$4.1 million) were deducted from our total revenues in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.According to Circular 36, applicable VAT rates include 3%, 6%, 11%, and 17%, and the applicable value-added rate for our PRCsubsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated Entities is 6%. The VAT tax rates of 11% and 17% were reduced to 10% and 16%,respectively, from May 1, 2018 and to 9% and 13% from April 1, 2019.In addition, our PRC subsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated Entities are subject to PRC enterprise income tax on theirtaxable income in accordance with the relevant PRC income tax laws with a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises since January 1, 2008, except where a special preferential rate applies.Under the EIT Law, enterprises that are established under the laws of foreign countries or regions and whose “de factomanagement bodies” are located within the PRC territory are considered PRC resident enterprises, and will be subject to the PRCenterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. Under the EIT Implementation Rules, “de facto management bodies”are defined as the bodies that have full and substantial control and overall management over the manufacturing and business operations,personnel and human resources, finances and treasury, and acquisition and disposition of properties and other assets of an enterprise. See“Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The dividends we receive from our PRCsubsidiaries may be subject to PRC tax under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, which would have a material adverse effect on ourfinancial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes,such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.”For more information on PRC tax regulations, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulationsin China—Regulations on Tax.”Table of Contents118Financial ResultsThe following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated. The informationshould be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Theoperating results in any period are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any future period.Years Ended December 31,202020212022 RMB RMB RMB US$(in thousands)Revenues Revenues from others: One-time commissions 679,014 1,130,894 617,636 89,549Recurring service fees 700,157 913,700 768,980 111,492Performance-based income 180,529 391,903 184,048 26,684Other service fees 196,151 161,982 223,441 32,396Total revenues from others 1,755,851 2,598,479 1,794,105 260,121Revenues from funds Gopher manages: One-time commissions 129,823 140,522 63,809 9,251Recurring service fees 1,230,042 1,195,309 1,145,435 166,072Performance-based income 208,996 392,290 125,528 18,200Total revenues from funds Gopher manages 1,568,861 1,728,121 1,334,772 193,523Total Revenues 3,324,712 4,326,600 3,128,877 453,644Less: VAT related surcharges (18,886) (33,506) (28,505) (4,133)Net Revenues 3,305,826 4,293,094 3,100,372 449,511Operating costs and expenses: Compensation and benefits (1,504,012) (2,168,880) (1,441,882) (209,054)Selling expenses (271,692) (437,131) (349,014) (50,602)General and administrative expenses (277,879) (383,321) (235,319) (34,118)(Provision for)/ reversal of credit losses (8,083) (112,959) 424 61Other operating expenses (99,040) (107,844) (115,653) (16,768)Government subsidies 113,356 115,939 129,521 18,779Total operating costs and expenses (2,047,350) (3,094,196) (2,011,923) (291,702)Income from operations: 1,258,476 1,198,898 1,088,449 157,809Other income (expenses): Interest income 67,317 71,866 61,416 8,904Investment (loss) income (86,369) 65,426 85,554 12,404Settlement expenses (1,828,907) (19,908) — —Contingent legal expense — — (99,000) (14,354)Other income (expense) 4,164 (18,240) 13,130 1,904Total other (expenses) income (1,843,795) 99,144 61,100 8,858(Loss) income before taxes and income from equity in affiliates (585,319) 1,298,042 1,149,549 166,667Income tax expense (258,460) (293,940) (267,108) (38,727)Income from equity in affiliates 100,257 301,979 89,148 12,925Net (loss) income (743,522) 1,306,081 971,589 140,865Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests 1,703 (8,050) (4,982) (722)Net (loss) income attributable to Noah’s shareholders (745,225) 1,314,131 976,571 141,587Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021Total Revenues. Our total revenues decreased by 27.8% from RMB4,326.6 million in 2021 to RMB3,100.4 million (US$449.5million) in 2022. The decrease in total revenues was primarily due to decreases in one-time commissions, recurring service fees andperformance-based income.Table of Contents119Operating Costs and Expenses. Operating costs and expenses decreased by 35.0% from RMB3,094.2 million in 2021 toRMB2,011.9 million (US$291.7 million) in 2022. The decrease in operating costs and expenses was primarily driven by decreases in ourrelationship managers compensation due to reduced transaction value, and our expenses control measures implemented in 2022.Other Income. Other income decreased by 38.4% from RMB99.1 million in 2021 to RMB61.1 million (US$8.9 million) in 2022.The decrease in other income was primarily attributable to our accrual of contigent legal expenses relating to one adverse initial courtruling in the amount of RMB99.0 million.Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense decreased by 9.1% from RMB293.9 million in 2021 to RMB267.1 million (US$38.7million) in 2022, primarily due to lower taxable income.Net Income Attributable to Noah’s Shareholders. Net income attributable to Noah’s shareholders decreased by 25.7% fromRMB1,314.1 million in 2021 to RMB976.6 million (US$141.6 million) in 2022, primarily due to 11.4% decreases in income before taxesand income from equity in affiliates and 70.5% decreases in income from equity in affiliates.Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020Total Revenues. Our total revenues increased by 30.1% from RMB3,324.7 million in 2020 to RMB4,326.6 million in 2021. Theincrease in total revenues was primarily due to increases in one-time commissions, recurring service fees and performance-based income.Operating Costs and Expenses. Operating costs and expenses increased by 51.1% from RMB2,047.4 million in 2020 toRMB3,094.2 million in 2021. The increase in operating costs and expenses was primarily driven by our investments in talents, technology,investment research capabilities and client services.Other Income (Expense). We incurred other income of RMB99.1 million in 2021, as compared with an other expense ofRMB1,843.8 million in 2020. The incurrence of other expenses in 2020 was primarily attributable to settlement expenses of RMB1,828.9million related to the Camsing Incident.Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense increased by 13.7% from RMB258.5 million in 2020 to RMB293.9 million in 2021,primarily due to higher taxable income.Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noah’s Shareholders. Net income attributable to Noah’s shareholders was RMB1,314.1 millionin 2021, as compared with net loss attributable to Noah’s shareholders of RMB745.2 million in 2020.Table of Contents120Wealth ManagementYears Ended December 31,202020212022 RMB RMB RMB US$(in thousands)RevenuesRevenues from others:One-time commissions 677,726 1,130,653 617,636 89,549Recurring service fees 697,140 912,506 768,980 111,492Performance-based income 180,385 391,903 184,048 26,684Other service fees 123,458 92,352 144,101 20,893Total revenues from others 1,678,709 2,527,414 1,714,765 248,618Revenues from funds Gopher manages: One-time commissions 88,520 50,247 13,953 2,023Recurring service fees 587,307 557,094 463,314 67,174Performance-based income 24,920 77,218 18,407 2,669Total revenues from funds Gopher manages 700,747 684,559 495,674 71,866Total Revenues 2,379,456 3,211,973 2,210,439 320,484Less: VAT related surcharges (13,123) (17,076) (10,462) (1,517)Net Revenues 2,366,333 3,194,897 2,199,977 318,967Operating costs and expenses: Compensation and benefits (1,099,769) (1,654,289) (1,079,634) (156,532)Selling expenses (228,853) (354,128) (299,769) (43,462)General and administrative expenses (197,511) (270,253) (153,643) (22,276)(Provision for)/ reversal of credit losses (3,785) (6,490) 718 104Other operating expenses (76,983) (53,616) (15,412) (2,235)Government subsidies 58,046 65,368 89,223 12,936Total operating costs and expenses (1,548,855) (2,273,408) (1,458,517) (211,465)Income from operations: 817,478 921,489 741,460 107,502Table of Contents121Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021Total Revenue. For the wealth management business, our total revenue decreased by 31.2% from RMB3,212.0 million in 2021 toRMB2,210.4 million (US$320.5 million) in 2022. Our transaction value decreased by 27.7% from RMB97.2 billion in 2021 to RMB70.3billion (US$10.2 billion) in 2022, primarily due to decrease of RMB24.7 billion transaction value in private secondary products.●Total revenue from one-time commissions decreased by 46.5% from RMB1,180.9 million in 2021 to RMB631.6 million(US$91.6 million) in 2022, primarily due to less private secondary funds distributed in 2022 as a result of the volatile of thestock market throughout the year.●Total revenue from recurring service fees decreased by 16.1% from RMB1,469.6 million in 2021 to RMB1,232.3 million(US$178.7 million) in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to the service fees recognized upon liquidation of certain creditproducts with higher fee rates for the 2021.●Total revenue from performance-based income decreased by 56.8% from RMB469.1 million in 2021 to RMB202.5 million(US$29.4 million) in 2022, primarily due to less performance-based income from private secondary products that wereceived and shared by product providers due to macro environment was volatile and more challenging in 2022.●Total revenue from other service fees increased by 56.0% from RMB92.4 million in 2021 to RMB144.1 million (US$20.9million) in 2022, primarily due to more value-added service we provided to our HNW investors in 2022.Operating Costs and Expenses. For the wealth management business, our operating costs and expenses decreased by 35.8% fromRMB2,273.4 million in 2021 to RMB1,458.5 million (US$211.5 million) million in 2022, primarily due to decreased relationshipmanagers compensation relating to less investment prodcuts distributed and less general and administrative expenses due to our costcontrol measures implemented in 2022.●Compensation and benefits include compensation for relationship managers and other employees. Compensation andbenefits decreased by 34.7% from RMB1,654.3 million in 2021 to RMB1,079.6 million (US$156.5 million) in 2022. In2022, relationship manager compensation decreased by 48.9% from 2021, align with our decreased in one-timecommissions. Other compensation decreased by 17.8% from 2021, primarily due to cost control measures implemented in2022.●Selling expenses decreased by 15.4% from RMB354.1 million in 2021 to RMB299.8 million (US$43.5 million) in 2022,primarily due to less client activities held as various lock-down were placed across China due to COVID-19 pendamic in2022.●General and administrative expenses decreased by 43.1% from RMB270.3 million in 2021 to RMB153.6 million (US$22.3million) in 2022, primarily due to our cost control measures implemented in 2022.●Reversal of credit losses in 2022 was RMB0.7 million (US$0.1 million), while provision for credit losses was RMB6.5million in 2021, primarily due to accrual of allowance for accounts receivables relating to certain funds.●Other operating expenses decreased by 71.3% from RMB53.6 million in 2021 to RMB15.4 million (US$2.2 million) in2022, as we barely provided lending services to our clients.●Government subsidies were RMB65.4 million in 2021 and RMB89.2 million (US$12.9 million) in 2022.Table of Contents122Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020Total Revenue. For the wealth management business, our total revenue increased by 35.0% from RMB2,379.5 million in 2020 toRMB3,212.0 million in 2021. Our transaction value increased by 2.6% from RMB94.7 billion in 2020 to RMB97.2 billion in 2021,primarily due to an increase of RMB2.6 billion transaction value in private secondary products.●Total revenue from one-time commissions increased by 54.1% from RMB766.2 million in 2020 to RMB1,180.9 million in2021, primarily due to more higher fee rate investment products that we distributed in 2021.●Total revenue from recurring service fees increased by 14.4% from RMB1,284.4 million in 2020 to RMB1,469.6 million in2021. The increase was primarily due to the cumulative recurring service fees of long-duration investment products withrecurring service fees previously distributed by us.●Total revenue from performance-based income increased by 128.5% from RMB205.3 million in 2020 to RMB469.1 millionin 2021, primarily due to more performance-based income from private secondary products that we received and shared byproduct providers. The transaction value of private secondary products increased by 7.4% from RMB35.2 billion in 2020 toRMB37.8 billion in 2021.●Total revenue from other service fees decreased by 25.2% from RMB123.5 million in 2020 to RMB92.4 million in 2021,primarily due to less service fees recorded from lending business since we significantly reduced this business since thesecond half year of 2019.Operating Costs and Expenses. For the wealth management business, our operating costs and expenses increased by 46.8% fromRMB1,548.9 million in 2020 to RMB2,273.4 million in 2021, primarily due to our continued strategic investments in our talents and clientexperiences as well as less expenses incurred in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.●Compensation and benefits include compensation for relationship managers and other employees. Compensation andbenefits increased by 50.4% from RMB1,099.8 million in 2020 to RMB1,654.3 million in 2021. In 2021, relationshipmanager compensation increased by 46.9% from 2020, while other compensation increased by 54.8% from 2020, primarilydue to adjustment in compensation structure of our employees, as well as increased transaction value.●Selling expenses increased by 54.7% from RMB228.9 million in 2020 to RMB354.1 million in 2021, primarily due to ourincreased expenditure on client activities and services.●General and administrative expenses increased by 36.9% from RMB197.5 million in 2020 to RMB270.3 million in 2021,primarily due to increases in technology related expenses and consulting fees.●Provision for credit losses increased from RMB3.8 million in 2020 to RMB6.5 million in 2021, primarily due to accrual ofallowance for accounts receivables relating to certain funds.●Other operating expenses decreased by 30.4% from RMB77.0 million in 2020 to RMB53.6 million in 2021, which is in linewith decrease in other service fees.●Government subsidies were RMB58.0 million in 2020 and RMB65.4 million in 2021, respectively.Table of Contents123Asset ManagementYears Ended December 31,202020212022 RMB RMB RMB US$(in thousands)RevenuesRevenues from others:One-time commissions 1,288 241 — —Recurring service fees 3,017 1,194 — —Performance-based income 144 — — —Other service fees 7,451 1,390 — —Total revenues from others 11,900 2,825 — —Revenues from funds Gopher manages: One-time commissions 41,303 90,275 49,856 7,228Recurring service fees 642,735 638,215 682,121 98,898Performance-based income 184,076 315,072 107,121 15,531Total revenues from funds Gopher manages 868,114 1,043,562 839,098 121,658Total Revenues 880,014 1,046,387 839,098 121,658Less: VAT related surcharges (4,521) (4,923) (4,630) (671)Net Revenues 875,493 1,041,464 834,468 120,986Operating costs and expenses: Compensation and benefits (339,691) (450,034) (322,011) (46,687)Selling expenses (34,302) (55,790) (41,885) (6,073)General and administrative expenses (59,440) (70,686) (55,872) (8,101)(Provision for)/ reversal of credit losses (251) (13,275) 386 56Other operating expenses (6,443) (4,347) (6,369) (923)Government subsidies 24,443 37,905 39,120 5,672Total operating costs and expenses (415,684) (556,227) (386,631) (56,056)Income from operations: 459,809 485,237 447,837 64,930Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021Total Revenue. For the asset management business, our total revenue decreased by 19.8% from RMB1,046.4 million in 2021 toRMB839.1 million (US$121.7 million) in 2022. Gopher’s AUM remained stable from RMB156.0 billion as of December 31, 2021 toRMB157.1 billion (US$22.8 billion) as of December 31, 2022.●Total revenue from one-time commissions decreased by 44.9% from RMB90.5 million in 2021 to RMB49.9 million (US$7.3million) in 2022, mainly due to less domestic private equity funds newly established in 2022.●Total revenue from recurring service fees increased by 6.7% from RMB639.4 million in 2021 to RMB682.1 million(US$98.9 million) in 2022, mainly due to continuous increases in the AUM of private equity products.●Total revenue from performance-based income decreased by 66.0% from RMB315.1 million in 2021 to RMB107.1 million(US$15.5 million) in 2022, primarily due to decreases in performance-based income from private equity products resultingfrom the fluctuation of the capital market and fewer exit opportunities caused by the slowdown of the primary market asmacro environment was volatile and more challenging in 2022.Table of Contents124Operating Costs and Expenses. For the asset management business, our operating costs and expenses decreased by 30.5% fromRMB556.2 million in 2021 to RMB386.6 million (US$56.1 million) in 2022, primarily due to less expenses incurred due to the COVID-19 pandemic and cost control measures implemented in 2022.●Compensation and benefits include compensation of investment professionals and other employees. Compensation andbenefits decreased by 28.4% from RMB450.0 million in 2021 to RMB322.0 million (US$46.7 million) in 2022 due to adecrease in performance-based compensation align with a decrease in performance based income.●Selling expenses decreased by 24.9% from RMB55.8 million in 2021 to RMB41.9 million (US$6.1 million) in 2022,primarily due to a decrease in client service expense and marketing expense.●General and administrative expenses decreased by 21.0% from RMB70.7 million in 2021 to RMB55.9 million (US$8.1million) in 2022, primarily due to our cost control measures implemented in 2022.●Reversal of credit losses in 2022 was RMB0.4 million (US$0.1 million), while provision for credit losses was RMB13.3million in 2021. The majority of such provision in 2021 were accrued for receivables accounts related to several privateequity products.●Government subsidies were RMB37.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and RMB39.1 million (US$5.7million) for 2022.Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020Total Revenue. For the asset management business, our total revenue increased by 18.9% from RMB880.0 million in 2020 toRMB1,046.4 million in 2021. Gopher’s AUM increased from RMB152.8 billion as of December 31, 2021 to RMB156.0 billion as ofDecember 31, 2022, as a result of continuously growth in private equity products and partially offset by redemption of credit products andreal estate products.●Total revenue from one-time commissions increased by 112.5% from RMB42.6 million in 2020 to RMB90.5 million in2021, mainly due to the transfer of distribution of private equity products from wealth management to asset managementsince the fourth quarter of 2020 to comply with relevant regulation.●Total revenue from recurring service fees decreased by 1.0% from RMB645.8 million in 2020 to RMB639.4 million in 2021,mainly due to a decrease in assets under management in credit products and real estate products.●Total revenue from performance-based income increased by 71.0% from RMB184.2 million in 2020 to RMB315.1 million in2021, primarily due to an increase in performance-based income from private equity products.Operating Costs and Expenses. For the asset management business, our operating costs and expenses increased by 33.8% fromRMB415.7 million in 2020 to RMB556.2 million in 2021, primarily due to our continued investments in our talents as well as lessexpenses incurred in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.●Compensation and benefits include compensation of investment professionals and other employees. Compensation andbenefits increased by 32.5% from RMB339.7 million in 2020 to RMB450.0 million in 2021 due to an increase inperformance-based compensation and talent acquisition for enhancing investment research capabilities.●Selling expenses increased by 62.6% from RMB34.3 million in 2020 to RMB55.8 million in 2021, primarily due to anincrease in client service expense and marketing expense.●General and administrative expenses increased by 18.9% from RMB59.4 million in 2020 to RMB70.7 million in 2021,primarily due to an increase in technology related expenses.Table of Contents125●Provision for credit losses increased from RMB0.03 million in 2020 to RMB13.3 million in 2021. The majority of suchprovision in 2021 were accrued for receivables accounts related to several private equity products.●Government subsidies were RMB24.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and RMB37.9 million in 2021.Other businessesYears Ended December 31,202020212022 RMB RMB RMB US$(in thousands)RevenuesRevenues from others:Other service fees 65,242 68,240 79,340 11,503Total revenues from others 65,242 68,240 79,340 11,503Total Revenues 65,242 68,240 79,340 11,503Less: VAT related surcharges (1,242) (11,507) (13,413) (1,945)Net Revenues 64,000 56,733 65,927 9,559Operating costs and expenses:Compensation and benefits (64,552) (64,557) (40,237) (5,834)Selling expenses (8,537) (27,213) (7,360) (1,067)General and administrative expenses (20,928) (42,382) (25,804) (3,741)Provision for credit losses (4,047) (93,194) (680) (99)Other operating expenses (15,614) (49,881) (93,872) (13,610)Government subsidies 30,867 12,666 1,178 171Total operating costs and expenses (82,811) (264,561) (166,775) (24,180)Loss from operations: (18,811) (207,828) (100,848) (14,622)Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021Total Revenue. For other businesses, our total revenue were RMB79.3 million (US$11.5 million) in 2022, representing a 16.3%increase from RMB68.2 million in 2021.Operating Costs and Expenses. For other businesses, our operating costs and expenses in 2022 were RMB166.8 million(US$24.2 million), representing a 37.0% decrease from RMB264.6 million in 2021, primarily due to (i) less provision for credit losses as aresult of our periodic assessment on expected collection of our loan receivables and (ii) a decrease in selling and general andadministrative expenses as a result of cost control measures implemented in 2022.Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020Total Revenue. For other businesses, our total revenue were RMB68.2 million in 2021, representing a 4.6% increase fromRMB65.2 million in 2020.Operating Costs and Expenses. For other businesses, our operating costs and expenses in 2021 were RMB264.6 million,representing a 219.5% increase from RMB82.8 million in 2020, primarily due to (i) an increase in provision for credit losses as a result ofour periodic assessment on expected collection of our loan receivables and (ii) an increase in selling and general and administrativeexpenses as a result of an increase in marketing and consulting fees.Table of Contents126Non-Gaap MeasuresAdjusted net income attributable to Noah’s shareholders is a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes the income statementeffects of all forms of share-based compensation expenses, non-cash settlement expenses and net of relevant tax impact. A reconciliationof adjusted net income attributable to Noah’s shareholders from net income attributable to Noah’s shareholders, the most directlycomparable GAAP measure, can be obtained by subtracting expenses for share-based compensations and non-cash settlement expenses.All tax expense impact of such adjustments would be also considered.The non-GAAP financial measure disclosed by us should not be considered a substitute for financial measures prepared inaccordance with GAAP. The financial results reported in accordance with GAAP and reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP results shouldbe carefully evaluated. The non-GAAP financial measure used by us may be prepared differently from and, therefore, may not becomparable to, similarly titled measures used by other companies.When evaluating our operating performance in the periods presented, management reviewed non-GAAP net income resultsreflecting adjustments to exclude the impact of share-based compensation, non-cash settlement expenses, and net of relevant tax impact.As such, we believe that the presentation of the non-GAAP adjusted net income attributable to Noah’s shareholders provides importantsupplemental information to investors regarding financial and business trends relating to our results of operations in a manner consistentwith that used by management. Pursuant to GAAP, we recognized significant amounts of expenses for all forms of share-basedcompensation and settlement expenses (net of tax impact). To make our financial results comparable period by period, we utilize non-GAAP adjusted net income to better understand our historical business operations.The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our net income (loss) attributable to Noah’s shareholders and adjusted net incomeattributable to Noah’s shareholders (non-GAAP) for the years indicated:Year Ended December 31, 2020 2021 2022 RMB RMB RMB US$(in thousands)Net (loss) income attributable to Noah’s shareholders (745,225) 1,314,131 976,571 141,587Add: share-based compensation 59,789 51,037 42,300 6,133Add: settlement expense(1) 1,828,907 19,908 — —Less: Tax effect of adjustments 13,821 12,374 10,279 1,490Adjusted net income attributable to Noah’s shareholders (non-GAAP) 1,129,650 1,372,702 1,008,592 146,230(1)Please see “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings—TheCamsing Incident.”B.Liquidity and Capital ResourcesWe finance our operations primarily through cash generated from our operating activities. Our principal use of cash in 2020,2021, and 2022 were for operating and investing activities. In addition, we used RMB281.6 million, RMB372.4 million and nil torepurchase our ADSs in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had RMB4,403.9 million (US$638.5 million) incash and cash equivalents, consisting of cash on hand, demand deposits, money market funds and mutual funds which are unrestricted asto withdrawal and use. As of December 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents of RMB11.5 million (US$1.7 million) was held by theconsolidated funds, which although not legally restricted, is not available to our general liquidity needs as the use of such funds isgenerally limited to the investment activities of the consolidated funds. We believe that our current cash and anticipated cash flow fromoperations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs, including our cash needs for at least the next 12 months. We may,however, need additional capital in the future due to unanticipated business condition or other future development, including anyinvestments or acquisitions we may pursue.In July 2022, we completed our global initial public offerings in Hong Kong Stock Exchange with issuance of 1,152,160 ordinaryshares with net proceeds of HK$315.6 million (US$40.2 million) after deducting underwriters’ commission and offering expenses.Table of Contents127The following table sets forth the movements of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash for the periods presented:Years Ended December 31,202020212022RMB RMB RMB US$ (in thousands)Net cash provided by operating activities 796,353 1,521,838 632,901 91,764Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 352,584 (2,572,094) 74,289 10,773Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (371,422) (513,121) 233,761 33,892Effect of exchange rate changes (148,745) (46,714) 81,054 11,751Net increases (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 628,770 (1,610,091) 1,022,005 148,180Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year 4,393,934 5,022,704 3,412,613 494,782Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year 5,022,704 3,412,613 4,434,618 642,962Operating ActivitiesNet cash provided by operating activities in 2022 was RMB632.9 million (US$91.8 million), primarily as a result of net incomeof RMB971.6 million (US$140.9 million), adjusted by (i) certain non-cash charges of RMB171.1 million (US$24.8 million), which wasprimarily attributable to depreciation and amortization of RMB156.0 million (US$22.6 million) and non-cash lease expenses of RMB95.3million (US$13.8 million), partially offset by income from equity in affiliates, net of dividends of RMB33.7 million (US$4.9 million), (ii)changes of operating assets and liabilities of RMB424.9 million (US$61.6 million), which was primarily attributable to a decrease inaccrued payroll and welfare of RMB277.6 million (US$40.2 million), a decrease in other current liabilities of RMB178.8 million(US$25.9 million) and an increase in trading securities of RMB192.9 million (US$27.9 million), partially offset by a decrease in accountsreceivable of RMB304.7 million (US$44.2 million) and (iii) increase in deferred tax assets and liabilities of RMB84.9 million (US$12.3million)Net cash provided by operating activities in 2021 was RMB1,521.8 million, primarily as a result of net income of RMB1,306.1million, adjusted by (i) certain non-cash charges of RMB143.9 million, which was primarily attributable to depreciation and amortizationof RMB146.6 million, provision for credit losses of RMB113.0 million and non-cash lease expenses of RMB85.7 million, partially offsetby income from equity in affiliates, net of dividends of RMB206.2 million, (ii) decrease in net working capital of RMB191.4 million,which was primarily attributable to an increase in accrued payroll and welfare expenses of RMB240.9 million and an increase in othercurrent liabilities of RMB191.4 million, partially offset by an increase in accounts receivables of RMB363.0 million and (iii) offset bychanges in deferred tax assets and liabilities of RMB119.6 million.Net cash provided by operating activities in 2020 was RMB796.4 million, primarily as a result of net loss of RMB743.5 million,adjusted by certain non-cash charges of RMB1,578.1 million, which was primarily attributable to share-based settlement expense in theamount of RMB1,290.8 million related to the Camsing Incident, impairment of long-term investments of RMB115.1 million, depreciationexpenses of RMB98.5 million and noncash lease expenses of RMB84.7 million, partially offset by income from equity in affiliates, net ofdividends, of RMB60.4 million and changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities of RMB67.3 million, and decrease in net working capitalof RMB29.1 million, which was primarily attributable to an increase of contingent liability of RMB530.4 million, partially offset by anincrease in accounts receivables of RMB219.3 million and a decrease of other current liabilities of RMB361.2 million. The increase in ourcontingent liabilities was due to the Offer made for clients affected by Camsing Incident. The increase in our accounts receivables was dueto the growth of our business. The decrease in our other current liabilities was primarily due to the decrease of payable to individual fortrust services.Investing ActivitiesNet cash provided by investing activities in 2022 was RMB74.3 million (US$10.8 million), primarily attributable to net cashinflow from collection of loans originated to third parties of RMB148.3 million (US$21.5 million), which was partially offset by purchaseof property and equipment of RMB62.7 million (US$9.1 million).Net cash used in investing activities in 2021 was RMB2,572.1 million, primarily attributable to purchase of property andequipment of RMB2,271.2 million, which was principally for acquiring our new headquarter premises in Shanghai, net loan disbursementof RMB331.9 million and purchase of long-term investment of RMB91.3 million, which was partially offset by proceeds from redemptionof held-to-maturity investments of RMB101.6 million.Table of Contents128Net cash provided by investing activities in 2020 was RMB352.6 million, primarily attributable to net cash inflow from collectionof loans originated to third parties of RMB221.6 million, net capital return from investment in affiliates of RMB100.5 million andproceeds of investments held by our consolidated funds of RMB72.6 million, which was partially offset by purchase of property andequipment of RMB51.6 million and net purchase of held-to-maturity investments of RMB48.6 million.Financing ActivitiesNet cash provided by financing activities was RMB233.8 million (US$33.9 million) in 2022 due to our global initial publicoffering and listing in Hong Kong with net proceeds of RMB247.0 million (US$35.8 million), partially offset by divestment of non-controlling interests of RMB23.7 million (US$3.4 million).Net cash used in financing activities was RMB513.1 million in 2021 due to repurchasing of our ordinary shares of RMB372.4million and payment to acquire non-controlling interests in subsidiaries of RMB178.8 million, partially offset by contribution from non-controlling interests of RMB43.4 million.Net cash used in financing activities was RMB371.4 million in 2020 due to repurchasing of our ordinary shares of RMB281.6million and divestment of non-controlling interests of RMB90.8 million, partially offset by proceeds from issuance of ordinary sharesupon exercise of stock options of RMB33.4 million.Material Cash RequirementsOur material cash requirements as of December 31, 2022 and any subsequent interim period primarily include our capitalexpenditures, operating lease obligations, payment of employee’s payroll and welfare expenses, taxes and other various selling, generaland administrative expenses to support our daily business operations, and we intend to fund those requirements with our existing cashbalances.Capital ExpendituresOur capital expenditures primarily consist of purchases of property and equipment, and renovation and upgrade of our newlypurchased office premises. Our capital expenditures were RMB51.6 million, RMB2,271.2 million and RMB62.7 million (US$9.1 million)in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. We currently do not have any commitment for capital expenditures or other cash requirementsoutside of our ordinary course of business. As of the date of this annual report, we expect that our capital expenditure in 2023 to beapproximately RMB157.8 million (US$22.9 million) primarily on the renovation and upgrade of our newly purchased office premises, andwe intend to fund our planned capital expenditures with existing cash balance.Operating Lease ObligationsOue operating lease assets primarily represents various facilities under non-cancelable operating leases expiring within one to tenyears. Our operating lease expenses were RMB99.3 million and RMB102.3 million and RMB98.9 million (US$14.3 million) in 2020,2021 and 2022, respectively. The majority of our operating lease obligations are related to our office lease agreements in China.The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022:Payment Due by PeriodMore Less thanthan 5 Total 1 year1-2 years2-5 years yearsRMB RMB RMB RMB RMB (in thousands)Operating Lease 176,973 88,780 65,378 22,815 —For details of our payment of employee’s payroll and welfare expenses, see “—Components of Results of Operations—OperatingCosts and Expenses Compensation and Benefits.”Table of Contents129For details of our taxes, see “Taxation.”For details of other various selling, general and administrative expenses, see “—Components of Results of Operations—Operating Costs and Expenses—Selling Expenses” and “—Components of Results of Operations—Operating Costs and Expenses—General and Administrative Expenses.”Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any thirdparties. In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our own shares and classified as equity, or that arenot reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferredto an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. Moreover, we do not have any variableinterest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging orresearch and development services with us.Property InterestsIn May 2021, we purchased new office premises with a gross floor area of approximately 72,000 square meters in Shanghai, andthe carrying amount of its property interest (which all form party of non-property activities) is approximately RMB2,289.1 million(US$331.9 million), accounting for 19.4% of our total assets as of December 31, 2022.Holding Company StructureWe are a holding company, and we conduct businesses through our subsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated Entities. As aresult, we may rely significantly on dividends and other distributions by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements,including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and pay any debt we may incur. If our PRCsubsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends ormake other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable income under the ContractualArrangements which would materially and adversely affect its ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.Our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordancewith PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC laws, each of our PRC subsidiaries and the Consolidated Affiliated Entitiesare required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% ofits registered capital. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate futurelosses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in theevent of liquidation. As a result of these PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portionof their net assets, including general reserve and registered capital, either in the form of dividends, loans or advances. Such restrictedportion amounted to RMB2,040.5 million, RMB2,950.5 million and RMB2,826.6 million (US$409.8 million) as of December 31, 2020,2021 and 2022, respectively.Furthermore, cash transfers from our PRC subsidiaries to our subsidiaries outside of China are subject to PRC governmentcontrol of currency conversion. Restrictions on the availability of foreign currency may affect the ability of our PRC subsidiaries andConsolidated Affiliated Entities to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy theirforeign currency denominated obligations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC foreign exchange control regulations restricting the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies may limit our ability to utilizeour revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.”C.Research and Development, Intellectual PropertyResearch and DevelopmentSee “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Technologies” and “Item 4. Information on theCompany—B. Business Overview— Research and Development.”Table of Contents130Intellectual PropertySee “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property.”D.Trend InformationOther than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments orevents for the year 2022 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity orcapital resources, or that are reasonably likely to cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of futureoperating results or financial conditions.E.Critical Accounting EstimatesWe prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions thataffect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and the disclosure of our contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each fiscalperiod and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each fiscal period. We continually evaluate these judgments andestimates based on our own historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, our expectationsregarding the future based on available information and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, which together form our basis formaking judgments about matters that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component ofthe financial reporting process, our actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higherdegree of judgment than others in their application.The selection of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting application of those policies and thesensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing our financialstatements. We believe the following accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation ofour financial statements.Consolidation of investment fundsWe consolidate entities based on either a variable interest model or voting interest model. U.S.GAAP provides guidance thatrequires an analysis to determine (i) whether an entity in which we hold a variable interest is a variable interest entity, or the VIE, and(ii) whether our involvement, through holding interests directly or indirectly in the entity or contractually through other variable interests,would give it a controlling financial interest. We first consider whether an entity is considered a VIE and therefore whether to apply theconsolidation guidance under the VIE model. Entities that do not qualify as VIEs are assessed for consolidation as voting interest entitiesunder the voting interest model. As such, for (i) investment funds in the legal form of limited partnership we manages as general partner,and (ii) contractual funds we manage as fund manager that are determined to be VIEs, we consolidate those entities when we are theprimary beneficiary where we have both the power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of theVIEs and receives the economic benefits of the VIEs that could be significant to the VIEs.Significant judgements are involved to assess whether the funds should be consolidated, which include but not limited to,●Making judgments as to whether a simple majority or lower threshold of limited partnership interests, excluding interestsheld by the general partner, parties under common control of the general partner, or parties acting on behalf of the generalpartner, have substantive rights to either dissolve the fund or remove the general partner or the fund manager—To make thejudgments, we evaluate whether barriers to exercise these rights exist.●Determining whether our management fees and performance-based income represent variable interests—Judgments aremade as to whether the fees we earn are commensurate with the level of effort required for those fees and at market rates. Inmaking this judgment, we consider, among other things, the extent of third party investment in the entity and the terms ofany other interests we hold in the VIE.●Concluding whether we have an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially besignificant to the VIE—Quantitative and qualitative factors are evaluated to determine whether the threshold of “potentiallysignificant” is met.Table of Contents131In our consolidated balance sheets, we present 100% of the assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs along with a non-controlling interest which represents the portion of the consolidated vehicle’s interests held by third party investors in the funds. Werecognize 100% of the consolidated fund’s investment income (loss) and allocate the portion of that income (loss) attributable to thirdparty ownership to non-controlling interests in arriving at our net income (loss). We determine whether we are the primary beneficiary of aVIE when we initially involve with a VIE and reconsider that conclusion when facts and circumstances change. Our conclusion of whetherthe funds deemed as VIEs shall be consolidated may have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.Allowance for loan lossesWe maintain an allowance for credit losses in the loan portfolio, which represents management’s estimate of lifetime expectedlosses based on all available relevant information, relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to pastevents, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In establishing the allowance for credit losses, statistical models areapplied to outstanding loans with different risk characteristics.The expected losses of loans are estimated using a probability of default and loss given default assumption. For loans secured byinvestment products we issue, the assumption is derived from a statistical model which incorporates the estimated value of collaterals,term of the loan and historical loss information. For past due loans secured by real estate properties, the loss given default is derived usingdiscounted cash flow methodology. The projection of cash flows is determined by a combination of factors including the value ofcollaterals, historical collection experience, industry recovery rates of loans with similar risk characteristics and other available relevantinformation about the collectability of cash flows. Qualitative adjustments can be made for risk factors that are not considered within themodels, which are relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan balances.As of December 31, 2022, the allowance is estimated as RMB93.9 million based on information known at the time of the review,which represents management’s best estimate of losses inherent in the loan receivables. Our allowance for credit losses is sensitive tocertain inputs, most notably the reasonable and supportable forecasts that are incorporated in our estimate of credit losses. Because futureevents affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, there can be no assurance that the existing allowance forcredit losses is adequate. Changes in factors underlying the assessment could have a material impact on the amount of the allowance that isnecessary and the amount of provision to be charged against earnings.Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and EmployeesA.Directors and Senior ManagementThe following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.Directors and Executive Officers Age Position/TitleJingbo Wang50Co-founder, chairwoman of our board and chief executive officer of our groupZhe Yin48Co-founder, director and chairman of Gopher Asset ManagementChia-Yue Chang62DirectorNeil Nanpeng Shen55Independent DirectorBoquan He62Independent directorMay Yihong Wu55Independent directorTze-Kaing Yang68Independent directorJinbo Yao46Independent directorZhiwu Chen60Independent directorQing Pan48Chief financial officerLigao Zhou47Chief risk management officerTable of Contents132Ms. Jingbo Wang is one of our Founders and has been our chairwoman and chief executive officer of our group since ourinception in August 2005. Ms. Wang has over 21 years of experience in wealth management and asset management industries. Prior to co-founding our company, from May 2000 to September 2005, Ms. Wang worked in several departments and affiliates of Xiangcai SecuritiesCo., Ltd. (“Xiangcai Securities”), a securities firm in China. Ms. Wang served as the general manager of private banking department atXiangcai Securities from August 2003 to September 2005, during which she established the securities firm’s wealth management business.Prior to that, she served as a deputy general manager of ABN AMRO Xiangcai Fund Management Co., Ltd. (currently known as ManulifeTeda Fund Management Co., Ltd.), an affiliate of Xiangcai Securities, from February 2002 to August 2003, and as the head of the assetmanagement department at Xiangcai Securities from May 2000 to February 2002. Ms. Wang was recognized as one of Top 30 MostInfluential Business Woman in China in 2019 by China Entrepreneur. In 2017, she was listed on Forbes’ China Top 100 Businesswomenin 2017. In the same year, she was also recognized as an Outstanding Leader of the Year by Wealth APAC, and received InternationalWomen’s Entrepreneurial Challenge Award from the International Women’s Entrepreneurial Challenge (IWEC) Foundation. Ms. Wanggraduated from Global CEO Program of China Europe International Business School in Shanghai, China, in September 2009. Ms. Wangreceived her master’s degree in management in December 1999 from Sichuan University in Sichuan, China.Mr. Zhe Yin is one of our founders and has been our director since June 2007. Mr. Yin has over 21 years of professionalexperience in wealth management and asset management industries. He has been serving as the chairman of Gopher Asset Managementsince March 2021, and served as the chief executive officer of Gopher Asset Management from April 2014 to March 2021 and as thechairman of asset sector of Gopher Asset Management from February 2010 to April 2014. Prior to co-founding our company, Mr. Yinworked at Xiangcai Securities from November 2003 to September 2005 as a deputy general manager of the private banking department.From July 1997 to October 2003, Mr. Yin served as various positions at Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. Shanghai Branch, with his lastposition as the foreign exchange product manager of private finance division. From August 2021 to September 2022, Mr. Yin has servedas a director of Dalian Zeus Entertainment Co., Ltd., the shares of which are listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (stock code: 002354).From November 2017 to June 2021, Mr. Yin served as an independent director of Guizhou Xinbang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., the sharesof which are listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (stock code: 002390). Mr. Yin served as a co-chairman of the Fund of FundsProfessional Committee of Asset Management Associate of China from 2017 to August 2021. He was named as one of the Top 20 China’sBest Private Equity Investors in 2017 and as one of the Top 50 China’s Best Private Equity Investors in 2019, respectively, byChinaVenture Investment Consulting., Ltd., a leading financial services technology enterprise in China’s private equity investmentindustry. Mr. Yin received his MBA degree from China Europe International Business School in Shanghai, China, in September 2010 andhis bachelor’s degree in economics from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics in Shanghai, China, in July 1997.Ms. Chia-Yue Chang has been our director since August 2007. She served as the chief marketing officer from January 2017 toFebruary 2021, and served as the general manager of Noah Upright from July 2011 to March 2018 and from March 2019 to December2020. She now has been serving as the vice director of Noah Upright since July 2021. From March 2021, she has also been serving as thedirector of the ethics compliance committee (including discipline supervision and compliance), the fairness committee and the sustainabledevelopment committee, respectively, of our company. Ms. Chang received her master’s degree in library science from University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles in California, the U.S., in March 1987, and her bachelor’s degree in library science from National TaiwanUniversity in Taiwan, in June 1983.Table of Contents133Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen has been our director since January 2016 and has served as our independent director, and, for purposes ofthe Hong Kong Listing Rules, a non-executive director. Mr. Shen has been the founding managing partner of Sequoia Capital China, sinceSeptember 2005. Prior to founding Sequoia Capital China, in 1999, Mr. Shen co-founded Trip.com Group Limited, a leading travel serviceprovider in China, the shares of which are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market (ticker symbol: TCOM) (previously known as Ctrip.comInternational, Ltd. (ticker symbol: CTRP)) and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 09961) (“Ctrip”). Mr. Shen served as thepresident of Ctrip from August 2003 to October 2005 and as the chief financial officer from 2000 to October 2005. Mr. Shen also co-founded and served as non-executive co-chairman of Homeinns Hotel Group, a leading economy hotel chain company in China, whichcommenced operations in July 2002 and the shares of which were listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market (ticker symbol: HMIN) from October2006 to April 2016. Mr. Shen previously held or currently holds directorship in the following listed companies during the three yearsimmediately preceding the date of this annual report: (i) an independent non-executive director of Pinduoduo Inc. from April 2018 toNovember 2022, the shares of which are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market (ticker symbol: PDD); (ii) a non-executive director of BTGHotels (Group) Co., Ltd. since January 2017, the shares of which are listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (stock code: 600258); (iii) anon-executive director of Meituan since October 2015, the shares of which are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code:03690); (iv) a non-executive director of Ninebot Limited since July 2015, the shares of which are listed on the Shanghai Stock ExchangeSTAR Market (stock code: 689009); (v) an independent non-executive director of Ctrip since October 2008, the shares of which are listedon the Nasdaq Stock Market (ticker symbol: TCOM) and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 09961); (vi) a non-executivedirector of China Renaissance Holdings Limited from June 2018 to June 2020, the shares of which are listed on the Hong Kong StockExchange (stock code: 01911); (vii) a non-executive director of 360 Security Technology Inc. from February 2018 to May 2020, the sharesof which are listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (stock code: 601360). Mr. Shen received his bachelor’s degree in applied mathematicsfrom Shanghai Jiao Tong University in Shanghai, China, in July 1988 and his master’s degree from Yale University in November 1992.Mr. Boquan He has been our director since August 2007 and has served as our independent director since October 2011 underapplicable U.S. regulations, and, for purposes of the Hong Kong Listing Rules, a non-executive director. Mr. He is the founder and hasbeen serving as the chairman of the board of directors of Guangdong Nowaday Investment Co., Ltd. since August 2000, a privateinvestment company specializing in greenfield investments in retail and service industries in China. In 1989, he founded and, until 2000,served as the chief executive officer of Guangdong Robust Group, a then renowned food and beverage company which was acquired byDanone Group in 2000. He also serves as the chairman or vice chairman of the board of directors of several privately owned companies inChina. Mr. He served as a director of iKang Healthcare Group Inc., the shares of which were previously listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market(ticker symbol: KANG) till its delisting in January 2019, from July 2007 to January 2019. Mr. He received his two-year college graduationcertificate from Guangdong Television Public University (currently known as Guangdong Open University) in Guangdong, China, in July1986.Ms. May Yihong Wu, has been serving as our independent director since November 2010, and, for purposes of the Hong KongListing Rules, an independent non-executive director. Since July 2019, Ms. Wu has been serving as the board adviser of Homeinns HotelGroup, a leading economy hotel chain company in China, the shares of which were listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market (ticker symbol:HMIN) from October 2006 to April 2016, where she also served as the chief strategy officer from May 2010 to June 2019 and chieffinancial officer from July 2006 to April 2010. Since May 2017, Ms. Wu has been serving as an independent non-executive director, andchairwoman of the audit committee of Swire Properties Limited, a leading real estate developer and manager based in Hong Kong, theshares of which are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 1972). Ms. Wu obtained her MBA degree from the J.L. KelloggGraduate School of Management (currently known as Kellogg School of Management) at Northwestern University in Illinois, the U.S., inJune 1998, her master’s degree of arts in economics from Brooklyn College of the City University of New York in New York, the U.S., inJune 1993 and her bachelor’s degree in biochemistry from Fudan University in Shanghai, China in July 1989.Table of Contents134Mr. Tze-Kaing Yang has served as our independent director and the chairman of the audit committee of our company since May2015, and, for purposes of the Hong Kong Listing Rules, an independent non-executive director. Since January 2015, Mr. Yang has beenserving as the chairman and chief executive officer of Yangtze Associates, a venture capital and private equity fund management companyin Taiwan. He has been serving as the director of (i) ASUSTeK Computer Inc., the shares of which are listed on the Taiwan StockExchange (stock code: 2357), since July 2016, (ii) Pegatron Corporation, the shares of which are listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange(stock code: 4938), since June 2016, and (iii) TTY Biopharm Company Limited, the shares of which are listed on the Taipei StockExchange (stock code: 4105), since June 2016. Mr. Yang served as the deputy minister of finance in Taiwan from July 2003 to May 2004,and as acting chairman of Bank of Taiwan from July 2003 to July 2004. He also served as the managing director of Bank of Taiwan, thepresident of China Development Industrial Bank and also the executive secretary of National Development Fund in Taiwan. Mr. Yang wasappointed an adjunct associate professor of the School of Business Management at National Chengchi University from February 2017 toJuly 2017, and as an adjunct professor of the Guanghua School of Management at Peking University from September 2001 to August2003. Mr. Yang received his Ph.D. in business administration from National Chengchi University in Taiwan, in June 1987 and his MBAdegree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Illinois, the U.S., in August 1982.Mr. Jinbo Yao has been our independent director since November 2014, and, for purposes of the Hong Kong Listing Rules, anindependent non-executive director. Mr. Yao is a pioneer in China’s internet industry. He is the founder and has been serving as thechairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of 58.com Inc., the shares of which were listed on the New York StockExchange (ticker symbol: WUBA) until September 2020, since 2013. Prior to founding 58.com Inc., in 2000, Mr. Yao founded domain.cn,a domain name transaction and value-added service website in China. After domain.cn was acquired by net.cn in September 2000, Mr. Yaoserved in various managerial roles at net.cn with his last position as a vice president of sales until May 2001. In September 2001, Mr. Yaoco-founded the education company Xueda Education Group, the shares of which were listed on the New York Stock Exchange (tickersymbol: XUE) in November 2010 until its delisting in September 2016. Mr. Yao received his bachelor’s degrees in marine chemistry andcomputer application from Ocean University of Qingdao (currently known as Ocean University of China) in Shangdong, China in July1999.Dr. Zhiwu Chen has served as our independent director since January 2014, and, for purposes of the Hong Kong Listing Rules, anindependent non-executive director. Dr. Chen has been a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong since July 2016, and is currentlyserving as a director of the Hong Kong Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences (HKIHSS) and the Centre for Quantitative History(CQH), the chair professor of Finance and Cheng Yu-Tung Professor in Finance at the University of Hong Kong. Dr. Chen is a formerprofessor of finance at Yale University from 1999 to 2017. He was also a special-term visiting professor at School of Economics of PekingUniversity and at School of Social Science and School of Economics and Management of Tsinghua University. In 2001, Dr. Chen also co-founded Zebra Capital Management, L.L.C. and remained with the company with the position as chief investment manager until March2011. Dr. Chen received research awards including the Graham and Dodd Award in 2013 by Financial Analysts Journal, the PacesetterResearch Award in 1999 by Genetic Metabolic Dietitians International, and the Chicago Board Options Exchange Competitive ResearchAward in 1994 by Pacific-Basin Finance Journal. Dr. Chen was listed as one of the top ten political influencers in China by Burson-Marsteller’s 2012 “G20 Influencers” report. Dr. Chen was also one of members of the International Advisory Board of the CSRC fromAugust 2012 to November 2019. Since March 2021, Dr. Chen has been serving as an independent non-executive director at Bairong Inc.,the shares of which are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 06608). Since August 2022, Dr. Chen has been serving as anindependent non-executive director at GigaCloud Technology Inc., the shares of which are listed on NASDAQ (ticker symbol: GCT).FromJuly 2015 to October 2018, he served as an independent non-executive Director of IDG Energy Investment Limited (previously known asShun Cheong Holdings Limited), the shares of which are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 00650). From May 2011to June 2017, he served as an independent non-executive director at PetroChina Company Limited, the shares of which are listed on theHong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 00857), the Shanghai Stock Exchange (stock code: 601857) and the New York Stock Exchange(ticker symbol: PTR). From November 2010 to August 2018, he served as an independent non-executive Director of Bank ofCommunications Co., Ltd., the shares of which are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 03328) and the Shanghai StockExchange (stock code: 601328). Dr. Chen received his Ph.D. in financial economics from Yale University in December 1990, his master’sdegree in systems engineering from Changsha Institute of Technology (currently known as National University of Defense Technology) inHunan, China, in January 1986 and his bachelor’s degree in computer science from Central South University in Hunan, China, in July1983.Table of Contents135Mr. Qing Pan has been our chief financial officer since November 2019, and, for purposes of the Hong Kong Listing Rules, ajoint company secretary. Prior to taking this role, he served as the chief operating officer of Gopher Asset Management from April 2017 toNovember 2019, primarily responsible for overseeing fund operations, and leading several specialized teams including finance, duediligence, credit rating and valuation. As a veteran in the investment and finance community, prior to joining our group, Mr. Pan worked atDeloitte for 17 years, including at its Boston office from September 1999 to May 2007, its U.S. headquarter from June 2007 to September2009, and at its Shanghai office from October 2009 to July 2016 with his last position as an audit partner. During his employment atDeloitte, Mr. Pan was a former member of the accounting research division at U.S. headquarters, and led projects in relation to severalChinese companies’ U.S. listings across various industries. Mr. Pan is a certified public accountant in the U.S., mainland China, and HongKong. From August 2017 to February 2023, Mr. Pan has served as an independent director of JCET Co., Ltd., the shares of which arelisted on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (stock code: 600584). Mr. Pan obtained his master degree of science/MBA in professionalaccounting from Northeastern University in Massachusetts, the U.S., in September 1999 and his bachelor’s degree in teaching Chinese as aforeign language from Beijing Foreign Studies University in Beijing, China, in July 1997.Mr. Ligao Zhou has been serving as our chief risk management officer since October 2017. Mr. Zhou has 21 years of experiencein financial risk management. Prior to joining our group, he worked at JIC Trust Co., Ltd. and served as the head of the Shanghai financialmarket department (outbound investment division) from September 2016 to September 2017, and the head of risk management departmentfrom December 2013 to September 2016. He also served as a risk manager at Ping An Trust Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Ping An Insurance(Group) Company of China, Ltd., the shares of which are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code:02318) and the ShanghaiStock Exchange (stock code: 601318), from July 2002 to August 2013. In each of these prior positions above, Mr. Zhou was primarilyresponsible for risk management. Mr. Zhou has also been certified as a financial risk manager (FRM) by Global Association of RiskManagement in April 2010 and a chartered financial analyst (CFA) by the CFA Institute in March 2015. Since December 2017, Mr. Zhouhas been serving as independent director of Shenzhen LEDMY CO., Ltd, a light emitting diode service provider in China, and NirvanaTechnology (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., an omni-channel e-commerce operator in China. Mr. Zhou received his MBA degree from ChinaEurope International Business School in Shanghai, China, in August 2017. He also received his master’s degree in safety technology andengineering in March 2002 and his bachelor’s degree in safety engineering in July 1999, respectively, from Northeastern University inLiaoning, China.Employment AgreementsWe have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. We may terminate an executive officer’semployment for cause at any time without remuneration for certain acts of the officer, such as a crime resulting in a criminal conviction,willful misconduct or gross negligence to our detriment, a material breach of the employment agreement or of our corporate and businesspolicies and procedures, or providing services for other entities without our consent. We may also terminate an executive officer’semployment by giving one month’s notice or by paying a one-time compensation fee equal to one month’s salary in lieu of such noticeunder certain circumstances, such as a failure by such officer to perform agreed-upon duties or the impracticability of the performancecaused by a material change of circumstances. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time by givingone month’s notice or immediately if we delay in the payment of remuneration, fail to pay social security fees, or fail to provide thenecessary working conditions for such officer.Each executive officer, under his or her employment agreement with us, has agreed to hold any trade secrets, proprietaryinformation, inventions or technical secrets of our company in strict confidence during and after his or her employment. Each officer alsoagrees that we shall own all the intellectual property developed by such officer during his or her employment. If an officer breaches theabove contractual obligations in relation with confidentiality and intellectual property, we are entitled to collect damages from such officerequal to two months’ salary for such officer as well as to seek compensation of our actual losses.Each officer also agrees to refrain from competing with us, directly or indirectly, for two years after his or her termination ofemployment.Table of Contents136B.CompensationFor the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, we paid an aggregate of approximately RMB16.2 million,RMB40.2 million and RMB23.2 million (US$3.4 million), respectively, in cash to our directors and executive officers. We have not setaside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors. Our PRCsubsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of eachemployee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housingprovident fund.Share Incentive PlansWe currently grant share incentive awards pursuant to our 2022 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2022 Plan. We previously grantedawards under our 2008 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2008 Plan, and 2010 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2010 Plan, until those plans wereterminated upon the adoption of the 2017 Plan. On December 16, 2022, our shareholders approved a new Share Incentive Plan, or the2022 Plan, and effective on December 23, 2022 (“Effective Date”). The 2022 Plan replaces our 2017 Plan, and the 2017 Plan shallcontinue to govern adwards granted prior to Effective Date, but no new awards shall be granted under the 2017 Plan following theEffective Date. The purpose of our share incentive plans is to attract and retain the best available personnel by linking the personalinterests of the members of the board, employees and service providers to the success of our business and by providing such individualswith an incentive for outstanding performance to generate superior returns for our shareholders. The Plan is further intended to provideflexibility to the Company in its ability to motivate, attract, and retain the services of members of the board, employees, and serviceproviders upon whose judgment, interest, and special effort the successful conduct of the Company’s operation is largely dependentThe 2022 PlanUnder the 2022 Plan, the maximum number of shares in respect of which options, restricted shares, or restricted share units andother forms of share awards may be granted is 3,000,000 ordinary shares (the “Scheme Mandate Limite”). Within the Scheme MandateLimite, the maximum aggregate number of Shares which may be issued pursuant to all Awards to be granted to service providers under thePlan initially as of the date of approval of the Plan shall be 60,000. As of December 31, 2022, no options to purchase ordinary shares orrestricted shares had been issued under the 2022 Plan.Types of Awards. The following briefly describes the principal features of the various awards that may be granted under the 2022Plan.●Options. Options provide for the right to purchase a specified number of our ordinary shares at a specified price andusually will become exercisable at the discretion of our plan administrator in installments after the grant date. Theoption exercise price shall be paid in cash. The vesting period of an award of option shall not be less than 12 monthsfrom the date of such award.●Restricted Shares. A restricted share award is the grant of our ordinary shares which are subject to certain restrictionsand may be subject to risk of forfeiture. Unless otherwise determined by our Committee, a restricted share isnontransferable and may be forfeited or repurchased by us upon termination of employment or service during arestricted period. Our Committee may also impose other restrictions on the restricted shares, such as limitations on theright to vote or the right to receive dividends.●Restricted Share Units. A restricted share unit is a grant valued in terms of our ordinary shares, but shares are not issuedat the time of the grant. After the recipient of a unit satisfies the vesting requirement, we will distribute shares or thecash equivalent of the number of shares used to value the unit, depending on the terms of the award. Vestingrequirements are determined by our Committee, but shall not less than 12 months from the date of grant of such Award.●Share Appreciation Right. A share appreciation right is a right granted to receive a payment equal to the excess of thefair market value of a specified number of ordinary shares on the date the award is exercised over the fair market valueon the date the award was granted as set forth in the applicable award agreement. Vesting requirements are determinedby our Committee, but shall not less than 12 months from the date of grant of such Award.Table of Contents137Plan Administration. The Plan shall be administered by a committee of one or more members of the Board (the “Committee”) towhom the Board shall delegate the authority to grant or amend Awards to Participants other than any of the Committee members. Anygrant or amendment of Awards to any Committee member shall then require an affirmative vote of a majority of the Board members whoare not on the Committee.Award Agreement. All options shall be evidenced by an Award Agreement between the Company and the Participant. The AwardAgreement shall include such additional provisions as may be specified by the Committee.Option Exercise Price. The exercise price per Share or ADS subject to an option shall be determined by the Committee at thetime the option is granted and set forth in the Award Agreement which may be a price related to the Fair Market Value of the NYSE-tradedADSs (two NYSE-traded ADSs representing one Shares), applicable; provided, however, that the exercise price shall not be less than thehigher of (i) the Fair Market Value of an NYSE-traded ADS (two NYSE-traded ADSs representing one Share) on the date of grant (whichmust be a trading day for the NYSE) and (ii) the average Fair Market Value of an NYSE-traded ADS (two NYSE-traded ADSsrepresenting one Share) for the five trading days for the NYSE immediately preceding the date of grant (or, if greater, the par value of aShare on such date(s)).Eligibility. Persons eligible to participate in this Plan include employee participants, related entity participants, and serviceproviders, as determined by the Committee.Service Provider. Includs but not limited to any consultant, independent contractor or agent who (i) provides advisory services,consultancy services, sales and marketing services, technology services, administrative services to the Company as consultants,independent contractors or agents where the continuity and frequency of their services are akin to those of employees, (ii) providesservices in the wealth and asset management industry related projects of the Group, or (iii) provides advisory services and consultancyservices after stepping down from an employment or director position with the Group, but excluding placing agents or financial advisersproviding advisory services for fundraising, mergers or acquisitions and professional service providers, such as auditors or valuers whoprovide assurance or are required to perform their services with impartiality and objectivity.Term of the Awards. The term of each grant of option or restricted shares shall be determined by the Committee.Vesting Schedule. In general, the Committee determines the vesting schedule, which is set forth in the Award Agreement, andshall not less than 12 months from the date of grant of such Award.Transfer Restrictions. The Participant shall give the Company prompt notice of any disposition of Shares acquired by exercise ofan Incentive Share Option within (i) two years from the date of grant of such Incentive Share Option or (ii) one year after the delivery ofsuch Shares to the Participant. The Committee, in its discretion, may impose restrictions on Shares acquired pursuant to the exercise of anOption as it determines to be desirable, including, without limitation, restrictions relating to disposition of the shares, forfeiture restrictionsand such other factors as the Committee determines to be appropriate.Termination. The Plan will expire on, and no Award may be granted pursuant to the Plan after, the tenth anniversary of theEffective Date. Any Awards that are outstanding on the tenth anniversary of the Effective Date shall remain in force according to the termsof the Plan and the applicable Award Agreement.The 2017 PlanUnder the 2017 Plan, the maximum number of shares in respect of which options, restricted shares, or restricted share units andother forms of share awards may be granted is 2,800,000 ordinary shares. As of December 31, 2022, there were 645,823 options topurchase ordinary shares outstanding, and 89,855 restricted shares had been issued and were outstanding under the 2017 Plan.Table of Contents138Types of Awards. The following briefly describes the principal features of the various awards that may be granted under the 2017Plan.●Options. Options provide for the right to purchase a specified number of our ordinary shares at a specified price and usuallywill become exercisable at the discretion of our plan administrator in installments after the grant date. The option exerciseprice shall be paid in cash.●Restricted Shares. A restricted share award is the grant of our ordinary shares which are subject to certain restrictions andmay be subject to risk of forfeiture. Unless otherwise determined by our plan administrator, a restricted share isnontransferable and may be forfeited or repurchased by us upon termination of employment or service during a restrictedperiod. Our plan administrator may also impose other restrictions on the restricted shares, such as limitations on the right tovote or the right to receive dividends.●Restricted Share Units. A restricted share unit is a grant valued in terms of our ordinary shares, but shares are not issued atthe time of the grant. After the recipient of a unit satisfies the vesting requirement, we will distribute shares or the cashequivalent of the number of shares used to value the unit, depending on the terms of the award. Vesting requirements aredetermined by our plan administrator.●Share Appreciation Right. A share appreciation right is a right granted to receive a payment equal to the excess of the fairmarket value of a specified number of ordinary shares on the date the award is exercised over the fair market value on thedate the award was granted as set forth in the applicable award agreement. Vesting requirements are determined by our planadministrator.Plan Administration. The plan administrator is our board of directors, or a committee designated by our board of directors. Theplan administrator will determine the provisions and terms and conditions of each grant.Offer Letter. Options or restricted shares granted under the plan are evidenced by an offer letter that sets forth the terms,conditions, and limitations for each grant.Option Exercise Price. The exercise price subject to an option shall be determined by the plan administrator and set forth in theoffer letter.Eligibility. We may grant awards to our directors, officers, employees, consultants and advisers.Term of the Awards. The term of each grant of option or restricted shares shall be determined by the plan administrator.Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is set forth in the offer letter.Transfer Restrictions. Awards for options may not be transferred to any third party in any manner by the award holders and maybe exercised only by such holders.Termination. Unless terminated earlier, the 2017 Plan will terminate automatically on December 29, 2027. Our board of directorshas the authority to amend or terminate the plan. However, no such action may adversely affect in any material way any awards previouslygranted unless agreed by the recipient.Table of Contents139The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2022, the outstanding options granted to our executive officers, directors,and other individuals as a group under the 2017 plan. Class A Ordinary Shares Exercise Underlying Price - Options (US$/Name Awarded ADS) Date of Grant Date of ExpirationJingbo Wang * 37.63September 1, 2018September 1, 2028Zhe Yin * 37.63September 1, 2018September 1, 2028Chia-Yue Chang * 37.63September 1, 2018September 1, 2028Qing Pan * 37.63September 1, 2018September 1, 2028Ligao Zhou * 37.63September 1, 2018September 1, 2028Jingbo Wang* 14.53July 13, 2022July 13, 2032Zhe Yin* 14.53July 13, 2022July 13, 2032Qing Pan* 14.53July 13, 2022July 13, 2032Ligao Zhou* 14.53July 13, 2022July 13, 2032Other Individuals as a Group* 37.63September 1, 2018September 1, 2028Other Individuals as a Group* 23.68December 1, 2020December 1, 2034Other Individuals as a Group* 35.52April 6, 2021April 6, 2035Other Individuals as a Group* 35.52April 12, 2021April 12, 2031Other Individuals as a Group* 35.52April 26, 2021April 26, 2035Other Individuals as a Group* 35.24June 2, 2021June 2, 2031Other Individuals as a Group * 30.88August 25, 2021August 25, 2031Other Individuals as a Group* 29.70October 25, 2021October 25, 2031Other Individuals as a Group* 14.53July 13, 2022July 13, 2032Other Individuals as a Group* 10.57October 3, 2022October 3, 2033Other Individuals as a Group * 10.50November 1, 2022November 1, 2033Notes:*Less than 1% of our total outstanding share capital.The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2022, the outstanding restricted shares issued to our executive officers,directors, and other individuals as a group under the 2017 plan.Name Restricted Shares Date of IssuanceTze-Kaing Yang*August 29, 2021Zhiwu Chen*December 14, 2021May Yihong Wu*November 16, 2022Other Individuals as a Group*August 10, 2020Other Individuals as a Group*November 11, 2020Other Individuals as a Group*December 1, 2020Notes:*Less than 1% of our total outstanding share capital.The 2010 PlanAlthough the 2010 Plan has been terminated, the outstanding awards previously granted under that plan remain effective and willcontinue to be governed by the terms and conditions of the 2010 Plan. As of December 31, 2022, options to purchase an aggregate of279,650 ordinary shares have been granted and were outstanding and no restricted shares had been issued and were outstanding under the2010 Plan.Table of Contents140The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2022, the outstanding options granted to our executive officers, directors,and other individuals as a group under the 2010 plan.Class AOrdinarySharesExerciseUnderlyingPriceOptions(US$/Name Awarded ADS) Date of Grant Date of ExpirationJingbo Wang * 13.91April 15, 2014April 15, 2024 * 17.37May 5, 2015May 5, 2025 * 19.36July 1, 2016July 1, 2026 * 22.92July 1, 2017July 1, 2027Zhe Yin * 13.91April 15, 2014April 15, 2024 * 17.37May 5, 2015May 5, 2025 * 19.36July 1, 2016July 1, 2026 * 22.92July 1, 2017July 1, 2027Chia-Yue Chang * 17.37May 5, 2015May 5, 2025 * 19.36July 1, 2016July 1, 2026 * 22.92July 1, 2017July 1, 2027Other Individuals as a Group * 13.91~22.92April 15, 2014 to July 1, 2017April 15, 2024 to July 1, 2027Notes:*Less than 1% of our total outstanding share capital.C.Board PracticesBoard of DirectorsOur board of directors consists of nine directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serveas a director. A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company isrequired to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors and may vote with respect to any contract, proposed contract orarrangement notwithstanding that he is interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorumat any meeting of our directors at which such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered. Our board of directors mayexercise all the powers of our company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital or anypart thereof, and to issue debentures, debenture stock and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liabilityor obligation of our company or of any third party. The remuneration to be paid to the directors is determined by the board of directors.There is no age limit requirement for directors.Committees of the Board of DirectorsWe established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a corporate governance and nominating committee under theboard of directors in November 2010. We adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions aredescribed below.Table of Contents141Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Mr. Tze-Kaing Yang, Dr. Zhiwu Chen and Ms. May Yihong Wu, and ischaired by Mr. Tze-Kaing Yang. Each member of our audit committee satisfies the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of theCorporate Governance Rules of the NYSE and meet the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. We havedetermined that each member of our audit committee qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees ouraccounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsiblefor, among other things:●selecting the independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing servicespermitted to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm;●reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’sresponse;●discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent registered public accounting firm;●reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal controls and any special audit steps adopted in light of materialcontrol deficiencies;●annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter;●meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent registered public accounting firm;●reporting regularly to the board; and●reviewing and approving certain proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under theSecurities Act.Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Ms. May Yihong Wu, Mr. Tze-Kaing Yang and Mr. BoquanHe, and is chaired by Ms. May Yihong Wu. Each member of our compensation committee satisfies the “independence” requirements ofSection 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing andapproving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chiefexecutive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which her compensation is deliberated upon. The compensationcommittee is responsible for, among other things:●reviewing the total compensation package for our most senior executives and making recommendations to the board withrespect to it;●approving and overseeing the total compensation package for our executives other than the three most senior executives;●reviewing the compensation of our directors and making recommendations to the board with respect to it; and●periodically reviewing and approving any long-term incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similararrangements, annual bonuses, and employee pension and welfare benefit plans.Table of Contents142Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. Our corporate governance and nominating committee consists of Ms.Jingbo Wang, Dr. Zhiwu Chen and Ms. May Yihong Wu, and is chaired by Ms. Jingbo Wang. Each of Dr. Zhiwu Chen and Ms. MayYihong Wu satisfies the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. The corporategovernance and nominating committee assists the board of directors in identifying individuals qualified to become our directors and indetermining the composition of the board and its committees. The corporate governance and nominating committee is responsible for,among other things:●identifying and recommending to the board nominees for election or re-election to the board, or for appointment to fill anyvacancy;●reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board in light of the characteristics of independence, age,skills, experience and availability of service to us;●identifying and recommending to the board the directors to serve as members of the board’s committees;●advising the board periodically with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance aswell as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters ofcorporate governance and on any corrective action to be taken; and●monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness ofour procedures to ensure proper compliance.Duties of DirectorsUnder Cayman Islands law, our directors owe to us fiduciary duties, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a dutyto act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a properpurpose. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudentperson would exercise in comparable circumstances. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of hisduties a greater degree of skill than what may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, Englishand Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care, and these authorities arelikely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with ourmemorandum and articles of association. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors, or any of them, isbreached.Terms of Directors and OfficersOur officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors. Each directors shall hold office until theexpiration of his term and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Our directors, including those appointed for a specificterm, are subject to retirement by rotation at least once every three years. A director may be removed from office at any time by anordinary resolution of our shareholders before the expiration of his term. A director’s office will be vacated if such director (i) dies,becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind; (iii)resigns his office by notice in writing to our company; or (iv) is removed from office pursuant to our memorandum and articles ofassociation or the laws of Cayman Islands.We have no service contracts with any of our directors that provide benefits to them upon termination.Table of Contents143D.EmployeesWe had 2,960, 3,148 and 2,884 employees as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, including 1,231, 1,316 and1,276 relationship managers during the same periods, respectively. The following table sets forth the breakdown of our full-timeemployees by function as of December 31, 2022:Number ofBusiness Segments Employees % of Total Wealth management 510 17.7Relationship managers 1,276 44.2Asset management 161 5.6Overseas 207 7.2Research and development 344 11.9Risk management and compliance 88 3.1Administrative support 298 10.3Total 2,884 100.0%We believe we offer our employees competitive compensation packages and a dynamic work environment that encouragesinitiative and is based on merit. As a result, we have generally been able to attract and retain qualified personnel and maintain a stable coremanagement team.As required by regulations in China, we participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal andprovincial governments, including endowment insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, employment injury insurance,medical insurance and housing provident fund. We are required under Chinese law to make contributions to employee benefit plans atspecified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the localgovernment from time to time.We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees and we have not experienced any significant labordisputes.E.Share OwnershipThe following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of December 31,2022, by:●each of our directors and executive officers; and●each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5.0% of our ordinary shares.Table of Contents144As of December 31, 2022, we had 31,301,932 ordinary shares outstanding. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordancewith the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentageownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days of the date of this annual report,including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are notincluded in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.Ordinary Shares Beneficailly owned Number %Directors and Executive Officers:Jingbo Wang(1) 6,837,644 21.8Zhe Yin(2) 1,701,800 5.4Boquan He(3) 1,639,872 5.2Chia-Yue Chang(4) 2,064,051 6.6Neil Nanpeng Shen(5) 1,852,261 5.9May Yihong Wu **Tze-Kaing Yang **Jinbo Yao **Zhiwu Chen **Qing Pan **Ligao Zhou **All Directors and Officers as a Group 14,224,595 45.4Principal Shareholders: Jing Investors Co., Ltd.(6)6,805,144 21.7Yiheng Capital Partners, L.P. (7) 3,359,861 10.7FIL Limited(8) 2,468,706 7.9Jia Investment Co., Ltd.(9) 2,064,051 6.6Yin Investment Co., Ltd.(10) 1,701,800 5.4Investment funds affiliated with Sequoia Capital China(11) 1,650,000 5.3Quan Investment Co., Ltd.(12) 1,639,872 5.2Notes:*Less than 1% of our total outstanding ordinary shares.(1)Represents 6,805,144 ordinary shares and options to acquire ordinary shares owned by Jing Investors Co., Ltd., a British VirginIslands company wholly owned and controlled by Ms. Jingbo Wang and 32,500 ordinary shares owned by Jingbo Wang.(2)Represents 1,701,800 ordinary shares and options to acquire ordinary shares owned by Yin Investment Co., Ltd., a British VirginIslands company wholly owned and controlled by Mr. Zhe Yin.(3)Represents 1,639,872 ordinary shares held by Quan Investment Co., Ltd., a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned andcontrolled by Mr. Boquan He.(4)Represents 2,064,051 ordinary shares and options to acquire ordinary shares owned by Jia Investment Co., Ltd., a British VirginIslands company wholly owned and controlled by Ms. Chia-Yue Chang(5)Includes certain shares held by investment funds affiliated with Sequoia Capital China. See footnote 11 below.Table of Contents145(6)Jing Investors Co., Ltd., or Jing Investors, is a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned by Ark Trust (Hong Kong) Limited, orArk Trust, in its capacity as trustee of the Jing Family Trust, or the Trust, constituted under the laws of Hong Kong, with Ms. Wang asthe settlor and Ms. Wang and her family members as the beneficiaries. The Trust was established for the purposes of Ms. Wang’swealth management and family succession planning. Jing Investors is directly wholly owned by Magic Beams Enterprises Ltd., aBritish Virgin Islands company, which is in turn wholly owned by Art Trust, a professional trustee company. Ark Trust as trustee ofthe Trust has no power to dispose of the ordinary shares held by Jing Investors except upon written instruction by Ms. Wang, or toavoid adverse impact on the reputation of Ark Trust or any of its associates. Jing Investors is the record owner of 6,805,144 ordinaryshares. Ms. Wang is the sole director of Jing Investors and as such has power to vote and dispose of the ordinary shares held by JingInvestors. Ms. Wang is the beneficial owner of all the ordinary shares held by Jing Investors. The registered address of Jing InvestorsCo., Ltd. is Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, British Virgin Islands.(7)Represents 3,359,861 ordinary shares beneficially owned by Yiheng Capital Partners, L.P. as of December 31, 2022, as reported in aSchedule 13G jointly filed by Yiheng Capital Management, LP, Yiheng Capital, LLC and Yiheng Capital Partners, L.P., among otherreporting persons, with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Yiheng Capital Partners, L.P. is a Delaware limited partnership managed byYiheng Capital Management, LP, a Delaware limited partnership. Yuanshan Guo is the managing member of Yiheng CapitalManagement, LP. The registered address of Yiheng Capital Partners, L.P. is 101 California Street, Suite 2880, San Francisco, CA94111.(8)Represents 2,468,706 ordinary shares beneficially owned by FIL Limited, or FIL, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries as ofDecember 31, 2022, as reported in a Schedule 13G filed by FIL Limited with the SEC on February 9, 2023. FIL is a Bermudaincorporated company and its registered address is Pembroke Hall, 42 Crow Lane, Hamilton, Bermuda, HM19.(9)Jia Investment Co., Ltd. is a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned and controlled by Ms. Chia-Yue Chang. The registeredaddress of Jia Investment Co., Ltd. is Coastal Building, Wickhams Cay II, P.O. Box 2221, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.(10)Yin Investment Co., Ltd., or Yin Investment, is a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned by ARK Trust (Hong Kong) Limitedin its capacity as trustee of the Safe Harbor Trust (the “Trust”) constituted under the laws of Hong Kong, with Mr. Yin Zhe as thesettlor and Mr. Yin Zhe and his family members as the beneficiaries. Yin Investment is directly wholly owned by Rhythm ProfitInvestment Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, which is in turn wholly owned by ARK Trust (Hong Kong) Limited, aprofessional trustee company. Therefore, ARK Trust (Hong Kong) Limited as trustee of the Trust may be considered to indirectlyhold the shares of Yin Investment. However, the Trustee disclaims beneficial ownership of all such shares. ARK Trust (Hong Kong)Limited as trustee of the Trust has no power to dispose of the ordinary shares held by Yin Investment except upon written instructionby Mr. Yin Zhe, or to avoid criminal sanction or civil liability to persons not connected with the Trust, or to avoid adverse impact onthe reputation of ARK Trust (Hong Kong) Limited or any of its associateswholly owned and controlled by Mr. Zhe Yin. Theregistered address of Yin Investment Co., Ltd. is Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110,British Virgin Islands.(11)Represents 1,650,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs held by Sequoia Capital China I, L.P., Sequoia Capital China PartnersFund I, L.P., Sequoia Capital China Principals Fund I, L.P. and other affiliates of Sequoia Capital China. The general partner of eachof the three Sequoia Capital China funds is Sequoia Capital China Management I, L.P., whose general partner is SC China HoldingLimited, a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. SC China Holding Limited is wholly owned by SNP China EnterprisesLimited, a company wholly owned by Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen. Mr. Shen is a managing partner of Sequoia Capital China, an affiliateof the Sequoia Capital China funds.(12)Quan Investment Co., Ltd. is a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned and controlled by Mr. Boquan He. The registeredaddress of Quan Investment Co., Ltd. is Drake Chambers, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.To our knowledge, as of December 31, 2022, 17,773,145 of our ordinary shares were held by one record holder in the UnitedStates, which is Citibank, N. A., the depositary of our ADS program. The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States ismuch larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary shares in the United States.Table of Contents146F.Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded CompensationNot applicable.Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party TransactionsA.Major ShareholdersPlease refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”B.Related Party TransactionsContractual ArrangementsAs to the Contractual Arrangements with Noah Investment and its shareholders, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure” for a description of the Contractual Arrangements.Transactions with Shareholders and AffiliatesFor the funds for which Gopher Asset Management and Gopher GP serve as general partners and/or fund managers, we areentitled to receive recurring service fees and performance-based income. Gopher Asset Management is also entitled to receive one-timecommissions for fund raising services when distributing the relevant funds to HNW clients.During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, related party transactions were as follows: Year Ended December 31(Amount in Thousands)2020202120222022 RMB RMB RMB US$One-time commissions Investee funds of Gopher Asset Management 129,823 140,522 63,809 9,251Recurring service fees Investee funds of Gopher Asset Management 927,611 871,618 768,161 111,373Wanjia Win-Win Assets Management Co., Ltd (“Wanjia Win-Win”) — 463 — —Sequoia Capital Investment Management (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. 12,411 26,488 16,791 2,434Investee funds of Gopher GP 302,431 323,691 377,274 54,700Total recurring service fees 1,242,453 1,222,260 1,162,226 168,507Performance-based income Investee funds of Gopher Asset Management 140,050 166,580 51,304 7,438Investee funds of Gopher GP 68,946 225,710 74,224 10,762Total performance-based income 208,996 392,290 125,528 18,200Other service fees Investee funds of Gopher Assets 3,425 5,945 — —Investee funds of Gopher GP 86 — — —Total other service fees 3,511 5,945 — —Total 1,584,783 1,761,017 1,351,563 195,958Table of Contents147As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, amounts due from related parties associated with the above transactions were comprised ofthe following: As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands)2021 2022 2022 RMB RMB US$Investee funds of Gopher Assets 320,623 317,969 46,101Investee funds of Gopher Capital GP Ltd. 97,378 108,090 15,672Total in gross amounts 418,001 426,059 61,773Less: allowance for credit losses (17,343) (11,872) (1,721)Total in net amounts 400,658 414,187 60,052As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, amounts due from related parties associated with loan distributed were comprised of thefollowing: As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands)2021 2022 2022 RMB RMB US$Investee funds of Gopher Assets 18,850 13,940 2,021Investee funds of Gopher Capital GP Ltd. 44,666 29,091 4,217Total in gross amounts 63,516 43,031 6,238Less: allowance for credit losses (12,785) (13,794) (2,000)Total in net amounts 50,731 29,237 4,238The terms of the loans are due on demand and most of the loans are interest free.As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, deferred revenues related to the recurring management fee received in advance from relatedparties were comprised of the following: As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBUS$Investee funds of Gopher Asset Management 16,373 10,325 1,497Investee funds of Gopher GP 738 611 89Total 17,111 10,936 1,586During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, donation made to Shanghai Noah Charity Fund were RMB2.8million, RMB3.5 million and RMB3.2 million, respectively.During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 we paid RMB6.0 million, RMB9.2 million and RMB5.5 million asservice fees to Dingnuo for development of an online mutual fund work station for our relationship managers and one-stop serviceplatform for private equity fund managers, respectively.Employment AgreementsSee “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management—Employment Agreements.”Share IncentivesSee “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plans.”Table of Contents148C.Interests of Experts and CounselNot applicable.Item 8. Financial InformationA.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial InformationWe have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report. See “Item 18. Financial Statements.”Legal ProceedingsCamsing IncidentIn early 2018, one of the Consolidated Affiliated Entities of our group, Shanghai Gopher,established credit funds (the “CamsingCredit Funds”) to allow our clients to invest in account receivables (the “Camsing Accounts Receivables”) arising from the sale ofcomputer,consumer electronics and communication products by affiliates (the “Sellers”) of Camsing International Holding Limited(“Camsing”) to a buyer (the “Buyer”). Under this supply chain factoring arrangement, the controlling shareholder and affiliates ofCamsing guaranteed to repurchase the Camsing Accounts Receivables from the Camsing Credit Funds if the Buyer failed to settle theCamsing Accounts Receivables upon the relevant due dates.In 2019, Shanghai Gopher came to suspect that certain Camsing Accounts Receivables did not arise from real commercialtransactions between the Sellers and the Buyer. Shanghai Gopher and its affiliate reported the suspected fraudulent activities to theShanghai Police and Shanghai Office of the CSRC, respectively and initiated legal proceedings to the Sellers, the Buyer and relevantguarantors. These events are collectively referred to as the Camsing Incident (the “Camsing Incident”).As of the date of this annual report, a total of 818 clients of Shanghai Gopher who invested in the Camsing Credit Funds wereaffected, and the outstanding amount of the Camsing Accounts Receivables under the Camsing Credit Funds which are potentially subjectto repayment default amounted to RMB3.4 billion.As a gesture of goodwill, we voluntarily made an ex gratia settlement offer (the “Offer”) to affected clients. An affected clientwho accepted the offer shall receive restricted share units (“RSUs”) that become an ordinary shares holder of our company upon vesting,and in return (i) forego all outstanding legal rights associated with the investment in the Camsing Credit Funds, and (ii) irrevocably releaseour company and all our affiliated entities and individuals from any and all claims immediately, known or unknown, that relate to theCamsing Credit Funds.As approved by our Board, new ordinary shares not exceeding 1.6% of the share capital of our company may be issued under thesettlement plan annually for ten consecutive years. As of December 31, 2022, 595 of the total of 818 affected clients (approximately72.7%) had accepted the Offer, representing RMB2.6 billion (US$0.4 billion) (approximately 75.4%) of the total amount of outstandingCamsing Accounts Receivables. The maximum number of ordinary shares to be issued by our company to these 595 affected clientsaccounted for approximately 9.3% of the total issued ordinary shares of our company as of December 31, 2022. As of the December 31,2022, 284,394 RSUs have been vested by the affected clients who accepted the Offer.We recorded share-based settlement expenses of RMB1,290.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 based on the fairvalue of the RSUs issued to affected clients under the Offer. As we do not preclude the possibility of reaching settlement with suchaffected clients in the future on similar terms, RMB530.4 million was recorded as contingent liabilities as of December 31, 2020.Based on the difference between the fair value of the RSUs to be issued under the Offer in 2021 and the corresponding contingentliabilities accrued as of December 31, 2020, we recorded share-based settlement expenses in the amount of RMB19.9 million for the yearended December 31, 2021, and the contingent liabilities for unsettled affected clients was RMB433.3 million as of December 31, 2021.There was no new settlement in 2022.Although we were not involved in any of the suspected fraudulent activities, we have been proactively assessing the potentiallegal risks and implications associated with this claim, which is currently at a preliminary stage, and other potential legal proceedings, toprotect the best interests of us and our shareholders. We believe that the Camsing Incident did not have a material adverse impact on ourtotal transaction value and we have recovered from the impact of the Camsing Incident to our reputation.Table of Contents149Other IncidentIn December 2022, we received a civil judgment from the Bozhou Intermediate People’s Court of Anhui Province (the “FirstInstance Court”). The judgement related to a civil lawsuit brought by an external institution (the “Plaintiff”) against Noah (Shanghai)Financial Leasing Co., Ltd. (the “Defendant”, one subsidiary of the Company).The First Instance Court first accepted the civil lawsuit filed by the Plaintiff against the Defendant in August 2019 respecting thefinancial consultancy services provided by the Defendant to the Plaintiff on its investment process. The Defendant charged a fee ofRMB500,000 for providing such consultancy services to the Plaintiff. In December 2020, the First Instance Court dismissed the Plaintiff’scase. In March 2021, the High People’s Court of Anhui Province (the “Appellate Court”) dismissed the Plaintiff’s appeal to the ruling ofthe First Instance Court. No contingent liabilities with respect to the civil claim were recorded by us as both the First Instance Court andthe Appellate Court dismissed the Plaintiff’s case.The Plaintiff subsequently, for the third time, applied for a retrial to the Supreme People’s Court. In February 2022, the SupremePeople’s Court issued an order revoking the aforementioned rulings and remanding the case to the First Instance Court for retrial. Whilewe held the same view as before that the claim of the Plaintiff is without merit and is unfounded, in December 2022, the First InstanceCourt awarded the Plaintiff monetary damages of RMB99.0 million and corresponding interests (the “First-instance Ruling”). The First-instance Ruling is not yet effective until the appellate process is concluded.Based on advice from the our PRC counsel to this civil lawsuit, we believe that the First-instance Ruling was reached based onincomplete factual information. The Defendant has already initiated the appeal process with respect to the First-instance Ruling, andintends to vigorously defend against the civil claim from the Plaintiff. As of December 31, 2022, we have reserved a contingent liability ofRMB99.0 million (US$14.4 million) for the judgement in the First-instance Ruling, which remains subject to appeal and applicable post-judgment proceedings.Other than the matters mentioned above, we are currently not a party to, and we are not aware of any threat of, any judicial,arbitration or administrative proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material and adverse effect on ourbusiness, financial condition or results of operations. We may from time to time be involved in litigation and claims incidental to theconduct of our business. Our businesses are also subject to extensive regulations, which may result in regulatory proceedings against us,See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” above. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceedings, regardless of theoutcome, may result in substantial cost and diversion of our recourses, including our management’s time and attention.Dividend PolicyOur board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to our articles of association andCayman Islands law. On August 10, 2022, our board of directors approved and adopted the following dividend policy (the “DividendPolicy”), which aims to provide stable and sustainable returns to the Shareholders. The Dividend Policy has become effective from August10, 2022. According to the Dividend Policy, in normal circumstances, the annual dividends to be declared and distributed in each calendaryear shall be, in principle, no less than 10% of the our non-GAAP net income attributable to the Shareholders of the preceding financialyear as reported in the Company’s audited annual results announcement, subject to various factors. The dividend under the DividendPolicy proposed and/or declared by the Board for a financial year are deemed as final dividend. Any final dividend will be subject to theShareholders’ approval. We may declare and pay dividends by way of cash or by other means that our board of directors considersappropriate. Such dividend policy shall in no way constitute a legally binding commitment by us in respect of our future dividend and/orin no way obligate us to declare a dividend at any time or from time to time. There can be no assurance that dividends will be paid in anyparticular amount for any given year. In addition, our shareholders by ordinary resolution may declare a dividend, but no dividend mayexceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividendon its shares out of either profit or share premium amount, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result inthe company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to paydividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, generalfinancial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends, ourADS holders will be paid to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including thefees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities—D. American DepositoryShares.”Table of Contents150On March 28, 2023, we announced that our board of directors recommended a final dividend in cash of RMB5.5 (equivalent toUS$0.8, or HK$6.2, based on the effective noon buying rate for December 30, 2022 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S.Federal Reserve Board) per ordinary share (tax inclusive) (with an aggregate amount of approximately RMB176.5 million (equivalent toUS$25.6 million, or HK$199.9 million) (tax inclusive), subject to adjustment to the number of ordinary shares of the company entitled todividend distribution as of the record date for dividend distribution, and the equivalent U.S. dollars amount and Hong Kong dollarsamount are also subject to exchange rate adjustment) in respect of the year ended December 31, 2022 to our shareholders who are entitledto dividends. This recommendation is subject to the approval by our shareholders at the annual general meeting to be held on or aroundJune 12, 2023. If the proposed final dividend is approved by our shareholders, we expect to pay such dividend by August 31, 2023.For undistributed profits earned from our PRC subsidiaries, we have both the intent and ability to permanently reinvest theseundistributed profits.B.Significant ChangesExcept as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our auditedconsolidated financial statements included in this annual report.Item 9. The Offer and ListingA.Offering and Listing DetailsSee “—C. Markets.”B.Plan of DistributionNot applicable.C.MarketsOur ADSs have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since November 10, 2010 under the symbol “NOAH.” Two ADSsrepresent one of our ordinary shares.Our ordinary shares have been listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange since July 13, 2022 under the stock code “6686”.D.Selling ShareholdersNot applicable.E.DilutionNot applicable.F.Expenses of the IssueNot applicable.Item 10. Additional InformationA.Share CapitalNot applicable.Table of Contents151B.Memorandum and Articles of AssociationThe following are summaries of material provisions of our memorandum and articles of association, as well as the CompaniesAct (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Act, insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.Registered Office and ObjectsThe registered office of our company is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House,Grand Cayman KY1-1104, Cayman Islands as of the date of this annual report, and may be relocated to such other place as our board ofdirectors may from time to time decide. The objects for which our company is established are unrestricted and we have full power andauthority to carry out any object not prohibited by the Companies Act or any other law of the Cayman Islands.Board of DirectorsSee “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board practices—Board of Directors.”Ordinary SharesGeneral. All of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form, andare issued when registered in our register of shareholders. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely holdand vote their ordinary shares.Dividends. The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors, subjectto Cayman Islands law and our articles of association. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but nodividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay adividend on its shares out of either profit or share premium amount, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if thiswould result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.Voting Rights. Each ordinary share is entitled to one vote on all matters upon which the ordinary shares are entitled to vote.Voting at any shareholders’ meeting is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded (before or on the declaration of the result of the showof hands). A poll may be demanded by any one or more shareholders present in person or by proxy entitled to vote and who together holdnot less than 10% of the paid up voting share capital of our company. Shareholders may attend any shareholders’ meeting in person or byproxy, or if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative or proxy.A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least one shareholder present in person or by proxy or, if acorporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative, who hold not less than an aggregate of one-tenth of ourvoting share capital. Shareholders’ meetings may be held annually and may be convened by our board of directors. An annual generalmeeting shall be called by not less than 21 days’ notice in writing and any extraordinary general meeting shall be called by not less than 14days’ notice in writing.An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes cast by theshareholders entitled to vote, in person or by proxy, in a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no lessthan three fourths of the votes cast by the shareholders entitled to vote, in person or by proxy, in a general meeting. A special resolution isrequired for important matters such as a change of name or amendments to our memorandum or articles of association. Holders of theordinary shares may effect certain changes by ordinary resolution, including increasing the amount of our authorized share capital,consolidating and dividing all or any of our share capital into shares of larger amounts than our existing shares, and canceling anyauthorized but unissued shares.Transfer of Shares. Our shareholders may transfer all or any of their ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in writing andexecuted by or on behalf of the transferor (and if our board of directors require, the transferee).Table of Contents152Our board of directors may decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share which is not fully paid up or on which we have alien. Our board may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless (a) the instrument of transfer is lodged with us,accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board may reasonably require toshow the right of the transferor to make the transfer; (b) the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of shares, (c) theinstrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required, (d) in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom theshare is to be transferred does not exceed four; (e) the shares conceded are free of any lien in favor of the Company, and (f) a fee of suchmaximum sum as the NYSE may determine to be payable, or such lesser sum as our board may from time to time require, is paid to us inrespect thereof.If our board of directors refuses to register a transfer it shall, within two months after the date on which the instrument of transferwas lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal. The registration of transfers may be suspended on14 days’ notice being given by advertisement in such one or more newspapers or by electronic means and the register closed at such timesand for such periods as our board may from time to time determine.Liquidation. On a return of capital on winding up or otherwise (other than on conversion, redemption or purchase of shares),assets available for distribution shall be distributed among the holders of the ordinary shares on a pro rata basis, and the liquidator maywith the sanction of an ordinary resolution of the shareholders divide amongst the shareholders in specie or in kind the whole or any partof the assets of our company, and may for such purpose set such value as he deems fair upon any property to be divided as aforesaid, andmay determine how such division shall be carried out as between our shareholders or different classes of shareholder.Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Shares. We may issue shares on terms that are subject to redemption, at our option orat the option of the holders, on such terms and in such manner as may, before the issue of such shares, be determined by our board ofdirectors. Our company may also repurchase any of our shares provided that our shareholders shall have approved the manner of purchaseby ordinary resolution or the manner of purchase is in accordance with the provisions of Articles 17 and 17A of our articles of association.Under the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our company’s profits or out of the proceeds of afresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital (including share premium account andcapital redemption reserve) if our company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary courseof business. In addition, under the Companies Act no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (a) unless it is fully paid up, (b) if suchredemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding, or (c) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition,our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.Calls on Shares and Forfeiture of Shares. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for anyamounts unpaid on their shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 calendar days prior to the specified time of payment.Shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid on the specified time are subject to forfeiture.Variations of Rights of Shares. If at any time our share capital is divided into different classes or series of shares, all or any of thespecial rights attached to any class or series of shares may be varied either with the written consent of the holders of not less than three-fourths in the nominal value of the issued shares of that class or series or with the sanction passed at a general meeting of the holders ofthe shares of that class or series by shareholders holding shares representing three-fourths in nominal value of the issue shares of that classpresent in person or by proxy and voting at such general meeting.Inspection of Books and Records. Holders of our ordinary shares have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect orobtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records, subject to certain limited exceptions (including the right to obtain ourmemorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders). However, wewill provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements. See “—H. Documents on Display.”Table of Contents153Anti-Takeover Provisions. Some provisions of our memorandum and articles of association have the potential to discourage, delayor prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that:●subject to the requirements under the Hong Kong Listing Rules, authorize our board of directors to issue Shares, grant rightsover existing shares or issue other securities in one or more series as they deem necessary and appropriate and determinedesignations, powers, preferences, privileges and other rights, including dividend rights, conversion rights, terms ofredemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the powers and rights associated with theShares held by existing Members, at such times and on such other terms as they think proper; and●limit the ability of shareholders to call general meetings of shareholders.However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under ourmemorandum and articles of association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of ourcompany.General Meetings of Shareholders. Shareholders’ meetings may be convened by our board of directors. An annual generalmeeting shall be called by not less than 21 days’ notice in writing and any extraordinary general meeting shall be called by not less than 14days’ notice in writing. A quorum for a meeting of shareholders consists of members holding not less than an aggregate of one-tenth of allvoting share capital of our company present in person or by proxy.C.Material ContractsWe have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in“Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.D.Exchange ControlsSee “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in China—Regulations on Foreign Exchange.”E.TaxationThe following summaries of certain material Cayman Islands, PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment inour ADSs or ordinary shares are based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all ofwhich are subject to change. The below summaries are subject in all circumstances to the limitations set forth herein and below. Inaddition, the below summaries do not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares,such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws or tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands, the PRC andthe United States.Cayman Islands TaxationThe Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciationand there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty and there are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by theGovernment of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within thejurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. Although it is unlikely that we will be subject to material taxes, there is no assurance that the CaymanIslands government will not impose taxes in the future, which could be material to us. In addition, there may be tax consequences if weare, for example, involved in any transfer or conveyance of immovable property in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not partyto any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by us and there are no exchange control regulations or currencyrestrictions in the Cayman Islands.Table of Contents154People’s Republic of China TaxationThe PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on the taxable income determined under the PRC laws and accountingstandards. Under the EIT Law and the EIT Implementation Rules, all domestic and foreign-invested companies in China are subject to auniform enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% and dividends from a PRC subsidiary to its foreign parent company are subject to awithholding tax at the rate of 10%, unless such foreign parent company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China thatprovides for a reduced rate of withholding tax, or the tax is otherwise exempted or reduced pursuant to the PRC tax laws. Zhong Lun LawFirm advises us that since there is currently no such tax treaty between China and the Cayman Islands, dividends we receive from our PRCsubsidiaries will be subject to a 10% withholding tax; in addition, we may be able to enjoy the 5% preferential withholding tax treatmentfor the dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiaries through Noah Insurance, according to Tax Arrangement between mainland Chinaand Hong Kong, if they satisfy the conditions prescribed under relevant tax rules and regulations, and obtain the approvals as requiredunder those rules and regulations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in China—Regulations on Tax.”Under the EIT Law, enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies”located within China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and therefore subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% ontheir worldwide income. The EIT Implementation Rules define the term “de facto management body” as the management body thatexercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of anenterprise. In addition, according to a circular issued by the SAT in April 2009, a foreign enterprise controlled by a PRC company or aPRC company group will be classified as a “resident enterprise” with its “de facto management bodies” located within China if thefollowing requirements are satisfied: (i) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operationsfunction mainly in the PRC; (ii) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodiesin the PRC; (iii) its major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings arelocated or kept in the PRC; and (iv) more than half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rights reside in the PRC.We have evaluated whether we are a PRC resident enterprise and we believe that we are not a PRC resident enterprise for the year endedDecember 31, 2022.However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remainwith respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management bodies”. If we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise, we will besubject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income. In that case, however, dividend income we receive from ourPRC subsidiaries may be exempt from PRC enterprise income tax because the EIT Law and the EIT Implementation Rules generallyprovide that dividends received from a PRC resident enterprise from its directly invested entity that is also a PRC resident enterprise isexempt from PRC enterprise income tax. However, as there is still uncertainty as to how the EIT Law and the EIT ImplementationRules will be interpreted and implemented, we cannot assure investors in our ADSs or ordinary shares that we are eligible for such PRCenterprise income tax exemptions or reductions for any subsequent taxable year.Provided that our Cayman Islands holding company, Noah Holdings Limited, is not deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise,holders of our ADSs and ordinary shares who are not PRC residents will not be subject to PRC income tax on dividends distributed by usor gains realized from the sale or other disposition of our shares or ADSs. SAT Circular 7 further clarifies that, if a non-resident enterprisederives income by acquiring and selling shares in an offshore listed enterprise in the public market, such income will not be subject toPRC tax under SAT Circular 7. However, because there is uncertainty as to the application of SAT Circular 7, we and our non-PRC resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and being taxed under SAT Circular 7 and we may be required toexpend valuable resources to comply with SAT Circular 7 or to establish that we should not be taxed under and SAT Circular 7. See“Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We face uncertainties with respect to theapplication of the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC ResidentEnterprises.”U.S. Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsThe following is a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs or ordinaryshares by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that holds our ADSs or ordinary shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held forinvestment) within the meaning of Section 1221 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code.Table of Contents155This summary is based upon the federal income tax laws of the United States as of the date of this annual report, including theCode, existing and proposed U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative pronouncements of the U.S. InternalRevenue Service, or the IRS, and judicial decisions, all as in effect as of the date of this annual report, and all of which may be replaced,revoked, or modified, possibly with retroactive effect, and which replacement, revocation, or modification could significantly affect the taxconsequences described below. We have not sought any ruling from the IRS with respect to the statements made and the conclusionsreached in the following discussion and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will agree with our statements and conclusions.This summary does not discuss all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to particular investors in light oftheir individual circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules such as: banks and certain other financial institutions;insurance companies; brokers or dealers in stocks, securities, commodities or currencies; persons that use or are required to use a mark-to-market method of accounting; pension plans; regulated investment companies; real estate investment trusts; cooperatives; tax-exemptentities (including private foundations); persons that own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) ADSs or ordinary shares representing10% or more of our total voting power or value; investors that hold their ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion,constructive sale, or other integrated transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes; U.S. expatriates; entities subject to the U.S. anti-inversion rules; persons subject to the alternative minimum tax provisions of the Code; partnerships or other pass-through entities, orpersons holding ADSs or ordinary shares through such entities; persons who acquired ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise ofan employee equity grant or otherwise as compensation; persons required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income withrespect to our ADSs or ordinary shares as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement; or investors thathave a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from thosesummarized below.In addition, this summary does not address any U.S. federal estate, gift, Medicare, or alternative minimum tax considerations, orany state, local or non-U.S. tax considerations, relating to the ownership or disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Except asspecifically described below, this discussion does not address any tax consequences or reporting obligations that may be applicable topersons holding ADSs or ordinary shares through a bank, financial institution or other entity, or a branch thereof, located, organized orresident outside the United States, and does not describe any tax consequences arising in respect of the Foreign Account Tax ComplianceAct, or FATCA regime.If a partnership (including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficialowner of our ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will depend upon the status of the partner and theactivities of the partnership. Partnerships or partners in a partnership holding our ADSs or ordinary shares are urged to consult their taxadvisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of acquiring, owning or disposing of our ADSs or ordinary shares.THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT A SUBSTITUTEFOR CAREFUL TAX PLANNING AND ADVICE. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECTTO THE APPLICATION OF THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAWS TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS, AS WELLAS ANY TAX CONSEQUENCES ARISING UNDER THE U.S. FEDERAL ESTATE OR GIFT TAX LAWS OR THE LAWS OFANY STATE, LOCAL OR NON-U.S. TAXING JURISDICTION OR UNDER ANY APPLICABLE TAX TREATY.GeneralFor purposes of this summary, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federalincome tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation created in, or organized under thelaws of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federalincome taxation regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. courtand which has one or more U.S. persons (as defined in the Code) who have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions or (B)that has otherwise elected to be treated as a U.S. person (as defined in the Code).The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the deposit agreement are true and that the obligations in thedeposit agreement and any related agreement have been and will be complied with in accordance with their terms.Table of Contents156ADSsFor U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Holder of our ADSs should be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlyingshares represented by such ADSs. The remainder of this discussion assumes that a U.S. Holder of the ADSs will be treated in this manner.Accordingly, deposits or withdrawal of shares for ADSs should not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.Passive Foreign Investment CompanyBased on the market price of our ADSs, the value of our assets and the nature and composition of our income and assets, webelieve that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for our taxable year ended December 31, 2022. We believe we werealso a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2020, but do not believe we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31,2021. The IRS does not issue rulings with respect to PFIC status, and we cannot assure you that the IRS, or a court, will agree with anydetermination we make.We will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if, applying the applicable look-through rules, either:(1) at least 75% of our gross income for such year is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the value of our assets (generally determinedbased on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are heldfor the production of passive income. For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, certain types of rents androyalties, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income, net gains from commodity transactions, netforeign currency gains and net income from notional principal contracts. In addition, cash, cash equivalents, securities held for investmentpurposes, and certain other similar assets are generally categorized as passive assets.We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any othercorporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock. Although the law in this regard is unclear, wetreat the Consolidated Affiliated Entities as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we control their managementdecisions and because we are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with them, and, as a result, we consolidatetheir operating results in our consolidated GAAP financial statements. If it were determined, however, that we are not the owner of ourVIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, then the nature and composition of our income and assets would change and we would likelybe treated as a PFIC for one or more taxable years.We must make a separate determination after the close of each taxable year as to whether we were a PFIC for that year.Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for our current or any future taxable year. The determination of whether wewill be a PFIC for any taxable year may depend in part upon the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles not reflected on ourbalance sheet (which may depend upon the market price of our ADSs or ordinary shares from time to time, which may fluctuatesignificantly) and also may be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our liquid assets and the cash we generate from our operationsand raise in any offering.U.S. Federal Income Tax Treatment of a Shareholder of a PFICIf we are a PFIC for any taxable year (as we believe we were for our taxable year ended December 31, 2020 and December 31,2022 (but not our taxable year ended December 31, 2021)) during a U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ADSs or ordinary shares, then,absent certain elections (including a mark-to-market election, a qualified electing fund election and a deemed sale election, each asdescribed below), such U.S. Holder will generally be subject to adverse tax rules, regardless of whether we remain a PFIC in subsequenttaxable years, on (i) any “excess distribution” that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during ataxable year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years to theU.S. Holder or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ADSs or ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or otherdisposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, of ADSs or ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules:●the excess distribution and/or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ADSs or ordinaryshares;Table of Contents157●the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the firsttaxable year in which we are treated as a PFIC (each such year, a pre-PFIC year) will be taxable as ordinary income; and●the amount allocated to each prior taxable year other than a pre-PFIC year will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate ineffect applicable to the U.S. Holder for that year, and will be increased by an additional tax equal to interest on the resultingtax deemed deferred with respect to each such year.The tax liability for amounts allocated to years prior to the year of disposition or excess distribution cannot be offset by any netoperating losses for such years, and gains (but not losses) from a sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares cannot be treatedas capital, even if you hold the ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets.If we are a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder for any taxable year (as we believe we were for our taxable year ended December31, 2020 and December 31, 2022 (but not our taxable year ended December 31, 2021)) during such U.S. Holder’s holding period for ourADSs or ordinary shares and any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries that are corporations (or other corporations in which we directly orindirectly own equity interests) is also a PFIC, such U.S. Holder would generally be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value)of the shares of each such non-U.S. entity that is a PFIC (each such corporation, a lower tier PFIC) for purposes of the application of theserules. U.S. Holders are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our lower tierPFICs.Mark-to-Market ElectionIf we are a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder for any taxable year (as we believe we were for our taxable year ended December31, 2020 and December 31, 2022 (but not our taxable year ended December 31, 2021)) during such U.S. Holder’s holding period for ourADSs or ordinary shares, then in lieu of being subject to the tax and interest charge rules discussed above, the U.S. Holder may make anelection to include gain on our ADSs or ordinary shares as ordinary income under a mark-to-market method, provided that our ADSs orordinary shares constitute “marketable stock.” Marketable stock is stock that is regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market,as defined in applicable Treasury regulations. Our ADSs, but not our ordinary shares, are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, whichis a qualified exchange or other market for these purposes. Consequently, so long as our ADSs remain listed on the New York StockExchange and are regularly traded, we expect that a mark-to-market election would be available to a U.S. Holder of our ADSs for eachtaxable year that we are a PFIC, but no assurances are given in this regard. If a U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market election, theU.S. Holder will generally (i) include in gross income as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of thefair market value of ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as an ordinary lossthe excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, butonly to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjustedtax basis in such ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makesa valid mark-to-market election, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs in a taxable year forwhich we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the netamount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market electionand we cease to be a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market gain or loss described aboveduring any period for which we are not a PFIC.Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, if we were a PFIC for any taxableyear, a U.S. Holder that makes a mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules describedabove with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC forU.S. federal income tax purposes.U.S. Holders are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of, the procedure for, and the effectof making, a mark-to-market election, as well as whether making the election would be advisable, including in light of theirparticular circumstances.Table of Contents158Qualified Electing Fund ElectionIn certain circumstances, a shareholder in a PFIC may avoid some of the disadvantageous tax treatment described above bymaking a “qualified electing fund” election to be taxed currently on its share of the PFIC’s undistributed income. However, if we were aPFIC (as we believe we were for our taxable year ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2022 (but not our taxable year endedDecember 31, 2021)), a U.S. Holder would be able to make a qualified electing fund election with respect to our ADSs or ordinary sharesonly if we agreed to furnish the U.S. Holder annually with a PFIC annual information statement as specified in the applicable Treasuryregulations. We currently do not intend to prepare or provide the information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fundelections.Deemed Sale ElectionIf we are a PFIC for any taxable year (as we believe we were for our taxable year ended December 31, 2020 and December 31,2022 (but not our taxable year ended December 31, 2021)) during a U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ADSs or ordinary shares, wegenerally (unless such U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market election with respect to its ADSs, as discussed above) will continue tobe treated as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. Holder for all succeeding years, unless we cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder makes a“deemed sale” election with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares, as applicable. If a U.S. Holder makes such an election, such U.S.Holder will be deemed to have sold its ADSs or ordinary shares at their fair market value, and any gain from such deemed sale would betaxed as an “excess distribution” as described above. Any loss from the deemed sale is not recognized. After the deemed sale election, theU.S. Holder’s ADSs or ordinary shares with respect to which such election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC unless wesubsequently become a PFIC.U.S. Holders are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors as to the possibility and consequences of making a deemedsale election.Reporting RequirementsFor any taxable year for which we are a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder, such U.S. Holder will generally be required to file anannual information return on IRS Form 8621 regarding distributions received on our ADSs or ordinary shares and any gain realized on thedisposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, and certain U.S. Holders will be required to file an annual information return (also on IRSForm 8621) relating to their ownership of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Significant penalties are imposed for failure to file such form. Aspreviously noted, we believe that we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2022.U.S. HOLDERS ARE STRONGLY URGED TO CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE IMPACT OFOUR BEING A PFIC FOR THE TAXABLE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 ON THEIR INVESTMENT IN OUR ADSSOR ORDINARY SHARES, AS WELL AS THE ASSOCIATED REPORTING REQUIREMENTS AND THE AVAILABILITY,APPLICATION AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE ELECTIONS DISCUSSED ABOVE.Dividends and Other Distributions on our ADSs or Ordinary SharesSubject to the PFIC rules discussed above, the gross amount of any cash distributions (including the amount of any PRC or othertax withheld) paid with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined underU.S. federal income tax principles, will be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually orconstructively received by the U.S. Holder, in the case of our ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of our ADSs. However,because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, U.S. Holders shouldassume that any distribution paid will generally constitute a “dividend” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Such dividends will not beeligible for the dividends-received deduction generally available to qualifying U.S. corporations under the Code.Table of Contents159A non-corporate U.S. Holder generally will be subject to tax on dividends received from a “qualified foreign corporation” at thereduced U.S. federal tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income,” rather than the marginal tax rates applicable to ordinary income,provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met. If we are neither a PFIC nor treated as such with respect to U.S.Holders (as discussed above) for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year, we will be treated as aqualified foreign corporation with respect to any dividends paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares, provided that (i) the ADSs or ordinaryshares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, or (ii) we are eligible for the benefits of acomprehensive tax treaty with the United States that the Secretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for thispurpose and includes an exchange of information program. As discussed above under “––Passive Foreign Investment Company,” webelieve that we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2022.Our ADSs (but not our ordinary shares) are currently listed on the New York Stock Exchange. We believe, though no assurancesmay be given in this regard, that our ADSs are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, and that, if we arenot a PFIC nor treated as such with respect to U.S. Holders (as discussed above) for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or thepreceding taxable year, we would therefore be treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to any dividends paid on our ADSs,but not with respect to dividends paid on our ordinary shares. In the event we are deemed to be a resident enterprise under the EIT Law(see “—People’s Republic of China Taxation” above), we may be eligible for the benefits under the U.S.-PRC income tax treaty, or theTreaty (which the U.S. Treasury Department has determined is satisfactory for this purpose). If we are eligible for such benefits, thendividends that we pay on our ordinary shares, regardless of whether such shares are represented by ADSs, would be eligible for thereduced rates of taxation, subject to applicable limitations (including ineligibility for reduced rates as a result of our being a PFIC for thetaxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year).Even if dividends would be treated as paid by a qualified foreign corporation, a non-corporate U.S. Holder will not be eligible forreduced rates of taxation if it does not hold our ADSs or ordinary shares for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60days before the ex-dividend date (disregarding certain periods of ownership while the United States Holder’s risk of loss is diminished) orif such U.S. Holder elects to treat the dividend income as “investment income” pursuant to Section 163(d)(4) of the Code. In addition, therate reduction will not apply to dividends of a qualified foreign corporation if the non-corporate U.S. Holder receiving the dividend isobligated to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. U.S. Holders should consult theirtax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate on any dividends that we pay with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares intheir particular circumstances.The amount of any dividend income paid in foreign currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the spotrate in effect on the date of receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars on such date. If the dividend isconverted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or lossin respect of the amount received. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars afterthe date of receipt.Dividends will be treated as foreign-source income, and generally will constitute passive income or in certain cases, generalcategory income, for foreign tax credit purposes. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of the dividend income will includeany amounts withheld in respect of PRC withholding tax, if applicable. See “—People’s Republic of China Taxation” above. Subject toapplicable limitations, which vary depending upon each U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, if PRC taxes are withheld from dividendpayments (at a rate not exceeding the applicable rate provided in the Treaty in the case of a U.S. Holder that is eligible for Treaty benefits),such withheld PRC taxes generally will be creditable against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. The rules governing foreigntax credits are complex and recently issued Treasury Regulations have introduced additional requirements and limitations to the foreigntax credit rules. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the creditability of foreign taxes in their particular circumstances.In lieu of claiming a credit, a U.S. Holder may elect to deduct any such withheld PRC taxes in computing its taxable income, subject toapplicable limitations. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits applies to all foreign taxes paid oraccrued in the relevant taxable year.Table of Contents160Sale, Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of our ADSs or Ordinary SharesA U.S. Holder will recognize gain or loss on a sale or exchange of our ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to thedifference between the amount realized on the sale or exchange and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our ADSs or ordinary shares. Subject tothe discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” above, such gain or loss generally will be capital gain or loss. Capitalgains of a non-corporate U.S. Holder, including an individual, that has held our ADSs or ordinary shares for more than one year currentlyare eligible for reduced tax rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.Any gain or loss that a U.S. Holder recognizes on a disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares generally will be treated as U.S.-source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes, which could limit the availability of foreign tax credits. However, if weare treated as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes and PRC tax is imposed on gain from the disposition of our ADSs orordinary shares (see “—People’s Republic of China Taxation” above), then a U.S. Holder that is eligible for the benefits of the Treaty mayelect to treat the gain as PRC-source income for foreign tax credit purposes. If such an election is made, the gain so treated will be treatedas a separate class or “basket” of income for foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding theproper treatment of gain or loss, as well as the availability of a foreign tax credit, in their particular circumstances.Information Reporting and Backup WithholdingDividend payments with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of our ADSs orordinary shares generally will be subject to information reporting to the IRS and U.S. backup withholding. Backup withholding generallywill not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other requiredcertification, or who otherwise establishes an exemption from backup withholding. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisorsregarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a U.S. Holder’sU.S. federal income tax liability, and a U.S. Holder may be entitled to obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backupwithholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS in a timely manner and furnishing any required information.Specified Foreign Financial AssetsIndividual U.S. Holders and certain domestic entities generally will be required to submit certain information to the IRS withrespect to their beneficial ownership of our ADSs or ordinary shares as is necessary to identify the class or issue of which our ADSs orordinary shares are a part. These requirements are subject to exceptions, including an exception for ADSs or ordinary shares held inaccounts maintained by certain financial institutions and an exception applicable if the aggregate value of all “specified foreign financialassets” (as defined in the Code) does not exceed US$50,000. This law also imposes penalties if a U.S. Holder is required to submit suchinformation to the IRS and fails to do so. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the potential reportingrequirements that may be imposed with respect to ownership of our ADSs or ordinary shares.F.Dividends and Paying AgentsNot applicable.G.Statement by ExpertsNot applicable.H.Documents on DisplayWe are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, weare required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F no later than fourmonths after the close of each fiscal year, which is December 31. All information filed with the SEC can be obtained over the internet atthe SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.Table of Contents161Our Internet website is ir.noahgroup.com. We make available on our website our annual reports on Form 20-F and anyamendments to such reports as soon as reasonably practicable following the electronic filing of such report with the SEC, all free ofcharge. In addition, we provide electronic or paper copies of our filings free of charge upon request. The information contained on ourwebsite is not part of this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC.As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content ofquarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swingprofit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance withGAAP.We will furnish our shareholders with annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidatedfinancial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP.I.Subsidiary InformationFor a listing of our subsidiaries, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”J.Annual Report to Security HoldersNot applicable.Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market RiskForeign Exchange RiskOur financial statements are expressed in Renminbi, which is our reporting currency. We earn the majority of our revenues andincur the majority of our expenses in Renminbi, and the majority of our sales contracts are denominated in Renminbi. We do not believethat we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge ourexposure to such risk. Although in general, our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited, the value of your investment in ourADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Renminbi because the value of our business is effectivelydenominated in Renminbi, while the ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars.The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economicconditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollarover the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbiand the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. After June 2010, the Renminbi began to appreciate against the U.S. dollar again,although starting from June 2015, the trend of appreciation changed and the Renminbi started to depreciate against the U.S. dollargradually. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between theRenminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future. There still remains significant international pressure on the Chinese government to adopt asubstantial liberalization of its currency policy, which could result in further appreciation in the value of the Renminbi against the U.S.dollar.To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we received from overseas offering into Renminbi for our operations,appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we receive from theconversion. As of December 31, 2022, we had an Renminbi or Hong Kong dollar or other non-U.S. dollar denominated cash balance ofUS$470.2 million and a U.S. dollar denominated cash balance of US$168.3 million. Assuming we had converted the U.S. dollardenominated cash balance of US$168.3 million as of December 31, 2022 into RMB at the exchange rate of US$1.00 for RMB6.8972 as ofDecember 30, 2022, this cash balance would have been RMB 1,160.6 million. Conversely, if we decide to convert our RMB into U.S.dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation ofthe U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. We have not used any forwardcontracts or currency borrowings to hedge our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk.Table of Contents162Interest Rate RiskOur exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to interest income generated by excess cash, which is mostly held in interestbearing bank deposits.As of December 31, 2022, we had RMB243.3 million (US$35.3 million) invested in debt products with a weighted averageduration of approximately 0.1 years.We have not used derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. Interest earning instruments carry a degree ofinterest rate risk. We have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in market interestrates. However, our future interest income may fall short of expectations due to changes in market interest rates.InflationInflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations in recent years. According to the National Bureau ofStatistics of China, the year-over-year increase in the consumer price index in 2020, 2021 and 2022 was 2.5%, 0.9% and 2.0%,respectively. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in the past, we can provide no assurance that we will not beaffected in the future by higher inflation rates in China.Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity SecuritiesA.Debt SecuritiesNot applicable.B.Warrants and RightsNot applicable.C.Other SecuritiesNot applicable.Table of Contents163D.American Depositary SharesFees and Charges Our ADS holders May Have to PayADS holders will be required to pay the following service fees to the depository:Service Fees·Issuance of ADSs Up to US$0.05 per ADS issued·Cancellation of ADSs Up to US$0.05 per ADS canceled·Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions Up to US$0.05 per ADS held·Distribution of ADSs pursuant to stock dividends, free stockdistributions or exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs Up to US$0.05 per ADS held·Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchaseadditional ADSs Up to US$0.05 per ADS held·Depositary services Up to US$0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s)established by the depositaryAs an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:●taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;●such registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of shares or other deposited securities on theshare register and applicable to transfers of shares or other deposited securities to or from the name of the custodian, thedepositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;●such cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses as are expressly provided in the Deposit Agreement to beat the expense of the person depositing or withdrawing shares or holders and beneficial owners of ADSs;●the expenses and charges incurred by the depositary in the conversion of foreign currency;●such fees and expenses as are incurred by the depositary in connection with compliance with exchange control regulationsand other regulatory requirements applicable to shares, deposited securities, ADSs and ADRs; and●the fees and expenses incurred by the depositary, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the servicing or deliveryof deposited securities.Depositary fees payable upon (i) deposit of shares against issuance of ADSs and (ii) surrender of ADSs for cancellation andwithdrawal of deposited securities will be charged by the depositary to the person to whom the ADSs so issued are delivered (in the caseof ADS issuances) and to the person who delivers the ADSs for cancellation to the depositary (in the case of ADS cancellations). In thecase of ADSs issued by the depositary into DTC or presented to the depositary via DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees will bepayable to the depositary by the DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs from the depositary or the DTC participant(s) surrendering theADSs to the depositary for cancellation, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTCparticipant(s) to the account(s) of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTCparticipant(s) as in effect at the time. Depositary fees in respect of distributions and the depositary services fee are payable to thedepositary by holders as of the applicable ADS Record Date established by the depositary. In the case of distributions of cash, the amountof the applicable depositary fees is deducted by the depositary from the funds being distributed. In the case of distributions other than cashand the depositary service fee, the depositary will invoice the applicable holders as of the ADS Record Date established by the depositary.For ADSs held through DTC, the depositary fees for distributions other than cash and the depositary service fee are charged by thedepositary to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC from time to time and the DTCparticipants in turn charge the amount of such fees to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs.Table of Contents164In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse therequested service until payment is received or may offset the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADSholder.The fees and charges that ADS holders may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by thedepositary.The depositary may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADS program established pursuant to thedeposit agreement, by making available a portion of the depositary fees charged in respect of the ADS program or otherwise, upon suchterms and conditions as we and the depositary may agree from time to time. As described in the deposit agreement, we or the depositarymay withhold or deduct from any distributions made in respect of ordinary shares and may sell for the account of a holder any or all of theordinary shares and apply such distributions and sale proceeds in payment of any taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) orcharges that are or may be payable by holders in respect of the ADSs.Fees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to UsThe depositary has agreed to reimburse us for certain expenses we incur that are related to establishment and maintenance of theADS program, including investor relations expenses and exchange application and listing fees. There are limits on the amount of expensesfor which the depositary will reimburse us, but the amount of reimbursement available to us is not related to the amounts of fees thedepositary collects from investors. Reimbursement paid by the depositary was RMB2.9 million (US$426.7 thousand) in 2022.Conversion between ADSs and Shares Trading in Hong KongDealings and Settlement of Shares in Hong KongOur Shares trade on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in board lots of 20 Shares. Dealings in our Shares on the Hong Kong StockExchange are conducted in Hong Kong dollars.The transaction costs of dealings in our Shares on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange include:●Hong Kong Stock Exchange trading fee of 0.00565% of the consideration of the transaction, charged to each of thebuyer and seller;●SFC transaction levy of 0.0027% of the consideration of the transaction, charged to each of the buyer and seller;●AFRC Transaction Levy of 0.00015%, charged per side of the consideration of a transaction, collected for theAccounting and Financial Reporting Council (AFRC) (formerly known as Financial Reporting Council (FRC));●transfer deed stamp duty of HK$5.00 per transfer deed (if applicable), payable by the seller;●ad valorem stamp duty at a total rate of 0.26% of the consideration for, or (if greater) the value of, the Sharestransferred, with 0.13% payable by each of the buyer and seller;●stock settlement fee, which is currently 0.002% of the gross transaction value, subject to a minimum fee of HK$2.00and a maximum fee of HK$100.00 per side per trade;●brokerage commission, which is freely negotiable with the broker; and●the Hong Kong Share Registrar will charge between HK$2.50 to HK$20.00, depending on the speed of service (or suchhigher fee as may from time to time be permitted under the Hong Kong Listing Rules), for each transfer of Shares fromone registered owner to another, each share certificate canceled or issued by it and any applicable fee as stated in theshare transfer forms used in Hong Kong;Table of Contents165Investors must settle their trades executed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange through their brokers directly or throughcustodians. For an investor who has deposited his or her Shares in his or her stock account or in his or her designated Central Clearing andSettlement System participant’s stock account maintained with the Central Clearing and Settlement System, or CCASS, settlement will beeffected in CCASS in accordance with the General Rules of CCASS and CCASS Operational Procedures in effect from time to time. Foran investor who holds the physical certificates, settlement certificates and the duly executed transfer forms must be delivered to his brokeror custodian before the settlement date.Conversion between ADSs and Shares Trading in Hong KongIn connection with the listing of our ordinary shares in Hong Kong, we have established a branch register of members in HongKong (the “Hong Kong share register”), which will be maintained by its Hong Kong Share Registrar, Computershare Hong Kong InvestorServices Limited. Our principal register of members (the “Cayman share register”) will continue to be maintained by its Principal ShareRegistrar, Maples Fund Services (Cayman) Limited.All ordinary shares offered in our Hong Kong public offering are registered on the Hong Kong share register in order to be listedand traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. As described in further detail below, holders of ordinary shares registered on the HongKong share register will be able to convert these shares into ADSs, and vice versa.In connection with the Hong Kong public offering, and to facilitate fungibility and conversion between ADSs and ordinary sharesand trading between the NYSE and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, we moved a portion of our issued ordinary shares that are representedby ADSs from our Cayman share register to our Hong Kong share register.Our ADSsOur ADSs are traded on the NYSE. Dealings in our ADSs on the NYSE are conducted in U.S. Dollars.ADSs may be held either:●directly, by having a certificated ADS, or an ADR, registered in the holder’s name, or by holding in the direct registrationsystem, pursuant to which the depositary may register the ownership of uncertificated ADSs, which ownership shall beevidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary to the ADS holders entitled thereto; or●indirectly, through the holder’s broker or other financial institution.The depositary for the Company’s ADSs is Citibank, N.A., whose office is located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, NewYork, 10013.Converting Ordinary Shares Trading in Hong Kong to ADSsAn investor who holds ordinary shares registered in Hong Kong and who intends to convert them to ADSs to trade on the NYSEmust deposit or have his or her broker deposit the ordinary shares with the depositary’s Hong Kong custodian, Citibank, N.A., Hong Kong,or the custodian, in exchange for ADSs.A deposit of ordinary shares trading in Hong Kong in exchange for ADSs involves the following procedures:●If ordinary shares have been deposited with CCASS, the investor must transfer ordinary shares to the depositary’s accountwith the custodian within CCASS by following the CCASS procedures for transfer and submit and deliver a duly completedand signed conversion form to the depositary via his or her broker.●If ordinary shares are held outside CCASS, the investor must arrange to deposit his or her ordinary shares into CCASS fordelivery to the depositary’s account with the custodian within CCASS, submit and deliver a request for conversion form tothe custodian and after duly completing and signing such conversion form, deliver such conversion form to the custodian.Table of Contents166●Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, ifapplicable, the depositary will issue the corresponding number of ADSs in the name(s) requested by an investor and willdeliver the ADSs to the designated DTC account of the person(s) designated by an investor or his or her broker.For ordinary shares deposited in CCASS, under normal circumstances, the above steps generally require two business days. Forordinary shares held outside CCASS in physical form, the above steps may take 14 business days, or more, to complete. Temporary delaysmay arise. For example, the transfer books of the depositary may from time to time be closed to ADS issuances. The investor will beunable to trade the ADSs until the procedures are completed.Converting ADSs to Ordinary Shares Trading in Hong KongAn investor who holds ADSs and who intends to convert his/her ADSs into ordinary shares to trade on the Hong Kong StockExchange must cancel the ADSs the investor holds and withdraw ordinary shares from the Company’s ADS program and cause his or herbroker or other financial institution to trade such ordinary shares on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.An investor that holds ADSs indirectly through a broker should follow the broker’s procedure and instruct the broker to arrangefor cancelation of the ADSs, and transfer of the underlying ordinary shares from the depositary’s account with the custodian within theCCASS system to the investor’s Hong Kong stock account.For investors holding ADSs directly, the following steps must be taken:●To withdraw ordinary shares from the Company’s ADS program, an investor who holds ADSs may turn in such ADSs at theoffice of the depositary (and the applicable ADR(s) if the ADSs are held in certificated form), and send an instruction tocancel such ADSs to the depositary.●Upon payment or net of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees,if applicable, the depositary will instruct the custodian to deliver ordinary shares underlying the canceled ADSs to theCCASS account designated by an investor.●If an investor prefers to receive ordinary shares outside CCASS, he or she must receive ordinary shares in CCASS first andthen arrange for withdrawal from CCASS. Investors can then obtain a transfer form signed by HKSCC Nominees (as thetransferor) and register ordinary shares in their own names with the Hong Kong Share Registrar.For ordinary shares to be received in CCASS, under normal circumstances, the above steps generally require two business days.For ordinary shares to be received outside CCASS in physical form, the above steps may take 14 business days, or more, to complete. Theinvestor will be unable to trade the ordinary shares on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange until the procedures are completed.Temporary delays may arise. For example, the transfer books of the depositary may from time to time be closed to ADScancellations. In addition, completion of the above steps and procedures is subject to there being a sufficient number of ordinary shares onthe Hong Kong share register to facilitate a withdrawal from the ADS program directly into the CCASS system. We are not under anyobligation to maintain or increase the number of ordinary shares on the Hong Kong share register to facilitate such withdrawals.Table of Contents167Depositary RequirementsBefore the depositary issues ADSs or permits withdrawal of ordinary shares, the depositary may require:●production of satisfactory proof of the identity and genuineness of any signature or other information it deems necessary;and●compliance with procedures it may establish, from time to time, consistent with the deposit agreement, includingpresentation of transfer documents.The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer, or register issuances, transfers and cancelations of ADSs generally when thetransfer books of the depositary or our Hong Kong or Cayman share registers are closed or at any time if the depositary or our Companydetermines it advisable to do so or it would violate any applicable law or the depositary’s policies or procedures.All costs attributable to the transfer of ordinary shares to effect a withdrawal from or deposit of ordinary shares into theCompany’s ADS program will be borne by the investor requesting the transfer. In particular, holders of ordinary shares and ADSs shouldnote that the Hong Kong Share Registrar will charge between HK$2.50 to HK$20.00, depending on the speed of service (or such higherfee as may from time to time be permitted under the Hong Kong Listing Rules), for each transfer of ordinary shares from one registeredowner to another, each share certificate canceled or issued by it and any applicable fee as stated in the share transfer forms used in HongKong. In addition, holders of ordinary shares and ADSs must pay up to US$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs for each issuance of ADSs and foreach cancelation of ADSs, as the case may be, in connection with the deposit of ordinary shares into, or withdrawal of ordinary sharesfrom, the Company’s ADS program.Table of Contents168PART IIItem 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and DelinquenciesNone.Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of ProceedsMaterial Modifications to the Rights of Security HoldersUpon our lising on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, all the Class B ordinary shares were converted into Class A ordinary shareson a one-for-one basis. Subsequently, no Class B ordinary shares will be issued or outstanding and and we will cease to have a dual-classvoting structure. On December 23, 2022, we adopted the sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to reflect theremoval of the dual-class voting structure, among other things.See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of securities holders.Use of ProceedsThe following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to the shelf registration statement on Form F- 3 (File Number: 333- 265732)filed on June 21, 2022 and prospectus supplements filed on June 29 and July 7, 2022, respectively, relating to our global offering inconnection with the Hong Kong listing in 2022. We offered and sold 1,152,160 ordinary shares at an initial offering price of HK$292.00per ordinary share, including the partial exercise of the over-allotment option by the joint global coordinators, on behalf of theinternational underwriters, of 52,160 ordinary shares. Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C. was the sole sponsor and sole representative for theglobal offering. Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C., BOCI Asia Limited and DBS Asia Capital Limited were joint global coordinators, jointbookrunners and joint lead managers for the global offering. Futu Securities International (Hong Kong) Limited was a joint bookrunnerand joint lead manager for the global offering.We raised approximately US$40.2 million in net proceeds from the global offering, after deducting estimated underwriting feesand other offering expenses, including the net proceeds we received from the partial exercise of the over-allotment option by theinternational underwriters. As of December 31, 2022, we did not use any of the net proceeds from our global offering. We plan to use thenet proceeds to further develop our wealth management business and asset management business, selectively pursue potential investments,invest in our in-house technology across all business lines, for our overseas expansion, and for general corporate purposes.Item 15. Controls and ProceduresDisclosure Controls and ProceduresOur management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has performed an evaluation ofthe effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of theperiod covered by this report, as required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our management hasconcluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information requiredto be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported,within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports thatwe file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer andchief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.Table of Contents169Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such termis defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, for our company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed toprovide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements inaccordance with GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail,accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of a company’s assets, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions arerecorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that a company’s receiptsand expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of a company’s management and directors, and (3) providereasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of a company’s assets thatcould have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also,projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because ofchanges in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules as promulgated by the Securities and ExchangeCommission, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 usingcriteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of theTreadway Commission.Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December31, 2022 based on the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of SponsoringOrganizations of the Treadway Commission.Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting FirmThe effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by Deloitte ToucheTohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, who has also audited our consolidatedfinancial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.Table of Contents170Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmOpinion on Internal Control over Financial ReportingWe have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Noah Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) asof December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee ofSponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects,effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—IntegratedFramework (2013) issued by COSO.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 of the Company and our report datedMarch 28, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and included an explanatory paragraph regarding theconvenience translation.Basis for OpinionThe Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for itsassessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Reporton Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financialreporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respectto the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and ExchangeCommission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform theaudit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all materialrespects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a materialweakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, andperforming such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basisfor our opinion.Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial ReportingA company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding thereliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally acceptedaccounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to themaintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of thecompany; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements inaccordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only inaccordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding preventionor timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on thefinancial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also,projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because ofchanges in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate./s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLPShanghai, ChinaMarch 28, 2023Table of Contents171Changes in Internal Controls over Financial ReportingAs required by Rule 13a-15(d), under the Exchange Act, our management, including our chief executive officer and our chieffinancial officer, also conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurredduring the period covered by this report have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control overfinancial reporting. Based on that evaluation, it has been determined that there were no changes in our internal control over financialreporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materiallyaffect, our internal control over financial reporting.Item 16. ReservedItem 16A. Audit Committee Financial ExpertOur board of directors has determined that Mr. Tze-Kaing Yang, Mr. Zhiwu Chen and Ms. May Yihong Wu, independentdirectors (under the standards set forth in Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE and Rule 10A-3 under theExchange Act) and members of our audit committee, are audit committee financial experts.Item 16B. Code of EthicsOur board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers, employees and agents, including certainprovisions that specifically apply to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief operating officer, chief technology officer,vice presidents and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as anexhibit to our registration statement on Form F-1 (No. 333-170055).Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and ServicesThe following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional servicesrendered by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP and Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, our principal external auditors,for the periods indicated. We did not pay any other fees to our auditors during the periods indicated below. For the Year EndedDecember 31, 2021 2022(RMB’000)Audit fees(1) 8,600 9,950Audit-related fees(2) 3,532 5,290Tax and other fees(3) 285 1,752Note:(1)“Audit fees” means the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit of our annualfinancial statements, the review of our comparative interim financial statements and the PRC statutory audits of certain of oursubsidiaries and the consolidated affiliated entities.(2)“Audit-related fees” represents aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for assurance and related services that are notreported under audit fees, including the services provided for the issuance of our ordinary shares of our secondary listing on the HongKong Stock Exchange.(3)“Tax and other fees” represents aggregate fees for professional services performed in connection with tax planning, tax complianceand other consulting service fees.The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by Deloitte Touche TohmatsuCertified Public Accountants LLP and its affiliates, including audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services asdescribed above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the audit committee prior to the completion of the audit.Table of Contents172Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit CommitteesNot applicable.Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated PurchasersOn May 12, 2017, our board of directors approved an extension of our previously approved share repurchase program forone year from July 8, 2017 and authorized us to repurchase up to US$50 million worth of our issued and outstanding ADSs, or the 2017Share Repurchase Program. As of December 31, 2022, we had repurchased no ADSs under the 2017 Share Repurchase Program.On December 1, 2020, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, or the Share Repurchase Program, underwhich we may repurchase up to US$100 million worth of our ADSs over the following two years. On February 25, 2021, we completedthe Share Repurchase Program, with approximately 2,233,770 ADSs representing 1,116,885 ordinary shares repurchased at an averageprice of US$44.77 per ADS.Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying AccountantNot applicable.Item 16G. Corporate GovernanceAs a Cayman Islands company listed on the NYSE, we are subject to the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. However,NYSE rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporategovernance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from the New York Stock Exchange corporategovernance listing standards. For example, neither the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands nor our memorandum andarticles of association requires a majority of our directors to be independent and we could include non-independent directors as membersof our compensation committee, and our independent directors would not necessarily hold regularly scheduled meetings at which onlyindependent directors are present. We currently rely on home country practice exemption with respect to the requirement of having acorporate governance and nominating committee composed entirely of independent directors. As a result, our shareholders may beafforded less protection than they otherwise would under the NYSE corporate governance listing standards applicable to domestic issuers.See “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our ADSs and Ordinary Shares-As a company incorporated in theCayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differsignificantly from NYSE corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than theywould enjoy if we complied fully with NYSE corporate governance listing standards.”Other than the practice described above, there are no significant differences between our corporate governance practices andthose followed by U.S. domestic companies under NYSE corporate governance standards.Item 16H. Mine Safety DisclosureNot applicable.Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent InspectionsOn December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspector investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and our auditor wassubject to that determination.On April 12, 2022, we were conclusively listed by the SEC as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCA Act following thefiling of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.Table of Contents173On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kongfrom the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, wedo not expect to be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCA Act after we file this annual report on Form 20-F.As of the date of this annual report, to our best knowledge, (i) no governmental entities in the Cayman Islands or in China ownshares of Noah Holdings Limited or the Consolidated Affiliated Entities in China, (ii) no governmental entities in the applicable foreignjurisdiction with respect to our registered public accounting firm have a controlling financial interest in Noah Holdings Limited or theConsolidated Affiliated Entities, (iii) none of the members of the board of directors of Noah Holdings Limited or our operating entities,including the Consolidated Affiliated Entities, is an official of the Chinese Communist Party, and (iv) none of the currently effectivememorandum and articles of association (or equivalent organizing document) of Noah Holdings Limited or the Consolidated AffiliatedEntities contains any charter of the Chinese Communist Party.Item 16J. Insider trading policiesNot applicable.Table of Contents174PART IIIItem 17. Financial StatementsWe have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.Item 18. Financial StatementsThe consolidated financial statements of Noah Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries and consolidated entities are included at theend of this annual report.Item 19. ExhibitsExhibit Number Description of Document1.1Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated herein by referenceto Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s current report on Form 6-K furnished to the Commission on December 22, 2022 (File No.001-34936))2.1Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares under the Cayman Islands Share Registrar (incorporated herein byreference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-170055), initiallyfiled with the Commission on October 20, 2010)2.2Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares under the Hong Kong Share Registrar (incorporated herein byreference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s current report on Form 6-K furnished to the Commission on July 5, 2022 (FileNo. 001-34936))2.3Registrant’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (incorporated herein by reference to Form 424B3 (File No. 333-170167) filed with the Commission on December 23, 2022)2.4Deposit Agreement among the Registrant, the depositary and holders and beneficial holders of the American DepositaryShares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 from our S-8 registration statement (File No. 333-171541), as amended,filed with the Commission on January 5, 2011)2.5Amendment No. 1 to the Deposit Agreement among the Registrant, the depositary and holders and beneficial owners of theAmerican Depositary Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(i) to the Post-Effective Amendment No.1 tothe registration statement on Form F-6 (File No. 333-170167) filed with the Commission on March 15, 2016)2.6Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement between the Registrant and other parties therein dated June 30, 2010(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-170055), as amended, initiallyfiled with the Commission on October 20, 2010)2.7*Description of Registrant’s Securities4.12017 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our Form S-8 registration statement(File No. 333-222342) filed with the Commission on December 29, 2017)4.22022 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our Form S-8 registration statement (File No.333-268978) filed with the Commission on December 23, 2022)4.3Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its Directors and Officers (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.3 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-170055), as amended, initially filed with the Commission onOctober 20, 2010)Table of Contents175Exhibit Number Description of Document4.4Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and an Executive Officer of the Registrant (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.4 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-170055), as amended, initially filed with theCommission on October 20, 2010)4.5English translation of the Exclusive Option Agreement between Shanghai Noah Investment (Group) Co., Ltd. andshareholders of Noah Investment Management Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 from our F-1 registrationstatement (File No. 333-170055), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on October 20, 2010)4.6English translation of the Exclusive Support Service Contract between Shanghai Noah Investment Management Co., Ltd.and Shanghai Noah Investment (Group) Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 from our F-1 registrationstatement (File No. 333-170055), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on October 20, 2010)4.7English translation of the form of Power of Attorney issued by shareholders of Shanghai Noah Investment Management Co.,Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-170055), as amended,initially filed with the Commission on October 20, 2010)4.8English translation of the Share Pledge Agreement between Shanghai Noah Investment (Group) Co., Ltd. and shareholdersof Noah Investment Management Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 from our F-1 registration statement(File No. 333-170055), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on October 20, 2010)4.9 English translation of Loan Agreement between Jingbo Wang, Zhe Yin, Xinjun Zhang, Yan Wei, Boquan He, Qianghua Yanand Shanghai Noah Investment (Group) Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Shanghai Noah Rongyao Investment ConsultingCo., Ltd.), dated December 26, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-34936), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on March 24, 2014)4.10English translation of the Acquisition Agreement among Noah Kekong (Shanghai) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd.,Ningbo Meishan Free Trade Port Xinting Investment Partnership (Limited Partnership), Nanchang Qingting AssetManagement Co., Ltd., United Win (China) Technology Limited, Shanghai Qingting SunnyWorld Real Estate Co., Ltd.,New World (Qingdao) Real Estate Co., Ltd., Qi Hongbo and Lin Xia, dated May 9, 2021 (incorporated by reference toExhibit 4.11 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-34936), as amended, initially filed with the Commission onApril 6, 2022)8.1* List of Significant Consolidated Entities11.1 Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our F-1 registrationstatement (File No. 333-170055), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on October 20, 2010)12.1* Chief Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200212.2* Principal Accounting Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200213.1** Chief Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200213.2** Principal Accounting Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200215.1* Consent of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, an Independent Registered Public AccountingFirm15.2* Consent of Zhong Lun Law Firm15.3* Consent of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLPTable of Contents176Exhibit Number Description of Document15.4*Submission under Item 16.I.(a) of Form 20-F in relation to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act101.INS* XBRL Instance Document101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document104* Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)*Filed with this Annual Report on Form 20-F.**Furnished with this Annual Report on Form 20-F.Table of Contents177SIGNATURESThe registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused andauthorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.NOAH HOLDINGS LIMITEDBy:/s/ Jingbo WangName:Jingbo WangTitle:Chairwoman and Chief Executive OfficerDate: April 24, 2023Table of ContentsF-1Noah Holdings LimitedIndex to Consolidated Financial StatementsFor the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2021 and 2022Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 1113) F-2Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 F-5Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 F-6Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 F-7Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 F-8Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 F-9Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-11Additional Financial Information of Parent Company - Financial Statements Schedule IF-50Table of ContentsF-2REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTo the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Noah Holdings LimitedOpinion on the Financial StatementsWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Noah Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as ofDecember 31, 2021 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cashflows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listedin the Schedule I (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in allmaterial respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the results of their operations and theircash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally acceptedin the United States of America.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), theCompany’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the criteria established in Internal Control —Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report datedMarch 28, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.Convenience TranslationOur audits also comprehended the translation of Renminbi amounts into United States dollar amounts and, in our opinion, such translationhas been made in conformity with the basis stated in Note 2(u) to the financial statements. Such United States dollar amounts arepresented solely for the convenience of readers outside the People’s Republic of China.Basis for OpinionThese financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on thefinancial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independentwith respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securitiesand Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit toobtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Ouraudits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error orfraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding theamounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significantestimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our auditsprovide a reasonable basis for our opinion.Table of ContentsF-3Critical Audit MatterThe critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that wascommunicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to thefinancial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical auditmatter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the criticalaudit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.Allowance for credit losses — Loan receivables — Refer to Notes 2(x) and 11 to the financial statementsCritical Audit Matter DescriptionAs of December 31, 2022, the Company’s allowance of credit losses on loan receivables (“ACLL”) was RMB93.9 million, representsmanagement’s best estimate of losses inherent in the loan receivables. The Company estimated expected loss for loans with different riskcharateristics by using a method which involves the probability of default and loss given default assumption derived from applicablestatistical models. The methodology requires the projection of future loan repayments based on assumptions which are impacted byreasonable and supportable forecasts. The expected loss is computed on individual loan basis. In addition, adjustments for qualitativefactors are made to the ACLL when unique risk factors are identified and not considered within the models.Given the significant amount of judgment required by management to estimate the ACLL, performing audit procedures to evaluate thereasonableness of the estimated ACLL required a high degree of audit judgment and increased effort, including the need to involve ourcredit specialists.How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the AuditOur audit procedures related to the Company’s ACLL included the following, among others:●We tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls implemented by the Company related to the estimation ofACLL, including the appropriateness of the models applied, the reasonableness of the assumptions utilized and thequalitative factors considered.●On a sample basis, we tested the accuracy and completeness of the loan-level information and the internal historical dataused.●With the assistance of our specialists, we (i) evaluated the appropriateness of the statistical models utilized by themanagement, (ii) evaluated the relevance and appropriateness of internal and external information applied in the models and(iii) tested the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculation.●We inspected management’s documentation supporting the use of qualitative factors and analyzed the reasonableness of suchfactors./s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLPShanghai, ChinaMarch 28, 2023We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.Table of ContentsF-4REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTo the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Noah Holdings LimitedOpinion on Internal Control over Financial ReportingWe have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Noah Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as ofDecember 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee ofSponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects,effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — IntegratedFramework (2013) issued by COSO.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), theconsolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 of the Company and our report dated March 28, 2023expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and included an explanatory paragraph regarding the conveniencetranslation.Basis for OpinionThe Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of theeffectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Controlover Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based onour audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company inaccordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission andthe PCAOB.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit toobtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Ouraudit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists,testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such otherprocedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial ReportingA company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability offinancial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accountingprinciples. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenanceof records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) providereasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizationsof management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection ofunauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections ofany evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes inconditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate./s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLPShanghai, ChinaMarch 28, 2023Table of ContentsF-5Noah Holdings LimitedConsolidated Balance Sheets(Amount in Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data) As of December 31, 202120222022 RMB RMB US$Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents 3,404,603 4,403,915638,508Restricted cash 510 23,2033,364Short-term investments (including short-term investments measured at fair value of RMB63,515 and RMB295,319 as of December 31, 2021 and2022, respectively) 92,803 315,97945,813Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of RMB458 and RMB3,647 as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively 808,029 498,10672,219Amounts due from related parties, net of allowance for credit losses of RMB30,128 and RMB25,666 as of December 31, 2021 and 2022,respectively 451,389 443,42464,290Loan receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of RMB93,926 and RMB93,859 as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively 595,766 465,78067,532Other current assets 163,710 166,73924,175Total current assets 5,516,810 6,317,146915,901Long-term investments (including long-term investments measured at fair value of RMB457,284 and RMB706,413 as of December 31, 2021 and2022, respectively) 668,572 774,095112,232Investment in affiliates 1,402,083 1,491,820216,293Property and equipment, net 2,580,935 2,486,317360,482Operating lease right-of-use assets, net223,652168,19224,386Deferred tax assets 335,905 436,44163,278Other non-current assets, net of allowance for credit losses of RMB4,000 and nil as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively 161,832 124,12417,996Total Assets 10,889,789 11,798,1351,710,568Liabilities and Equity Current liabilities: (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Noah Holdings Ltd. See Note 2(b)) Accrued payroll and welfare expenses 946,547 668,95396,989Income tax payable 190,260 126,84818,391Deferred revenues 63,631 67,9679,854Contingent liabilities 433,345 568,01882,355Other current liabilities 649,255 473,175 68,604Total current liabilities 2,283,038 1,904,961276,193Deferred tax liabilities 234,134 249,76836,213Operating lease liabilities, non-current130,95683,17112,059Other non-current liabilities 100,020 59,7608,664Total Liabilities 2,748,148 2,297,660333,129Contingencies (Note 20) Shareholders’ equity: Ordinary shares (US$0.0005 par value): 91,394,900 Class A ordinary shares authorized, 22,683,970 shares issued and 21,764,455 sharesoutstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 100,000,000 ordinary shares authorized, 31,945,575 shares issued and 31,301,932 shares outstandingas of December 31, 2022 76 105158,605,100 shares and nil Class B ordinary shares authorized, 8,315,000 and nil shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2022,respectively 28 ——Treasury stock (919,515 and nil ordinary shares as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively) (541,379) — —Additional paid-in capital 3,534,741 3,803,183551,410Retained earnings 5,187,323 5,604,954812,642Accumulated other comprehensive loss (140,014) (2,546)(370)Total Noah Holdings Limited shareholders’ equity 8,040,775 9,405,6961,363,697Non-controlling interests 100,866 94,77913,742Total Shareholders’ Equity 8,141,641 9,500,4751,377,439Total Liabilities and Equity 10,889,789 11,798,1351,710,568The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.Table of ContentsF-6Noah Holdings LimitedConsolidated Statements of Operations(Amount in Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data) Year Ended December 31, 2020202120222022 RMB RMB RMB US$Revenues: Revenues from others One-time commissions 679,014 1,130,894 617,63689,549Recurring service fees 700,157 913,700 768,980111,492Performance-based income 180,529 391,903 184,04826,684Other service fees 196,151 161,982 223,44132,396Total revenues from others 1,755,851 2,598,479 1,794,105260,121Revenues from funds Gopher manages One-time commissions 129,823 140,522 63,8099,251Recurring service fees 1,230,042 1,195,309 1,145,435166,072Performance-based income 208,996 392,290 125,52818,200Total revenues from funds Gopher manages 1,568,861 1,728,121 1,334,772193,523Total revenues 3,324,712 4,326,600 3,128,877453,644Less:VAT related surcharges (18,886) (33,506) (28,505)(4,133)Net revenues 3,305,826 4,293,094 3,100,372449,511Operating cost and expenses: Compensation and benefits Relationship manager compensation (613,999) (920,896) (497,147)(72,080)Performance-based compensation (85,413) (158,043) (7,039)(1,021)Other compensations (804,600) (1,089,941) (937,696)(135,953)Total compensation and benefits (1,504,012) (2,168,880) (1,441,882)(209,054)Selling expenses (271,692) (437,131) (349,014)(50,602)General and administrative expenses (277,879) (383,321) (235,319)(34,118)(Provision for) reversal of credit losses(8,083)(112,959)42461Other operating expenses, net (99,040) (107,844) (115,653)(16,768)Government subsidies 113,356 115,939 129,52118,779Total operating cost and expenses (2,047,350) (3,094,196) (2,011,923)(291,702)Income from operations 1,258,476 1,198,898 1,088,449157,809Other (expenses) income: Interest income 67,317 71,866 61,4168,904Investment (loss) income (86,369) 65,426 85,55412,404Settlement expenses(1,828,907)(19,908)——Contingent litigation expenses——(99,000)(14,354)Other income (expense) 4,164 (18,240) 13,1301,904Total other (expenses) income (1,843,795) 99,144 61,1008,858(Loss) income before taxes and income from equity in affiliates (585,319) 1,298,042 1,149,549166,667Income tax expense (258,460) (293,940) (267,108)(38,727)Income from equity in affiliates 100,257 301,979 89,14812,925Net (loss) income (743,522) 1,306,081 971,589140,865Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests 1,703 (8,050) (4,982)(722)Net (loss) income attributable to Noah Holdings Limited shareholders (745,225) 1,314,131 976,571141,587Net (loss) income per share: Basic (24.02) 39.12 28.584.14Diluted (24.02) 38.90 28.564.14Weighted average number of shares used in computation: Basic 31,020,439 33,585,818 34,166,01634,166,016Diluted 31,020,439 33,781,773 34,198,07134,198,071The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.Table of ContentsF-7Noah Holdings LimitedConsolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income(Amount in Thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2020202120222022 RMB RMB RMB US$Net (loss) income (743,522) 1,306,081 971,589140,865Other comprehensive (loss) income , net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustments (176,910) (60,851) 137,55519,944Fair value fluctuation of available-for-sale investments, net of tax of nil(Note 4) 771 — — —Total other comprehensive (loss) income , net of tax (176,139) (60,851) 137,55519,944Comprehensive (loss) income (919,661) 1,245,230 1,109,144160,809Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests 1,727 (8,001) (4,895) (710)Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Noah Holdings Limitedshareholders (921,388) 1,253,231 1,114,039 161,519The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.Table of ContentsF-8Noah Holdings LimitedConsolidated Statements of Changes in Equity(Amount in Thousands, Except for Share Data) Total Noah AccumulatedHoldingsAdditionalOtherLimitedTotalClass AClass BPaid-inRetainedComprehensiveShareholders’NoncontrollingShareholders’Ordinary Shares2Ordinary SharesTreasury StockCapitalEarnings(Loss) IncomeEquityInterestsEquity Shares RMB1 Shares RMB Shares RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMBBalance at December 31, 2019 22,484,657 75 8,315,000 28 — — 2,181,323 4,734,992 97,049 7,013,467 861,493 7,874,960Net loss — — — — — — — (745,225) — (745,225) 1,703 (743,522)Share-based compensation — — — — — — 59,789 — — 59,789 — 59,789Vesting of restricted shares 75,253 — — — — — — — — — — —Issuance of ordinary shares upon exercise of options 134,639 1 — — — — 33,371 — — 33,372 — 33,372Restricted share units for settlement (Note 15)78,993—————1,290,811——1,290,811—1,290,811Other comprehensive income (loss)-foreign currencytranslation adjustments — — — — — — — — (176,934) (176,934) 24 (176,910)Other comprehensive income-change in fair value ofavailable-for-sale investments — — — — — — — — 771 771 — 771Divestment of non-controlling interests — — — — — — — — — — (90,849) (90,849)Impact of acquisition (Note 2(b)) — — — — — — — — — — 1,417 1,417Distributions to non-controlling interests — — — — — — — — — — (28,335) (28,335)Disposal of a subsidiary (Note 2(b)) — — — — — — — — — — (649,220) (649,220)Repurchase of ordinary shares — — — — (544,202) (290,913) — — — (290,913) — (290,913)Acquisition of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries——————373——373(4,373)(4,000)Balance at December 31, 2020 22,773,542 76 8,315,000 28 (544,202) (290,913) 3,565,667 3,989,767 (79,114) 7,185,511 91,860 7,277,371Net income - — — — - - - 1,314,131-1,314,131(8,050)1,306,081Share-based compensation - — — — - - 51,037--51,037-51,037Treasury stock reissued for vesting of restricted shares, net - — — — 57,064 32,557 (5,700) (26,857) - - - -Treasury stock reissued for stock options exercised, net -———37,60621,456(3,748)(6,594)-11,114-11,114Treasury stock reissued for settlement, net (Note 15) -———102,70058,59495,339(48,336)-105,597-105,597Other comprehensive income (loss)-foreign currencytranslation adjustments - — — — - - - - (60,900)(60,900)49(60,851)Receipt of employees’ shares to satisfy tax withholdingobligations related to share-based compensation - — — — (89,572) (34,788) - - -(34,788)-(34,788)Non-controlling interest capital injection - — — — - - 15,689--15,68927,67443,363Divestment of non-controlling interests-———--3,547--3,547(14,190)(10,643)Impact of acquisition (Note 2(b)) - — — — - - - - - - 1,0121,012Distributions to non-controlling interests-———------(5,772)(5,772)Acquisition of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries(Note 2 (j))-———--(187,090)--(187,090)8,283(178,807)Repurchase of ordinary shares-———(572,683)(363,073)---(363,073)-(363,073)Retirement of treasury stock(89,572)———89,57234,788-(34,788)----Balance at December 31, 2021 22,683,970768,315,00028(919,515)(541,379)3,534,7415,187,323(140,014)8,040,775100,8668,141,641Net income - - — — — — - 976,571—976,571(4,982)971,589Share-based compensation - - — — — — 42,300--42,300-42,300Treasury stock reissued for vesting of restricted shares, net - - — — 32,312 20,252 (3,436) (16,816) - - - —Treasury stock reissued for stock options exercised, net --——6,0093,585(618)(1,474)-1,493-1,493Restricted share units for settlement (Note 15) 102,700-————-----—Other comprehensive income (loss)-foreign currencytranslation adjustments - - — — — — - - 137,468137,46887137,555Receipt of employees’ shares to satisfy tax withholdingobligations related to share-based compensation--——(70,704)(23,111)---(23,111)-(23,111)Non-controlling interest capital injection - - — — — — - - --17,68017,680Divestment of non-controlling interests--————(10,315)--(10,315)(13,338)(23,653)Impact of acquisition (Note 2(b)) - - — — — — ----966966Distributions to non-controlling interests(6,500)(6,500)(6,500)(13,000)Class B Ordinary Shares transfer to Class A OrdinaryShares (Note 3) 8,315,00028(8,315,000)(28)——-----—Issuance of ordinary shares upon completion of Hong Kongpublic Offering1,152,1604————247,011--247,015-247,015Retirement of treasury stock(951,898)(3)——951,898540,653(540,650)---—Balance at December 31, 2022 31,301,932105————3,803,1835,604,954(2,546)9,405,69694,7799,500,475The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.1The amount less than RMB 1 is rounded to zero.2Upon adoption of the sixth amended memorandum and articles of association on December 23, 2022, the Company no longer has dual-class voting structure.3As of December 31, 2022, 643,643 ordinary shares were issued in relation to the future share awards for employees (Note 14) andsettlement (Note 15). These shares are considered legally issued but not outstanding.Table of ContentsF-9Noah Holdings LimitedConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows(Amount in Thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2020202120222022 RMB RMB RMB US$Cash flows from operating activities: Net (loss) income (743,522) 1,306,081 971,589140,865Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: Loss (gain) from disposal of property and equipment 572 (6,063) 1,183172Depreciation expenses 98,452 146,567 155,96822,613Non-cash lease expenses84,74885,69595,28013,814Share-based compensation expenses 59,789 51,037 42,3006,133Share-based settlement expenses1,290,81119,908——Income from equity in affiliates, net of dividends (60,397) (206,218) (33,708)(4,887)Loss from disposal of subsidiaries 1,879 — ——Provision for (reversal of) credit losses 8,083 112,959 (424)(61)Amortization of unearned lease income (3,091) — ——Impairment of long-term investments115,10010,000——Fair value (gains) losses in the consolidated funds (11,383) (2,520) 10,4831,520Fair value gains of equity investments measured at fair value (6,458) (67,420) (99,991)(14,496)Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable (219,330) (362,996) 304,69844,177Amounts due from related parties 14,990 53,194 (2,040)(296)Other current assets (96,832) 57,135 (17,001)(2,465)Other non-current assets (32,202) (8,919) 33,6224,875Accrued payroll and welfare expenses 149,903 240,925 (277,594)(40,246)Income taxes payable 14,034 49,483 (63,412)(9,194)Deferred revenues (29,080) (7,982) 4,336629Other current liabilities (361,210) 191,420 (178,823)(25,927)Other non-current liabilities (2,578) 99,165 (40,260)(5,837)Contingent liabilities 530,433 (11,398) 99,00014,354Lease assets and liabilities(22,463)(93,805)(94,535)(13,706)Trading debt securities — (14,804) (192,866)(27,963)Deferred tax assets and liabilities (67,330) (119,606) (84,904)(12,310)Acquisitions and sales of investment products 83,435 — ——Net cash provided by operating activities 796,353 1,521,838 632,90191,764Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of property and equipment (51,618) (2,271,216) (62,710)(9,092)Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment — 38,845 ——Purchase of held-to-maturity investments (225,000) (17,000) (1,035)(150)Proceeds from redemption of held-to-maturity investments 176,389 101,639 9,6621,401Purchases of available-for-sale investments — (15,000) ——Proceeds from sale or redemption of available-for-sale investments — 15,632 ——Purchases of short-term equity securities — (18,975) (1,722)(250)Proceeds from short-term equity securities—3,6863,887564Purchase of other long-term investments (6,454) (91,256) (3,943) (572)Proceeds from sale of other long-term investments 26,606 8,465 19,366 2,808Purchase of investments held by consolidated funds—(3,327)(75,029)(10,878)Proceeds from investments held by consolidated funds 72,608 8,777 30,6274,440Loans to related parties (164,993) (28,629) (21,375)(3,099)Principal collection of loans to related parties 174,523 18,101 36,3085,264Loans disbursement to third parties (417,934) (1,007,378) (200,111)(29,012)Principal collection of loans originated to third parties 639,551 685,978 348,44650,521Increase in investments in affiliates (67,865) (101,988) (73,296)(10,627)Capital return from investments in affiliates 168,344 129,507 65,2149,455Proceeds from disposal of subsidiaries, net of cash deconsolidated 20,331 — ——Acquisitions, net of cash acquired8,096(27,955)——Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 352,584 (2,572,094) 74,28910,773The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.Table of ContentsF-10Noah Holdings LimitedConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows(Amount in Thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2020202120222022 RMB RMB RMB US$Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from offereing, net of issuance cost — — 247,01535,814Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares upon exercise of stock options 33,372 11,114 1,493216Contribution from non-controlling interests — 43,363 17,680 2,563Distributions to non-controlling interests (28,335) (5,772) — —Payments to acquire non-controlling interests in subsidiaries (4,000) (178,807) — —Divestment of non-controlling interests(90,849)(10,643)(23,653)(3,429)Payment for repurchase of ordinary shares(281,610)(372,376)——Payments of assumed liability resulting from certain asset acquisition——(8,774)(1,272)Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (371,422) (513,121) 233,76133,892Effect of exchange rate changes (148,745) (46,714) 81,05411,751Net increases (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 628,770 (1,610,091) 1,022,005148,180Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of the year 4,393,934 5,022,704 3,412,613494,782Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of the year 5,022,704 3,412,613 4,434,618642,962Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid for income taxes 310,586 364,120 407,49459,081Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities: Purchase of property and equipment in other current liabilities 1,662 44,875 36,7635,330Consideration payable of repurchase of ordinary shares 9,303 — ——Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities64,27552,18355,7618,085Reconciliation to amounts on consolidated balance sheets:Cash and cash equivalents 5,005,211 3,404,603 4,403,915 638,508Restricted cash 9,993 510 23,2033,364Restricted cash – non-current included in other non-current assets 7,500 7,500 7,5001,090Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash5,022,7043,412,6134,434,618642,962The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.Table of ContentsF-11Noah Holdings LimitedNotes to the Consolidated Financial StatementsFor the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022(In Thousands Renminbi, except for share and per share data, or otherwise stated)1. Organization and Principal ActivitiesNoah Holdings Limited (“Company”) was incorporated on June 29, 2007 in the Cayman Islands with limited liability. TheCompany, through its subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) (collectively, the “Group”), is a leading and pioneerwealth management service provider in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) offering comprehensive one-stop advisory services onglobal investment and asset allocation primarily for high net wealth (“HNW”) investors. The Group began offering services in 2005through Shanghai Noah Investment Management Co., Ltd. (“Noah Investment”), a consolidated VIE, founded in the PRC in August 2005.2. Summary of Principal Accounting Policies(a) Basis of PresentationThe consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates of America (“U.S. GAAP”).(b) Principles of ConsolidationThe consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs.All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.A consolidated subsidiary is an entity in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the votingpower or has the power to: appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors; cast a majority of votes at the meetingof the board of directors; or govern the financial and operating policies of the investee under a statute or agreement among theshareholders or equity holders.U.S. GAAP provides guidance on the identification and financial reporting for entities over which control is achieved throughmeans other than voting interests. The Group evaluates each of its interests in entities to determine whether or not the investee is a VIEand, if so, whether the Group is the primary beneficiary of such VIE. In determining whether the Group is the primary beneficiary, theGroup considers if the Group (1) has power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the VIE,and (2) receives the economic benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. The consolidation guidance requires an analysis todetermine (i) whether an entity in which the Group holds a variable interest is a VIE and (ii) whether the Group’s involvement, throughholding interests directly or indirectly in the entity or contractually through other variable interests (for example, management andperformance income), would give it a controlling financial interest. If deemed the primary beneficiary, the Group consolidates the VIE.Consolidation through contractual arrangementsThe Company had been engaged in the asset management business through contractual arrangements among its PRC subsidiary,Shanghai Noah Investment (Group) Co., Ltd (“Noah Group”), its PRC VIE, Noah Investment, and Noah Investment’s shareholders(“Registered Shareholders”). The Group relies on the contractual agreements with Noah Investment and the Registered Shareholders for aportion of its operations in the PRC, including the Group’s asset management business. Because of the contractual arrangements, theCompany is able to consolidate the financial results of Noah Investment and its operating subsidiaries.Table of ContentsF-12Since the Company does not have any equity interests in Noah Investment, in order to exercise effective control over itsoperations, the Company, through Noah Group, entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Noah Investment and itsshareholders, pursuant to which the Company is entitled to receive effectively all economic benefits generated from all the equity interestsin Noah Investment. These contractual arrangements include:(i)Exclusive Option AgreementPursuant to an exclusive option agreement entered into by the Registered Shareholders and Noah Group in September 2007 (the“Exclusive Option Agreement”), the Registered Shareholders granted Noah Group or its third-party designee an irrevocable and exclusiveoption to purchase all or part of their equity interests in Noah Investment when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. The purchase priceshall be the minimum purchase price permitted under PRC law, or a higher price as otherwise agreed by the Noah Group. Noah Groupmay exercise such option at any time and from time to time until it has acquired all equity interests of Noah Investment. During the termof this agreement, the Registered Shareholders are prohibited from transferring their equity interests in Noah Investment to any third party,and Noah Investment is prohibited from declaring and paying any dividend without Noah Group’s prior consent.(ii)Exclusive Support Service AgreementPursuant to an exclusive support service agreement entered into by Noah Investment and Noah Group in September 2007 (the“Exclusive Support Service Agreement”), Noah Investment has engaged Noah Group as its exclusive technical and operational consultantto support Noah Investment’s operational activities. Noah Group has agreed to provide certain support services to Noah Investment,including client management, technical and operational support and other services, for which Noah Investment has agreed to pay to NoahGroup service fees determined based on actual services provided, which shall be the income of Noah Investment, less (i) expenses andcosts, and (ii) the License Fee (as defined below). Noah Group is also obligated to grant Noah Investment licenses to use certainintellectual property rights, for which Noah Investment has agreed to pay license fees (the “License Fee”) at the rates set by the board ofNoah Group.(iii)Share Pledge AgreementPursuant to the share pledge agreement entered into by each of the Registered Shareholders and Noah Group in September 2007(the “Share Pledge Agreement”), the Registered Shareholders pledged all of their equity interests in Noah Investment (the “Pledge EquityInterests”) to Noah Group as collateral to secure their obligations under the Exclusive Option Agreement and Noah Investment’sobligations under the Exclusive Support Service Agreement. In the case that Noah Investment increases its registered capital upon priorwritten consent of Noah Group, the Pledge Equity Interests shall include all the additional equity interests subscribed by the RegisteredShareholders in such capital increase. If Noah Investment or the Registered Shareholders breach any of their respective obligations underthe Exclusive Support Service Agreement or the Exclusive Option Agreement, Noah Group, as the pledgee, will be entitled to certainrights, including being repaid in priority by the proceeds from auction or sale of the Pledge Equity Interests. The share pledges under theShare Pledge Agreement have been registered with competent branches of State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC.(iv)Powers of AttorneyEach of the Registered Shareholders executed a power of attorney in September 2007 (the “Powers of Attorney”), respectively, togrant Noah Group or its designee the power of attorney to act on his or her behalf on all matters pertaining to Noah Investment and toexercise all of his or her rights as the registered shareholder of Noah Investment, including the right to attend shareholders meetings,appoint board members and senior management members, other voting rights and the right to transfer all or a part of his or her equityinterests in Noah Investment. The Powers of Attorney shall remain irrevocable and effective during the period that the RegisteredShareholders are shareholders of Noah Investment.Table of ContentsF-13The contractual arrangements provide the Company effective control over Noah Investment and its subsidiaries, while the SharePledge Agreement secure the equity owners’ obligations under the relevant agreements. Because the Company, through Noah Group, has(i) the power to direct the activities of Noah Investment that most significantly affect its economic performance and (ii) the right to receivesubstantially all of the benefits from Noah Investment, the Company is deemed the primary beneficiary of Noah Investment. Accordingly,the Group has consolidated the financial statements of Noah Investment since its inception. The aforementioned contractual agreementsare effective agreements between a parent and a consolidated subsidiary, neither of which is separately accounted for in the consolidatedfinancial statements (i.e. a call option on subsidiary shares under the Exclusive Option Agreement or a guarantee of subsidiaryperformance under the Share Pledge Agreement) or are ultimately eliminated upon consolidation (i.e. service fees under the ExclusiveSupport Service Agreement).The Company believes that its corporate structure and the contractual arrangements do not result in a violation of the currentapplicable PRC laws and regulations. The Company’s PRC Legal Adviser, based on its understanding of PRC laws and regulationscurrently in effect, is of the opinion that each of the contracts under the contractual arrangements among the Company’s wholly-ownedPRC subsidiary, Noah Group, Noah Investment, and its shareholders, is valid, legal and binding in accordance with its terms. However, theCompany has been further advised by its PRC Legal Adviser that as there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation andapplication of PRC laws and regulations and relevant regulatory measures concerning the foreign investment restrictions andadministrative licenses and permits related to various underlying industries, there can be no assurance that the PRC government authoritiesor courts, or other authorities that regulate the industries that the Group’s funds are directly or indirectly investing into, would agree thatthe Company’s corporate structure or any of the contracts under the contractual arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration orother regulatory requirements, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. PRC laws andregulations governing the legality, validity and enforceability of the contractual arrangements are uncertain and the relevant governmentauthorities have broad discretion in interpreting these laws and regulations.If the Company’s corporate structure and the contractual arrangements are deemed by relevant regulatory authorities to be illegal,either in whole or in part, the Company may lose control of its VIEs and have to modify such structure to comply with regulatoryrequirements. However, there can be no assurance that the Company can achieve this without material disruption to its business. Further, ifthe Company’s corporate structure and the contractual arrangements are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws orregulations, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:●revoking the Group’s business and operating licenses;●levying fines on the Group;●confiscating any of the Group’s income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations;●shutting down the Group’s services;●discontinuing or restricting the Group’s operations in China;●imposing conditions or requirements with which the Group may not be able to comply;●requiring the Group to change its corporate structure and the contractual arrangements;●restricting or prohibiting the Group’s use of the proceeds from overseas offering to finance the VIEs’ business andoperations; and●taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to the Group’s business.Table of ContentsF-14Consolidation of investment fundsIn evaluating whether the investment funds in the legal form of limited partnership the Group manages as general partner areVIEs or not, the Group firstly assesses whether a simple majority or lower threshold of limited partnership interests, excluding interestsheld by the general partner, parties under common control of the general partner, or parties acting on behalf of the general partner, havesubstantive kick-out rights or participating rights. If such rights exist, the limited partnership is not deemed as a VIE and no furtheranalysis will be performed. If the limited partnership is assessed to be a VIE, the Group will further assess whether there is any interest ithas constituted a variable interest. The Group concludes that the service fees it earns, including carried interest earned in the capacity ofgeneral partner, are commensurate with the level of effort required to provide such services and are at arm’s length and therefore are notdeemed as variable interests. Before 2015, all limited partnerships the Group managed as general partner had substantive kick-out rightsexercisable by a simple-majority of non-related limited partners and therefore were not deemed as VIEs. Since 2015, not all the newlyformed limited partnerships the Group manages as general partners have substantive kick-out rights exercisable by a simple-majority ofnon-related limited partners and therefore constitute VIEs. The Group performed a quantitative analysis to determine if its interest couldabsorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIEs and if it would be deemed to be the primary beneficiaryof the VIEs. Such limited partnerships are deemed as VIEs not consolidated by the Group if the general partner interest to absorb losses orreceive benefits is not potentially significant to the VIEs.The Group also manages contractual funds as fund manager and earns management fee and/or performance-based income. Thecontractual funds are VIEs as the fund investors do not have substantive kick-out rights or participating rights. The Group from time totime invested in the contractual funds it manages for investment income. Such investments constitute variable interests to the contractualfunds.The Group determines whether it is a primary beneficiary of a VIE when it initially involves with a VIE and reconsiders thatconclusion when facts and circumstances change.The Group does not provide performance guarantees and has no other financial obligation to provide funding to consolidatedVIEs other than its own capital commitments.During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Group deconsolidated an investment fund upon the withdrawal of partialinvestment as it was no longer the primary beneficiary of the fund. As of the date of deconsolidation, the Group’s total assets, totalliabilities and non-controlling interests were reduced by RMB757.8 million, RMB108.6 million and RMB649.2 million, respectively.The Group assessed whether it was the primary beneficiary and consolidated or deconsolidated several funds during the yearsended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, other than the transaction described herein, the impact of which was immaterial.Table of ContentsF-15The following amounts of Noah Investment and its subsidiaries and the consolidated funds were included in the Group’sconsolidated financial statements and are presented before the elimination of intercompany transactions with the non-VIE subsidiaries ofthe Group. As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands)202120222022 RMB RMB US$Cash and cash equivalents 1,181,479 1,566,729227,154Restricted cash 510 1,916278Short-term investments 9,662 82,59411,975Accounts receivable, net 475,652 161,95723,482Amounts due from related parties, net 276,744 287,57741,694Loans receivables, net50,88468,8059,976Other current assets 53,247 64,9009,410Long-term investments 300,720 348,99250,599Investment in affiliates 854,138 858,700124,500Property and equipment, net 43,971 35,6945,175Operating lease right-of-use assets, net15,03113,5981,972Deferred tax assets 63,312 92,10513,354Other non-current assets 7,620 3,753544Total assets 3,332,970 3,587,320520,113Accrued payroll and welfare expenses 381,653 236,13134,236Income tax payable 149,226 123,09917,848Amounts due to the Group’s subsidiaries* 179,325 55,7628,085Deferred revenue 6,721 8,6161,249Other current liabilities 238,738 178,65225,902Deferred tax liabilities 254 17,7192,569Other non-current liabilities53,11913,9672,025Operating lease liabilities, non-current15,5126,850993Total liabilities 1,024,548 640,79692,907*Amounts due to the Group’s subsidiaries are eliminated in the process of preparing the consolidated balance sheets.Table of ContentsF-16Year Ended December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2020 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBRMBUS$Revenues: Revenues from others One-time commissions 161,272 552,761 365,92753,054Recurring service fees — 50,817 50,4947,321Other service fees 84,752 69,951 105,61215,312Total revenues from others 246,024 673,529 522,03375,687Revenues from funds Gopher manages One-time commissions 36,290 86,801 50,2277,282Recurring service fees 569,154 588,337 665,72496,521Performance-based income 133,276 165,791 51,6887,494Total revenues from funds Gopher manages 738,720 840,929 767,639111,297Total revenues(1) 984,744 1,514,458 1,289,672186,984Less: VAT related surcharges (6,155) (9,350) (7,452)(1,080)Net revenues 978,589 1,505,108 1,282,220185,904Total operating cost and expenses(2) (524,913) (867,215) (586,993)(85,106)Total other income 68,444 23,868 105,42615,285Net income 393,299 616,421 658,02395,404Net income attributable to Noah Holdings Limited shareholders 393,508 621,010 628,64591,145Cash flows (used in) provided by operating activities(3) (409,359) 562,400 661,94495,973Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities 357,026 (207,114) (275,289)(39,913)Cash flows used in financing activities — (16,416) ——(1)The total revenues include intragroup transactions amounted to RMB43,101, RMB38,399 and RMB64,419 for the years endedDecember 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, which were eliminated in the process of preparing the consolidated statements ofoperations.(2)The total operating cost and expenses include intragroup transactions amounted to RMB141,702, RMB186,962 and RMB264,376 forthe years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, which were eliminated in the process of preparing the consolidatedstatements of operations.(3)Cash flows provided by operating activities in 2020, 2021 and 2022 include amounts due to the Group’s subsidiaries of RMB143,454,RMB179,325 and RMB55,762 (US$8,085).The VIEs contributed an aggregate of 29.6%, 35.1% and 41.4% of the consolidated net revenues for the years endedDecember 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively and an aggregate of 47.2% and 66.4% of the consolidated net income for the years endedDecember 31, 2020 and 2022, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the net income of the VIEs contributed an aggregate36.2% of the consolidated net income excluding the settlement expenses. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the VIEs accounted for anaggregate of 30.6% and 30.4%, respectively, of the consolidated total assets.There are no consolidated assets of the VIEs and their subsidiaries that are collateral for the obligations of the VIEs and theirsubsidiaries and can only be used to settle the obligations of the VIEs and their subsidiaries, except for the cash held by the consolidatedfunds of which cash could only be used by the consolidated funds. There are no terms in any arrangements, considering both explicitarrangements and implicit variable interests that require the Company or its subsidiaries to provide financial support to the VIEs.However, if the VIEs ever need financial support, the Company or its subsidiaries may, at its option and subject to statutory limits andrestrictions, provide financial support to its VIEs through loans to the shareholders of the VIEs or entrustment loans to the VIEs.Table of ContentsF-17Relevant PRC laws and regulations restrict the VIEs from transferring a portion of their net assets, equivalent to the balance of itsstatutory reserve and its share capital, to the Group in the form of loans and advances or cash dividends. Please refer to Note 17 fordisclosure of restricted net assets.As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Group had some variable interests in various investment funds and contractual funds thatwere VIEs but were not consolidated by the Group as the Group was not determined to be the primary beneficiary of the funds. Themaximum potential financial statement loss the Group could incur if the investment funds and contractual funds were to default on all oftheir obligations is (i) the loss of value of the interests in such investments that the Group holds, including equity investments recorded ininvestments in affiliates as well as debt securities investments recorded in short-term investments and long-term investments in theconsolidated balance sheet, and (ii) any management fee and/or carried interest receivables as well as loans to the funds recorded inamounts due from related parties. The following table summarizes the Group’s maximum exposure to loss associated with identified non-consolidated VIEs in which it holds variable interests as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBUS$Amounts due from related parties 40,401 25,4733,693Investments 497,154 508,37673,708Maximum exposure to loss in non-consolidated VIEs 537,555 533,84977,401The Group has not provided other form of financial support to these non-consolidated VIEs during the years ended December 31,2021 and 2022, and had no liabilities, contingent liabilities, or guarantees (implicit or explicit) related to these non-consolidated VIEs as ofDecember 31, 2021 and 2022.(c) Use of EstimatesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptionsthat affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financialstatements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from suchestimates. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include assumptions used todetermine valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, allowance for credit losses, fair value measurement of underlying investmentportfolios of the funds that the Group invests, fair value of financial instruments, assumptions related to the consolidation of entities inwhich the Group holds variable interests, assumptions related to the valuation of share-based compensation, variable consideration forrevenue recognition, impairment of long-term investments, impairment of long-lived assets, determination of the incremental borrowingrates used for operating lease liabilities and loss contingencies.(d) Concentration of Credit RiskThe Group is subject to potential significant concentrations of credit risk consisting principally of cash and cash equivalents,accounts receivable, amounts due from related parties, loan receivables and investments. All of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents andmore than half of investments are held at financial institutions, Group’s management believes, to be high credit quality. The Group alsoinvests in equity securities of private companies, of which no single equity security accounted for more than 3% of total assets as ofDecember 31, 2021, and 2022. In addition, the Group’s investment policy limits its exposure to concentrations of credit risk.Credit of lending business is controlled by the application of credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures. To minimizecredit risk, the Group requires collateral in form of right to securities. The Group identifies credit risk on a customer by customer basis.The information is monitored regularly by management.There were no investment product providers which accounted for 10% or more of total revenues for the years ended December31, 2020. There was an investment product provider which accounted for 11.4% and 11.1% of the Group’s total revenues for the yearended December 31, 2021 and 2022.Table of ContentsF-18(e) Investments in AffiliatesAffiliated companies are entities over which the Group has significant influence, but which it does not control. The Groupgenerally considers an ownership interest of 20% or higher to represent significant influence. Investments in affiliates are accounted for bythe equity method of accounting. Under this method, the Group’s share of the post-acquisition profits or losses of affiliated companies isrecognized in the statements of operations and its shares of post-acquisition movements in other comprehensive income are recognized inother comprehensive income. Unrealized gains on transactions between the Group and its affiliated companies are eliminated to the extentof the Group’s interest in the affiliated companies; unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of animpairment of the asset transferred. When the Group’s share of losses in an affiliated company equals or exceeds its interest in theaffiliated company, the Group does not recognize further losses, unless the Group has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf ofthe affiliated company. Any dividends received on affiliated companies are recorded as a reduction to the investment balance. Animpairment loss is recorded when there has been a loss in value of the investment that is other than temporary.The Group also considers it has significant influence over the funds that it serves as general partner or fund manager. For fundsthat the Group is not deemed the primary beneficiary of these funds, the equity method of accounting is accordingly used for investmentsby the Group in these funds. In addition, the investee funds meet the definition of an Investment Company under ASC 946 and arerequired to report their investment assets at fair value. The Group records its equity pick-up based on its percentage ownership of theinvestee funds’ operating result.(f) Fair Value of Financial InstrumentsThe Group records certain of its financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value reflects the price thatwould be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at themeasurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fairvalue, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and considers assumptions that marketparticipants would use when pricing the asset or liability.The Group applies a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use ofunobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon thelowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy is as follows:Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that areobservable for the asset or liability, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical assetor liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in whichsignificant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant tothe measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.As a practical expedient, the Group uses Net Asset Value (“NAV”) or its equivalent to measure the fair value of certain privateequity funds. NAV is primarily determined based on information provided by external fund administrators.(g) Cash and Cash EquivalentsCash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, demand deposits, fixed term deposits and money market funds, which areunrestricted as to withdrawal and use, and which have original maturities of three months or less when purchased, presenting insignificantrisk of changes in value.As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, cash and cash equivalents of RMB24,806 and RMB11,455, respectively, was held by theconsolidated funds. Cash and cash equivalents held by the consolidated funds represents cash that, although not legally restricted, is notavailable to general liquidity needs of the Group as the use of such funds is generally limited to the investment activities of theconsolidated funds.Table of ContentsF-19(h) Restricted CashThe Group’s restricted cash primarily represents cash legally set aside for specified purposes, including (1) cash deposits requiredby China Insurance Regulatory Commission for entities engaging in insurance agency or brokering activities in the PRC, which cannot bewithdrawn without the written approval of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, and (2) cash held on behalf of clients which shallbe segregated or set aside based on the rules mandated by regulators.(i) InvestmentsThe Group invests in debt securities and accounts for the investments based on the nature of the products invested, and theGroup’s intent and ability to hold the investments to maturity.The Group’s investments in debt securities include marketable bond fund securities, trust products, asset management plans,contractual funds and real estate funds those have a stated maturity and normally pay a prospective fixed rate of return and secondarymarket equity fund products, the underlying assets of which are portfolios of equity investments in listed enterprises. The Group classifiesthe investments in debt securities as held-to-maturity when it has both the positive intent and ability to hold them until maturity. Held-to-maturity investments are recorded at amortized cost and are classified as long-term or short-term according to their contractual maturity.Long-term investments are reclassified as short-term when their contractual maturity date is less than one year. Investments that are boughtand held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading debt securities. Investments that do not meetthe criteria of held-to-maturity or trading debt securities are classified as available-for-sale, and are reported at fair value with changes infair value deferred in other comprehensive income.The Group records equity investments that are not subject to equity method of accounting at fair value, with gains and lossesrecorded through net earnings. In accordance with ASC 321, the Group elects the measurement alternative and records certain equityinvestments without readily determinable fair value at cost, less impairments, plus or minus observable price changes. The Groupcontinues to apply the alternative measurement guidance until the investments have readily determinable fair values or become eligible forthe NAV practical expedient. The Group may subsequently elect to measure such investments at fair value and the election of changingmeasurement approach is irrevocable. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group subsequently elected to apply fair valuemeasurement for several equity investments initially measured at cost, less impairment, and upon the election, RMB105,856 of fair valuegain was recorded in the investment income.Equity investments the Group elects to use measurement alternative are evaluated for impairment qualitatively at each reportingdate based on various factors, including projected and historical financial performance, cash flow forecasts and financing needs, theregulatory and economic environment of the investee and overall health of the investee’s industry. If impairment indicators of theinvestment are noted, the Group has to estimate the fair value of the investment in accordance with ASC 820. An impairment loss in netincome will be recognized equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value if the fair value is less than the investment’scarrying value.For held-to-maturity investments, the Group evaluates current expected credit loss (“CECL”) upon acquisition at the pool levelbased on available information relevant to assessing the collectability of cash flows. An expected credit loss will be recognized as anallowance through earnings if the net amount of cash flow expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis. For available-for-sale investments, the impairment is assessed under the specific identification method based on available quantitative and qualitativeevidences, and the credit loss is recorded through an allowance approach as opposed to a permanent write-down of cost basis.(j) Non-controlling interestsA non-controlling interest in a subsidiary of the Group represents the portion of the equity (net assets) in the subsidiary notdirectly or indirectly attributable to the Group. Non-controlling interests are presented as a separate component of equity in theconsolidated balance sheet, earnings and other comprehensive income are attributed to controlling and non-controlling interests.Table of ContentsF-20The following schedule shows the effects of changes in the Company’s ownership interest in less than wholly owned subsidiarieson equity attributable to Noah Holdings Limited shareholders:Years Ended December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2020 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBRMBUS$Net (loss) income attributable to Noah Holdings Limited shareholders (745,225) 1,314,131 976,571141,587Transfers from (to) the non-controlling interests: Increase (decrease) in Noah’s equity by acquiring equity interests from non-controlling interests 373 (187,090) — —Increase (decrease) in Noah’s equity from divestment of non-controlling interests — 3,547 (10,315) (1,496)Increase in Noah’s capital from contribution of non-controlling interests — 15,689 ——Decrease in Noah’s equity from distributions to non-controlling interests——(6,500)(942)Net transfers from (to) non-controlling interests373(167,854)(16,815)(2,438)Change from net (loss) income attributable to Noah Holdings Limited shareholdersand transfers from (to) non-controlling interests(744,852)1,146,277959,756139,149In 2021, the Group purchased equity interests in subsidiaries from certain non-controlling interest holders (unrelated third parties)for cash considerations of RMB178.8 million while the Group maintains control of subsidiaries and thus represents equity transactions.The transactions were accounted for equity transactions with no impact on current period earnings, given the Group maintained the controlof the subsidiaries before and after the transactions.(k) Property and Equipment, netProperty and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, and is depreciated using the straight-line method over thefollowing estimated useful lives: Estimated Useful Lives in YearsLeasehold improvements Shorter of the lease term or expected useful lifeFurniture, fixtures and equipment 3 - 5 yearsMotor vehicles 5 yearsSoftware 2 - 5 yearsBuildings 30 yearsThe estimated useful life of buildings acquired in the year of 2021 was determined based on the remaining term of the real estatecertificate.Gains and losses from the disposal of property and equipment are included in income from operations.(l) Impairment of long-lived assetsThe Group reviews long-lived assets for indicators of impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that thecarrying amount may not be recoverable. The evaluation is performed at the lowest level of identifiable cash flows. Undiscounted cashflows expected to be generated by the related assets are estimated over the asset’s useful life based on updated projections. If theevaluation indicates that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable, any potential impairment is measured based upon thefair value of the related asset or asset group as determined by an appropriate market appraisal or other valuation technique.Table of ContentsF-21(m) Revenue RecognitionUnder the guidance of ASC 606, the Group is required to (a) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (b) identify the performanceobligations in the contract, (c) determine the transaction price, (d) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in thecontract and (e) recognize revenue when (or as) the Group satisfies its performance obligation. In determining the transaction price, theGroup has included variable consideration only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulativerevenue recognized would not occur. Revenues are recorded, net of sales related taxes and surcharges.The following table summarizes the Group’s main revenues streams from contracts with its customers:Revenue Streams Performance Obligation Satisfied Over Time orPoint In Time Payment Terms Variable orFixed ConsiderationsOne-time commissions - Funddistribution servicesPoint in timeTypically paid within a month after investment productestablishedFixedOne-time commissions - Insurancebrokerage servicesPoint in timeTypically paid within a month after insurance policy issuedand/or renewedFixed andVariableRecurring service feesOver timeTypically quarterly, semi-annually or annuallyVariablePerformance-based incomePoint in timeTypically paid shortly after the income has been determinedVariableLending servicesOver timeTypically monthly in arrearsFixedOne-time commissionsThe Group earns one-time commissions from fund raising services provided to clients or investment product providers. TheGroup enters into one-time commission agreements with clients or investment product providers which specify the key terms andconditions of the arrangement. One-time commissions are separately negotiated for each transaction and generally do not include rights ofreturn, credits or discounts, rebates, price protection or other similar privileges, and typically paid on or shortly after the transaction iscompleted. Upon establishment of an investment product, the Group earns one-time commission from clients or investment productproviders, calculated as a percentage of the investment products purchased by its clients. The Group defines the “establishment of aninvestment product” for its revenue recognition purpose as the time when both of the following two criteria are met: (1) the investorreferred by the Group has entered into a purchase or subscription contract with the relevant product provider and, if required, the investorhas transferred a deposit to an escrow account designated by the product provider and (2) the product provider has issued a formal noticeto confirm the establishment of an investment product. After the contract is established, there are no significant judgments made whendetermining the one-time commission price. Therefore, one-time commissions are recorded at point in time when the investment productis established. For certain contracts that require a portion of the payment be deferred until the end of the investment products’ life or otherspecified contingency, the Group evaluates each variable consideration and recognizes revenue only when the Group concludes that it isprobable that changes in its estimate of such consideration will not result in significant reversals of revenue in subsequent periods.The Group earns one-time commissions from insurance companies by referring clients to purchase the insurance products fromthem, and recognizes revenues when the underlying insurance contracts become effective. The Group is also entitled to subsequentrenewal commissions under certain contracts, and does not identify any additional performance obligation. The renewal commission istreated as variable consideration and the Group estimates the consideration incorporating a constraint applied to renewal. Revenue relatedto the variable consideration is recorded when it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur.Table of ContentsF-22Recurring service feesThe Group also provides investment management services to investment funds and other vehicles in exchange for recurringservice fees. Recurring service fees are determined based on the types of investment products the Group distributes and/or manages andare calculated as either (i) a percentage of the total capital commitments of investments made by the investors or (ii) as a percentage of thefair value of the total investment in the investment products, calculated daily. These customer contracts require the Group to provideinvestment management services, which represents a performance obligation that the Group satisfies over time. After the contract isestablished, there are no significant judgments made when determining the transaction price. As the Group provides these servicesthroughout the contract term, for either method of calculating recurring service fees, revenue is calculated on a daily basis over thecontract term. Recurring service agreements do not include rights of return, credits or discounts, rebates, price protection or other similarprivileges. Payment of recurring service fees are normally on a regular basis (typically quarterly or annually) and are not subject toclawback once determined.Performance-based incomeIn a typical arrangement in which the Group serves as fund manager, and in some cases in which the Group serves as distributor,the Group is entitled to a performance-based fee based on the extent by which the fund’s investment performance exceeds a certainthreshold based on the contract term. Such performance-based fees earned based on the performance of the underlying fund are a form ofvariable consideration in its contracts with customers to provide investment management services. Those performance-based income istypically calculated and distributed when the cumulative return of the fund can be determined. Performance-based income will not berecognized as revenue until (a) it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur, or(b) the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. At each reporting date, the Group updates itsestimate of the transaction price and concludes that it cannot include its estimate of performance-based income in the transaction pricebecause performance-based income has various possible consideration amounts and the experience that the Group has with similarcontracts is of little predictive value in determining the future performance of the funds, thus the Group cannot conclude that it is probablethat a significant reversal in the cumulative amount of revenue recognized would not occur.Other service feesThe Group mainly derived other service fees from lending services, investor education services and other services.Revenue from lending services represents interest income from loan origination services, and is recognized monthly inaccordance with their contractual terms and recorded as part of other service fees in the consolidated statement of operations. The Groupdoes not charge prepayment penalties from its customers.Transaction price allocationFor certain contracts that the Group provides both fund raising and investment management services involving two separateperformance obligations which belong to two major streams (i.e., one time and recurring services), the Group allocates transaction pricebetween these two performance obligations at the relative stand-alone selling price (“SSP”). Judgment is required to determine the SSP foreach distinct performance obligation. As the service fee rate for each service contained in the contract is typically negotiated separately,the Group determines that those fee rates are generally consistent with SSP, and can be deemed as the transaction price allocated to eachperformance obligation.Accounts receivableTiming of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Amounts due from related parties(receivables from funds that Gopher manages) and accounts receivable represent amounts invoiced or the Group has the right to invoice,and revenue recognized prior to invoicing when the Group has satisfied its performance obligations and has the unconditional right toconsideration. As the Group is entitled to unconditional right to consideration in exchange for services transferred to customers, the Grouptherefore does not recognize any contract asset. The balances of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 were substantiallywithin one year.Table of ContentsF-23Contract liabilityContract liability (deferred revenue) relates to unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of each reporting period whichconsists of cash payment received in advance for recurring service fees and/or from customers of investment management services. Theprepayment was normally paid on a quarterly basis and the majority of the performance obligations are satisfied within one year. Theamount of revenue recognized in 2020, 2021 and 2022 that was included in deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the year wasRMB91.7 million, RMB67.8 million and RMB54.8 million, respectively.Practical expedientsThe Group has used the following practical expedients as allowed under ASC 606:The Group expenses sales commissions as incurred when the amortization period is one year or less. Sales commission expensesare recorded within “Relationship manager compensation” in the consolidated statements of operations.The Group assessed and concluded that there is no significant financing component given that the period between performanceand payment is generally one year or less.The Group has also applied the practical expedient for certain revenue streams to not disclose the value of remaining performanceobligations for (i) contracts with an original expected term of one year or less or (ii) contracts for which the Group recognizes revenue inproportion to the amount the Group has the right to invoice for services performed.(n) VAT Related SurchargesThe Group is subject to Value-added Tax (“VAT”) and its related education surtax, urban maintenance and construction tax, onthe services provided in the PRC. VAT and related surcharges are primarily levied based on revenues concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction. Starting from April 1, 2019, the applicable VAT rates include 3%, 6%, 9% and 13%. The applicable VAT rate forthe Group’s PRC entities is mainly 6%. The Group records such VAT related surcharges on a net basis as a reduction of revenues.(o) Compensation and benefitsCompensation and benefits mainly include salaries and commissions for relationship managers, share-based compensationexpenses, bonus related to performance based income, salaries and bonuses for middle office and back office employees and social welfarebenefits.(p) Income TaxesCurrent income taxes are provided for in accordance with the relevant statutory tax laws and regulations.The Group accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assetsand liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method,deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets andliabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rateson deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.The Group recognizes net deferred tax assets to the extent that it believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. Inmaking such a determination, it considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxabletemporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If the Group determinesthat its deferred tax assets are realizable in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, the Group would make an adjustment to thedeferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.Table of ContentsF-24(q) Share-Based CompensationThe Group recognizes share-based compensation based on the fair value of equity awards on the date of the grant, withcompensation expense recognized using a straight-line vesting method over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generallythe vesting period. The Group estimates the fair value of share options granted using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fairvalue of non-vested restricted shares is computed based on the fair value of the Group’s ordinary shares on the grant date. The expectedterm represents the period that share-based awards are expected to be outstanding, giving consideration to the contractual terms of theshare-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee exercise behavior. The computation of expected volatility isbased on the fluctuation of the historical share price. Amortization of share-based compensation is presented in the consolidatedstatements of operations as compensation and benefits.(r) Government SubsidiesGovernment subsidies include cash subsidies received by the Group’s entities in the PRC from local governments as incentivesfor investing in certain local districts, and are typically granted based on the amount of investment made by the Group in form ofregistered capital or taxable income generated by the Group in these local districts. Such subsidies allow the Group full discretion inutilizing the funds and are used by the Group for general corporate purposes. The local governments have final discretion as to whether theGroup has met all criteria to be entitled to the subsidies. The Group does not in all instances receive written confirmation from localgovernments indicating the approval of the cash subsidy before cash is received. Cash subsidies received were RMB113,356,RMB115,939 and RMB129,521 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Cash subsidies are recognized whenreceived and when all the conditions for their receipt have been satisfied.(s) Net Income (Loss) per ShareBasic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weightedaverage number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted net income per share reflects the potential dilution thatcould occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercised or converted into ordinary shares, which consist of theordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the convertible notes and ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options andvest of non-vested restricted shares. Common share equivalents are excluded from the computation of the diluted net income per sharein years when their effect would be anti-dilutive.(t) LeasesThe Group as a lesseeThe Group has operating leases primarily for office space. The determination of whether an arrangement is a lease or contains alease is made at inception by evaluating whether the arrangement conveys the right to use an identified asset and whether the Groupobtains substantially all of the economic benefits from and has the ability to direct the use of the asset. Operating leases are included inoperating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and operating lease liabilities - short-term are recorded within other current liabilities. Operating lease assets represent the Group’s right to use an underlying asset for the leaseterm and lease liabilities represent the Group’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Group uses its estimatedincremental borrowing rates as of the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Operating lease ROU assetsand operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the lease commencementdate. To determine the incremental borrowing rate used to calculate the present value of future lease payments, the Group uses informationincluding the Group’s credit rating, interest rates of similar debt instruments of entities with comparable credit ratings, as applicable.Variable components of the lease payments such as utilities, maintenance costs are expensed as incurred and not included in determiningthe present value. The lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Group willexercise that option. The Group considers these options, which may be elected at the Group’s sole discretion, in determining the lease termon a lease-by-lease basis. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.(u) Foreign Currency TranslationThe Company’s reporting currency is Renminbi (“RMB”). The Company’s functional currency is the United States dollar(“U.S. dollar or US$”). The Company’s operations are principally conducted through the subsidiaries and VIEs located in the PRC whereRMB is the functional currency. For those subsidiaries and VIEs which are not located in the PRC and have the functional currency otherthan RMB, the financial statements are translated from their respective functional currencies into RMB.Table of ContentsF-25Assets and liabilities of the Group’s overseas entities denominated in currencies other than the RMB are translated into RMB atthe rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates and revenues, expenses,gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as foreign currency translationadjustment and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of comprehensiveincome (loss).Translations of amounts from RMB into US$ are included solely for the convenience of the readers and have been made at therate of US$1 = RMB6.8972 on December 30, 2022, representing the certificated exchange rate published by the Federal Reserve Board.No representation is intended to imply that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at thatrate, or at any other rate.(v) Comprehensive (Loss) IncomeComprehensive (loss) income includes all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributionsto owners. For the years presented, total comprehensive (loss) income included net (loss) income, foreign currency translation adjustmentsand change in fair value of available-for-sale investments.(w) Loan receivables, netLoan receivables represent loans offered to the clients in the lending business. Loan receivables are initially recognized at fairvalue which is the cash disbursed to originate loans, measured subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest method, net ofallowance that reflects the Group’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. The Group also transfers some of the loanreceivables to unrelated third parties. The Group accounts for the transfer of loan receivables in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers andServicing. As the loans are sold at par value, no gain or loss is recorded as a result. The Group’s continuing involvement subsequent to thetransfer is limited to the services performed as a collection agent to collect and disburse cash flows received from the underlyingreceivables to the individual investors, and does not provide guarantee on the return of the receivables. The Group has no retainedinterests, servicing assets, or servicing liabilities related to the loans sold.(x) Allowance for credit lossesOn January 1, 2020, the Group adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, using the modified retrospective transition method. Upon adoption, theGroup changed its impairment model to utilize a current expected credit losses model in place of the incurred loss methodology forfinancial instruments measured at amortized cost, including loans receivables, amount due from related parties, accounts receivable andother receivable, and held-to-maturities debt investments (see Note 2(i)). CECL estimates on those financial instruments are recorded asallowance for credit losses on the Group’s consolidated statements of operations. The cumulative effect adjustment from adoption wasimmaterial to the Group’s consolidated financial statements. The Group continues to monitor the financial implications of the COVID-19pandemic and regulatory change of certain industries on expected credit losses.Allowance for loan losses. The expected losses of loans are estimated using a probability of default and loss given defaultassumption. For loans secured by investment products issued by the Group, the assumption is derived from a statistical model whichincorporates the estimated value of collaterals, term of the loan and historical loss information. For past due loans secured by real estateproperties, the loss given default is derived using discounted cash flow methodology. The projection of cash flows is determined by acombination of factors including the value of collaterals, historical collection experience, industry recovery rates of loans with similar riskcharacteristics and other available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows.The Group estimates the allowance for loan losses on a quarterly basis and qualitatively adjusts model results, if needed, for riskfactors that are not considered within the models, which are relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan balances.Charge-offs of principal amounts, net of recoveries are deducted from the allowance. The changes of allowances for loan losses aredetailed in Note 11.Table of ContentsF-26Allowance for accounts receivable and other financial assets. The Group has identified the relevant risk characteristics ofaccounts receivable and amounts due from related parties which include size, type of the services or the products the Group provides, or acombination of these characteristics. Receivables with similar risk characteristics have been grouped into pools. For each pool, the Groupconsiders the historical credit loss experience, current economic conditions, supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and anyrecoveries in assessing the lifetime expected credit losses. Other key factors that influence the expected credit loss analysis include typesof investment products that the Group distributes, the NAV of underlying funds and payment terms offered in the normal course ofbusiness to customers, and industry-specific factors that could impact the Group’s receivables. Additionally, external data andmacroeconomic factors are also considered. When specific customers are identified as no longer sharing the same risk profile as theircurrent pool, they are removed from the pool and evaluated separately. This is assessed at each quarter based on the Group’s specific factsand circumstances. Accounts are written off against the allowance when it becomes evident that collection will not occur.The Group evaluates CECL on other forms of financial assets, including other current assets and other non-current assets with thesimilar approach of accounts receivable.The following table summarizes the changes of allowances for each category of affected assets:Amounts dueAccountsOther financialfrom related partiesreceivablereceivablesRMBRMBRMBBalance at beginning of 2020 — — —Provisions 4,006 29 —Write off — (29) —Balance at end of 2020 4,006 — —Provisions26,1224584,000Balance at end of 202130,1284584,000Provisions5443,905495Reversal(5,471)(578)—Write off(544)(138)(4,495)Foreign currency adjustment1,009——Balance at end of 202225,6663,647—During the year ended December 31, 2021, accounts receivable of RMB10.8 million written off previously were recovered andrecorded as credits to (provision for) reversal of credit losses.(y) Financial Instruments Indexed to and Potentially Settled in the Company’s StockThe Group evaluates all financial instruments issued in connection with its equity offerings when determining the properaccounting treatment for such instruments. The Group considers a number of generally accepted accounting principles under U.S. GAAPto determine such treatment and evaluates the features of the instrument to determine the appropriate accounting treatment. For equity-linked financial instruments indexed to and potentially settled in the Company’s common stock that are determined to be classified asequity on the consolidated balance sheets, they are initially measured at their fair value and recognized as part of equity. The Group issuedsuch financial instruments for settlement (see Note 15).(z) Treasury StockThe Group records common shares repurchased as treasury stock, at cost, resulting in a reduction of shareholder’s equity. At thedate of subsequent retirement or reissuance, the treasury stock account is reduced by the cost of such stock on a weighted average costbasis.Table of ContentsF-27(aa) ContingenciesOn an ongoing basis, the Group assesses the potential liabilities related to any lawsuits or claims brought against it. While it istypically very difficult to determine the timing and ultimate outcome of these actions, the Group uses best estimate to determine if it isprobable that the Group will incur an expense related to the settlement or final adjudication of these matters and whether a reasonableestimation of the probable loss, if any, can be made. The Group accrue a liability when a loss is probable and the amount of loss can bereasonably estimated. Due to the inherent uncertainties related to the eventual outcome of litigation and potential recovery, it is possiblethat disputed matters may be resolved for amounts materially different from any provisions or disclosures that the Group has previouslymade. See Note 20, “Contingencies,” for further information.3. Net Income (Loss) per ShareThe following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to ordinaryshareholders:Year Ended December 31, (Amount in Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data) 2020 2021 2022Class A and Class BClass A and Class BClass A and Class BNet (loss) income attributable to Class A and Class B ordinary shareholders (745,225) 1,314,131 976,571Weighted average number of Class A and Class B ordinary shares outstanding—basic 31,020,439 33,585,818 34,166,016Plus: effect of dilutive stock options —171,35525,354Plus: effect of dilutive non-vested restricted shares — 24,600 6,701Weighted average number of Class A and Class B ordinary shares outstanding—diluted 31,020,439 33,781,773 34,198,071Basic net (loss) income per share (24.02) 39.12 28.58Diluted net (loss) income per share (24.02) 38.90 28.56In January 2016, the Company’s shareholders voted in favor of a proposal to adopt a dual-class share structure, pursuant to whichauthorized share capital was reclassified and re-designated into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, with each Class Aordinary share being entitled to one vote and each Class B ordinary share being entitled to four votes on all matters that are subject toshareholder vote. As economic rights and obligations are applied equally to both Class A and Class B ordinary shares, earnings areallocated between the two classes of ordinary shares evenly with the same allocation on a per share basis.On July 13, 2022, the Company completed its secondary listing on the Main Board of The Stock Exchange of Hong KongLimited (the “Hong Kong Stock Exchange”) and all Class B ordinary shares were converted into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-onebasis. Subsequently, no Class B ordinary shares will be issued or outstanding and the Company will cease to have a dual-class votingstructure. On December 23, 2022, the Company adopted the sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to reflectthe removal of the dual-class voting structure, among other things.Shares issuable to the investors of Camsing Incident (as defined in Note 15) are included in the computation of basic earnings pershare as the shares will be issued for no cash consideration and all necessary conditions have been satisfied upon the settlement.Diluted net (loss) income per share does not include the following instruments as their inclusion would be antidilutive:Years Ended December 31, 2020 2021 2022Share options 224,528281,566 934,088Non-vested restricted shares under share incentive plan 103,37341,255 114,307Total 327,901322,821 1,048,395Table of ContentsF-284. InvestmentsThe following table summarizes the Group’s investment balances:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBUS$Short-term investments Held-to-maturity investments 29,288 20,660 2,995Available-for-sale investments 13,805 14,9412,166Trading debt securities 14,804 207,67030,109Equity securities measured at fair value 7,925 5,265763Investments held by consolidated investment funds measured at fair value26,98167,4439,780Total short-term investments 92,803 315,97945,813Long-term investments Other long-term investments - Investments measured at fair value 376,957 631,66291,582- Investments measured at cost less impairment - Private equity funds products 96,302 27,2073,944- Other investments measured at cost less impairment 114,986 40,4755,868Total other long-term investments 588,245 699,344101,394Investments held by consolidated investment funds measured at fair value80,32774,75110,838Total long-term investments 668,572 774,095112,232Total investments 761,375 1,090,074158,045Held-to-maturity investments consist of investments managed by the Group that have stated maturity and normally pay aprospective fixed or floating rate of return, carried at amortized cost. The Group recorded investment income on these products ofRMB10,331, RMB1,568 and RMB383 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The gross unrecognizedholding gain was RMB5,087, RMB612 and RMB582 as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. No credit loss related toheld-to-maturity investments was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.Available-for-sale investments consist of investments managed by the Group that have stated maturity and normally pay aprospective fixed rate of return, carried at fair value. All of available for sale investments as of December 31, 2022 of RMB14,941 willmature in 2023. Changes in fair value of the available-for-sale investments, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and2022 was RMB(4), RMB243 and nil respectively, recorded in the other comprehensive (loss) income, of which RMB(775), RMB243 andnil was realized and reclassified from other comprehensive (loss) income to investment (loss) income in the consolidated statements ofoperations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. The amortized cost of the available-for-sale investments as ofDecember 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 was RMB14,135, RMB13,805 and RMB14,941, respectively. There was no investment with realizedor unrealized losses during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. No credit loss was recognized for the years endedDecember 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.The consolidated investment funds are, for GAAP purposes, investment companies and reflect their investments at fair value. TheGroup has retained this specialized accounting for the consolidated funds in consolidation. Accordingly, the unrealized gains and lossesresulting from changes in fair value of the investments held by the consolidated investment funds are recorded in the consolidatedstatements of operations as investment income.Table of ContentsF-29Other long-term investments consist of investments in several private equity funds as a limited partner with insignificant equityinterest and equity investments of common shares of several companies with less than 20% interest. The Group elects to measure theseinvestments at fair value or at cost, less impairment. The Group recognized impairment loss related to investments measured at cost, lessimpairment, of RMB115,100, RMB10,000 and nil in investment income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022,respectively. The impairment in 2020 was due to the deteriorating operation of a single investment and measured as the difference betweenthe investment’s carrying amount and the fair value estimated based on a quotation offered from an unrelated third party accepted by theGroup. In 2021, the negotiation was suspended due to the continued deterioration of underlying investment, and the Group impaired theinvestment to nil with an impairment loss of RMB10,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021.5. Fair Value MeasurementAs of December 31, 2021 and 2022, information about (i) inputs into the fair value measurements of the Group’s assets that aremeasured at fair value on a recurring basis in periods subsequent to their initial recognition and (ii) investments measured at NAV or itsequivalent as a practical expedient is as follows:Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using(Amount in Thousands) Quoted Prices As ofin ActiveSignificantDecember 31, Markets forOtherSignificant2021IdenticalObservableUnobservable(Amounts inAssetsInputsInputsNAVDescriptionthousands)(Level 1)(Level 2)(Level 3)RMBRMBRMBRMBRMBShort-term investments Available-for-sale investments13,805—13,805——Trading debt securities14,80414,804———Equity securities measured at fair value7,9257,925———Investments held by consolidated investment fund 26,981—26,981——Long-term investments Investments held by consolidated investment fund 80,327—80,327——Other long-term investments measured at fair value 376,9573,766127,678217,26928,244 Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using(Amount in Thousands)Quoted Prices As ofin ActiveSignificantDecember 31, Markets forOtherSignificant2022IdenticalObservableUnobservable(Amounts inAssetsInputsInputsNAVDescriptionthousands)(Level 1)(Level 2)(Level 3)RMBRMBRMBRMBRMBShort-term investments Available-for-sale investments 14,941 — 14,941 ——Trading debt securities 207,670 207,670 — ——Equity securities measured at fair value 5,265 1,304 3,961 ——Investments held by consolidated investment fund 67,443 26,637 40,806 ——Long-term investmentsInvestments held by consolidated investment fund74,751—74,751——Other long-term investments measured at fair value631,662—242,753358,35130,558Short-term trading debt securities investments are classified as Level 1 because they are valued using quoted prices of the samesecurities as they consist of bonds issued by public companies and publicly traded. Short-term equity securities measured at fair value arevalued based on the quoted stock price of its investees in the active market and are classified within Level 1.Table of ContentsF-30The fair value of available-for-sale investments is measured using discounted cash flow model based on contractual cash flow anda discount rate of prevailing market yield for products with similar terms as of the measurement date, as such, it is classified withinLevel 2 measurement.As of December 31, 2022, the Group had several consolidated investment funds whose underlying investments are mainly equityshares of listed companies, bonds or asset management plans. The equity shares of listed companies, whose fair value are determined bytheir quoted price in active markets, are classified within Level 1 measurement. The bonds have stated maturity and normally pay aprospective fixed rate of return and using discounted cash flow model based on contractual cash flow and a discount rate of prevailingmarket yield for products with similar terms as of the measurement date, as such, it is classified within Level 2 measurement. The assetmanagement plans measured at recent observable transaction prices are classified within Level 2 as well.Other long-term investments measured at fair value are (i) equity investments in listed companies whose fair value can beobtained through active markets which is classified within Level 1 measurement, (ii) private equity funds categorized within Level 2 orLevel 3 of the fair value hierarchy, and (iii) private equity funds measured at NAV.With respect to the private equity funds within Level 3 measurement, the Group generally uses a market comparable analysis.The valuation methodology requires a subjective process in determining significant inputs and making assumptions and judgments, forwhich the Group considers and evaluates including, but not limited to, (1) comparable data wherever possible to quantify or adjust the fairvalue, (2) quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used by the third party and (3) prevailing market conditions. Theuncertainty of the fair value measurement due to the use of these unobservable inputs and assumptions could have resulted in higher orlower determination of fair value. There is inherent uncertainty involved in the valuation of level 3 investments and therefore there is noassurance that, upon liquidation or sale, the Group could realize the values reflected in the valuations.A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the investments measured at fair value using significant unobservableinputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2022, presented as follows: RMB(Amount in Thousands)Level 3 investments as of January 1, 2022 217,269Changes in fair value included in investment income 69,291Measurement approach change from measurement alternative to fair value measurement76,280Settlements(6,842)Foreign currency translation adjustments 2,353Level 3 investments as of December 31, 2022358,351Changes in net unrealized gains included in investment income related to Level 3 investments still held as ofDecember 31, 202262,449Total realized and unrealized gains and losses recorded for Level 3 investments are reported in investment income in theconsolidated statements of operations.Fair value measurement on a non-recurring basis for the year ended December 31, 2021 included that used in impairment ofinvestments measured at cost less impairment (see Note 4) which was classified as a Level 3 fair value measurement.The Group also has financial instruments that are not reported at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets but whose fairvalue is practicable to estimate, which include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, amounts due from relatedparties, short-term held-to-maturity investments, loan receivables, other receivables and payables. The carrying amount of these short-termfinancial instruments approximates their fair value due to the short-term nature.Table of ContentsF-316. Investments in AffiliatesThe following table summarizes the Group’s balances of investments in affiliates:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands)202120222022 RMB RMB US$Kunshan Jingzhao 8,480 8,5201,235Wanjia Win-Win 93,223 91,58813,279Others 10,780 15,6092,263Funds that the Group serves as general partner 1,289,600 1,376,103199,516-Gopher Transform Private Fund 108,385 104,42915,141-Real estate funds and real estate funds of funds 36,033 84,71912,283-Private equity funds of funds 1,133,336 1,175,904170,490-Others 11,846 11,0511,602Total investments in affiliates 1,402,083 1,491,820216,293In May 2011, the Group injected RMB4.0 million into Kunshan Jingzhao Equity Investment Management Co., Ltd (“KunshanJingzhao”), a newly setup joint venture, for 40% of the equity interest. Kunshan Jingzhao principally engages in real estate fundmanagement business.In February 2013, the Group injected RMB21.0 million into Wanjia Win-Win Assets Management Co., Ltd (“Wanjia Win-Win”), a newly setup joint venture, for 35% of the equity interest. Wanjia Win-Win principally engages in wealth management planmanagement business. In December 2017, the share owned by the Group had been diluted to 28%.In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Group injected RMB150 million into Gopher Transformation Private Fund, which accounted for48% of total actual distribution volume. The fund principally invested in a limited partnership to invest a real-estate company. Althoughmanaged by Gopher, the fund is not consolidated by the Group based on the fact that substantive kick-out rights exist which areexercisable by a simple-majority of non-related limited partners of the fund to dissolve (liquidate) the fund or remove the Group as thegeneral partner of the fund without cause. In the year 2017, due to capital subscription by limited partners, the equity interest owned by theGroup had been diluted to 35%. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Group accepted quotation of Gopher Transformation PrivateFund from an independent third party and recognized an impairment loss of RMB28,156 based on the difference between the carryingamount and the quotation. In 2021 and 2022, based on the current business plan, the Group did not recognize any further impairment lossfor this fund in 2021 and 2022.The Group invested in private equity funds of funds, real estate funds and real estate funds of funds, and other public securitiesfunds of funds that Gopher serves as general partner or fund manager. The Group held less than 10% equity interests in these funds as ageneral partner. The Group accounts for these investments using the equity method of accounting due to the fact that the Group canexercise significant influence on these investees in the capacity of general partner or fund manager.The Group recognized impairment losses totaling RMB38,214, nil and RMB476 related to investments in affiliates for the yearsended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, which are recorded in income from equity in affiliates in the consolidatedstatements of operations.Table of ContentsF-32Summarized financial informationThe following table shows summarized financial information relating to the balance sheets for the Group’s equity methodinvestments assuming 100% ownership as of December 31, 2021 and 2022:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBUS$Balance sheet data: Current assets 5,356,698 3,854,948558,915Non-current assets 32,633,598 33,600,8404,871,664Current liabilities 1,788,077 1,778,558257,867Non-current liabilities376,544415,55560,250The following table shows summarized financial information relating to the statements of operations for the Group’s equitymethod investments assuming 100% ownership for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022:Year Ended December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2020 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBRMBUS$Operating data: Revenue 670,878 225,559 268,65438,951Income (loss) from operations 72,683 (554,579) (207,143)(30,033)Net realized and unrealized gains from investments 3,582,239 5,107,283 1,962,039 284,469Net income 3,654,922 4,505,646 1,772,444256,9807. Property and Equipment, NetProperty and equipment, net consists of the following:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBUS$Buildings 2,478,741 2,478,634359,368Leasehold improvements176,442154,90022,458Furniture, fixtures and equipment 136,624 135,33719,622Motor vehicles 46,326 33,1484,806Software 171,079 190,22727,581 3,009,212 2,992,246433,835Accumulated depreciation (444,876) (546,988)(79,306) 2,564,336 2,445,258354,529Construction in progress 16,599 41,0595,953Property and equipment, net 2,580,935 2,486,317360,482Depreciation expense was RMB98,452, RMB146,567 and RMB155,968 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022,respectively.On May 9, 2021, the Group purchased new office premises by acquiring 100% of equity interests of an unrelated third party(renamed as Shanghai Nuohong Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Nuohong”) after the acquisition), with a gross floor area of approximately 72,000square meters in Shanghai Hongqiao Central Business District for a total cash consideration of approximately RMB2.2 billion, which isaccounted for as asset acquisition, and recorded as part of property and equipment, net in the Group’s consolidated balance sheet. Due tothe difference between tax bases and cost bases of buildings acquired, a deferred tax liability of RMB196.2 million was recorded atacquisition date and amortized through the remaining useful live of the buildings.Table of ContentsF-338. Other Current LiabilitiesComponents of other current liabilities are as follows:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBUS$Accrued expenses265,212144,57420,961Advance from customers26,43527,0643,924Deposits from other business6,63413,6231,975Payable to individual investors of other business10,83110,4611,517Payable for purchases of property and equipment44,87536,7635,330Other tax payable71,93937,2045,394Operating lease liability - current91,28884,35812,231Payables to suppliers71,590117,14616,985Other payables60,4511,982287Total 649,255473,17568,604Accrued expenses mainly consist of payables for marketing expenses and professional service fees.9. RevenuesThe Group derives revenue primarily from one-time commissions, recurring service fees and performance-based income paid byclients or investment product providers.The following tables show, by segment, revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by service lines for the years endedDecember 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022:Year Ended December 31, 2020(Amount in Thousands)Wealth ManagementAssets ManagementOther Business Business Business TotalRMBRMBRMBRMBOne-time commissions766,24642,591—808,837Recurring service fees 1,284,447 645,752 — 1,930,199Performance-based income 205,305 184,220 — 389,525Other service fees 123,458 7,451 65,242 196,151Lending services 13,530 — 65,242 78,772Other services 109,928 7,451 — 117,379Total revenues 2,379,456 880,014 65,242 3,324,712Year Ended December 31, 2021(Amount in Thousands)Wealth ManagementAssets ManagementOther Business Business Business TotalRMBRMBRMBRMBOne-time commissions 1,180,90090,516—1,271,416Recurring service fees 1,469,600639,409—2,109,009Performance-based income 469,121315,072—784,193Other service fees 92,3521,39068,240161,982Lending services 4,471—35,75540,226Other services 87,8811,39032,485121,756Total revenues 3,211,9731,046,38768,2404,326,600Table of ContentsF-34Year Ended December 31, 2022(Amount in Thousands)Wealth ManagementAssets ManagementOther Business Business Businesses TotalRMBRMBRMBRMBOne-time commissions 631,58949,856—681,445Recurring service fees 1,232,294682,121—1,914,415Performance-based income 202,455107,121—309,576Other service fees 144,101 —79,340223,441Lending services 8,881—27,01735,898Other services 135,220—52,323187,543Total revenues 2,210,439839,09879,3403,128,877Revenues by timing of recognition is analyzed as follows:Year Ended December 31(Amount in Thousands) 2020 2021 2022 TotalRMBRMBRMBUS$Revenue recognized at a point in time 1,315,7412,144,9121,130,364163,887Revenue recognized over time 2,008,9712,181,6881,998,513289,757Total revenues 3,324,7124,326,6003,128,877453,644For the Group’s revenues generated from different geographic locations, please see Note 18 segment information.10. Income TaxesCayman IslandsUnder the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on its income or capital gains. In addition, theCayman Islands do not impose withholding tax on dividend payments.Hong KongUnder the current Hong Kong Inland Revenue Ordinance, the first HK$2 million of profits earned by the qualifying group entitiesincorporated in Hong Kong will be taxed at half the current tax rate (i.e. 8.25%) while the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at theexisting 16.5% tax rate. The profits of group entities incorporated in Hong Kong not qualifying for the two-tiered profits tax rates regimewill continue to be taxed at a flat rate of 16.5%. In addition, payments of dividends from Hong Kong subsidiaries to their shareholders arenot subject to any Hong Kong withholding tax.PRCUnder the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT Law”), domestically-owned enterprises andforeign-invested enterprises (“FIE”) are subject to a uniform tax rate of 25%. Zigong Noah Financial Service Co., Ltd. falls within theencouraged industries catalogue in Western China, which is eligible for preferential income tax rate of 15%. Ark (Shanghai) NetworkTechnology Co., Ltd. obtained the approval for preferential income tax rate of 15% due to High and New Technology Enterprise inNovember 2020 and such preferential income tax rate will expire in November 2023. Shanghai Nuorong Information Technology Co., Ltd.obtained the approval for preferential income tax rate of 15% due to High and New Technology Enterprise in November 2022 and suchpreferential income tax rate will expire in November 2025.Table of ContentsF-35(Loss) income before income taxes consists of:Year Ended December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2020 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBRMBUS$Mainland China 846,584 686,188 588,048 85,259Hong Kong 345,758 584,236 389,517 56,475Cayman Islands(1,811,849)(66,140)39,4635,721Others34,18893,758132,52119,212Total (585,319) 1,298,042 1,149,549 166,667The tax expense comprises: Year Ended December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2020 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBRMBUS$Current Tax324,620413,603354,10851,341Deferred Tax(66,160)(119,663)(87,000)(12,614)Total258,460293,940267,10838,727Reconciliation between the statutory tax rate to (loss) income before income taxes and the actual provision for income taxes is asfollows: Years Ended December 31, 2020 2021 2022 PRC income tax rate25.00% 25.00% 25.00%Expenses not deductible for tax purposes(0.33)% 0.18% (0.07)%Effect of non-deductible settlement expenses(78.12)% 0.40%—Effect of tax-free investment income1.47%(0.57)%(0.72)%Effect of different tax rate of subsidiary in other jurisdiction6.44% (4.85)% (6.61)%Effect of deferred tax asset allowance(4.13)% 1.56% 7.22%Effect of tax holidays2.01% (1.27)% (0.92)%Effect of income from equity in fund of fund0.16% 2.91% 1.21%Effect of dividend withholding tax——1.74%Effect of true-ups3.28% (0.82)% (3.36)%Effect of others0.06% 0.10% (0.25)%(44.16)% 22.64% 23.24%The aggregate amount and per share effect of the tax holidays (including effect of timing difference reversed in the year withdifferent rate) are as follows: Year Ended December 31, (Amount in Thousands Except Shares Data) 2020 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBRMBUS$Aggregate11,75316,42210,5941,536Per share effect-basic0.380.490.310.04Per share effect-diluted0.380.490.310.04Table of ContentsF-36The principal components of the deferred income tax asset and liabilities are as follows: As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBUS$Deferred tax assets: Accrued expenses and payroll26,271159,81723,171Tax loss carry forward489,179491,31171,233Unrealized other loss4,8955,876852Provision for impairment of investments39,30039,3005,698Provision for allowance of credit losses45,75042,0506,097Provision for contingent liability—24,7503,588Others2,3236,804986Gross deferred tax assets607,718769,908111,625Valuation allowance(271,813)(333,467)(48,347)Net deferred tax assets335,905436,44163,278Deferred tax liabilities:Unrealized investment income42,27644,4146,439Dividend withholding tax—20,0002,900Acquired deferred tax liabilities (Note 7)191,858185,35426,874Net deferred tax liabilities (after offsetting)234,134249,76836,213Deferred tax assets and liabilities have been offset where the Group has a legally enforceable right to do so, and intends to settleon a net basis.The Group considers positive and negative evidence to determine whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will bemore likely than not realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses,forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carry forward periods, the Group’s experience with tax attributes expiring unusedand tax planning alternatives. These assumptions require significant judgment and the forecasts of future taxable income are consistentwith the plans and estimates the Group is using to manage the underlying businesses. Valuation allowances are established for deferred taxassets based on a more likely than not threshold. The Group’s ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on its ability to generatesufficient taxable income within the carry forward periods provided for in the tax law. The amount of the deferred tax asset consideredrealizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carry-forward period are reduced.As of December 31, 2022, operating loss carry forward amounted to RMB2,065,137 for the PRC and Hong Kong income tax purpose.According to the Article 18 of PRC Tax Law, the enterprise can carry over the losses to the succeeding five tax years, tax loss carriedforward that the Group recognized for PRC subsidiaries and VIEs will begin to expire from 2023 to 2028.A valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when the Group determines that it is more likely than not that thedeferred tax assets will not be utilized in the future. The movements of valuation allowance of deferred tax assets are as follows:For the year ended December 31, 202020212022 RMB RMB RMB(Amount in Thousands)Balance at beginning of the year 56,653 60,628 271,813Provided 24,196 20,275 94,856Addition due to acquisition—193,826—Write off (20,221) (2,916) (9,472)Reverse——(23,730)Balance at ending of the year 60,628 271,813 333,467Table of ContentsF-37Refer to Note 7, the acquisition of Nuohong resulted in an increase of RMB193,826 in both deferred tax assets of tax loss carriedforward and related valuation allowance as the Group estimated that accumulated loss of Nuohong can’t be realized in the future based onits intent to use.In accordance with the EIT Law, dividends, which arise from profits of FIEs earned after January 1, 2008, are subject to a 10%withholding income tax. In addition, under tax treaty between the PRC and Hong Kong, if the foreign investor is incorporated in HongKong and qualifies as the beneficial owner, the applicable withholding tax rate is reduced to 5%, if the investor holds at least 25% in theFIE, or 10%, if the investor holds less than 25% in the FIE. A deferred tax liability should be recognized for the undistributed profits ofPRC companies unless the Group has sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the undistributed dividends will be reinvested and theremittance of the dividends will be postponed indefinitely. The accumulated undistributed earnings of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries wereRMB4.6 billion and RMB5.1 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.Prior to 2022, the Group intended to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries. Referring toNote 21, a final dividend of approximately RMB176.5 million in respect of the year ended December 31, 2022 has been recommended bythe board of directors of the Company. To execute the dividend plan, the board of Noah Group has approved to distribute cash dividends ofRMB200.0 million to the Company, and the Group recorded a deferred tax liability of RMB20.0 million as of December 31, 2022accordingly. The remaining undistributed earnings of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries would be indefinitely reinvested.Aggregate undistributed earnings of the Group’s VIE companies located in the PRC that are available for distribution to theGroup were approximately RMB2.4 billion and RMB3.1 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. A deferred tax liabilityshould be recorded for taxable temporary differences attributable to the excess of financial reporting amounts over tax basis amount indomestic subsidiaries. However, recognition is not required in situations where the tax law provides a means by which the reported amountof that investment can be recovered tax-free and the enterprise expects that it will ultimately use that means. The Group has not recordedany such deferred tax liability attributable to the undistributed earnings of its financial interest in VIEs because it believes such excessearnings can be distributed in a manner that would not be subject to income tax.The Group did not record any uncertain tax positions during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. The Group doesnot anticipate any significant increases or decreases to its liability for unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.11. Loans Receivable, NetLoans receivable as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 consist of the following:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2021 2022 2022 RMB RMB US$Loans receivable: -Within credit term536,758289,98142,043-Past due152,934269,65839,097Total loans receivable689,692559,63981,140Allowance for credit losses(93,926)(93,859)(13,608)Loans receivable, net595,766465,78067,532The loan interest rates range between 3% and 18% for the years ended December 31, 2022. Majority of loans were short-termloans and recorded within loans receivables, net, and long-term loans of RMB66.0 million and RMB62.0 million were recorded in othernon-current assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. RMB620.8 million and RMB580.3 million of the loans is secured bycollateral as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 respectively. The Group also purchased past due loans from third parties with the amount ofRMB77.5 million and RMB64.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The purchased past due loans ofRMB58.5 million and RMB13.0 million were collected or transferred to other investors, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022,respectively.Table of ContentsF-38The following table presents the activity in the allowance for loan losses as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and2022. RMB(Amount in Thousands)Loans receivable—January 1 2021 5,863Provisions 99,057Reversal of allowance provided (5,863)Write off(5,131)Loans receivable—December 31, 2021 93,926Provisions 681Write off(748)Loans receivable—December 31, 2022 93,85912. LeaseAs a lessee:Operating lease assets primarily represents various facilities under non-cancelable operating leases expiring within one to tenyears. Lease costs are included in either selling or general and administrative expenses depending on the use of the underlying asset.Operating lease expenses, including the short-term lease cost which was immaterial, were RMB102,321 and RMB98,943 for the yearsended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Cash payments against operating lease liabilities were RMB99,064 and RMB93,610 forthe years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands) 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBUS$Operating leases:Operating lease right-of-use assets223,652 168,192 24,386Current portion of lease liabilities91,288 84,358 12,231Non-current portion of lease liabilities130,956 83,171 12,059Total operating lease liabilities222,244 167,529 24,290Weighted average remaining lease term (years)2.85 2.32 Weighted average discount rate4.38%4.55% Table of ContentsF-39The maturities of operating lease liabilities for the next five years and thereafter as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, are asfollows: As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands)202120222022 RMB RMBUS$Within 1 year 95,288 88,78012,872Between 1 and 2 years 75,197 65,3789,479Between 2 and 3 years 48,288 18,1532,632Between 3 and 4 years 14,459 3,845557Between 4 and 5 years 324 817118Total lease payment 233,556 176,97325,658Less imputed interest (11,312) (9,444)(1,368)Total 222,244 167,52924,29013. Ordinary SharesUpon the secondary listing, 1,152,160 ordinary shares (including the partial exercise of the over-allotment option on August 5,2022) were issued at a public offering price of HK$292.00. The Company received net proceeds of HK$315.6 million (RMB277.0million) from this offering after deducting underwriters’ commissions and offering expenses. RMB30.0 million of the non-underwriting-related listing expenses was recorded as a deduction in additional paid-in-capital.On December 1, 2020, the Company announced that its board of directors authorized a share repurchase program (the “ShareRepurchase Program”) under which the Company may repurchase up to US$100 million worth of its ADSs over the following two years.As of December 31, 2020, the Company has purchased an aggregate of 1,088,404 ADSs (represents 544,202 ordinary shares) for a totalcash consideration of US$44,584 (RMB290,913), including repurchase commissions.On February 25, 2021, the Company completed the Share Repurchase Program, with approximately 2,233,770 ADSsrepresenting 1,116,885 ordinary shares having been repurchased at an average price of US$44.77 per ADS.14. Share-Based CompensationThe following table presents the Group’s share-based compensation expense by type of award: Year Ended December 31, (Amounts in Thousands) 2020 2021 2022 2022RMBRMBRMBUS$Share options21,83718,08124,1953,508Non-vested restricted shares37,95232,95618,1052,625Total share-based compensation59,78951,03742,3006,133During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Group adopted its 2017 share incentive plan (the “2017 Plan”). Under the 2017Plan, the maximum aggregate number of shares in respect of which options, restricted shares, or restricted share units may be issued shallbe 2,800,000 shares. The term of any options, restricted shares, or restricted share units granted under the 2017 Plan shall not exceed tenyears. Options, restricted shares or restricted share units generally vest 25% on the first anniversary of the grant date with the remaining75% vesting ratably over the following 36 months.During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group adopted its 2022 share incentive plan (the “2022 Plan”). Under the 2022Plan, the maximum aggregate number of shares in respect of which options, restricted shares, or restricted share units may be issued shallbe 3,000,000 shares. The term of any options, restricted shares, or restricted share units granted under the 2022 Plan shall not exceed tenyears. Options, restricted shares or restricted share units generally vest 25% on the first anniversary of the grant date with the remaining75% vesting ratably over the following 36 months.Table of ContentsF-40Share Options:No options were granted for the years ended December 31, 2020. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options grantedduring the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 was RMB306.56 and RMB181.04 (US$26.25) per share. There were 134,639, 37,606and 6,009 options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.The Group uses the Black-Scholes pricing model and the following assumptions to estimate the fair value of the options granted: 2022 Average risk-free rate of return 3.0~4.1% Weighted average expected option life 7.85yearsEstimated volatility 67.1~67.5% Average dividend yield Nil The following table summarizes option activity during the year ended December 31, 2022: Weighted WeightedAverageAggregateAverageRemainingIntrinsicNumber ofExerciseContractualValue ofoptionsPriceTermOptions RMB Years RMBOutstanding as of January 1, 2022433,968474.977.918,389Granted558,935198.71Exercised(6,009)257.59Forfeited or expired(61,421)460.62Outstanding as of December 31, 2022925,473310.498.48,379Exercisable as of December 31, 2022242,581401.056.0—The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2022 was RMB1,223. As of December 31,2022, there was RMB112,243 of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested share options, which is expected to berecognized over a weighted average period of 3.93 years.Non-vested Restricted Shares:A summary of non-vested restricted share activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented below: Weighted- Number of average non-vested grant- restricted date fairNon-vested restricted sharesshares value RMBNon-vested as of January 1, 2022 150,834324.12Granted 4,000224.85Vested (32,312)493.62Forfeited (32,667)427.29Non-vested as of December 31, 2022 89,855300.59The total fair value of non-vested restricted shares vested during the year ended December 31, 2022 was RMB9,672. As ofDecember 31, 2022, there was RMB28,161 in total unrecognized compensation expense related to such non-vested restricted shares,which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 4.63 years.Table of ContentsF-4115. Settlement ExpensesIn July 2019, in connection with certain funds managed (“Camsing Credit Funds” or “Camsing Products”) by Shanghai GopherAsset Management Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Gopher”), a consolidated affiliated subsidiary of the Company, it is suspected that fraud had beencommitted by third parties related to the underlying investments (the “Camsing Incident”). A total of 818 investors were affected, and theoutstanding amount of the investments that is potentially subject to repayment upon default amounted to RMB3.4 billion.Settlement PlanTo preserve the Group’s goodwill with affected investors, it voluntarily made an ex gratia settlement offer (the “Settlement Plan”)to affected investors. An affected investor accepting the offer shall receive restricted share units (“RSUs”), which upon vesting willbecome ordinary shares of the Company, and in return forgo all outstanding legal rights associated with the investment in the CamsingCredit Funds and irrevocably release the Company and all its affiliated entities and individuals from any and all claims immediately,known or unknown, that relate to the Camsing Credit Funds. The number of ordinary shares each investor is entitled to is determinedbased on a fixed ratio of the investor’s outstanding investments in Camsing Products at 2,886 ADSs per RMB1 million.On August 24, 2020, the Settlement Plan was approved by the Board of Directors of the Company that a total number of newordinary shares not exceeding 1.6% of the share capital of the Company has been authorized to be issued each year for a consecutive tenyears for the Settlement Plan.Two plans (“Plan A” or “Plan B”) were offered for the investors to choose. Under Plan A, the Group will issue RSUs to theinvestor’s designated trust plan. 1/10 of the RSUs shall be vested immediately at contract inception and the remaining 9/10 will be vestedevenly in the following 9 years subject to certain performance conditions by the investors. Plan B has the same terms as those of Plan A,except that the investor has an option (the “Option”) to call back the beneficial rights of transferred Camsing Products (but not the legaltitle) or keep the RSUs at the third anniversary of contact (“Year 3”). All RSUs issued within the period from contract inception to Year 3cannot be vested until the investor chooses to retain the RSUs. Under either plan, mutual understandings are established that the Group hascommitted and has conctractual obligations to issue the shares to the settled investors regardless of the actual execution of the Option,which is deemed remote to occur, and/or the fulfillment of the performance conditions.The Group evaluated and concluded the financial instruments to be issued under the Settlement Plan meet equity classificationunder ASC 815-40-25-10. Therefore, such instruments were initially measured at fair value and recognized as part of additional-paid-in-capital.The Group uses the Black-Scholes pricing model to value the RSUs. Determining the appropriate fair-value model andcalculating the fair value of RSUs requires considerable judgment, including estimating stock price volatility. The computation of expectedvolatility was based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common shares for a period that coincides with restriction period of theRSUs.As of December 31, 2020, 552 out of the total 818 investors (approximately 67.4%) had accepted settlements under the plan,representing RMB2.4 billion out of the total outstanding investments of RMB3.4 billion (approximately 70%) under the CamsingProducts. The total number of RSUs to be issued is 3,478,060 shares. The cost of this Settlement Plan measured at the fair value of theRSUs to be issued was RMB1,290.8 million, which was reported under settlement expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020.In 2021, additional 43 investors accepted the Settlement Plan, and the Company recorded settlement expenses in the amount ofRMB19.9 million (US$3.1 million) based on the difference between the fair value of the RSUs to be issued at each settlement date and thecorresponding contingent liability accrued for these investors as of December 31, 2020.For the year ended December 31, 2022, no settlement expense attributable to Camsing Incident was recorded due to (i) noadditional settlement and (ii) no change in contingent liabilities relating to Camsing Incident.Table of ContentsF-42The Option under Plan B can be exercised separately from the RSUs and is determined to be a freestanding derivative liabilityand measured at estimated fair value based on the recovery value of Camsing Products. The Group used the available information anddetermined the fair value of Option to be nil as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The fair value of the derivative will be re-assessed at each reporting period.16. Employee Benefit PlansMajority of full time employees of the Group participate in a PRC government-mandated multi-employer defined contributionplan pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, unemployment insurance, employee housing fund and other welfare benefitsare provided to employees. PRC labor regulations require the Group to accrue for these benefits based on a certain percentage of theemployees’ salaries. The total contribution for such employee benefits were RMB125,073, RMB237,851 and RMB267,278 for the yearsended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The Group has no ongoing obligation to its employees subsequent to itscontributions to the PRC plan.17. Restricted Net AssetsPursuant to the relevant laws and regulations in the PRC applicable to foreign-investment corporations and the Articles ofAssociation of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries and VIEs, the Group is required to maintain a statutory reserve (“PRC statutory reserve”): ageneral reserve fund, which is non-distributable. The Group’s PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are required to transfer 10% of their profit aftertaxation, as reported in their PRC statutory financial statements, to the general reserve fund until the balance reaches 50% of theirregistered capital. At their discretion, the PRC subsidiaries and VIEs may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRCaccounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. The general reserve fund may be used to make up prior year losses incurred and,with approval from the relevant government authority, to increase capital. PRC regulations currently permit payment of dividends only outof the Group’s PRC subsidiaries and VIEs’ retaining earnings as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards andregulations. The general reserve fund amounted to RMB407,500 and RMB472,833 as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. TheGroup has not allocated any of its after-tax profits to the staff welfare and bonus funds for any period presented.In addition, the paid-in capital of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries and VIEs of RMB2,534,945 and RMB2,323,106 as of December31, 2021 and 2022, respectively, was considered restricted due to restrictions on the distribution of paid-in capital.As a result of these PRC laws and regulations, the Group’s PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are restricted in their ability to transfer aportion of their net assets, including general reserve and paid-in capital, either in the form of dividends, loans or advances. Such restrictedportion amounted to RMB2,826,642 as of December 31, 2022.18. Segment InformationThe Group uses the management approach to determine operating segments. The management approach considers the internalorganization and reporting used by the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making decisions, allocating resources andassessing performance. The Group’s CODM has been identified as the chief executive officer, who reviews consolidated results includingrevenues, operating cost and expenses and income (loss) from operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessingperformance of the Group.The Group believes it operates in three reportable segments: wealth management, asset management and, other business. TheGroup’s CODM does not review balance sheet information of the segments.Table of ContentsF-43Segment information of the Group’s business is as follow:Year Ended December 31, 2020 (Amount in Thousands)Wealth ManagementAssets ManagementOtherBusinessBusinessBusinessesTotal RMB RMB RMB RMBRevenues: Revenues from othersOne-time commissions 677,726 1,288 — 679,014Recurring service fees 697,140 3,017 — 700,157Performance-based income 180,385 144 — 180,529Other service fees 123,458 7,451 65,242 196,151Total revenues from others 1,678,709 11,900 65,242 1,755,851Revenues from funds Gopher managesOne-time commissions 88,520 41,303 — 129,823Recurring service fees 587,307 642,735 — 1,230,042Performance-based income 24,920 184,076 — 208,996Total revenues from funds Gopher manages 700,747 868,114 — 1,568,861Total revenues 2,379,456 880,014 65,242 3,324,712Less: VAT related surcharges (13,123) (4,521) (1,242) (18,886)Net revenues 2,366,333 875,493 64,000 3,305,826Operating cost and expenses: Compensation and benefits Relationship manager compensation (613,101) — (898) (613,999)Performance-based compensation — (85,413) — (85,413)Other compensations (486,668) (254,278) (63,654) (804,600)Total compensation and benefits (1,099,769) (339,691) (64,552) (1,504,012)Selling expenses (228,853) (34,302) (8,537) (271,692)General and administrative expenses (197,511) (59,440) (20,928)(277,879)Provision for credit losses(3,785)(251)(4,047)(8,083)Other operating expenses (76,983) (6,443) (15,614) (99,040)Government subsidies 58,046 24,443 30,867 113,356Total operating cost and expenses (1,548,855) (415,684) (82,811) (2,047,350)Income (loss) from operations 817,478 459,809 (18,811) 1,258,476Table of ContentsF-44Year Ended December 31, 2021 (Amount in Thousands)Wealth ManagementAssets ManagementOtherBusinessBusinessBusinessesTotal RMB RMB RMB RMBRevenues: Revenues from othersOne-time commissions 1,130,653241—1,130,894Recurring service fees 912,5061,194—913,700Performance-based income 391,903——391,903Other service fees 92,3521,39068,240161,982Total revenues from others 2,527,4142,82568,2402,598,479Revenues from funds Gopher managesOne-time commissions 50,24790,275—140,522Recurring service fees 557,094638,215—1,195,309Performance-based income 77,218315,072—392,290Total revenues from funds Gopher manages 684,5591,043,562—1,728,121Total revenues 3,211,9731,046,38768,2404,326,600Less: VAT related surcharges (17,076)(4,923)(11,507)(33,506)Net revenues 3,194,8971,041,46456,7334,293,094Operating cost and expenses: Compensation and benefits Relationship manager compensation (900,921)(19,975)—(920,896)Performance-based compensation (45,913)(112,130)—(158,043)Other compensations (707,455)(317,929)(64,557)(1,089,941)Total compensation and benefits (1,654,289)(450,034)(64,557)(2,168,880)Selling expenses (354,128)(55,790)(27,213)(437,131)General and administrative expenses (270,253)(70,686)(42,382)(383,321)Provision for credit losses(6,490)(13,275)(93,194)(112,959)Other operating expenses (53,616)(4,347)(49,881)(107,844)Government subsidies 65,36837,90512,666115,939Total operating cost and expenses (2,273,408)(556,227)(264,561)(3,094,196)Income (loss) from operations 921,489485,237(207,828)1,198,898Table of ContentsF-45Year Ended December 31, 2022 (Amount in Thousands)Wealth ManagementAssets ManagementOtherBusinessBusinessBusinessesTotal RMB RMB RMB RMBRevenues: Revenues from othersOne-time commissions 617,636——617,636Recurring service fees 768,980——768,980Performance-based income 184,048——184,048Other service fees 144,101—79,340223,441Total revenues from others 1,714,765—79,3401,794,105Revenues from funds Gopher managesOne-time commissions 13,95349,856—63,809Recurring service fees 463,314682,121—1,145,435Performance-based income 18,407107,121—125,528Total revenues from funds Gopher manages 495,674839,098—1,334,772Total revenues 2,210,439839,09879,3403,128,877Less: VAT related surcharges (10,462)(4,630)(13,413)(28,505)Net revenues 2,199,977834,46865,9273,100,372Operating cost and expenses: Compensation and benefits Relationship manager compensation (460,237)(36,910)—(497,147)Performance-based compensation (872)(6,167)—(7,039)Other compensations (618,525)(278,934)(40,237)(937,696)Total compensation and benefits (1,079,634)(322,011)(40,237)(1,441,882)Selling expenses (299,769)(41,885)(7,360)(349,014)General and administrative expenses (153,643)(55,872)(25,804)(235,319)Reversal of (provision for) credit losses718386(680)424Other operating expenses (15,412)(6,369)(93,872)(115,653)Government subsidies 89,22339,1201,178129,521Total operating cost and expenses (1,458,517)(386,631)(166,775)(2,011,923)Income (loss) from operations 741,460447,837(100,848)1,088,449The following table summarizes the Group’s revenues generated by the different geographic location.Year Ended December 31, 2020 (Amount in Thousands)Wealth ManagementAssets ManagementOtherBusinessBusinessBusinessesTotal RMB RMB RMB RMBMainland China 1,787,611742,74365,2422,595,596Hong Kong 452,810111,431—564,241Others139,03525,840—164,875Total revenues 2,379,456880,01465,2423,324,712Year Ended December 31, 2021 (Amount in Thousands)Wealth ManagementAssets ManagementOtherBusinessBusinessBusinessesTotal RMB RMB RMB RMBMainland China 2,479,576768,20368,2403,316,019Hong Kong 629,587240,136—869,723Others 102,81038,048—140,858Total revenues 3,211,9731,046,38768,2404,326,600Table of ContentsF-46Year Ended December 31, 2022 (Amount in Thousands)Wealth ManagementAssets ManagementOtherBusinessBusinessBusinessesTotal RMB RMB RMB RMBMainland China 1,548,395672,78579,3402,300,520Hong Kong 508,90783,029—591,936Others 153,13783,284—236,421Total revenues 2,210,439839,09879,3403,128,877Substantially all of the Group’s revenues are derived from, and its assets are located in Mainlan China and Hong Kong.19. Related Party TransactionsParties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercisesignificant influence over the other party in making financial and operational decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they aresubject to common control or common significant influence. Related parties may be individuals or corporate entities.The table below sets forth major related parties and their relationships with the Group:Company Name Relationship with the GroupSequoia Capital Investment Management (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.Affiliate of shareholder of the GroupWanjia Win-Win Investee of Gopher Asset Management Co., Ltd. (“Gopher Assets”)Shanghai Dingnuo Technology Co., Ltd. (“Dingnuo”)Affiliate of shareholder of the GroupInvestee funds of Gopher AssetsInvestees of Gopher Assets, a consolidated VIE of the GroupInvestee funds of Gopher Capital GP Ltd.Investees of Gopher Capital GP Ltd., a subsidiary of the GroupShanghai Noah Charity FundA charity fund established by the GroupTable of ContentsF-47During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, related party transactions were as follows:Year Ended December 31 (Amount in Thousands)2020202120222022 RMB RMB RMB US$One-time commissions Investee funds of Gopher Assets 129,823 140,522 63,8099,251Recurring service fees Investee funds of Gopher Assets 927,611 871,618 768,161111,373Wanjia Win-Win — 463 — —Sequoia Capital Investment Management (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. 12,411 26,488 16,7912,434Investee funds of Gopher Capital GP Ltd. 302,431 323,691 377,27454,700Total recurring services fee 1,242,453 1,222,260 1,162,226168,507Performance-based income Investee funds of Gopher Assets 140,050 166,580 51,3047,438Investee funds of Gopher Capital GP Ltd. 68,946 225,710 74,22410,762Total performance-based income 208,996 392,290 125,52818,200Other service fees Investee funds of Gopher Assets 3,425 5,945 ——Investee funds of Gopher Capital GP Ltd. 86 — — —Total other service fees 3,511 5,945 ——Total 1,584,783 1,761,017 1,351,563195,958As of December 31, 2021, and 2022, amounts due from related parties associated with the above transactions were comprised ofthe following:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands)202120222022 RMB RMB US$Investee funds of Gopher Assets 320,623317,96946,101Investee funds of Gopher Capital GP Ltd. 97,378108,09015,672Total in gross amounts418,001426,05961,773Less: allowance for credit losses(17,343)(11,872)(1,721)Total in net amounts 400,658414,18760,052As of December 31, 2021, and 2022, amounts due from related parties associated with loan distributed were comprised of thefollowing:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands)202120222022 RMB RMB US$Investee funds of Gopher Assets 18,850 13,9402,021Investee funds of Gopher Capital GP Ltd. 44,666 29,0914,217Total in gross amounts63,51643,0316,238Less: allowance for credit losses(12,785)(13,794)(2,000)Total in net amounts 50,731 29,2374,238The loans are due on demand and expected to be matured within one year, most of which are interest free.Table of ContentsF-48As of December 31, 2021, and 2022, deferred revenues related to the recurring management fee received in advance from relatedparties were comprised of the following:As of December 31, (Amount in Thousands)202120222022 RMB RMB US$Investee funds of Gopher Assets 16,373 10,3251,497Investee funds of Gopher Capital GP Ltd. 738 61189Total 17,111 10,9361,586During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, donation made to Shanghai Noah Charity Fund wereRMB2.8 million, RMB3.5 million and RMB3.2 million, respectively.During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Group paid RMB6.0 million, RMB9.2 million and RMB5.5million as service fees to Dingnuo for development of an online mutual fund work station for the Group’s relationship managers and one-stop service platform for private equity fund managers, respectively.20. ContingenciesCamsing IncidentAs disclosed in Note 15, the Group offerd a voluntary settlement plan in 2020 to all affected Camsing investors, and as ofDecember 31, 2022, approximately 72.7% of the Camsing investors had accepted the settlement plan, representing approximately 75.4%of the total outstanding investments of RMB3.4 billion under the Camsing Products. The Group currently has no new settlement plan forthe remaining unsettled investors, but would not preclude reaching settlements in the future with similar terms. The Group estimated theprobable amount of future settlement taking into consideration of possible forms of settlement and estimated acceptable level, andrecorded it as a contingent liability in the amount of US$68.0 million (RMB469.0 million) as of December 31, 2022.As of December 31, 2022, there were 38 investors whose legal proceedings against Shanghai Gopher and/or its affiliates, with anaggregate claim amount approximately RMB125.6 million were still outstanding. The Group is of the view that these proceedings will nothave a material adverse effect on the Group’s business. As the date of this report, the management has assessed, based on its PRC legalcounsels’ advices, the Group cannot reasonably predict the timing or outcomes of, or estimate the amount of loss, or range of loss, if any,related to the pending legal proceedings.LitigationIn December 2022, the Group received a civil judgment from the Bozhou Intermediate People’s Court of Anhui Province (the“First Instance Court”). The judgement related to a civil lawsuit brought by an external institution (the “Plaintiff”) against Noah(Shanghai) Financial Leasing Co., Ltd. (the “Defendant”, one subsidiary of the Company).The First Instance Court first accepted the civil lawsuit filed by the Plaintiff against the Defendant in August 2019 respecting thefinancial consultancy services provided by the Defendant to the Plaintiff on its investment process. The Defendant charged a fee ofRMB500,000 for providing such consultancy services to the Plaintiff. In December 2020, the First Instance Court dismissed the Plaintiff’scase. In March 2021, the High People’s Court of Anhui Province (the “Appellate Court”) dismissed the Plaintiff’s appeal to the ruling ofthe First Instance Court. No contingent liabilities with respect to the civil claim were recorded by the Group in 2020 and 2021.Table of ContentsF-49The Plaintiff subsequently, for the third time, applied for a retrial to the Supreme People’s Court. In February 2022, the SupremePeople’s Court issued an order revoking the aforementioned rulings and remanding the case to the First Instance Court for retrial. Whilethe Group held the same view as before that the claim of the Plaintiff is without merit and is unfounded, in December 2022, the FirstInstance Court awarded the Plaintiff monetary damages of RMB99.0 million and corresponding interests (the “First-instance Ruling”).The First-instance Ruling is not yet effective until the appellate process is concluded.Considering the judgement in the First-instance Ruling, although it remains subject to appeal and applicable post-judgmentproceedings, the Group has reserved a contingent liability of RMB99.0 million as of December 31, 2022.OthersThe Group is subject to periodic legal or administrative proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Other than those related tothe Camsing Incident and the litigation mentioned above, the Group does not have any pending legal or administrative proceedings towhich the Group is a party that will have a material effect on its business or financial condition.21. Subsequent eventA final dividend of RMB5.5 per share (tax inclusive), with the total amount of approximately RMB176.5 million (tax inclusive)which is subject to adjustment to the number of ordinary shares of the Company entitled to dividend distribution as of the record date fordividend distribution, in respect of the year ended December 31, 2022 has been recommended by the board of directors and is subject toapproval by the shareholders of the Company in the forthcoming annual general meeting to be held on or around June 12, 2023.Table of ContentsF-50Additional Financial Information of Parent Company – Financial Statements Schedule IThe following Schedule I has been provided pursuant to the requirements of Rules 12-04(a) and 5-04(c) of Regulation S-X,which require condensed financial information as to the financial position, changes in financial position and results of operations of aparent company as of the same dates and for the same periods for which audited consolidated financial statements have been presented, asthe restricted net assets was more than 25% of the Company’s consolidated net assets as of December 31, 2022.a) Condensed Balance Sheets (Amount in Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)As of December 31, 2021 20222022 RMBRMB US$Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 224,145349,845 50,723Amounts due from related parties 760823 119Total current assets 224,905350,668 50,842Investments in subsidiaries and VIEs 8,538,8299,636,776 1,397,199Investments in affiliates 301,509361,831 52,461Other non-current assets 637724 105Total assets 9,065,88010,349,999 1,500,607Liabilities and Equity Current liabilities Contingent liabilities 433,345469,018 68,001Amounts due to subsidiaries and VIEs575,428467,17867,734Other current liabilities 16,3328,107 1,175Total liabilities 1,025,105944,303 136,910Shareholder’s equity Ordinary shares (US$0.0005 par value): 91,394,900 Class A ordinary shares authorized,22,683,970 shares issued and 21,764,455 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and100,000,000 ordinary shares authorized, 31,945,575 shares issued and 31,301,932 sharesoutstanding as of December 31, 2022 76105 158,605,100 shares and nil Class B ordinary shares authorized, 8,315,000 and nil shares issuedand outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively 28— —Treasury stock (919,515 and nil ordinary shares as of December 31, 2021 and 2022,respectively) (541,379)— —Additional paid-in capital 3,534,7413,803,183 551,410Retained earnings 5,187,3235,604,954 812,642Accumulated other comprehensive loss (140,014)(2,546) (370)Total shareholders’ equity 8,040,7759,405,696 1,363,697Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 9,065,88010,349,999 1,500,607Table of ContentsF-51b) Condensed Statements of Operations (Amount in Thousands)Year ended December 31, 2020202120222022 RMB RMB RMB US$Net revenues — — — —Operating cost and expenses Selling expenses 356 285 2,838 411General and administrative expenses 5,588 41,955 16,948 2,457Other operating expenses——12,5161,815Total operating cost and expenses 5,944 42,240 32,302 4,683Loss from operations (5,944) (42,240) (32,302) (4,683)Other income (expenses): Interest income 20,545 2,266 4,250 616Interest expenses — — — —Settlement expenses (1,828,907) (19,908) — —Other income (expenses) 14,713 (4,211) 11,083 1,607Total other (expenses) income (1,793,649) (21,853) 15,333 2,223Loss before taxes and income from equity in affiliates, subsidiaries andVIEs (1,799,593) (64,093) (16,969) (2,460)Income tax expenses (3,058) — — —Income from equity in affiliates78,76868,38851,4597,461Income from equity in subsidiaries and VIEs 978,658 1,309,836 942,081 136,586Net (loss) income (745,225) 1,314,131 976,571 141,587c) Condensed Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income (Amount in Thousands) Year ended December 31, 2020202120222022 RMB RMB RMB US$Net (loss) income (745,225) 1,314,131 976,571 141,587Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustments (176,934) (60,900) 137,468 19,932Fair value fluctuation of available-for-sale investment, net of tax of nil 771 — — —Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax (176,163) (60,900) 137,468 19,932Comprehensive (loss) income (921,388) 1,253,231 1,114,039 161,519Table of ContentsF-52d) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Amount in Thousands)Year ended December 31, 2020202120222022 RMB RMB RMB US$Cash flows from operating activities: Net (loss) income (745,225)1,314,131 976,571 141,587Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operatingactivities: Income from equity in subsidiaries and VIEs, net of dividends (978,658)(1,309,836) (942,081) (136,586)Income from equity in affiliates, net of dividends (58,913)(28,606) (41,385) (6,000)Share-based settlement expense 1,290,81119,908 — —Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Amounts due from subsidiaries and VIEs 356,685— — —Amounts due from related parties (94)18 (63) (9)Amounts due to subsidiaries and VIEs56,93728,58452,2627,577Other current assets (31,417)40,772 — —Deferred tax assets 1,226— — —Contingent liabilities 530,433(11,398) — —Other current liabilities (10,249)11,828 (31,336) (4,543)Other non-current liabilities 908(2,276) — —Net cash provided by operating activities 412,44463,125 13,968 2,026Cash flows from investing activities: Increase in investments in subsidiaries and VIEs (43,690)(1,120,785) (17,492) (2,536)Capital return from investments in affiliates 101,114— — —Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 57,424(1,120,785) (17,492) (2,536)Cash flows from financing activities:Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares upon exercise of stock options33,37211,1141,493216Proceeds from advances from subsidiaries—537,604287,87641,738Repayment of advances from subsidiaries—(82,481)(448,387)(65,010)Payment for repurchase of ordinary shares(281,610)(372,376)——Proceeds from offering, net of issuance cost——247,01535,814Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(248,238)93,86187,99712,758Effect of exchange rate changes(111,190)(171,897)41,2275,977Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 110,440(1,135,696) 125,700 18,225Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of year 1,249,4011,359,841 224,145 32,498Cash and cash equivalents - end of year 1,359,841224,145 349,845 50,723Table of ContentsF-53e) Notes to Condensed Financial Statements1.The condensed financial statements of Noah Holdings Limited have been prepared using the same accounting policies as set outin the consolidated financial statements except that the equity method has been used to account for investments in subsidiariesand VIEs. Such investment in subsidiaries and VIEs are presented on the balance sheets as investment in subsidiaries and VIEsand the profit of the subsidiaries and VIEs is presented as income from equity in subsidiaries and VIEs on the statement ofoperations.2.As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions of long-term obligations of theCompany, except for those which have been separately disclosed in the consolidated financial statements.3.Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accountingprinciples generally accepted in the United States of America have been condensed or omitted. The footnote disclosure certainsupplemental information relating to the operations of the Company and, as such, these statements should be read in conjunctionwith the notes to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. 1Exhibit 2.7Description of Rights of Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)As of December 31, 2022, Noah Holdings Limited, (“we,” “our,” “our company,” or “us”) had the following series of securities registered pursuantto Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act:Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of exchange on which registeredAmerican Depositary Shares, two of which representone ordinary share, par value US$0.0005 per shareNOAHNew York Stock Exchangeordinary shares, par value US$0.0005 per share6686The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong LimitedThis exhibit contains a description of the rights of (i) the holders of ordinary shares and (ii) the holders of ADSs. Underlying ordinary sharesrepresented by the ADSs are held by Citibank, N. A., as depositary, and holders of ADSs will not be treated as holders of the ordinary shares.Description of Ordinary SharesThe following is a summary of material provisions of our currently effective sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles ofassociation (our “Memorandum and Articles of Association”), as well as the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands (the “Companies Act”)insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares. Notwithstanding this, because it is a summary, it may not contain all the informationthat you may otherwise deem important. For more complete information, you should read the entire Memorandum and Articles of Association, which hasbeen filed with the SEC as an exhibit to our current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-34936), as amended, initially filed with the Commission onDecember 22, 2022.Type and Class of Securities (Item 9.A.5 of Form 20-F)Each ordinary share has US$0.0005 par value. The number of ordinary shares that have been issued as of the last day of the fiscal year endedDecember 31, 2022 is provided on the cover of the annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 20-F”). Ourordinary shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members. We may not issue shares to bearer.Preemptive Rights (Item 9.A.3 of Form 20-F)Our shareholders do not have preemptive rights.Limitations or Qualifications (Item 9.A.6 of Form 20-F)Not applicable.Rights of Other Types of Securities (Item 9.A.7 of Form 20-F)Not applicable.Rights of Ordinary Shares (Item 10.B.3 of Form 20-F)See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Ordinary Shares” of the 2022 Form 20-F.Limitations on the Rights to Own Ordinary Shares (Item 10.B.6 of Form 20-F)There are no limitations under the laws of the Cayman Islands or under our Memorandum and Articles of Association that limit the right of non-resident or foreign owners to hold or vote ordinary shares, other than anti-takeover provisions contained in our Memorandum and Articles of Associationwhich may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable.Provisions Affecting Any Change of Control (Item 10.B.7 of Form 20-F)See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Ordinary Shares” of the 2022 Form 20-F.Ownership Threshold (Item 10.B.8 of Form 20-F)There are no provisions under Cayman Islands law applicable to our company, or under our Memorandum and Articles of Association, thatrequire our company to disclose shareholder ownership above any particular ownership threshold.Differences Between the Law of Different Jurisdictions (Item 10.B.9 of Form 20-F)The Companies Act of the Cayman Islands is modeled after that of England but does not follow recent English statutory enactments and differsfrom laws applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of theCompanies Act of the Cayman Islands applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders.2Mergers and Similar Arrangements. The Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and betweenCayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (a) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituentcompanies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company, and (b) a “consolidation”means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities ofsuch companies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve awritten plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company, and(b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The plan must be filed with the Registrar ofCompanies of the Cayman Islands together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a list of the assets andliabilities of each constituent company and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members andcreditors of each constituent company and that notification of the merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Courtapproval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.A merger between a Cayman parent company and its Cayman subsidiary or subsidiaries does not require authorization by a resolution ofshareholders of that Cayman subsidiary if a copy of the plan of merger is given to every member of that Cayman subsidiary to be merged unless thatmember agrees otherwise. For this purpose a company is a “parent” of a subsidiary if it holds issued shares that together represent at least ninety percent(90%) of the votes at a general meeting of the subsidiary.The consent of each holder of a fixed or floating security interest over a constituent company is required unless this requirement is waived by acourt in the Cayman Islands.Save in certain limited circumstances, a shareholder of a Cayman constituent company who dissents from the merger or consolidation is entitledto payment of the fair value of his shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) upon dissenting tothe merger or consolidation, provide the dissenting shareholder complies strictly with the procedures set out in the Companies Act. The exercise ofdissenter rights will preclude the exercise by the dissenting shareholder of any other rights to which he or she might otherwise be entitled by virtue ofholding shares, save for the right to seek relief on the grounds that the merger or consolidation is void or unlawful.Separate from the statutory provisions relating to mergers and consolidations, the Companies Act also contains statutory provisions thatfacilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies by way of schemes of arrangement, provided that the arrangement is approved by (a) 75% invalue of the shareholders or class of shareholders, as the case may be, or (b) a majority in number representing 75% in value of the creditors or each classof creditors, as the case may be, with whom the arrangement is to be made, that are, in each case, present and voting either in person or by proxy at ameeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the GrandCourt of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved,the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that:·the statutory provisions as to the required majority vote have been met;·the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion ofthe minority to promote interests adverse to those of the class;·the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and·the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act.The Companies Act also contains a statutory power of compulsory acquisition which may facilitate the “squeeze out” of dissentient minorityshareholder upon a tender offer. When a tender offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares affected within four months, the offeror may,within a two-month period commencing on the expiration of such four month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares tothe offeror on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of anoffer which has been so approved unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.3If an arrangement and reconstruction by way of scheme of arrangement is thus approved and sanctioned, or if a tender offer is made andaccepted, in accordance with the foregoing statutory procedures, a dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, save thatobjectors to a takeover offer may apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for various orders that the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands has abroad discretion to make, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of Delaware corporations, providing rights to receivepayment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.Shareholders’ Suits. In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff and as a general rule a derivative action may not be brought by aminority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, the CaymanIslands courts can be expected (and have had occasion) to follow and apply the common law principles (namely the rule in Foss v. Harbottle and theexceptions thereto) which permit a minority shareholder to commence a class action against, or derivative actions in the name of, our company tochallenge:·an act which is ultra vires or illegal and is therefore incapable of ratification by the shareholders;·an act which constitutes a fraud against the minority where the wrongdoer are themselves in control of the company; and·an act which requires a resolution with a qualified (or special) majority (i.e. more than a simple majority) which has not been obtained.Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability. Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which acompany’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provisionmay be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences ofcommitting a crime. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association provide that that we shall indemnify our directors and officers against all actions,proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities incurred or sustained by such persons in connection with the execution or discharge ofhis duties, powers, authorities or discretions as a director or officer of our company, including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, anycosts, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such director or officer in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerningour company or its affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association also provide that nosuch director or officer of our company shall be liable to our company for any loss or damage unless such liability arises through the willful neglect ordefault of such director or officer. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for aDelaware corporation.In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers that provide such persons with additionalindemnification beyond that provided in our Memorandum and Articles of Association.Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling usunder the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in theSecurities Act and is therefore unenforceable.Directors’ Fiduciary Duties. Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and itsshareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with thecare that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose toshareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director acts in a mannerhe reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This dutyprohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessedby a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have beenmade on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, thispresumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a4transaction by a director, the director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company andtherefore it is considered that he owes the following duties to the company—a duty to act in good faith in the best interests of the company, a duty not tomake a personal profit based on his position as director (unless the company permits him to do so), a duty not to put himself in a position where theinterests of the company conflict with his personal interest or his duty to a third party and a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powerswere intended. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a directorneed not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge andexperience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and theseauthorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.Shareholder Action by Written Consent. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders toact by written consent by amendment to its certificate of incorporation. Cayman Islands law and our Memorandum and Articles of Association providethat shareholders may approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would havebeen entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.Shareholder Proposals. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meetingof shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors orany other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.The Companies Act provide shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with anyright to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our Memorandum andArticles of Association allow our shareholders holding not less than one-tenth of the voting rights, on a one vote per share basis, of our company thatcarries the right of voting at general meetings to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders, in which case our board is obliged toconvene an extraordinary general meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. Other than this right to requisition ashareholders’ meeting, our Memorandum and Articles of Association do not provide our shareholders with any other right to put proposals before annualgeneral meetings or extraordinary general meetings. As an exempted Cayman Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call shareholders’ annualgeneral meetings.Cumulative Voting. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless thecorporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholderson a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, whichincreases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the lawsof the Cayman Islands but our Memorandum and Articles of Association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are notafforded any less protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.Removal of Directors. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed onlyfor cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under ourMemorandum and Articles of Association, directors may be removed with or without cause, by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. A director’soffice shall be vacated if the director (i) dies, becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) is found to be orbecomes of unsound mind; (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing to our company; or; (iii) is removed from office pursuant to any other provisions ofour Memorandum and Articles of Association. Subject to the foregoing sentence, each director shall hold office until the expiration of his term and untilhis successor shall have been elected and qualified in accordance with our Memorandum and Articles of Association.Transactions with Interested Shareholders. The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable toDelaware corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate ofincorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such5person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of thetarget’s outstanding voting share within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid forthe target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which suchshareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in theperson becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisitiontransaction with the target’s board of directors.Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delawarebusiness combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders,it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and not with the effect of constituting a fraud onthe minority shareholders.Restructuring. A company may present a petition to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for the appointment of a restructuring officer on thegrounds that the company:(a) is or is likely to become unable to pay its debts; and(b) intends to present a compromise or arrangement to its creditors (or classes thereof) either pursuant to the Companies Act, the law of aforeign country or by way of a consensual restructuring.The Grand Court may, among other things, make an order appointing a restructuring officer upon hearing of such petition, with such powers andto carry out such functions as the court may order. At any time (i) after the presentation of a petition for the appointment of a restructuring officer butbefore an order for the appointment of a restructuring officer has been made, and (ii) when an order for the appointment of a restructuring officer is made,until such order has been discharged, no suit, action or other proceedings (other than criminal proceedings) shall be proceeded with or commenced againstthe company, no resolution to wind up the company shall be passed, and no winding up petition may be presented against the company, except with theleave of the court. However, notwithstanding the presentation of a petition for the appointment of a restructuring officer or the appointment of arestructuring officer, a creditor who has security over the whole or part of the assets of the company is entitled to enforce the security without the leave ofthe court and without reference to the restructuring officer appointed.Dissolution; Winding up. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve,dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the boardof directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in itscertificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board.Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of itsmembers or, if the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, by an ordinary resolution of its members. The court has authority to order windingup in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so.Variation of Rights of Shares. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with theapproval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our Memorandum andArticles of Association, if our share capital is divided into different classes or series of shares, the rights attaching to any such class or series may (unlessotherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class or series) be varied or abrogated with the consent in writing of a majority of the issuedshares of that class or series or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class or series. Therights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class or series issued with preferred or other rights shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided bythe terms of issue of the shares of that class or series, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking in priority thereto or paripassu therewith.Amendment of Governing Documents. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amendedwith the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under Cayman Islandslaw, our Memorandum and Articles of Association may only be amended with a special resolution of our shareholders.Rights of Non-resident or Foreign Shareholders. There are no limitations imposed by our Memorandum and Articles of Association on therights of non- resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares.Debt Securities (Item 12.A of Form 20-F)Not applicable.Warrants and Rights (Item 12.B of Form 20-F)Not applicable.Other Securities (Item 12.C of Form 20-F)Not applicable.Description of American Depositary Shares (Items 12.D.1 and 12.D.2 of Form 20-F)Citibank, N.A., has agreed to act as the depositary for American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”). Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. ADSs represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary. ADSs may berepresented by certificates that are commonly known as American Depositary Receipts or ADRs. The depositary typically appoints a custodian tosafekeep the securities on deposit. In this case, the custodian is Citibank, N.A.—Hong Kong, located at 9/F Citi Tower, One Bay East, 83 Hoi Bun Road,Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.6We have appointed Citibank as depositary pursuant to a deposit agreement. A copy of the deposit agreement is on file with the SEC under coverof a Registration Statement on Form F-6. You may obtain a copy of the deposit agreement from the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E.,Washington, D.C. 20549 and from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to Registration Number 333-170167 when retrieving such copy.We are providing you with a summary description of the material terms of the ADSs and of your material rights as an owner of ADSs. Pleaseremember that summaries by their nature lack the precision of the information summarized and that the rights and obligations of an owner of ADSs willbe determined by reference to the terms of the deposit agreement and not by this summary. We urge you to review the deposit agreement in its entirety.The portions of this summary description that are italicized describe matters that may be relevant to the ownership of ADSs but that may not be containedin the deposit agreement.Each ADS represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in, one-half (1/2) of one (1) ordinary share that ison deposit with the depositary and/or custodian. An ADS also represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other propertyreceived by the depositary or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legalrestrictions or practical considerations. We and the depositary may agree to change the ADS-to-Share ratio by amending the deposit agreement. Thisamendment may give rise to, or change, the depositary fees payable by ADS owners. The custodian, the depositary and their respective nominees willhold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assetsof the depositary, the custodian or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will under the terms of the deposit agreement be vestedin the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary, the custodian and their respective nominees will be the record holders of the deposited propertyrepresented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not bethe holder of ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs will be able to receive, and to exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property onlythrough the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary, andthe depositary (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each caseupon the terms of the deposit agreement.If you become an owner of ADSs, you will become a party to the deposit agreement and therefore will be bound to its terms and to the terms ofany ADR that represents your ADSs. The deposit agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as your rights and obligations as anowner of ADSs and those of the depositary. As an ADS holder you appoint the depositary to act on your behalf in certain circumstances. The depositagreement and the ADRs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of ordinary shares will continue to be governed by thelaws of the Cayman Islands, which may be different from the laws in the United States.As an owner of ADSs, we will not treat you as one of our shareholders and you will not have direct shareholder rights. The depositary will holdon your behalf the shareholder rights attached to the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. As an owner of ADSs you will be able to exercise theshareholders rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs through the depositary only to the extent contemplated in the deposit agreement. Toexercise any shareholder rights not contemplated in the deposit agreement you will, as an ADS owner, need to arrange for the cancellation of your ADSsand become a direct shareholder.7As an owner of ADSs, you may hold your ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in your name, through a brokerage or safekeepingaccount, or through an account established by the depositary in your name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of thedepositary (commonly referred to as the direct registration system or DRS). The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry)registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary. Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issuedby the depositary to the holders of the ADSs. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary and The DepositoryTrust Company, or DTC, the central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States. If you decide to hold your ADSsthrough your brokerage or safekeeping account, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or bank to assert your rights as ADS owner. Banks andbrokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC.This summary description assumes you have opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in your name and, as such, we willrefer to you as the “holder.” For more complete information, you should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of American Depositary Receipt.The latest deposit agreement and form of ADR have been filed with the SEC as an exhibit to a Registration Statement on our F-6 registration statement(File No. 333-170167), as amended, filed with the Commission on March 15, 2016) for our company.Dividends and DistributionsAs a holder, you generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Your receipt ofthese distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders will receive such distributions under the terms ofthe deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of a specified record date.Distributions of CashWhenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Uponreceipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary will arrange for the funds to be converted into U.S. dollars and for thedistribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to the laws and regulations of the Cayman Islands.The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The amountsdistributed to holders will be net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. Thedepositary will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian inrespect of securities on deposit.The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of thedeposit agreement.Distributions of ordinary sharesWhenever we make a free distribution of ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable numberof ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will either distribute to holders new ADSsrepresenting the ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights andinterests in the additional ordinary shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed. Fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceedsof such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio upon a distribution of ordinary shares will be made net ofthe fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes orgovernmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the new ordinary shares so distributed.No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (including U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable.If the depositary does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the depositagreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.8Distributions of RightsWhenever we intend to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary and we will assistthe depositary in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders.The depositary will establish procedures to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercisesuch rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentationcontemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes andother governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights. The depositary is not obligated to establish procedures tofacilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to subscribe for new ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.The depositary will not distribute the rights to you if:·we do not timely request that the rights be distributed to you or we request that the rights not be distributed to you; or·we fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or·it is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights.The depositary will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of suchsale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.Elective DistributionsWhenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give priornotice thereof to the depositary and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you. In such case, we will assist thedepositary in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.The depositary will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentationcontemplated in the deposit agreement. In such case, the depositary will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive either cash or additionalADSs in each case as described in the deposit agreement.If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a holder of ordinary shareswould receive upon failing to make an election.Other DistributionsWhenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will notifythe depositary in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you. If so, we will assist the depositary in determiningwhether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the depositagreement, the depositary will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the depositagreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the property received.The depositary will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:·we do not request that the property be distributed to you or if we request that the property not be distributed to you; or·we do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or·the depositary determines that all or a portion of the distribution to you is not reasonably practicable.9The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.RedemptionWhenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary at least 45 days (or a fewernumber of days if agreed upon with the depositary) in advance of such proposed redemption. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentationcontemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.The custodian will be instructed to surrender the ordinary shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. Thedepositary will convert the redemption funds received into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement and will establish procedures to enableholders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary. You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes andother governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot oron a pro rata basis, as the depositary may determine.Changes affecting ordinary sharesThe ordinary shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value,a split-up, cancellation, consolidation or reclassification of such ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale ofassets.If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law, represent the right to receive the property received orexchanged in respect of the ordinary shares held on deposit. The depositary may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the depositagreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADSs for new ADSs and take anyother actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the ordinary shares. If the depositary may not lawfully distribute suchproperty to you, the depositary may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution.Issuance of ADSs upon Deposit of ordinary sharesThe depositary may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit ordinary shares with the custodian. The depositary will deliverthese ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of the ordinaryshares to the custodian. Your ability to deposit ordinary shares and receive ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Cayman Islands legal considerationsapplicable at the time of deposit.The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been givenand that the ordinary shares have been duly transferred to the custodian. The depositary will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.When you make a deposit of ordinary shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary. As such, you will bedeemed to represent and warrant that:·The ordinary shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and legally obtained.·All preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such ordinary shares have been validly waived or exercised.·You are duly authorized to deposit the ordinary shares.·The ordinary shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, and are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, “restricted securities” (as defined in the deposit agreement).·The ordinary shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements.If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary may, at your cost and expense, take any and allactions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.10Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRsIf you hold ADRs, you will be entitled to transfer, combine or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, youwill have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary and also must:·ensure that the surrendered ADR certificate is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer;·provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary deems appropriate;·provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and·pay all applicable fees, charges, expenses, taxes and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of thedeposit agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs.To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary with your request to have themcombined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreementupon a combination or split up of ADRs.Withdrawal of ordinary shares upon Cancellation of ADSsAs a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number ofunderlying ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices. The depositary will not accept for surrender ADSs representing less than one share. In the case ofthe delivery to it of ADSs representing a number other than a whole number of our ordinary shares, the depositary will cause ownership of theappropriate whole number of shares to be delivered in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement, and will, at its discretion, either return to theperson surrendering such ADSs the number of ADSs representing any remaining fractional share, or sell or cause to be sold the fractional sharerepresented by the ADSs so surrendered and remit the proceeds of such sale (net of applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, thedepositary and taxes withheld) to the person surrendering the ADSs. Your ability to withdraw the ordinary shares may be limited by U.S. and CaymanIslands legal considerations applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you will be requiredto pay to the depositary the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the ordinary shares being withdrawn.You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the depositagreement.If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and suchother documents as the depositary may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the ordinary shares represented by yourADSs may be delayed until the depositary receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind thatthe depositary will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.You will have the right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs at any time except for:·temporary delays that may arise because (i) the transfer books for the ordinary shares or ADSs are closed or (ii) ordinary shares areimmobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends;·obligations to pay fees, taxes and similar charges; and·restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit.The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply withmandatory provisions of law.Voting RightsAs a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the ordinaryshares represented by your ADSs.If we ask for your instructions in a timely manner pursuant to the deposit agreement, as soon as practicable after receiving notice of any meetingor solicitation of consents or proxies from us, the depositary will distribute to the registered ADS holders a notice stating such information as is containedin the voting materials received by11the depositary and describing how you may instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the ordinary shares which underlie your ADSs,including circumstances under which a discretionary proxy may be given to a person designated by us. At our request, the depositary will distribute to youany notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights ofthe securities represented by ADSs. In lieu of distributing such materials, the depositary bank may distribute to holders of ADSs instructions on how toretrieve such materials upon request.Voting at our shareholders’ meetings is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded. A poll may be demanded by one or more of our registeredshareholders present in person or by proxy entitled to vote and who together hold not less than 10 percent of the paid up voting share capital of ourcompany. If the depositary bank timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, the depositary bank will endeavor, insofar as practicable andpermitted under applicable law, to cause the ordinary shares on deposit to be voted as follows: (a) in the event voting takes place at a shareholders’meeting by show of hands, the depositary bank will instruct the custodian to vote, directly or by proxy, all ordinary shares on deposit in accordance withthe voting instructions received from a majority of the holders of ADSs who provided voting instructions; or (b) in the event voting takes place at ashareholders’ meeting by poll, the depositary bank will instruct the custodian to vote, directly or by proxy, the ordinary shares on deposit in accordancewith the voting instructions received from holders of ADSs.In the event of voting by poll, holders of ADSs in respect of which no timely voting instructions have been received shall be deemed to haveinstructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the ordinary shares represented by such holders’ ADSs;provided, that no such instruction shall be deemed given and no such discretionary proxy shall be given with respect to any matter as to which we informthe depositary that we do not wish such proxy to be given; provided, further, that no such discretionary proxy shall be given (x) with respect to any matteras to which we inform the depositary that(i)there exists substantial opposition, or (ii) the rights of holders of ADSs or the shareholders of the Company will be adversely affected and (y) in theevent that the vote is on a show of hands.Please note that the ability of the depositary to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms ofthe securities on deposit. We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositaryin a timely manner.Fees and ExpensesADS holders will be required to pay the following service fees to the depository:ServiceFees●Issuance of ADSsUp to US$0.05 per ADS issued●Cancelation of ADSsUp to US$0.05 per ADS canceled●Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributionsUp to US$0.05 per ADS held●Distribution of ADSs pursuant to stock dividends, free stockdistributions or exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSsUp to US$0.05 per ADS held●Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchaseadditional ADSsUp to US$0.05 per ADS held●Depositary servicesUp to US$0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established bythe depositary12As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:●taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;●such registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of ordinary shares or other deposited securities on the shareregister and applicable to transfers of ordinary shares or other deposited securities to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary orany nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;●such cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses as are expressly provided in the deposit agreement to be at the expenseof the person depositing or withdrawing ordinary shares or holders and beneficial owners of ADSs;●the expenses and charges incurred by the depositary in the conversion of foreign currency;●such fees and expenses as are incurred by the depositary in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and otherregulatory requirements applicable to ordinary shares, deposited securities, ADSs and ADRs; and●the fees and expenses incurred by the depositary, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the servicing or delivery of depositedsecurities.Depositary fees payable upon (i) deposit of ordinary shares against issuance of ADSs and (ii) surrender of ADSs for cancellation andwithdrawal of deposited securities will be charged by the depositary to the person to whom the ADSs so issued are delivered (in the case of ADSissuances) and to the person who delivers the ADSs for cancellation to the depositary (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued bythe depositary into DTC or presented to the depositary via DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees will be payable to the depositary by the DTCparticipant(s) receiving the ADSs from the depositary or the DTC participant(s) surrendering the ADSs to the depositary for cancellation, as the case maybe, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account(s) of the applicable beneficial owner(s) inaccordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participant(s) as in effect at the time. Depositary fees in respect of distributions and thedepositary services fee are payable to the depositary by Holders as of the applicable ADS Record Date established by the depositary. In the case ofdistributions of cash, the amount of the applicable depositary fees is deducted by the depositary from the funds being distributed. In the case ofdistributions other than cash and the depositary service fee, the depositary will invoice the applicable Holders as of the ADS Record Date established bythe depositary. For ADSs held through DTC, the depositary fees for distributions other than cash and the depositary service fee are charged by thedepositary to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC from time to time and the DTC participants in turncharge the amount of such fees to the Beneficial Owners for whom they hold ADSs.In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service untilpayment is received or may offset the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder.The fees and charges that ADS holders may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary.The depositary may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program established pursuant to the depositagreement, by making available a portion of the depositary fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions aswe and the depositary may agree from time to time. As described in the deposit agreement, we or the depositary may withhold or deduct from anydistributions made in respect of ordinary shares and may sell for the account of a holder any or all of the ordinary shares and apply such distributions andsale proceeds in payment of any taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) or charges that are or may be payable by holders in respect of theADSs.Amendments and TerminationWe may agree with the depositary to modify the deposit agreement at any time without your consent. We undertake to give holders 30 days’prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the deposit agreement. We will not consider to bematerially prejudicial to your substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the13Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges you are required to pay. Inaddition, we may not be able to provide you with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance withapplicable provisions of law.You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the depositagreement become effective. The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs(except as permitted by law).We have the right to direct the depositary to terminate the deposit agreement. Similarly, the depositary may in certain circumstances on its owninitiative terminate the deposit agreement. In either case, the depositary must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Untiltermination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.After termination, the depositary will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request thecancellation of your ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary will hold the proceeds from such sale and any otherfunds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account. At that point, the depositary will have no further obligations to holders otherthan to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).Books of DepositaryThe depositary will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. You may inspect such records at such office during regular businesshours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.The depositary will maintain facilities in New York to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs.These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.Limitations on Obligations and LiabilitiesThe deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you. Please note the following:●We and the depositary are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith.●The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effectof any vote, provided it acts in good faith and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.●The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of anydocument forwarded to you on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associatedwith investing in ordinary shares, for the validity or worth of the ordinary shares, for any tax consequences that result from the ownershipof ADSs, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the deposit agreement, for thetimeliness of any of our notices or for any failure by us to give notice.●We and the depositary will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the deposit agreement.●We and the depositary disclaim any liability if we or the depositary are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminalpenalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement, byreason of any provision, present or future of any law or regulation, or by reason of present or future provision of any provision of ourarticles of association, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war or othercircumstances beyond our control.14●We and the depositary disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for the depositagreement or in our articles of association or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit.●We and the depositary further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legalcounsel, accountants, any person presenting ordinary shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or anyother person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information.●We and the depositary also disclaim liability for the inability of a holder to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefitthat is made available to holders of ordinary shares but is not, under the terms of the deposit agreement, made available to you.●We and the depositary may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and tohave been signed or presented by the proper parties.●We and the depositary also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the depositagreement.As the above limitations relate to our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you under the deposit agreement, we believe that, as amatter of construction of the clause, such limitations would likely to continue to apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADSfacility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred under the deposit agreement before the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares, and such limitations would most likely not apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect toobligations or liabilities incurred after the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares and not under the deposit agreement.In any event, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance withU.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In fact, you cannot waive our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S.federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.TaxesYou will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, thedepositary and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all propertyon deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxesthat are due.The depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes andcharges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reducedtax withholding for any distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary and to the custodian proof of taxpayerstatus and residence and such other information as the depositary bank and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations. You are required toindemnify us, the depositary and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.Foreign Currency ConversionThe depositary will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it willdistribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreigncurrency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost orwithin a reasonable period, the depositary may take the following actions in its discretion:●Convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion anddistribution is lawful and practical.●Distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical.●Hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders.Governing LawThe deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holdersof ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands. Exhibit 8.1List of Significant Consolidated Entities of Noah Holdings Limited*Name Date of Incorporation Place of Incorporation Percentage of OwnershipNoah Upright Fund Distribution Co., Ltd.(formerly known as Noah Upright (Shanghai)Fund Investment Consulting Co., Ltd.)November 18, 2003PRC100%Shanghai Noah Investment (Group) Co., Ltd.(formerly known as Shanghai Noah RongyaoInvestment Consulting Co., Ltd.)August 24, 2007PRC100%Noah Insurance (Hong Kong) LimitedJanuary 3, 2011Hong Kong100%Noah Holdings (Hong Kong) LimitedSeptember 1, 2011Hong Kong100%Gopher Capital GP LimitedMay 11, 2012Cayman Islands100%Zigong Noah Financial Service Co., Ltd.October 22, 2012PRC100%Wuhu Fangtiao Technology Co., Ltd.November 28, 2019PRC100%Shanghai Nuohong Real Estate Co., Ltd.May 30, 2013PRC100%Noah International (Hong Kong) LimitedJanuary 7, 2015Hong Kong100%Shanghai Noah Investment Management Co., Ltd.August 26, 2005PRCControlled under the Contractual ArrangementGopher Asset Management Co., Ltd.February 9, 2012PRCControlled under the Contractual ArrangementWuhu Gopher Asset Management Co., Ltd.October 10, 2012PRCControlled under the Contractual ArrangementShanghai Gopher Asset Management Co., Ltd.December 14, 2012PRCControlled under theContractual ArrangementShanghai Gopher Massa Asset Management Co.,Ltd.June 29, 2015PRCControlled under theContractual Arrangement*Other consolidated entities of Noah Holdings Limited have been omitted from this list since, considered in the aggregate as a singleentity, they would not constitute a significant subsidiary. Exhibit 12.1Certification by the Principal Executive OfficerPursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002I, Jingbo Wang, certify that:1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Noah Holdings Limited (the “Company”);2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material factnecessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respectto the period covered by this report;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in allmaterial respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in thisreport;4.The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures(as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange ActRules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under oursupervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made knownto us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designedunder our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation offinancial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusionsabout the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on suchevaluation; and(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the periodcovered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internalcontrol over financial reporting; and5.The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control overfinancial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing theequivalent functions):(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting whichare reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information;and(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’sinternal control over financial reporting.Date: April 24, 2023By:/s/ Jingbo WangName:Jingbo WangTitle:Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 12.2Certification by the Principal Financial OfficerPursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002I, Qing Pan, certify that:1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Noah Holdings Limited (the “Company”);2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material factnecessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respectto the period covered by this report;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in allmaterial respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in thisreport;4.The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures(as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange ActRules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under oursupervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made knownto us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designedunder our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation offinancial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusionsabout the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on suchevaluation; and(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the periodcovered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internalcontrol over financial reporting; and5.The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control overfinancial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing theequivalent function):(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting whichare reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information;and(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’sinternal control over financial reporting.Date: April 24, 2023By:/s/ Qing PanName:Qing PanTitle:Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 13.1Certification by the Principal Executive OfficerPursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002In connection with the Annual Report of Noah Holdings Limited (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31,2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jingbo Wang, Chief Executive Officer ofthe Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that tomy knowledge:1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operationsof the Company.Date: April 24, 2023By:/s/ Jingbo WangName:Jingbo WangTitle:Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 13.2Certification by the Principal Financial OfficerPursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002In connection with the Annual Report of Noah Holdings Limited (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31,2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Qing Pan, Chief Financial Officer of theCompany, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to myknowledge:1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operationsof the Company.Date: April 24, 2023By:/s/ Qing PanName:Qing PanTitle:Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 15.1CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMWe consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement Nos. 333-222342 and 333-268978 on Form S-8 and No. 333-265732 on Form F-3 of our reports dated March 28, 2023, relating to the financial statements of Noah Holdings Limited (the “Company”)and the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting appearing in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for the yearended December 31, 2022./s/Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLPShanghai, ChinaApril 24, 2023 北京 • 上海 • 深圳 • 广州 • 武汉 • 成都 • 重庆 • 青岛 • 杭州 • 南京 • 海口 • 东京 • 香港 • 伦敦 • 纽约 • 洛杉矶 • 旧金山 • 阿拉木图Beijing • Shanghai • Shenzhen • Guangzhou • Wuhan • Chengdu • Chongqing • Qingdao • Hangzhou • Nanjing • Haikou •Tokyo • Hong Kong • London • New York • Los Angeles • San Francisco • AlmatyExhibit 15.2ToNoah Holdings LimitedBuilding 2, Changyang Vallye1687 Changyang Rd., Yangpu DistrictShanghai, China, 200090April 24, 2023Dear Sir/Madam:We consent to the reference to our firm under the headings of “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities”, “Organizational Structure”, “RiskFactors” and “People’s Republic of China Taxation” in Noah Holdings Limited’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for year endedDecember 31, 2022 (the “Annual Report”), which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) in the month ofApril 2023. We also consent to the filing of this consent letter with the SEC as an exhibit to the Annual Report.In giving such consent, we do not hereby admit that we come within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 ofthe Securities Act of 1933, or under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in each case, as amended, or the regulations promulgatedthereunder.[The remainder of this page is intentionally left blank]Yours faithfully,/s/Zhong Lun Law Firm Exhibit 15.3Our refVSL/658613-000001/22936008v1Direct tel+852 3690 7513E-mailVivian.Lee@maples.comNoah Holdings LimitedBuilding 2, Changyang Valley1687 Changyang RoadShanghai 200090People’s Republic of ChinaApril 24, 2023Dear SirsNoah Holdings LimitedWe have acted as legal advisers as to the laws of the Cayman Islands to Noah Holdings Limited, an exempted limited liability companyincorporated in the Cayman Islands (the “Company”), in connection with the filing by the Company with the United States Securities andExchange Commission (the “SEC”) of an annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2022 (“Form 20-F”).We hereby consent to the reference of our name under the headings “Item 3.D Risk Factors” and “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities” in theForm 20-F, and we further consent to the incorporation by reference of the summary of our opinions under this heading into theCompany’s registration statements on Form S-8 (File No. 333-171541) that was filed on 5 January 2011, Form S-8 (File No. 333-222342)that was filed on 29 December 2017 and Form S-8 (File No. 333-268978) that was filed on 23 December 2022.We consent to the filing with the SEC of this consent letter as an exhibit to the Form 20-F. In giving such consent, we do not thereby admitthat we come within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act of 1933, or under theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, in each case, as amended, or the regulations promulgated thereunder.Yours faithfully/s/Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP Exhibit 15.4April 24, 2023VIA EDGARDivision of Corporation FinanceOffice of FinanceSecurities and Exchange Commission100 F Street, N.E.Washington, D.C. 20549Re:Noah Holdings LimitedSubmission under the Item 16I(a) of Form 20-FAttn:Division of Corporation FinanceOffice of FinanceDear Sir/Madam,In compliance with the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCA Act”), Noah HoldingsLimited (the “Company”) is submitting via EDGAR the following information as required under Item 16I(a) ofForm 20-F.On April 12, 2022, the Company was conclusively listed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission(the “SEC”) as a Commission-Identified Issuer pursuant to the HFCA Act because it filed an annual report on Form20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 with the SEC on April 6, 2022 with an audit report issued byDeloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, a registered public accounting firm retained by theCompany for the preparation of the audit report on the Company’s financial statements included therein. DeloitteTouche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP is a registered public accounting firm headquartered inmainland China, a jurisdiction where the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) determinedthat it was unable to inspect or investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered there until December2022 when the PCAOB vacated its previous determination.To the Company’s knowledge and based on an examination of its shareholder register and public filingsmade by its shareholders, including among others, the Schedule 13G/A filed by Yiheng Capital Partners, L.P. onFebruary 14, 2023 and the Schedule 13G/A filed by FIL Limited on April 10, 2023, the Company respectfullysubmits that it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in China as of the date of this submission.Based on an examination of the Company’s shareholder register and public filings made by its shareholders,to the Company’s knowledge, no shareholder other than Jing Investors Co., Ltd., Yiheng Capital Partners, L.P., FILLimited, Jia Investment Co., Ltd., Yin Investment Co., Ltd., certain investment funds affiliated with SequoiaCapital China and Quan Investment Co., Ltd. owned more than 5% of the Company’s outstanding shares as ofDecember 31, 2022.In addition, the Company is not aware of any governmental entity that is in possession of, direct or indirect,of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of the Company, whether through theownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise.Should any member of the Staff have any questions or comments regarding the Company’s submission setforth above, please do not hesitate to contact me, by phone at (86) 21 8035 9221, or you may contact our outsidelegal counsel, Steve Lin, Kirkland & Ellis International LLP, at (86) 10 5737 9315.Noah Holdings LimitedBy:/s/ Qing PanName: Qing PanTitle: Chief Financial Officercc:Steve Lin, Kirkland & Ellis International LLP

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