NuCana plc
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 7, 2019UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20549FORM 20-F☐☐REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934OR☒☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018OR☐☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934OR☐☐SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934Commission File Number 001-38215NUCANA PLC(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)England and Wales(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)NuCana plc3 Lochside WayEdinburgh EH12 9DTUnited KingdomTelephone: +44 (0)131 357 1111(Address of principal executive offices)Corporation Service Company251 Little Falls DriveWilmington, DE 19808Telephone: +1 302 636 5400(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent For Service)Hugh S. Griffith, Chief Executive OfficerNuCana plc3 Lochside WayEdinburgh EH12 9DTUnited KingdomTelephone: +44 (0)131 357 1111info@nucana.com(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registeredAmerican Depositary Shares, each representing one Ordinary Share, nominal value £0.04per share The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NoneSecurities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: NoneIndicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 32,226,458ordinary shares, par value £0.04 per share.Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ NoIf this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities ExchangeAct of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ NoIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ NoIndicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ NoIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of“accelerated filer,” large accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Emerging growth company ☒ If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use theextended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codificationafter April 5, 2012.Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International AccountingStandards Board ☒ Other ☐ If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item18If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No  TABLE OF CONTENTS Page GENERAL INFORMATIONivPRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATAivINFORMATION REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTSivPART I 1Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers1Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable1Item 3. Key Information1 A. Selected Financial Data1 B. Capitalization and Indebtedness2 C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds2 D. Risk Factors2Item 4. Information on the Company48 A. History and Development of the Company48 B. Business48 C. Organizational Structure85 D. Property, Plant and Equipment85Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments85Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects86 A. Operating Results86 B. Liquidity and Capital Resources96 C. Research and Development,Patents and Licenses, etc.97 D. Trend information97 E. Off Balance Sheet Arrangements97 F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations97 G. Safe Harbor98Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees99 A. Directors and Senior Management99 B. Compensation101 C. Board Practices107 D. Employees108 E. Share Ownership109Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions109 A. Major Shareholders109 B. Related Party Transactions111 C. Interests of Experts and Counsel111Item 8. Financial Information111 A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information111 B. Significant Changes112Item 9. The Offer and Listing112 A. Offer and Listing Details112 B. Plan of Distribution112 C. Markets112 D. Selling Shareholders112 E. Dilution112 F. Expenses of the Issue112 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS(continued) Item 10. Additional Information113 A. Share Capital113 B. Memorandum and Articles of Association113 C. Material Contracts127 D. Exchange Controls127 E. Taxation127 F. Dividends and Paying Agents135 G. Statement by Experts135 H. Documents on Display135 I. Subsidiary Information135Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk135Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities136 A. Debt Securities136 B. Warrants and Rights136 C. Other Securities136 D. American Depositary Shares136PART II 138Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies138Item 14. Material Modifications To The Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds138Item 15. Controls and Procedures138 A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures138 B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting138 C. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm138 D. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting138Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert138Item 16B. Code of Ethics139Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services139Item 16D. Exemptions From the Listing Standards For Audit Committees139Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers139Item 16F. Change in the Registrant’s Certifying Accountant139Item 16G. Corporate Governance139Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure140PART III 141Item 17 Financial Statements141Item 18 Financial Statements141Item 19 Exhibits141 iii GENERAL INFORMATIONIn this annual report on Form 20-F (“Annual Report”), “NuCana,” “NuCana plc,” the “Group,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to NuCanaplc and its consolidated subsidiaries, except where the context otherwise requires.NuCana® and Acelarin® are our registered trademarks and ProTidesTM is our trademark.PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATAThe consolidated financial statement data as at December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015have been derived from our consolidated financial statements, as presented elsewhere in this Annual Report, which have been prepared in accordance withInternational Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB and audited in accordance with thestandards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). The financial statement data as at December 31, 2016 and 2015 and for theyear ended December 31, 2015 have been derived from our financial statements, which are not presented herein, which have also been prepared in accordancewith IFRS as issued by IASB.All references in this Annual Report to “$” are to U.S. dollars and all references to “£” are to pounds sterling.INFORMATION REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTSThis Annual Report contains estimates and forward-looking statements, principally in the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Operating and FinancialReview and Prospects” and “Business.” Some of the matters discussed concerning our operations and financial performance include forward-lookingstatements and estimates within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The words“believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar words are intended to identify forward-looking statements andestimates. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: •the development of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738, including statements regarding the expected initiation, timing, progress andavailability of data from our clinical trials; •the potential attributes and benefit of our ProTides and their competitive positions; •our ability to successfully commercialize our ProTides, if approved; •our estimates regarding expenses, capital requirements and our need for additional financing; •our ability to acquire or in-license new product candidates; •potential collaborations; and •the duration of our patent portfolio.iv These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that could cause our actualresults of operations, financial condition, liquidity, performance, prospects, opportunities, achievements or industry results, as well as those of the markets weserve or intend to serve, to differ materially from those expressed in, or suggested by, these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actualresults, financial condition, liquidity, performance, prospects, opportunities, achievements or industry results to differ materially include, but are not limitedto, those discussed under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. Additional risks that we may currently deem immaterial or that are not presently known to uscould also cause the forward-looking events discussed in this Annual Report not to occur. These forward-looking statements are based on assumptionsregarding our present and future business strategies and the environment in which we expect to operate in the future.Forward-looking statements and estimates speak only at the date they were made, and we undertake no obligation to update or to review any forward-looking statement or estimate because of new information, future events or other factors. Forward-looking statements and estimates involve risks anduncertainties and are not guarantees of future performance. Our future results may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statementsand estimates.In light of the risks and uncertainties described above, the forward-looking statements and estimates discussed in this Annual Report might not occurand our future results and our performance may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements and estimates due to, inclusive of,but not limited to, the factors mentioned above. Because of these uncertainties, you should not make any investment decision based on these forward-looking statements and estimates.Additional factors that could cause actual results, financial condition, liquidity, performance, prospects, opportunities, achievements or industryresults to differ materially include, but are not limited to, those discussed under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. Additional risks that we may currentlydeem immaterial or that are not presently known to us could also cause the forward-looking events discussed in this Annual Report not to occur. The words“believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar words are intended to identify estimates and forward-lookingstatements. Estimates and forward-looking statements speak only at the date they were made, and we undertake no obligation to update or to review anyestimate and/or forward-looking statement because of new information, future events or other factors. Estimates and forward-looking statements involve risksand uncertainties and are not guarantees of future performance. Our future results may differ materially from those expressed in these estimates and forward-looking statements. In light of the risks and uncertainties described above, the estimates and forward-looking statements discussed in this Annual Reportmight not occur, and our future results and our performance may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements due to, inclusiveof, but not limited to, the factors mentioned above. Because of these uncertainties, you should not make any investment decision based on these estimatesand forward-looking statements. v PART IItem 1.Identity of Directors, Senior Management and AdvisersNot Applicable.Item 2.Offer Statistics and Expected TimetableNot Applicable.Item 3.Key InformationA.Selected Financial DataThe following tables summarize our consolidated financial data as of the dates and for the periods indicated. The consolidated financial data as of andfor the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015 have been derived from our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared inaccordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standard Board, or IASB, and audited inaccordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and included elsewhere in this Annual Report.Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. The following selected consolidated financialdata should be read in conjunction with Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements includedelsewhere in this Annual Report. Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 (in thousands, except per share data) Consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss data: Research and development expenses £(16,846) £(17,673) £(7,904) £(5,655)Administrative expenses (5,184) (4,573) (1,143) (1,251)Initial public offering related expenses — (1,794) — — Net foreign exchange gains (losses) 2,902 (1,654) 599 (8)Operating loss (19,128) (25,694) (8,448) (6,914)Finance income 1,065 208 283 406 Loss before tax (18,063) (25,486) (8,165) (6,508)Income tax credit 4,223 2,401 2,116 1,176 Loss for the year (13,840) (23,085) (6,049) (5,332)Other comprehensive income (expense): Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations 12 (8) (2) (1)Total comprehensive loss for the year £(13,828) £(23,093) £(6,051) £(5,333) Basic and diluted loss per share £(0.43) £(0.89) £(0.25) £(0.22)1 As of December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 (in thousands) Consolidated statement of financial position data: Cash and cash equivalents £76,972 £86,703 £19,990 £14,112 Total assets 87,185 96,355 27,214 31,685 Share capital 1,289 1,272 663 659 Share premium 79,426 79,236 42,770 42,574 Accumulated deficit (58,813) (45,159) (22,256) (16,224)Capital reserve (1) 42,466 42,466 — — Net assets/Total equity attributable to equity holders 81,594 93,420 25,241 29,960 Total liabilities (5,591) (2,935) (1,973) (1,725) Number of shares 32,226 31,811 24,185 24,102 (1)The capital reserve balance arose from the impact of the reduction of our share premium account and corresponding increase to our capital reserveaccount reflected as of December 31, 2017 in connection with our re-registration as a public limited company, as further described in footnote 11 tothe consolidated financial statements.B.Capitalization and IndebtednessNot Applicable.C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of ProceedsNot Applicable.D.Risk FactorsOur business has significant risks. You should carefully consider the following risk factors and all other information contained in this AnnualReport, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes. The risks and uncertainties described below are those significant risk factors,currently known and specific to us, that we believe are relevant to our business, results of operations and financial condition. If any of these risksmaterialize, our business, results of operations or financial condition could suffer and the price of the ADSs could decline. Additional risks anduncertainties not currently known to us or that we now deem immaterial may also harm us and adversely affect our business, results of operations andfinancial condition.Risks Related to Our Business and IndustryWe have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve ormaintain profitability.We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. We incurred net losses of £6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016,£23.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and £13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had anaccumulated deficit of £58.8 million. Our most advanced product candidate, Acelarin, is currently being evaluated in three clinical trials: one Phase 1b trial,one Phase 2 trial, and one Phase 3 trial. Our second-most advanced product candidate, NUC-3373, is currently in a Phase 1 trial and a Phase 1b trial, and ourthird clinical-stage product candidate, NUC-7738, has just opened a Phase 1 trial. It may be several years, if ever, before we have a product candidate readyfor commercialization. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through public and private placements of our equity securities. We expect tocontinue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly fromquarter to quarter. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we: •continue development of our ProTides, including initiating additional clinical trials of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738; •complete preclinical studies and potentially initiate clinical trials of our preclinical-stage product candidates; •identify and develop new product candidates;2 •establish a robust supply chain for the manufacture of our product candidates in accordance with current good manufacturing practice, orcGMP; •seek marketing approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; •establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we obtain marketing approval; •pursue market acceptance of our product candidates in the medical community and with third-party payors; •maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; •expand our headcount by recruiting personnel to drive our clinical development programs and effectively manage out-sourced developmentactivities; •enter into collaboration arrangements, if any, for the development of our product candidates or in-license other products and technologies; •achieve milestones which will trigger payments under our license agreements; •add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development andplanned future commercialization efforts; and •incur increased administrative and other costs as a result of operating as a public company.Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing new pharmaceutical drugs, we are unable to predict the extent of anyfuture losses or when we will become profitable, if at all. In addition, our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the EuropeanMedicines Agency, or EMA, the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, or other foreign regulatory agencies, to perform studies and clinical trials in additionto those that we currently anticipate, or if there are any delays in the completion of planned clinical trials or the development of any of our ProTides.To become and remain profitable, we must develop and eventually commercialize products with significant market potential. This will require us tobe successful in a range of challenging activities, including the following: •completing clinical trials of our product candidates that achieve their clinical endpoints; •obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates; •manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which we may obtain marketing approval; and •achieving market acceptance of our product candidates in the medical community and with third-party payors.We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant or large enough to achieve profitability.If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remainprofitable would decrease the value of the company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our discovery and preclinical development efforts,expand our business or continue our operations and may require us to raise additional capital that may dilute your ownership interest. A decline in the valueof the company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.We depend heavily on the success of our product candidates, Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738. We cannot give any assurance that these productcandidates will receive regulatory approval for any indication, which is necessary before any of them can be commercialized. If we, and anycollaborators with whom we may enter into agreements for the development and commercialization of any of these product candidates, are unable tocommercialize them, or experience significant delays in doing so, our ability to generate revenue and our financial condition will be adversely affected.We do not currently generate any revenues from sales of any products, and we may never be able to develop or commercialize a marketable product.We have invested substantially all of our efforts and financial resources to date in the development of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738. Our ability togenerate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for at least the next several years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful developmentand eventual commercialization of these product candidates, if approved, which may never occur. Each of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738 will requireadditional clinical development, management of clinical, preclinical and manufacturing activities, regulatory approval in multiple jurisdictions, procurementof manufacturing supply, commercialization, substantial additional investment and significant marketing efforts before we generate any revenues fromproduct sales, if at all. We are not3 permitted to market or promote any product candidates in the United States, Europe or other countries before we receive regulatory approval from the FDA,the EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, and we may never receive such regulatory approval for Acelarin, NUC-3373 or NUC-7738 or anyfuture product candidate. We have not submitted a New Drug Application, or NDA, to the FDA, a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, to the EMAor comparable applications to other regulatory authorities for any of our product candidates and do not expect to be in a position to do so in the foreseeablefuture. The success of our product candidates will depend on many factors, including the following with respect to each of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738, specifically: •We may not be able to demonstrate that the product candidate is safe and effective as a treatment for our targeted indications to thesatisfaction of the applicable regulatory authorities •the applicable regulatory authorities may require additional preclinical or clinical trials of the product candidate, including additionaltoxicology trials, which would increase our costs and prolong our development; •the results of clinical trials of our product candidates may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the applicableregulatory authorities for marketing approval; •the applicable regulatory authorities may disagree with the number, design, size, conduct or implementation of our planned clinical trials; •the contract research organizations, or CROs, that we retain to conduct clinical trials may take actions outside of our control that adverselyimpact our clinical trials; •the applicable regulatory authorities may not find the data from preclinical studies and clinical trials sufficient to demonstrate that the clinicaland other benefits of the product candidate outweigh its safety risks; •the applicable regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies and clinical trials or may require thatwe conduct additional studies; •the applicable regulatory authorities may not accept data generated at our clinical trial sites; •if we submit an NDA to the FDA or an MAA to the EMA, and it is reviewed by an advisory committee, the advisory committee mayrecommend against approval of our application or may recommend that the FDA or the EMA require, as a condition of approval, additionalpreclinical studies or clinical trials, limitations on approved labeling or distribution and use restrictions; •the applicable regulatory authorities may require development of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, as a condition ofapproval; •the applicable regulatory authorities may change its approval policies or adopt new regulations; •the applicable regulatory authorities may identify deficiencies in our formulation and manufacturing processes or facilities of our third-partymanufacturers; •we may face delays in our formulation and manufacturing process as a result of having not yet optimized formulations or due to lack ofavailability of starting materials; •we may be unable to scale up the manufacture process for some of our product candidates; •we may face challenges on the safe and appropriate administration of our drugs in the clinic, including with respect to the conversion of ourproduct candidates from a dry powder formulation to a liquid formulation prior to intravenous, or IV, administration, precipitation or otherblockages in IV infusion lines, and the handling and storage of the IV infusion bags containing our product candidates, any of which mayresult in the need to carry out additional studies on the administration and compatibility of our product candidates with infusion sets andpumps; •we may be faced with challenges from third parties on our right to use certain processes used in the formulation and process development ofour product candidates; •we may have to defend our patents against infringement by third parties; •we may unknowingly infringe third-party patents; •we may face a “freedom to operate” issue; •we will be dependent on the efforts of third parties in completing clinical trials of, receiving regulatory approval for and commercializing, anyproduct candidate we license to such third parties;4 •through our clinical trials, we may discover factors that limit the commercial viability of the product candidate or make theircommercialization unfeasible; •we may not be successful in completing preclinical studies and clinical trials of, receiving marketing approvals for, establishing commercialmanufacturing capabilities for and commercializing, any product candidate to which we retain rights under a collaboration agreement; and •we may not be successful in gaining acceptance of any product candidate by patients, the medical community and third-party payors,effectively competing with other therapies, maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile following approval and qualifying for,maintaining, enforcing and defending our intellectual property rights and claims.With respect to each of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738, if we or our suppliers, as applicable, do not overcome one or more of these factors in atimely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize that product candidate.We cannot be certain that Acelarin, NUC-3373 or NUC-7738 or any future product candidates will be successful in clinical trials or receive regulatoryapproval. Further, Acelarin, NUC-3373 or NUC-7738 or any future product candidates may not receive regulatory approval even if they are successful inclinical trials. If we do not receive regulatory approvals for Acelarin, NUC-3373 or NUC-7738 or any future product candidates, we may not be able tocontinue our operations. Even if we successfully obtain regulatory approvals to manufacture and market Acelarin, NUC-3373 or NUC-7738 or any futureproduct candidates, our revenues will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we gain regulatory approval and havecommercial rights. If the markets for patient groups that we are targeting are not as significant as we estimate, we may not generate significant revenues fromsales of such products, if approved.We plan to seek regulatory approval to commercialize Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738 in the United States and the European Union, andpotentially in additional foreign countries. While the scope of regulatory approval is similar in many countries, to obtain separate regulatory approval inmultiple countries requires us to comply with the numerous and varying regulatory requirements of such countries regarding safety and efficacy andgoverning, among other things, clinical trials, commercial sales, pricing and distribution of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738, and we cannot predictsuccess in these jurisdictions.Our lack of any approved products and our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and toassess our future viability.Biopharmaceutical drug development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. Our operations to date have beenlimited to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, developing our technology, identifying potential product candidates,undertaking preclinical studies, and conducting early-stage, non-comparative clinical trials of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738. We have not yetdemonstrated our ability to successfully complete large-scale, randomized, pivotal clinical trials compared to standards of care, obtain marketing approvals,manufacture a commercial scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successfulproduct commercialization. Typically, it takes several years to develop one new drug from the time it is discovered to when it is available for treatingpatients. In addition, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. We will need totransition from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful insuch a transition.We will require substantial additional funding which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we fail to obtain additional financing,we may be unable to complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates or continue our development programs.The development of pharmaceutical drugs is capital-intensive. We expect our expenses to increase with our ongoing activities, particularly as weconduct larger-scale clinical trials of, and seek marketing approval for, our product candidates. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of ourproduct candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution. We mayalso need to raise additional funds sooner if we choose to pursue additional indications or geographies for our product candidates or otherwise expand morerapidly than we presently anticipate. Furthermore, we will continue to incur costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will needto obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.5 As of December 31, 2018, we had £77 million in cash and cash equivalents. We believe, based upon our current operating plan, that, our cash andcash equivalents on hand will be sufficient to fund our anticipated operations at least into 2021. Our future capital requirements and the period for which weexpect our existing resources to support our operations may vary significantly from what we expect. Our monthly spending levels vary based on new andongoing research and development and other corporate activities. Because the length of time and activities associated with successful research anddevelopment of our product candidates is highly uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require for development and any approvedmarketing and commercialization activities. In addition, our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, and could increase significantly as aresult of many factors, including: •the scope, progress, results and costs of preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our product candidates; •the scope, prioritization and number of our research and development programs; •the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates; •the extent to which we enter into non-exclusive, jointly funded clinical research collaboration arrangements, if any, for the development ofour product candidates in combination with other companies’ products; •our ability to establish collaboration arrangements for the development of our product candidates on favorable terms, if at all; •the achievement of milestones or occurrence of other developments that trigger payments under our license agreements and any collaborationagreements into which we may enter, if any; •the extent to which we are obligated to reimburse, or entitled to reimbursement of, clinical trial costs under future collaboration agreements, ifany; •the extent to which we acquire or in-license product candidates and technologies, and the terms of such in-licenses; •the costs of future commercialization activities, including product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for any of our productcandidates for which we receive marketing approval; •revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval;and •the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defendingintellectual property-related claims.Conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that can take years to complete, and we maynever generate the necessary data or results required to obtain marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved,may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of products that may not be commercially available forseveral years, if ever. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives.Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop andcommercialize our product candidates. Volatility in the financial markets has generally made equity and debt financing more difficult to obtain and maycompromise our ability to meet our fundraising needs. We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on termsacceptable to us, if at all.If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research ordevelopment programs or the commercialization of any product candidate or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our businessopportunities.Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies orproduct candidates.Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity anddebt financings. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities would dilute all of our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness could resultin increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additionaldebt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights, limitations on declaring dividends and other operating restrictions thatcould adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of ourshareholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of ourADSs to decline.6 We could decide to seek funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, and we could be required to doso at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable. In connection with any such collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements, we may berequired to relinquish valuable rights to our intellectual property, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, grant rights to developand market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves, or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us.Inadequate funding for the FDA, the SEC and other, government agencies could hinder such agencies’ ability to hire and retain key leadership andother personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agenciesfrom performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels,ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at theagency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations mayrely, including those that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary governmentagencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, including beginning on December 22, 2018, the U.S.government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC and othergovernment employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timelyreview and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, in our operations as a public company,future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public market and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continueour operations.We may be unable to use net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses to reduce future tax payments or benefit fromfavorable United Kingdom tax legislation.As a United Kingdom resident company, we are subject to U.K. corporate taxation. We have generated losses since inception. As of December 31,2018, we had cumulative carry forward tax losses of £23.2 million. Subject to any relevant restrictions (including changes introduced in the Finance (no. 2)Act 2017 that, broadly, restrict the amount of carried forward losses that can be utilized to 50% of group profits arising in a particular tax year above £5.0million), we expect these to be available to carry forward and offset against future operating profits. As a company that carries out extensive research anddevelopment activities, we benefit from the United Kingdom research and development tax credit regime for small and medium-sized companies, whereby weare able to surrender the trading losses that arise from our qualifying research and development activities for a payable tax credit of up to 33.35% of eligibleresearch and development expenditures. Qualifying expenditures largely comprise employment costs for research staff, consumables and subcontract costsincurred as part of research projects. Certain subcontracted qualifying research expenditures are eligible for a cash rebate of up to 21.68%. The majority of ourpipeline research, clinical trials management and manufacturing development activities are eligible for inclusion within these tax credit cash rebate claims.On October 29, 2018 the U.K. Government proposed that from April 1, 2020 the amount of payable credit that a qualifying loss-making SME business canreceive through R&D relief in any one year will be capped at three times the company’s total PAYE and NICs liability for that year. We may not be able tocontinue to claim payable research and development tax credits in the future because we may no longer qualify as a small or medium-sized company.We may benefit in the future from the United Kingdom’s “patent box” regime, which allows certain profits attributable to revenues from patentedproducts to be taxed at an effective rate of 10%. As we have many different patents covering our products, future upfront fees, milestone fees, productrevenues and royalties could be taxed at this favorably low tax rate. When taken in combination with the enhanced relief available on our research anddevelopment expenditures, we expect a long-term lower rate of corporation tax to apply to us. If, however, there are unexpected adverse changes to theUnited Kingdom research and development tax credit regime or the “patent box” regime, or for any reason we are unable to qualify for such advantageous taxlegislation, or we are unable to use net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses to reduce future tax payments then our business,results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.7 Tax authorities may disagree with our positions and conclusions regarding certain tax positions, or may apply existing rules in an arbitrary orunforeseen manner, resulting in unanticipated costs, taxes or non-realization of expected benefits.A tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken, which could result in increased tax liabilities. For example, Her Majesty’sRevenue & Customs (HMRC), the U.S. Internal Revenue Service or another tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction andthe amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer pricing policies, including methodologies forvaluing developed technology and amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property development. Similarly, a tax authority could assert that we aresubject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, often referred to as a “permanent establishment” underinternational tax treaties, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions.A tax authority may take the position that material income tax liabilities, interest and penalties are payable by us, for example where there has been atechnical violation of contradictory laws and regulations that are relatively new and have not been subject to extensive review or interpretation, in whichcase we expect that we might contest such assessment. Contesting such an assessment may be lengthy and costly and if we were unsuccessful in disputing theassessment, the implications could increase our anticipated effective tax rate, where applicable.Changes and uncertainties in the tax system in the countries in which we have operations, could materially adversely affect our financial conditionand results of operations, and reduce net returns to our shareholders.We are unable to predict what tax reform may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but suchchanges, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices in jurisdictions in which we operate, could increase theestimated tax liability that we have expensed to date and paid or accrued on our balance sheets, and otherwise affect our financial position, future results ofoperations, cash flows in a particular period and overall or effective tax rates in the future in countries where we have operations, reduce post-tax returns toour shareholders and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.Our business may become subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks associated with international operations.As a company based in the United Kingdom, our business is subject to risks associated with conducting business internationally. Many of oursuppliers and collaborative and clinical trial relationships are located outside the United States. Accordingly, our future results could be harmed by a varietyof factors, including: •economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular non-U.S. economies and markets; •differing and changing regulatory requirements for drug approvals in non-U.S. countries; •differing jurisdictions could present different issues for securing, maintaining or obtaining freedom to operate in such jurisdictions; •potentially reduced protection for intellectual property rights; •difficulties in compliance with non-U.S. laws and regulations; •changes in non-U.S. regulations and customs, tariffs and trade barriers; •changes in non-U.S. currency exchange rates of the pound sterling, the euro and currency controls; •changes in a specific country’s or region’s political or economic environment, including the implications of the 2016 decision of the eligiblemembers of the U.K. electorate for the United Kingdom to withdraw from the European Union or any potential future referendum regarding theindependence of Scotland; •trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements or other restrictive actions by U.S. or non-U.S. governments; •differing reimbursement regimes and price controls in certain non-U.S. markets; •negative consequences from changes in tax laws; •compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;8 •workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States; •difficulties associated with staffing and managing international operations, including differing labor relations; •production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and •business interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons,floods and fires.Exchange rate fluctuations may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.Owing to the international scope of our operations, fluctuations in exchange rates, particularly between the pound sterling and the U.S. dollar, mayadversely affect us. Since the vote of a majority of the eligible members of the electorate in the United Kingdom to withdraw from the European Union in anational referendum held on June 23, 2016, referred to as “BREXIT,” there has been a significant increase in the volatility of the exchange rate between thepound sterling and the U.S. dollar and an overall weakening of the pound sterling. Although we are based in the United Kingdom, we source our activepharmaceutical ingredient, or API, and other raw materials and our research and development, manufacturing, consulting and other services worldwide,including from the United States, the European Union and India. Any weakening of the pound sterling against the currencies of such other jurisdictionsmakes the purchase of such goods and services more expensive for us. Further, potential future revenue may be derived from abroad, particularly from theUnited States. As a result, our business and the price of our ADSs may be affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates not only between the poundsterling and the U.S. dollar, but also the currencies of other countries, which may have a significant impact on our results of operations and cash flows fromperiod to period. Currently, we do not have any exchange rate hedging arrangements in place.Our business may be negatively impacted by BREXIT and other changes in our regulatory regime.We may face new regulatory costs and challenges that could have an adverse effect on our operations. The regulatory framework applicable to ouroperations and the development of our product candidates can change at any time as a result of political decisions. Any changes to the regulatory frameworkcould have a material impact on our plans and development strategy, including our supply of investigational medicinal products. Furthermore, BREXIT mayresult in disruption that could delay the approval of new medicines at the European Medicines Agency. However, at this stage, we do not anticipate asignificant change in the legal framework in the U.K. (or the European Union) as a result of BREXIT.In addition, currency exchange rates in the pound sterling and the euro with respect to each other and the U.S. dollar have already been adverselyaffected by BREXIT.Risks Related to Development of Our Product CandidatesInitial success in the completed and ongoing early-stage clinical trials may not be indicative of results obtained when these trials are completed or inlater stage trials.Acelarin is currently being evaluated in three clinical trials across numerous solid tumor indications: one Phase 1b trial in combination with cisplatinin patients with biliary tract cancer, one Phase 2 trial in patients with ovarian cancer and one Phase 3 trial in patients with pancreatic cancer. While Acelarinhas shown high disease control rates and a favorable tolerability profile in early-stage trials, including in three dose-ranging Phase 1 trials, we may not seesuch favorable data in future clinical trials involving Acelarin. Similarly, favorable results obtained from preclinical studies of NUC-3373 and in the ongoingPhase 1 trial in patients with advanced solid tumors may not be replicated in any future clinical trials. In addition, data generated in these early stage Phase 1trials are not the basis on which marketing approval by the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority would be sought. Furthermore, the results of ourclinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for marketing approval.Statistical significance means that an effect is unlikely to have occurred by chance. Clinical trial results are considered statistically significant when theprobability of the results occurring by chance, rather than from the efficacy of the product candidate, is sufficiently low. There can be no assurance that any ofour clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development of any of our product candidates. There is a high failure rate for drugsproceeding through clinical trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinicaldevelopment even after achieving promising results in earlier studies.9 Preliminary and interim data from our clinical trials may change as patient enrollment continues, patient data are further examined and more patientdata become available.Preliminary or interim data from our clinical trials, including those from the Phase 1b trial of Acelarin in combination with cisplatin in patients withbiliary tract cancer, the Phase 2 trial of Acelarin in patients with ovarian cancer, the Phase 3 trial of Acelarin in patients with pancreatic cancer, the Phase 1trial of NUC-3373 in patients with advanced solid tumors, the Phase 1b trial of NUC-3373 in patients with colorectal cancer, and any future clinical trials ofany of product candidates, are not necessarily predictive of final results and may change. In addition, while the Phase 1b trial of Acelarin in combination withcisplatin in patients with biliary cancer (the ABC-08 clinical trial) was conducted by the same investigators that conducted the earlier ABC-02 clinical trialin a similar patient population comparing single agent gemcitabine to the combination of gemcitabine plus cisplatin, the ABC-08 trial has many fewerpatients than did the ABC-02 trial, which enrolled 410 patients. The results from the ABC-08 trial may not meet the level of statistical significance requiredby the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to support a future marketing approval. Preliminary and interim data are subject to the risk that oneor more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues, patient data are further examined, more patient data becomeavailable, and we prepare and issue our final clinical study report. As a result, preliminary and interim data should be viewed with caution until the final dataare available. Material adverse changes in the final data compared to the preliminary or interim data could significantly harm our business prospects.We are very early in our development efforts. If we are unable to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates or experiencesignificant delays in doing so, our business will be harmed.We currently do not have any products that have gained marketing approval. We have invested substantially all of our efforts and financial resourcesidentifying and developing our ProTides, such as Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738. Our ability to generate product revenues, which may not occur forseveral years, if ever, will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of Acelarin, for which one Phase 1b trial, one Phase 2 trialand one Phase 3 trial are ongoing, NUC-3373, for which one Phase 1 trial and one Phase 1b trial are ongoing, and NUC-7738, for which one Phase 1 trial hasjust opened. We currently do not generate any revenues from sales of any products, and we may never be able to develop or commercialize a marketable drug.Each of our product candidates will require development, management of development and manufacturing activities, marketing approval in multiplejurisdictions, obtaining manufacturing supply, building of a commercial organization, substantial investment and significant marketing efforts before wegenerate any revenues from drug sales.We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in newand rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biopharmaceutical area. For example, to execute our business plan, we will need to successfully: •execute development activities for our product candidates, including successful enrollment in and completion of clinical trials; •manage our spending as costs and expenses increase due to preclinical development, clinical trials, marketing approvals andcommercialization; •obtain required marketing approvals for the development and commercialization of our product candidates; •obtain and maintain patent and trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates and ensure that we do notinfringe the valid patent rights of third parties; •protect, leverage and expand our intellectual property portfolio; •establish and maintain clinical and commercial manufacturing capabilities or make arrangements with third-party manufacturers for clinicaland commercial manufacturing; •build and maintain robust sales, distribution and marketing capabilities, either on our own or in collaboration with strategic partners, if ourproduct candidates are approved; •gain acceptance for our product candidates, if approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;10 •compete effectively with other therapies; •obtain and maintain healthcare coverage and adequate reimbursement; •maintain a continued acceptable safety profile for our product candidates following approval, if approved; and •develop and maintain any strategic relationships we elect to enter into, if any.If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfullycommercialize our product candidates, which would harm our business. If we do not receive marketing approvals for our product candidates, we may not beable to continue our operations.If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, development of our product candidates may be delayed orprevented.Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials for our product candidates is critical to our success. We may not be able to initiateor continue clinical trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials.Patient enrollment may be affected by many factors including: •the severity of the disease under investigation; •the size of the patient population for a product indication; •the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial in question; •the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial in question; •the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study; •the efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials; •the patient referral practices of physicians; •the availability of competing therapies and clinical trials; and •the proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients.If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, our clinical trials may be delayed or terminated. Any delays incompleting our clinical trials will increase our costs, delay or prevent our product candidate development and approval process, and jeopardize our ability tocommence product sales and generate revenue.Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. We may incur additional costs or experience delays incompleting, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and may experience delays in obtaining, or ultimately be unable to obtain, theapproval of our product candidates.The risk of failure in drug development is high. Acelarin is currently being studied in one Phase 1b trial, one Phase 2 trial and one Phase 3 trial, NUC-3373 is currently being studied in one Phase 1 trial and one Phase 1b trial. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale ofany product candidate, we must complete preclinical development and conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our productcandidates in patients. Clinical trials are expensive, difficult to design and implement and can take several years to complete, and their outcome is inherentlyuncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. Further, the results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our productcandidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results.Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their productcandidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products. It isimpossible to predict when or if any of our product candidates will prove effective or safe in humans or will receive marketing approval.11 We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketingapproval or commercialize our product candidates. Clinical trials may be delayed, suspended or prematurely terminated because costs are greater than weanticipate or for a variety of reasons, such as: •delay or failure in reaching agreement with the FDA, the EMA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority on a trial design that we are ableto execute; •delay or failure in obtaining authorization to commence a trial or inability to comply with conditions imposed by a regulatory authorityregarding the scope or design of a clinical trial; •delays in reaching, or failure to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective trial sites and prospective CROs, the terms of which canbe subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites; •inability, delay, or failure in identifying and maintaining a sufficient number of trial sites, many of which may already be engaged in otherclinical programs; •delay or failure in recruiting and enrolling suitable subjects to participate in a trial; •delay or failure in having subjects complete a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up; •clinical sites and investigators deviating from the clinical protocol, failing to conduct the trial in accordance with regulatory requirements, ordropping out of a trial; •failure to initiate or delay of or failure to complete a clinical trial as a result of an Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, being placedon clinical hold by the FDA, or for other reasons; •lack of adequate funding to continue a clinical trial, including unforeseen costs due to enrollment delays, requirements to conduct additionalclinical trials and increased expenses associated with the services of our CROs and other third parties; •clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, toconduct additional clinical trials or abandon product development programs; •the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trialsmay be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate; •our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, orat all; •regulators, or a Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, if one is used for our clinical trials, may require that we suspend or terminate ourclinical trials for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects,failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug, or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; •the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may beinsufficient; •the FDA or other regulatory authorities may require us to submit additional data or impose other requirements before permitting us to initiate aclinical trial; or •there may be changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions.Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial ofmarketing approval for our product candidates. The FDA may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation of data from clinical trials, or maychange the requirements for approval even after it has reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials. Even though Acelarin and NUC-3373 aretransformations of chemotherapeutic agents that have been widely used for many years and there is a clear unmet medical need in each of the indications thatwe are currently pursuing in the clinic, there can be no assurance that the FDA will permit us to move more quickly to the initiation of pivotal clinical trialsin large patient populations. Furthermore, NUC-7738 is a transformation of cordycepin, a nucleoside analog that has never been successfully developed orapproved as a chemotherapy, which may result in the need for more preclinical studies or clinical trials than would be the case for transformations ofapproved chemotherapeutic agents.12 If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other studies of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we areunable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other studies, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are onlymodestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may: •be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates; •not obtain marketing approval for our product candidates at all; •obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired; •obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings that would reduce the potentialmarket for our products or inhibit our ability to successfully commercialize our products; •be subject to additional post-marketing restrictions or requirements, including confirmatory trials; or •have the product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in preclinical and clinical development or receiving the requisite marketingapprovals. We do not know whether any of our preclinical studies or clinical trials will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all.Significant preclinical or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our productcandidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidatesand may harm our business and results of operations.We face regulation and potential liability related to the privacy of health information we obtain from clinical trials sponsored by us or ourcollaborators. The regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy is increasingly demanding. We are subject to numerous regulationsgoverning the protection of personal and confidential information of our clinical subjects, clinical investigators, and employees, including in relation tomedical records, credit card data and financial information. For example, on May 25, 2016, the European General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR,entered into force following four years of negotiation. The GDPR repeals the Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) and will be directly applicable in all E.U.member states starting on May 25, 2018. We will be subject to the GDPR when conducting clinical trials with E.U. based data subjects (whether the trials areconducted directly by us or through a clinical vendor or collaborator) or offering approved products to E.U. based data subjects (regardless of whetherinvolving an E.U. based subsidiary or operations). The GDPR sets out a number of requirements that must be complied with when handling the personal dataof such E.U. based data subjects including: the obligation to appoint data protection officers in certain circumstances; new rights for individuals to be“forgotten” and rights to data portability; the principal of accountability and the obligation to make public notification of significant data breaches. Theselaws and regulations are increasing in complexity and number, change frequently and sometimes conflict. In particular, we will need to monitor compliancewith all relevant E.U. member states' laws and regulations, including where permitted derogations from the GDPR are introduced.The introduction of the GDPR, and any resultant changes in E.U. member states’ national laws and regulations, may increase our complianceobligations and may necessitate the review and implementation of policies and processes relating to our collection and use of data. This increase incompliance obligations could also lead to an increase in compliance costs which may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or resultsof operations.If any person, including any of our employees, clinical vendors or collaborators or those with whom we share such information, negligently disregardsor intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to our clinical subject, clinical investigator, employee data or other personal data for which weare responsible, or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we could be subject to significant monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions,fines and/or criminal prosecution in one or more jurisdictions. For example, under the GDPR there are significant new punishments for non-compliance whichcould result in a penalty of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global turnover of the infringer, whichever is greater. In addition, a data breach could resultin negative publicity which could damage our reputation and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.13 We strive to comply with all applicable laws, but they may conflict with each other, and by complying with the laws or regulations of onejurisdiction, we may find that we are violating the laws or regulations of another jurisdiction. Despite our efforts, we may not have fully complied in the pastand may not in the future. If we become liable under laws or regulations applicable to us, we could be required to pay significant fines and penalties, ourreputation may be harmed and we may be forced to change the way we operate. That could require us to incur significant expenses or to discontinue certainservices, which could negatively affect our business.Due to our limited resources and access to capital, we must, and have in the past decided to, prioritize development of certain ProTide candidates overother potential candidates. These decisions may prove to have been wrong and may adversely affect our performance.Because we have limited resources and access to capital to fund our operations, we must decide which ProTides to pursue and the amount of resourcesto allocate to each. Our decisions concerning the allocation of research, collaboration, management and financial resources toward particular ProTides ortherapeutic areas may not lead to the development of viable commercial products and may divert resources away from better opportunities. Similarly, ourdecisions to delay, terminate or collaborate with third parties in respect of product development programs may also prove not to be optimal and could causeus to miss valuable opportunities. If we make incorrect determinations regarding the market potential of our ProTides or misread trends in thebiopharmaceutical industry, in particular for our lead ProTides, then our business may be adversely affected.We may not be successful in our efforts to use and expand our technology platform to build a pipeline of additional ProTide candidates.A key element of our strategy is to use and expand our proprietary ProTide technology to build a pipeline of additional ProTide candidates andprogress these ProTide candidates through clinical development for the treatment of cancer. Although our research and development efforts to date haveresulted in a pipeline of ProTide candidates directed at the treatment of many solid tumors and hematological malignancies, we may not be able to developProTide candidates that are safe and effective. Even if we are successful in continuing to build our pipeline, the potential product candidates that we identifymay not be suitable for clinical development, including as a result of being shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics that indicate that theyare unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance.Risks Related to Marketing Approval of Our Product CandidatesIf we are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required marketing approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our productcandidates and our ability to generate revenue will be impaired.Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, testing, manufacture,safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, import and export are subject to comprehensiveregulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries.These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, currentgood manufacturing practice, or cGMP, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of recordsand documents, including periodic inspections by FDA and other regulatory authorities, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians andrecordkeeping. Before we can commercialize any of our product candidates, each such product candidate must be approved by the FDA pursuant to an NDAin the United States, by the EMA pursuant to a MAA in the European Union, and by similar regulatory authorities outside the United States prior tocommercialization.The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive and takes several years, if approval is obtained atall, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Failure toobtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate. We have not received approval to market anyof our product candidates from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction. We have limited experience in planning and conducting the clinical trials requiredfor marketing approvals, and we expect to rely on third-party contract research organizations, or CROs, to assist us in this process. Obtaining marketingapproval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeuticindication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about theproduct manufacturing process, and in14 many cases the inspection of manufacturing facilities by the regulatory authorities. Our product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderatelyeffective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approvalor prevent or limit commercial use. Because a number of our clinical trials will be in combination with other approved therapies, there may also beundesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics resulting from the other therapy or from its combination with our product candidate.In addition, because our product candidates are transformations of nucleoside analogs, including those that are approved chemotherapeutic agents and thosethat have never been approved as chemotherapeutic agents, our product candidates could be negatively impacted by the identification of any newundesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics in such existing nuceloside analogs, in particular in those that have never beenapproved as chemotherapeutic agents. Although we use the proprietary name Acelarin for our product candidate NUC-1031, we have not obtained anyconditional approval of this proprietary name and any goodwill or recognition that we accrue during development of the product candidate may be lost if weare required to select a different proprietary name in the course of obtaining regulatory approval, if such approval occurs at all.Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data areinsufficient for approval and require additional preclinical studies or clinical trials. Our product candidates could be delayed in receiving, or fail to receive,marketing approval for many reasons, including the following: •the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials or require that weperform additional clinical trials, including toxicology trials; •we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate is safeand effective for its proposed indication; •the results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatoryauthorities for marketing approval; •we may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks; •the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials; •the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to support the submission of an NDA or other submissionto obtain marketing approval in the United States or elsewhere; •third-party manufacturers or our clinical or commercial product candidates may be unable to meet the FDA’s cGMP requirements or similarrequirements of foreign regulatory authorities; and •the approval requirements or policies of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner renderingour clinical data insufficient for approval.In addition, even if we were to obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications thanwe request, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve a product candidate with a label thatdoes not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate. Any of the foregoing scenarioscould harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates.If we experience delays in obtaining approval or if we fail to obtain approval of our product candidates, the commercial prospects for our productcandidates may be harmed and our ability to generate revenues will be impaired.Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects that could delay or prevent their marketing approval, limit the commercial profile of anapproved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or the FDA or other regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt ourclinical trials and could result in more restrictive labels or the delay or denial of marketing approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities of our productcandidates. Results of our clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of these or other side effects. In such an event, our trialscould be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approvalof our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. The drug-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolledpatients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims.15 Further, clinical trials by their nature utilize a sample of the potential patient population. With a limited number of patients, rare and severe sideeffects of our product candidates may only be uncovered with a significantly larger number of patients exposed to the product candidate. If our productcandidates receive marketing approval and we or others identify undesirable side effects caused by such product candidates or any other similar drugs aftersuch approval, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including: •regulatory authorities may withdraw or limit their approval of such product candidates; •regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “boxed” warning or a contraindication; •we may be required to create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients; •we may be required to change the way such product candidates are distributed or administered, conduct additional clinical trials or change thelabeling of the product candidates; •regulatory authorities may require a REMS plan to mitigate risks, which could include medication guides, physician communication plans, orelements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools; •we may be subject to regulatory investigations and government enforcement actions; •we may decide to remove such product candidates from the marketplace after they are approved; •we could be sued and held liable for injury caused to individuals exposed to or taking our product candidates; and •our reputation may suffer.In addition, the patient profile in the indications for which we are currently developing our product candidates, with many patients already seriouslyill at the time of initiation of treatment, may result in an increased risk of claims that undesirable side effects or poor prognoses or outcomes are related to ourproduct candidates. Regardless of whether or not such side effects or prognoses or outcomes are ultimately determined to be related to our productcandidates, the claims themselves could result in some or all of the foregoing negative consequences.We believe that any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidates and couldsubstantially increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates, if approved, and significantly impact our ability to successfully commercializeour product candidates and generate revenues.A Fast Track Designation by the FDA, even if granted for any of our product candidates, may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review orapproval process and does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing approval.We do not currently have Fast Track Designation for any of our product candidates but may seek such designation. If a drug is intended for thetreatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the drug demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the drugsponsor may apply for FDA Fast Track Designation. The FDA has broad discretion whether to grant this designation. Even if we believe a particular productcandidate is eligible for this designation, we cannot assure you that the FDA would decide to grant it. Even if we do receive Fast Track Designation, we maynot experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw Fast Track Designationif it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Many drugs that have received Fast TrackDesignation have failed to obtain drug approval.We may be unable to obtain orphan drug designation from the FDA for any of our product candidates, and even if we do obtain such designations, wemay be unable to obtain or maintain the benefits associated with orphan drug designation, including the potential for orphan drug exclusivity.Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, defined as oneoccurring in a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the United States, or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there isno reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the European Union, the EMA’sCommittee for Orphan Medicinal Products, or COMP, grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the16 diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the EuropeanUnion. Additionally, designation is granted for products intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening, seriously debilitating orserious and chronic condition when, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the European Union would be sufficient to justify the necessaryinvestment in developing the drug or biological product or where there is no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment, or, if such a methodexists, the medicine must be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition.In the United States, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trialcosts, tax credits for qualified clinical testing and user-fee waivers. In addition, if a product receives the first FDA approval of that drug for the indication forwhich it has orphan designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means the FDA may not approve any other application to marketthe same drug for the same indication for a period of seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority over the productwith orphan exclusivity or where the manufacturer is unable to assure the availability of sufficient quantities of the orphan drug to meet the needs of patientswith the rare disease or condition. Under the FDA’s regulations, the FDA will deny orphan drug exclusivity to a designated drug upon approval if the FDAhas already approved another drug with the same active ingredient for the same indication, unless the drug is demonstrated to be clinically superior to thepreviously approved drug. In the European Union, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers andten years of market exclusivity following approval. This period may be reduced to six years if the orphan drug designation criteria are no longer met,including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity.We do not currently have orphan drug designation for any of our product candidates but may seek such designation. Even if we are able to obtainorphan designation for one or more of our product candidates in the United States or the European Union, we may not be the first to obtain marketingapproval for any particular orphan indication due to the uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products, which could prevent us frommarketing such product candidate if another company is able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity before we do. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in theUnited States may be unavailable if we seek approval for an indication broader than the orphan-designated indication or may be lost if the FDA laterdetermines that the request for designation was materially defective or if we are unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs ofpatients with the rare disease or condition following approval. Further, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for one or more of our ProTides, thatexclusivity may not effectively protect them from competition because different drugs with different active moieties can be approved for the same condition.In addition, the FDA or the EMA can subsequently approve products with the same active moiety for the same condition if the FDA or the EMA concludesthat the later drug is safer, more effective, or makes a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time orregulatory review time of a drug nor gives the drug any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process. In addition, while we may seek orphan drugdesignation for one or more of our product candidates, we may never receive such designations.There have been legal challenges to aspects of the FDA’s regulations and policies concerning the exclusivity provisions of the Orphan Drug Act, andfuture challenges could lead to changes that affect the protections afforded our products in ways that are difficult to predict. In 2014, a U.S. district courtinvalidated the FDA’s denial of orphan exclusivity to an orphan designated drug, which the FDA had based on its determination that the drug was not provento be clinically superior to a previously approved “same drug.” In response to the decision, the FDA released a policy statement stating that the court’sdecision is limited just to the facts of that particular case and that the FDA will continue to deny orphan drug exclusivity to a designated drug upon approvalif the drug is the “same” as a previously approved drug, unless the drug is demonstrated to be clinically superior to that previously approved drug. In April2016, another similar legal challenge was initiated against the FDA for its denial of orphan drug exclusivity to another designated drug. In the future, there isthe potential for additional legal challenges to the FDA’s orphan drug regulations and policies, and it is uncertain how ongoing and future challenges mightaffect our business.Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval will be subject to extensive post-marketing regulatory requirements and could besubject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatoryrequirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, when and if any of them are approved.If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves any of our product candidates, activities such as the manufacturing processes,labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive andongoing regulatory requirements. The FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing preclinicalstudies or clinical trials and17 surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. The FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure drugsare marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions onmanufacturers’ communications regarding use of their products, and if we promote our products beyond their approved indications, we may be subject toenforcement actions or prosecution arising from that off-label promotion. Violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act relating to the promotion ofprescription drugs may lead to investigations alleging violations of federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse and other laws, as well as state consumerprotection laws.In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, orfailure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including: •restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes; •restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a product; •restrictions on product distribution or use; •requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials; •warning or untitled letters; •withdrawal of the products from the market; •refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit; •recall of products; •fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues; •suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals; •refusal to permit the import or export of our products; •product seizure; or •injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.Non-compliance with European Union requirements regarding safety monitoring or pharmacovigilance can also result in significant financialpenalties. Similarly, failure to comply with the European Union’s requirements regarding the protection of personal information can also lead to significantpenalties and sanctions.The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay marketing approval of ourproduct candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not ableto maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained.Our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws andregulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and futureearnings.Although we do not currently have any drugs on the market, once we begin commercializing our product candidates, we will be subject to additionalhealthcare statutory and regulatory requirements and enforcement by the U.S. federal and state governments and the foreign governments in the jurisdictionsin which we conduct our business. Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription ofany product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our future arrangements with third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadlyapplicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships throughwhich we market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable U.S. federal and state healthcarelaws and regulations include the following: •the federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving orpaying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or thepurchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such asMedicare and Medicaid; a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order tohave committed a violation;18 •the federal false claims laws, including, without limitation, the civil False Claims Act (which can be enforced by private citizens through quitam actions), impose criminal and civil penalties against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to thefederal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation topay money to the federal government; in addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from aviolation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act; •the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a schemeto defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making anymaterially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to havecommitted a violation; •the federal physician payment transparency requirements under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under the Patient Protectionand Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the ACA, requiremanufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies that are reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s HealthInsurance Program to report to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to payments and other transfers ofvalue to physicians and teaching hospitals and the ownership and investment interests of physicians and their immediate family members insuch manufacturers; •HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, whichalso imposes obligations on certain covered entity healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses as well as their businessassociates that perform certain services involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, including mandatorycontractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; •some state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and therelevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government and may require drug manufacturers to report information related topayments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and •state and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from eachother in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.Analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements andclaims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers.Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involvesubstantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes,regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any ofthese laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages,fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion of our products from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additionalreporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliancewith these laws, reputational harm, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. In addition, if any of the physicians or other healthcare providers orentities with whom we expect to do business are found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrativesanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidatesand affect the prices we may obtain.In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regardingthe healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect ourability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.19 In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or the MMA, changed the way Medicare coversand pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation expanded Medicare coverage for drug purchases by the elderly and certain disabled people byestablishing the Medicare Part D Program and introduced a reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for physician-administered drugs. Inaddition, this law provided authority for Medicare Part D plans to limit the number of drugs covered in any therapeutic class. Cost reduction initiatives andother provisions of this law and future laws could decrease the coverage and price that we will receive for any approved products. While the MMA onlyapplies to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their ownpayment rates. Therefore, any limitations in reimbursement that results from the MMA may result in reductions in payments from private payors.We expect that there will continue to be a number of federal and state proposals to implement governmental pricing controls and limit the growth ofhealthcare costs, including the cost of prescription drugs. For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care andEducation Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, ACA) enacted in March 2010, was expected to have a significant impact on the health careindustry and result in expanded coverage for the uninsured. With regard to pharmaceutical products, among other things, ACA was expected to expand andincrease industry rebates for drugs covered under Medicaid programs and make changes to the coverage requirements under the Medicare Part D program. Wecannot predict the impact of ACA on pharmaceutical companies as many of the ACA reforms require the promulgation of detailed regulations implementingthe statutory provisions which has not yet occurred. In addition, both Congress and the President have expressed their intention to repeal the ACA and as aresult certain sections of the ACA have not been fully implemented or were effectively repealed. These actions add to the uncertainty of the changes enactedas part of ACA, and we continue to evaluate how the ACA and recent efforts to repeal and replace or limit the implementation of the ACA will impact ourbusiness.In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. These new laws may result in additionalreductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding. For example, as a result of the Budget Control Act of 2011, providers are subject to Medicare paymentreductions of 2% per fiscal year through 2025 unless additional Congressional action is taken. In addition, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012reduced Medicare payments to several providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments from providersfrom three to five years. Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketedproducts, which have resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bringmore transparency to product pricing, contain the cost of drugs, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reformgovernment program reimbursement methodologies for products.We expect that the ACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteriaand in additional downward pressure on the price that we will receive for any approved product. Any reduction in payments from Medicare or othergovernment programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or otherhealthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize any of our products for which we receivemarketing approval.Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities forpharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance orinterpretations will be changed or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals, if any, of our product candidates, may be. In addition,increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to morestringent product labeling and post-marketing conditions and other requirements.Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to penetrate foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens andother risks and uncertainties.Our future profitability may depend, in part, on our ability to commercialize our product candidates in foreign markets. In order to market and sell ourproducts in the European Union and many other jurisdictions, we or our third-party collaborators must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply withnumerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and economic areas and can involve additional testing. Thetime required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The marketing approval process outside the UnitedStates generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, it is required thatthe product be approved for reimbursement before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We or these third parties may not obtain approvalsfrom regulatory authorities outside the United20 States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval byone regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA.Additionally, a failure or delay in obtaining marketing approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the marketing approval process in others.Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in theUnited States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials. Obtaining foreign marketing approvals and compliance with foreign regulatoryrequirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries. Ifwe fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets or receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced andour ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be harmed.We may not be able to file for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market. If weobtain approval of our product candidates and ultimately commercialize our product candidates in foreign markets, we would be subject to additional risksand uncertainties, including: •our customers’ ability to obtain reimbursement for our product candidates in foreign markets; •our inability to directly control commercial activities because we are relying on third parties; •the burden of complying with complex and changing foreign regulatory, tax, accounting and legal requirements; •different medical practices and customs in foreign countries affecting acceptance in the marketplace; •import or export licensing requirements; •longer accounts receivable collection times; •longer lead times for shipping; •language barriers for technical training; •reduced or no protection on pharmaceutical products or their use in some foreign countries; •the unwillingness of courts in some foreign jurisdictions to enforce patents even when valid and infringed in that country; •the possibility of pre-grant or post-grant review proceedings in certain foreign countries that allow a petitioner to hold up patent rights for anextended period or permanently by challenging the patent filing at the patent office of that country; •the possibility of a compulsory license issued by a foreign country that allows a third-party entity or a government to manufacture, use or sellour products with a government-set low royalty to us; •the existence of additional potentially relevant third-party intellectual property rights; •foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; •an increase in restrictions on trade or other protectionist measures; and •the interpretation of contractual provisions governed by foreign laws in the event of a contract dispute.Foreign sales of our product candidates could also be adversely affected by the imposition of governmental controls, political and economicinstability, trade restrictions and changes in tariffs.Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues, if any.In some countries, particularly the countries of the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. Inthese countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. Toobtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our productcandidate to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactorylevels, our financial results would suffer.21 If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that couldharm our business.We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and thehandling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations, and the operations of our contracted third parties, mayinvolve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. The risk of contamination or injury from these materialscannot be eliminated. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from the use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resultingdamages, and the amount of the liability could exceed our resources or those of our contracted third parties. We also could incur significant costs associatedwith civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees, thisinsurance may not provide adequate coverage. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us.In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current orfuture laws and regulations may impair our discovery, preclinical development or production efforts. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulationsalso may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third PartiesWe rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, third parties to conduct our clinical trials for our product candidates. If these third parties do notsuccessfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtainmarketing approval for or commercialize our product candidates, and our business could be substantially harmed.We do not have the ability to independently conduct clinical trials. We rely on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract laboratories andother third parties, such as CROs, to conduct or otherwise support clinical trials for our product candidates. We expect to rely heavily on these parties forperformance of clinical trials for our product candidates. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted inaccordance with the applicable protocol, legal and regulatory requirements and scientific standards.We, our investigators, and our CROs will be required to comply with regulations, including good clinical practice, or GCP, and other relatedrequirements for conducting, monitoring, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that the data and results are scientifically credible andaccurate, and that the trial patients are adequately informed of the potential risks of participating in clinical trials and their rights are protected. Theseregulations are enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area and comparable foreign regulatoryauthorities for any drugs in clinical development. The FDA enforces GCPs through periodic inspections of clinical trial sponsors, principal investigators andtrial sites. If we, our investigators or our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be called intoquestion and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before considering our marketingapplications for approval. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that any of our future clinical trials will comply with GCPs.In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product candidates produced under cGMPs. Our failure or the failure of our investigators orCROs to comply with these requirements may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the marketing approval process and could also subject usto enforcement action. We also are required to register certain clinical trials and post the results of such completed clinical trials involving productcandidates for which we receive marketing approval on a government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within certain timeframes. Failure to do so canresult in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.Although we intend to design the clinical trials for our product candidates, CROs will administer the clinical trials. As a result, many importantaspects of our development programs, including their conduct and timing, will be outside of our direct control. Our reliance on third parties to conduct futureclinical trials will also result in less direct control over the management of data developed through clinical trials than would be the case if we were relyingentirely upon our own staff. Communicating with outside parties can also be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties incoordinating activities. Outside parties may: •have staffing difficulties; •fail to comply with contractual obligations;22 •experience regulatory compliance issues; •undergo changes in priorities or become financially distressed; •make errors in the design, management or retention of our data or data systems; or •form relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors.These factors may adversely affect the willingness or ability of third parties to conduct our clinical trials and may subject us to unexpected costincreases that are beyond our control. If the CROs do not perform clinical trials in a satisfactory manner, breach their obligations to us or fail to comply withregulatory requirements, the development, marketing approval and commercialization of our product candidates may be delayed, we may not be able toobtain marketing approval and commercialize our product candidates, or our development program may be irreversibly harmed. If we are unable to rely onclinical data collected by our CROs, we could be required to repeat, extend the duration of, or increase the size of any clinical trials we conduct and thiscould significantly delay commercialization and require significantly greater expenditures.If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs. If CROs donot successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of theclinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, any clinical trialssuch CROs are associated with may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain marketing approval for or successfullycommercialize our product candidates. As a result, we believe that our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates in the subjectindication would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.We contract with third parties for the manufacture and shipment of our product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials and expect tocontinue to do so for commercialization. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our productcandidates or drugs or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.We do not currently own or operate, nor do we have any plans to establish in the future, any manufacturing facilities or personnel. We rely, and expectto continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture and shipment of our product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as for thecommercial manufacture of our drugs if any of our product candidates receive marketing approval. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we willnot have sufficient quantities of our product candidates or drugs or such quantities at an acceptable cost or quality, which could delay, prevent or impair ourdevelopment or commercialization efforts.The facilities used to manufacture our product candidates must be evaluated by the FDA pursuant to inspections that will be conducted after wesubmit our marketing applications to the FDA to ensure compliance with cGMP. We do not control the manufacturing and shipment process of, and will becompletely dependent on, our contract manufacturers for compliance with cGMPs in connection with the manufacture and shipment of our productcandidates. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture and ship material that conforms to our specifications and the regulatoryrequirements of the FDA or others, we will not be able to use the products produced at their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have no control over theability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreignregulatory authority finds that these facilities do not comply with cGMP, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantlyimpact our ability to develop, obtain marketing approval for or market our product candidates, if approved. Further, our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with these or other applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines,injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or drugs, if approved,operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions.We may be unable to establish any agreements with third-party manufacturers or do so on acceptable terms. Even if we are able to establishagreements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including: •reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance; •the possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party;23 •the possible misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how; and •the possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us.Our product candidates and any other drugs that we may develop may compete with other product candidates and approved drugs for access tomanufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that might be capable of manufacturing for us.Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers could delay clinical development or marketing approval. If our currentcontract manufacturers cannot perform as agreed, we may be required to replace such manufacturers. Although we believe that there are several potentialalternative manufacturers who could manufacture our product candidates, we may incur added costs and delays in identifying and qualifying any suchreplacement.Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture and shipment of our product candidates or drugs may adversely affectour future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any drugs that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.We, or our third-party manufacturers, may be unable to successfully scale-up manufacturing of our product candidates in sufficient quality andquantity, which would delay or prevent us from developing our product candidates and commercializing approved products, if any.In order to conduct large-scale clinical trials of our product candidates, we will need to manufacture them in large quantities. We, or any of ourmanufacturing partners, may be unable to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for any of our product candidates in a timely or cost-effectivemanner, or at all. In addition, quality issues may arise during scale-up activities. If we, or any manufacturing partners, are unable to successfully scale up themanufacture of our product candidates in sufficient quality and quantity, the development, testing, and clinical trials of that product candidate may bedelayed or infeasible, and regulatory approval or commercial launch of any resulting product may be delayed or not obtained, which could significantlyharm our business.The third parties upon which we rely for the supply of the active pharmaceutical ingredients, formulations, and drug products are our sole sources ofsupply and have limited capacity, and the loss of any of these suppliers could harm our business.The API, formulations and drug products for our product candidates are supplied to us from single-source suppliers with limited capacity. Our abilityto successfully develop our product candidates, and to ultimately supply our commercial drugs in quantities sufficient to meet the market demand, dependsin part on our ability to obtain the API, formulations and drug products in accordance with cGMP requirements and in sufficient quantities forcommercialization and clinical trials. We do not currently have arrangements in place for a redundant or second-source supply of any such API, formulationor drug product in the event any of our current suppliers cease their operations for any reason.We do not know whether our suppliers will be able to meet our demand, either because of the nature of our agreements with those suppliers, ourlimited experience with those suppliers or our relative importance as a customer to those suppliers. It may be difficult for us to assess their ability to timelymeet our demand in the future based on past performance. While our suppliers have generally met our demand for their products on a timely basis in the past,they may subordinate our needs in the future to their other customers.For all of our product candidates, we intend to identify and qualify additional manufacturers to provide API, formulations and drug products prior tosubmission of an NDA to the FDA or an MAA to the EMA. Establishing additional or replacement suppliers for the API, formulations and drug products forour product candidates, if required, may not be accomplished quickly. If we are able to find a replacement supplier, such replacement supplier would need tobe qualified, or we may have to perform comparative studies comparing the drug product from a new manufacturer to the product used in any completedclinical trials. All of this may require additional marketing approval, which could result in further delay. While we seek to maintain adequate inventory of theAPI, formulations and drug products for our product candidates, any interruption or delay in the supply of components or materials, or our inability to obtainsuch API, formulation and drug product from alternate sources at acceptable prices in a timely manner could impede, delay, limit or prevent our developmentefforts.24 We have entered into, and may in the future enter into, collaborations with third parties to discover or develop product candidates. If thesecollaborations are not successful, our business could be adversely affected.We have entered into a research, collaboration and license agreement with Cardiff University and University College Cardiff Consultants Ltd., orCardiff Consultants, for the design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of ProTides, with the results of such research assigned to us and otherintellectual property of Cardiff University and Cardiff Consultants exclusively licensed to us for use for all purposes related to selected ProTides and thenucleoside family of the selected ProTides. We are significantly reliant on this collaboration for the generation of additional potential product candidatesand on the scientists employed by Cardiff University and Cardiff Consultants to perform such research. We have limited control over the amount and timingof resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development of ProTides and our ability to generate potential additional ProTides from these arrangementswill depend on our and our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to each of us in these arrangements. In addition, ourcollaborators have the ability to abandon research or development projects and terminate applicable agreements. If we breach any of our obligations underthis agreement, Cardiff University and Cardiff Consultants may have the right to terminate the agreement, which would result in a significant reduction in ourability to develop additional ProTides, and in our being unable to develop, manufacture and sell products that are covered by the licensed intellectualproperty, or in a competitor’s gaining access to the licensed intellectual property. Our agreement will expire at the end of 2019. Any expiration of thisagreement could also result in a significant reduction in our ability to develop additional ProTides.We may potentially enter into additional collaborations with third parties in the future. Our collaboration with Cardiff University and CardiffConsultants, and any future collaborations we enter into in the future, may pose several risks, including the following: •collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations; •collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected; •the clinical trials conducted as part of, or as a result of, these collaborations may not be successful; •collaborators may not pursue development or commercialization of any product candidates that achieve regulatory approval or may elect notto continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborators’ strategic focusor available funding or external factors, such as an acquisition, that divert resources or create competing priorities; •collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for clinical trials, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate,repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing; •we may not have access to, or may be restricted from disclosing, certain information regarding product candidates being developed orcommercialized under a collaboration and, consequently, may have limited ability to inform our shareholders about the status of such productcandidates; •collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our productcandidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized underterms that are more economically attractive than ours; •product candidates developed in collaboration with us may be viewed by our collaborators as competitive with their own product candidatesor products, which may cause collaborators to cease to devote resources to the commercialization of our product candidates; •a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more of our product candidates that achieve regulatory approval may notcommit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of any such product candidate; •disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course ofdevelopment of any product candidates, may cause delays or termination of the research, development or commercialization of such productcandidates, may lead to additional responsibilities for us with respect to such product candidates or may result in litigation or arbitration, anyof which would be time-consuming and expensive;25 •collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as toinvite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation; •disputes may arise with respect to the ownership of intellectual property developed pursuant to our collaborations; •collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability; and •collaborations may be terminated for the convenience of the collaborator and, if terminated, we could be required to raise additional capital topursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates.If our collaborations do not result in the successful development and commercialization of products, or if one of our collaborators terminates itsagreement with us, we may not receive any future research funding or milestone or royalty payments under the collaboration. If we do not receive the fundingwe expect under these agreements, our development of product candidates could be delayed and we may need additional resources to develop our productcandidates. In addition, if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may find it more difficult to attract new collaborators and theperception of us in the business and financial communities could be adversely affected. All of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approvaland commercialization described in this Annual Report also apply to the activities of our collaborators.We may in the future decide to collaborate with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and other organizations for the development andpotential commercialization of our product candidates. These relationships, or those like them, may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges,increase our near- and long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing shareholders or disrupt our management and business. In addition, wecould face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. Our ability to reach adefinitive collaboration agreement will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise and the terms andconditions of the proposed collaboration. If we license rights to product candidates, we may not be able to realize the benefit of such transactions if we areunable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and strategy.If we fail to comply with our obligations under our license and collaboration agreement with Cardiff ProTides Ltd., we could lose rights to licensedand assigned intellectual property that are necessary for developing and commercializing Acelarin and other potential product candidates.We entered into an exclusive, worldwide assignment, license and collaboration agreement with Cardiff ProTides Ltd., or Cardiff ProTides, for certainof the patents related to Acelarin and other potential ProTides. This agreement imposes various development, commercialization, royalty payment, diligenceand other obligations on us. Among other obligations, we are specifically required to: pay Cardiff ProTides potential milestone payments; pay CardiffProTides royalties equal to mid- to high-single digit percentages of sales of such products, including sales by sublicensees; use commercially reasonableefforts to bring products to market; provide development and financial reports to Cardiff ProTides; file, prosecute, defend and maintain patent rights;indemnify Cardiff ProTides against certain claims and maintain insurance coverage; and direct future medicinal chemistry work related to certain compoundsto Cardiff ProTides on a preferential basis.If we breach any of these obligations, Cardiff ProTides may have the right to terminate the license and require us to assign back to Cardiff ProTidesthe intellectual property which was assigned to us under this agreement, which would result in our being unable to develop, manufacture and sell productsthat are covered by the licensed intellectual property or the assigned intellectual property, including Acelarin, or in a competitor’s gaining access to thelicensed intellectual property or the assigned intellectual property.26 Risks Related to the Commercialization of Our Product CandidatesEven if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients,third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients,third-party payors and others in the medical community. If our product candidates do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generatesignificant product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale,will depend on a number of factors, including: •the timing of our receipt of any marketing approvals; •the terms of any approvals and the countries in which approvals are obtained; •the efficacy and safety and potential advantages and disadvantages compared to alternative treatments; •the prevalence and severity of any side effects associated with our products or with any product that is used in combination with our product; •the indications for which our products are approved; •adverse publicity about our products or favorable publicity about competing products; •the approval of other products for the same indications as our products; •our ability to offer our products for sale at competitive prices; •the convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments; •the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies; •the success of our physician education programs; •the strength of our marketing and distribution; •the availability of third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement, including patient cost-sharing programs such as copays and deductibles;and •any restrictions on the use of our products together with other medications.We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing competing products before or moresuccessfully than we do.The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to our current productcandidates and will face competition with respect to any product candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future, from majorpharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. There are a number of large pharmaceutical andbiotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of products for the treatment of the disease indications forwhich we are developing our product candidates. Some of these competitive products and therapies are based on scientific approaches that are the same as, orsimilar to, our approach, and others are based on entirely different approaches. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agenciesand other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research,development, manufacturing and commercialization.Specifically, there are a large number of companies developing or marketing treatments for cancer, including many major pharmaceutical andbiotechnology companies. If Acelarin is approved, it would compete with (a) existing chemotherapies, including gemcitabine, (b) existing targeted therapiesor immunotherapies and, if approved, targeted therapies or immunotherapies in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with cancer and (c) multipleapproved drugs or drugs that may be approved in the future for indications for which we may develop Acelarin. If NUC-3373 is approved, it would competewith (a) existing chemotherapies, including 5-FU, (b) existing targeted therapies or immunotherapies and, if approved, targeted therapies or immunotherapiesin clinical trials for the treatment of patients with cancer and (c) multiple approved drugs or drugs that may be approved in the future for indications for whichwe may develop NUC-3373. If NUC-7738 is approved, it would compete with existing chemotherapies and multiple approved drugs or drugs that may be27 approved in the future for indications for which we may develop NUC-7738. Existing chemotherapies with which we may compete, including gemcitabineand 5-FU, are no longer under patent and are produced by numerous generic pharmaceutical manufacturers. As a result, these chemotherapies are and willcontinue to be substantially less expensive to patients than many other potential therapies, including our ProTide candidates, if approved.Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective,more convenient or less expensive or have fewer or less severe side effects than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA orother marketing approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strongmarket position before we are able to enter the market or slow our marketing approval. Some of the important competitive factors affecting the success of allof our product candidates, if approved, are likely to be their efficacy, safety, convenience, price and the availability of reimbursement from government andother third-party payors.Many of the companies against which we are competing or against which we may compete in the future have significantly greater financial resourcesand expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical studies, conducting clinical trials, obtaining marketing approvals and marketingapproved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources beingconcentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularlythrough collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientificand management personnel and in establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologiescomplementary to, or necessary for, our programs.Even if we are able to commercialize any product candidates, such drugs may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-partycoverage and reimbursement policies.The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drugs vary widely from country to country. Some countriesrequire approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing approval is granted.In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As aresult, we might obtain marketing approval for a product candidate in a particular country but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commerciallaunch of the product candidate, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the productcandidate in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our productcandidates obtain marketing approval.Our ability to successfully commercialize any product candidates, if approved, will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequatereimbursement for these product candidates and related treatments will be available from government authorities, private health insurers and otherorganizations. In the United States, the principal decisions about coverage and reimbursement for new medicines under Medicare are made by CMS, anagency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Private payors ultimately determine which drugs they will cover and the amount ofreimbursement they will provide for a covered drug. While there is no uniform system among payors for making coverage and reimbursement decisions,private payors tend to follow CMS to a substantial degree. It is difficult to predict what CMS will decide with respect to reimbursement. Reimbursementagencies in Europe may be more conservative than CMS. For example, a number of cancer drugs are generally covered and paid for in the United States, buthave not been approved for reimbursement in certain European countries. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment.Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of payments for particular drugs.Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the pricescharged for drugs. We may also need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies, in addition to the costly studies required to obtain FDA or othercomparable regulatory approvals, in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product in order to secure coverage andreimbursement. We cannot be sure that coverage will be available for any product candidate that we commercialize and, if coverage is available, the level ofpayments. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If reimbursement is notavailable or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketingapproval.28 In addition to CMS and private payors, professional organizations such as the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the American Society ofClinical Oncology can influence decisions about reimbursement for new medicines by determining standards of care. In addition, many private payorscontract with commercial vendors who sell software that provide guidelines that attempt to limit utilization of, and therefore reimbursement for, certainproducts deemed to provide limited benefit to existing alternatives. Such organizations may set guidelines that limit reimbursement or utilization of ourproducts.There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes forwhich the drug is approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not implythat any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interimreimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates mayvary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs andmay be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required bygovernment healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they maybe sold at lower prices than in the United States. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded andprivate payors for any approved drugs that we develop could compromise our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize drugs andour overall financial condition.We currently have no marketing capability or sales force. If we are unable to establish effective sales or marketing capabilities or enter intoagreements with third parties to sell or market our product candidates, we may not be able to effectively sell or market our product candidates, ifapproved, or generate product revenues.We currently have no marketing capability or sales force, but we plan to commercialize any product candidates for which we receive regulatorymarketing approval using a specialized sales force in the United States and Europe. To achieve commercial success for any approved product candidate forwhich we retain sales and marketing responsibilities, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or makearrangements with third parties to perform these services. There are risks involved with both establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities andentering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time consumingand could delay any drug launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities isdelayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, andour investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our product candidates on our own include: •our inability to recruit and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel; •the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians or persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe any future drugs; •the lack of complementary drugs to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies withmore extensive product lines; and •unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.If we enter into arrangements with third parties to perform sales, marketing and distribution services, our drug revenues or the profitability of thesedrug revenues to us are likely to be lower than if we were to market and sell any product candidates that we develop ourselves. In addition, we may not besuccessful in entering into arrangements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates or may be unable to do so when needed or on terms thatare favorable to us. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to selland market our product candidates effectively. If we do not establish sales and marketing capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration withthird parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our product candidates that receive marketing approval or any such commercialization mayexperience delays or limitations.29 Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the evaluation of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an evengreater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidatesor products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in: •decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we may develop; •injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention; •withdrawal of clinical trial participants; •significant costs to defend the related litigation; •substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients; •loss of revenue; •reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy; and •the inability to successfully commercialize any products that we may develop.Our product liability insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We may need to increase our insurance coverage as weexpand our clinical trials or if we commence commercialization of our product candidates. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be ableto maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.Risks Related to Our Intellectual PropertyIf we are unable to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our technology and products, or if the scope of the intellectual propertyprotection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could commercialize technology and products similar or identical to ours, and our abilityto successfully commercialize our technology and products may be impaired. In addition, if we infringe the valid patent rights of others, we may beprevented from making, using or selling our products or may be subject to damages or penalties.Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patents in the United States and other countries that adequately protect ourproprietary technology and products. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and in foreign countriesthat cover our novel product candidates and their uses, pharmaceutical formulations and dosages, and processes for the manufacture of them. Our patentportfolio currently includes both patents and patent applications.The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming. We may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patentapplications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. We may choose not to seek patent protection for certain innovations and may choose not to pursuepatent protection in certain jurisdictions. Under the laws of certain jurisdictions, patents or other intellectual property rights may be unavailable or limited inscope. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development before it is too late to obtain patent protection.We currently solely own or exclusively license our patents and patent applications and we have the right to control the prosecution of the in-licensedpatent applications. In the future, we may choose to in-license additional patents or patent applications from third parties that we conclude are useful ornecessary for our business goals. We may not have the right to control the preparation, filing, prosecution or maintenance of such patent applications.Therefore, if we do license additional patents or patent applications in the future, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in amanner consistent with the best interests of our business.30 The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions andhas in recent years been the subject of much litigation. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, andpatent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or, in some cases, not at all. Therefore,we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, orthat we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of ourpatent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology orproducts, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patentlaws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patentprotection.Recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and theenforcement or defense of our issued patents. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law.The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications areprosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, recently developed new regulations and procedures togovern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, thefirst to file provisions, became effective on March 16, 2013. The Leahy-Smith Act also created certain new administrative adversarial proceedings, discussedbelow. It is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and itsimplementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of ourissued patents.The U.S. Supreme Court has issued opinions in patent cases in the last few years that many consider may weaken patent protection in the UnitedStates, either by narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances, holding that certain kinds of innovations are not patentable orgenerally otherwise making it easier to invalidate patents in court. Additionally, there have been recent proposals for additional changes to the patent laws ofthe United States and other countries that, if adopted, could impact our ability to obtain patent protection for our proprietary technology or our ability toenforce our proprietary technology. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies inother countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or toenforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.Even if our patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitorsfrom competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensedpatents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may bechallenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and in other countries. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or in patent claimsbeing narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar oridentical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. In particular, third parties, such as genericscompanies, may seek to develop or acquire intellectual property rights proximate to our patents, including with respect to formulation and process matters,and may be able to do so in a non-infringing manner. Additionally, given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review ofnew product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our ownedand licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours. Likewise,a court could uphold and enforce a third-party patent that it rules we have infringed, which would subject us to damages or prevent us from making, using orselling our products.During patent prosecution in the United States and in most foreign countries, a third party can submit prior art or arguments to the reviewing patentoffice to attempt to prevent the issuance of a competitor’s patent. For example, our pending patent applications may be subject to a third-party preissuancesubmission of prior art to the USPTO or Third Party Observations in Europe. Such submission may convince the receiving patent office not to issue thepatent. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is reduced by such third-party submission, it couldaffect the value of our resulting patent or dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future productcandidates. We may also seek to have issued patents re-issued for purposes of strengthening our patent position; however, such requests for reissuance maynot result in the issuance of the new patent and could result in loss of the originally issued patent.31 The risks described here pertaining to our patents and other intellectual property rights also apply to any intellectual property rights that we currentlylicense or may license in the future. In some cases, we may not have control over the prosecution, maintenance or enforcement of the patents that we license,and our licensors may fail to take the steps that we believe are necessary or desirable in order to obtain, maintain and enforce the licensed patents.We may become involved in administrative adversarial proceedings in the USPTO or in the patent offices of foreign countries brought by a third partyto attempt to cancel or invalidate our patent rights, which could be expensive, time consuming and cause a loss of patent rights.The Leahy-Smith Act created for the first time new procedures to challenge issued patents in the United States, including post-grant review and interpartes review proceedings, which some third parties have been using to cause the cancellation of selected or all claims of issued patents of competitors. For apatent with a priority date of March 16, 2013 or later, a petition for post-grant review can be filed by a third party in a nine-month window from issuance ofthe patent. A petition for inter partes review can be filed immediately following the issuance of a patent if the patent was filed prior to March 16, 2013. Apetition for inter partes review can be filed after the nine-month period for filing a post-grant review petition has expired for a patent with a priority date ofMarch 16, 2013 or later. Post-grant review proceedings can be brought on any ground of challenge, whereas inter partes review proceedings can only bebrought to raise a challenge based on published prior art. These administrative adversarial actions at the USPTO review patent claims without thepresumption of validity afforded to U.S. patents in lawsuits in U.S. federal courts, use a lower burden of proof than used by U.S. federal courts and interpretpatent claims using a “broadest reasonable construction” instead of “plain and ordinary meaning,” which is used in court litigation. Because of thesedifferences between U.S. administrative and judicial adversarial patent proceedings, it is generally considered easier for a competitor or third party to have aU.S. patent cancelled in a patent office post-grant review or inter partes review proceeding than invalidated in a litigation in a U.S. federal court. If any of ourpatents are challenged by a third party in such a U.S. patent office proceeding, there is no guarantee that we will be successful in defending the patent, whichwould result in a loss of the challenged patent right to us.Opposition or invalidation procedures are also available in most foreign countries. Many foreign authorities, such as the authorities at the EuropeanPatent Office, have only post-grant opposition proceedings. However, certain countries, such as India, have both pre-grant and post-grant oppositionproceedings. These procedures have been used frequently against pharmaceutical patents in foreign countries. For example, in some foreign countries, theseprocedures are used by generic companies to hold up an innovator’s patent rights as a means to allow the generic company to enter the market. This activityis particularly prevalent in India, China and South America and may become more prevalent in Africa and other parts of Asia as certain countries reach moreestablished economies. If any of our patents are challenged in a foreign opposition or invalidation proceeding, we could face significant costs to defend ourpatents and may not be successful. Further, in many foreign jurisdictions, the losing party must pay the attorneys’ fees of the winning party, which can besubstantial.We may have to file one or more lawsuits in court to prevent a third party from selling a product or using a product in a manner that infringes ourpatent, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful, and ultimately result in the loss of our proprietary market.Because competition in our industry is intense, competitors may infringe or otherwise violate our issued patents, patents of our licensors or otherintellectual property. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement lawsuits, which can be expensive and timeconsuming. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe theirpatents. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe thepatent’s claims narrowly or refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology inquestion. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly. We mayalso elect to enter into license agreements in order to settle patent infringement claims or to resolve disputes prior to litigation, and any such licenseagreements may require us to pay royalties and other fees that could be significant. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required inconnection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure.32 Because our ProTides are small molecules, after commercialization they will be subject to the patent litigation process of the Hatch-Waxman Act,which allows a generic company to submit an Abbreviated New Drug Application, or ANDA, to the FDA to obtain approval to sell our drug usingbioequivalence data only. Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, since our candidates will be considered new chemical entities, we will have the opportunity to listall of our patents that cover our drug product or its method of use in the FDA’s compendium of “Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic EquivalenceEvaluation,” sometimes referred to as the FDA’s Orange Book. A generic company can submit an ANDA to the FDA four years after our drug approval. Thesubmission of the ANDA by a generic company is considered a technical act of patent infringement. The generic company can certify that it will wait untilthe natural expiration date of our listed patents to sell a generic version of our product or can certify that one or more of our listed patents are invalid,unenforceable, or not infringed. If the latter, we will have 45 days to bring a patent infringement lawsuit against the generic company. This will initiate achallenge to one or more of our Orange Book-listed patents based on arguments from the generic company that either our patent is invalid, unenforceable ornot infringed. Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, if a lawsuit is brought, the FDA is prevented from issuing a final approval on the generic drug until the earlier ofseven-and-a-half years from our drug approval or a final decision of a court holding that our asserted patent claims are invalid, unenforceable or not infringed.If we do not properly list our relevant patents in the Orange Book, timely file a lawsuit in response to a certification from a generic company under an ANDAor prevail in the resulting patent litigation, we can lose our proprietary market, which can rapidly become generic. Further, even if we do correctly list ourrelevant patents in the Orange Book, bring a lawsuit in a timely manner and prevail in that lawsuit, it may be at a very significant cost to us of attorneys’ feesand employee time and distraction over a long period. Further, it is common for more than one generic company to try to sell an innovator drug at the sametime, so we may be faced with the cost and distraction of multiple lawsuits. We may also determine it is necessary to settle the lawsuit in a manner that allowsthe generic company to enter our market prior to the expiration of our patent or otherwise in a manner that adversely affects the strength, validity orenforceability of our patent.A number of pharmaceutical companies have been the subject of intense review by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, or a correspondingagency in another country based on how they have conducted or settled drug patent litigation, and certain reviews have led to an allegation of an antitrustviolation, sometimes resulting in a fine or loss of rights. We cannot be sure that we would not also be subject to such a review or that the result of the reviewwould be favorable to us, which could result in a fine or penalty.The FTC has brought a number of lawsuits in federal court in the past few years to challenge Hatch-Waxman ANDA litigation settlements betweeninnovator companies and generic companies as anti-competitive. The FTC has taken an aggressive position that anything of value is a payment, whethermoney is paid or not. Under their approach, if an innovator as part of a patent settlement agrees not to launch or delay launch of an authorized generic duringthe 180-day period granted to the first generic company to challenge an Orange Book-listed patent covering an innovator drug, or negotiates a delay in entrywithout payment, the FTC may consider it an unacceptable reverse payment. The biopharmaceutical industry argues that such agreements are rationalbusiness decisions to dismiss risk and are immune from antitrust attack if the terms of the settlement are within the scope of the exclusionary potential of thepatent. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a five-to-three decision in FTC v. Actavis, Inc., rejected both the biopharmaceutical industry’s and FTC’sarguments with regard to so-called reverse payments, and held that whether a “reverse payment” settlement involving the exchange of consideration for adelay in entry is subject to an anticompetitive analysis depends on five considerations: (a) the potential for genuine adverse effects on competition; (b) thejustification of payment; (c) the patentee’s ability to bring about anticompetitive harm; (d) whether the size of the payment is a workable surrogate for thepatent’s weakness; and (e) that antitrust liability for large unjustified payments does not prevent litigating parties from settling their lawsuits, for example, byallowing the generic to enter the market before the patent expires without the patentee’s paying the generic. Furthermore, whether a reverse payment isjustified depends upon its size, its scale in relation to the patentee’s anticipated future litigation costs, its independence from other services for which it mightrepresent payment, as was the case in Actavis, and the lack of any other convincing justification. The Court held that reverse payment settlements canpotentially violate antitrust laws and are subject to the standard antitrust rule-of-reason analysis, with the burden of proving that an agreement is unlawful onthe FTC and leaving to lower courts the structuring of such rule of reason analysis. If we are faced with drug patent litigation, including Hatch-Waxmanlitigation with a generic company, we could be faced with such an FTC challenge based on that activity, including how or whether we settle the case, andeven if we strongly disagree with the FTC’s position, we could face a significant expense or penalty.33 Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertainand could hurt our business.Our commercial success depends upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell Acelarin, NUC-3373, NUC-7738 and our other productcandidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. While our product candidates are in preclinicalstudies and clinical trials, we believe that the use of our product candidates in these preclinical studies and clinical trials falls within the scope of theexemptions provided by 35 U.S.C. Section 271(e) in the United States, which exempts from patent infringement liability activities reasonably related to thedevelopment and submission of information to the FDA. As Acelarin, NUC-3373 and our other product candidates progress toward commercialization, thepossibility of a patent infringement claims against us increases. There can be no assurance that our product candidates do not infringe other parties’ patents orother proprietary rights, however, and competitors or other parties may assert that we infringe their proprietary rights in any event.We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights covering our productsand technology, including interference or derivation proceedings before the USPTO. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based onexisting patents or patents that may be granted in the future, including against our product candidates themselves, our formulation and manufacturingprocesses or our drug administration methods. In particular, because Acelarin and NUC-3373 are transformations of widely used approved chemotherapeuticagents, there is significant intellectual property held by third parties with respect to the formulation and manufacturing of those existing agents, which mayincrease the risk that such third parties allege infringement by us in the formulation and manufacture processes of our product candidates. Furthermore, if anyof our future ProTides are transformations of an existing chemotherapeutic agent that remains on patent, we could be subject to claims of infringement by theholder of such patents.If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continuedeveloping and marketing our products and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or atall. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us.Alternatively, we may need to redesign infringing products, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. Under certaincircumstances, we could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be foundliable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringementcould prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could harm our business. Claimsthat we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.We may not be able to effectively enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.We generally file our first patent application, or priority filing, at the United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office. International applications underthe Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, are usually filed within 12 months after the priority filing. Based on the PCT filing, national and regional patentapplications may be filed in additional jurisdictions where we believe our product candidates may be marketed or manufactured. Filing, prosecuting anddefending patents on our product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and therefore we only file for patentprotection in selected countries. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly in developing countries. Moreover, our abilityto protect and enforce our intellectual property rights may be adversely affected by unforeseen changes in foreign intellectual property laws.The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, Europe, India, China andcertain other countries do not allow patents for methods of treating the human body. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protectingand defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions that do not favor patent protection on drugs. This could make it difficult for us tostop the infringement of our patents or the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictionswhere we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own drugs and, further, may export otherwise infringing drugs to territories where we havepatent protection, if our ability to enforce our patents to stop infringing activities is inadequate. These drugs may compete with our product candidates, andour patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts andresources from other aspects of our business. Furthermore, while we intend to protect our intellectual property rights in the major markets for our productcandidates, we cannot ensure that we will be able to initiate or maintain similar efforts in all jurisdictions in which we may wish to market our productcandidates. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate.34 A number of foreign countries have stated that they are willing to issue compulsory licenses to patents held by innovator companies on approveddrugs to allow the government or one or more third-party companies to sell the approved drug without the permission of the innovator patentee where theforeign government concludes it is in the public interest. India, for example, has used such a procedure to allow domestic companies to make and sellpatented drugs without innovator approval. There is no guarantee that patents covering any of our drugs will not be subject to a compulsory license in aforeign country, or that we will have any influence over if or how such a compulsory license is granted. Further, Brazil allows its regulatory agency, ANVISA,to participate in deciding whether to grant a drug patent in Brazil, and patent grant decisions are made based on several factors, including whether the patentmeets the requirements for a patent and whether such a patent is deemed in the country’s interest. In addition, several other countries have created laws thatmake it more difficult to enforce drug patents than patents on other kinds of technologies. Further, under the treaty on the Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property, or TRIPS, as interpreted by the Doha Declaration, countries in which drugs are manufactured are required to allow exportation of thedrug to a developing country that lacks adequate manufacturing capability. Therefore, our drug markets in the United States or foreign countries may beaffected by the influence of current public policy on patent issuance, enforcement or involuntary licensing in the healthcare area.In November 2015, members of the World Trade Organization, or the WTO, which administers TRIPS, voted to extend the exemption againstenforcing pharmaceutical drug patents in least developed countries until 2033. We currently have no patent applications filed in least developed countries,and our current intent is not to file in these countries in the future, at least in part due to this WTO pharmaceutical patent exemption.In addition, some countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. Further,some countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may havelimited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we or any of our licensors is forced to grant a license to third parties withrespect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired.Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and otherrequirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with theserequirements.Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents or applications will be due to be paid to theUSPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the lifetime of the patents or applications. We havesystems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we employ an outside firm and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees due to non-U.S. patentagencies. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of alate fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapseof the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might beable to enter the market, which could compromise our competitive position.Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.Litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims, with or without merit, is unpredictable, generally expensive and timeconsuming and is likely to divert significant resources from our core business, including distracting our technical and management personnel from theirnormal responsibilities. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is arisk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be publicannouncements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and, if securities analysts or investors perceive these resultsto be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our ADSs. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operatinglosses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities.We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able tosustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developedintellectual property portfolios. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating orsuccessfully challenging our intellectual property rights.35 Our intellectual property licenses with third parties may be subject to disagreements over contract interpretation, which could narrow the scope of ourrights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or increase our financial or other obligations to our licensors.Our intellectual property licenses with third parties may be subject to disagreements over contract interpretation, which could narrow the scope of ourrights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or increase our financial or other obligations to our licensors. The agreements under which wecurrently license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multipleinterpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to therelevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement.If any of our licenses or material relationships or any in-licenses upon which our licenses are based are terminated or breached, we may: •lose our rights to develop and market our product candidates; •lose patent protection for our product candidates; •experience significant delays in the development or commercialization of our product candidates; •not be able to obtain any other licenses on acceptable terms, if at all; or •incur liability for damages.These risks apply to any agreements that we may enter into in the future for our current or any future product candidates. If we experience any of theforegoing, it could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, results or operations and prospects.If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwiseexperience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.We have entered into license agreements with third parties and may need to obtain additional licenses from one or more of these same third parties orfrom others to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates. It is possible that we may be unable to obtain additional licensesat a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to redesign our productcandidates or the methods for manufacturing them or to develop or license replacement technology, all of which may not be feasible on a technical orcommercial basis. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize our product candidates, which would harm our business. Wecannot provide any assurances that third-party patents or other intellectual property rights do not exist which might be enforced against our currentmanufacturing methods, product candidates or future methods, resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our manufacture or sales, or, with respect to oursales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties or other forms of compensation to third parties.It is possible that in any future license agreements, patent prosecution of our licensed technology may be controlled solely by the licensor, and wemay be required to reimburse the licensor for their costs of patent prosecution. If our licensors fail to obtain and maintain patent or other protection for theproprietary intellectual property we license from them, we could lose our rights to the intellectual property or our exclusivity with respect to those rights, andour competitors could market competing products using the intellectual property. Disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensingagreement, including: •the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues; •the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensingagreement; •the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our collaborative development relationships; •our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations; •the inventorship or ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensorsand us and our partners; and •the priority of invention of patented technology.36 If disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on acceptableterms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates.We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claimingownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors orpotential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, wemay be subject to claims that these employees or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, ofany such employee’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims.In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property toexecute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact developsintellectual property that we regard as our own. Our and their assignment agreements may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced tobring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights orpersonnel. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction tomanagement.If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how,technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientificcollaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We seek to protect our confidential proprietary information but enforcinga claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Inaddition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfullyobtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using thattechnology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, ourcompetitive position would be harmed.Our proprietary information, or that of our suppliers and any future collaborators, may be lost or we may suffer security breaches.In the ordinary course of our business, our clinical research organizations and other third parties on which we rely, collect and store sensitive data,including intellectual property, clinical trial data, proprietary business information, personally identifiable information of our employees and, potentially inthe future, personally identifiable information of our clinical trial subjects, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance andtransmission of this information is critical to our operations. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerableto attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Although to our knowledge we have not experienced any suchmaterial security breach to date, any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lostor stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy ofpersonal information, regulatory penalties, disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, and cause a loss of confidence in us and our ability to conductclinical trials, which could adversely affect our reputation and delay the clinical development of our product candidates.37 Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and maynot adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative: •Others may be able to make, use or sell compounds that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of thepatents that we own or have exclusively licensed. •We, our licensors or strategic partners might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patent or pending patentapplication that we own or have exclusively licensed. •We, our licensors or strategic partners, or future licensors or strategic partners might not have been the first to file patent applications coveringcertain of our inventions. •Others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies, or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing ourintellectual property rights. •It is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents. •Issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid orunenforceable as a result of legal challenges by our competitors. •Our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use theinformation learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets. •We may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable. •The patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.Risks Related to Employee Matters, Managing Growth and Other Risks Related to Our BusinessWe currently have a limited number of employees, and our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain andmotivate qualified personnel.We are a clinical-stage company, and, as of December 31, 2018, had 24 employees, including three executive officers. We are highly dependent onthe research and development, clinical and business development expertise of Hugh S. Griffith, our Chief Executive Officer, as well as the other principalmembers of our management team and our collaborators’ scientific and clinical team. Although we have entered into employment agreements with ourexecutive officers, each of them may at any time serve notice to terminate their employment with us. Other than for Mr. Griffith, we do not maintain “keyperson” insurance for any of our executives or other employees. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, toassist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers otherthan us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. If we or our collaboratorsare unable to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, our ability to pursue our growth strategy will be limited.Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing, finance, sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. Theloss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercializationobjectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees maybe difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experiencerequired to successfully develop, obtain marketing approval of and commercialize products. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense and we maybe unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical andbiotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities andresearch institutions. Failure to succeed in clinical trials may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified scientific personnel. If we or ourcollaborators are unable to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, our ability to pursue our growth strategy will be limited.38 We expect to expand our development and regulatory capabilities and potentially implement sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, and as aresult, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.To manage our anticipated development and expansion, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financialsystems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionateamount of its attention away from its day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these development activities. Due to ourlimited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. This mayresult in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity amongremaining employees. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert financial resources from other projects, such asthe development of our product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our expected development and expansion, our expenses mayincrease more than expected, our ability to generate or increase our revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Ourfuture financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, and compete effectively will depend, in part, on ourability to effectively manage the future development and expansion of the company.The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union may have a negative effect on global economic conditions, financial markets and ourbusiness, which could reduce the price of our ADSs.Following the BREXIT referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom government served notice under Article 50 of the Treaty of theEuropean Union on March 29, 2017 to formally initiate the process of withdrawing from the European Union. The United Kingdom and the European Unionhave a two-year period under Article 50 to negotiate the terms of withdrawal. Any extension of the negotiation period for withdrawal will require the consentof all of the remaining 27 member states.The referendum and withdrawal have created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the EuropeanUnion. Lack of clarity about future U.K. laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which E.U.-derived laws and regulations to replace orreplicate as part of a withdrawal, including financial laws and regulations, tax and free trade agreements, intellectual property rights, supply chain logistics,environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, immigration laws and employment laws, could decrease foreign direct investment in the UnitedKingdom, increase costs, depress economic activity and restrict our access to capital. If the United Kingdom and the European Union are unable to negotiateacceptable terms for the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, or if other E.U. member states pursue withdrawal from the European Union,barrier-free access between the United Kingdom and other E.U. member states or across the European Economic Area overall could be diminished oreliminated. In addition, the United Kingdom could lose the benefits of global trade agreements negotiated by the European Union on behalf of its members.These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, have had and may continue to have a significant adverse effect on global economicconditions and the stability of global financial markets, and could significantly reduce global market liquidity and restrict the ability of key marketparticipants to operate in certain financial markets. Asset valuations, currency exchange rates and credit ratings may be especially subject to increased marketvolatility. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may also have a significant effect on our ability to attract and retainemployees, including scientists and other employees who are important for our and our collaborators’ research and development efforts.If Scotland decides to secede from the United Kingdom, our business may be adversely affected.A referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom took place on September 18, 2014, the result of which was that Scotland remainedpart of the United Kingdom. There may in the future be a second referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. Any such referendum, evenif it again ultimately resulted in Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom, could lead to uncertainty and disrupt the markets in which we operate, andmight cause us to lose potential customers, suppliers, collaborators and employees, including scientists and other key employees employed by us or ourcollaborators.Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. The 2008global financial crisis caused extreme volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn, such as resultedfrom the 2008 global financial crisis, could result in a variety of risks to our business, including our ability to raise additional capital when needed onacceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption.39 Our business and operations could suffer in the event of information technology and other internal infrastructure system failures.Despite the implementation of security measures, our information technology and other internal infrastructure systems and those of our third-partyCROs and other contractors and consultants, including corporate firewalls, servers, leased lines and connections to the Internet, are vulnerable to damagefrom computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. Furthermore, we have little or nocontrol over the security measures and computer systems of our third-party CROs and other contractors and consultants. While we have not experienced anysuch system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a materialdisruption of our programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data for our product candidates could result in delays in our marketing approval efforts andsignificantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our dataor applications or other data or applications relating to our technology or product candidates, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietaryinformation, we could incur liabilities and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.Our employees, principal investigators, CROs and consultants may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance withregulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.We are exposed to the risk that our employees, principal investigators, CROs and consultants may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegalactivity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violate theregulations of the FDA and other regulatory authorities, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to suchauthorities; healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad; or laws that require the reporting of financial information or dataaccurately. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended toprevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing,discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Activities subject to these laws alsoinvolve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials or creating fraudulent data in our preclinical studies or clinical trials, whichcould result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees andother third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or lossesor in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations.Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a person could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are institutedagainst us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, includingthe imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare,Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reportingrequirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and curtailmentof our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate and fail to capitalize on product candidates that may be moreprofitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on specific product candidates. As a result, we may forgo or delay pursuit ofopportunities with other product candidates that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail tocapitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs andproduct candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable product candidates. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercialpotential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing orother royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to suchproduct candidate.40 We may acquire businesses or drugs or form strategic alliances in the future and we may not realize the benefits of such acquisitions.We may acquire additional businesses or drugs, form strategic alliances or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe will complement oraugment our existing business. If we acquire businesses with promising markets or technologies, we may not be able to realize the benefit of acquiring suchbusinesses if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and strategy. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing,manufacturing and marketing any new drugs resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefitsor enhancing our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such acquisition, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction.We or the third parties upon which we depend may be adversely affected by natural disasters and our business continuity and disaster recovery plansmay not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.Natural disasters could severely disrupt our operations and hurt our financial condition. If a natural disaster, power outage or other event occurred thatprevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for asubstantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster orsimilar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans.We are subject to certain U.K., U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws andregulations, violations of which can have a negative impact on our business.We are subject to certain U.K., U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws andregulations. Among other matters, these laws and regulations prohibit companies and their employees, agents, clinical research organizations, legal counsel,accountants, consultants, contractors and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting or receiving, directly or indirectly,corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to or from recipients in the public or private sector. Violations of these laws and regulations can resultin substantial criminal fines and civil penalties, imprisonment, the loss of trade privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraudlitigation, reputational harm and other consequences. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies orgovernment-affiliated hospitals, universities and other organizations. We also expect our international activities to increase over time. We engage thirdparties to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations and other regulatory approvals. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegalactivities of our personnel, agents or other partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have prior knowledge of such activities.Risks Related to the ADSsThe price of our ADSs may be volatile and may fluctuate due to factors beyond our control.The trading price of the ADSs has fluctuated, and is likely to continue to fluctuate substantially. The trading price of those securities depends on anumber of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operatingperformance. In addition, although the ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we cannot assure you that a trading market for those securitieswill be maintained.Since the ADSs were sold in our initial public offering in October 2017 at a price of $15.00 per ADS, the price per ADS has ranged as low as $9.32 andas high as $32.00 through March 1, 2019. The market price of our ADSs may fluctuate significantly due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond ourcontrol, including: •positive or negative results from, or delays in, testing and clinical trials by us, collaborators or competitors; •technological innovations or commercial product introductions by us or competitors; •changes in government regulations; •developments concerning proprietary rights, including patents and litigation matters; •public concern relating to the commercial value or safety of Acelarin, NUC-3373 or NUC-7738; •financing, collaborations or other corporate transactions;41 •publication of research reports or comments by securities or industry analysts; •general market conditions in the pharmaceutical industry or in the economy as a whole; •the loss of any of our key scientific or senior management personnel; •sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares by us, our senior management and board members, holders of our ADSs or our ordinary shares in thefuture; •price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of the ADSs; and •other events and factors, many of which are beyond our control.These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our ADSs to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actualoperating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their ADSs and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our ADSs. Inaddition, the stock market in general, and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that haveoften been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. In the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile,holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the issuer. If any of the holders of our ADSs were to bring such alawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of our senior management would be diverted from the operation ofour business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.We will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company in the United States, and our management is required to devotesubstantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.As a public company whose ADSs commenced trading in the United States in September 2017, we incur, and particularly after we no longer qualify asan “emerging growth company”, or EGC, we will continue to incur, significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur previously. TheSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Global Select Market,or Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on non-U.S. reporting public companies, including theestablishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our senior management and otherpersonnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will continue to increase ourlegal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, these rules and regulations have made itmore difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, which in turn makes it more difficult for us to attract and retainqualified senior management personnel or members for our board of directors.However, these rules and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, theirapplication in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertaintyregarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, we are required to furnish a report by our senior management on ourinternal control over financial reporting. However, while we remain an EGC we are not required to include an attestation report on internal control overfinancial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To prepare for eventual compliance with Section 404, once we no longerqualify as an EGC, we are engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging.In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants, adopt a detailed work plan to assess anddocument the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing thatcontrols are functioning as documented, and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting.Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe or at all, that our internal control over financialreporting is effective as required by Section 404. If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial marketsdue to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.42 Certain of our existing shareholders, members of our board of directors and senior management maintain the ability to exercise significant controlover us. Your interests may conflict with the interests of these existing shareholders.As of December 31, 2018, our senior management, board of directors and greater than 5% shareholders and their respective affiliates, in the aggregate,owned 74.2% of our ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs). These shareholders, either alone or voting together as a group, may be ina position to determine or significantly influence the outcome of decisions taken at any general meeting. Any shareholder or group of shareholderscontrolling more than 50% of the share capital present and voting at our general meetings of shareholders may control any shareholder resolution requiring asimple majority, including the appointment of board members, certain decisions relating to our capital structure and the approval of certain significantcorporate transactions. Among other consequences, this concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control andmight therefore negatively affect the market price of our ADSs.Future sales, or the possibility of future sales, of a substantial number of our ADSs or ordinary shares could adversely affect the price of our ADSs.Future sales of a substantial number of our ADSs or ordinary shares, or the perception that such sales will occur, could cause a decline in the marketprice of our ADSs. If any of our large shareholders or members of our management team sell substantial amounts of our securities in the public market, or themarket perceives that such sales may occur, the market price of our ADSs and our ability to raise capital through an issue of equity securities in the futurecould be adversely affected. We have also entered into a registration rights agreement pursuant to which we have agreed under specified circumstances to filea registration statement to register the resale of the ordinary shares (which may be converted to ADSs) held by some of our existing shareholders, as well as tocooperate in specified public offerings of such shares.Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ADSs or ordinary shares in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will bethe sole source of potential gains with respect to such securities.Under current English law, a company’s accumulated realized profits must exceed its accumulated realized losses on a non-consolidated basis beforedividends can be paid. Therefore, we must have distributable profits before issuing a dividend. We have not paid dividends in the past on our ordinary shares.We intend to retain earnings, if any, for use in our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, capitalappreciation, if any, on our ADSs or ordinary shares will be the sole source of potential gains with respect to such securities for the foreseeable future. Holders of our ADSs may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our ordinary shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be ableto exercise their right to vote.Except as described in this Annual Report, holders of our ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to the ordinary shares evidencedby our ADSs on an individual basis. Holders of our ADSs appoint the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attachingto the ordinary shares in the form of ADSs in accordance with the deposit agreement. Holders of ADSs may not receive voting materials in time to instruct thedepositary to vote, and it is possible that they, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity toexercise a right to vote. In certain cases, the shares represented by ADSs may be voted contrary to the holder’s instructions and the holder may be deemed tohave instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person we designate to vote shares represented by the ADSs in such person’s discretion.Furthermore, the depositary will not be liable for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect ofany such vote. As a result, holders of ADSs may not be able to exercise voting rights and may lack recourse if their ADSs are not voted as requested. Inaddition, in their capacity as ADS holders, purchasers of our ADSs will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.Holders of our ADSs may not receive distributions on our ordinary shares in the form of ADSs or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical tomake them available to holders of ADSs.The depositary for our ADSs has agreed to pay to holders of our ADSs the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ourordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses and certain taxes. Holders of our ADSs will receive these distributions inproportion to the number of our ordinary shares their ADSs represent. However, in accordance with the limitations set forth in the deposit agreement, it maybe unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to holders of ADSs. We have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution ofour ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of our ADSs. This means that holders of our ADSs may not receive the distributions we make onour ordinary shares or any value from them if it is unlawful or impractical to make them available to them. These restrictions may have a negative impact onthe market value of our ADSs.43 Holders of our ADSs may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when itdeems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSsgenerally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of anyrequirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance withthe terms of the deposit agreement.The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation.We are incorporated under English law. The rights of holders of ordinary shares and, therefore, certain of the rights of holders of ADSs, are governedby English law, including the provisions of the Companies Act 2006, and by our Articles of Association. These rights differ in certain respects from the rightsof shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. See “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law” in this Annual Report for a description of theprincipal differences between the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 applicable to us and, for example, the Delaware General Corporation Law relating toshareholders’ rights and protections.Shareholder protections found in provisions under the U.K. City Code on Takeovers and Mergers, or the Takeover Code, will not apply if our place ofmanagement and control is considered to change to outside the United Kingdom.We are a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales and have our place of central management and control in the United Kingdom.Accordingly, we are currently subject to the Takeover Code and, as a result, our shareholders are entitled to the benefit of certain takeover offer protectionsprovided under the Takeover Code. The Takeover Code provides a framework within which takeovers of companies are regulated and conducted. If, at thetime of a takeover offer, the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers determines that we do not have our place of central management and control in the UnitedKingdom, then the Takeover Code would not apply to us and our shareholders would not be entitled to the benefit of the various protections that theTakeover Code affords. In particular, we would not be subject to the rules regarding mandatory takeover bids. The following is a brief summary of some of themost important rules of the Takeover Code: •When a person or group acquires interests in shares carrying 30% or more of the voting rights of a company (which percentage is treated bythe Takeover Code as the level at which effective control is obtained), they must make a cash offer to all other shareholders at the highestprice paid by them in the 12 months before the offer was announced. •When interests in shares carrying 10% or more of the voting rights of a class have been acquired by an offeror (i.e. a bidder) in the offer periodand the previous 12 months, the offer must include a cash alternative for all shareholders of that class at the highest price paid by the offeror inthat period. Further, if an offeror acquires for cash any interest in shares during the offer period, a cash alternative must be made available at aprice at least equal to the price paid for such shares. •If the offeror acquires an interest in shares in an offeree company (i.e. a target) at a price higher than the value of the offer, the offer must beincreased accordingly. •The offeree company must appoint a competent independent adviser whose advice on the financial terms of the offer must be made known toall the shareholders, together with the opinion of the board of directors of the offeree company. •Favorable deals for selected shareholders are banned. •All shareholders must be given the same information. •Those issuing takeover circulars must include statements taking responsibility for the contents. •Profit forecasts, quantified financial benefits statements and asset valuations must be made to specified standards and must be reported on byprofessional advisers. •Misleading, inaccurate or unsubstantiated statements made in documents or to the media must be publicly corrected immediately. •Actions during the course of an offer by the offeree company, which might frustrate the offer are generally prohibited unless shareholdersapprove these plans.44 •Stringent requirements are laid down for the disclosure of dealings in relevant securities during an offer. •Employees of both the offeror and the offeree company and the trustees of the offeree company’s pension scheme must be informed about anoffer. In addition, the offeree company’s employee representatives and pension scheme trustees have the right to have a separate opinion onthe effects of the offer on employment appended to the offeree board of directors’ circular or published on a website.Claims of U.S. civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us.We are incorporated under English law. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. The majority of our senior managementand board of directors reside outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United Statesupon such persons or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them or us, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions ofthe U.S. federal securities laws.The United States and the United Kingdom do not currently have a treaty providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments(other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters. Consequently, a final judgment for payment given by a court in the United States, whether ornot predicated solely upon U.S. securities laws, would not automatically be recognized or enforceable in England and Wales. In addition, uncertainty existsas to whether the English and Welsh courts would entertain original actions brought in England and Wales against us or our directors or senior managementpredicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Any final and conclusive monetary judgment for a definite sumobtained against us in U.S. courts would be treated by the courts of England and Wales as a cause of action in itself and sued upon as a debt so that no retrialof the issues would be necessary, provided that certain requirements are met consistent with English law and public policy. Whether these requirements aremet in respect of a judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws is an issue for the English court making such decision. If anEnglish court gives judgment for the sum payable under a U.S. judgment, the English judgment will be enforceable by methods generally available for thispurpose.As a result, U.S. investors may not be able to enforce against us or our senior management, board of directors or certain experts named herein who areresidents of the United Kingdom or countries other than the United States any judgments obtained in U.S. courts in civil and commercial matters, includingjudgments under the U.S. federal securities laws.We qualify as a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules and are subject to Exchange Act reporting obligationsthat, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. domestic public company.We report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status.Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S.domestic public companies, including (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of asecurity registered under the Exchange Act; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and tradingactivities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing withthe SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K upon theoccurrence of specified significant events. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after theend of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the endof each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers also are exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures ofmaterial information. As a result of the above, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are not foreignprivate issuers.45 As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differsignificantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy ifwe complied fully with Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.As a foreign private issuer listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign privateissuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country in lieu of certain Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. Certaincorporate governance practices in the United Kingdom, which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listingstandards. For example, neither the corporate laws of the United Kingdom nor our Articles of Association require a majority of our directors to beindependent; we can and do include non-independent directors as members of our nominations and remuneration committees; and our independent directorsare not required to hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present. Therefore, our shareholders may be afforded lessprotection than they otherwise would have under Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.We may lose our foreign private issuer status, which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause usto incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Actapplicable to U.S. domestic issuers. We may no longer be a foreign private issuer as of June 30, 2019 (the end of our next second fiscal quarter), which wouldrequire us to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers as ofJanuary 1, 2020. In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) a majority of our voting securities must be either directly orindirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b)(i) a majority of our executive officers or directors cannot be U.S. citizens or residents,(ii) more than 50% of our assets must be located outside the United States and (iii) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. Ifwe lose our status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S.domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in ourcorporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if weare required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the cost we incur as a foreignprivate issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs and would make someactivities highly time consuming and costly. We also expect that if we were required to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domesticissuers, it would make it more difficult and expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reducedcoverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retainqualified members of our board of directors.We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies”will make our ADSs less attractive to investors.We are an EGC as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an EGC, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reportingrequirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not EGCs, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestationrequirements of Section 404(b), exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholderapproval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As an EGC, we are able to report only two years of financial results and selectedfinancial data compared to three and five years, respectively, for comparable data reported by other public companies. We may take advantage of theseexemptions until we are no longer an EGC. We could be an EGC until the last day of 2022, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier,including if the aggregate market value of our ADSs and ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of our second fiscal quarterbefore that time, in which case we would no longer be an EGC as of the following December 31st (the last day of our fiscal year). We cannot predict ifinvestors will find our ADSs less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be aless active trading market for our ADSs and the price of our ADSs may be more volatile.46 If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results orprevent fraud. As a result, shareholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and thetrading price of our ADSs.Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosurecontrols and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in theirimplementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us conducted in connection with Section 404, or anysubsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that aredeemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for furtherattention or improvement. Inadequate internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could havea negative effect on the trading price of our ADSs.Management is required to assess the effectiveness of our internal controls annually. However, for as long as we are an EGC under the JOBS Act, ourindependent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant toSection 404(b). An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not.Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements requiring us to incur the expense of remediation andcould also result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the price of our ADSs andour trading volume could decline.The trading market for our ADSs depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business.Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us. If no or too few securities or industry analysts commence coverageon us, the trading price for our ADSs would likely be negatively affected. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of theanalysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our ADSs would likely decline. Ifone or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our ADSs could decrease, which might cause the priceof our ADSs and trading volume to decline.We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, in any taxable year and U.S. holders of our ADSs could be subject to adverseU.S. federal income tax consequences.Generally, if for any taxable year, at least 75% of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of the value of our assets is attributable to assetsthat produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, including cash, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investmentcompany, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The determination of whether we are a PFIC depends on the particular facts and circumstances (suchas the valuation of our assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets, and the characterization of our income, including whether certain research anddevelopment tax credits received from the government of the United Kingdom will constitute gross income, and if they do, whether they will constitutepassive income for purposes of the PFIC income test) and may also be affected by the application of the PFIC rules, which are subject to differinginterpretations. Based on our estimated gross income, the average value of our assets, including goodwill and the nature of our active business, we do notexpect to be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ending December 31, 2019. The PFIC tests must be applied each year,and it is possible that we may become a PFIC in a future year.If we are a PFIC, U.S. holders of our ADSs may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as the ineligibility for any preferredtax rates on capital gains or on actual or deemed dividends for individuals who are U.S. holders, having interest apply to distributions by us and the proceedsof sales of the ADSs, and additional reporting requirements under U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations. Investors should consult their own taxadvisors regarding all aspects of the application of the PFIC rules to our ADSs. For more information related to classification as a PFIC, see “Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consideration—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”47 Item 4.Information on the CompanyA.History and Development of the CompanyNuCana was incorporated under the laws of England and Wales in 1997 under the name Biomed (UK) Limited, and commenced operations in 2008.On April 28, 2008, we changed our name to NuCana BioMed Limited. On August 29, 2017, we re-registered as a public limited company and changed ourname to NuCana plc. On October 2, 2017, we completed our initial public offering of American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, on the Nasdaq Global SelectMarket. Our ADSs are traded under the symbol “NCNA”.Our registered office is located at 77/78 Cannon Street, London EC4N 6AF, United Kingdom. Our principal executive offices are located at 3Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, United Kingdom, our general telephone number is +44 (0)131 357 1111 and our internet address ishttp://www.nucana.com. Our website and the information contained on or accessible through our website are not part of this Annual Report. Our agent forservice of process in the United States is Corporation Service Company, 251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, DE 19808. The SEC maintains an internet sitethat contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC (http://www.sec.gov).B.BusinessOverviewWe are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on significantly improving treatment outcomes for cancer patients by applying ourProTide™ technology to transform some of the most widely prescribed chemotherapy agents, nucleoside analogs, into more effective and safer medicines.While these conventional agents remain part of the standard of care for the treatment of many solid tumors, their efficacy is limited by cancer cell resistancemechanisms and they are often poorly tolerated. Utilizing our proprietary technology, we are developing new medicines, ProTides, designed to overcome keycancer resistance mechanisms and generate much higher concentrations of anti-cancer metabolites in cancer cells. Our most advanced ProTide candidates,Acelarin® and NUC-3373, are new chemical entities derived from the nucleoside analogs gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil, respectively, two widely usedchemotherapy agents. Acelarin is currently being evaluated in three clinical trials across several solid tumor indications, including ovarian cancer, biliarytract cancer and pancreatic cancer. NUC-3373 is currently in a Phase 1 trial for the potential treatment of a wide range of advanced solid tumor cancers and aPhase 1b trial in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. NUC-7738 has just entered a Phase 1 clinical trial for the treatment of patients with advanced solidtumors. We have retained worldwide rights to these lead product candidates as well as our preclinical product candidates, all of which we refer to as ProTides.Acelarin, our most advanced product candidate, is a potential first-in-class ProTide that has been evaluated in over 250 patients. Acelarin is a ProTidetransformation of gemcitabine that we believe could replace gemcitabine in certain cancer indications and have utility across a range of other cancers. In aPhase 1 dose-ranging trial in 49 evaluable patients with advanced metastatic solid tumors, Acelarin was well tolerated, achieved a 78% disease control rateand was associated with intracellular levels of active anti-cancer metabolite over 200 times higher than those reported for gemcitabine. A subset of 14evaluable patients with relapsed/refractory gynecological cancers achieved a 93% disease control rate. In a Phase 1b dose-ranging trial in 23 evaluablepatients with recurrent ovarian cancer, Acelarin was combined with carboplatin and achieved a 96% disease control rate. Based on these disease control ratesand the tolerability profile, a Phase 1b trial of Acelarin is being conducted in patients with locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancers to determineits optimal dose in combination with cisplatin. In October 2018, at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) 2018 Congress, we announcedcombined results from cohorts 1 and 2 of this trial, also known as the ABC-08 trial, in which Acelarin in combination with cisplatin was observed to continueto achieve approximately a doubling of the response rate expected with the standard of care, gemcitabine plus cisplatin. In addition, these results showed thecombination was well-tolerated and several patients achieved significant reductions in their tumor volume as well as further tumor shrinkage over time.Based on these and other previously announced interim data, and contingent upon regulatory guidance and other factors, we are planning to open a Phase 3trial of Acelarin plus cisplatin in patients with biliary tract cancer in 2019. Acelarin is also being evaluated in a Phase 2 trial in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, for which we expect to report interim data in 2019. In addition, the National Cancer Research Institute in the United Kingdom isfacilitating a Phase 3 trial of Acelarin for the treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer. As of March 2019, we had enrolled more than 170 out of anexpected 328 patients. The disease control rates referred to above include complete responses, partial responses and stable disease, measured by radiographicassessment to determine changes in tumor size, and evaluated using the standard scoring system known as Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, orRECIST. The disease control rates are based on investigator assessment of tumor response in a limited number of patients and may not be predictive of orconsistent with the results of later trials.48 NUC-3373, our second product candidate, is a ProTide transformation of the active anti-cancer metabolite of 5-fluorouracil, or 5-FU, which webelieve has the potential to replace 5-FU as the standard of care in the treatment of a wide range of cancers. In preclinical studies, we observed that NUC-3373overcame the key resistance mechanisms associated with 5-FU and generated intracellular levels of the active anti-cancer metabolite over 300 times higherthan that of 5-FU. NUC-3373 is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial of patients with advanced solid tumors for which we reported interim datain September 2017. In this trial, NUC-3373 generated high levels of the active anti-cancer metabolite inside the patients’ white blood cells, resulting incomplete inhibition of the target enzyme associated with cancer cell growth. The pharmacokinetic profile of NUC-3373 appeared favorable, which supportsour belief that NUC-3373 may enhance efficacy, improve safety and provide a more convenient dosing regimen. In October 2018, we reported further interimdata from this trial at ESMO 2018. These interim data showed that three patients had achieved stable disease after treatment, with progression-free survival, orPFS, lasting more than nine months at September 25, 2018, as well as a continued promising pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic, tolerability and dosageadministration profile. Importantly, no patients developed hand-foot syndrome, as of data cut-off, which is a debilitating side effect occurring in 34% to 72%of patients treated with fluoropyrimidine therapy. The results of this trial suggest that NUC-3373 has the potential to overcome the key cancer resistancemechanisms associated with 5-FU and may be capable of achieving anti-cancer activity even in patients who have progressed on prior treatment with afluoropyrimidine. In October 2018, we also commenced NuTide:302, a Phase 1b trial in patients with advanced colorectal cancer in which NUC-3373 will becombined with many of the agents typically combined with 5-FU, including leucovorin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin and monoclonal antibodies. Contingent onregulatory guidance and other factors, we also plan to initiate in 2019 a Phase 2/3 trial in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.NUC-7738, our third product candidate, is a ProTide transformation of cordycepin, a novel nucleoside analog that has shown potent anti-canceractivity in preclinical studies. We have just opened a Phase I clinical trial with NUC-7738 in patients with advanced solid tumors.Despite the widespread use of nucleoside analogs, their efficacy is severely limited by cancer cell resistance mechanisms and they are often poorlytolerated. Harnessing the power of phosphoramidate chemistry, we convert nucleoside analogs into activated nucleotide analogs with the addition of aphosphate group, which is protected by specific combinations of aryl, ester and amino acid groupings. By adding and protecting this phosphate group, wedesign our ProTides to avoid or overcome key cancer resistance mechanisms in the uptake, activation and breakdown of nucleoside analogs. As a result, webelieve our ProTides have the potential to generate hundreds of times higher concentrations of the active anti-cancer metabolites inside tumor cells,potentially making our ProTides more effective than the current standards of care. Because our ProTides resist breakdown, and are thus more stable, webelieve they are also able to reduce or eliminate the generation of toxic byproducts that can result from the breakdown of nucleoside analogs likegemcitabine and 5-FU.Our proprietary ProTide technology was invented in the Cardiff University laboratory of our late Chief Scientific Officer, Professor ChristopherMcGuigan, who conceived of, and filed the original composition of matter patents for our initial ProTides. The unique feature of his discovery was thespecific combination of aryl, ester and amino acid groupings that protect the activated, or phosphorylated, nucleoside analog. This phosphoramidatechemistry approach is the key to the ProTide technology. Every ProTide grouping is distinct, and Professor McGuigan and his team synthesized and testedthousands of compounds in order to identify the optimal ProTide grouping for each underlying nucleoside analog.We have licensed what we believe to be the foundational patent estate for the application of phosphoramidate chemistry in oncology. We havegranted patents in key markets, including the United States, Europe and Japan, protecting the composition of matter of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and other of ourproduct candidates. Professor McGuigan’s work preceded and helped lead to the development of several FDA-approved anti-viral drugs containingnucleotide analogs, including: sofosbuvir, or Sovaldi®, which is also a key component of Harvoni®; and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, or TAF, which is akey component of Genvoya®, Descovy® and Odefsey®.We are led by Hugh S. Griffith, our founder and Chief Executive Officer, who brings over 25 years of experience in the biopharmaceutical industry,including at Abbott Laboratories (now AbbVie Inc.) and Parke-Davis Warner Lambert (now Pfizer Inc.). Before founding NuCana, he led the operations ofBioenvision, Inc. from start-up through its acquisition by Genzyme Corporation. While at Bioenvision, he was instrumental in developing andcommercializing clofarabine, a nucleoside analog for the treatment of pediatric leukemia.49 Our StrategyOur goal is to transform standards of care and improve survival for patients across a wide range of cancer indications. Our strategy includes thefollowing key components: •Rapidly develop Acelarin as a first-in-class nucleotide analog for the treatment of patients with cancer. We believe that Acelarin has thepotential to replace the core chemotherapy component of treatment regimens for patients with various cancers, including: •Biliary tract cancer. We reported interim data from a Phase 1b trial of Acelarin in combination with cisplatin in January 2018 and inOctober 2018. Contingent upon regulatory guidance and other factors, we plan to open a Phase 3 trial of Acelarin in combination withcisplatin as a first-line treatment of patients with biliary tract cancer in 2019. •Ovarian cancer. We expect to report interim data from our ongoing PRO-105 Phase 2 trial of Acelarin in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer in 2019. Contingent on regulatory guidance and other factors, we plan to initiate a Phase 2/3 trial of Acelarinin combination with a platinum agent in 2019. •Pancreatic cancer. The National Cancer Research Institute in the United Kingdom is facilitating a Phase 3 trial of Acelarin as a first-line treatment compared to gemcitabine. As of March 2019, more than 170 patients had been enrolled in this trial. •Rapidly develop NUC-3373 to replace 5-FU as the standard of care for the treatment of patients with various cancers. •Advanced solid tumors. In October 2018, we reported data from a Phase 1 trial of NUC-3373 in patients with advanced solid tumors.We expect this trial to continue with the goal of establishing the optimal dose and dosing schedule of NUC-3373 in patients withadvanced solid tumors in 2019. •Colorectal cancer. In October 2018, we commenced NuTide:302, a Phase lb trial in patients with advanced colorectal cancer in whichNUC-3373 will be combined with many of the agents typically combined with 5-FU, including leucovorin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin andmonoclonal antibodies. We expect to report interim data from this trial in 2019. Contingent on regulatory guidance and other factors,we plan to initiate a Phase 2/3 trial of NUC-3373 in combination with other agents in 2019. •Rapidly develop NUC-7738 as a treatment for patients with solid tumors and lymphomas. We have just opened a Phase I clinical trial with NUC-7738, a ProTide based on a novel nucleoside analog, for patients with advanced solid tumors. •Leverage our proprietary ProTide technology platform to develop additional product candidates. We are pursuing both thetransformation of well-established and widely used nucleoside analogs as well as novel nucleoside analogs, which we believe have thepotential to address additional areas of unmet medical need in oncology. •Continue to strengthen our intellectual property position. We own or have exclusive rights to the core technologies underlying our ProTidetechnology platform. We have been granted patents in key markets, including the United States, Europe and Japan, protecting thecomposition of matter of Acelarin, NUC-3373 and other of our product candidates. We intend to further expand and enhance our intellectualproperty position. We also have been granted or allowed patent protection in key markets for the proposed commercial formulation ofAcelarin and for uses of Acelarin in targeting cancer. Our patent portfolio has grown substantially in the past year and we are activelyevaluating new intellectual property opportunities as they arise, with the intention of further expanding our intellectual property position. •Build a focused commercial organization. We have worldwide rights to all product candidates that we are developing. We believe that manyof the cancers we are initially targeting with our ProTides can be addressed by a focused sales and marketing team. We plan to commercializeany product candidates for which we receive regulatory marketing approval using a specialized sales force in the United States and Europe.50 Our PipelineWe take a scientifically driven approach to designing ProTides, which we believe have the potential to result in highly efficacious cancer therapieswith improved tolerability. Our pipeline of product candidates is summarized below. Cancer and the Need for Improved Treatment OptionsCancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, with approximately 1.8 million new cases and 607,000 deaths expected in 2019according to the American Cancer Society.The medical treatment of cancer can be divided into three major categories: surgery, radiotherapy and therapeutics. Therapeutics includechemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted and hormonal agents.The backbone of treatment for patients with cancer consists of chemotherapeutics, which generated sales of $20.6 billion worldwide in 2016. Thesetherapies exert their effects by killing cancer cells or preventing them from replicating. Within the larger universe of chemotherapy, nucleoside analogs, suchas gemcitabine and 5-FU, play a significant role. Nucleoside analogs have been in clinical use for over 50 years and have become cornerstones of treatmentfor patients with cancer. The FDA has approved 16 nucleoside analogs for the treatment of cancer and many of these have become the standard of careglobally for patients. FDA-approved anti-cancer nucleoside analogs are: gemcitabine; 5-FU; capecitabine; floxuridine; clofarabine; fludarabine; cytarabine;azacytidine; decitabine; nelarabine; cladribine; pentostatin; 6-mercaptopurine; tipiracil; 6-thioguanine; and trifluorothymidine. The World HealthOrganization has classified seven of these nucleoside analogs, including gemcitabine and 5-FU, as Essential Medicines, which they define as medicines thatsatisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population and should be available at all times.Many on-patent chemotherapies have generated significant sales, including, for example, gemcitabine, marketed as Gemzar®, which had peak annualsales of $1.7 billion before losing patent protection in 2010. Gemcitabine is still used extensively and remains an important part of the standard of care formany cancers, including pancreatic, ovarian, biliary, non-small cell lung, bladder and breast cancers. In addition, approximately 500,000 patients per year inNorth America receive 5-FU, which is widely used for the treatment of many cancers, including colorectal, breast, stomach, head and neck, and pancreaticcancers. The oral version of a derivative of 5-FU, known as capecitabine and marketed as Xeloda ® for the treatment of colorectal, breast and stomach cancer,had worldwide sales of $1.5 billion in 2012, before the market launch of generic competitors. We believe the number of patients receiving capecitabinerepresents a small proportion of the overall number of patients treated with 5-FU and its derivatives.51 Shortcomings of Existing Nucleoside Analog DrugsDespite the widespread use of nucleoside analogs, their efficacy is severely limited by cancer cell resistance and they are often poorly tolerated.Nucleoside analogs are based on the principle of blocking the replication of cancer cells by providing faulty DNA and RNA building blocks duringthe cell replication process, thus leading to cancer cell death, known as apoptosis. Some nucleoside analogs exert their effect by blocking enzymes necessaryfor the production of these DNA and RNA building blocks. However, there are critical barriers and cellular defenses that limit the efficacy of existingnucleoside analogs. The three critical shortcomings of nucleoside analogs are: (1) the need for uptake into cells by way of membrane proteins known astransporters; (2) the need for activation by the addition of one or more phosphate groups; and (3) the potential for enzymatic breakdown.1. Uptake by transporters. Nucleoside analogs require specific active-transport proteins in the cell membrane to enter cancer cells. If these proteins aremissing or down-regulated, nucleoside analogs cannot enter the cancer cell to exert their anti-cancer effect. Transport proteins, such as the humanequilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, or hENT1, are often not expressed at sufficient levels in many solid tumor cancers. For example, based on thepublished results of multiple studies assessing the correlation of hENT1 expression to survival outcomes in pancreatic cancer patients treated withgemcitabine, approximately 40% to 50% of pancreatic patients express low levels of hENT1, and thus derive little or no benefit from gemcitabine therapy.2. Conversion to the active form. Nucleoside analogs are all dosed as inactive precursors, or prodrugs, because their active forms are unstable andtheir negative charge further prevents them from entering cells. Naturally occurring enzymes in cells must add at least one chemical entity known as aphosphate group to activate these prodrugs and enable them to be incorporated into nucleic-acid chains or to bind to their target enzymes and thereby exerttheir anti-cancer effect. This process of activation by adding a phosphate group is known as phosphorylation. However, the addition of phosphate groupsoften occurs at such an insufficient rate in cancer cells that it limits or prevents the generation of active anti-cancer metabolites, and in some casesphosphorylation does not occur at all.3. Breakdown. Multiple enzymatic processes can break down nucleoside analogs, resulting in their degradation prior to phosphorylation, as well asthe release of toxic byproducts that can lead to off-target toxicity. Breakdown can take place either inside or outside the cancer cell.Our ProTide Technology and its Key AdvantagesWe use our ProTide technology to design new chemical entities to overcome the three key challenges associated with existing nucleoside analogs:uptake, activation and breakdown as shown below: Harnessing the power of phosphoramidate chemistry, we transform nucleoside analogs into activated nucleotide analogs with the addition of aphosphate group, which is protected by specific combinations of aryl, ester and amino acid groupings. We refer to these compounds as ProTides. We areapplying our ProTide technology both to nucleoside analogs currently approved for use as a chemotherapy and to nucleoside analogs that have not, to date,been successfully developed.52 A graphical representation of the chemical structure of nucleoside analogs, nucleotide analogs and ProTides is set forth below: Our researchers have invested over a decade of work in designing, synthesizing and screening ProTides, which we believe are optimally designed toovercome cancer cell resistance mechanisms. We have gained considerable insight from our scientific founders and executives in understandingphosphoramidate chemistry and the biology of how nucleotide analogs are able to exert their anti-cancer effects. Based on these learnings, we are able toefficiently create hundreds of target candidates from the millions of potential candidates. We then perform biological testing on these target candidates toselect our lead ProTides.Acelarin: A Transformation of GemcitabineOur lead product candidate, Acelarin, was designed to overcome the key cancer resistance mechanisms associated with the nucleoside analog,gemcitabine. We are rapidly advancing Acelarin in the clinic and exploring its use as a therapy against platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive ovariancancer, biliary tract cancer and pancreatic cancer.Gemcitabine and its LimitationsGemcitabine is a nucleoside analog that is used as a chemotherapeutic to treat a wide range of tumors and has been investigated in over 1,900 clinicaltrials. It is approved as a single agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment ofadvanced ovarian, metastatic breast, and non-small cell lung cancers. Gemcitabine is also used to treat many other types of tumors, including biliary tractcancer, both as monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutics.Gemcitabine is a conventional nucleoside analog which, like all nucleoside analogs, is an inactive prodrug. There are three key cancer resistancemechanisms that have been associated with a poor survival prognosis for gemcitabine therapy: transport, activation and breakdown. While there have beenattempts to address the requirement for active transport of gemcitabine into cancer cells, we believe we are the first to address all three limitations at once. 53 1. Requires active transport. Gemcitabine requires the membrane transporter hENT1 to enter the cancer cell. Patients with a low level of hENT1 whoreceive gemcitabine have lower overall survival as compared to patients with a high level of hENT1. In a study published in 2004 in the journal ClinicalCancer Research, it was reported that pancreatic cancer patients with a high level of hENT1 expression had a median overall survival of 13 months comparedto four months for those patients with a low level of hENT1 expression.In a study published in 2009 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, non-small cell lung cancer patients with low levels of hENT1 who were treatedwith therapies that included gemcitabine survived for less than half as long as those with high levels of hENT1, specifically, 316 days in the case of lowlevels of hENT1, and 714 days in the case of high levels of hENT1.Some previous product candidates that have been tested clinically by others were designed to address the challenge of membrane transport but theseefforts failed even when the transport of these candidates across the cell membrane appeared to succeed. We believe that this was due to the failure of thosecandidates to address the other cancer resistance mechanisms of activation and breakdown.2. Requires activation within the cancer cell. Once gemcitabine enters cells, it must be activated by the addition of phosphate groups before it canexert its cell-killing effect. The rate-limiting addition of the first phosphate group is rapidly followed by the addition of a second and third phosphate group.The end result of this phosphorylation is the creation of the active anti-cancer metabolite, which is known as dFdCTP. A specific enzyme, deoxycytidinekinase, or dCK, is responsible for the first rate-limiting phosphorylation step. Initially, about one-third of cancer cells have reduced levels of dCK, which hasnegative consequences for the efficacy of gemcitabine. A study published in the journal Gastroenterology in 2012 reported that decreased expression of dCKled to resistance to gemcitabine treatment in cellular assays. In another published study, low levels of dCK in the pancreatic cancer cells of patients who weretreated with gemcitabine were associated with a median overall survival that was seven months shorter than that observed in patients with medium to highlevels of dCK. dCK is also associated with acquired resistance and studies have shown that cancer cells can downregulate the production of dCK in thepresence of gemcitabine leading to reduced efficacy.Because gemcitabine has a short half-life, ranging from 42 to 94 minutes, even with dCK present in the cancer cell, much of the gemcitabine will havebroken down before it can be converted to its active anti-cancer metabolite, dFdCTP.3. Subject to breakdown. Gemcitabine, prior to being phosphorylated to its active form, is susceptible to being broken down chemically by metabolicenzymes, such as cytidine deaminase, or CDA, which irreversibly degrades up to 90% of gemcitabine to an inactive form in less than three hours. A studypublished in the British Journal of Cancer in 2005 showed that increased levels of CDA were associated with an approximate five-month reduction inmedian overall survival in gemcitabine-treated pancreatic cancer patients. CDA is also expressed by various microorganisms in the body, such asmycoplasma that have been found to be associated with 30% to 50% of solid tumors, which further exacerbates the breakdown of gemcitabine.Contribution of resistance mechanisms to survivalEach of these resistance mechanisms on its own negatively impacts the survival of cancer patients receiving gemcitabine therapy by at least fivemonths. While studies have not been done on the effect of the combination of all three of these resistance mechanisms, one study in pancreatic cancerpatients who had undergone resection found that two of these resistance mechanisms had a cumulative effect. Specifically, patients with low levels of hENT1and any level of dCK experienced a median overall survival of 16.2 months, while patients with high levels of hENT1 and low levels of dCK had a medianoverall survival of 33.6 months and patients with high levels of hENT1 and moderate to high levels of dCK had a median overall survival of 61.4 months.54 Our Solution: AcelarinOur lead product candidate, Acelarin, was designed to overcome the key cancer resistance mechanisms associated with gemcitabine. Acelarin isdesigned to generate and maintain higher concentrations of the anti-cancer metabolite inside the tumor compared to gemcitabine. This ProTide is comprisedof gemcitabine, a phosphate group and a specific combination of aryl, ester and amino acid, also referred to as the phosphoramidate moiety. Acelarin’sdistinctive feature is this proprietary moiety, which protects the phosphate group. The moeity also changes the chemical properties of the molecule, enablingAcelarin to enter the cancer cell independent of the presence of the hENT1 transporter. Once Acelarin has entered the cell, the moeity is optimally cleavedoff, resulting in “deprotection” and the release of an activated, phosphorylated form of gemcitabine in the cell. Accordingly, the activating enzyme, dCK,which drives the rate-limiting phosphorylation of gemcitabine, is no longer required and the cancer cells’ deficiency of dCK does not result in resistance toAcelarin, as it does with gemcitabine. This activated nucleotide analog, dFdCMP, is then rapidly converted to dFdCDP and then the key anti-cancermetabolite, dFdCTP. Moreover, Acelarin, like the phosphorylated forms of gemcitabine, is not subject to breakdown by CDA, thus bypassing another keyresistance mechanism. As a result, Acelarin achieves much higher levels of dFdCTP than does gemcitabine.The metabolism of Acelarin compared to gemcitabine as described above is illustrated in the following graphic. Clinical DataAcelarin has been evaluated in one Phase 1 dose-ranging clinical trial and one Phase 1b clinical trial for recurrent ovarian cancer and is beingevaluated in three clinical trials across numerous solid tumor cancer indications: Phase 2 for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer; Phase 1b for biliary tractcancer; and Phase 3 for pancreatic cancer. We announced additional interim results from the Phase 1b trial for biliary tract cancer in October 2018.The vast majority of patients in the completed Phase 1 and Phase 1b trials were resistant or refractory to all existing standards of care and yet a highproportion obtained significant tumor regression or stable disease when treated with Acelarin. All of these investigator-sponsored trials were, or in the case ofthe ongoing Phase 1b trial are being, conducted in the United Kingdom under a clinical trial authorization, or CTA, by the Medicines and Healthcareproducts Regulatory Agency, or MHRA. The completed Phase 1 and Phase 1b trials were designed to assess the safety, pharmacokinectics and clinicalactivity of Acelarin as monotherapy or in combination with carboplatin. The ongoing Phase 1b trial is designed to assess the safety, pharmacokinectics andclinical activity of Acelarin in combination with cisplatin.55 Acelarin: Phase 1 clinical trial (PRO-001). In the completed Phase 1 trial, 68 patients with advanced solid tumors and metastatic disease that hadpreviously been treated with other systemic anti-cancer therapies received Acelarin as monotherapy at doses ranging from 375 mg/m 2 to 1,000 mg/m 2. Allof these patients had rapidly progressing recurrent disease, had received on average 2.7 prior lines of chemotherapy, and had exhausted all other standardtreatment options. Initial signs of efficacy were evaluated using the standard scoring system known as Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors, orRECIST. A subset of 49 patients received two or more cycles of Acelarin, equivalent to two or more months of therapy, and had at least one follow-upradiographic assessment to measure changes in tumor size. Of these patients, five achieved a partial response, with at least a 30% decrease in tumor size,although not all of these five patients received a final confirmatory scan as technically required by the RECIST criteria for classification as a partial response.Another 33 patients had tumors that either decreased by up to 30% or increased by less than 20% and were scored as having stable disease. This resulted in anoverall disease control rate, the combination of both partial response and stable disease, of 78% in the total 49-patient evaluable population.The following graph illustrates the best percentage change from baseline tumor size in the 49 evaluable patients. Asterisks in the graph belowindicate patients who had disease progression as a result of a new lesion rather than an increase in size of any existing measurable tumors. These patients areaccordingly not included in the partial response or stable disease classifications. The median progression-free survival in the 49 evaluable patients was 4.0months with a range of two to 25 months. Of the 33 patients who achieved stable disease, 32 maintained stable disease for at least 12 weeks. An analysis was performed on a subset of 18 patients from the same trial who had some form of gynecological cancer: ovarian, endometrial, cervicalor uterine cancers. This patient subset had received on average 3.5 prior lines of chemotherapy. Of these patients, 14 were evaluable. Two of these 14 heavilypre-treated patients with gynecological cancer achieved a partial response and an additional 11 achieved stable disease, resulting in a disease control rate of93% with a median progression-free survival duration of 8.0 months. In the seven evaluable patients with platinum-refractory or platinum-resistant ovariancancer, the median progression-free survival duration was also 8.0 months.56 The following graph illustrates the best percentage change from baseline tumor size in the 14 evaluable patients with gynecological cancer. Theasterisk in the graph below indicates the one patient who experienced progressive disease as a result of a new lesion rather than an increase in size of anyexisting measurable tumor. This patient is therefore not included in the partial response or stable disease classifications. While not directly comparable to Acelarin, Doxil, or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, a standard of care for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer,was assessed in the AURELIA clinical trial in patients who had received no more than two prior lines of chemotherapy. Doxil was associated with an overallresponse rate of 8% and a median progression-free survival duration of 3.5 months.57 In the Phase 1 trial, Acelarin had a plasma half-life of 8.3 hours, as compared to the plasma half-life of gemcitabine, which ranges from 42 minutes to94 minutes. The median intracellular levels of the active anti-cancer metabolite, dFdCTP, achieved with Acelarin were over 200 times higher than thosereported in the literature for gemcitabine on an equimolar dose comparison, as shown in the graphic below. Equimolar means that all of the doses beingcompared contained the same number of molecules of Acelarin or gemcitabine. 58 We observed levels of dFdCTP that were still higher 24 hours after dosing with Acelarin than the maximum reported concentration generated withgemcitabine at its peak level two hours after dosing. Furthermore, the concentration of intracellular dFdCTP over a 24-hour period, as measured by the areaunder the curve, or AUC, a measure of drug exposure over time, was 139 times higher for Acelarin on an equimolar dose comparison compared to the levelsreported for gemcitabine in the literature referenced above. We have combined the data from those four studies in order to derive the curve shown in thegraphic below. We believe that the higher concentrations of dFdCTP results from Acelarin’s ability to bypass the key cancer resistance mechanisms and its favorablepharmacokinetics, or the process by which Acelarin is distributed and metabolized in the body.Acelarin was generally well-tolerated. The most common Grade 3 and Grade 4 treatment-related adverse events, which occurred in 10% to 20% ofpatients, were fatigue and decreased counts of blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets. A total of eight dose-limiting toxicities wereobserved in four patients at doses of 725 mg/m 2 and above. These included Grade 3 increases in liver enzymes known as transaminases, and Grade 4decreases in platelets and neutrophils. All of these adverse events were transient and all patients recovered. To date, we have not observed any treatment-related adverse events that have not previously been associated with gemcitabine.Acelarin: Phase 1b clinical trial in combination with carboplatin (PRO-002). In the Phase 1b trial, 25 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer receivedAcelarin at doses from 500 mg/m 2 to 750 mg/m 2 in combination with carboplatin for a maximum of six treatment cycles lasting three weeks each. Patientshad received on average three prior lines of chemotherapy and had a median age of 64. Of the 25 patients enrolled, 23 were evaluable and these patients werecharacterized by their platinum status: seven were platinum-refractory, 10 were platinum-resistant, four were partially platinum-sensitive and two wereplatinum-sensitive. Efficacy was evaluated using the RECIST standard scoring system. The 23 evaluable patients had received one or more cycles of Acelarinin combination with carboplatin and had at least one follow-up radiographic assessment to measure changes in tumor size. Of these patients, one achieved acomplete response, with a complete disappearance of all target lesions, and eight achieved a partial response, with at least a 30% decrease in tumor size,although not all of these patients have received a confirmatory scan. This resulted in an overall response rate of 39%. Another 13 patients had tumors thateither decreased by up to 30% or increased by less than 20% and were scored as having stable disease. This resulted in a disease control rate of 96%. Themedian progression-free survival duration for all 25 patients recruited was 7.3 months and for the evaluable population was 7.4 months.59 The following graph illustrates the best percentage change from baseline tumor size in the 23 evaluable patients. Although gemcitabine has never been approved as a single agent for patients with ovarian cancer, it is approved in combination with carboplatin inpatients who have relapsed at least six months after completion of platinum-based therapy. These patients are platinum-sensitive or partially platinum-sensitive. In this population, as a second line treatment, the combination of gemcitabine and carboplatin achieved an overall response rate of 47% and adisease control rate of 85%. Due to the toxicity burden of gemcitabine, carboplatin is limited to a suboptimal dose. Even at the suboptimal dose ofcarboplatin, the incidence of Grade 3 and Grade 4 neutropenia, or low neutrophils, and thrombocytopaenia, or low platelets, was 71% and 35%, respectively,with this combination.The results of the Phase 1b Acelarin trial suggest that Acelarin can be combined with carboplatin at a higher, more optimal carboplatin dose. In theseven patients with platinum partially sensitive and sensitive disease, the incidence of Grade 3 and Grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopaenia was 43%and 0%, respectively. In all 25 patients, the incidence of Grade 3 and Grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopaenia was 52% and 32%, respectively.The data from the Phase 1b trials are interim because the Phase 1b trial is still ongoing. Interim data are not necessarily predictive of final results andmay change as the data are further examined, more patient data become available and the final clinical study report is prepared and issued. As a result, interimdata should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Initial success with either interim or final data in early-stage clinical trials may not beindicative of results obtained in later-stage trials, and the results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA orcomparable foreign regulatory authorities for marketing approval. Statistical significance means that an effect is unlikely to have occurred by chance.Clinical trial results are considered statistically significant when the probability of the results occurring by chance, rather than from the efficacy of theproduct candidate, is sufficiently low. We plan to design our later stage trials to establish the statistical significance of the efficacy of our ProTides.Acelarin: Phase 1b clinical trial in combination with cisplatin (ABC-08)In October 2018, we announced additional interim results from the ABC-08 trial. In this Phase 1b multi-center, open-label study, Acelarin, whencombined with cisplatin, achieved a high response rate and was well-tolerated as front-line treatment for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. Fourteenpatients with advanced biliary tract cancer received Acelarin (625mg/m2 or 725mg/m2) and cisplatin (25mg/m2) on days one and eight of a three-week cycle.In the intent-to-treat group of patients, a complete radiological response was achieved in one patient and a partial response in six patients, resulting in anobjective response rate of 50%. In the 11 efficacy evaluable patients (defined as those patients who received at least one cycle of therapy), an objectiveresponse rate of 64% was achieved. The results showed that the combination of60 Acelarin and cisplatin was well-tolerated over multiple cycles with no unexpected adverse events, no dose-limiting toxicities, no discontinuations due toAcelarin-associated toxicity and no Grade 4 adverse events. We previously announced, in January 2018, interim data on the first eight patients recruited. Inaddition to the data showing the combination being well-tolerated, a response rate of 50% was achieved in those patients, including one complete responseand three partial responses.Previously the same investigators had conducted the ABC-02 clinical trial in a similar patient population comparing single agent gemcitabine(1000mg/m2) to the combination of gemcitabine (1000mg/m2) plus cisplatin (25mg/m2) and established that the combination achieved a higher responserate and improved overall survival duration. A comparison of the response rate data from the ABC-08 trial and ABC-02 trial is provided in the followingtable:Based on the interim results of this trial, we plan to open a Phase 3 trial of Acelarin and cisplatin as a front-line treatment of patients with locallyadvanced or metastatic biliary tract cancers in 2019.The data from this Phase 1b trial is interim because the Phase 1b trial is still ongoing. Interim data are not necessarily predictive of final results andmay change as the data are further examined, more patient data become available and the final clinical study report is prepared and issued. As a result, interimdata should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Initial success with either interim or final data in early-stage clinical trials may not beindicative of results obtained in later-stage trials, and the results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA orcomparable foreign regulatory authorities for marketing approval. Statistical significance means that an effect is unlikely to have occurred by chance.Clinical trial results are considered statistically significant when the probability of the results occurring by chance, rather than from the efficacy of theproduct candidate, is sufficiently low. We plan to design our later stage trials to establish the statistical significance of the efficacy of our ProTides. Inaddition, while the ABC-08 trial was conducted by the same investigators that conducted the earlier ABC-02 trial in a similar patient population, the ABC-08trial has many fewer patients than did the ABC-02 trial, which enrolled 410 patients.Acelarin development strategy and ongoing clinical trialsAcelarin has been administered to over 250 patients with a wide range of advanced cancers. We are developing Acelarin for multiple indications: asfirst-line treatment in biliary tract cancer, an indication in which no drug has ever been approved; in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer; and as first-linetreatment in pancreatic cancer.Our ongoing clinical trials are: •A Phase 1b trial, in 21 patients with biliary tract cancer, to establish the optimal dose of Acelarin in combination with cisplatin as a first-linetreatment; •a Phase 2 trial, in up to 64 patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, to assess the optimal dose and anti-cancer activity of Acelarin asmonotherapy, with the expectation of interim data in 2019; and •a Phase 3 trial expected to enroll 328 patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer to compare Acelarin to gemcitabine as a first-line treatment,facilitated by the National Cancer Research Institute in the United Kingdom.61 The Phase 2 trial in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer is being conducted under an Investigational New Drug application, or IND, in the United Statesand a CTA in the United Kingdom. In November 2017, we announced the enrollment of the first patients in both the United States and the United Kingdomin this trial. Patients are receiving Acelarin on day one, eight and 15 of a 28-day cycle and are being treated to progression. The primary endpoint of the trialis objective response rate, and secondary endpoints include duration of response, progression-free survival, overall survival and safety parameters. Part one ofthe trial will enroll up to 20 evaluable patients in each of two dose cohorts: 500mg/m2 and 750mg/m2. In part two of the trial, we expect to select one of thesedoses and enroll at least an additional 24 patients at the selected dose.The Phase 1b trial in biliary tract cancer and the Phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer are investigator-sponsored trials and being conducted under a CTAin the United Kingdom. In January 2018, we reported that 14 patients had been enrolled in the Phase 1b trial. In October 2018, we reported that 152 patientshad been enrolled in the Phase 3 trial.Biliary tract cancerOverview. Biliary tract cancers, including cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder and ampullary carcinoma, are cancers originating in the bile duct, a vesselthat transports bile from the liver to the gall bladder and small intestine. Approximately 178,000 new cases of biliary tract cancer are diagnosed each yearworldwide, with more than 12,000 of those diagnoses in the United States.Limitations of current treatment options in biliary tract cancer. There are currently no agents approved for the treatment of biliary tract cancer;however, the worldwide standard of care in biliary tract cancer patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease is the combination of gemcitabine andcisplatin. Patients receiving this regimen have a median overall survival of 11.7 months compared to 8.1 months for patients receiving gemcitabine asmonotherapy.Ovarian cancerOverview. Ovarian cancer is the fifth-leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute,there are approximately 22,000 new cases and 14,000 cancer-related deaths each year from ovarian cancer in the United States. Worldwide, there areapproximately 225,000 new cases of ovarian cancer and 140,000 deaths yearly. Surgery and cytotoxic chemotherapies are widely used to treat ovariancancer; however, the outcomes have changed little over several decades. The five-year survival rate for ovarian cancer patients in the United States improvedonly marginally from 42.2% in 1995 to 46.8% in 2010.Limitations of current treatment options in ovarian cancer. First-line therapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer is typically a combination ofa platinum drug, such as carboplatin, and a taxane drug such as paclitaxel. Due to toxicities, most patients undergo a maximum of six cycles, equivalent tofour and a half months, of this therapy. Between 62% and 85% of patients will relapse depending on the stage of the disease, and these patients can bedivided into four groups depending on length of time between the end of treatment and the relapse. Those with disease progression while receiving platinum-based therapy or who relapse within four weeks of the last platinum dose are defined as platinum-refractory. Those relapsing after more than one month butless than six months are deemed platinum-resistant and have a worse prognosis than partial platinum-sensitive patients, who relapse between six and 12months, and platinum-sensitive patients, who relapse after more than 12 months.Relapsed platinum-sensitive patients typically receive a platinum-containing agent such as carboplatin or cisplatin in combination with othertherapies such as gemcitabine. The addition of gemcitabine to carboplatin in these patients increased the progression-free survival to 8.6 months from 5.8months with carboplatin alone but had no significant effect on overall survival. Gemcitabine as monotherapy, although not approved, is used in relapsed,platinum-resistant ovarian cancer patients resulting in progression-free survival of approximately four months.Recently, a new class of anti-cancer drugs, known as PARP inhibitors, has been approved for the third- or fourth-line treatment of a subset of ovariancancers, specifically those containing mutations in BRCA genes, or BRCAm, which constitute approximately 15% of ovarian cancer patients. PARPinhibitors have also been approved as maintenance therapy in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer with a complete or partial response to platinum-basedchemotherapy.62 The market can be simplified into platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive (including partially platinum-sensitive) ovarian cancer patients. Thefollowing illustrations show how platinum-resistance increases with line of chemotherapy and highlights where some existing therapies are being utilizedand the ovarian cancer indications we are targeting with Acelarin. Pancreatic cancerOverview. Pancreatic cancer is the third-leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States with approximately 57,000 new diagnoses and 46,000deaths expected in 2019. Worldwide, there were approximately 338,000 new pancreatic cancer diagnoses in 2012. Approximately 85% of patients diagnosedwith pancreatic cancer have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis, are ineligible for surgery and are treated with chemotherapy. Patients with pancreaticcancer have a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of only 7.7%.63 Limitations of current treatment options in pancreatic cancer. First-line treatment in pancreatic cancer for patients with a good performance score,which is a standard measure of general well-being, is a combination of 5-FU, oxaliplatin, leucovorin and irinotecan, a treatment regimen known asFOLFIRINOX. Treatment with FOLFIRINOX is, however, associated with high levels of toxicity, so it is generally not recommended for patients withoutgood performance scores. For patients with a less robust performance score, a common first-line treatment is a combination of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel,or Abraxane®. For patients who are less fit or who have co-morbidities, the standard of care is single-agent gemcitabine. In separate clinical trials, patientstreated with FOLFIRINOX had a median overall survival of 11.1 months and patients treated with the combination of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel had amedian overall survival of 8.5 months. The addition of nab-paclitaxel to gemcitabine resulted in a seven-week improvement in median overall survivalcompared to gemcitabine alone.Acelarin preclinical dataPrior to progressing our product candidates into clinical trials, we wanted to evaluate in preclinical studies whether Acelarin would: (1) be able toenter cells independent of transporters, including hENT1; (2) generate the active anti-cancer metabolite, dFdCTP, inside cancer cells without the need for thephosphorylating enzyme dCK; and (3) not be susceptible to breakdown by enzymes like CDA. The results of these preclinical studies are summarized below:1. Acelarin is not dependent on transporters to enter cancer cells. Gemcitabine requires the hENT1 transporter to cross the cell membrane. Evidenceof this can be seen in cellular assays we completed in which hENT1 was specifically blocked by an inhibitor known as NBTI in human cancer cells. A groupincluding our researchers published a study in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in which we observed that Acelarin did not require hENT1 in order toenter cells and that NBTI had no effect on intracellular levels of dFdCTP. These results are illustrated below. (†)p-value is a conventional statistical method for measuring the statistical significance of preclinical study and clinical trial results. A p-value of 0.05 orless represents statistical significance, meaning that there is a 1-in-20 or less likelihood that the observed results occurred by chance. A p-value of0.0001 or less means that there is a 1-in-10,000 or less likelihood that the observed results occurred by chance. This finding was confirmed in a separate study where hENT1 was blocked by dipyridamole, a commonly used nucleoside transporter inhibitor, withthe result that gemcitabine’s ability to kill the cancer cells was significantly reduced while Acelarin retained its activity.64 2. Acelarin does not require rate-limiting activation step. Gemcitabine must be phosphorylated, or activated, inside the cell by the addition of aphosphate group to the molecule in order to exert a cytotoxic effect. This phosphorylation requires the enzyme dCK. In our preclinical studies, inhibition ofdCK by a specific inhibitor, known as 2T2D, significantly reduced the phosphorylation step to generate dFdCTP within human cancer cells while Acelarinwas unaffected by 2T2D and was still able to generate the same level of the key active anti-cancer metabolite, dFdCTP. These results are illustrated below. This observation is consistent with the fact that Acelarin already includes the first phosphate group and thus does not require the action of dCK foractivation. Furthermore, we confirmed these findings in a separate study in which we blocked the action of dCK with the inhibitor deoxycytidine, whichsignificantly reduced the ability of gemcitabine to kill the cancer cells while Acelarin retained its activity.3. Acelarin not susceptible to breakdown by CDA. Nucleoside analogs such as gemcitabine are susceptible to breakdown by enzymes such as CDA.The presence of the phosphate on Acelarin protects it from breakdown by CDA. In our preclinical studies, incubation of Acelarin with purified CDA resultedin no degradation of Acelarin over the full 30-minute assay while gemcitabine under these same conditions was almost completely degraded in two minutes.We believe that the ability of Acelarin to generate the active anti-cancer metabolites within the cancer cells in higher concentrations thangemcitabine gives Acelarin the potential to have greater efficacy and to overcome the key cancer cell resistance mechanisms, while avoiding breakdown andrelease of toxic byproducts.NUC-3373: A Transformation of 5-FUWe have designed our second ProTide, NUC-3373, to overcome the key cancer resistance mechanisms, improve upon the safety profile and reduce thedosing administration burdens associated with the nucleoside analog, 5-FU. We are advancing NUC-3373 in the clinic and developing this new chemicalentity as a therapy for colorectal cancer and other solid tumors.5-FU and its LimitationsFirst introduced in 1957, 5-FU is still widely used for the treatment of many cancers, including colorectal, breast, gastric, head and neck, andpancreatic cancers. Approximately 500,000 patients per year in North America receive 5-FU.5-FU requires conversion to the phosphorylated anti-cancer metabolite, fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate, or FUDR-MP, before it can exert itsprimary cytotoxic activity through the inhibition of an intracellular enzyme, thymidylate synthase, or TS. TS is required to convert uridine, specificallydeoxy-uridine monophosphate, or dUMP, to thymidine, specifically deoxy-thymidine monophosphate, or dTMP, one of the four nucleotides that compriseDNA. The inhibition of TS therefore results in an imbalance in the ratio of the nucleotides dUMP and dTMP, disrupting DNA synthesis and repair, whichleads to cancer cell death.65 Two other drugs have been approved that aim to generate the same active anti-cancer metabolite as 5-FU: fluorodeoxyuridine, or Floxuridine,marketed as FUDR ®, and capecitabine, marketed as Xeloda ®. Like 5-FU, both of these drugs must be converted to FUDR-MP inside the cancer cell in orderto exert their primary cytotoxic activity. Capecitabine is a derivative of 5-FU containing a chemical modification of the nucleoside ring, which allows oraldosing of capecitabine.Similar to gemcitabine, the key cancer resistance mechanisms of breakdown, activation and transport have been associated with a poor prognosis to a5-FU therapeutic regimen. We believe our ProTide, NUC-3373, overcomes these specific key resistance mechanisms as well as dosing administrationchallenges associated with 5-FU.1. Subject to breakdown. More than 85% of an injected dose of 5-FU is degraded by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, or DPD, an enzyme largelyexpressed in the liver. This breakdown destroys most of the drug before it has an opportunity to enter the cancer cell, become activated and exert anytherapeutic effect. Furthermore, this breakdown results in the generation of a toxic byproduct, F-BAL, which has been associated with off-target toxicity, suchas “hand-foot syndrome,” which is reported in various sources as affecting 34% to 72% of patients treated with 5-FU. Hand-foot syndrome is a reddening,swelling, numbness and skin sloughing or peeling on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. In addition, levels of DPD have also been found to beelevated in tumors that are resistant to 5-FU.2. Requires activation within the cancer cell. Once 5-FU enters cells, it must be processed by a series of enzymes to generate the active anti-cancermetabolite, FUDR-MP. FUDR-MP binds to and inhibits TS, leading to decreased levels of thymidine and resulting in cancer cell death. There are several keyenzymes involved in the conversion of 5-FU to the active anti-cancer metabolite, FUDR-MP. One of these is orotate phosphoribosyl transferase, or OPRT.Lower levels of OPRT in tumor cells are associated with resistance to 5-FU. Another intracellular enzyme, thymidine phosphorylase, or TP, can reversiblyconvert 5-FU to fluorodeoxyuridine, or FUDR, an intermediate to the formation of FUDR-MP. Low expression of TP in human cancer cells is associated withresistance to 5-FU. In addition, thymidine kinase, or TK, is the enzyme that converts FUDR to the active anti-cancer metabolite, FUDR-MP. Low expressionof TK in human cancer cells is associated with resistance to 5-FU.3. Requires active transport. Similar to gemcitabine and all nucleoside analogs, 5-FU relies on specific transporters in order to cross the cellularmembrane. If these transporters are not present or are expressed in low levels, 5-FU’s ability to enter into the cancer cell will be limited. For example, lowexpression of the nucleoside transporter, hENT1, has been associated with cancer cell resistance to 5-FU.4. Dosing administration challenges. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of 5-FU also lead to dosing administration challenges.Pharmacodynamic properties refer to the biochemical and physiological effects of a drug on the human body. 5-FU has a half-life between eight and14 minutes in plasma. In an effort to counter this short time period, healthcare providers often administer 5-FU as a continuous infusion over extendedperiods of time, often days. For example, patients being treated for colorectal or pancreatic cancer typically receive 5-FU over 46 hours using a portableinfusion pump. This dosing regimen creates burdens for providers, inconveniences patients and contributes additional costs to the healthcare system.Our Solution: NUC-3373We designed our second ProTide, NUC-3373, to overcome the key cancer resistance mechanisms, improve upon the safety profile and reduce thedosing administration burdens associated with the nucleoside analog, 5-FU. NUC-3373 is a nucleotide analog that delivers the same active anti-cancermetabolite, FUDR-MP, that 5-FU aims to generate within a cancer cell, but at far higher concentrations. NUC-3373 is in a Phase 1 clinical trial in patientswith advanced solid tumors and a Phase Ib clinical trial in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.Unlike 5-FU, NUC-3373 consists of the active anti-cancer metabolite, FUDR-MP, and a protective phosphoramidate moiety. This moiety allows NUC-3373 to enter the cell without the need for any membrane transporters. Once inside the cancer cell, the phosphoramidate moiety is optimally cleaved off,resulting in deprotection and the release of FUDR-MP. This bypasses the need for any activating enzymes, resulting in significantly higher levels of theactive anti-cancer metabolite, which we believe may lead to improved efficacy as compared to 5-FU. In addition, because NUC-3373 avoids breakdown bythe enzyme DPD, certain toxic byproducts such as F-BAL are not generated at clinically significant levels, which we believe may lead to an improvedtolerability profile as compared to 5-FU. Lastly, we believe that the improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, including the significantlylonger half-life of NUC-3373, may result in a more favorable dosing regimen relative to 5-FU.66 The metabolism of NUC-3373 compared to 5-FU as described above is illustrated in the following graphic. Clinical DataNUC-3373 is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1 trial in patients with advanced solid tumors and a Phase 1b trial in patients with advancedcolorectal cancer. Contingent on regulatory guidance and other factors, we intend to initiate a Phase 2/3 trial of NUC-3373 in combination with other agentsfor patients with colorectal cancer in 2019.NUC-3373: Phase 1 clinical trial. In October 2018, we announced the presentation of data from the first 36 patients with metastatic cancer enrolled inour Phase 1 clinical study of NUC-3373. In this trial, we are measuring various pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, including plasmaconcentration of NUC-3373, intracellular concentrations of the active anti-cancer metabolite, FUDR-MP, the ability of NUC-3373 to bind to its targetenzyme, TS, and the downstream effects on the levels of dTMP.67 In September 2017, we reported interim data from 21 of the patients then enrolled in the trial. The following graphs on the left labeled “Plasma NUC-3373” illustrate the maximum plasma concentrations, or Cmax, of NUC-3373 among the four cohorts as measured after one administration and the plasmaconcentrations of NUC-3373 over time, as measured by AUC. The following graphs on the right labeled “Intracellular FUDR-MP” illustrate thecorresponding data for intracellular levels of the active anti-cancer metabolite, FUDR-MP. The interim data from these 21 patients also showed: •pharmacokinetics were consistent across patients and showed a linear dose response; •NUC-3373 had a plasma half-life of 9.7 hours compared with the half-life of 8 to 14 minutes for 5-FU reported in the literature; •intracellular FUDR-MP was detected within five minutes after infusion with a half-life of 14.9 hours while the literature reports that 5-FU doesnot generate detectable levels of intracellular FUDR-MP; •intracellular FUDR-MP was still detectable up to 48 hours after dosing; •within one hour after infusion, FUDR-MP had bound to the target enzyme, TS, leading to depletion of intracellular dTMP two to four hoursafter administration; and •the toxic byproducts, FBAL and dhFU, were undetectable both intracellularly and in the patient’s plasma.In October at ESMO 2018, we announced additional data from this trial. As of data cut-off at September 25, 2018, 36 patients, all with metastaticcancer, had been enrolled in the trial, with 29 patients receiving NUC-3373 on a weekly schedule on days one, eight, 15 and 22 of a 28-day cycle at dosesranging from 125mg/m2 to 1,500 mg/m2 and seven patients receiving NUC-3373 on an alternate-week, or fortnightly, schedule on days one and 15 of a 28-day cycle at doses ranging from 1,500 mg/m2 to 1,875mg/m2. Evidence of durable anti-cancer activity was noted, with three patients achieving stabledisease, with PFS lasting more than nine months at September 25, 2018. Both dosing regimens were observed to be well tolerated with no unexpected adverseevents or accumulative toxicity. Importantly, no patients developed hand-foot syndrome as of data cut-off. NUC-3373’s plasma half-life of 9.7 hours allows itto be infused over a much shorter time frame of 30 minutes to four hours compared to the 46-hour continuous infusion required with 5-FU. The interim resultsof this trial suggest that NUC-3373 has the potential to overcome the key cancer resistance mechanisms associated with 5-FU and capecitabine and may becapable of achieving anti-cancer activity even in patients who have progressed on prior treatment with a fluoropyrimidine.68 NUC-3373 Development Strategy and Planned Clinical TrialsWe aim to develop NUC-3373 for multiple indications with an initial focus on colorectal cancer. In October 2018, we commenced NuTide:302, aPhase 1b trial in which we expect to enroll approximately 36 patients with advanced colorectal cancer and in which NUC-3373 will be combined with manyof the agents typically combined with 5-FU, including leucovorin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin and monoclonal antibodies. Contingent on regulatory guidanceand other factors, we also plan to initiate in 2019 a Phase 2/3 trial in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.The ongoing Phase 1 trial in advanced solid tumors is investigator-sponsored and being conducted under a CTA. The ongoing Phase 1b trial inpatients with colorectal cancer is being conducted under a CTA in the United Kingdom and an IND in the United States.Colorectal Cancer OverviewIn the United States, approximately 145,000 new cases of colorectal cancer and 51,000 deaths due to the disease are expected in 2019. Worldwide,there were an estimated 1.4 million new colorectal cancer cases and 694,000 deaths in 2012, and the global burden is expected to increase to more than2.2 million new cases and 1.1 million deaths annually by 2030. Most systemic therapies for colorectal cancer include 5-FU, either as monotherapy or incombination with another chemotherapeutic, typically oxaliplatin or irinotecan. Both alone and in combination, 5-FU is the single most effective compoundagainst these tumors. Nevertheless, despite being the standard of care, the effectiveness of 5-FU is modest. Overall response rates are in the range of 10% to15%.NUC-3373 Preclinical DataNUC-3373 avoids breakdown. In our preclinical studies, NUC-3373, unlike 5-FU, was not susceptible to breakdown by the enzyme DPD, which is amajor factor in limiting the efficacy of 5-FU. Therefore, the ability of NUC-3373 to generate the active anti-cancer metabolite, FUDR-MP, should beunaffected by DPD activity and result in much higher intracellular concentrations of FUDR-MP. Furthermore, in patients receiving NUC-3373, the toxicbyproduct, FBAL, produced by DPD’s breakdown of 5-FU has not been generated at clinically significant levels, with no hand foot syndrome observed todate.In addition, a study published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2001 indicated that approximately half of patients with colorectal cancerhad tumors that were infected with a type of bacteria called mycoplasma. A 2008 study published in the International Journal of Cancer Research andTreatment highlighted that 5-FU’s activity was reduced by up to 100 times in cancer cell lines infected with mycoplasma. In our preclinical studies, the anti-cancer activity of NUC-3373 was unaffected by the presence of mycoplasma infection.69 NUC-3373 has greater anti-cancer activity than 5-FU. In preclinical studies, NUC-3373 was not reliant on activating enzymes, including OPRT, TPand TK, all of which are essential for activating the prodrug, 5-FU. For example, we measured the anti-cancer activity of NUC-3373 and 5-FU across a rangeof human tumor cell lines, including colorectal, ovarian and lung cancers. NUC-3373 had up to 330 times greater activity than 5-FU. The following figureshows the levels of NUC-3373 or 5-FU required, in various tumor cell lines, to kill half of the cancer cells, with the shorter bars representing more potentactivity. Preclinical studies in human colorectal cancer cells showed that NUC-3373 generated levels of the active anti-cancer metabolite, FUDR-MP, 366times higher than those achieved by administering equivalent amounts of 5-FU. We believe that these increased levels of FUDR-MP could translate into theability of NUC-3373 to kill various cancer cells at much lower doses than those of 5-FU. Moreover, in a preclinical colorectal cancer xenograft study, NUC-3373 showed a greater ability to reduce tumor weight and volume than 5-FU.NUC-7738: A Transformation of CordycepinNUC-7738 is a ProTide transformation of cordycepin, a nucleoside analog that was isolated from the fungus cordyceps militaris in 1950. Since thattime, cordycepin has not been successfully developed or approved as a chemotherapy, but has shown potent anti-cancer activity in preclinical studiesconducted by other companies and research institutions. Similar to our other ProTide products, NUC-7738 is designed to generate the active anti-cancermetabolite of cordycepin directly inside cells, bypassing the resistance mechanisms of transportation, activation and breakdown. In a preclinical study, weexamined the in vitro cytotoxic activity of NUC-7738 across a range of different human cancer cell lines, including leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma,Hodgkin lymphoma, T-cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, pancreas, colon, liver and breast cancers, as compared with cordycepin. NUC-7738 was found, in 16of the 20 cell lines examined in this study, to be more potent than cordycepin when comparing the concentrations of the respective compounds required tokill 50% of the cancer cells. In three leukemia cell lines, NUC-7738 was found to be more than 50-times more potent than cordycepin based on the method ofcomparison described above.Cordycepin and its limitationsCordycepin must be converted to its active form once inside the cancer cell. Similar to other nucleoside analogs such as gemcitabine, the rate-limitingstep of activation requires the addition of a phosphate group, in this case by an enzyme called adenosine kinase, or AK. This phosphorylated form ofcordycepin is subsequently converted into its active metabolite, 3’ deoxyadenosine triphosphate, or 3’ dATP. This metabolite interferes with multiplepathways in cancer cells, including purine biosynthesis, RNA synthesis and growth factor signalling pathways, such as mTOR, and therefore inhibits theproliferation of cancer cells.70 Until cordycepin is converted to its phosphorylated form, it is subject to breakdown by adenosine deaminase, or ADA. Because of this potential forbreakdown of cordycepin by ADA, cordycepin must be administered together with inhibitors of ADA. Given the critical role of ADA in multiple humanmetabolic pathways, we believe the need to inhibit ADA when administering cordycepin represents a significant obstacle to the clinical development ofcordycepin. Therefore, we designed NUC-7738 to generate 3’ dATP inside cancer cells while avoiding breakdown by ADA and the requirement for AK.Our Solution: NUC-7738As a ProTide of cordycepin, NUC-7738, once inside the cancer cell, is rapidly converted into 3’ dATP. There is no need for AK to act on it, a processthat has been shown to be rate-limiting. There is also no breakdown by ADA. This results in significantly higher levels of 3’ dATP in cells. We have observedin our preclinical studies that NUC-7738 enters into cancer cells independent of any nucleoside transporters and is converted to 3’ dATP regardless of ADAor AK levels.The metabolism of NUC-7738 compared to cordycepin as described above is illustrated in the following graphic. We are targeting NUC-7738 for development in both solid and hematological tumors based on the broad activity seen with cordycepin in preclinicalstudies. We have recently opened a Phase 1 clinical trial in patients with solid tumors, and expect to expand this study to include patients with lymphomas.Molecular ProfilingHealthcare professionals often use molecular-profiling tools to help choose the optimal therapy for patients with cancer. Therapeutic responses varyamong patients because cancers are heterogeneous, even for tumors arising from the same site in the body. Molecular diagnostics assays that detect specificbiomarkers can provide a framework to classify tumors according to their molecular signature. In turn, the cancer profile can guide the choice of therapy for aparticular patient.71 As part of our clinical development strategy, we are investigating the molecular profile of cancer cells with the aim of identifying patients who mayreceive the greatest benefit from our ProTides compared with the current nucleoside analog standards of care. We are working to identify and quantify keybiomarkers relevant to Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738, as well as to assess their predictive nature with regard to treatment. In addition, such assays maybecome relevant to our eventual commercial and reimbursement strategy by helping to pre-identify those patients for whom existing nucleoside analogs areunlikely to provide a significant benefit due to the existence in these patients of one or more cancer-resistance mechanisms.ManufacturingWe currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, for the supply of clinical trialmaterials of Acelarin, NUC-3373, NUC-7738 and any future product candidates under the current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, specified by theFDA. cGMP is a regulatory standard for the production of pharmaceuticals to be used in humans. In the future, we intend to also rely on our CMOs to producesufficient commercial quantities of Acelarin, NUC-3373, NUC-7738 and any future product candidates, if approved. We source key materials from thirdparties, either directly from suppliers or indirectly through our CMOs. These raw materials are generally available from multiple vendors, which provides uswith a robust and cost-effective supply chain.Manufacturing of any product candidate is subject to extensive regulations that impose various procedural and documentation requirementsgoverning recordkeeping, manufacturing processes and controls, personnel, quality control and quality assurance, among others. We expect that all of ourCMOs will manufacture Acelarin, NUC-3373 and NUC-7738 under cGMP conditions and in compliance with any similar regulatory requirements outside theUnited States.CompetitionThe development and commercialization of new drug therapies is highly competitive. While we believe that our scientific knowledge, proprietaryProTide technology and development experience provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from many different sources,including major pharmaceutical, biotechnology and specialty pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies and public andprivate research institutions. Any ProTide candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing products and new productsthat may become available in the future. Key product features that would affect our ability to effectively compete with other therapeutics include efficacy,safety profile, price, convenience of administration and level of promotional activity.The most common methods of treating patients with cancer are surgery, radiation and drug therapy, including chemotherapy, hormone therapy,immunotherapy and targeted drug therapy. There are a variety of available drug therapies marketed for cancer, including many which are administered incombination to enhance efficacy. We believe that our product candidates, if approved, will principally face competition from other chemotherapies,immunotherapy and targeted drug therapies. In the field of chemotherapy, our competitors include companies that manufacture off-patent chemotherapies,including gemcitabine and 5-FU, as well as companies that have developed new or improved chemotherapies.In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may face competition from cancer therapies developed by other companies using phosphoramidatechemistry, as well as other approved drugs or drugs that may be approved in the future for indications for which we may develop our product candidates.The availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors will also significantly affect the pricing and competitiveness of ourproducts. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, whichcould result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. Many of the companies against which we maycompete have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinicaltrials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significantcompetitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting andretaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiringtechnologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.72 Intellectual PropertyWe actively seek to protect the intellectual property and proprietary technology that we believe is important to our business, including seeking,maintaining, enforcing and defending patent rights for our therapeutics and processes, whether developed internally or licensed from third parties. Oursuccess will depend on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other protection including data/market exclusivity for our product candidates andplatform technology, preserve the confidentiality of our know-how and operate without infringing the valid and enforceable patents and proprietary rights ofthird parties. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property.”Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position, generally by filing an initial priority filing at the U.K. Intellectual Property Office. This isfollowed by the filing of a patent application under the Patent Co-operation Treaty claiming priority from the initial application(s) and then filingapplications for patent grant in territories including, for example, the United States, Europe and Japan. In each case, we determine the strategy and territoriesrequired after discussion with our patent attorneys so that we obtain relevant coverage in territories that are commercially important to us and our productcandidates. We additionally rely on data exclusivity, market exclusivity and patent term extensions when available. We also rely on trade secrets and know-how relating to our underlying platform technology and product candidates. Prior to making any decision on filing any patent application, we consider withour patent attorneys whether patent protection is the most sensible strategy for protecting the invention concerned or whether the invention should bemaintained as confidential.As of February 12, 2019, we owned 349 granted patents (of which nine are U.S.-issued patents) and 327 pending patent applications (of which 17 areU.S. pending patent applications). Commercially or strategically important non-U.S. jurisdictions in which we hold issued or pending patent applicationsinclude: Australia, Canada, China, Eurasia (in the form of a regional patent), Europe (in the form of a regional patent), Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, SouthKorea, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Singapore and South Africa. Not included in the patent count is one U.S. patent that is currently in reissue proceedingswhich were initiated by us for purposes of narrowing the claims covered by such patent.AcelarinWe own 90 granted patents covering the composition of matter of our Acelarin product candidate. The patent claims are directed to the Acelarinproduct candidate and to a genus around that candidate. Acelarin was originally formed as a mixture of two diastereoisomers, both of which are biologicallyactive, and each of these composition of matter patents cover Acelarin both as a single diastereoisomer and as a mixture of diastereoisomers. The compositionof matter patents for Acelarin have been granted in major territories, including Europe and Japan. These granted patents are expected to expire in 2024,excluding any patent term adjustments and any patent term extensions. As disclosed above, there is also one patent in the United States for Acelarin that iscurrently under reissue.Additionally, we own 45 granted patents, as well as 33 pending patent applications, directed towards Acelarin in single diastereoisomer form. Themore soluble single diastereoisomer is being used for clinical development in our ongoing and planned upcoming clinical trials. A patent claiming the moresoluble single diastereoisomer of Acelarin has been granted in Europe and the United States, and corresponding patent applications are pending in othermajor territories, including Japan. These granted patents and patents arising from the pending applications, if issued, are expected to expire in 2033 and2035, excluding any patent term adjustments and any patent term extensions.We own granted patents and patent applications covering formulations of Acelarin (including those used in the clinical trials), methods of makingAcelarin (including as a single diastereoisomer), and specific uses of Acelarin, including the use of Acelarin in combination with carboplatin and Acelarin incombination with cisplatin. Patents claiming the clinical formulation of Acelarin have been granted in the United States and Europe. Patents arising fromthese pending applications have been filed in all major territories, including the United States, Europe and Japan and are expected to expire in 2035, 2036and 2038 excluding any patent term adjustments and any patent term extensions.NUC-3373We own 57 granted patents and seven pending applications covering the composition of matter of NUC-3373, a genus around NUC-3373 and specificuses of NUC-3373. Those patents were granted in major territories, including the United States, Europe and Japan. These granted patents and patents arisingfrom the pending applications, if issued, are expected to expire in 2032, excluding any patent term adjustments and any patent term extensions.73 We own patent applications covering formulations of NUC-3373 (including those used in the clinical trials), methods of making NUC-3373, andspecific uses of NUC-3373. These patents and patents arising from these pending applications are expected to expire in 2036, 2037 and 2038 excluding anypatent term adjustments and any patent term extensions.NUC-7738We own 21 pending applications covering the composition of matter of NUC-7738, a genus around NUC-7738 and specific uses of NUC-7738. Thepatent applications are pending in major territories, including the United States, Europe and Japan. Patents arising from these pending applications, if issued,are expected to expire in 2035 excluding any patent term adjustments and any patent term extensions.We own patent applications covering formulations of NUC-7738 and methods of making NUC-7738. Patents arising from these pending applicationsare expected to expire in 2036 and 2038 excluding any patent term adjustments and any patent term extensions.Laws and Regulations Regarding Patent TermsThe term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which wefile, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent term may be shortened if apatent is terminally disclaimed over another patent or as a result of delays in patent prosecution by the patentee. A patent’s term may be lengthened by apatent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the USPTO in granting a patent. The patent term of a European patent is20 years from its effective filing date, which, unlike in the United States, is not subject to patent term adjustments in the same way as U.S. patents.The term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug or biologic may also be eligible for patent term extension, which permits patent termrestoration as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Actof 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Act, permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the patent termextension is related to the length of time the drug or biologic is under regulatory review. Patent extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patentbeyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. Similar provisions areavailable in Europe and other jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug, for example Supplementary Protection Certificates. Inthe future, if and when our products receive FDA approval, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on patents covering those products. We anticipatethat some of our issued patents may be eligible for patent term extensions but such extensions may not be available and therefore our commercial exclusivitymay be restricted.Collaboration and License AgreementsCardiff University LicenseIn August 2009, we entered into a research, collaboration and license agreement with Cardiff University and University College Cardiff ConsultantsLtd., or Cardiff Consultants, which we refer to as the Cardiff Agreement. The Cardiff Agreement was renewed with an effective date of January 1, 2018 for anadditional two years on substantially the same terms. Under the Cardiff Agreement, we collaborate with Cardiff University in the design, synthesis,characterization and evaluation of phosphoramidate prodrugs, which we refer to as ProTides, based on certain nucleosides. We are responsible for fundingcertain work performed by Cardiff University and making other payments, which totaled £292,607 in 2018 and which we expect will total approximately£340,000 in 2019. Cardiff University and Cardiff Consultants, which is a holder of intellectual property developed by Cardiff University, have assigned to usall rights in the results of the research under the Cardiff Agreement, and agreed not to undertake any research for any competing third party on nucleosidefamilies of interest to us where such research would make use of ProTide-related intellectual property owned or controlled by Cardiff University as of the dateof the Cardiff Agreement or which at any time thereafter becomes owned or controlled by Cardiff University, which we refer to as the Cardiff intellectualproperty, or to grant rights in the Cardiff intellectual property to any third party for use in connection with nucleosides of interest to us. The foregoingrestrictions exclude the field of neurodegeneration for one specific nucleoside analog.Upon our completion of the evaluation of the ProTides, we have the right to select one or more of the evaluated ProTides as candidates for potentialdevelopment of a commercial product. Cardiff University and Cardiff Consultants have granted us an exclusive worldwide license to use for all purposes theCardiff intellectual property in respect of the nucleoside family of our selected ProTides. The exclusive dealing obligations of Cardiff University and CardiffConsultants will continue for these nucleoside families.74 On our filing, or that of a sublicensee, of patent applications resulting from research under the Cardiff Agreement, we will owe Cardiff Consultantscertain immaterial payments. If we or our sublicensees develop and commercialize a product resulting from such research, we will owe Cardiff Consultantsclinical development milestone payments of up to £1,875,000; provided that such milestone payments are due only with respect to the first product withineach nucleoside family to achieve the milestone. We will also owe Cardiff Consultants royalties equal to a low-single digit percentage on our sales of aproduct resulting from such research. Should we sublicense our right to commercialize a product resulting from the research, we will owe Cardiff Consultantsa high-single digit percentage of payments received in consideration of the sublicense.The Cardiff Agreement currently expires on December 31, 2019. Upon expiration, we have the right to extend the period in which we may evaluateproducts for three months, and for a further three months in exchange for an additional payment. The Cardiff Agreement may also be terminated for anuncured material breach. Licenses to use the Cardiff intellectual property in the development and commercialization of products we have selected forcommercialization, and related payment obligations, will survive expiration of the Cardiff Agreement, but not on termination for an uncured material breach.Cardiff ProTides AgreementIn October 2009, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Cardiff ProTides Ltd., or Cardiff ProTides, which agreement wassubsequently amended and restated as an assignment, license and collaboration agreement in March 2012 and was further amended in May 2012, which werefer to as the ProTides Agreement. Under the ProTides Agreement, we collaborated with Cardiff ProTides in the discovery, drug design and in vitro screeningof purine and pyrimidine based nucleosides as potential drug candidates. We funded certain work at Cardiff ProTides, and Cardiff ProTides has assigned to usall rights in the results of its research under the ProTides Agreement. Cardiff ProTides also assigned to us patents related to certain compounds of interest,including with respect to Acelarin, and granted us an exclusive, worldwide license, including the right to grant sublicenses, to rights in and technicalinformation related to certain unpatented compounds for all therapeutic, diagnostic, prognostic and prophylactic applications.If we or a sublicensee develop one or more products covered by a valid claim of an assigned patent or patent resulting from Cardiff ProTides’ research,such as Acelarin, we will owe Cardiff ProTides up to approximately $4.5 million in development and approval milestone payments in the aggregate for thefirst such product. Additional development and approval milestones would be payable for the first additional product in a new nucleoside series covered by avalid claim of an assigned patent or a patent resulting from Cardiff ProTides’ research, although the maximum potential value of such milestone payments isapproximately half the value of the milestone payments associated with the first product. We will also owe Cardiff ProTides royalties equal to a percentage inmid- to high-single digits on sales of such products, subject to reduction under certain circumstances. Royalties on sales by sublicensees are set by formula,which formula would be likely to result in a royalty in the mid-single digits.The ProTides Agreement expires, on a country by country basis, on the later of the expiration, invalidity, abandonment, lapsing or rejection of the lastvalid claim of an assigned patent or patent resulting from Cardiff ProTides’ research, or, if certain technical information licensed from Cardiff ProTidesremains confidential or the product is covered by a period of data exclusivity, ten years from the date of first commercial sale of a product in such country.The ProTides Agreement may be sooner terminated on an uncured material breach, bankruptcy of a party or, by Cardiff ProTides, if we challenge, or assist in achallenge, of the validity or ownership of an assigned patent or patent resulting from Cardiff ProTides’ research, or fail to pay amounts payable under theProTides Agreement. It may also be sooner terminated where sums payable by us remain unpaid for 45 days after we receive a notice from Cardiff ProTidesthat the relevant sums are overdue. Upon a termination of the ProTides Agreement, our license rights will terminate except where the breach results fromcertain breaches by Cardiff ProTides, in which case our license rights continue on a non-exclusive basis, subject to reduced payment obligations. Upontermination of the ProTides Agreement, including as a result of our breach, we will be under an obligation to assign back to Cardiff ProTides the patentswhich Cardiff ProTides originally assigned to us.Government Regulation and Product ApprovalFDA Approval ProcessIn the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCAct, and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping,approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceuticalproducts. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusalto approve pending new drug applications, or NDAs, warning letters, voluntary product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production ordistribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties and criminal prosecution.75 Pharmaceutical product development in the United States typically involves the performance of nonclinical laboratory and animal tests, thesubmission to the FDA of an IND which must become effective before clinical testing may commence, and adequate, well-controlled clinical trials toestablish the safety and effectiveness of the drug for each indication for which FDA approval is sought. Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirementstypically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease.Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation, and toxicity, as well as animal studies to assess the characteristicsand potential safety and efficacy of the product. The conduct of the preclinical and other nonclinical tests must comply with certain federal regulations andrequirements, including good laboratory practices. The results of preclinical testing are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND along with other information,including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls, and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long term nonclinical tests, such asanimal tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.A 30-day waiting period after the submission of each IND is required prior to the commencement of clinical testing in humans. If the FDA has neithercommented on nor questioned the IND within this 30-day period, the clinical trial proposed in the IND may begin.Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualifiedinvestigator. Clinical trials must be conducted: (i) in compliance with federal regulations, (ii) in compliance with good clinical practice, or GCP, aninternational standard meant to protect the rights and health of patients and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators, and monitors, and(iii) under protocols detailing the objectives of the clinical trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated.Each protocol and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND.The FDA may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time or impose other sanctions if it believes that the clinicaltrial either is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. The clinical trialprotocol and informed consent information for patients in clinical trials must also be submitted to an institutional review board, or IRB, at each site where aclinical trial will be performed for approval. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure tocomply with the IRB’s requirements or it may impose other conditions.Clinical trials to support NDAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. In Phase 1, theinitial introduction of the drug into healthy human subjects or patients, the drug is tested to assess metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions,side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, early evidence on effectiveness. Phase 2 usually involves clinical trials in a limited patientpopulation to determine the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication, dosage tolerance, and optimum dosage, and to identify common adverseeffects and safety risks. If a compound demonstrates evidence of effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in Phase 2 evaluations, Phase 3 clinical trialsare undertaken to obtain the additional information about clinical efficacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersedclinical trial sites, to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of thedrug. In most cases, the FDA requires two adequate and well-controlled Phase 3 clinical trials to demonstrate the efficacy of the drug. A single Phase 3clinical trial with other confirmatory evidence may be sufficient in rare instances where the clinical trial is a large multicenter trial demonstrating internalconsistency and a statistically very persuasive finding of a clinically meaningful effect on mortality, irreversible morbidity, or prevention of a disease withpotentially serious outcome, and confirmation of the result in a second clinical trial would be practically or ethically impossible.After completion of the required clinical testing, a new drug application, or NDA, is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA isrequired before marketing of the product may begin in the United States. The NDA must include the results of all nonclinical, clinical, and other testing and acompilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, and controls. The cost of preparing and submitting an NDA issubstantial. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to a substantial application user fee and the manufacturer or sponsorunder an approved NDA is also subject to annual product and establishment user fees. These fees are typically increased annually.76 The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency’s thresholddetermination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. TheFDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of NDAs. Most such applications for standard review drug products are reviewed within ten totwelve months, while most applications for priority review drugs are reviewed in six to eight months. Priority review can be applied to drugs that the FDAdetermines offer major advances in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. For biologics, priority review is further limited onlyfor drugs intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease relative to the currently approved products. The review process for both standard and priorityreview may be extended by FDA for three additional months to consider certain late-submitted information, or information intended to clarify informationalready provided in the submission.The FDA may also refer applications for novel drug products, or drug products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy, to an advisorycommittee, which is typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the applicationshould be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Beforeapproving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility orthe facilities at which the drug is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless compliance with current good manufacturing practicerequirements, or cGMP, is satisfactory and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective in the indicationstudied.After the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A completeresponse letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing, or information, in order for the FDA toreconsider the application. If, or when, those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue anapproval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included.An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of NDAapproval, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks.REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for health care professionals, and elements to assure safe and effective use, or ETASU. ETASUcan include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, specialmonitoring, and the use of patient registries. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the drug. Moreover,product approval may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug’s safety or efficacy. Once granted, product approvalsmay be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing or any time thereafter.Disclosure of Clinical Trial InformationSponsors of clinical trials of certain FDA-regulated products, including prescription drugs, are required to register and disclose certain clinical trialinformation on a public website maintained by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Information related to the product, patient population, phase ofinvestigation, clinical trial sites and investigator, and other aspects of the clinical trial is made public as part of the registration. Sponsors are also obligatedto disclose the results of these clinical trials after completion if the product candidate is ultimately approved, and disclosure of the results of these clinicaltrials will be delayed until such approval. Competitors may use this publicly-available information to gain knowledge regarding the design and progress ofour development programs.The Hatch-Waxman ActOrange Book Listing. In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA each patent whose claims cover theapplicant’s product. Upon approval of a drug, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA’s Approved DrugProducts with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book. Drugs listed in the Orange Book can, in turn, be cited bypotential generic competitors in support of approval of an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA. An ANDA provides for marketing of a drug productthat has the same active ingredients in the same strengths and dosage form as the listed drug and has been shown through bioequivalence testing to betherapeutically equivalent to the listed drug. Other than the requirement for bioequivalence testing, ANDA applicants are not required to conduct, or submitresults of, nonclinical or clinical tests to prove the safety or effectiveness of their drug product. Drugs approved in this way are commonly referred to as“generic equivalents” to the listed drug, and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the original listed drug.77 The ANDA applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book. Specifically,the applicant must certify that: (i) the required patent information has not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired,but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the newproduct. The ANDA applicant may also elect to submit a section viii statement, certifying that its proposed ANDA label does not contain or carve out anylanguage regarding the patented method-of-use, rather than certify to a listed method-of-use patent.If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents, the ANDA application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referencedproduct have expired. A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents, or that such patents are invalid, iscalled a Paragraph IV certification. If the ANDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of theParagraph IV certification to the NDA and patent holders once the ANDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may theninitiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days ofthe receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA until the earlier of 30 months, expiration of the patent,settlement of the lawsuit, or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant.The ANDA application also will not be approved until any applicable non-patent exclusivity listed in the Orange Book for the referenced product hasexpired.Exclusivity. Upon NDA approval of a new chemical entity, or NCE, which is a drug that contains no active moiety that has been approved by the FDAin any other NDA, that drug receives five years of marketing exclusivity during which time the FDA cannot receive any ANDA seeking approval of a genericversion of that drug. Certain changes to a drug, such as the addition of a new indication to the package insert, are associated with a three-year period ofexclusivity during which the FDA cannot approval an ANDA for a generic drug that includes the change.An ANDA may be submitted one year before NCE exclusivity expires if a Paragraph IV certification is filed. If there is no listed patent in the OrangeBook, there may not be a Paragraph IV certification, and, thus, no ANDA may be filed before the expiration of the exclusivity period.Patent Term Extension. After NDA approval, owners of relevant drug patents may apply for up to a five-year patent term extension. The allowablepatent term extension is calculated as half of the drug’s testing phase—the time between IND submission and NDA submission—and all of the review phase—the time between NDA submission and approval up to a maximum of five years. The time can be shortened if FDA determines that the applicant did notpursue approval with due diligence. The total patent term after the extension may not exceed 14 years.For patents that might expire during the application phase, the patent owner may request an interim patent extension. An interim patent extensionincreases the patent term by one year and may be renewed up to four times. For each interim patent extension granted, the post-approval patent extension isreduced by one year. The director of the PTO must determine that approval of the drug covered by the patent for which a patent extension is being sought islikely. Interim patent extensions are not available for a drug for which an NDA has not been submitted.Advertising and PromotionOnce an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to certain post-approval requirements. For instance, FDA closely regulates the post-approvalmarketing and promotion of drugs, including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientificand educational activities and promotional activities involving the internet. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordancewith the provisions of the approved labeling. Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications,labeling, or certain manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can beimplemented. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the sameprocedures and actions in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs.78 Adverse Event Reporting and cGMP ComplianceAdverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports is required following FDA approval of an NDA. The FDA also may require post-marketingtesting, sometimes called Phase 4 testing, REMS, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or the FDA may place conditions on anapproval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality-control, drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling procedures, amongother things, must continue to conform to cGMP after approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register theirestablishments with FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, duringwhich the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money andeffort in the areas of production, quality control and record keeping to maintain compliance with cGMP. Regulatory authorities may impose a range ofenforcement actions, including bringing a seizure and injunction in court, withdraw product approvals or request a product recall if a company fails tocomply with cGMP requirements.Pediatric InformationUnder the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, NDAs or supplements to NDAs must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drugfor the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which thedrug is safe and effective. The sponsor must submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan, or PSP, within 60 days of an end-of-Phase 2 meeting or as may be agreedbetween the sponsor and the FDA. The initial PSP must include an outline of the pediatric study or studies that the sponsor plans to conduct, including studyobjectives and design, age groups, relevant endpoints and statistical approach, or a justification for not including such detailed information, and any requestfor a deferral of pediatric assessments or a full or partial waiver of the requirement to provide data from pediatric studies along with supporting information.The FDA and the sponsor must reach agreement on the PSP. A sponsor can submit amendments to an agreed-upon initial PSP at any time if changes to thepediatric plan need to be considered based on data collected from nonclinical studies, early phase clinical trials or other clinical development programs. TheFDA may grant full or partial waivers, or deferrals, for submission of data.The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, or BPCA, provides NDA holders a six-month extension of any exclusivity—patent or non-patent—for adrug if certain conditions are met, including satisfaction of a pediatric trial as described above. Conditions for exclusivity include the FDA’s determinationthat information relating to the use of a new drug in the pediatric population may produce health benefits in that population, the FDA making a writtenrequest for pediatric clinical trials, and the applicant agreeing to perform, and reporting on, the requested clinical trials within the statutory timeframe.Applications under the BPCA are treated as priority applications, with all of the benefits that designation confers.Special Protocol AssessmentA company may reach an agreement with FDA under the Special Protocol Assessment, or SPA, process as to the required design and size of clinicaltrials intended to form the primary basis of an efficacy claim. Under the FDC Act and FDA guidance implementing the statutory requirement, an SPA isgenerally binding upon the FDA except in limited circumstances, such as if the FDA identifies a substantial scientific issue essential to determining safety orefficacy after the clinical trial begins, public health concerns emerge that were unrecognized at the time of the protocol assessment, the sponsor and FDAagree to the change in writing, or if the clinical trial sponsor fails to follow the protocol that was agreed upon with the FDA.Expedited Review and ApprovalThe FDA has various programs, including Fast Track, priority review, accelerated approval and breakthrough designation which are intended toexpedite or simplify the process for reviewing drugs or provide for approval on the basis of surrogate endpoints. Even if a drug qualifies for one or more ofthese programs, the FDA may later decide that the drug no longer meets the conditions for qualification or that the time period for FDA review or approvalwill not be shortened. Generally, drugs that may be eligible for these programs are those for serious or life-threatening conditions, those with the potential toaddress unmet medical needs, or those that offer meaningful benefits over existing treatments. For example, Fast Track is a process designed to facilitate thedevelopment, and expedite the review, of drugs to treat serious diseases and fill an unmet medical need. The request may be made at the time of INDsubmission and generally no later than the pre-NDA meeting. The FDA will respond within 60 calendar days of receipt of the request. Priority review, whichis requested at the time of NDA submission, is designed to give drugs that offer major advances in treatment or provide a treatment where no adequate therapyexists an initial review within six months as compared to a standard review time of ten months. Although79 Fast Track and priority review do not affect the standards for approval, the FDA will attempt to facilitate early and frequent meetings with a sponsor of a FastTrack designated drug and expedite review of the application for a drug designated for priority review. Accelerated approval provides an earlier approval ofdrugs to treat serious diseases, and that fill an unmet medical need based on a surrogate endpoint, which is a laboratory measurement or physical sign used asan indirect or substitute measurement representing a clinically meaningful outcome. Discussions with the FDA about the feasibility of an acceleratedapproval typically begin early in the development of the drug in order to identify, among other things, an appropriate endpoint. As a condition of approval,the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug receiving accelerated approval perform post-marketing clinical trials to confirm the appropriateness of thesurrogate marker clinical trial.Another expedited program is that for Breakthrough Therapy. A Breakthrough Therapy designation is designed to expedite the development andreview of drugs that are intended to treat a serious condition where preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantialimprovement over available therapy on a clinically significant endpoint(s). A sponsor may request Breakthrough Therapy designation at the time that theIND is submitted, or no later than at the end-of-Phase 2 meeting. The FDA will respond to a Breakthrough Therapy designation request within 60 days ofreceipt of the request. A drug that receives Breakthrough Therapy designation is eligible for all fast track designation features, intensive guidance on anefficient drug development program, beginning as early as Phase 1 and commitment from the FDA involving senior managers.Regulation of Companion Diagnostic DevicesIf we decide that a diagnostic test would provide useful information for patient selection or if the FDA requires us to develop such a test, we may workwith a collaborator to develop an in vitro diagnostic, or companion test. The FDA regulates in vitro diagnostic tests as medical devices, and the type ofregulation to which such a test will be subjected will depend in part on a risk assessment by the FDA as well as a determination of whether the test is intendedto yield results that would be helpful to know versus one that the FDA or we believe is necessary to know for the safe and effective use of our drugs underdevelopment.The FDA issued Guidance on In-Vitro Companion Diagnostic Devices in August 2014, which is intended to assist companies developing in vitrocompanion diagnostic devices and companies developing therapeutic products that depend on the use of a specific in vitro companion diagnostic for thesafe and effective use of the product. The FDA defined an in vitro companion diagnostic device, or IVD companion diagnostic device, as a device thatprovides information that is essential for the safe and effective use of a corresponding therapeutic product. The use of an IVD companion diagnostic devicewith a therapeutic product will be stipulated in the instructions for use in the labeling of both the diagnostic device and the corresponding therapeuticproduct, including the labeling of any generic equivalents of the therapeutic product. The FDA expects that the therapeutic sponsor will address the need foran approved or cleared IVD companion diagnostic device in its therapeutic product development plan and that, in most cases, the therapeutic product and itscorresponding companion diagnostic will be developed contemporaneously.The FDA has recently introduced the concept of complementary diagnostics that are distinct from companion diagnostics because they provideadditional information about how a drug is used or identify patients who are likely to derive the greatest benefit from therapy without being required for thesafe and effective use of that drug. The FDA has not yet provided much guidance on the regulation and use of complementary diagnostics, but several havebeen approved.Europe/Rest of World Government RegulationIn addition to regulations in the United States, we are and will be subject, either directly or through our distribution partners, to a variety ofregulations in other jurisdictions governing, among other things, clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our products, if approved.Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in non-U.S. countries priorto the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. Certain countries outside of the United States have a process thatrequires the submission of a clinical trial application much like an IND prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. In Europe, for example, a clinicaltrial authorization, or CTA, must be submitted to the competent national health authority and to independent ethics committees in each country in which acompany plans to conduct clinical trials. Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country’s requirements, clinical trials may proceed in that country.80 The requirements and process governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country,even though there is already some degree of legal harmonization in the E.U. member states resulting from the national implementation of underlying E.U.legislation. In all cases, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and other applicable regulatory requirements.To obtain regulatory approval of a new drug, or medicinal product, in the European Union a sponsor must obtain approval of a marketingauthorization application, or MAA. The way in which a medicinal product can be approved in the European Union depends on the nature of the medicinalproduct.The centralized procedure results in a single MAA granted by the European Commission that is valid across the European Union, as well as inIceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The centralized procedure is compulsory for human drugs that are: (i) derived from biotechnology processes, such asgenetic engineering, (ii) contain a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerativediseases, autoimmune and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases, (iii) officially designated “orphan drugs” (drugs used for rare human diseases) and(iv) advanced-therapy medicines, such as gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines. The centralized procedure may, at the request ofthe applicant, also be used for human drugs which do not fall within the above mentioned categories if the human drug (a) contains a new active substancewhich, on the date of entry into force of this Regulation, was not authorized in the Community; or (b) the applicant shows that the medicinal productconstitutes a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or that the granting of authorization in the centralized procedure is in the interests ofpatients or animal health at European Community level.Under the centralized procedure in the European Union, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a MAA by the EMA is 210 days (excludingclock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the Committee for MedicinalProducts for Human Use, or CHMP), with adoption of the actual marketing authorization by the European Commission thereafter. Accelerated evaluationmight be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is expected to be of a major public health interest from the point of view oftherapeutic innovation, defined by three cumulative criteria: the seriousness of the disease to be treated; the absence of an appropriate alternative therapeuticapproach, and anticipation of exceptional high therapeutic benefit. In this circumstance, EMA ensures that the evaluation for the opinion of the CHMP iscompleted within 150 days and the opinion issued thereafter.The mutual recognition procedure, or MRP, for the approval of human drugs is an alternative approach to facilitate individual national marketingauthorizations within the European Union. Basically, the MRP may be applied for all human drugs for which the centralized procedure is not obligatory. TheMRP is applicable to the majority of conventional medicinal products, and is based on the principle of recognition of an already existing national marketingauthorization by one or more member states.The characteristic of the MRP is that the procedure builds on an already existing marketing authorization in a member state of the European Unionthat is used as reference in order to obtain marketing authorizations in other E.U. member states. In the MRP, a marketing authorization for a drug alreadyexists in one or more E.U. member states and subsequently marketing authorization applications are made in other E.U. member states by referring to theinitial marketing authorization. The member state in which the marketing authorization was first granted will then act as the reference member state. Themember states where the marketing authorization is subsequently applied for act as concerned member states.The MRP is based on the principle of the mutual recognition by E.U. member states of their respective national marketing authorizations. Based on amarketing authorization in the reference member state, the applicant may apply for marketing authorizations in other member states. In such case, thereference member state shall update its existing assessment report about the drug in 90 days. After the assessment is completed, copies of the report are sent toall member states, together with the approved summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet. The concerned member states then have 90days to recognize the decision of the reference member state and the summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet. National marketingauthorizations shall be granted within 30 days after acknowledgement of the agreement.Should any Member State refuse to recognize the marketing authorization by the reference member state, on the grounds of potential serious risk topublic health, the issue will be referred to a coordination group. Within a timeframe of 60 days, member states shall, within the coordination group, make allefforts to reach a consensus. If this fails, the procedure is submitted to an EMA scientific committee for arbitration. The opinion of this EMA Committee isthen forwarded to the Commission, for the start of the decision making process. As in the centralized procedure, this process entails consulting variousEuropean Commission Directorates General and the Standing Committee on Human Medicinal Products or Veterinary Medicinal Products, as appropriate.81 For other countries outside of the European Union, such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing theconduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, again, the clinical trials are conducted inaccordance with GCP and the other applicable regulatory requirements.If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension of clinical trials,suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.Healthcare ReformWe expect that there will continue to be a number of federal and state proposals to implement governmental pricing controls and limit the growth ofhealthcare costs, including the cost of prescription drugs. For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care andEducation Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, ACA) enacted in March 2010, was expected to have a significant impact on the health careindustry and result in expanded coverage for the uninsured. With regard to pharmaceutical products, among other things, ACA was expected to expand andincrease industry rebates for drugs covered under Medicaid programs and make changes to the coverage requirements under the Medicare Part D program. Wecannot predict the impact of the ACA on pharmaceutical companies as many of the ACA reforms require the promulgation of detailed regulationsimplementing the statutory provisions which has not yet occurred. In addition, both Congress and the President have expressed their intention to repeal theACA and as a result certain sections of the ACA have not been fully implemented or were effectively repealed. These actions add to the uncertainty of thechanges enacted as part of the ACA, and we continue to evaluate how the ACA and recent efforts to repeal and replace or limit the implementation of theACA will impact our business.In addition, other federal health reform measures have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. For example, as aresult of the Budget Control Act of 2011, providers are subject to Medicare payment reductions of 2% per fiscal year through 2025 unless additionalCongressional action is taken. Further, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 reduced Medicare payments to several providers and increased the statuteof limitations period for the government to recover overpayments from providers from three to five years. Further, there has been heightened governmentalscrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which have resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries andproposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, contain the cost of drugs, review therelationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products.Moreover, payment methodologies may be subject to changes in healthcare legislation and regulatory initiatives. For example, CMS may developnew payment and delivery models, such as bundled payment models. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, set a goal of moving 30%of Medicare payments to alternative payment models tied to the quality or value of services by 2016 and 50% of Medicare payments into these alternativepayment models by the end of 2018. In March 2017, HHS announced that it has achieved its goal for 2016. In addition, recently there has been heightenedgovernmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products. We expect that additional U.S. federal healthcarereform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that the U.S. federal government will pay for healthcare products andservices, which could result in reduced demand for our product candidates or additional pricing pressures.Individual states in the United States have also become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed tocontrol pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product accessand marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions could compromise our ability to profitably commercializeany of our product candidates, if approved. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures todetermine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. This could reduce theultimate demand for our products or put pressure on our product pricing, which could negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial conditionand prospects.82 In the European Union, similar political, economic and regulatory developments may affect our ability to profitably commercialize any of ourproduct candidates, if approved. In addition to continuing pressure on prices and cost containment measures, legislative developments at the EuropeanUnion or member state level may result in significant additional requirements or obstacles that may increase our operating costs. The delivery of healthcare inthe European Union, including the establishment and operation of health services and the pricing and reimbursement of medicines, is almost exclusively amatter for national, rather than European Union, law and policy. National governments and health service providers have different priorities and approachesto the delivery of health care and the pricing and reimbursement of products in that context. In general, however, the healthcare budgetary constraints in mostEU member states have resulted in restrictions on the pricing and reimbursement of medicines by relevant health service providers. Coupled with increasingEuropean Union and national regulatory burdens on those wishing to develop and market products, this could prevent or delay marketing approval of ourproduct candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to commercialize any products for which we obtain marketing approval.In international markets, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country, and many countries have instituted price ceilings onspecific products and therapies.Other Healthcare LawsPhysicians, other healthcare providers, and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any productcandidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Although we currently do not have any products on the market, our current and future businessoperations are and will be subject to various U.S. federal and state and other foreign fraud and abuse laws and other healthcare laws and regulations. Theselaws and regulations may impact, among other things, our arrangements with third-party payors, healthcare professionals who participate in our clinicalresearch programs, healthcare professionals and others who purchase, recommend or prescribe our approved products, and our proposed sales, marketing,distribution, and education programs. The U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include: •the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits persons from, among other things, knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering orpaying anything of value, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase,order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under federally funded healthcare programs, such asMedicare and Medicaid; •the federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including, without limitation, the federal civil monetary penalties law and the civil FalseClaims Act (which can be enforced by private citizens through qui tam actions), prohibit individuals or entities from, among other things,knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false or fraudulent claims for payment of federal funds, and knowingly making, or causingto be made, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to thefederal government; •the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which imposes criminal liability for executing orattempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and creates federal criminal laws that prohibit knowingly andwillfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of orpayment for healthcare benefits, items or services; •HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and its implementingregulations, which imposes certain obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security andtransmission of individually identifiable health information without the appropriate authorization by entities subject to the law, such ashealthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses and their respective business associates that perform certain functions oractivities that involve the use or disclosure of protected health information on their behalf; •the federal transparency requirements under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under the ACA, which requires certainmanufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies reimbursed under Medicare, Medicaid, or CHIP to report to HHS informationrelated to payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians and teaching hospitals and physician ownership and investmentinterests; and •analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, that impose similar restrictions and may apply to itemsor services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companiesto implement compliance programs, comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant complianceguidance promulgated by the federal government, or to track and report gifts, compensation and other remuneration provided to physiciansand other health care providers; and state health information privacy and data breach notification laws, which govern the collection, use,disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and oftenare not pre-empted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.83 We will be required to spend substantial time and money to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicablehealthcare laws and regulations. In the United States, healthcare reform legislation has strengthened these federal and state healthcare laws. For example, theACA amends the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes to clarify that liability under these statutesdoes not require a person or entity to have actual knowledge of the statutes or a specific intent to violate them. Moreover, the ACA provides that thegovernment may assert that a claim that includes items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false orfraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safeharbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws.Violations of these laws can subject us to criminal, civil and administrative sanctions including monetary penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement,individual imprisonment, and exclusion from participation in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reportingrequirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with theselaws, reputational harm, and we may be required to curtail or restructure our operations. Moreover, we expect that there will continue to be federal and statelaws and regulations, proposed and implemented, that could impact our future operations and business.Coverage and ReimbursementSignificant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. Sales of anyof our product candidates, if approved, will depend, in part, on the extent to which the costs of the products will be covered by third-party payors, includinggovernment healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, and private payors, such as commercial health insurers and managed care organizations.Third-party payors determine which drugs they will cover and the amount of reimbursement they will provide for a covered drug. In the United States, there isno uniform system among payors for making coverage and reimbursement decisions. In addition, the process for determining whether a payor will providecoverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage isapproved. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approvedproducts for a particular indication.In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for our products, if approved for sale, we may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies inorder to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product, in addition to the costly studies required to obtain FDA or other comparableregulatory approvals. Even if we conduct pharmacoeconomic studies, our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective bypayors. Further, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved.The containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal, state and foreign governments, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in thiseffort. The U.S. government, state legislatures, and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs to limitthe growth of government-paid healthcare costs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement, and requirements for substitution of genericproducts for branded prescription drugs. For example, in the United States, the ACA contains provisions that may reduce the profitability of products,including, for example, increased rebates for products sold to Medicaid programs, extension of Medicaid rebates to Medicaid managed care plans, mandatorydiscounts for certain Medicare Part D beneficiaries and annual fees based on pharmaceutical companies’ share of sales to federal health care programs. CMSmay develop new payment and delivery models, such as bundled payment models. For example, HHS set a goal of moving 30% of Medicare payments toalternative payment models tied to the quality or value of services by 2016 and 50% of Medicare payments into these alternative payment models by the endof 2018. Adoption of government controls and measures, and tightening of restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, couldlimit payments for our products.The marketability of any products for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale may suffer if the government and third-party payorsfail to provide adequate coverage and reimbursement. The focus on cost containment measures in the United States has increased and we expect will continueto increase the pressure on pharmaceutical pricing. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if we attainfavorable coverage and reimbursement status for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies andreimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.84 Legal ProceedingsFrom time to time, we may be party to litigation that arises in the ordinary course of our business. We do not have any pending litigation that,separately or in the aggregate, would, in the opinion of management, have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cashflows.C.Organizational StructureThe following is a list of our significant subsidiaries: Name of undertaking Country ofregistration Activity Percentholding NuCana, Inc. United States Biotechnology Research and Development 100 NuCana BioMed Trustee Company Limited Scotland Employee Benefit Trust 100 D.Property, Plant and Equipment Type Location Size (sq ft) ExpiryExecutive office Edinburgh, United Kingdom 7,785 August 14, 2022Executive office Newton, MA, United States 312 December 31, 2020 All of our property is leased. We believe that our office facilities are sufficient to meet our current needs.Item 4A.Unresolved Staff CommentsNot applicable.85 Item 5.Operating and Financial Review and ProspectsYou should read the following discussion and analysis of financial condition and operating results together with the information in “SelectedConsolidated Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.We present our consolidated financial statements in pounds sterling and in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issuedby the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB, which may differ in material respects from generally accepted accounting principles in otherjurisdictions, including generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.The statements in this discussion regarding industry outlook, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources andother non-historical statements are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, includingthe risks and uncertainties described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by anyforward-looking statements.A.Operating ResultsFinancial Operations OverviewRevenuesWe do not have any approved products. Accordingly, we have not generated any revenue, and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the saleof any products unless and until we obtain regulatory approvals for, and commercialize any of, our product candidates. In the future, we will seek to generaterevenue primarily from product sales and, potentially, regional or global collaborations with strategic partners.Operating ExpensesWe classify our operating expenses into two categories: research and development expenses and administrative expenses. Personnel costs, includingsalaries, benefits, bonuses and share-based payment expense, comprise a significant component of each of these expense categories. We allocate expensesassociated with personnel costs based on the function performed by the respective employees.Research and Development Expenses. The largest component of our total operating expenses since inception has been costs related to our researchand development activities, including the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates.Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Our research and development expense primarily consists of: •costs incurred under agreements with contract research organizations, or CROs, and investigative sites that conduct preclinical studies andclinical trials; •costs related to manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients and drug products for preclinical studies and clinical trials; •salaries and personnel-related costs, including bonuses, benefits and any share-based payment expense, for our personnel performing researchand development activities or managing those activities that have been out-sourced; •fees paid to consultants and other third parties who support our product candidate development; •other costs incurred in seeking regulatory approval of our product candidates; •costs of related office space allocated to our research and development function, materials and equipment; and •payments under our license agreements.86 The successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally havehigher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials.Accordingly, we expect research and development costs to increase significantly for the foreseeable future as programs progress. However, we do not believethat it is possible at this time to accurately project total program-specific expenses through commercialization. We are also unable to predict when, if ever,material net cash inflows will commence from our product candidates to offset these expenses. Our expenditures on current and future preclinical and clinicaldevelopment programs are subject to numerous uncertainties in timing and cost to completion.The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors including: •the scope, rate of progress, results and expenses of our ongoing and future clinical trials, preclinical studies and research and developmentactivities; •the potential need for additional clinical trials or preclinical studies requested by regulatory agencies; •potential uncertainties in clinical trial enrollment rates or drop-out or discontinuation rates of patients; •competition with other drug development companies in, and the related expense of, identifying and enrolling patients in our clinical trialsand contracting with third-party manufacturers for the production of the drug product needed for our clinical trials; •the achievement of milestones requiring payments under in-licensing agreements; •any significant changes in government regulation; •the terms and timing of any regulatory approvals; •the expense of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights; and •the ability to market, commercialize and achieve market acceptance for any of our product candidates, if approved.We track research and development expenses on a program-by-program basis for both clinical-stage and preclinical product candidates.Manufacturing and nonclinical research and development expenses are assigned or allocated to individual product candidates.Administrative Expenses. Administrative expenses consist of personnel costs, allocated expenses and other expenses for outside professionalservices, including legal, audit and accounting services. Personnel costs consist of salaries, bonuses, benefits and share-based payment expense. Otheradministrative expenses include office space-related costs not otherwise allocated to research and development expense, professional fees and costs of ourinformation systems. We anticipate that our administrative expenses will continue to increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support ourcontinued research and development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. We also incur expenses as a public company, includingexpenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq, additional insurance expenses, and expenses related to investorrelations activities and other administrative and professional services.Initial Public Offering Related ExpensesInitial public offering, or IPO, related expenses primarily relates to legal, accounting and other advisors’ fees in relation to our completed IPO.87 Net Foreign Exchange Gains (Losses)Net foreign exchange gains (losses) primarily includes gains or losses on cash held in U.S. dollars and on dollar-denominated advances paid tosuppliers.Finance IncomeFinance income relates to interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents.Income Tax CreditWe are subject to corporate taxation in the United Kingdom and our wholly owned U.S. subsidiary, NuCana, Inc., is subject to corporate taxation inthe United States. Due to the nature of our business, we have generated losses since inception in the United Kingdom. Our income tax credit recognizedrepresents the sum of the research and development tax credits recoverable in the United Kingdom and in the United States and income tax payable in theUnited States. We do not expect to be materially impacted by the recently enacted U.S. tax reforms.As a company that carries out extensive research and development activities, we benefit from the U.K. and U.S. research and development tax creditregimes. In the United Kingdom, we are able to surrender some of our losses for a cash rebate of up to 33.35% of eligible expenditures on qualifying researchand development projects. In the United States, we are able to offset the research and development credits against corporation tax payable. Qualifyingexpenditures largely comprise clinical trial and manufacturing costs, employment costs for relevant staff and consumables incurred as part of research anddevelopment projects. In the United Kingdom, where we receive the larger proportion of the research and development credit, certain subcontractedqualifying research and development expenditures are eligible for a cash rebate of up to 21.68%. A large portion of costs relating to our research anddevelopment, clinical trials and manufacturing activities are eligible for inclusion within these tax credit cash rebate claims.We may not be able to continue to claim research and development tax credits in the United Kingdom in the future under the current research anddevelopment tax credit scheme because we may no longer qualify as a small or medium-sized company. However, we may be able to file under a largecompany scheme.Unsurrendered tax losses are carried forward to be offset against future taxable profits. After accounting for tax credits receivable, there wereaccumulated tax losses for carry forward in the United Kingdom of £23.2 million as of December 31, 2018. There were also temporary differences on share-based compensation arrangements of £38.9 million. No deferred tax asset is recognized in respect of accumulated tax losses or temporary differences onshare-based compensation arrangements because future profits are not sufficiently certain.In the event we generate revenues in the future, we may benefit from the “patent box” initiative that allows profits attributable to revenues frompatents or patented products to be taxed at a lower rate than other revenue. The rate of tax for relevant streams of revenue for companies receiving this relief iscurrently 10%.Value Added Tax, or VAT, is charged on all qualifying goods and services by VAT-registered businesses. An amount of 20% of goods and services isadded to all applicable sales invoices and is payable to the U.K. tax authorities. Similarly, VAT paid on purchase invoices is reclaimable from the U.K. taxauthorities.88 Results of OperationsComparison of Year Ended December 31, 2017 and 2018The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018. Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 (in thousands) Research and development expenses £(16,846) £(17,673)Administrative expenses (5,184) (4,573)Initial public offering related expenses — (1,794)Net foreign exchange gains (losses) 2,902 (1,654)Operating loss (19,128) (25,694)Finance income 1,065 208 Loss before tax (18,063) (25,486)Income tax credit 4,223 2,401 Loss for the year (13,840) (23,085)Other comprehensive income (expense): Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations 12 (8)Total comprehensive loss for the year £(13,828) £(23,093) Research and Development ExpensesResearch and development expenses were £16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to £17.7 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017, a decrease of £0.9 million. Amounts totaling £8.8 million in 2017, related to share based compensation expense, were included inresearch and development costs, compared to £0.8 million in 2018. The decrease was due to the number and vesting conditions of options granted in 2017relative to 2018. Research and development costs, excluding share-based compensation expense, in 2018 increased by £7.1 million. The increase was as aresult of higher clinical trial costs and costs associated with drug manufacturing due to the number and size of clinical trials being performed. The followingtable gives a breakdown of the research and development costs incurred by product for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 (unaudited)(in thousands) Acelarin £8,239 £8,284 NUC-3373 4,903 5,447 NUC-7738 1,198 1,948 Other 2,506 1,994 £16,846 £17,673 Administrative ExpensesAdministrative expenses were £5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to £4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017,an increase of £0.6 million. The increase was largely attributable to higher expenses associated with operating as a public company and increased personnelexpenses partially offset by lower share-based compensation expense in 2018 of £1.0 million compared with £2.9 million in 2017 due to the number andvesting conditions of options granted in 2017 relative to 2018.89 Initial Public Offering ExpensesIn the year ended December 31, 2017, costs of £1.8 million were recorded in the Results of Operations and a further £0.4 million which directlyrelated to the proceeds of the offering was recorded in Share Premium. These costs primarily related to legal, accounting and other advisors’ fees inconnection with our IPO. There were no such costs in the year ended December 31, 2018.Net Foreign Exchange Gains (Losses)For the year ended December 31, 2018, we reported a net foreign exchange gain of £2.9 million as compared to a net foreign exchange loss of £1.7million for the year ended December 31, 2017. In the year ended December 31, 2018, the gain arose from higher average cash balances held in U.S. dollarsand the U.S. dollar appreciating relative to the U.K. pound sterling. In the year ended December 31, 2017, the loss primarily arose from higher average cashbalances held in U.S. dollars for the last quarter of 2017, as compared to previous quarters, and during that quarter the U.S. dollars depreciated relative to theU.K. pound sterling.Finance IncomeFinance income represents bank interest and was £1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and £0.2 million for the year ended December31, 2017. The increase in bank interest for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to lower average cash balances in the first nine months of2017 as compared to 2018 as well as higher rates of interest on cash balances during 2018.Income Tax CreditThe income tax credit, which is largely comprised of research and development credits, amounted to £4.2 million for the year ended December 31,2018 as compared to £2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. In the United Kingdom, research and development credits are obtained at amaximum rate of 33.35% of our qualifying research and development expenses, and the increase in the net credit was primarily attributable to an increase inour eligible research and development expenses.Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2016 and 2017The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (in thousands) Research and development expenses £(17,673) £(7,904)Administrative expenses (4,573) (1,143)Initial public offering related expenses (1,794) — Net foreign exchange (losses) gains (1,654) 599 Operating loss (25,694) (8,448)Finance income 208 283 Loss before tax (25,486) (8,165)Income tax credit 2,401 2,116 Loss for the year (23,085) (6,049)Other comprehensive expense: Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations (8) (2)Total comprehensive loss for the year £(23,093) £(6,051) 90 Research and Development ExpensesResearch and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were £17.7 million as compared to £7.9 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2016, an increase of £9.8 million. The increase was attributable to the number and size of clinical trials being performed in 2017 as comparedto 2016, as well as share-based compensation expense of £8.8 million in 2017 due to the number and vesting conditions of options granted that yearcompared with £1.0 million for 2016. There was also an increase in the number of research and development personnel in 2017. The following table gives abreakdown of the research and development costs incurred by product for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (unaudited) (in thousands) Acelarin £8,284 £4,729 NUC-3373 5,447 1,413 NUC-7738 1,948 587 Other 1,994 1,175 £17,673 £7,904 Administrative ExpensesAdministrative expenses were £4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to £1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016,an increase of £3.5 million. The increase was largely attributable to higher share-based compensation expense in 2017 of £2.9 million compared with £0.1million in 2016 due to the number and vesting conditions of options granted in 2017 relative to 2016, as well as an increase in expenses associated withoperating as a public company, and increased personnel expenses.Net Foreign Exchange (Losses) GainsFor the year ended December 31, 2017, we reported a net foreign exchange loss of £1.7 million as compared to a net foreign exchange gain of £0.6million for the year ended December 31, 2016. In the year ended December 31, 2017, the loss primarily arose from higher average cash balances held in U.S.dollars for the last quarter of 2017 and during that quarter the U.S. dollar depreciated relative to the U.K. pound sterling. In the year ended December 31,2016, the gain arose primarily from higher average cash balances held in U.S. dollars, which appreciated during 2016 relative to the U.K. pound sterling.Finance IncomeFinance income represents bank interest and was £0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and £0.3 million for the year ended December31, 2016. The decrease in bank interest for the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to lower average cash balances in the first nine months of2017 as compared to 2016 as well as lower rates of interest on bank balances.Income Tax CreditThe income tax credit, which is largely comprised of research and development credits, amounted to £2.4 million for the year ended December 31,2017 as compared to £2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase in the net credit amount of £0.3 million. In the United Kingdom,research and development credits are obtained at a maximum rate of 33.35% of our qualifying research and development expenses, and the increase in the netcredit was primarily attributable to an increase in our eligible research and development expenses.91 Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and EstimatesIn the application of our accounting policies, we are required to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions about the value of assets and liabilitiesfor which there is no definitive third-party reference. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that areconsidered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates. We review our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Revisions toaccounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period or in the period of the revisions andfuture periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.The following are our critical judgments that we have made in the process of applying our accounting policies and that have the most significanteffect on the amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.Recognition of Clinical Trial ExpensesAs part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we may be required to estimate accrued expenses related to our clinicaltrials. In order to obtain reasonable estimates, we review open contracts and purchase orders. In addition, we communicate with applicable personnel in orderto identify services that have been performed, but for which we have not yet been invoiced. In most cases, our vendors provide us with monthly invoices inarrears for services performed. We confirm our estimates with these vendors and make adjustments as needed. The following are examples of our accruedexpenses: •fees paid to CROs for services performed on preclinical studies and clinical trials; and •fees paid for professional services.Recognition of Contracted Manufacturing ExpensesAs part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we may be required to estimate accrued or prepaid expenses related to ourcontracted manufacturing expenses. In order to obtain reasonable estimates, we review open contracts and master service agreements. In addition, we consultwith applicable personnel in order to identify services that have been performed and which have not yet been invoiced, and services not yet performed forwhich we have been invoiced in advance.Share-Based PaymentsWe award share options to certain of our employees, directors and consultants as part of their compensation. All of these compensation arrangementsare settled in equity at a predetermined price and generally vest over a period of three to four years. All share options have a term of 10 years beforeexpiration. We measure share-based awards at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and we recognize it as a compensation expense over thevesting period with a corresponding increase in reserves. We determine the fair value of our share options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.In future periods, we expect our share-based payment expense to increase due in part to our existing unrecognized share-based payment expenses andthe grant of additional share-based awards to continue to attract, incentivize and retain our employees, directors and consultants.Valuation of Share Options. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including assumptions about theexpected life of share-based awards and share price volatility. In addition, as a privately held company prior to completing our IPO, one of the mostsubjective inputs into the Black-Scholes option pricing model was the estimated fair value of our ordinary shares.As a privately held company prior to completing our IPO, our share price does not have sufficient historical volatility for us to adequately assess thefair value of the share option grants. As a result, our management considered the historical volatility of other comparable publicly traded companies and,based on this analysis, concluded that a volatility range of 60.06% to 68.14% in 2018 (2017: 66.56% to 67.11%, 2016: 60.92% to 69.05%) was appropriatefor the valuation of our share options. We intend to continue to consistently apply this methodology using the same comparable companies until a sufficientamount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own share price as a public company becomes available.92 The expected life of the option, beginning with the option grant date, was used in valuing our share options. The expected life used in the calculationof share-based payment expense is the time from the grant date to the expected exercise date. The life of the options depends on the option expiration date,volatility of the underlying shares and vesting features.IFRS 2, Share-based Payments, requires the use of the risk-free interest rate of the country in which the entity’s share option exercise price isexpressed, with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the option. In 2017 a third-party valuation firm applied the appropriate risk-free rate using theBank of England’s estimates of gilt zero-coupon yield curve as at the respective share option grant dates.Valuation of Ordinary Shares. Prior to completing our IPO, there were significant judgments and estimates inherent in the determination of the fairvalue of our ordinary shares. These judgments and estimates included assumptions regarding our future operating performance, the likelihood and time tocomplete an IPO or other liquidity event, the related company valuations associated with such events, and the determinations of the appropriate valuationmethods. If we had made different assumptions, our share-based payment expense, loss for the year and total comprehensive loss, on both an absolute and per-share basis, could have been significantly different.In conducting our valuations, we considered all objective and subjective factors that we believed to be relevant for each valuation conducted,including our best estimate of our business condition, prospects, and operating performance at each valuation date. Within the valuations performed, a rangeof factors, assumptions, and methodologies were used. The significant factors considered included: •the lack of an active public market for our ordinary shares, as well as our series A and series B convertible participating preferred shares; •the prices of our series A and series B convertible participating preferred shares that we had sold to outside investors in arm’s lengthtransactions, and the rights, preferences and privileges of the series A and series B convertible participating preferred shares relative to ourordinary shares; •the data generated from our research and development programs and financial condition; •the material risks related to our business and industry; •our business strategy; •the market performance of publicly traded companies in the life sciences and biotechnology sectors; and •the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event for the holders of our ordinary shares, such as an IPO, given prevailing market conditions.During 2016, we issued share options on June 30, August 22, October 28 and December 12. These share options were awarded based on theunderlying share price of £4.00 per ordinary share. We made contemporaneous estimates of the valuation of the share price, which for share options issued in2016 was retrospectively revalued upon contemplation of the IPO. After considering the market approach, the income approach and the asset-based approach,we utilized the market approach to determine the estimated fair value of our ordinary shares based on its determination that this approach was mostappropriate for a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company at this point in its development. Consideration was given to the American Institute of CertifiedPublic Accountants’ Practice Aid: “Valuation of Privately-Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation,” or the Practice Aid, in addition toinput from management, the likelihood of completing an IPO and recent transactions with investors. A public trading market for our ordinary shares (in theform of ADSs) has now been established in connection with the completion of our IPO, and it will therefore no longer be necessary to estimate the fair valueof our ordinary shares in connection with our accounting for share-based payment expenses, as the fair value of our ordinary shares will be determinable byreference to the trading price of our ADSs on Nasdaq. The retrospective valuation dates for June 30, 2016, August 22, 2016, October 28, 2016 andDecember 12, 2016 resulted in valuations of our ordinary shares of £6.97, £8.61, £8.76 and £9.19 per share, respectively, as of those dates.Our ordinary share valuations were prepared using the guideline public company, or GPC, method under the market approach. In the application ofthe GPC method, we considered the pricing of IPOs completed by clinical-stage oncology companies between April 2015 and May 2016. We convertedprospective IPO value to present value by applying a discount rate of 25%. The discount rate was derived from studies of rates of return required by ventureinvestors in IPO-stage companies. In addition to the IPO GPCs, we considered the enterprise values indicated by a group of eight trading GPCs. The tradingprices of these clinical-stage GPCs provided contemporaneous indications of value as of each appraisal date. We applied a discount for lack of marketabilityto the ordinary shares to account for the lack of access to an active public market. We estimated the discount for lack of marketability using an Asian putmodel.93 During 2017, we issued share options on May 16, September 13, September 14, September 15 and September 27. We made contemporaneousestimates of the valuation of the share price using the same methodology described above for those options issued between May and September 15 andupdated for pricing of initial public offerings completed by clinical stage oncology companies between April 2015 and June 2017.During 2018, we issued share options on April 11, May 8, and August 14. The fair value of these share options has been calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.The following table summarizes by grant date the number of ordinary shares subject to options granted between January 1, 2016 and December 31,2018, the per share purchase or exercise prices, the fair value of the ordinary shares on the dates of grant, the re-assessed fair value of the ordinary shares onthe dates of grant, if applicable, and the estimated fair value per option utilized to calculate share-based payment expense. Grant date Number ofoptions granted Exercise price pershare Fair value ofordinary share atgrant date Re-assessedfair value ofordinary shareat grant date Estimated fairvalue peroption June 30, 2016 270,690 £4.00 £4.00 £6.97 £4.02 Aug 22, 2016 12,500 £2.80 £4.00 £8.61 £6.15 Aug 22, 2016 37,500 £3.00 £4.00 £8.61 £6.01 Aug 22, 2016 25,000 £3.40 £4.00 £8.61 £5.74 Aug 22, 2016 11,250 £3.60 £4.00 £8.61 £5.62 Aug 22, 2016 5,000 £3.60 £4.00 £8.61 £5.62 Aug 22, 2016 37,500 £3.60 £4.00 £8.61 £5.62 Oct 28, 2016 12,500 £3.40 £4.00 £8.76 £5.85 Oct 28, 2016 50,000 £4.00 £4.00 £8.76 £5.46 Dec 12, 2016 45,750 £4.00 £4.00 £9.19 £5.22 May 16, 2017 23,250 £4.00 £11.08 n/a £7.70 Sep 13, 2017 14,690 £5.40 £10.43 n/a £6.15 Sep 14, 2017 25,000 £5.40 £10.34 n/a £6.08 Sep 14, 2017 110,310 £5.40 £10.34 n/a £6.08 Sep 14, 2017 12,500 £5.40 £10.34 n/a £6.08 Sep 14, 2017 25,000 £10.80 £10.34 n/a £3.90 Sep 15, 2017 45,750 £4.00 £10.15 n/a £6.76 Sep 15, 2017 1,028,533 £0.04 £10.15 n/a £10.11 Sep 27, 2017 37,500 £11.19 £11.19 n/a £4.36 Sep 27, 2017 178,282 £11.19 £11.19 n/a £4.36 Apr 11, 2018 10,000 £17.51 £17.51 n/a £8.97 Apr 11, 2018 10,000 £17.51 £17.51 n/a £8.97 Apr 11, 2018 37,500 £17.51 £17.51 n/a £8.97 Apr 11, 2018 10,000 £17.51 £17.51 n/a £8.97 Apr 11, 2018 4,000 £17.51 £17.51 n/a £8.97 Apr 11, 2018 7,500 £0.16 £17.51 n/a £17.35 May 8, 2018 10,000 £16.57 £16.57 n/a £8.63 May 8, 2018 10,000 £16.57 £16.57 n/a £8.63 May 8, 2018 21,000 £16.57 £16.57 n/a £8.63 May 8, 2018 21,000 £16.57 £16.57 n/a £8.63 Aug 14, 2018 40,000 £18.05 £18.05 n/a £9.65 Aug 14, 2018 37,500 £18.05 £18.05 n/a £9.65 Aug 14, 2018 15,000 £18.05 £18.05 n/a £9.65 Aug 14, 2018 10,000 £18.05 £18.05 n/a £9.65 Aug 14, 2018 10,000 £18.05 £18.05 n/a £9.65Deferred Tax and Current Tax CreditsTax on the profit or loss for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in the statement of operations, except to the extent that itrelates to items recognized directly in equity, in which case it is recognized in equity.94 Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income or loss for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date,and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Tax credits are accrued for the year based on calculations that conform to the U.K. researchand development tax credit regime applicable to small and medium-sized companies. We may not be able to continue to claim research and development taxcredits in the future under the current research and development tax credit scheme because we may no longer qualify under the thresholds for a small ormedium-sized company. However, we may be able to file under a large company scheme. Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between thecarrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. The amount of deferred tax is based onthe expected manner of realization or settlement of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at thebalance sheet date. A deferred tax asset is recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the assetcan be utilized. No deferred tax assets are recognized on our losses carried forward because there is currently no indication that we will make sufficient profitsto utilize these tax losses.Recent Accounting PronouncementsThe International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB, and International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee, or IFRIC, have issued thefollowing standards and interpretations, which are considered relevant to us, with an effective date after December 31, 2018. Effective DateIFRS 16: Leases January 1, 2019Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2015-2017 Cycle January 1, 2019IFRIC Interpretation 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments January 1, 2019 See Note 2 “Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012In April 2012, the U.S. Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, was enacted. Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act provides that an“emerging growth company,” or EGC, can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, anEGC can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. Given that we currently reportand expect to continue to report under IFRS as issued by the IASB, we have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period, and,as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other publiccompanies.We intend to rely on other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements under the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions, as an EGC, we may relyon certain of these exemptions, including exemptions from (1) providing an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financialreporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and (2) complying with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public CompanyAccounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about theaudit and the financial statements, known as the auditor discussion and analysis. We will remain an EGC until the earliest of (a) the last day of our fiscal yearduring which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion; (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completionof our IPO; (c) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (d) the date onwhich we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which would occur if the market value of ourequity securities that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once wecease to be an EGC, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act.We have taken advantage of reduced reporting requirements in this Annual Report. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be differentthan the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold equity securities.95 B. Liquidity and Capital ResourcesOverviewSince our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses and negative operating cash flows. We anticipate that we will continue to incurlosses for at least the next several years. We expect that our research and development and administrative expenses will increase in connection withconducting clinical trials and seeking marketing approval for our product candidates, as well as costs associated with operating as a public company. As aresult, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may obtain from additional equity financings, debt financings, research funding,collaborations, contract and grant revenue or other sources.Cash FlowsThe following table summarizes the results of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018. Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 (in thousands) Net cash used in operating activities £(12,224) £(8,708)Net cash used in investing activities (651) (933)Net cash from financing activities 207 77,747 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents £(12,668) £68,106 Operating activities. The increase in net cash used in operating activities to £12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from £8.7 million forthe year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to higher spending on research and development activities, including clinical trials, and expensesassociated with operating as a public company, partially offset by higher research and development tax credit receipts in 2018 of £4.2 million compared to£0.3 million in 2017. Investing activities. Net cash used in investing activities was £0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared with £0.9 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017. In 2018 higher spending on intangible assets of £0.7 million was offset by lower spending on tangible assets and higherreceipts for bank interest of £0.8 million.Financing activities. The net cash from financing activities of £77.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 reflected net proceeds receivedfrom the IPO whereas in the year ended December 31, 2018 £0.2 million was generated from the issue of shares on the exercise of share options.The following table summarizes the results of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (in thousands) Net cash used in operating activities £(8,708) £(9,264)Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities £(933) 14,931 Net cash from financing activities 77,747 200 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 68,106 5,867 Operating activities. The decrease in net cash used in operating activities to £8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from £9.3 million forthe year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily due to advance payments made in 2016. This was partially offset by higher spending on clinical trialactivity, one-time IPO related expenses and increased staff costs. We also had lower research and development tax credit receivable due to the timing ofreceipt of the claim.Investing activities. Net cash used in investing activities was £0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Net cash provided by investingactivities was £14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This change was primarily due to proceeds from maturing short-term deposits of £15.1million, received in the year ended December 31, 2016. The year ended December 31, 2017 also included higher acquisition payments in respect of tangibleand intangible assets.Financing activities. The increase in net cash from financing activities to £77.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from £0.2 million forthe year ended December 31, 2016 was due to net proceeds received from the IPO.96 Operating and Capital Expenditure RequirementsWe have not achieved profitability on an annual basis since our inception, and we expect to incur net losses in the future. We expect that ouroperating expenses will increase as we continue to invest in our research and development programs, exploit our ProTide pipeline and build out ourorganization with additional employees.Additionally, as a public company, we incur significant audit, legal and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We believe thatour existing capital resources will be sufficient to fund our operations, including currently anticipated research and development activities and plannedcapital spending, at least into 2021.Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to: •the scope, rate of progress and cost of our clinical trials, preclinical programs and other related activities; •the extent of success in our early preclinical and clinical stage research programs, which will determine the amount of funding required tofurther the development of our product candidates; •the progress that we make in developing new product candidates based on our proprietary ProTide technology; •the cost of manufacturing clinical supplies and establishing commercial supplies of our product candidates and any products that we maydevelop; •the costs involved in filing and prosecuting patent applications and enforcing and defending potential patent claims; •the outcome, timing and cost of regulatory approvals of our ProTide product candidates; •the cost and timing of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities; and •the costs of hiring additional skilled employees to support our continued growth and the related costs of leasing additional office space.C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.Full details of our research and development activities and expenditures are given in “Item 4. Information on the Company–B. Business” and “Item5A. Operating Results” within this Annual Report.D. Trend InformationSee “Item 5A. Operating Results” within this Annual Report.E. Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe do not have variable interests in variable interest entities or any off-balance sheet arrangements.F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual ObligationsThe following table summarizes our contractual lease commitments and obligations as of December 31, 2018. Payments Due by Period Total Less than1 year 1 - 3years 3 - 5years More than5 years (in thousands) Operating lease obligations £433 £197 £209 £27 — Total £433 £197 £209 £27 — Operating lease obligations relate to rental of office space.We have agreed to make milestone payments and pay royalties and annual maintenance fees to third parties under various licensing and relatedagreements and we have agreed to make payments to CROs and manufacturers under various CRO and manufacturing agreements. We have not included anysuch contingent payment obligations in the table above as the amount, timing and likelihood of such payments are not fixed or determinable.97 G.Safe HarborSee the section titled “Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Annual Report.98 Item 6.Directors, Senior Management and EmployeesA.Directors and Senior ManagementThe following table sets forth the names, ages and positions of our executive officers and directors: Name Age PositionExecutive Officers Hugh Griffith 50 Chief Executive Officer and DirectorChristopher Wood 73 Chairman and Chief Medical OfficerDonald Munoz 50 Chief Financial OfficerNon-Executive Directors Isaac Cheng 43 Non-Executive DirectorJames Healy 54 Non-Executive DirectorMartin Mellish 61 Non-Executive DirectorRafaèle Tordjman 49 Non-Executive DirectorAdam George 49 Non-Executive DirectorCyrille Leperlier 65 Non-Executive DirectorExecutive OfficersHugh Griffith is our co-founder and has served as our Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our board of directors since our operations began inMarch 2008. In addition, he currently serves as a non-executive director of Thirty Holdings Limited and its wholly owned subsidiary, EdixoMed Limited,and MedAnnex Limited, biotech companies which he co-founded in 2009. He also serves as director of Alida Capital International, a biotech business angelsyndicate that he formed in 2009. Prior to founding NuCana, Mr. Griffith was Chief Operating Officer of Bioenvision, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company,from July 2004 until December 2007, when it was acquired by Genzyme Corporation (now Sanofi). He previously served as Commercial Director ofBioenvision, Inc. from September 2002 to June 2004. Before that, Mr. Griffith held several senior commercial positions at Quantanova Limited, abiopharmaceutical company, from January 2002 to July 2002, Abbott Laboratories (now AbbVie Inc.) from October 1995 to December 2001 and Warner-Lambert Company (now Pfizer Inc.) from April 1992 to October 1995. He currently serves on the advisory board of the Scottish Lifesciences Association.Mr. Griffith received an M.B.A. from Cardiff Business School and a B.Sc. Honours in Biology from the University of Stirling. We believe that Mr. Griffithpossesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our board of directors, including the perspective and experience he brings as our ChiefExecutive Officer, which provides historic knowledge of our company, operational expertise and continuity to our board of directors, and his significantexperience in the biopharmaceutical industry in positions including chief executive officer, chief operating officer and executive director.Christopher Wood is our co-founder and has served as a member of our board of directors since our founding, as our Chairman since 2008 and as ourChief Medical Officer since July 2017. Dr. Wood also currently serves as chairman of several biopharmaceutical or biotechnology companies including:Thirty Holdings Limited and its wholly owned subsidiary, Edixomed Limited, MedAnnex Limited and OncoBioPharm Limited. In addition, he is a directorof MiNA Therapeutics Limited, a biotechnology company. Prior to joining our board of directors, Dr. Wood was a co-founder of Bioenvision, Inc., abiopharmaceutical company, and served as its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer from 2000 until 2007, when it was acquired by Genzyme Corporation(now Sanofi). From 1995 through 1999, Dr. Wood was chairman of the board and Chief Executive of Eurobiotech, Inc. From 1989 through 1990, Dr. Woodwas co-founder and director of Genethics Ltd until it was acquired by Proteus International plc. Dr. Wood co-founded and served as chairman from 1986 to1992 of Medirace Ltd., a biotechnology company, which later became Medeva PLC and was acquired by Celltech Group PLC (now UCB). From 1979 to1991, Dr. Wood was a surgical oncologist at The Royal Postgraduate Medical School and a consultant surgeon at Hammersmith Hospital, both in London,England. Dr. Wood is an honorary Professor at Imperial College London, a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and a Fellow of theLearned Society of Wales. Dr. Wood received an M.D. from the University of Wales School of Medicine. We believe that Dr. Wood possesses specificattributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our board of directors, including his extensive experience in the biotechnology sector and his havingfounded and managed four companies, including our company.Donald Munoz has served as our Chief Financial Officer since October 2015. Prior to joining NuCana, Mr. Munoz served as Group Chief FinancialOfficer of NOXXON Pharma AG (now NOXXON Pharma N.V.), a biopharmaceutical company, from September 2014 to September 2015. Before that, he wasHead of Investment Banking at Summer Street Research Partners, an investment banking and institutional securities firm focused exclusively on healthcare,from August 2012 to September 2014. Mr. Munoz previously served as a Managing Director leading the medical technology investment banking franchisesat Cowen and Company, LLC from 2009 to 2011 and Leerink Partners LLC from 2005 to 2009. Prior to that, he spent approximately ten years in thehealthcare investment banking group at Alex. Brown & Sons and its successor,99 Deutsche Bank Securities. Mr. Munoz received an M.B.A. in Finance and Accounting from Columbia Business School and a B.A. from Dartmouth College.Non-Executive DirectorsRafaèle Tordjman has served as a member of our board of directors since November 2011. Dr. Tordjman currently serves as Chief Executive Officerand Executive Investor of Jeito Capital, which she joined in May 2018. From February 2017 to August 2017, Dr. Tordjman was a Special Advisor atSofinnova Partners, an independent venture capital firm based in Paris, where she specialized in life sciences investments. She joined Sofinnova Partners in2001 and served as a Managing Partner from January 2011 to February 2017. Dr. Tordjman currently serves as a director of ObsEva SA, a Nasdaq-listedbiopharmaceutical company, and has previously served as a director of several biopharmaceutical or biotechnology companies, including: Lysogene,Ascendis Pharma A/S, DBV Technologies S.A., Medtronic CoreValve LLC and Flexion Therapeutics, Inc. Previously, Dr. Tordjman was a research scientist atthe Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) in Cochin Hospital, Paris, France. Before joining INSERM, Dr. Tordjman was amedical doctor specializing in clinical hematology and internal medicine. Dr. Tordjman received a Ph.D. with high honors in hematopoiesis andangiogenesis, and a post-doctoral fellowship in immunology, from the University Paris VII. Dr. Tordjman received an M.D. and fellowship in hematology andinternal medicine from the Paris University Hospitals. We believe that Dr. Tordjman possesses specific attributes that qualify her to serve as a member of ourboard of directors, including her medical background, clinical and research experience, and industry knowledge.James Healy has served as a member of our board of directors since March 2014. Dr. Healy has also been a General Partner of Sofinnova Venturessince 2000, and currently serves as a director of Ascendis Pharma A/S, Coherus BioSciences, Inc., Iterum Therapeutics PLC,, Natera, Inc., ObsEva SA, Y-mAbsTherapeutics, Inc. and several private companies. Dr. Healy has previously served as a board member of Amarin Corporation, Auris Medical Holding AG,Edge Therapeutics, Inc., Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc., InterMune, Inc., Anthera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durata Therapeutics, Inc., CoTherix, Inc., Movetis NVand several private companies. Dr. Healy holds an M.D. and a Ph.D. in Immunology from Stanford University School of Medicine and a B.A. in MolecularBiology and Scandinavian Studies from the University of California, Berkeley. We believe that Dr. Healy possesses specific attributes that qualify him toserve as a member of our board of directors, including extensive experience in biomedical research, development and finance.Isaac Cheng has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2017. Dr. Cheng is currently an investment advisor at MorningsideTechnology Advisory LLC, a venture capital firm, which he joined in 2006, and is also a director of Cognoa, Inc., a digital health company, and severalbiopharmaceutical or biotechnology companies, including: MA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Incarda Therapeutics, Inc., Atea Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ArtugenTherapeutics Limited, Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and K-Gen Limited. Previously, he was a board member of Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc., abiotechnology company, and a board observer of both Chimerix, Inc., a biotechnology company, and Argos Therapeutics, Inc., a biotechnology company.From 2004 to 2005, Dr. Cheng was Director of Research and Development at Serica Technologies, Inc., a Morningside portfolio company. Prior to that,Dr. Cheng was an Associate Director at Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation in Clinical Development and Medical Affairs. Dr. Cheng received his M.D.from Tufts University School of Medicine. We believe that Dr. Cheng possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our board ofdirectors, including his medical background, clinical and research experience and industry knowledge.Martin Mellish has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2009. Since 1994, Mr. Mellish has served as the Executive Directorof Aspen Advisory Services Ltd., a London-based office responsible for the administration of investments in North America, Europe and Asia. Mr. Mellishserves as a non-executive director of Kensington Green (Management) Limited, a real estate management company, Levitronix Technologies LLC, atechnology company, Alturki Holding, an industrial investment and development holding company, Saudi Readymix Construction Company (SRMCC), abuilding materials company, MicroVax LLC, a biotechnology company, Livercyte Limited, a biotechnology company, and Omnicyte Limited, abiotechnology company. He serves as Chairman of the Audit Committees of Levitronix Technologies, Alturki Holding, SRMCC and of i2 Egypt, a consumercommunications company. From 1992 to 1994, Mr. Mellish pursued studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1984 to 1992, he wasController and subsequently Chief Financial Officer of Alturki Holding. Prior to that, Mr. Mellish trained at Price Waterhouse Coopers. He was awarded anSM (Management) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.Sc. (Accounting) from Northeastern University. We believe that Mr. Mellishpossesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our board of directors, including his significant experience in accounting and finance.Adam George has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2018. He has been the UK Managing Director of GW Pharmaceuticalssince March 2017 and also serves as GW Pharmaceuticals’ Company Secretary. GW Pharmaceuticals is a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company focusedon discovering, developing and commercializing novel therapeutics from its proprietary cannabinoid product platform in a broad range of disease areas.Previously, Mr. George was GW Pharmaceutical's Chief Financial Officer from 2012 until March 2017 and Financial Controller from 2007 to 2012. Beforejoining GW Pharmaceuticals, Mr. George held several senior finance roles within both public and private companies. Mr. George holds a BSc. in Biologyfrom Bristol University and is a Chartered Accountant. He also serves as100 Chairman of NuCana's Audit Committee. We believe that Mr. George possesses the specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our board ofdirectors, including significant management experience in the biopharmaceutical industry at both public and private companies.Cyrille Leperlier has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2018. He brings to NuCana over 30 years of experience in thepharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. Most recently, Dr. Leperlier served as Senior Scientific Advisor for Sanofi's Corporate Business Developmentand M&A Group, where, among other transactions, he was deeply involved in Sanofi's acquisition of Genzyme. Prior to this role, Dr. Leperlier served asMedical Director in Japan for Sanofi.Before joining Sanofi, Dr. Leperlier was Medical Director and Global Head of Clinical Development at Rhone PoulencRorer and previously worked for Takeda in a variety of operational and medical affairs roles. Dr. Leperlier received an M.D. from the University of Paris,Saint-Antoine School of Medicine and a Master in Human Biology (major in physiology) from the Medical University of Paris.He is a recognised expert inoncology drug development, strategic portfolio prioritisation, and business development, with extensive leadership experience at a number of globalbiotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. We believe that Dr. Leperlier possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our boardof directors, including his experience in global drug development and marketing.B.CompensationThe following discussion provides the amount of compensation paid, and benefits in kind granted, by us and our subsidiaries to our directors andmembers of management for services in all capacities to us and our subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2018, as well as the amount contributed byus or our subsidiaries into money purchase plans for the year ended December 31, 2018 to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits to, our directors andmembers of the executive management board.Directors’ and Executive Officers’ CompensationDirectors CompensationFor the year ended December 31, 2018, the table below sets forth the compensation paid to our directors, and, in the case of Messrs. Griffith andWood, reflects the compensation paid for their services as our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Medical Officer, respectively. Year Ended December 31, 2018 Directors Compensation (1) Name Salary/Fees AnnualBonus BenefitExcludingPension (2) PensionBenefit (3) Total £ £ £ £ £ Hugh S. Griffith Executive Director Chief Executive Officer 467,217 271,920 2,032 45,142 786,311 Christopher Wood Executive Director Chairman and Chief Medical Officer 155,127 60,189 3,719 — 219,035 Isaac Cheng Non-Executive Director 30,048 — — — 30,048 James Healy Non-Executive Director 30,048 — — — 30,048 Martin Mellish Non-Executive Director 30,048 — — — 30,048 Rafaèle Tordjman Non-Executive Director 41,316 — — — 41,316 Adam George Non-Executive Director (4) 33,804 — — — 33,804 Cyrille Leperlier Non-Executive Director (5) 20,032 — — — 20,032(1)For the year ended December 31, 2018, the majority of compensation was set and paid in pounds sterling (£).101 (2)The amount for benefits represents our contribution to medical insurance.(3)The amount for pension benefit represents our contribution into a money purchase plan.(4)Adam George was appointed on April 4, 2018.(5)Cyrille Leperlier was appointed on May 1, 2018.Executive Officers CompensationThe compensation for each our executive directors and executive officers is comprised of the following elements: base salary, annual bonus, personalbenefits, pension or 401(k) plan and long-term equity-based incentives. The total amount of compensation paid and benefits in kind granted to our executiveofficers, whether or not a director, for the year ended December 31, 2018 was £1.6 million.Bonus PlansThe summary set forth below describes the bonus plan pursuant to which compensation was paid to our executive officers and directors for the yearended December 31, 2018.Our executive officers and directors are eligible for an annual bonus at the discretion of the Remuneration Committee. Bonus awards are reviewed atthe end of each calendar year and any such awards are determined by the performance of the individual and the company as a whole based upon theachievement of strategic objectives set at the beginning of the year.Outstanding Equity Awards, Grants and Option ExercisesDuring the year ended December 31, 2018, options to purchase 42,000 ordinary shares were awarded to non-executive directors. Type of Nominal Exercise First date of Name Plan(1) Granted value price exercise (2) Date of expiryNon-Executive Directors Adam George 2016 Share OptionScheme 21,000 £0.04 £16.57 May 8, 2019May 8, 2028Cyrille Leperlier 2016 Share OptionScheme 21,000 £0.04 £16.57 May 8, 2019May 8, 2028(1)Further details of the 2016 Share Option Scheme are given on pages 106-107.(2)Options granted will vest if the option holder remains under their respective employment contract/contract of services for the agreed vesting period.The share options granted under these plans will vest equally over a period of four years.As of December 31, 2018, our executive officers and directors held options to purchase 3,673,502 ordinary shares. Our executive officers and directorsexercised options to purchase 220,000 ordinary shares during the year ended December 31, 2018.We periodically grant share options to employees, directors and consultants to enable them to share in our successes and to reinforce a corporateculture that aligns their interests with that of our shareholders. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we granted options to purchase 42,000 ordinaryshares to our executive officers and directors. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we granted options to purchase 211,500 ordinary shares to10 employees and consultants who are not directors or executive officers.Pension, Retirement and Similar BenefitsFor the year ended December 31, 2018, we and our subsidiaries contributed a total of £49,388 into money purchase plans to provide pension,retirement or similar benefits to our executive officers and directors.102 Insurance and IndemnificationTo the extent permitted by the Companies Act 2006, we are permitted to indemnify our directors against any liability they incur by reason of theirdirectorship. We maintain directors’ and officers’ insurance to insure such persons against certain liabilities and expect to enter into a deed of indemnity witheach of our directors and executive officers.Insofar as indemnification of liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, executive officers or persons controlling uspursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed inthe Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.Equity Compensation PlansWe have granted options to purchase our shares under three share option schemes, which are summarized in this section.2009 Share Option SchemeOn August 1, 2009, we adopted a share option scheme, or the 2009 Share Option Scheme, for the purpose of enabling the grant of share options toincentivize our employees, consultants and directors and those employees, consultants and directors of our subsidiary companies. The 2009 Share OptionScheme was subsequently amended and approved by our board of directors and by our shareholders on November 15, 2011, November 17, 2011, September14, 2017 and October 2, 2017, respectively.The 2009 Share Option Scheme permits grants of (i) enterprise management incentive options which are potentially tax-advantaged in the UnitedKingdom under the terms of Schedule 5 to the United Kingdom Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (subject to the relevant conditions being metby the company and the grantee) and (ii) “unapproved” options (which do not attract tax advantages as they have not been “approved” by the U.K. taxauthority, HMRC).As of December 31, 2018, we had granted options to purchase 1,032,500 ordinary shares to directors, employees and consultants under the 2009Share Option Scheme. 7,500 of these options lapsed in 2017 and 356,250 were exercised in 2018. The remainder of these options have vested and areexercisable.Class of Share. An option granted under the 2009 Share Option Scheme entitles the option holder, subject to the satisfaction, waiver or accelerationof specific exercise conditions, to subscribe for ordinary shares.Exercise Conditions. Options granted under our 2009 Share Option Scheme may be granted subject to vesting schedules, performance targets or otherconditions which must be satisfied or waived before exercise. Exercise conditions may be removed or varied by our board of directors, provided that anyvariation shall be (in the reasonable opinion of our board of directors) no more difficult to satisfy than the original exercise condition.Each option grant is documented through an option agreement. Most of the option agreements entered into under the 2009 Share Option Schemeprovide that all unexercised options are exercisable upon one or more of the following events: (i) the admission of part of or the entirety of issued sharecapital (or of any holding company) to listing on the Official List of the U.K. Listing Authority and to trading on the market for listed securities of LondonStock Exchange plc, or to trading on AIM, a market of the London Stock Exchange, or to trading on any recognized investment exchange (as that term wasdefined in Section 841 of Income and Corporate Taxes Act 1988, or ICTA, and as now contained in Section 1137 of the Corporation Tax Act 2010, or CTA);(ii) a change of control; or (iii) a sale of the company.Takeovers and Corporate Events. If (a) any person or group of persons acting in concert obtains control (as defined in section 840 of ICTA and asnow contained in section 995 Income Tax Act, or ITA) of the company, as a result of making either (i) an offer to acquire shares amounting to more than 50%of the issued share capital of the company on a condition such that if it is satisfied the person or group of persons will have control of the company, or (ii) ageneral offer to acquire all of the issued share capital of the company (or all of the ordinary shares of the company in issue); or (b) any person becomesentitled or bound to acquire shares in the company under sections 428 to 430F of the Companies Act 1985 (since repealed and replaced by sections 974 to991 of the Companies Act 2006); or (c) under section 425 of the Companies Act 1985 (since repealed and replaced by sections 895 to 901 of the CompaniesAct 2006) the courts of England and Wales sanction a compromise or arrangement proposed for the purpose of or in connection with a scheme for thereconstruction of the company or its amalgamation with any other company or companies, and, in each case an option holder’s option agreement expressly soprovides, an option holder may at any time exercise his or her options or any part thereof which has not lapsed within a specified period. To the extent theyare not exercised, such options will lapse at the end of the specified period for exercise.103 Lapse of Options. If not otherwise lapsed in accordance with the provisions of the 2009 Share Option Scheme, an option granted under the 2009Share Option Scheme shall lapse at 5p.m. on the day before the 10th anniversary of the grant of the option.If an option holder dies, his or her personal representatives may exercise his or her options within a period ending on the earlier of (i) the expiry of 12months after the date of death, and (ii) 5 p.m. on the day before the 10th anniversary of the grant of the option, only to the extent that any exercise conditionshave been met at the time of death. Failing such exercise the deceased option holder’s options shall lapse.Adjustment of Awards. In the event that there is any variation in our share capital that affects the value of the options, our board of directors willmake such adjustments to the number and exercise price of shares subject to each option or the option price as our board of directors considers appropriate inaccordance with the rules of the 2009 Share Option Scheme.Transferability. No options under the 2009 Share Option Scheme may be transferred, assigned or have any charge created over them and will lapseimmediately upon an attempt to do so.Amendment. Our board of directors may amend the 2009 Share Option Scheme, provided that any amendment shall not, without the consent of anoption holder, materially increase his or her liabilities or materially decrease the value of his or her subsisting rights under an outstanding option.Any amendment to the scheme shall take effect without the requirement for the prior approval of our shareholders, except as otherwise required byapplicable laws or the rules of any securities exchange on which our securities are listed.2012 Share Option SchemeOn July 3, 2012, we adopted a share option scheme, or the 2012 Share Option Scheme, for the purpose of enabling the grant of share options toincentivize our employees and directors and those employees and directors of our subsidiary companies. The 2012 Share Option Scheme was subsequentlyamended and approved by our board of directors and by our shareholders on September 14, 2017 and October 2, 2017.The 2012 Share Option Scheme permits grants of (i) enterprise management incentive options, which are potentially tax advantaged in the UnitedKingdom, and (ii) “unapproved” options, which do not attract tax advantages as they have not been “approved” by HMRC.As of December 31, 2018, we had granted options to purchase 1,908,935 ordinary shares to directors and employees under the 2012 Share OptionScheme. Of these, options to purchase 105,188 shares have been cancelled and options to purchase 37,500 shares were exercised in 2016. A further 42,500options were exercised in 2018. The remaining options to purchase 1,723,747 shares have vested and are exercisable.Class of Share. An option granted under the 2012 Share Option Scheme entitles the option holder, subject to the satisfaction, waiver or accelerationof specific exercise conditions, to subscribe for ordinary shares.Exercise Conditions. Options granted under our 2012 Share Option Scheme may be granted subject to vesting schedules, performance targets or otherconditions which must be satisfied or waived before exercise. Exercise conditions may be removed or varied by our board of directors, provided that anyvariation shall be (in the reasonable opinion of our board of directors) no more difficult to satisfy than the original exercise condition. Each option grant isdocumented through an option agreement.Leaver Provisions. Absent summary dismissal with just cause, options will be retained by an option holder once they have ceased to be an employeeor director of the company or a subsidiary. Where an option holder has been summarily dismissed for cause, such option holder’s unexercised options shallimmediately cease to be exercisable and shall lapse after 90 days unless our board of directors determines within such 90 day period that the option holdermay exercise all or part of his options within a specified period.Lapse of Options. If not otherwise lapsed in accordance with the provisions of the 2012 Share Option Scheme, an option granted under the 2012Share Option Scheme shall lapse at 5 p.m. on the day before the 10th anniversary of the grant of the option.104 If an option holder dies, his personal representatives may exercise his options within a period ending on the earlier of (i) the expiry of 12 months afterthe date of death, and (ii) 5 p.m. on the day before the 10th anniversary of the grant of the option, only to the extent that any exercise conditions have beenmet at the time of death. Failing such exercise the deceased option holder’s options shall lapse.Takeovers and Corporate Events. If (a) any person or group of persons acting in concert obtains control (as defined in section 840 of ICTA and asnow contained in section 995 of ITA) of the company, as a result of making either (i) an offer to acquire shares amounting to more than 50% of the issuedshare capital of the company on a condition such that if it is satisfied the person or group of persons will have control of the company, or (ii) a general offer toacquire all of the issued share capital of the company (or all of the ordinary shares of the company in issue); or (b) any person becomes entitled or bound toacquire shares in the company under sections 428 to 430F of the Companies Act 1985 (since repealed and replaced by sections 974 to 991 of the CompaniesAct 2006); or (c) under section 425 of the Companies Act 1985 (since repealed and replaced by sections 895 to 901 of the Companies Act 2006) the courts ofEngland and Wales sanction a compromise or arrangement proposed for the purpose of or in connection with a scheme for the reconstruction of the companyor its amalgamation with any other company or companies, and, in each case an option holder’s option agreement expressly so provides, an option holdermay at any time exercise his or her options or any part thereof which has not lapsed within a specified period. To the extent they are not exercised, suchoptions will lapse at the end of the specified period for exercise.Adjustment of Awards. In the event that there is any variation in our share capital that affects the value of the options, our board of directors willmake such adjustments to the number and exercise price of shares subject to each option or the option price as our board of directors considers appropriate inaccordance with the rules of the 2012 Share Option Scheme.Transferability. No options under the 2012 Share Option Scheme may be transferred, assigned or have any charge created over them and will lapseimmediately upon an attempt to do so.Amendment. Our board of directors may amend the 2012 Share Option Scheme, provided that any amendment shall not, without the consent of anoption holder, materially increase his or her liabilities or materially decrease the value of his or her subsisting rights under an outstanding option.Any amendment to the scheme shall take effect without the requirement for the prior approval of our shareholders, except as otherwise required byapplicable laws or the rules of any securities exchange on which our securities are listed.2016 Share Option SchemeOn January 14, 2016 we adopted a share option scheme, or the 2016 Share Option Scheme, for the purpose of enabling the grant of share options toincentivize our employees and directors and those employees and directors of our subsidiary companies. The 2016 Share Option Scheme incorporates a sub-plan for option holders subject to taxation in the United States, or the 2016 U.S. Sub-Plan. The 2016 Share Option Scheme was subsequently amended andapproved by our board of directors and by our shareholders on September 14, 2017 and October 2, 2017.The 2016 Share Option Scheme permits grants of (i) enterprise management incentive options, (ii) “unapproved” options, and (iii) incentive stockoptions and non-qualified stock options under the 2016 U.S. Sub-Plan.As of December 31, 2018, we had granted options to purchase 2,249,505 ordinary shares to directors and employees under the 2016 Share OptionScheme. Of these, options to purchase 45,750 shares were exercised in 2016, 30,000 options to purchase shares were exercised in 2017, and 16,562 options topurchase shares were exercised in 2018. Of the remaining options granted under this scheme, 1,461,058 had vested at December 31, 2018, 143,438 had beenforfeited and the remaining 552,697 are unvested.Class of Share. An option granted under the 2016 Share Option Scheme entitles the option holder, subject to the satisfaction, waiver or accelerationof specific exercise conditions, to subscribe for ordinary shares.Exercise Conditions. Options granted under our 2016 Share Option Scheme may be granted subject to vesting schedules, performance targets or otherconditions which must be satisfied or waived before exercise. Exercise conditions may be removed or varied by our board of directors, provided that anyvariation shall be (in the reasonable opinion of our board of directors) no more difficult to satisfy than the original exercise condition.Each option grant is documented through an option agreement. Most of the option agreements entered into under the 2016 Share Option Schemeprovide that all unvested options shall immediately vest if, following one of the Takeover and Corporate Events listed below, the option holder (i) remains aneligible employee for the purpose of the plan; and (ii) has105 experienced a material reduction in base compensation that was payable as at the date of grant or has otherwise experienced a material change or reduction inauthority, duties, reporting or responsibilities.Leaver Provisions. If an option holder ceases to be an employee or director of the company or a subsidiary for a variety of specified reasons(including ill health, retirement, sale of a subsidiary company or part of the business to a third party, or if his employment/directorship ceases for any reasonapart from summary dismissal from fraud or gross misconduct) then the option holder may exercise his options during the 12 months after the date of suchcessation of employment/directorship only to the extent that any exercise conditions have been met at the time of such cessation ofemployment/directorship. Any part of an option in respect of which the relevant exercise conditions have not been met at the point at which the optionholder ceases his employment/directorship shall lapse.Lapse of Options. If not otherwise lapsed in accordance with the provisions of the 2016 Share Option Scheme, an option granted under the 2016Share Option Scheme shall lapse at 5 p.m. on the day before the 10th anniversary of the grant of the option.If an option holder dies, his personal representatives may exercise his options within a period ending on the earlier of (i) the expiry of 12 months afterthe date of death, and (ii) 5 p.m. on the day before the 10th anniversary of the grant of the option, only to the extent that any exercise conditions have beenmet at the time of death. Failing such exercise the deceased option holder’s options shall lapse.Takeovers and Corporate Events. If (a) any person or group of persons acting in concert obtains control (as defined in section 840 of ICTA and asnow contained in section 995 of ITA) of the company, as a result of making either (i) an offer to acquire shares amounting to more than 50% of the issuedshare capital of the company on a condition such that if it is satisfied the person or group of persons will have control of the company, or (ii) a general offer toacquire all of the issued share capital of the company (or all of the ordinary shares of the company in issue); or (b) any person becomes entitled or bound toacquire shares in the company under sections 974 to 991 of the Companies Act 2006; or (c) under sections 895 to 901 of the Companies Act 2006 the courtsof England and Wales sanction a compromise or arrangement proposed for the purpose of or in connection with a scheme for the reconstruction of thecompany or its amalgamation with any other company or companies, and, in each case an option holder’s option agreement expressly so provides, an optionholder may at any time exercise his or her options or any part thereof which has not lapsed within a specified period. To the extent they are not exercised,such options will lapse at the end of the specified period for exercise.Adjustment of Awards. In the event that there is any variation in our share capital that affects the value of the options, our board of directors willmake such adjustments to the number and exercise price of shares subject to each option or the option price as our board of directors considers appropriate inaccordance with the rules of the 2016 Share Option Scheme.Transferability. No options under the 2016 Share Option Scheme may be transferred, assigned or have any charge created over them and will lapseimmediately upon an attempt to do so.Amendment. Our board of directors may amend the 2016 Share Option Scheme, provided that any amendment shall not, without the consent of anoption holder, materially increase his or her liabilities or materially decrease the value of his or her subsisting rights under an outstanding option.Any amendment to the scheme shall take effect without the requirement for the prior approval of our shareholders, except as otherwise required byapplicable laws or the rules of any securities exchange on which our securities are listed.2016 U.S. Sub-PlanThe 2016 U.S. Sub-Plan applies to grantees that are subject to U.S. federal income tax. The 2016 U.S. Sub-Plan provides that options granted to theU.S. grantees will either be incentive stock options pursuant to Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code or nonqualified stock options. Options, other thancertain incentive stock options described below, must have an exercise price not less than 100% of the fair market value of an underlying share on the date ofgrant. Incentive stock options that are not exercised within 10 years from the grant date expire, provided that incentive stock options granted to a personholding more than 10% of our voting power will expire within five years from the date of the grant date and must have an exercise price at least equal to110% of the fair market value of an underlying share on the date of grant. The number of shares available under the 2016 Share Option Scheme for grants ofincentive stock options shall not exceed 5,008,284 ordinary shares, subject to any applicable adjustment pursuant to the 2016 Share Option Scheme due to avariation of capital. With respect to grantees that are subject to U.S. federal income tax, the 2016 Share Option Scheme, the 2016 U.S. Sub-Plan and alloptions issued thereunder are intended to comply with, or be exempt from, Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, and they are to be interpretedaccordingly. In the event that any option is subject to Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, our board of directors or our general counsel may, in theirsole discretion, amend the 2016 Share Option Scheme, the 2016 U.S. Sub-Plan and any option issued thereunder, adopt policies and procedures or take suchother actions106 as our board of directors or our general counsel deem appropriate, to exempt the 2016 Share Option Scheme, the 2016 U.S. Sub-Plan or any option fromSection 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, preserve the intended tax treatment of such option or comply with the requirements of Section 409A of theInternal Revenue Code.Employee Benefit TrustOn December 19, 2011, we established a discretionary employee benefit trust under the terms of a trust deed, or the Employee Benefit Trust, tooperate in conjunction with our share option schemes. The beneficiaries of the Employee Benefit Trust are our employees and former employees (includingexecutive directors) and their spouses, civil partners, surviving spouses and civil partners, children and step-children under the age of 18. The trustee of theEmployee Benefit Trust is NuCana BioMed Trustee Company Limited, or the Trustee, our wholly owned subsidiary. As of December 31, 2018, the Trusteeholds 500,000 of our ordinary shares in trust under the terms of the trust deed, which, pursuant to the terms of our three option schemes, and at the election ofthe Trustee, may be used to satisfy awards under our share option schemes. Under the terms of the trust deed, unless we direct otherwise, the Trustee mustabstain from voting at a general meeting any of our shares held in the trust fund for which the Trustee holds the whole of the beneficial interest.C.Board PracticesBoard Composition and Director IndependenceOur business affairs are managed under the direction of our board of directors, which is currently composed of eight members. Under the rules andregulations of Nasdaq a director will qualify as “independent” if our board of directors affirmatively determines that he or she has no material relationshipwith us (either directly or as a partner, stockholder or officer of an organization that has a relationship with us). Our board of directors has establishedguidelines to assist it in determining whether a director has such a material relationship. Ownership of a significant amount of our shares, by itself, does notconstitute a material relationship.Pursuant to Nasdaq rules, a director employed by us cannot be deemed to be an “independent director,” and consequently Hugh Griffith andChristopher Wood do not qualify as independent directors.Our board of directors has reviewed the materiality of any relationship that each of our directors has with us, either directly or indirectly. Based on thisreview, our board of directors has determined that the following directors are “independent directors” as defined by the applicable rules and regulations ofNasdaq: Rafaèle Tordjman, James Healy, Isaac Cheng , Martin Mellish, Adam George and Cyrille Leperlier.Terms of Directors and Executive OfficersOur executive officers are selected by and serve at the discretion of our board of directors. Our board of directors is divided into three classes, with themembers of each class serving staggered three year terms. See “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Directors — Classified board of directors” in thisAnnual Report for a description of each director’s current term of office.Committees of the Board of Directors and Corporate GovernanceSubject to certain exceptions, the rules of the Nasdaq permit a foreign private issuer to follow its home country practice in lieu of the listingrequirements of Nasdaq.The committees of our board of directors consist of an audit committee, a remuneration committee and a nominations committee. As permitted byhome country practice, our remuneration and nominations committees may include non-independent directors. Each of these committees has theresponsibilities described below. Our board of directors may also establish other committees from time to time to assist in the discharge of its responsibilities.Audit CommitteeThe members of our audit committee are four of our non-executive directors, Adam George, Isaac Cheng, James Healy and Martin Mellish and each ofthese members is an “independent director” as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Adam George serves as chair of the auditcommittee. Our board of directors has determined that Adam George is a financial expert as contemplated by the rules of the SEC implementing Section 407of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. Our audit committee meets at least four times per year and oversees the monitoring of our internal controls, accountingpolicies and financial reporting and provides a forum through which our external auditors and independent registered public accounting firm reports. Ouraudit committee meets at least once a year with the external auditors and our independent registered public accounting firm without executive boardmembers present. The audit committee is also responsible for107 overseeing the activities of the external auditors and our independent registered public accounting firm, including their appointment, reappointment, orremoval as well as monitoring their objectivity and independence. The audit committee also reviews and approves the fees paid to our external auditors andindependent registered public accounting firm and determines whether the fee levels for non-audit services, individually and in aggregate, relative to theaudit fee are appropriate so as not to undermine their independence.Remuneration CommitteeThe members of the remuneration committee are Hugh Griffith and two of our non-executive directors, Rafaèle Tordjman and James Healy. Each ofthese non-executive director members is a non-employee director as defined in Rule 166-3 under the Exchange Act and an outside director as defined inSection 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Rafaèle Tordjman serves as chair of the remuneration committee. Our remunerationcommittee reviews, among other things, the performance of the executive officers and sets the scale and structure of their remuneration and the basis of theirservice agreements with due regard to the interests of the shareholders. It is a policy of the remuneration committee that no individual participates indiscussions or decisions concerning his or her own remuneration.Nominations CommitteeThe members of the nominations committee are Hugh Griffith and Christopher Wood and one of our non-executive directors, Rafaèle Tordjman. HughGriffith serves as chair of the nominations committee and oversees the evaluation of the board of directors’ performance. The nominations committee meets atleast twice a year and reviews the structure, size and composition of the board of directors, supervises the selection and appointment process of directors,making recommendations to the board of directors with regard to any changes and using an external search consultancy if considered appropriate. For newappointments, the nominations committee makes a final recommendation to the board of directors, and the board of directors has the opportunity to meet thecandidate prior to approving the appointment. Once appointed, the nominations committee oversees the induction of new directors and provides theappropriate training to the board of directors during the course of the year in order to ensure that they have the knowledge and skills necessary to operateeffectively. The nominations committee is also responsible for annually evaluating the performance of the board of directors, both on an individual basis andfor the board of directors as a whole, taking into account such factors as attendance record, contribution during board of directors meetings and the amount oftime that has been dedicated to board matters during the course of the year.Code of Business Conduct and EthicsWe have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that covers a broad range of matters including the handling of conflicts of interest,compliance issues and other corporate policies such as equal opportunity and non-discrimination standards.D.EmployeesThe number of employees by function and geographic location as of the end of the period for our fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and2018 was as follows: At December 31, 2018 2017 2016By Function: Research and development 20 18 15Management and administrative 4 2 1Total 24 20 16By Geography: United Kingdom 21 17 15North America 3 3 1Total 24 20 16 As of December 31, 2018, we had 21 full-time employees and 3 part-time employees. We have never had a work stoppage and none of our employeesare covered by collective bargaining agreements or represented by a labor union. We believe our employee relations are good.108 E.Share OwnershipFor information regarding the share ownership of our directors and executive officers, see “Item 6.B—Compensation” and “Item 7.A—MajorShareholders.”Item 7.Major Shareholders and Related Party TransactionsA.Major ShareholdersThe following table and related footnotes set forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of December 31,2018 by: •each of our executive officers and directors; •each person beneficially owning more than 5% of our share capital as of December 31, 2018; and •all executive officers and directors as a group.Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of ordinary shares owned by aperson and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days from December 31, 2018,including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These ordinary shares, however, are not includedin the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person except with respect to the percentage ownership of all board members and executiveofficers, as a group. Based on our share register and other information made available to us by certain of our shareholders, as of December 31, 2018, 75,750ordinary shares, representing 0.24% of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares, were held by two U.S. record holders.Unless otherwise indicated, the address for each of the shareholders in the table below is c/o NuCana plc, 3 Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT,United Kingdom. Ordinary SharesBeneficiallyOwned(1) Name of Beneficial Owner Number Percent Greater than 5% Shareholders Sofinnova Capital VI FCPR(2) 7,233,795 22.45 Sofinnova Venture Partners VIII, L.P.(3) 4,666,666 14.48 Capital Research Global Investors(4) 3,170,352 9.48 Morningside Venture Investments Limited(5) 2,911,111 9.03 Scottish Enterprise(6) 1,946,915 6.04 Woodford Investment Management Ltd.(7) 1,865,000 5.79 Named Executive Officers and Directors Hugh Griffith(8) 3,209,977 9.33 Christopher Wood(9) 1,949,374 5.88 Donald Munoz(10) 233,713 * Rafaèle Tordjman(11) 11,437 * James Healy(12) 4,712,416 14.62 Isaac Cheng(13) 13,875 * Martin Mellish(14) 34,125 * Cyrille Leperlier (15) - * Adam George (16) - * All of our current executive officers and directors, as a group (9 persons) 10,164,917 28.55% *Indicates beneficial ownership of less than one percent of our ordinary shares.(1)Number of shares owned as shown both in this table and the accompanying footnotes and percentage ownership is based on 32,226,458 ordinaryshares outstanding on December 31, 2018.(2)All shares are held by Sofinnova Capital VI FCPR (“Sofinnova Capital”), all of which shares are held in the form of ADSs. Sofinnova Partners SAS, aFrench corporation, is the management company of Sofinnova Capital, and may be109 deemed to have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares held by Sofinnova Capital. Denis Lucquin, Antoine Papiernik, HenrijetteRichter, Monique Saulnier and Graziano Seghezzi are the managing partners of Sofinnova Partners SAS, and, as such, may be deemed to have jointvoting and investment power with respect to the shares held by Sofinnova Capital. Beneficial ownership information is based on information knownto us and a Schedule 13D filed on February 13, 2019. The address of Sofinnova Capital is Sofinnova Partners, Immeuble le Centorial, 16-18 Rue duQuatre-Septembre, 75002 Paris, France.(3)All shares are held by Sofinnova Venture Partners VIII, L.P. (“Sofinnova Ventures”), of which 2,266,666 shares are held in the form of ADSs. Dr. JamesHealy, a member of our board of directors, together with Dr. Michael F. Powell and Dr. Anand Mehra, are the managing members of SofinnovaManagement VIII, L.L.C., the general partner of Sofinnova Ventures, and as such, may be deemed to have joint voting and dispositive power withrespect to the shares held by Sofinnova Ventures. Each of Dr. Powell, Dr. Mehra and Dr. Healy disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held bySofinnova Ventures, except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein, if any. Beneficial ownership information is based on information known tous and a Schedule 13D filed on October 11, 2017. The mailing address of Sofinnova Ventures is c/o Sofinnova Ventures, Inc., 3000 Sand Hill Road,Bldg. 4, Suite 250, Menlo Park, CA 94025.(4)All shares are held in the form of ADSs by funds associated with Capital Research Global Investors (“Capital Research”), which is a division ofCapital Research and Management Company (“CRMC”). Of the 3,170,352 shares held by Capital Research, 2,542,628 shares are held bySMALLCAP World Fund, Inc., an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, which is advised by CRMC. CRMCmanages equity assets for various investment companies through three divisions, Capital Research, Capital World Investors, and Capital InternationalInvestors. These divisions generally function separately from each other with respect to investment research activities and they make investmentdecisions and proxy voting decisions for the investment companies on a separate basis. Beneficial ownership information is based on informationknown to us and a Schedule 13G filed by Capital Research on February 14, 2019, and a Schedule 13G/A filed by SMALLCAP World Fund, Inc. onFebruary 14, 2019. The mailing address of Capital Research is c/o Capital Research Global Investors, 333 South Hope Street, Los Angeles, California90071.(5)All shares are held by Morningside Venture Investments Limited (“MVIL”). Raymond Tang, Louise Garbarino, Peter Stuart Allenby Edwards and JillFranklin are directors of MVIL, and may be deemed to have joint voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares held by MVIL. Each ofMr. Tang, Ms. Garbarino, Mr. Edwards and Ms. Franklin disclaim beneficial ownership of the shares held by MVIL, except to the extent of his or herpecuniary interest therein, if any. Beneficial ownership information is based on information known to us and a Schedule 13G filed on February 14,2019. The mailing address of MVIL is 2nd Floor, Le Prince de Galles, 3-5 Avenue des Citronniers, MC 98000, Monaco.(6)Consists of 1,946,915 ordinary shares owned of record by Scottish Enterprise. Scottish Enterprise is a non-departmental body of the Scottishgovernment and has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares. Beneficial ownership information is based on information known tous and a Schedule 13G/A filed on February 12, 2019. The address of Scottish Enterprise is Atrium Court, 50 Waterloo Street, Glasgow G2 6HQ,Scotland.(7)All shares are held by Woodford Investment Management Ltd. (“Woodford”). Mr. Neil Woodford serves as Head of Investments for Woodford, and assuch, may be deemed to have joint voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares held by Woodford. Mr. Woodford disclaims beneficialownership of the shares held by Woodford, except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. Beneficial ownership information is based oninformation known to us and a Schedule 13G filed on February 14, 2019. The mailing address of Woodford is c/o Neil Woodford, 9400 GarsingtonRoad, Oxford OX4 2HN, United Kingdom.(8)Consists of (a) 1,026,446 ordinary shares and (b) options to purchase 2,183,531 ordinary shares that are or will be immediately exercisable within 60days of December 31, 2018.(9)Consists of (a) 1,011,875 ordinary shares and (b) options to purchase 937,499 ordinary shares that are or will be immediately exercisable within 60days of December 31, 2018.(10)Consists of (a) 30,000 ordinary shares and (b) options to purchase 203,713 ordinary shares that are or will be immediately exercisable within 60 daysof December 31, 2018.(11)Consists of options to purchase 11,437 ordinary shares that are or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2018(12)Consists of (a) 45,750 ordinary shares held in the Healy Family Trust, for which James Healy’s spouse is the trustee, and (b) 4,666,666 ordinary sharesowned of record by Sofinnova Ventures. James Healy, a member of our board of directors, together with Michael F. Powell and Anand Mehra, are themanaging members of Sofinnova Management VIII, L.L.C., the general partner of Sofinnova Ventures, and as such, may be deemed to share votingand investment110 power with respect to such shares. Dr. Healy disclaims beneficial ownership with regard to the 4,666,666 shares owned by Sofinnova Ventures, exceptto the extent of his proportionate pecuniary interest therein.(13)Consists of options to purchase 13,875 ordinary shares that are or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2018.(14)Consists of options to purchase 34,125 ordinary shares that are or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2018.(15)Dr. Leperlier is a member of our board of directors and holds no voting or investment power with respect to our securities.(16)Mr. George is a member of our board of directors and holds no voting or investment power with respect to our securities.B.Related Party TransactionsThe following is a description of related party transactions we have entered into since January 1, 2018 with any members of our board of directors orexecutive officers or the holders of more than 5% of our share capital.Registration Rights AgreementWe have entered into a registration rights agreement pursuant to which we have agreed under specified circumstances to file a registration statementto register the resale of the ordinary shares (which may be converted into ADSs) held by some of our existing shareholders, as well as to cooperate in specifiedpublic offerings of such shares. See “Description of Share Capital – Registration Rights”.Agreements with Our Executive Officers and DirectorsWe have entered into service agreements with our three executive officers and amended the service agreements with each of Hugh Griffith and DonaldMunoz in 2017.Related Person Transaction PolicyWe have adopted a related person transaction policy requiring that all related person transactions required to be disclosed by a foreign private issuerpursuant to the Exchange Act be approved by the audit committee or another independent body of our board of directors.Indemnification AgreementsWe have entered into deeds of indemnity with each of our directors and executive officers. See “Management — Compensation — Insurance andIndemnification.”C.Interests of Experts and CounselNot Applicable.Item 8Financial InformationA.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial InformationSee “Item 18. Financial Statements.” Dividend PolicyWe have never declared or paid a dividend, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain allavailable funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business.Under English law, among other things, we may only pay dividends if we have sufficient distributable reserves (on a non-consolidated basis), whichare our accumulated realized profits that have not been previously distributed or capitalized less our accumulated realized losses, so far as such losses havenot been previously written off in a reduction or reorganization of capital.111 B.Significant ChangesThere have been no significant changes since December 31, 2018.Item 9The Offer and ListingA.Offer and Listing DetailsThe ADSs have been listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “NCNA” since September 28, 2017.B.Plan of DistributionNot Applicable.C.MarketsThe ADSs have been listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “NCNA” since September 28, 2017.D.Selling ShareholdersNot Applicable.E.DilutionNot Applicable.F.Expenses of the IssueNot Applicable.112 Item 10.Additional InformationA.Share CapitalNot Applicable.B.Memorandum and Articles of AssociationGeneralWe were incorporated in England and Wales with the Registrar of Companies of England and Wales, United Kingdom on January 28, 1997 under thename Biomed (UK) Limited as a private company limited by shares with company number 03308778.On April 28, 2008, our name was changed to NuCana BioMed Limited. On August 29, 2017, we re-registered as a public limited company andchanged our name to NuCana plc. Such re-registration required the passing of special resolutions by our shareholders to approve the re-registration as apublic limited company, the name change to NuCana plc and to effect certain amendments to our articles of association.Our registered office is located at 77/78 Cannon Street, London, EC4N 6AF, United Kingdom. The principal legislation under which we operate andour shares are issued is the Companies Act 2006.Issued Share CapitalOur issued share capital as of December 31, 2018 is £1,289,058, divided into: 32,226,458 ordinary shares of £0.04 each. A summary of increases in,and changes to, our issued share capital since our incorporation is set out below.We issued one quarter of one ordinary share of £4.00 each to each of London Law Services Limited and London Law Secretarial Limited,respectively, upon incorporation.On March 20, 2008, we subdivided the outstanding issued fractions of ordinary shares of £4.00 each into 50 ordinary shares of £0.04 each and wesubdivided the remaining authorized yet unissued fractions of the ordinary shares of £4.00 each into 2,450 ordinary shares of £0.04 each. Further, ourauthorized share capital was increased from £100 to £500,000 by the creation of 12,497,500 new ordinary shares of £0.04 each. On March 20, 2008, weissued 4,499,950 ordinary shares of £0.04 each.On July 27, 2008, we issued a further 200,000 ordinary shares of £0.04 each. On August 20, 2009, we issued 350,000 ordinary shares of £0.04 each.On December 18, 2009, we issued 1,816,976 ordinary shares of £0.04 each (500,000 of which were available for such issue, having previously been issued to,but subsequently surrendered by, a shareholder). On December 14, 2010, we issued 1,566,359 ordinary shares of £0.04 each.On November 24, 2011, we issued 7,483,334 series A convertible participating shares of £0.04 each.On March 28, 2012, we issued 222,222 ordinary shares of £0.04 each.On March 31, 2014, we issued 8,462,500 series B convertible participating shares of £0.004 each.On November 30, 2016, we issued 37,500 ordinary shares of £0.04 each, pursuant to the exercise of share options granted under the 2012 ShareOption Scheme.On December 31, 2016, we issued 45,750 ordinary shares of £0.04 each, pursuant to the exercise of share options granted under the 2016 ShareOption Scheme.On August 17, 2017, we issued 30,000 ordinary shares of £0.04 each, pursuant to the exercise of share options granted under the 2016 Share OptionScheme.113 On September 14, 2017, we completed a one-for-four reverse share split and an associated, prior, bonus allotment of three ordinary shares and fiveseries A convertible participating shares to eliminate fractional entitlements. References to the one-for-four reverse share split in this Annual Report includethe associated bonus allotment. The share numbers and nominal values set out above have, for presentational purposes, been adjusted to reflect theaforementioned reverse share split (which has necessitated reference to notional fractions of shares and resulted in certain numbers of shares having beenrounded up). These share numbers and nominal values are therefore not representative of, for example, the entries made at the relevant time in our statutoryregisters nor filings we have made at the UK Registrar of Companies.On October 2, 2017, immediately prior to closing our initial public offering, we converted all issued series A convertible participating shares, series Bconvertible participating shares, founder ordinary 1 shares and founder ordinary 2 shares into ordinary shares, on a one-for-one basis. For the purpose offacilitating the conversion of each series B convertible participating share (nominal value £0.004 per share), into an ordinary share (nominal value £0.04 pershare), immediately prior to this conversion, on October 2, 2017, we allotted to holders of series B convertible participating shares an additional nine series Bconvertible participating shares for each series B convertible participating share held.On October 2, 2017, we issued 7,596,505 ordinary shares pursuant to our initial public offering.During 2018 we issued 415,312 ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of share options.Ordinary SharesAs of December 31, 2018, we had issued and outstanding 32,226,458 ordinary shares of £0.04 each. Each issued ordinary share is fully paid.Holders of ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders and do not havecumulative voting rights.Any distribution made as a result of winding-up, dissolution or liquidation of our company and any dividend declared will be distributed inproportion to the number of fully paid ordinary shares held.Registration RightsWe have entered into a registration rights agreement pursuant to which we have agreed under specified circumstances to file a registration statementto register the resale of the ordinary shares held by some of our existing shareholders, as well as to cooperate in specified public offerings of such shares.These rights are described below.Demand Registration Rights. If at any time when we are eligible to use a Form F-3 registration statement, the holders of at least 25% of the registrablesecurities then outstanding have the right to demand that we file a Form F-3 registration statement with respect to such registrable securities. Theseregistration rights are subject to specified conditions and limitations, including the right of the underwriters, if any, to limit the number of shares included inany such registration under specified circumstances. Upon such a request, we are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to effect such registration.Company Registration. If we propose to register any of our equity securities under the Securities Act, other than in connection with certain specifiedregistrations, including a registration relating solely to our employee equity incentive plans or a registration relating solely to certain business combinationsor mergers involving us, the holders of these registrable securities are entitled to notice of such registration and are entitled to include their ordinary shares inthe registration. Under certain circumstances, the underwriters, if any, may limit the number of ordinary shares included in any such registration.Termination of Registration Rights. The registration rights granted under the registration rights agreement shall terminate upon the earlier to occur of(i) the fifth anniversary of the closing of our initial public offering and (ii) the date on which there are no registrable securities remaining pursuant to theregistration rights agreement.114 Articles of AssociationThe following is a summary of certain provisions of our articles of association. Please note that this is only a summary and is not intended to beexhaustive. For further information please refer to the full version of our articles of association, which is included as an exhibit to this Annual Report.Shares and Rights Attaching to ThemGeneral. All ordinary shares have the same rights and rank pari passu in all respects. Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 and anyother relevant legislation, our board of directors may, from time to time, allot and issue shares following an ordinary resolution of the shareholders grantingauthority to the directors to allot shares (and if applicable, and not already disapplied, a special resolution to disapply pre-emption rights).Our shares may be issued with or have attached to them any preferred, deferred, qualified or other special rights or restrictions, whether in relation todividends, returns of capital, voting or otherwise, as set out in our articles of association or as the shareholders may determine by ordinary resolution (or, ifthe shareholders have not so determined, as our board of directors may determine).Voting rights. Subject to any other provisions of our articles of association and without prejudice to any special rights, privileges or restrictions as tovoting attached to any shares forming part of our share capital, the voting rights of shareholders are as follows. Unless a poll vote is demanded, shareholdersshall vote on all resolutions on a show of hands. Our articles of association provide that a poll vote may be demanded before, or on the declaration of, theresult of a vote on a show of hands: (a) by the chairman of a general meeting, (b) by at least five shareholders present at a meeting and entitled to vote, or(c) by any shareholder or shareholders present representing not less than ten per cent of the total voting rights or more than ten per cent of the total sum paidup on all voting shares. For these purposes, a shareholder will be present at a meeting if attending in person, by proxy, or, in the case of a shareholder that is acorporation (as broadly defined under the Companies Act 2006), by duly authorized representative.On a show of hands, each shareholder present in person, and each duly authorized representative present in person of a shareholder that is acorporation, has one vote. On a show of hands, each proxy present in person who has been duly appointed by one or more shareholders has one vote, but aproxy has one vote for and one vote against a resolution if the proxy is instructed to vote on a resolution by more than one shareholder and is instructed tovote in different ways on such resolution.On a poll, each shareholder present in person or by proxy or, with respect to a corporation, by a duly authorized representative has one vote for eachshare held by the shareholder. We are prohibited from exercising any rights to attend or vote at meetings in respect of any shares held by us as treasury shares.Restrictions on voting where sums overdue on shares. None of our shareholders is entitled to vote at any general meeting or at any separate classmeeting in respect of any share held by him or her unless all calls or other sums payable by him or her in respect of that share have been paid.Calls on shares. The directors may from time to time make calls on shareholders in respect of any amounts unpaid on their shares, whether in respectof nominal value of the shares or by way of premium. Shareholders are required to pay the called amount on shares subject to receiving at least 14 clear days’notice specifying the time and place for payment. Under our articles of association, a period of “clear days” excludes the day on which a notice is given ordeemed to have been given and the day for which it is given or on which it is to take effect. If a shareholder fails to pay any part of a call, the board ofdirectors may serve further notice naming another day not being less than 14 clear days from the date of the further notice requiring payment and stating thatin the event of non-payment the shares in respect of which the call was made will be liable to be forfeited. Subsequent forfeiture requires a resolution by theboard of directors.Dividends. Subject to the Companies Act 2006 and the provisions of all other relevant legislation, we may by ordinary resolution declare dividendsout of profits available for distribution in accordance with the respective rights of shareholders, but no such dividend shall exceed the amount recommendedby the board of directors. If, in the opinion of the board of directors, our profits available for distribution justify such payments, the board of directors maypay fixed dividends payable on any of our shares with preferential rights, half-yearly or otherwise, on fixed dates and from time to time pay interim dividendsto the holders of any class of shares. Subject to any special rights attaching to, or terms of issue of, any shares, all115 dividends shall be declared and paid according to the amounts paid up on the shares on which the dividend is paid. No dividend shall be payable to us inrespect of any shares held by us as treasury shares.We may, upon the recommendation of the board of directors, by ordinary resolution, direct payment of a dividend wholly or partly by the distributionof specific assets.All dividends unclaimed for one year after having been declared may be invested or otherwise used at the directors’ discretion for our benefit untilclaimed (subject as provided in the articles of association), and all dividends unclaimed after a period of 12 years from the date when such dividend becamedue for payment shall be forfeited and shall revert to us.The board of directors may, if so authorized by ordinary resolution passed at any general meeting, offer any holders of the ordinary shares the right toelect to receive in lieu of that dividend an allotment of ordinary shares credited as fully paid.We may cease to send any check or warrant by mail or may stop the transfer of any sum by any bank or other funds transfer system for any dividendpayable on any of our shares, which is normally paid in that manner on those shares if in respect of at least two consecutive dividends the check or warrantshave been returned undelivered or remain uncashed or the transfer has failed, or in respect of one dividend the check or warrant has been returned undeliveredor remains uncashed or the transfer has failed and reasonable inquiries made by us have failed to establish any new address of the holder.We or the directors may specify a “record date” on which persons registered as the holders of shares shall be entitled to receipt of any dividend.Distribution of assets on winding-up. Subject to any special rights attaching to, or the terms of issue of any shares, on any winding-up of the companyour surplus assets remaining after satisfaction of our liabilities will be distributed among our shareholders in proportion to their respective holdings of sharesand the amounts paid up on those shares.On any winding-up of the company (whether the liquidation is voluntary, under supervision or by the Court), the liquidator may with the authority ofa special resolution of the company and any other sanction required by any relevant legislation, divide among our shareholders (excluding the companyitself to the extent that it is a shareholder by virtue of its holding any shares or treasury shares) in specie or in kind the whole or any part of our assets (subjectto any special rights attached to any shares issued by us in the future) and may for that purpose set such value as he deems fair upon any one or more class orclasses of property and may determine how that division shall be carried out as between the shareholders or different classes of shareholders. The liquidatormay, with that sanction, vest the whole or any part of the assets in trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of the shareholders as he with the relevant authoritydetermines, and the liquidation of the company may be closed and the company dissolved, but so that no shareholders shall be compelled to accept anyshares or other property in respect of which there is a liability.Variation of rights. The rights or privileges attached to any class of shares may (unless otherwise provided by the terms of the issue of the shares ofthat class) be varied or abrogated with the consent in writing of the holders of three-fourths in requisite nominal value of the issued shares of that class(excluding any shares of that class held as treasury shares) or with the approval of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the shareholdersof that class, but not otherwise.Transfer of shares. All of our shares are in registered form and may be transferred by a transfer in any usual or common form or any form acceptable tothe board of directors and permitted by the Companies Act 2006 and any other relevant legislation.The board of directors may decline to register a transfer of a share that is: •not fully paid or on which we have a lien; •(except where uncertificated shares are transferred without a written instrument) not lodged duly stamped (if it is required to be stamped) at ourregistered office or at such other place as the board of directors may appoint; •(except where a certificate has not been issued) not accompanied by the certificate of the share to which it relates or such other evidencereasonably required by the directors to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;116 •in respect of more than one class of share; or •in the case of a transfer to joint holders of a share, the number of joint holders to whom the share is to be transferred exceeds four.Capital variations. We may, by ordinary resolution, consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger nominal amount thanour existing shares or sub-divide our shares, or any of them, into shares of a smaller nominal amount than our existing shares. Subject to the provisions of theCompanies Act 2006 and any other applicable legislation, we may by special resolution reduce our share capital, any capital redemption reserve fund or anyshare premium account and may redeem or purchase any of our own shares.Pre-emption rights. There are no rights of pre-emption under our articles of association in respect of transfers of issued ordinary shares. In certaincircumstances, our shareholders may have statutory pre-emption rights under the Companies Act 2006 in respect of the allotment of new shares in thecompany. These statutory pre-emption rights, when applicable, would require us to offer new shares for allotment to existing shareholders on a pro rata basisbefore allotting them to other persons. In such circumstances, the procedure for the exercise of such statutory pre-emption rights would be set out in thedocumentation by which such ordinary shares would be offered to our shareholders. These statutory pre-emption rights may be disapplied by a specialresolution passed by shareholders in a general meeting in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act 2006.DirectorsNumber. Unless and until we in a general meeting of our shareholders otherwise determine, the number of directors comprising our board of directorsshall not be subject to any maximum but shall not be less than two.Classified board of directors. Our board of directors is divided into three classes, “Class I,” whose initial term expires at the annual general meeting ofthe shareholders to be held in 2020, “Class II,” whose initial term expires at the annual general meeting of the shareholders to be held in 2019, and“Class III”, whose initial term expires at the annual general meeting of the shareholders to be held in 2021, with the classes as nearly equal in number aspossible. The Class I directors are Hugh Griffith and Christopher Wood, the Class II directors are Rafaèle Tordjman, James Healy and Cyrille Leperlier, andthe Class III directors are Adam George, Isaac Cheng and Martin Mellish.Borrowing powers. Our board of directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, mortgage or charge all or any part or parts ofits undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures and other securities whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability orobligation of the company or of any third party.Directors’ interests and restrictions(a) The board of directors may, in accordance with our articles of association and the requirements of the Companies Act 2006, authorize a matterproposed to us which would, if not authorized, involve a breach by a director of his or her duty under section 175 of the Companies Act 2006 to avoid asituation in which he or she has, or can have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts, or possibly may conflict, with our interests. A director is not required,by reason of being a director, to account to the company for any remuneration or other benefit that he or she derives from a relationship involving a conflictof interest or possible conflict of interest that has been authorized by the board of directors.(b) Subject to the provisions of any relevant legislation and provided that he or she has disclosed to the directors the nature and extent of any materialinterest of his or hers, a director may be a party to, or otherwise interested in, any transaction, contract or arrangement and that director shall not, by reason ofhis or her office, be accountable to the company for any benefit that he or she derives from any such transaction or arrangement; and no such transaction orarrangement shall be liable to be voided on the ground of any such interest or benefit.(c) Except as provided in our articles of association, a director shall not vote at a meeting of the directors in respect of any transaction or arrangementor any other proposal whatsoever in which he or she has an interest that is to his or her knowledge material (together with any person connected with him orher within the meaning of section 252 of the Companies Act 2006), other than (i) an interest in shares or debentures or other securities of the company,(ii) where permitted by the terms of any authorization of a conflict of interest, or (iii) in the circumstances set out in paragraph (d) below, and shall not becounted in the quorum at a meeting in relation to any resolution on which he or she is not entitled to vote.117 (d) A director shall (in the absence of some material interest other than those indicated below) be entitled to vote (and be counted in the quorum) inrespect of any resolution concerning any of the following matters:(i) the giving of any guarantee, security or indemnity to him or her in respect of money lent to or an obligation incurred by him or her at therequest of or for the benefit of us or any of our subsidiaries;(ii) the giving to a third party of any guarantee, security or indemnity in respect of a debt or obligation of ours or any of our subsidiaries forwhich he himself or she herself has assumed responsibility in whole or in part under a guarantee or indemnity or by the giving of security;(iii) any proposal or contract concerning an offer of shares or debentures or other securities of or by the company or any of its subsidiaries, ifhe or she takes part because he or she is or may be entitled to participate as a holder of shares, debentures or other securities, or if he or she takes partin the underwriting, sub-underwriting or guarantee of the offer;(iv) any proposal concerning any other company in which he or she is interested, directly or indirectly and whether as an officer or shareholderor otherwise, provided that he or she (together with persons connected with him or her) does not to his or her knowledge hold an interest in sharesrepresenting one percent or more of the issued shares of any class of such company or of the voting rights available to shareholders of the relevantcompany;(v) any proposal concerning arrangements pursuant to which benefits are made available to our employees and which does not award him orher any privilege or benefit not generally awarded to the employees to whom such arrangement relates;(vi) any proposal under which he or she may benefit concerning the giving of indemnities to our directors or other officers that the directorsare empowered to give under our articles of association;(vii) any proposal under which he or she may benefit concerning the purchase or maintenance of insurance for any of our directors or otherofficers; and(viii) any proposal under which he or she may benefit concerning the provision to directors of funds to meet expenditures in defendingproceedings.(e) Where proposals are under consideration to appoint two or more directors to offices or employments with us or with any company in which we areinterested or to fix or vary the terms of such appointments, such proposals may be divided and considered in relation to each director separately and in suchcase each of the directors concerned (if not debarred from voting under paragraph (d) (iv) above) shall be entitled to vote (and be counted in the quorum) inrespect of each resolution, except that concerning his or her own appointment.(f) If any question shall arise at any meeting as to the materiality of a director’s interest or as to the entitlement of any director to vote and suchquestion is not resolved by his or her agreeing voluntarily to abstain from voting, such question shall be referred to the chairman of the meeting (or where theinterest concerns the chairman himself to the deputy chairman of the meeting) and his or her ruling in relation to any director shall be final and conclusive,except in a case where the nature or extent of the interests of the director concerned have not been fairly disclosed.Remuneration(a) Each of the directors (other than alternate directors) may (in addition to any amounts payable under paragraph (b) and (c) below or under any otherprovision of our articles of association) be paid out of the funds of the company such sum by way of directors’ fees as the board of directors may from time totime determine.(b) Any director who is appointed to hold any employment or executive office with us or who, by our request, goes or resides abroad for any purposesof the company or who otherwise performs services that in the opinion of the board of directors are outside the scope of his or her ordinary duties may be paidsuch additional remuneration (whether by way of salary, commission, participation in profits or otherwise) as the board of directors (or any duly authorizedcommittee of the board of directors) may determine and either in addition to or in lieu of any remuneration provided for by or pursuant to any other article.(c) Each director may be paid his or her reasonable traveling expenses (including hotel and incidental expenses) of attending and returning frommeetings of the directors or committees of the board of directors or general meetings or any separate meeting of the holders of any class of our shares or anyother meeting that as a director he or she is entitled to attend118 and shall be paid all expenses properly and reasonably incurred by him or her in the conduct of the company’s business or in the discharge of his or her dutiesas a director.Pensions and other benefits. The board of directors may exercise all the powers of the company to provide benefits, either by the payment ofgratuities or pensions or by insurance or in any other manner whether similar to the foregoing or not, for any director or former director, or any person who isor was at any time employed by, or held an executive or other office or place of profit in, the company or any body corporate that is or has been a subsidiaryof the company or a predecessor of the business of the company or of any such subsidiary and for the families and persons who are or was a dependent of anysuch persons and for the purpose of providing any such benefits contribute to any scheme trust or fund or pay any premiums.Appointment and retirement of directors(a) The board of directors shall have power to appoint any person who is willing to act to be a director, either to fill a casual vacancy or as anadditional director but so that the total number of directors shall not exceed the maximum number fixed (if any) by or in accordance with our articles ofassociation. Any director so appointed shall retire from office at our annual general meeting following such appointment, and then shall be eligible for re-election for the remaining portion of the term of office of the Class to which he or she is eligible for election.(b) Subject as provided in our articles of association, the shareholders may by ordinary resolution elect any person who is willing to act as a directoreither to fill a casual vacancy or as an addition to the existing directors or to replace a director removed from office under our articles of association but sothat the total number of directors shall not at any one time exceed any maximum number fixed by or in accordance with our articles of association.(c) Subject to paragraph (a) above and the initial terms described in “Description of Share Capital—Articles of Association—Directors—Classifiedboard of directors”, each director within each class shall retire at the third annual general meeting following the annual general meeting at which he or shewas elected or last re-elected. Except where there is an increase in the number of directors (in which case the newly created directorships shall be apportionedby our board amongst our existing classes) or in accordance with paragraph (a) above, directors elected or re-elected at an annual general meeting shall beappointed to the class whose term expires at such meeting.(d) A director retiring at an annual general meeting shall be eligible for re-election. If a retiring director is not re-elected, he or she shall hold officeuntil the meeting elects someone in his or her place or, if it does not do so, until the end of the meeting.Company name. The board of directors may resolve to change our company name.Indemnity of officers. Subject to the provisions of any relevant legislation, each of our directors and other officers may be indemnified by us againstall costs, charges, losses, expenses and liabilities incurred by him in the execution and discharge of his duties or in relation to those duties. The CompaniesAct 2006 renders void an indemnity for a director against any liability attaching to him or her in connection with any negligence, default, breach of duty orbreach of trust in relation to the company of which he or she is a director as described in “— Differences in Corporate Law — Liability of Directors andOfficers.”Shareholders’ MeetingsAnnual general meetings. We shall in each year hold an annual general meeting of our shareholders in addition to any other meetings in that year,and shall specify the meeting as such in the notice convening it. The annual general meeting shall be held at such time and place as the board of directorsmay appoint.Calling of general meetings. The board of directors may call a general meeting of shareholders. The board of directors must call a general meeting ifthe shareholders and the Companies Act 2006 require them to do so. The arrangements for the calling of general meetings are described in “— Differences inCorporate Law — Notice of General Meetings” below.Quorum of meetings. No business shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present when the meeting proceeds to business butthe absence of a quorum shall not preclude the appointment of a chairman, which shall not be treated as part of the business of a meeting. One or morequalifying persons present at a meeting and between them holding (or being the proxy or corporate representative of the holders of) at least one-third innumber of the issued shares (excluding any shares held as treasury shares) entitled to vote on the business to be transacted are a quorum. A qualifying119 person for these purposes is an individual who is a shareholder, a person authorized to act as the representative of a shareholder (being a corporation) inrelation to the meeting or a person appointed as proxy of a shareholder in relation to the meeting.Other United Kingdom law considerationsMandatory purchases and acquisitions. Pursuant to Sections 979 to 991 of the Companies Act 2006, where a takeover offer has been made for us andthe offeror has acquired or unconditionally contracted to acquire not less than 90% in value of the shares to which the offer relates and not less than 90% ofthe voting rights carried by those shares, the offeror may give notice to the holder of any shares to which the offer relates which the offeror has not acquired orunconditionally contracted to acquire that he wishes to acquire, and is entitled to so acquire, those shares on the same terms as the general offer. The“squeeze-out” of the minority shareholders can be completed at the end of six weeks from the date the notice has been given, subject to the minorityshareholders failing to successfully lodge an application to the court to prevent such squeeze-out any time prior to the end of those six weeks, followingwhich the offeror can execute a transfer of the outstanding shares in its favor and pay the consideration to us, to be held on trust for the outstanding minorityshareholders. The consideration offered to the outstanding minority shareholders whose shares are compulsorily acquired under the Companies Act 2006must, in general, be the same as the consideration that was available under the takeover offer.Sell-out. The Companies Act 2006 also gives our minority shareholders a right to be bought out in certain circumstances by an offeror who has madea takeover offer for all of our shares. The holder of shares to which the offer relates, and who has not otherwise accepted the offer, may require the offeror toacquire his shares if, prior to the expiry of the acceptance period for such offer, (i) the offeror has acquired or agreed to acquire not less than 90% in value ofour voting shares, and (ii) not less than 90% of the voting rights carried by those shares. The offeror may impose a time limit on the rights of minorityshareholders to be bought out that is not less than three months after the end of the acceptance period. If a shareholder exercises his rights to be bought out,the offeror is required to acquire those shares on the terms of the takeover offer or on such other terms as may be agreed.Disclosure of interest in shares. Pursuant to Part 22 of the Companies Act 2006 and our articles of association, we are empowered to require, by noticein writing, any person whom we know to be, or have reasonable cause to believe to be, interested in our shares, or at any time during the three yearsimmediately preceding the date on which the notice is issued has been so interested, within a reasonable time to disclose to us particulars of that person’sown interest and (so far as is within that person’s knowledge) particulars of any other interest, agreement or arrangement relating to the exercise of any rightsconferred by the holding of the shares that subsists or subsisted in those shares.Under our articles of association, if a person defaults in supplying us with the required particulars in relation to the shares in question (referred toherein as “default shares”), the board of directors may by notice direct that: •in respect of the default shares, the relevant shareholder shall not be entitled to vote or exercise any other right conferred by his holding sharesin relation to general meetings; or •where the default shares represent at least 0.25% of their class, (a) any dividend or other money payable in respect of the default shares shall beretained by us without liability to pay interest and, if applicable, any election to receive ordinary shares instead of money in respect of thedefault shares shall be ineffective; (b) no transfers of shares by the relevant shareholder other than certain approved transfers may be registered(unless the shareholder himself is not in default and the transfer does not relate to default shares) or (c) any shares held by the relevantshareholder in uncertificated form shall be converted into certificated form.Purchase of own shares. Under English law, a limited company may only purchase its own shares out of its distributable profits or the proceeds of afresh issue of shares made for the purpose of financing the purchase, provided it is not restricted from doing so by its articles. A limited company may notpurchase its own shares if, as a result of the purchase, there would no longer be any issued shares of the company other than redeemable shares or shares heldas treasury shares. Shares must be fully paid in order to be repurchased.We may purchase our own fully paid shares otherwise than on a recognized investment exchange pursuant to a purchase contract authorized byresolution of shareholders before the purchase takes place. Any authority will not be effective if any shareholder from whom we propose to purchase sharesvotes on the resolution and the resolution would not have been passed if he had not done so. The resolution authorizing the purchase must specify a date, notbeing later than five years after the passing of the resolution, on which the authority to purchase is to expire.120 Preemptive Rights. English law generally provides shareholders with preemptive rights when new shares are issued for cash; however, it is possiblefor a company’s articles of association, or shareholders in general meeting, to exclude preemptive rights. Such an exclusion of preemptive rights may be for amaximum period of up to five years from the date of adoption of the articles of association, if the exclusion is contained in the articles of association, or fromthe date of the shareholder resolution, if the exclusion is by shareholder resolution. In either case, this exclusion would need to be renewed by ourshareholders upon its expiration (i.e., at least every five years). On June 27, 2018, at our 2018 AGM, our shareholders approved the exclusion of preemptiverights in connection with the allotment of shares with an aggregate nominal value of up to £640,000, for a period ending at the conclusion of our next annualgeneral meeting. On September 14, 2017, our shareholders also approved the exclusion of preemptive rights for the allotment of ordinary shares inconnection with our share schemes, up to an aggregate nominal value of £200,331 for a period of five years from the date of approval, which exclusion willneed to be renewed upon expiration (i.e., at least every five years) to remain effective, but may be sought more frequently for additional five-year terms (orany shorter period).City code on takeovers and mergers, or the Takeover Code. As a public company incorporated in England and Wales with its place of centralmanagement and control in the United Kingdom, we are subject to the United Kingdom City Code on Takeovers and Mergers (referred to herein as theTakeover Code). The Takeover Code contains rules concerning the conduct of takeover offers for the company. For example, under Rule 9 of the TakeoverCode, if a person:(a) acquires an interest in our shares that, when taken together with shares in which he or persons acting in concert with him are interested, carries 30%or more of the voting rights of our shares; or(b) who, together with persons acting in concert with him, is interested in shares that in the aggregate carry not less than 30% and not more than 50%of the voting rights in the company, acquires additional interests in shares that increase the percentage of shares carrying voting rights in which that person isinterested;the acquirer and, depending on the circumstances, its concert parties, would be required (except with the consent of the Takeover Panel) to make acash offer for our outstanding shares at a price not less than the highest price paid for any interests in the shares by the acquirer or its concert parties duringthe previous 12 months. Some provisions in the Takeover Code might have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others even ifan acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders.Distributions and dividends. Under the Companies Act 2006, before a company can lawfully make a distribution or dividend, it must ensure that ithas sufficient distributable reserves (on a non-consolidated basis). The basic rule is that a company’s profits available for the purpose of making a distributionare its accumulated, realized profits, so far as not previously utilized by distribution or capitalization, less its accumulated, realized losses, so far as notpreviously written off in a reduction or reorganization of capital duly made. The requirement to have sufficient distributable reserves before a distribution ordividend can be paid applies to us and to each of our subsidiaries that has been incorporated under English law.It is not sufficient that we, as a public company, have made a distributable profit for the purpose of making a distribution. An additional capitalmaintenance requirement is imposed on us to ensure that the net worth of the company is at least equal to the amount of its capital. A public company canonly make a distribution:(a) if, at the time that the distribution is made, the amount of its net assets (that is, the total excess of assets over liabilities) is not less than the total ofits called up share capital and undistributable reserves; and(b) if, and to the extent that, the distribution itself, at the time that it is made, does not reduce the amount of the net assets to less than that total.Exchange controls. There are no governmental laws, decrees, regulations or other legislation in the United Kingdom that may affect the import orexport of capital, including the availability of cash, cash equivalents and short-term deposits for use by us, or that may affect the remittance of dividends,interest, or other payments by us to non-resident holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs, other than withholding tax requirements. There is no limitationimposed by English law or in the articles of association on the right of non-residents to hold or vote shares.121 Differences in Corporate LawThe applicable provisions of the Companies Act 2006 differ from laws applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is asummary of certain differences between the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 applicable to us and the Delaware General Corporation Law relatingto shareholders’ rights and protections. This summary is not intended to be a complete discussion of the respective rights and it is qualified in its entiretyby reference to Delaware law and English law. England and Wales DelawareNumber of Directors Under the Companies Act 2006, a public limited companymust have at least two directors and the number of directorsmay be fixed by or in the manner provided in a company’sarticles of association. Under Delaware law, a corporation must have at least onedirector and the number of directors shall be fixed by or inthe manner provided in the bylaws. Removal of Directors Under the Companies Act 2006, shareholders may remove adirector without cause by an ordinary resolution (which ispassed by a simple majority of those voting in person or byproxy at a general meeting) irrespective of any provisions ofany service contract the director has with the company,provided 28 clear days’ notice of the resolution has been givento the company and its shareholders. On receipt of notice of anintended resolution to remove a director, the company mustforthwith send a copy of the notice to the director concerned.Certain other procedural requirements under the CompaniesAct 2006 must also be followed such as allowing the directorto make representations against his or her removal either at themeeting or in writing. Under Delaware law, any director or the entire board ofdirectors may be removed, with or without cause, by theholders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote atan election of directors, except (a) unless the certificate ofincorporation provides otherwise, in the case of acorporation whose board of directors is classified,shareholders may effect such removal only for cause, or(b) in the case of a corporation having cumulative voting, ifless than the entire board of directors is to be removed, nodirector may be removed without cause if the votes castagainst his removal would be sufficient to elect him if thencumulatively voted at an election of the entire board ofdirectors, or, if there are classes of directors, at an electionof the class of directors of which he is a part. Vacancies on the Board ofDirectors Under English law, the procedure by which directors (otherthan a company’s initial directors) are appointed is generallyset out in a company’s articles of association, provided thatwhere two or more persons are appointed as directors of apublic limited company by resolution of the shareholders at ageneral meeting, resolutions appointing each director must bevoted on individually unless the shareholders present vote todisapply this requirement without any vote in opposition. Under Delaware law, vacancies and newly createddirectorships may be filled by a majority of the directorsthen in office (even though less than a quorum) or by a soleremaining director unless (a) otherwise provided in thecertificate of incorporation or by-laws of the corporation or(b) the certificate of incorporation directs that a particularclass of stock is to elect such director, in which case amajority of the other directors elected by such class, or asole remaining director elected by such class, will fill suchvacancy. Annual General Meeting Under the Companies Act 2006, a public limited companymust hold an annual general meeting in each six-month periodfollowing the company’s annual accounting reference date. Under Delaware law, the annual meeting of stockholdersshall be held at such place, on such date and at such time asmay be designated from time to time by the board ofdirectors or as provided in the certificate of incorporation orby the bylaws. 122 General Meeting Under the Companies Act 2006, a general meeting of theshareholders of a public limited company may be called by thedirectors. Shareholders holding at least 5% of the paid-up capital of thecompany carrying voting rights at general meetings canrequire the directors to call a general meeting and, if thedirectors fail to do so within a prescribed period, maythemselves call a general meeting. Under Delaware law, special meetings of the stockholdersmay be called by the board of directors or by such person orpersons as may be authorized by the certificate ofincorporation or by the bylaws. Notice of General Meetings Under the Companies Act 2006, 21 clear days’ notice must begiven for an annual general meeting and any resolutions to beproposed at the meeting. Subject to a company’s articles ofassociation providing for a longer period, at least 14 cleardays’ notice is required for any other general meeting. Inaddition, certain matters, such as resolutions to removedirectors or auditors, require special notice, which is 28 cleardays’ notice. The shareholders of a company may in all casesconsent to a shorter notice period, the proportion ofshareholders’ consent required being 100% of those entitled toattend and vote in the case of an annual general meeting and,in the case of any other general meeting, a majority in numberof the shareholders having a right to attend and vote at themeeting, being a majority who together hold not less than 95%in nominal value of the shares giving a right to attend and voteat the meeting. Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in thecertificate of incorporation or bylaws, written notice of anymeeting of the stockholders must be given to eachstockholder entitled to vote at the meeting not less than 10nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting andshall specify the place, date, hour, and purpose or purposesof the meeting. Proxy Under the Companies Act 2006, at any meeting ofshareholders, a shareholder may designate another person toattend, speak and vote at the meeting on their behalf by proxy. Under Delaware law, at any meeting of stockholders, astockholder may designate another person to act for suchstockholder by proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted oracted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxyprovides for a longer period. A director of a Delawarecorporation may not issue a proxy representing thedirector’s voting rights as a director. Pre-emptive Rights Under the Companies Act 2006, “equity securities”, being(i) shares in the company other than shares that, with respect todividends and capital, carry a right to participate only up to aspecified amount in a distribution (“ordinary shares”) or(ii) rights to subscribe for, or to convert securities into,ordinary shares, proposed to be allotted for cash must beoffered first to the existing equity shareholders in the companyin proportion to the respective nominal value of theirholdings, unless an exception applies or a special resolution tothe contrary has been passed by shareholders in a generalmeeting or the articles of association provide otherwise (ineach case in accordance with the provisions of the CompaniesAct 2006). Under Delaware law, shareholders have no preemptiverights to subscribe to additional issues of stock or to anysecurity convertible into such stock unless, and except tothe extent that, such rights are expressly provided for in thecertificate of incorporation. 123 Authority to Allot Under the Companies Act 2006, the directors of a companymust not allot shares or grant rights to subscribe for or toconvert any security into shares unless an exception applies oran ordinary resolution to the contrary has been passed byshareholders in a general meeting or the articles of associationprovide otherwise (in each case in accordance with theprovisions of the Companies Act 2006). Under Delaware law, if the corporation’s charter orcertificate of incorporation so provides, the board ofdirectors has the power to authorize the issuance of stock. Itmay authorize capital stock to be issued for considerationconsisting of cash, any tangible or intangible property orany benefit to the corporation or any combination thereof.It may determine the amount of such consideration byapproving a formula. In the absence of actual fraud in thetransaction, the judgment of the directors as to the value ofsuch consideration is conclusive. Liability of Directors andOfficers Under the Companies Act 2006, any provision (whethercontained in a company’s articles of association or anycontract or otherwise) that purports to exempt a director of acompany, to any extent, from any liability that wouldotherwise attach to him in connection with any negligence,default, breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to thecompany is void. Any provision by which a company directly or indirectlyprovides an indemnity, to any extent, for a director of thecompany or of an associated company against any liabilityattaching to him in connection with any negligence, default,breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to the company ofwhich he is a director is also void except as permitted by theCompanies Act 2006, which provides exceptions for thecompany to (a) purchase and maintain insurance against suchliability; (b) provide a “qualifying third party indemnity”(being an indemnity against liability incurred by the directorto a person other than the company or an associated companyas long as he is successful in defending the claim or criminalproceedings or in obtaining relief from the court); and(c) provide a “qualifying pension scheme indemnity” (beingan indemnity against liability incurred in connection with thecompany’s activities as trustee of an occupational pensionplan). Under Delaware law, a corporation’s certificate ofincorporation may include a provision eliminating orlimiting the personal liability of a director to thecorporation and its stockholders for damages arising from abreach of fiduciary duty as a director. However, noprovision can limit the liability of a director for: • any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to thecorporation or its stockholders; • acts or omissions not in good faith or thatinvolve intentional misconduct or a knowingviolation of law; • intentional or negligent payment of unlawfuldividends or stock purchases or redemptions; or • any transaction from which the director derivesan improper personal benefit. 124 Voting Rights Under English law, unless a poll is demanded by theshareholders of a company or is required by the chairman ofthe meeting or by the company’s articles of association,shareholders shall vote on all resolutions on a show of hands.Under the Companies Act 2006, a poll may be demanded by(a) not fewer than five shareholders having the right to vote onthe resolution; (b) any shareholder(s) representing not less than10% of the total voting rights of all the shareholders havingthe right to vote on the resolution; or (c) any shareholder(s)holding shares in the company conferring a right to vote onthe resolution being shares on which an aggregate sum hasbeen paid up equal to not less than 10% of the total sum paidup on all the shares conferring that right. A company’s articlesof association may provide more extensive rights forshareholders to call a poll. Under English law, an ordinary resolution is passed on a showof hands if it is approved by a simple majority (more than50%) of the votes cast by shareholders present (in person or byproxy) and entitled to vote. If a poll is demanded, an ordinaryresolution is passed if it is approved by holders representing asimple majority of the total voting rights of shareholderspresent, in person or by proxy, who, being entitled to vote,vote on the resolution. Special resolutions require theaffirmative vote of not less than 75% of the votes cast byshareholders present, in person or by proxy, at the meeting. Delaware law provides that, unless otherwise provided inthe certificate of incorporation, each stockholder is entitledto one vote for each share of capital stock held by suchstockholder. Shareholder Vote on CertainTransactions The Companies Act 2006 provides for schemes ofarrangement, which are arrangements or compromises betweena company and any class of shareholders or creditors that areused in certain types of reconstructions, amalgamations,capital reorganizations or takeovers. These arrangementsrequire: • the approval at a shareholders’ or creditors’ meetingconvened by order of the court, of a majority innumber of shareholders or creditors representing75% in value of the capital held by, or debt owed to,the class of shareholders, or class thereof present andvoting, either in person or by proxy; and • the approval of the court. Generally, under Delaware law, unless the certificate ofincorporation provides for the vote of a larger portion of thestock, completion of a merger, consolidation, sale, lease orexchange of all or substantially all of a corporation’s assetsor dissolution requires: • the approval of the board of directors; and • approval by the vote of the holders of a majorityof the outstanding stock or, if the certificate ofincorporation provides for more or less than onevote per share, a majority of the votes of theoutstanding stock of a corporation entitled tovote on the matter. 125 Standard of Conduct forDirectors Under English law, a director owes various statutory andfiduciary duties to the company, including: • to act in the way he considers, in good faith, wouldbe most likely to promote the success of thecompany for the benefit of its shareholders as awhole, subject in certain specified circumstances toconsider or act in the interests of the creditors of thecompany; • to avoid a situation in which he has, or can have, adirect or indirect interest that conflicts, or possiblyconflicts, with the interests of the company; • to act in accordance with the company’sconstitution and only exercise his powers for thepurposes for which they are conferred; • to exercise independent judgement; • to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence; • not to accept benefits from a third party conferred byreason of his being a director or doing, or not doing,anything as a director; and • a duty to declare any interest that he has, whetherdirectly or indirectly, in a proposed or existingtransaction or arrangement with the company. Delaware law does not contain specific provisions settingforth the standard of conduct of a director. The scope of thefiduciary duties of directors is generally determined by thecourts of the State of Delaware. In general, directors have aduty to act without self-interest, on a well-informed basisand in a manner they reasonably believe to be in the bestinterest of the stockholders. Directors of a Delaware corporation owe fiduciary duties ofcare and loyalty to the corporation and to its shareholders.The duty of care generally requires that a director act ingood faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent personwould exercise under similar circumstances. Under thisduty, a director must inform himself of all materialinformation reasonably available regarding a significanttransaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director actin a manner he reasonably believes to be in the bestinterests of the corporation. He must not use his corporateposition for personal gain or advantage. In general, butsubject to certain exceptions, actions of a director arepresumed to have been made on an informed basis, in goodfaith and in the honest belief that the action taken was inthe best interests of the corporation. However, thispresumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach ofone of the fiduciary duties. Delaware courts have alsoimposed a heightened standard of conduct upon directorsof a Delaware corporation who take any action designed todefeat a threatened change in control of the corporation. In addition, under Delaware law, when the board ofdirectors of a Delaware corporation approves the sale orbreak-up of a corporation, the board of directors may, incertain circumstances, have a duty to obtain the highestvalue reasonably available to the shareholders. 126 Shareholder Litigation Under English law, generally, the company, rather than itsshareholders, is the proper claimant in an action in respect of awrong done to the company or where there is an irregularity inthe company’s internal management. Notwithstanding thisgeneral position, the Companies Act 2006 provides that (i) acourt may allow a shareholder to bring a derivative claim (thatis, an action in respect of and on behalf of the company) inrespect of a cause of action arising from an act or omissioninvolving a director’s negligence, default, breach of duty orbreach of trust and (ii) a shareholder may bring a claim for acourt order where the company’s affairs have been or are beingconducted in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to some orall of its shareholders. Under Delaware law, a stockholder may initiate a derivativeaction to enforce a right of a corporation if the corporationfails to enforce the right itself. The complaint must: • state that the plaintiff was a stockholder at thetime of the transaction of which the plaintiffcomplains or that the plaintiffs shares thereafterdevolved on the plaintiff by operation of law;and • allege with particularity the efforts made by theplaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desiresfrom the directors and the reasons for theplaintiff’s failure to obtain the action; or • State the reasons for not making the effort. Additionally, the plaintiff must remain a stockholderthrough the duration of the derivative suit. The action willnot be dismissed or compromised without the approval ofthe Delaware Court of Chancery. C.Material ContractsExcept as otherwise disclosed in this Annual Report (including the exhibits thereto), we are not currently, and have not been in the last two years,party to any material contract, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of our business.D.Exchange ControlsThere are no governmental laws, decrees, regulations or other legislation in the United Kingdom that may affect the import or export of capital,including the availability of cash and cash equivalents for use by us, or that may affect the remittance of dividends, interest, or other payments by us to non-resident holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs, other than withholding tax requirements. There is no limitation imposed by English law or our articles ofassociation on the right of non-residents to hold or vote shares.E.TaxationMaterial U.S. Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsThe following discussion describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) under present law of thepurchase, ownership and disposition of the ADSs. This discussion is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended or the Code for purposesof this discussion, in effect as of the date of this Annual Report and on U.S. Treasury regulations in effect or, in some cases, proposed, as of the date of thisAnnual Report, as well as judicial and administrative interpretations thereof available on or before such date. All of the foregoing authorities are subject tochange, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below.127 This discussion applies only to U.S. Holders that hold the ADSs as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes. It does not purport to be acomprehensive description of all tax considerations that may be relevant to a decision to purchase the ADSs by any particular investor. In particular, thisdiscussion does not address tax considerations applicable to a U.S. Holder that may be subject to special tax rules, including, without limitation, a dealer insecurities or currencies, a trader in securities that elects to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for securities holdings, banks, thrifts, or other financialinstitutions, an insurance company, a tax-exempt organization, a person that holds the ADSs as part of a hedge, straddle or conversion transaction for taxpurposes, a person whose functional currency for tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar, certain former citizens or residents of the United States or a person thatowns directly, indirectly or constructively 10% or more of the company’s voting shares or value. Moreover, this description does not address the U.S. federalestate, gift, or alternative minimum tax consequences, or any state, local or non-U.S. tax consequences, of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of theADSs. In addition, the discussion does not address tax consequences to an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposesthat holds the ADSs, or a partner in such partnership. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of each partner of such partnership generally will depend upon thestatus of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Prospective purchasers that are partners in a partnership holding the ADSs are urged to consult theirown tax advisers.The discussion below of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to “U.S. Holders” will apply to an investor that is a beneficial owner of ADSs andthat is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, •an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States; •a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) organized under the laws of the United States, anystate therein or the District of Columbia; •an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or •a trust that (i) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and subject to the control of one or more U.S. persons forall substantial decisions or (ii) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a beneficial owner of ADSs generally will be treated as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares representedby such ADSs. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of the underlying ordinary shares for ADSs generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.You are urged to consult your tax advisors about the application of the U.S. federal income tax rules to your particular circumstances as well asthe state, local, non-U.S. and other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of the ADSs.Passive Foreign Investment Company ConsiderationsIn general, a corporation organized outside the United States will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, in a particulartaxable year if either (i) 75% or more of the corporation’s gross income for the taxable year is passive income or (ii) on average at least 50% of the value ofthe corporation’s assets produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, amongother things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property thatgives rise to passive income.In making this determination, we will be treated as earning our proportionate share of any income and owning our proportionate share of any assets ofany corporation in which we hold a 25% or greater interest (by value). Because PFIC status must be determined annually based on tests which are factual innature, our PFIC status will depend on our income, assets and activities each year, including whether certain research and development tax credits receivedfrom the government of the United Kingdom will constitute gross income, and, if they do, whether they will constitute passive income for purposes of thePFIC income test. If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder may be able to mitigate some of the resulting adverse U.S. federal incometax consequences described below with respect to owning the ADSs, provided that such U.S. Holder is eligible to make, and validly makes a “mark-to-market” election, described below. In certain circumstances a U.S. Holder can make a “qualified electing fund” election to mitigate some of the adverse taxconsequences described with respect to an ownership interest in a PFIC by including in income its share of the PFIC’s income on a current basis. However, wedo not currently intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable a U.S. Holder to make a qualified electing fund election.128 In the event that we are classified as a PFIC in any year in which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs, and the “mark-to-market” election described below isnot made by a taxable U.S. Holder, a special tax regime will apply with respect to such U.S. Holder to both (a) any gain realized on the sale or otherdisposition of the ADSs and (b) any “excess distribution” by us to such U.S. Holder (generally, such U.S. Holder’s ratable portion of distributions received bysuch U.S. Holder in any year which are greater than 125% of the average annual distribution received by such U.S. Holder in the shorter of the three precedingyears or such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs). Any gain recognized by such U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of theADSs and any excess distribution would be allocated ratably over such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs. The amounts allocated to the taxable yearof the sale or other disposition and to any year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable yearwould be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and the interest charge generallyapplicable to underpayments of tax would be imposed on taxes deemed to have been payable in for the relevant taxable PFIC years. Classification as a PFICmay also have other adverse tax consequences, including, in the case of U.S. Holders that are individuals, the denial of a step-up in the basis of such U.S.Holder’s ADSs at death.Based on our estimated gross income, the average value of our assets, including goodwill and the nature of our active business, we do not expect to betreated as a PFIC for U.S. income tax purposes for the taxable year ending December 31, 2019. The PFIC tests must be applied each year, and it is possiblethat we may become a PFIC in a future year.Mark-to-Market ElectionIf we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs, then in lieu of being subject to the special tax regime and interestcharge rules discussed above, a U.S. Holder may make an election to include gain on the ADSs as ordinary income under a mark-to-market method, providedthat the ADSs are treated as “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange.” In general, the ADSs will be treated as “regularly traded” for a given calendar yearif more than a de minimis quantity of the ADSs are traded on a qualified exchange on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter of such calendar year.Although the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, has not published any authority identifying specific exchanges that may constitute “qualifiedexchanges,” Treasury Regulations provide that a qualified exchange is (a) a U.S. securities exchange that is registered with the Securities and ExchangeCommission, or the SEC, (b) the U.S. market system established pursuant to section 11A of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, or (c) a non-U.S.securities exchange that is regulated or supervised by a governmental authority of the country in which the market is located, provided that (i) such non-U.S.exchange has trading volume, listing, financial disclosure, surveillance and other requirements designed to prevent fraudulent and manipulative acts andpractices, to remove impediments to and perfect the mechanism of a free and open, fair and orderly, market, and to protect investors; and the laws of thecountry in which such non-U.S. exchange is located and the rules of such non-U.S. exchange ensure that such requirements are actually enforced and (ii) therules of such non-U.S. exchange effectively promote active trading of listed shares. We have received approval to list our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global SelectMarket, which is a U.S. securities exchange that is registered with the SEC. However, no assurance can be given that the ADSs will meet the requirements tobe treated as “regularly traded” for purposes of the mark-to-market election. In addition, because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tierPFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the special tax regime with respect to such holder’s indirect interest in any investmentsheld by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including shares in any future subsidiary of ours that is treatedas a PFIC.If a U.S. Holder makes this mark-to-market election, such U.S. Holder will be required in any year in which we are a PFIC to include as ordinaryincome the excess of the fair market value of such U.S. Holder’s ADSs at year-end over its basis in those ADSs. In addition, the excess, if any, of such U.S.Holder’s basis in the ADSs over the fair market value of such U.S. Holder’s ADSs at year-end is deductible as an ordinary loss in an amount equal to the lesserof (i) the amount of the excess or (ii) the amount of the net mark-to-market gains that have been included in income in prior years by such U.S. Holder. Anygain recognized by such U.S. Holder upon the sale of such U.S. Holder’s ADSs will be taxed as ordinary income in the year of sale. Amounts treated asordinary income will not be eligible for the preferential tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income or long-term capital gains. A U.S. Holder’s adjustedtax basis in the ADSs will be increased by the amount of any income inclusion and decreased by the amount of any deductions under the mark-to-marketrules. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to market election, it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable yearsunless the ADSs are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election.129 Information Reporting RequirementsIf we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S Holder holds the ADSs, each such U.S. Holder generally will be required to file an annualinformation return on IRS Form 8621 containing such information as the U.S. Treasury Department may require. The failure to file IRS Form 8621 couldresult in the imposition of penalties and the extension of the statute of limitations with respect to U.S. federal income tax.The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs are complex. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors with respect to the purchase,ownership and disposition of the ADSs, the availability of the mark-to-market election and whether making the election would be advisable in theirparticular circumstances, and the IRS information reporting obligations with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of the ADSs.Taxation of Dividends and Other Distributions on the ADSsSubject to the discussion above under the heading “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” generally, the gross amount ofdistributions made by us, if any, to a U.S. Holder with respect to the ADSs, before reduction for any non-U.S. taxes withheld therefrom, will be includable ingross income as a dividend to the extent that such distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federalincome tax principles). To the extent, if any, that the amount of any cash distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, it will betreated first as a tax-free return of such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in its ADSs, and to the extent the amount of the distribution exceeds such U.S. Holder’s taxbasis, the excess will be taxed as capital gain. We do not intend to calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Therefore, aU.S. Holder should expect that a distribution will generally be treated as a dividend even if that distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxablereturn of capital or as capital gain under the rules described above. A dividend in respect of the ADSs will not be eligible for the dividends-receiveddeduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from other U.S. corporations. Non-corporate U.S. Holders may qualify for the lower ratesof taxation with respect to dividends on ADSs applicable to long term capital gains (i.e., gains from the sale of capital assets held for more than one year),provided that certain conditions are met, including certain holding period requirements and the absence of certain risk reduction transactions. However, suchreduced rate shall not apply if we are a PFIC for the taxable year in which we pay a dividend, or were a PFIC in the preceding taxable year. As indicated in thesection titled “Dividend Policy” herein, we intend to retain any earnings for use in our business and do not currently intend to pay dividends on our ordinaryshares.Subject to the paragraph below, dividends generally will constitute income from sources outside the United States, which may be relevant incalculating a U.S. Holder’s foreign tax credit limitation. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, non-U.S. tax withheld on dividends may be deductedfrom such U.S. Holder’s taxable income or credited against such U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible forcredit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends that we distribute generally should constitute “passivecategory income,” or, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, “general category income.” A foreign tax credit for foreign taxes imposed on distributions may bedenied if a U.S. Holder does not satisfy certain minimum holding period requirements.Notwithstanding the paragraph above, if 50% or more of the ADSs are treated as held by U.S. persons, we will be treated as a “U.S.-owned foreigncorporation.” In that case, dividends may be treated for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes as income from sources outside the United States to the extent paidout of our non-U.S. source earnings and profits, and as income from sources within the United States to the extent paid out of our U.S. source earnings andprofits. There can be no assurance that we will not be treated as a U.S.-owned foreign corporation. If the dividends are taxed at the lower tax rates generallyapplicable to long-term capital gains (as discussed above), the amount of the dividend taken into account for purposes of calculating the U.S. foreign taxcredit limitation will generally be limited to the gross amount of the dividend, multiplied by the preferential rate divided by the highest rate of tax normallyapplicable to dividends. The rules relating to the determination of the foreign tax credit are complex, and U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisorsto determine whether and to what extent such U.S. Holder will be entitled to a foreign tax credit.130 Taxation of Dispositions of ADSsSubject to the discussion above under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” a U.S. Holder will recognize taxable gain or loss onany sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of an ADS equal to the difference between the amount realized (the amount of cash (in U.S. dollars) plus thefair market value of any property received) for the ADS and such U.S. Holder’s tax basis (in U.S. dollars) in the ADS. The gain or loss will generally be capitalgain or loss. Such capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain taxable at a reduced rate for non-corporate U.S. Holders or long-term capitalloss if, on the date of sale, exchange or other disposition, the ADSs were held by the U.S. Holder for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses issubject to limitations. Any such gain or loss generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.Disposition of Foreign CurrencyU.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of receiving, converting or disposing of any non-U.S. currencyreceived as dividends on our ADSs or on the sale or retirement of an ADS.Tax on Net Investment IncomeAdditional 3.8% Medicare tax on some or all of such U.S. Holder’s “net investment income.” Net investment income generally includes income fromthe ADSs unless such income is derived in the ordinary course of the conduct of a trade or business (other than a trade or business that consists of certainpassive or trading activities). You should consult your tax advisors regarding the effect this Medicare tax may have, if any, on your acquisition, ownership ordisposition of the ADSs.Information Reporting and Backup WithholdingDistributions with respect to ADSs and proceeds from the sale, exchange or disposition of ADSs may be subject to information reporting to the IRS,and possible U.S. backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification numberand makes any other required certification or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exemptstatus generally must provide such certification on U.S. Internal Revenue Service Form W-9. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding theapplication of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal incometax liability, and a U.S. Holder may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim forrefund with the IRS and furnishing any required information.Foreign Financial Asset Information ReportingU.S. Holders who are either individuals or certain domestic entities may be required to submit certain information to the IRS with respect to suchholder’s beneficial ownership of the ADSs, if such ADSs are not held on such holder’s behalf by a financial institution, as our ordinary shares are considered“specified foreign financial assets.” This law also imposes penalties and potential other adverse tax consequences if a U.S. Holder is required to submit suchinformation to the IRS and fails to do so. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the potential information reporting obligations thatmay be imposed with respect to the ownership and disposition of the ADSs.The above description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to acquisition, ownership and dispositionof the ADSs. Prospective purchasers are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the tax consequences related to their particular circumstances.United Kingdom Tax ConsiderationsThe following is a general summary of certain United Kingdom tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposal of the ADSs and does notaddress all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in the ADSs. It is based on current U.K. tax law and published HM Revenue & Customs, orHMRC, practice as of the date of this Annual Report, both of which are subject to change, possibly with retrospective effect.131 This United Kingdom taxation section is written on the basis that the company is and remains resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom onlyand will therefore be subject to the U.K. tax regime and not the U.S. tax regime (save as discussed in the section titled “Material U.S. Federal Income TaxConsiderations” above). On this basis, dividends paid by the company will be regarded as U.K. dividends, not U.S. dividends.Except as provided otherwise, this summary applies only to persons who are resident (and, in the case of individuals, domiciled or deemed domiciled)in the United Kingdom for tax purposes and who are not resident for tax purposes in any other jurisdiction, and do not have a permanent establishment orfixed base in any other jurisdiction with which the holding of the ADSs is connected. Such persons are referred to herein as U.K. Holders. Persons (a) who arenot resident (or, if resident, are not domiciled or deemed domiciled) in the United Kingdom for tax purposes, including those individuals and companies whotrade in the United Kingdom through a branch, agency or permanent establishment in the United Kingdom to which the ADSs are attributable, or (b) who areresident or otherwise subject to tax in a jurisdiction outside the United Kingdom, are recommended to seek the advice of professional advisers in relation totheir taxation obligations.This summary is for general information only and is not intended to be, nor should it be considered to be, legal or tax advice to any particularinvestor. It does not address all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to specific investors in light of their particular circumstances or to investorssubject to special treatment under U.K. tax law. In particular: •this summary only applies to the absolute beneficial owners of the ADSs (and where the ADSs are not held through an Individual SavingsAccount or a Self-Invested Personal Pension); and •this summary: (a) only addresses the principal U.K. tax consequences for investors who hold the ADSs as capital assets, (b) does not addressthe tax consequences that may be relevant to certain special classes of investor such as dealers, brokers or traders in shares or securities andother persons who hold the ADSs otherwise than as an investment, (c) does not address the tax consequences for holders that are financialinstitutions, insurance companies, collective investment schemes, pension schemes, charities or tax-exempt organizations, (d) assumes that theholder is not an officer or employee of the company (or of any related company) and has not (and is not deemed to have) acquired the ADSs orrelated ordinary shares by virtue of an office or employment, and (e) assumes that the holder does not control or hold (and is not deemed tocontrol or hold), either alone or together with one or more associated or connected persons, directly or indirectly (including through theholding of the related ordinary shares or ADSs), an interest of 10% or more in the issued share capital (or in any class thereof or ADSs), votingpower, rights to profits or capital of the company, and is not otherwise connected with the company.This summary further assumes, on the basis of HMRC guidance, that a holder of ADSs will be regarded by HMRC as the beneficial owner of theunderlying ordinary shares and of any dividends paid in respect of the related ordinary shares (where the dividends are regarded for U.K. tax purposes as thatperson’s own income (and not the income of some other person)) for U.K. tax purposes.Potential investors in ADSs should satisfy themselves prior to investing as to the overall tax consequences, including, specifically, theconsequences under U.K. tax law and HMRC practice of the acquisition, ownership and disposal of ADSs in their own particular circumstances byconsulting their own tax advisers. In particular, non-U.K. resident or domiciled persons are advised to consider the potential impact of any relevantdouble taxation agreements.Taxation of dividendsWithholding Tax. Dividend payments in respect of ADSs or ordinary shares may be made without withholding or deduction for or on account of U.K.tax.United Kingdom Income Tax. An individual U.K. Holder (being an individual who is resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom) who receivesa dividend from the company will generally be subject to income tax on the dividend. For the tax year 2018/2019, an individual U.K. Holder will generallypay tax at a rate of zero per cent on the first £2,000 of dividends received by such U.K. Holder. Dividend income taxed at 0% will be taken into account indetermining the rate at which income in excess of this tax-free allowance will (subject to the availability of any income tax personal allowance) be taxed.An individual U.K. Holder who is subject to income tax at the basic rate will be liable to tax on the dividend at the rate of 7.5%. An individual U.K.Holder who is subject to income tax at the higher rate (but not the additional rate) will be liable to income tax on the dividend at the rate of 32.5% to theextent that such sum, when treated as the top slice of that holder’s income, exceeds the threshold for higher rate income tax.132 An individual U.K. Holder liable to income tax at the additional rate will be subject to income tax on the dividend at the rate of 38.1% to the extentthat the holder’s income (including the dividend) exceeds the threshold for the additional rate.An individual who is not a U.K. Holder (other than one carrying on a trade, profession or vocation in the United Kingdom through a branch or agencyto which the ADSs are attributable) who is resident for tax purposes outside the United Kingdom will not have any U.K. tax to pay on dividends receivedfrom the company.United Kingdom Corporation Tax. A U.K. Holder within the charge to U.K. corporation tax may be entitled to exemption from U.K. corporation taxin respect of dividend payments. If the conditions for the exemption are not satisfied, or such United Kingdom Holder elects for an otherwise exemptdividend to be taxable, United Kingdom corporation tax will be chargeable on the amount of any dividends. The main rate of United Kingdom corporationtax for the 2018/2019 tax year is 19%. If potential investors are in any doubt as to their position, they should consult their own professional advisers.A corporate holder of ADSs that is not a U.K. Holder will not be subject to U.K. corporation tax on dividends received from the company, unless itcarries on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment to which the ADSs are attributable. In these circumstances, such holder may,depending on its individual circumstances and if the exemption from U.K. corporation tax discussed above does not apply, be chargeable to U.K. corporationtax on dividends received from the company.Taxation of DisposalsU.K. Holders. A disposal or deemed disposal of ADSs by an individual U.K. Holder may, depending on his or her individual circumstances, give riseto a chargeable gain or to an allowable loss for the purpose of U.K. capital gains tax. The principal factors that will determine the capital gains tax position ona disposal of ADSs are the extent to which the U.K. Holder realizes any other capital gains in the tax year in which the disposal is made, the extent to whichthe holder has incurred capital losses in that or any earlier tax year and the level of the annual allowance of tax-free gains in that tax year (the “annualexemption”). The annual exemption for the 2018/2019 tax year is £11,700. If, after all allowable deductions, an individual U.K. Holder who is subject to U.K.income tax at either the higher or the additional rate becomes liable to U.K. capital gains tax on the disposal of ADSs, the current applicable rate would be20%. For an individual U.K. Holder who is subject to U.K. income tax at the basic rate and, after all allowable deductions, liable to U.K. capital gains tax onsuch disposal, the current applicable rate would be 10%, save to the extent that any capital gains exceed the unused basic rate tax band. In that case, thecurrent rate applicable to the excess would be 20%.An individual U.K. Holder who ceases to be resident in the United Kingdom (or who fails to be regarded as resident in a territory outside the UnitedKingdom for the purposes of double taxation relief) for a period of less than five years and who disposes of his or her ADSs during that period of temporarynon-residence may be liable to U.K. capital gains tax on a chargeable gain accruing on such disposal on his or her return to the United Kingdom (or uponceasing to be regarded as resident outside the United Kingdom for the purposes of double taxation relief) (subject to available exemptions or reliefs).A disposal or deemed disposal of ADSs by a corporate U.K. Holder may give rise to a chargeable gain or an allowable loss for the purpose of U.K.corporation tax. Indexation allowance (which historically would have applied to reduce the amount of chargeable gain that is subject to corporation tax) willnot operate to reduce any gains on disposals of ADSs acquired on or after January 1, 2018 that arise to corporate U.K. Holders. Indexation allowance may beavailable in relation to disposals of ADSs acquired prior to January 1, 2018, but will be calculated applying the Retail Price Index for December 2017regardless of the actual date of disposal.Non-United Kingdom Holders. The paragraphs below relating to the liability of non U.K. Holders to U.K. tax on chargeable gains assume that:(a) the draft U.K. legislation published on January 9, 2019 relating to the taxation of gains made by non-residents on U.K. land are enacted into U.K.law as envisaged in the draft legislation; and(b) the company does not (and will not) derive 75% or more of its gross asset value from U.K. land.An individual holder who is not a U.K. Holder will not be liable to U.K. capital gains tax on capital gains realized on the disposal of his or her ADSsunless such holder carries on (whether solely or in partnership) a trade, profession or vocation in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment inthe United Kingdom to which the ADSs are attributable. In these circumstances, such holder may, depending on his or her individual circumstances, bechargeable to U.K. capital gains tax on chargeable gains arising from a disposal of his or her ADSs.133 A corporate holder of ADSs that is not a U.K. Holder will not be liable for U.K. corporation tax on chargeable gains realized on the disposal of itsADSs unless it carries on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment to which the ADSs are attributable. In these circumstances, adisposal of ADSs by such holder may give rise to a chargeable gain or an allowable loss for the purposes of U.K. corporation tax.Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve TaxThe statements below in relation to U.K. stamp duty and stamp duty reserve tax, or SDRT, apply irrespective of whether the relevant holder of ADSs isresident or domiciled in the United Kingdom.Issue and Transfer of Ordinary SharesIssue (including to a depositary or clearance service). No U.K. stamp duty is payable on the issue of the ordinary shares.Based on current published HMRC practice and case law, there should be no SDRT payable on the issue of ordinary shares to a depositary receiptsystem or a clearance service. We understand that HMRC recognizes DTC as a clearance service for United Kingdom stamp duty and SDRT purposes.Transfer to a depositary or clearance service. Transfers of, and unconditional agreements to transfer, ordinary shares to, or to a nominee or agent for,a person whose business is or includes issuing depositary receipts or the provision of clearance services, will generally be regarded by HMRC as subject toSDRT (and where the transfer is effected by a written instrument, stamp duty €) at a rate of 1.5% of the amount or value of the consideration or, in certaincircumstances, the value of the ordinary shares transferred unless, in the case of a clearance service, it has made an election under section 97A(1) Finance Act1986, or such transfer can be regarded as an integral part of an issue of share capital. In a recent Court of Justice of the European Union judgment (Air Berlinplc v HMRC [2017]) the Court considered the application of this test, but, as yet, the UK domestic law and HMRC’s published practice remain unchanged.Accordingly, we anticipate that the charge will continue to be collected and anticipate that this liability for stamp duty or SDRT would be borne by theperson depositing the relevant shares in the depositary receipt system or clearance service. Transfers of ordinary shares between depositary receipt systemsand clearance services will generally be exempt from stamp duty and SDRT unless, in the case of a clearance service, it has made an election under section97A(1) Finance Act 1986. Our understanding is that DTC has not made such an election.Transfer on sale. The transfer on sale of ordinary shares by a written instrument of transfer will generally be liable to U.K. stamp duty at the rate of0.5% of the amount or value of the consideration for the transfer. The purchaser normally pays the stamp duty.The transfer of ordinary shares within a depositary receipt system or clearance service should not be subject to stamp duty or SDRT, except where aclearance service has made an election under section 97A(1) Finance Act 1986. Our understanding is that DTC has not made such an election.An agreement to transfer ordinary shares outside a depositary receipt system or a clearance service will generally give rise to a liability on thepurchaser to SDRT at the rate of 0.5% of the amount or value of the consideration. Such SDRT is payable on the seventh day of the month following themonth in which the charge arises, but where an instrument of transfer is executed and duly stamped before the expiry of a period of six years beginning withthe date of that agreement, (i) any SDRT that has not been paid ceases to be payable, and (ii) any SDRT that has been paid may be recovered from HMRC,generally with interest.Issue or Transfer of ADSsBased on current HMRC published practice, no U.K. stamp duty or SDRT should be payable on the issue or transfer of (including an unconditionalagreement to transfer) an ADS on the basis that an ADS is not regarded as “stock” or a “marketable security” for U.K. stamp duty purposes and is notconsidered “chargeable security” for the purposes of SDRT.134 F.Dividends and Paying AgentsNot Applicable.G.Statement by ExpertsNot Applicable.H.Documents on DisplayWe are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, we are required to file reports and other information with theSEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F and reports on Form 6-K. You may inspect and copy reports and other information filed with the SEC at thePublic Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained bycalling the SEC at 1-800-732-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information about issuers, like us, thatfile electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.We also make available on our website, free of charge, our Annual Report and the text of our reports on Form 6-K, including any amendments to thesereports, as well as certain other SEC filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our websiteaddress is www.nucana.com. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.I.Subsidiary InformationNot Applicable.Item 11.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market RiskMarket risk arises from our exposure to fluctuation in interest rates and currency exchange rates. These risks are managed by maintaining anappropriate mix of cash deposits in the two main currencies we operate in, placed with a variety of financial institutions for varying periods according toexpected liquidity requirements.Interest Rate RiskAs of December 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of £77.0 million. As of December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of£86.7 million. Our exposure to interest rate sensitivity is impacted primarily by changes in the underlying bank interest rates. Our surplus cash and cashequivalents are invested in interest-bearing accounts and certificates of deposit from time to time which earn interest at fixed or variable rates, based on theterms agreed for each account. We have not entered into investments for trading or speculative purposes. An increase in the bank interest rates by 0.5percentage points would increase the net annual interest income applicable to the cash and cash equivalents by £357,041 (2017: £327,261).Currency RiskOur functional currency is U.K. pounds sterling, and our transactions are commonly denominated in that currency. However, we incur a portion ofexpenses in other currencies, primarily U.S. dollars, and are exposed to the effects of this exchange rate. Since mid-2016, there has been significantlyincreased volatility in the exchange rate between the pound sterling and the U.S. dollar and an overall weakening of the pound sterling related to Britain’sexit from the European Union. Although we are based in the United Kingdom, we source our active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, and other raw materialsand our research and development, manufacturing, consulting and other services worldwide, including from the United States, the European Union and India.Any weakening of the pound sterling against the currencies of such other jurisdictions makes the purchase of such goods and services more expensivefor us. We seek to minimize this exposure by maintaining currency cash balances at levels appropriate to meet foreseeable short to mid-term expenses in theseother currencies. We do not use forward exchange contracts to manage exchange rate exposure. A 1% increase in the value of the pound sterling relative tothe U.S. dollar would reduce the carrying value of our net financial assets and liabilities in foreign currencies at December 31, 2018 by £429,101 (2017:£747,004).135 For additional information about our quantitative and qualitative risks, see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere inthis Annual Report.Item 12.Description of Securities Other than Equity SecuritiesA.Debt SecuritiesNot Applicable.B.Warrants and RightsNot Applicable.C.Other SecuritiesNot Applicable.D.American Depositary SharesCitibank, N.A., or Citibank, has agreed to act as the depositary for the ADSs. Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, NewYork, New York 10013. ADSs represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary. ADSs may be represented by certificates thatare commonly known as American Depositary Receipts, or ADRs. The depositary typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit. In thiscase, the custodian is Citibank, N.A., London Branch.We have appointed Citibank as depositary pursuant to a deposit agreement. A copy of the deposit agreement is on file with the SEC under cover of aregistration statement on Form F-6. You may obtain a copy of the deposit agreement from the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E.,Washington, D.C. 20549 and from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to registration number 333-220392 when retrieving such copy.Fees and ChargesAs an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement: Service FeeIssuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADS upon a deposit of ordinary shares or upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-ordinary shares ratio), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of ordinary shares Up to $0.05 per ADS issued Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited property or upon a change in theADS(s)-to-ordinary shares ratio) Up to $0.05 per ADS cancelled Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements) Up to $0.05 per ADS held Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) share dividends or other distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights topurchase additional ADSs Up to $0.05 per ADS held Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off) Up to $0.05 per ADS held ADS services Up to $0.05 per ADS held on the applicablerecord date(s) established by the depositary 136 As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as: •taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges; •the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of ordinary shares on the share register and applicable to transfersof ordinary shares to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals,respectively; •certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses; •the expenses and charges incurred by the depositary in the conversion of foreign currency; •the fees and expenses incurred by the depositary in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatoryrequirements applicable to ordinary shares, ADSs and ADRs; and •the fees and expenses incurred by the depositary, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the servicing or delivery of depositedproperty.ADS fees and charges payable upon (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs are charged to the person to whom the ADSs are issued(in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person whose ADSs are cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositaryinto DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTCparticipant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficialowner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practicesof the DTC participants as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the holders as of theapplicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds beingdistributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of theADS fees and charges and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADSfees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC and may be charged to theDTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS feesand charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs.In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees or charges, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested serviceuntil payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees and charges from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder.Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You willreceive prior notice of such changes. The depositary may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program, by makingavailable a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary agreefrom time to time.137 PART IIItem 13.Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and DelinquenciesNone.Item 14.Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of ProceedsNot Applicable.Item 15.Controls and ProceduresA.Disclosure Controls and ProceduresOur management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosurecontrols and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based onsuch evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensurethat information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported,within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief ExecutiveOfficer and Chief Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.B.Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) underthe Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reportingand the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. We have a program for the review of ourinternal control over financial reporting to ensure compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act and Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of2002. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of anyevaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degreeof compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internalcontrol over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In conducting its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management based itsevaluation on the Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission(COSO) as at December 31, 2018. Based on its evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as atDecember 31, 2018.C.Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting FirmThis report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm as we are an emerging growth company as defined under theJOBS Act.D.Changes in Internal Control Over Financial ReportingThere has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred duringthe period covered by this Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.Item 16A.Audit Committee Financial ExpertOur Audit Committee is comprised of four of our non-executive directors, Adam George, Isaac Cheng, James Healy and Martin Mellish, and each ofthese members is an “independent director” as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and under the listing standards of the NasdaqStock Market. Adam George serves as chair of this committee. Our Board has determined that Mr. George is an “audit committee financial expert” as definedin Item 16A of Form 20-F.138 Item 16B.Code of EthicsOur Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is applicable to all of our employees, officers and directors and is available on our website athttp://www.nucana.com. We expect that any amendment to this code, or any waivers of its requirements, will be disclosed on our website. Informationcontained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report, and you should not consider informationon our website to be part of this Annual Report.Item 16C.Principal Accountant Fees and ServicesOur financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS and are audited by Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered publicaccounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board in the United States.Ernst & Young LLP has served as our independent registered public accountant for each of the years ended December 31, 2016, December 31, 2017and December 31, 2018 for which audited statements appear in this Annual Report.The following table shows the aggregate fees billed to us, including some of our subsidiaries, for services rendered by Ernst & Young LLP. Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 (in thousands) Audit Fees £330 £247 Audit-Related Fees (1) 186 475 Total £516 £722 (1)For the year ended December 31, 2017, audit-related fees include fees for the performance of interim reviews and assuring reporting on historicalfinancial information included in the Company’s SEC registration statements in connection with the Company’s initial public offering on the NasdaqGlobal Select Market. For the year ended December 31, 2018, audit-related fees are primarily for quarterly reviews.Our Audit Committee reviews and pre-approves the scope and the cost of audit services related to us and permissible non-audit services performed bythe independent auditors, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the Audit Committee prior to the completion of the audit. All of theservices related to our company provided by Ernst & Young LLP during the last two fiscal years have been approved by the Audit Committee.Item 16D.Exemptions From the Listing Standards For Audit CommitteesNot Applicable.Item 16E.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated PurchasersNot Applicable.Item 16F.Change in the Registrant’s Certifying AccountantNot Applicable.Item 16G.Corporate GovernanceAs a “foreign private issuer,” as defined by the SEC, although we are permitted to follow certain corporate governance practices of England andWales, instead of those otherwise required under The Nasdaq Stock Market, or Nasdaq, for domestic issuers, we intend to follow the Nasdaq corporategovernance rules applicable to foreign private issuers. While we voluntarily follow most Nasdaq corporate governance rules, we intend to take advantage ofthe following limited exemptions: •Exemption from filing quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or provide current reports on Form 8-K disclosing significant events within four days oftheir occurrence.139 •Exemption from Section 16 rules regarding sales of ordinary shares by insiders, which will provide less data in this regard than shareholders ofU.S. companies that are subject to the Exchange Act. •Exemption from the Nasdaq rules applicable to domestic issuers requiring disclosure within four business days of any determination to grant awaiver of the code of business conduct and ethics to directors and officers. Although we will require board approval of any such waiver, wemay choose not to disclose the waiver in the manner set forth in the Nasdaq rules, as permitted by the foreign private issuer exemption. •Exemption from the requirements that director nominees are selected, or recommended for selection by our board of directors, either by(1) independent directors constituting a majority of our board of directors’ independent directors in a vote in which only independentdirectors participate, or (2) a committee comprised solely of independent directors, and that a formal written charter or board resolution, asapplicable, addressing the nominations process is adopted.Furthermore, Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) provides that a foreign private issuer, such as us, may rely on home country corporate governance practices inlieu of certain of the rules in the Nasdaq Rule 5600 Series and Rule 5250(d), provided that we nevertheless comply with Nasdaq’s Notification ofNoncompliance requirement (Rule 5625), the Voting Rights requirement (Rule 5640) and that we have an audit committee that satisfies Rule 5605(c)(3),consisting of committee members that meet the independence requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii). Although we are permitted to follow certain corporategovernance rules that conform to U.K. requirements in lieu of many of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules, we intend to comply with the Nasdaq corporategovernance rules applicable to foreign private issuers as set forth in the prior sentence. Accordingly, our shareholders will not have the same protectionsafforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. We may utilize these exemptions for aslong as we continue to qualify as a foreign private issuer.Item 16H.Mine Safety DisclosureNot Applicable.140 PART IIIItem 17.Financial StatementsWe have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.Item 18.Financial StatementsThe financial statements are filed as part of this Annual Report beginning on page F-1. Item 19.Exhibits Exhibit Description Schedule/Form FileNumber Exhibit FileDate 1.1 Articles of Association of the registrant Form S-8 333-223476 3.1 03/07/2018 2.1 Deposit Agreement by and among the registrantand Citibank, N.A. and all Holders and BeneficialOwners of ADSs issued hereunder, dated as ofOctober 2, 2017 Form 20-F 001-38215 2.1 03/22/2018 2.2 Form of American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 2.1) Form 20-F 001-38215 2.1 03/22/2018 4.1 Registration Rights Agreement by and among the registrant and theinvestors named therein, dated as of September 20, 2017 Form 20-F 001-38215 4.1 03/22/2018 4.2# 2009 Share Option Scheme (as amended) and form of option agreementsthereunder Form F-1/A 333-220321 10.1 09/18/2017 4.3# 2012 Share Option Scheme (as amended) and form of option agreementsthereunder Form F-1/A 333-220321 10.2 09/18/2017 4.4# 2016 Share Option Scheme (as amended) and form of option agreementsthereunder Form F-1/A 333-220321 10.3 09/18/2017 4.7† Variation Agreement, dated March 15, 2012, by and between the registrantand Cardiff ProTides Limited and the related Side Letter, dated May 15,2012 Form F-1/A 333-220321 10.5 09/18/2017 4.8† Assignment, License and Collaboration Agreement, dated October 13,2009, by and between the registrant and Cardiff ProTides Limited Form F-1/A 333-220321 10.6 09/18/2017 4.9† Patent Assignment Agreement, dated March 15, 2012, by and between theregistrant and Cardiff ProTides Limited Form F-1/A 333-220321 10.7 09/18/2017 4.10† Research, Collaboration and License Agreement, dated December 21,2017, by and between the registrant, Cardiff University and UniversityCollege Cardiff Consultants Ltd, as amended by Amendment No. 1, datedFebruary 1, 2018 Form 20-F 001-38215 4.10 03/22/2018 4.11 Lease between the registrant and Drum Income Plus Limited, datedSeptember 21, 2017 Form 20-F 001-38215 4.11 03/22/2018 4.12# Form of Deed of Indemnity for directors and officers Form F-1/A 333-2220321 10.10 09/18/2017141 8.1 List of subsidiaries of the registrant Form F-1/A 333-220321 21.1 09/01/2017 12.1* Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer, asadopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 12.2* Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer, asadopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 13.1* Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as adopted pursuantto §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 13.2* Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as adopted pursuantto §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 15.1* Consent of Ernst & Young LLP 101.INS XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document *Filed herewith.#Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.†Confidential treatment previously requested and granted as to portions of the exhibit. Confidential materials omitted and filed separately with theSecurities and Exchange Commission.142 SignatureThe registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersignedto sign this Annual Report on its behalf. NUCANA PLC By:/s/ Hugh S. Griffith Name:Hugh S. Griffith Title:Chief Executive OfficerDate: March 7, 2019 143 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-1 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 F-2 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 F-3 Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 F-4 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 F-5 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 F-6 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements F-7  REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTo the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of NuCana plcOpinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of NuCana plc (formerly known as NuCana Biomed Limited)(the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in equity and cash flowsfor each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with InternationalFinancial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’sfinancial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)(PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules andregulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtainreasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required tohave, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain anunderstanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internalcontrol over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud,and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosuresin the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well asevaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014. Edinburgh, United KingdomMarch 7, 2019 F-1 NUCANA PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONSYEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, Notes 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands, except per share data) £ £ £ Research and development expenses (16,846) (17,673) (7,904) Administrative expenses (5,184) (4,573) (1,143) Initial public offering related expenses — (1,794) — Net foreign exchange gains (losses) 2,902 (1,654) 599 Operating loss (19,128) (25,694) (8,448) Finance income 1,065 208 283 Loss before tax 5 (18,063) (25,486) (8,165) Income tax credit 7 4,223 2,401 2,116 Loss for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company (13,840) (23,085) (6,049) Basic and diluted loss per share 4 (0.43) (0.89) (0.25) The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.F-2 NUCANA PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSSYEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, Notes 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Loss for the year (13,840) (23,085) (6,049)Other comprehensive income (expense): Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations 12 (8) (2)Other comprehensive income (expense) for the year 12 (8) (2)Total comprehensive loss for the year (13,828) (23,093) (6,051)Attributable to: Equity holders of the Company (13,828) (23,093) (6,051) The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.F-3 NUCANA PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITIONAT DECEMBER 31, Notes 2018 2017 (in thousands) £ £ ASSETS Non-current assets Intangible assets 8 3,122 1,938 Property, plant and equipment 9 427 358 Deferred tax asset 47 81 3,596 2,377 Current assets Prepayments, accrued income and other receivables 10 2,354 3,050 Current income tax receivable 7 4,263 4,225 Cash and cash equivalents 15 76,972 86,703 83,589 93,978 Total assets 87,185 96,355 EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Capital and reserves Share capital and share premium 11 80,715 80,508 Other reserves 12 59,692 58,071 Accumulated deficit (58,813) (45,159)Total equity attributable to equity holders of the Company 81,594 93,420 Non-current liabilities Provisions 26 18 Current liabilities Trade payables 2,455 1,120 Payroll taxes and social security 127 157 Accrued expenditure 2,983 1,640 5,565 2,917 Total liabilities 5,591 2,935 Total equity and liabilities 87,185 96,355 The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.F-4 NUCANA PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITYFOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, Sharecapital Sharepremium Ownsharereserve Shareoptionreserve Foreigncurrencytranslationreserve CapitalReserve Accumulateddeficit Total equityattributableto equityholders (in thousands) £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Balance at January 1, 2016 659 42,574 (339) 3,291 (1) — (16,224) 29,960 Loss for the year — — — — — — (6,049) (6,049)Other comprehensive expense for the year — — — — (2) — — (2)Total comprehensive loss for the year — — — — (2) — (6,049) (6,051)Share-based payments — — — 1,132 — — — 1,132 Exercise of share options 4 196 — (17) — — 17 200 Balance at December 31, 2016 663 42,770 (339) 4,406 (3) — (22,256) 25,241 Loss for the year — — — — — — (23,085) (23,085)Other comprehensive expense for the year — — — — (8) — — (8)Total comprehensive loss for the year — — — — (8) — (23,085) (23,093)Share-based payments — — — 11,731 — — — 11,731 Reduction in share premium — (42,466) — — — 42,466 — — Exercise of share options 1 119 — (180) — — 180 120 Lapse of share options — — — (2) — — 2 — Bonus issue to series B shareholders 304 (304) — — — — — — Issue of share capital 304 79,530 — — — — — 79,834 Initial public offering related expenses — (413) — — — — — (413)Balance at December 31, 2017 1,272 79,236 (339) 15,955 (11) 42,466 (45,159) 93,420 Loss for the year — — — (13,840) (13,840)Other comprehensive income for the year — — — — 12 — — 12 Total comprehensive loss for the year — — — — 12 — (13,840) (13,828)Share-based payments — — — 1,795 — — — 1,795 Exercise of share options 17 190 — (186) — — 186 207 Balance at December 31, 2018 1,289 79,426 (339) 17,564 1 42,466 (58,813) 81,594 The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 NUCANA PLCCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWSFOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Cash flows from operating activities Loss for the year (13,840) (23,085) (6,049)Adjustments for: Income tax credit (4,223) (2,401) (2,116)Amortization and depreciation 371 194 101 Finance income (1,065) (208) (283)Share-based payments 1,795 11,731 1,132 Initial public offering (IPO) related expenses — 1,794 — Net foreign exchange (gains) losses (2,959) 1,584 — (19,921) (10,391) (7,215)Movements in working capital: Decrease (increase) in prepayments, accrued income and other receivables 817 458 (3,404)Increase in trade payables 1,335 392 220 Increase in payroll taxes, social security and accrued expenditure 1,321 551 33 Movements in working capital 3,473 1,401 (3,151)Cash used in operations (16,448) (8,990) (10,366)Net income tax credit 4,224 282 1,102 Net cash used in operating activities (12,224) (8,708) (9,264)Cash flows from investing activities Interest received 973 162 410 Payments for property, plant and equipment (210) (370) (15)Payments for intangible assets (1,414) (725) (539)Proceeds from short-term deposits — — 15,075 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (651) (933) 14,931 Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issue of share capital — 79,834 — IPO related expenses from issue of share capital - included in share premium — (413) — IPO related expenses included in statement of operations — (1,794) — Proceeds from issue of share capital - exercise of share options 207 120 200 Net cash from financing activities 207 77,747 200 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (12,668) 68,106 5,867 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 86,703 19,990 14,112 Foreign currency translation differences 2,937 (1,393) 11 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year 76,972 86,703 19,990 The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS1. General informationNuCana plc (“NuCana” or the “Company”) is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing a portfolio of new medicines to treat cancer.We are harnessing the power of phosphoramidate chemistry to generate new medicines called ProTides. These compounds have the potential to improvecancer treatment by enhancing the efficacy and safety of several current standards of care. The Company has had American Depository Shares (“ADSs”) registered with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and has beenlisted on Nasdaq since October 2, 2017. The Company is incorporated in England and Wales and domiciled in the United Kingdom. The Company’sregistered office is located at 77/78 Cannon Street, London EC4N 6AF, United Kingdom and its principal place of business is located at 3 Lochside Way,Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, United Kingdom.The Company has two wholly owned subsidiaries, NuCana, Inc. and NuCana BioMed Trustee Company Limited. The financial statements for theCompany were authorized for issue by the board of directors on March 7, 2019.2. Significant accounting policiesBasis of preparationThe financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the InternationalAccounting Standards Board (“IASB”).The Company’s financial statements comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2018. The financialstatements are presented in pounds sterling, which is also the Company’s functional currency. All values are rounded to the nearest thousand, except whereotherwise indicated. Going concernIn common with many companies in the biopharmaceutical sector, the Company incurs significant expenditure in its early years as it researches anddevelops its potential products for market.The board of directors, having reviewed the operating budgets and development plans, considers that the Company has adequate resources tocontinue in operation for the foreseeable future. The board of directors is therefore satisfied that it is appropriate to adopt the going concern basis ofaccounting in preparing the financial statements. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents of £77.0 million at December 31, 2018, will besufficient to fund its current operating plan for at least the next 12 months. As the Company continues to incur losses, the transition to profitability isdependent upon the successful development, approval and commercialization of its product candidates and achieving a level of revenues adequate tosupport its cost structure. The Company may never achieve profitability, and unless and until it does, it will continue to need to raise additional capital.There can be no assurances, however, that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms. Judgements and estimatesThe preparation of the financial statements requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported forassets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the amounts reported for revenue and expenses during the year. The nature of estimations means thatactual outcomes could differ from those estimates.The following judgements have had the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statements:Research and development expensesThe Company recognizes research and development expenses in the statement of operations in the period in which they are incurred. Whendevelopment activities reach the advanced stage, as set out in the specific criteria of International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 38, Intangible Assets, therewill be a requirement to capitalize such costs as intangible assets. Management will continue to exercise judgement in the appropriate treatment ofdevelopment costs.F-7NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS2. Significant accounting policies (continued)TaxationManagement judgement is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that should be recognized, based upon the likely timing and levelof future taxable profits. Further details are contained in Note 7.The following estimates have had the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statements:Recognition of Clinical Trial ExpensesAs part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we may be required to estimate accrued expenses related to our clinicaltrials. In order to obtain reasonable estimates, we review open contracts and purchase orders. In addition, we communicate with applicable personnel in orderto identify services that have been performed, but for which we have not yet been invoiced. In most cases, our vendors provide us with monthly invoices inarrears for services performed. We confirm our estimates with these vendors and make adjustments as needed, however, our estimates are dependent on thecompleteness of information from our vendors. The following are examples of our accrued expenses: •fees paid to Clinical Research Organizations (CROs) for services performed on preclinical studies and clinical trials; and •fees paid for professional services.Recognition of Contracted Manufacturing ExpensesAs part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we may be required to estimate accrued or prepaid expenses related to ourcontracted manufacturing expenses. In order to obtain reasonable estimates, we review open contracts and master service agreements. In addition, we consultwith applicable personnel in order to identify services that have been performed and which have not yet been invoiced, and services not yet performed forwhich we have been invoiced in advance. Share-based paymentsEstimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires determination of the most appropriate valuation model, which depends on theterms and conditions of the grant. This estimate also requires determination of the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model, including the expected lifeof the share option or appreciation right, volatility, dividend yield and assumptions about them and, in the case of the Company, the value of an ordinaryshare. For the measurement of the fair value of equity-settled transactions with employees at the grant date, the Company uses the Black-Scholes model. Theassumptions and models used for estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions are detailed in Note 13.Basis of consolidationThe consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries.Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date of acquisition, being the date on which the Company obtains control, and continue to be consolidateduntil the date when such control ceases. The financial statements of the subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as the parent company, usingconsistent accounting policies. All intra-group balances, transactions, unrealized gains and losses resulting from intra-group transactions and dividends areeliminated in full.Assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statementsfrom the date the Company gains control until the date the Company ceases to control the subsidiary.F-8NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS2. Significant accounting policies (continued)Segment reportingThe Company operates in one operating segment. Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to theGroup’s chief operating decision maker (“the CODM”). The Group’s CODM, its Chief Executive Officer, views the Group’s operations and manages itsbusiness as a single operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing ProTides for use in Oncology. The Company’s principaloperations and decision-making functions are located in the United Kingdom from where global decisions are made.Initial public offering (IPO) related expenses Incremental costs incurred and directly attributable to the offering of securities in 2017 were deducted from the related proceeds of the offering. Thenet amount is recorded as contributed shareholders’ equity in the period when such shares were issued. Costs that relate to the stock market listing or areotherwise not incremental and directly attributable to issuing new shares, are recorded as an expense in the statement of comprehensive income. Costs thatrelate to both share issuance and listing are allocated between those functions on a rational and consistent basis. In the absence of a more specific basis forapportionment, an allocation of common costs based on the proportion of new shares issued to the total number of (new and existing) shares listed has beenused.Property, plant and equipmentProperty, plant and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. There are no restrictionson title or equipment pledged as security for liabilities.Depreciation is provided on property, plant and equipment over their expected useful economic life as follows: Asset class Depreciation method and periodOffice and computer equipmentFixtures and fittings Straight-line over 3 yearsStraight-line over 5 years Intangible assetsIntangible assets are stated at cost, net of accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost in relation to patents includesregistration, documentation and other legal fees associated with obtaining the patent. Software costs represent the initial purchase price of the asset.The amortization method and amortization period for the principal categories of intangible assets are follows: Asset class Amortization method and periodPatents Straight-line over 20 yearsComputer software Straight-line between 3 and 5 years The Company’s primary patents each have a life of 20 years. Further patents are granted in various jurisdictions to extend the territorial coverage ofthe primary patent. These patents are granted up to the period of the related primary patent. Costs are thus amortized over the remaining life of the relevantprimary patent. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the statements of operations as an administrative expense.The amortization method and the amortization period for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at each financial year-end. Changesin the expected useful economic life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changingthe amortization period or method, as appropriate.Intangible assets are tested for impairment when there is an indicator of impairment.F-9NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS2. Significant accounting policies (continued)Cash, cash equivalents and short-term depositsCash and cash equivalents in the statement of financial position include cash at banks with a maturity of less than three months, which is subject to aninsignificant risk of changes in value.Short-term deposits represent certificates of deposits with banks with maturities of greater than three months but less than one year.Research and developmentResearch and development expenses are currently recognized in the statement of operations in the year in which they are incurred. Developmentexpenditures on an individual project will be recognized as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate: •the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale; •its intention to complete and its ability and intention to use or sell the asset; •how the asset will generate future economic benefits; •the availability of resources to complete the asset; and •the ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development.Income TaxesCurrent income taxCurrent income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax ratesand tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where the Companyoperates and generates taxable income.Deferred income taxDeferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities andtheir carrying amounts in the Company’s financial statements. However, the deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of anasset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected toapply when the related deferred income tax asset is realized or the deferred tax liability is settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it isprobable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.Income tax creditThe Company benefits from the U.K. and U.S. research and development tax credit regimes. In the U.K. a portion of the Company’s losses can besurrendered for a cash rebate of up to 33.35% of eligible expenditures. In the U.S. the Company is able to offset the research and development credits againstcorporation tax payable. Such credits are accounted for within the tax provision, in the year in which the expenditures are incurred.Operating leasesLeases where the lessor retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the asset are classified as operating leases and rentals payableare charged in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term.F-10NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS2. Significant accounting policies (continued)Impairment of non-financial assetsThe Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, the Companyestimates the asset’s recoverable amount.An impairment loss is recognized whenever the carrying amount of an asset or its cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairmentlosses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.A cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows fromother assets or groups of assets.Calculation of recoverable amountThe recoverable amount of assets and cash-generating units is the higher of their fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use,the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value ofmoney and the risks specific to the asset. For an asset that does not generate largely independent cash inflows, the recoverable amount is determined for thecash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.Reversal of impairmentAn assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is an indication that a previously recognized impairment loss may no longer exist ormay have decreased. If such an indication exists, the recoverable amount is estimated.A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount sincethe last impairment loss was recognized. If that is the case, the carrying value is increased to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only tothe extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if noimpairment loss had been recognized.Share-based paymentsEmployees, directors and consultants of the Company receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby individuals render servicesas consideration for equity instruments (share options).Under IFRS 2 Share-based Payment, equity share-based payments are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. Detailsregarding the determination of fair value of equity settled share-based transactions are set out in Note 13.The fair value determined at the grant date of equity settled share-based payments is expensed on a straight line basis over the vesting period, with acorresponding increase in equity to the share option reserve.Fair value measurementThe fair value of the financial assets and liabilities is included at the amount at which an instrument could be exchanged in a current transactionbetween willing parties, other than in a forced liquidation or sale.Fair value is based on the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transactionbetween market participants at the measurement date. In order to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, IFRS 13 establishes afair value hierarchy that prioritizes observable and unobservable inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels, which are described as follows:Level 1: Quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.Level 2: Other techniques for which all inputs that have a significant effect on the recorded fair value are observable, either directly or indirectly.F-11NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS2. Significant accounting policies (continued)Level 3: Techniques that use inputs that have a significant effect on the recorded fair value that are not based on observable market data.The fair values of cash, cash equivalents, short-term deposits, other receivables, trade payables and other payables approximate their carrying amountslargely due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.Accounting StandardsIn preparing these financial statements, the Company has applied all relevant IAS, IFRS and International Financial Reporting InterpretationsCommittee (“IFRIC”) Interpretations as of the date of approval of these financial statements and which are mandatory for the financial year endedDecember 31, 2018.The following accounting standards and interpretations have been adopted as of January 1, 2018 in these financial statements and have not had amaterial impact on the Company’s accounts in the period of initial application:Amendments to IFRS 2 Share-based Payment TransactionsThe IASB issued amendments to IFRS 2 Share-based Payment that address three main areas: the effects of vesting conditions on the measurement of acash-settled share-based payment transaction; the classification of a share-based payment transaction with net settlement features for withholding taxobligations; and accounting where a modification to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment transaction changes its classification from cash-settled to equity settled. On adoption, entities are required to apply the amendments without restating prior periods, but retrospective application is permittedif elected for all three amendments and other criteria are met. The amendments have not had a material impact on the Company.IFRS 9: Financial InstrumentsIn July 2014, the IASB issued the final version of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments that replaces IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition andMeasurement and all previous versions of IFRS 9. IFRS 9 brings together all three aspects of the accounting for financial instruments project: classificationand measurement, impairment and hedge accounting. IFRS 9 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early applicationpermitted. Except for hedge accounting, retrospective application is required but providing comparative information is not compulsory. For hedgeaccounting, the requirements are generally applied prospectively, with some limited exceptions. The adoption has not had a material impact on theCompany.IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with CustomersThe standard outlines the principles an entity must apply to measure and recognize revenue. The core principle is that an entity will recognizerevenue at an amount that reflects the consideration it is expected to become entitled to in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. Theadoption has not had a material impact on the Company.IFRIC Interpretation 22 Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance ConsiderationsThe interpretation clarifies that in determining the spot exchange rate to use on initial recognition of a related asset, expense or income (or part of it)on the derecognition of a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability relating to advance consideration, the date of the transaction is the date on which anentity initially recognizes the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the advance consideration. If there are multiple payments or receiptsin advance, then the entity must determine a date of the transactions for each payment or receipt of advance consideration. This interpretation has not had amaterial impact on the Company. F-12NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS2. Significant accounting policies (continued)The IASB and IFRIC have issued the following standards and interpretations, which are considered relevant to the Company, with an effective dateafter the date of these financial statements.IFRS 16: Leases IFRS 16 was issued in January 2016 and it replaces IAS 17 Leases, IFRIC 4 Determining Whether an Arrangement Contains a Lease, SIC-15Operating Leases-Incentives and SIC-27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease. The Company will adopt IFRS 16from January 1, 2019 and intends to use the modified retrospective approach to transition utilizing the practical expedients outlined in the standard. Toprepare for the transition to this new accounting standard, data has been collated on all of the Company’s leases which are solely for offices. Based on theCompany’s assessment, the application of IFRS 16 will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The new standard will require thatthe Company's leased assets are recorded within property, plant and equipment as 'right of use assets' with a corresponding lease liability which is based onthe present value of the future payments required under each lease. In assessing the lease liability, the company has assumed that leases will not terminateearly under break clauses in lease agreements. Using projections based on leases in place at December 31, 2018 it is currently estimated that adoption of IFRS16 will increase total assets and total liabilities by £0.6 million. The existing operating lease expense currently recorded in operating costs will be replacedby a depreciation charge and a separate financing expense, which will be recorded as an interest expense. As a result, there will be no material impact on lossbefore tax and loss per share under the new standard. There will also be no net cash flow impact from the new standard, however the principal payments willbe presented within financing activities rather than operating activities. IFRIC 23: Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments The interpretation provides guidance on the assumptions an entity makes about the examination of tax treatments by taxation authorities, theappropriate method to reflect uncertainty and the reassessment of estimates or judgements if facts and circumstances change. On adoption, entities are alsorequired to determine whether uncertain tax treatments are considered separately or as a group. The interpretation is effective for annual periods beginning onor after January 1, 2019. The interpretation is not expected to have a material impact on the Company.Annual Improvements 2015-2017 CycleThese improvements include amendments to: •IFRS 3 Business Combinations •IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements •IAS 12 Income Taxes •IAS 23 Borrowing CostsThe Company has reviewed and considered the above four amendments and does not consider that any apply to the Company and thus will not haveany material impact. 3. Staff costsIncluded in research and development expenses: 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Wages and salaries 2,761 2,391 2,241 Social security costs 314 272 205 Pension costs and other benefits 139 119 102 Share-based payments 835 8,868 1,027 4,049 11,650 3,575F-13NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS3. Staff costs (continued)Included in administrative expenses: 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Wages and salaries 790 408 84 Social security costs 75 37 13 Pension costs and other benefits 37 21 7 Share-based payments 960 2,863 105 1,862 3,329 209 Total employee benefit expense 5,911 14,979 3,784 The average number of staff employed under contracts of service were: 2018 2017 2016 (number) Research and development activities 18 18 15 Administrative activities 4 2 1 22 20 16 Directors’ remuneration & other benefits 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Directors’ remuneration 1,143 793 549 Pension and other benefits 51 37 34 1,194 830 583 The number of directors who exercised share options in 2018 was 1 (2017: nil; 2016: 1). The gain on exercise of these options was £4.2 million (2017: nil;2016: nil). The share options exercised by a director in 2016 are subject to conditions of service and may be subject to a mandatory transfer notice if theconditions covering a four year period are not met. The above amounts for remuneration include the following in respect of the highest paid director: 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Directors’ remuneration 739 601 378 Pension and other benefits 47 33 29 786 634 407 F-14NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS4. Basic and diluted loss per share 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands, except per share data) £ £ £ Loss for the year (13,840) (23,085) (6,049)Basic and diluted weighted average number of shares 31,972 26,069 24,107 £ £ £ Basic and diluted loss per share (0.43) (0.89) (0.25) The 2016 comparatives reflect the 2017 reverse share split as detailed in note 11.Basic loss per share is calculated by dividing the loss for the year attributable to the equity holders of the Company by the weighted average numberof shares outstanding during the year.The dilutive effect of potential shares through equity settled transactions were considered to be anti-dilutive as they would have decreased the lossper share and were therefore excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share.5. Loss before taxLoss before tax is stated after charging: 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Administrative expenses: Amortization 230 164 89 Depreciation 141 30 12 IPO related expenses — 1,794 — IPO related costs primarily relate to legal, accounting and other advisors’ fees in relation to the Company’s listing on Nasdaq which was completed onOctober 2, 2017.6. Capital commitments and contingencies 2018 2017 (in thousands) £ £ Future capital expenditure contracted but not provided for — 147F-15NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS6. Capital commitments and contingencies (continued)Other commitmentsCollaboration and License AgreementsCardiff University LicenseIn August 2009, we entered into a research, collaboration and license agreement with Cardiff University and University College Cardiff ConsultantsLtd., or Cardiff Consultants, which we refer to as the Cardiff Agreement. The Cardiff Agreement was renewed with an effective date of January 1, 2018 for anadditional two years on substantially the same terms. Under the Cardiff Agreement, we collaborate with Cardiff University in the design, synthesis,characterization and evaluation of phosphoramidate prodrugs, which we refer to as ProTides, based on certain nucleosides. We are responsible for fundingcertain work performed by Cardiff University and making other payments, which we expect will total approximately £340,000 in 2019. Cardiff Universityand Cardiff Consultants, which is a holder of intellectual property developed by Cardiff University, have assigned to us all rights in the results of the researchunder the Cardiff Agreement, and agreed not to undertake any research for any competing third party on nucleoside families of interest to us where suchresearch would make use of ProTide-related intellectual property owned or controlled by Cardiff University as of the date of the Cardiff Agreement or whichat any time thereafter becomes owned or controlled by Cardiff University, which we refer to as the Cardiff intellectual property, or to grant rights in theCardiff intellectual property to any third party for use in connection with nucleosides of interest to us. The foregoing restrictions exclude the field ofneurodegeneration for one specific nucleoside analog.Upon our completion of the evaluation of the ProTides, we have the right to select one or more of the evaluated ProTides as candidates for potentialdevelopment of a commercial product. Cardiff University and Cardiff Consultants have granted us an exclusive worldwide license to use for all purposes theCardiff intellectual property in respect of the nucleoside family of our selected ProTides. The exclusive dealing obligations of Cardiff University and CardiffConsultants will continue for these nucleoside families.On our filing, or that of a sublicensee, of patent applications resulting from research under the Cardiff Agreement, we will owe Cardiff Consultantscertain immaterial payments. If we or our sublicensees develop and commercialize a product resulting from such research, we will owe Cardiff Consultantsclinical development milestone payments of up to £1,875,000; provided that such milestone payments are due only with respect to the first product withineach nucleoside family to achieve the milestone. We will also owe Cardiff Consultants royalties equal to a low-single digit percentage on our sales of aproduct resulting from such research. Should we sublicense our right to commercialize a product resulting from the research, we will owe Cardiff Consultantsa high-single digit percentage of payments received in consideration of the sublicense.The Cardiff Agreement currently expires on December 31, 2019. Upon expiration, we have the right to extend the period in which we may evaluateproducts for three months, and for a further three months in exchange for an additional payment. The Cardiff Agreement may also be terminated for anuncured material breach. Licenses to use the Cardiff intellectual property in the development and commercialization of products we have selected forcommercialization, and related payment obligations, will survive expiration of the Cardiff Agreement, but not on termination for an uncured material breach.Cardiff ProTides AgreementIn October 2009, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Cardiff ProTides Ltd., or Cardiff ProTides, which agreement wassubsequently amended and restated as an assignment, license and collaboration agreement in March 2012 and was further amended in May 2012, which werefer to as the ProTides Agreement. Under the ProTides Agreement, we collaborated with Cardiff ProTides in the discovery, drug design and in vitro screeningof purine and pyrimidine based nucleosides as potential drug candidates. We funded certain work at Cardiff ProTides, and Cardiff ProTides has assigned to usall rights in the results of its research under the ProTides Agreement. Cardiff ProTides also assigned to us patents related to certain compounds of interest,including with respect to Acelarin, and granted us an exclusive, worldwide license, including the right to grant sublicenses, to rights in and technicalinformation related to certain unpatented compounds for all therapeutic, diagnostic, prognostic and prophylactic applications.F-16NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS6. Capital commitments and contingencies (continued)If we or a sublicensee develop one or more products covered by a valid claim of an assigned patent or patent resulting from Cardiff ProTides’ research,such as Acelarin, we will owe Cardiff ProTides up to approximately $4.5 million in development and approval milestone payments in the aggregate for thefirst such product. Additional development and approval milestones would be payable for the first additional product in a new nucleoside series covered by avalid claim of an assigned patent or a patent resulting from Cardiff ProTides’ research, although the maximum potential value of such milestone payments isapproximately half the value of the milestone payments associated with the first product. We will also owe Cardiff ProTides royalties equal to a percentage inmid- to high-single digits on sales of such products, subject to reduction under certain circumstances. Royalties on sales by sublicensees are set by formula,which formula would be likely to result in a royalty in the mid-single digits.The ProTides Agreement expires, on a country by country basis, on the later of the expiration, invalidity, abandonment, lapsing or rejection of the lastvalid claim of an assigned patent or patent resulting from Cardiff ProTides’ research, or, if certain technical information licensed from Cardiff ProTidesremains confidential or the product is covered by a period of data exclusivity, ten years from the date of first commercial sale of a product in such country.The ProTides Agreement may be sooner terminated on an uncured material breach, bankruptcy of a party or, by Cardiff ProTides, if we challenge, or assist in achallenge, of the validity or ownership of an assigned patent or patent resulting from Cardiff ProTides’ research, or fail to pay amounts payable under theProTides Agreement. It may also be sooner terminated where sums payable by us remain unpaid for 45 days after we receive a notice from Cardiff ProTidesthat the relevant sums are overdue. Upon a termination of the ProTides Agreement, our license rights will terminate except where the breach results fromcertain breaches by Cardiff ProTides, in which case our license rights continue on a non-exclusive basis, subject to reduced payment obligations. Upontermination of the ProTides Agreement, including as a result of our breach, we will be under an obligation to assign back to Cardiff ProTides the patentswhich Cardiff ProTides originally assigned to us.CROs and Manufacturing commitments We have agreed to make payments to CROs and manufacturers under various CRO and manufacturing agreements. We have not included furtherdetails on such contingent payment obligations as the amount, timing and likelihood of such payments are not fixed or determinable.Commitments under non-cancellable operating leasesOperating leases relate to rental of office space. The Company entered into new lease obligations for office space in both 2017 and 2018. The leaseobligations entered into are for a period of five years with a break clause after three years, with the exception of a lease entered into in 2018 which is for lessthan four years and has no break clause. All operating lease contracts contain clauses for market rental reviews on renewal. The Company’s subsidiaryrenewed its lease agreement for a period of two years. The Company and its subsidiary do not have an option to purchase the leased office at the expiry of thelease periods. Operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was £0.2 million, £0.2 million and £0.2 million, respectively.Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases are as follows: 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) ££ £ Not later than 1 year 197 158 192 Later than 1 year and not later than 5 years 236 165 62 433 323 254F-17NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS6. Capital commitments and contingencies (continued)Other Contingencies Under the U.K. share-based payment plan, the Company granted unapproved share options that have fully vested. If and when these share options areexercised, the Company will be liable for the Employer Class 1 National Insurance payable to HMRC in the U.K. This contingent liability will be determinedbased on the market value of the shares on exercise less the exercise price paid by the option holders, at the prevailing rate of Employer National Insurance(currently 13.8%). Based on the closing share price of ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on December 31, 2018, the last trading day of the period towhich these financial statements relate, and assuming full exercise of all outstanding and vested unapproved share options on that date, the EmployerNational Insurance contingent liability would have been £3.3 million (December 31, 2017: £2.1 million).7. Income tax creditThe major components of income tax for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Current tax: In respect of current year U.K. 4,239 2,298 1,906 In respect of current year U.S. — (10) (28)In respect of prior years U.K. 19 3 235 In respect of prior years U.S. 3 — 3 Total current tax 4,261 2,291 2,116 Deferred tax: In respect of current year U.S. 11 61 — In respect of prior years U.S. (49) 49 — Total deferred tax (38) 110 — Income tax credit 4,223 2,401 2,116 Current income tax receivable: U.K. tax 4,239 4,207 2,141 U.S. tax 24 18 54 Current income tax receivable 4,263 4,225 2,195 Deferred tax: U.S. tax 47 81 — Current income tax payable: U.S. tax — — — F-18NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS7. Income tax credit (continued)The credit for the year can be reconciled to the loss per the statement of operations as follows: 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Loss before tax (18,063) (25,486) (8,165)Tax on loss at standard U.K. tax rate of 19% (2017: 19.25%; 2016: 20.00%) (3,432) (4,906) (1,633)Effects of: Expenses not deductible 1,389 3,899 1,301 Deduction for R&D (5,554) (3,051) (2,629)Losses surrendered for R&D tax credit 5,554 3,051 2,629 Deferred tax - PY adjustment 49 (49) 24 Overseas tax payable - current year — 10 — Overseas tax payable - prior years (3) — — R&D tax credit— U.S. (11) (61) — R&D tax credit—current year (4,239) (2,298) (1,906)R&D tax credit—prior years (19) (3) (235)Deferred tax asset not recognized 2,043 1,007 333 Income tax credit (4,223) (2,401) (2,116) In the United Kingdom, the Company has not recognized a deferred tax asset in respect of tax losses carried forward as at December 31, 2018 on thebasis that the timing during which tax losses could be regarded as recoverable against future taxable profits cannot be determined with reasonable certainty.In the United States, a deferred tax asset, which relates to research & development tax credits, has been recognized as management consider that adequatefuture taxable profits will be available to realize the deferred tax asset.Temporary differences and cumulative carry forward tax losses for which deferred tax has not been recognized amount to £62.1 million (2017:£40.7 million; 2016: £32.5 million), comprising temporary differences on share-based compensation arrangements of £38.9 million (2017: £28.3 million;2016: £25.4 million) and cumulative carry forward tax losses of £23.2 million (2017: £12.4 million; 2016 £7.1 million).U.K. tax legislation, which was substantively enacted on October 26, 2015, includes legislation that will reduce the main rate of U.K. corporation taxfrom 20% to 18%. This decrease is being phased in with a rate of 19%, effective from April 1, 2017 and a planned rate of 18% from April 1, 2020. Further, asannounced on March 16, 2016, that the full rate of U.K. corporation tax will reduce by a further 1% to 17% from April 1, 2020. This further reduction wasincluded within the U.K. tax legislation, which was substantively enacted on September 6, 2016.F-19NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS8. Intangible assets Patents ComputerSoftware Total (in thousands) £ £ £ Cost: At December 31, 2016 1,533 10 1,543 Additions 582 143 725 At December 31, 2017 2,115 153 2,268 Accumulated amortization: At December 31, 2016 163 3 166 Charge for the year 139 25 164 At December 31, 2017 302 28 330 Cost: At December 31, 2017 2,115 153 2,268 Additions 1,409 5 1,414 At December 31, 2018 3,524 158 3,682 Accumulated amortization: At December 31, 2017 302 28 330 Charge for the year 196 34 230 At December 31, 2018 498 62 560 Net book value: At December 31, 2018 3,026 96 3,122 At December 31, 2017 1,813 125 1,938 F-20NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS9. Property, plant and equipment Office andcomputerequipment Fixtures andFittings Total (in thousands) £ £ £ Cost: At December 31, 2016 52 — 52 Additions 90 280 370 Disposals — — — Effect of foreign currency exchange differences — — — At December 31, 2017 142 280 422 Depreciation: At December 31, 2016 34 — 34 Charge for the year 17 13 30 Disposals — — — Effect of foreign currency exchange differences — — — At December 31, 2017 51 13 64 Cost: At December 31, 2017 142 280 422 Additions 84 126 210 Disposals (16) — (16)Effect of foreign currency exchange differences — — — At December 31, 2018 210 406 616 Depreciation: At December 31, 2017 51 13 64 Charge for the year 61 80 141 Disposals (16) — (16)Effect of foreign currency exchange differences — — — At December 31, 2018 96 93 189 Net book value: At December 31, 2018 114 313 427 At December 31, 2017 91 267 358 10. Prepayments, accrued income and other receivables 2018 2017 (in thousands) £ £ Prepayments—manufacturing and clinical 1,050 1,979 Prepayments—other 750 522 Accrued income 165 67 VAT 379 473 Other receivables 10 9 2,354 3,050 F-21NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS11. Share capital and share premium 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Share capital 1,289 1,272 663 Share premium 79,426 79,236 42,770 80,715 80,508 43,433 Number Number Number (in thousands) Issued share capital comprises: Ordinary shares of £0.04 each (2016: £0.01 each) 32,226 31,811 6,239 Founder ordinary 1 shares of £0.01 each — — 1,000 Founder ordinary 2 shares of £0.01 each — — 1,000 Series A shares of £0.01 each — — 7,483 Series B shares of £0.001 each — — 8,463 32,226 31,811 24,185 In order to facilitate the Company being re-registered as a public company, the directors of the Company signed a solvency statement on June 29,2017 with the agreement of the shareholders and undertook a capital reduction reducing its share premium by £42.5 million, which was credited to theCompany’s capital reserve.On September 14, 2017, the Company completed a one-for-four reverse share split and an associated bonus allotment of shares to take into accountfractional entitlements. This had the effect of consolidating every four ordinary shares of £0.01 to one ordinary share of £0.04, every four founder ordinary 1shares of £0.01 to one founder ordinary 1 share of £0.04, every four founder ordinary 2 shares of £0.01 to one founder ordinary 2 share of £0.04, every fourseries A shares of £0.01 to one series A share of £0.04 and every four series B shares of £0.001 to one series B share of £0.004. In the table above, the numberof shares issued at December 31, 2016 reflects the one-for-four reverse share split.Following the one-for-four reverse share split, for the purpose of facilitating a conversion of each Series B share (nominal value £0.004 per share), intoan ordinary share (nominal value £0.04 per share), the company allotted to holders of Series B shares an additional nine Series B shares for each Series Bshare held. Subjected to and conditional upon this allotment, every 10 Series B shares of £0.004 were consolidated into a single Series B share of £0.04. EachSeries B share of £0.04 was then automatically converted into one ordinary share of £0.04. The company funded the allotment of these additional shares withreserves that were standing to the credit of the share premium account. The impact of this bonus issue was £304,650.Immediately prior to the initial public offering, all issued series A convertible participating shares, series B convertible participating shares, founderordinary 1 shares and founder ordinary 2 shares were converted into ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis. The Company had 24,214,641 shares outstanding.This included an issue of 30,000 shares in August 2017, upon the exercise of options. On October 2, 2017, the Company completed an IPO of 7,596,505American Depository Shares (ADSs) at a price to the public of $15.00 per ADS. Each ADS represents one ordinary share of the Company.F-22NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS11. Share capital and share premium (continued) Numberof shares Sharecapital Sharepremium (in thousands) £ £ Fully paid shares: Balance at December 31, 2016 24,185 663 42,770 Reduction in share premium account — — (42,466)Exercise of share options 30 1 119 Bonus issue to series B — 304 (304)Issue of share capital 7,596 304 79,530 IPO costs — — (413)Balance at December 31, 2017 31,811 1,272 79,236 Exercise of share options 415 17 190 Balance at December 31, 2018 32,226 1,289 79,426 Ordinary sharesPrior to the re-organization of capital described above, the ordinary shares ranked equally with all other shares in issue in that on a poll every memberhad one vote for each ordinary share held (save for the enhanced voting rights referred to in the founder ordinary shares). The ordinary shares ranked equallywith all other shares in issue in respect of any rights to any dividend distribution. The ordinary shares ranked equally with all other shares in issue in respectof any rights to any capital distribution. The ordinary shares were not redeemable.After the re-organization of capital described above, holders of ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matterssubmitted to a vote of shareholders and do not have cumulative voting rights.Founder ordinary sharesUpon shareholder vote, the founder ordinary 1 shares and the founder ordinary 2 shares as separate classes of shares each conferred upon the holdersof such classes of shares such number of votes, which equaled at least 5% of all votes exercisable by all holders of shares.Series A sharesThe series A shares ranked equally with all other shares in issue in that on a vote every member had one vote for each series A share held (save for theenhanced voting rights conferred upon the founder ordinary shares). The series A shares ranked equally with all others shares in respect of any rights to anydividend distribution. The series A shares ranked equally with all other shares in issue in respect of any rights to any capital distribution. The series A shareswere not redeemable.Series B sharesThe series B shares ranked equally with all other shares in issue (save for the enhanced voting rights conferred upon the founder ordinary shares). Theseries B shares ranked equally with all other shares in issue in respect of any rights to any dividend distribution. The series B shares ranked equally with allother shares in respect of any rights to any capital distribution. The series B shares were not redeemable.Capital managementFor the purpose of the Company’s capital management, capital includes issued capital, share premium and all other equity reserves attributable to theequity holders of the Company. The purpose of the Company’s capital management is to maximize shareholder value and ensure adequate capital isavailable to meet the medium-term operating plan. Review of operations and commitments is key to identifying future capital management and a full reviewis undertaken on a quarterly basis.No changes were made in the objectives, policies or processes for managing capital during the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016. F-23NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS12. Other reserves 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Own share reserve (339) (339) (339)Foreign currency translation reserve 1 (11) (3)Capital reserve 42,466 42,466 — Share option reserve Balance at beginning of year 15,955 4,406 3,291 Share-based payments 1,977 11,731 1,132 Exercise of share options (186) (180) (17)Forfeiture of share options (182) — — Lapse of share options — (2) — Balance at end of year 17,564 15,955 4,406 Total other reserves 59,692 58,071 4,064 Foreign currency translation reserveThe foreign currency translation reserve is used to record exchange differences arising from the translation of the financial statements of foreignoperations.Own share reserveThe own share reserve represents the cost of 500,000 shares of NuCana plc purchased by NuCana Employee Benefit Trust and that may, at thediscretion of the trustee, be used to satisfy future exercise of options under the Company’s share options plan.Capital reserveThe capital reserve balance arose from the reduction of our share premium account and corresponding increase to our capital reserve account reflectedas of June 30, 2017 in connection with our re-registration as a public limited company, as further described in Note 1.Share option reserveThe share option reserve is used to recognize the value of equity-settled share-based payments provided to employees, directors and consultants aspart of their remuneration. Refer to Note 13 for further details of these plans.13. Share-based paymentsThe Company has three share-based payment plans for employees, directors and consultants. The share options granted will be settled in equity.Options granted under each of the three plans have a maximum life of 10 years.2016 optionsIn 2016, share options were granted under the following share-based payment plans:U.K. share-based payment plansOptions granted under these plans will vest if the option holder remains under their respective employment/consultancy contract for the agreedvesting period. The majority of the share options granted under these plans will vest equally over a period of four years, with the exception of the following:1) options granted to a director, under which a third of the options granted vested immediately with the remaining two-thirds vesting each subsequentyear; andF-24NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS13. Share-based payments (continued)2) options granted to three employees, under which two thirds of the options vested immediately with the remaining third vesting in 2017.Upon vesting, each option allows the holder to purchase one ordinary share at a specified option price determined at grant date. Stock option plan (U.S. Sub-Plan)On June 30, 2016, share options were granted under this sub-plan, which will vest equally over a period of four years if the option holder remainsunder the respective employment contract. Upon vesting, each option allows the holder to purchase one ordinary share at a specified option price determinedat grant date.On December 12, 2016, 45,750 share options were granted to a non-executive director with an exercise price of £4.00 each, which could be exercisedwithin six months after the grant date. The share options were exercised on December 29, 2016. In terms of the stock option agreement, should that non-executive director cease holding office within the four years from the grant date then a reducing number, dependent upon when such cessation occurs, ofthese shares options so acquired may, at the Board’s discretion, be subject to a mandatory transfer notice. These share options will only be fully unencumbered by such restriction after a period of four years from the expiration of the grant date andconsequently the share-based payment expense is recognized on a straight-line basis. Cancelled share option arrangement During the year ended December 31, 2016, the share-based payment arrangements for three employees were cancelled. The cancellation of theoriginal plan resulted in an acceleration of the remaining vesting period, with the remaining charge recognized in 2016 deemed immaterial.2017 optionsIn 2017, share options were granted under the following share-based payment plans:U.K. share-based payment plansOptions granted under these plans will vest if the option holder remains under their respective contract of employment or contract of service for theagreed vesting period. The share options granted under these plans will vest equally over a period of four years, with the exception of options granted to adirector, under which the options granted vested immediately.Upon vesting, each option allows the holder to purchase one ordinary share at a specified option price determined at grant date.Stock option plan (U.S. Sub-Plan)Options granted under these plans will vest if the option holder remains under their respective employment contract for the agreed vesting period. Theshare options granted under these plans will vest equally over a period of four years.2018 optionsIn 2018, share options were granted under the following share-based payment plan:U.K. share-based payment plansOptions granted under these plans will vest if the option holder remains under their respective contract of employment or contract of service for theagreed vesting period. The share options granted under these plans will vest equally over a period of four years, with the exception of options granted to aconsultant, under which the options granted vested immediately.F-25NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS13. Share-based payments (continued)Upon vesting, each option allows the holder to purchase one ordinary share at a specified option price determined at grant date.Share options and weighted average exercise prices are as follows for the reporting periods presented: Number ofshares Weightedaverageexercise priceper share £ Outstanding at January 1, 2016 2,873,747 0.26 Granted 507,690 3.81 Forfeited — — Cancelled (50,000) 2.95 Exercised1 (83,250) 2.40 Outstanding at December 31, 2016 3,248,187 0.72 Granted 1,500,815 2.58 Forfeited (7,500) 0.16 Cancelled — — Exercised2 (30,000) 4.00 Outstanding at December 31, 2017 4,711,502 1.29 Granted 253,500 17.01 Forfeited (143,438) 12.74 Cancelled — — Exercised3 (415,312) 0.50 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 4,406,252 1.90 Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2018 3,847,305 0.68 Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2017 4 4,030,833 0.36 Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2016 2,841,419 0.36 1. The weighted average share price at the date of exercise of these options was £9.00 2. The weighted average share price at the date of exercise of these options was £10.43 3. The weighted average share price at the date of exercise of these options was £18.23 4. Share options granted to a non-executive director in 2016 are not included in these calculations. Theseshare options were exercised in 2016 and will vest over a period of four years. The number of shares referred to in the table above for the year ended December 31, 2016 have been adjusted to reflect the one-for-four reverse sharesplit completed on September 14, 2017.The weighted average remaining contractual life of the share options outstanding as at December 31, 2018 is 3.96 years (2017: 4.49; 2016: 6.66).F-26NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS13. Share-based payments (continued)The following principal assumptions were used in the valuation for the 2016 share options. Options granted on Jun 30, 2016 Aug 22, 2016 Aug 22, 2016 Aug 22, 2016 Aug 22, 2016 Vesting dates Oct 12, 2016 Aug 22, 2016 Aug 22, 2016 Dec 07, 2016 Mar 01, 2017 Oct 12, 2017 Aug 22, 2017 Aug 22, 2017 Dec 07, 2017 Mar 01, 2018 Oct 12, 2018 Dec 07, 2018 Mar 01, 2019 Oct 12, 2019 Dec 07, 2019 Mar 01, 2020 Volatility 69.05% 67.92% 67.92% 67.92% 67.92%Dividend yield 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Risk-free investment rate 0.11% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07%Fair value of option at grant date £4.02 £6.15 £6.01 £5.74 £5.62 Fair value of share at grant date £6.97 £8.61 £8.61 £8.61 £8.61 Exercise price at date of grant £4.00 £2.80 £3.00 £3.40 £3.60 Lapse date June 30, 2026 Aug 22, 2026 Aug 22, 2026 Aug 22, 2026 Aug 22, 2026 Expected option life (years) 2.50 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36 Number of options granted 270,690 12,500 37,500 25,000 11,250 Options granted on Aug 22, 2016 Aug 22, 2016 Oct 28, 2016 Oct 28, 2016 Dec 12, 2016 Vesting dates May 01, 2017 May 16, 2017 Oct 28, 2017 Oct 28, 2016 Dec 12, 2017 May 01, 2018 May 16, 2018 Oct 28, 2018 Oct 28, 2017 Dec 12, 2018 May 01, 2019 May 16, 2019 Oct 28, 2019 Oct 28, 2018 Dec 12, 2019 May 01, 2020 May 16, 2020 Oct 28, 2020 Dec 12, 2020 Volatility 67.92% 67.92% 68.38% 68.38% 60.92%Dividend yield 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Risk-free investment rate 0.07% 0.07% 0.28% 0.28% 0.06% Fair value of option at grant date £5.62 £5.62 £5.85 £5.46 £5.22 Fair value of share at grant date £8.61 £8.61 £8.76 £8.76 £9.19 Exercise price at date of grant £3.60 £3.60 £3.40 £4.00 £4.00 Lapse date Aug 22, 2026 Aug 22, 2026 Oct 28, 2026 Oct 28, 2026 Dec 12, 2026 Expected option life (years) 2.36 2.36 2.17 2.17 0.50 Number of options granted 5,000 37,500 12,500 50,000 45,750 The fair values of options granted were determined using the Black-Scholes model that takes into account factors specific to the share incentive plansuch as the assumption that the options will be exercised at a single point in time, in December 2018. This has been incorporated into the measurement bymeans of actuarial modelling. As NuCana plc was unlisted at the grant date of the options, it is not possible to derive historical volatility from the Company’sown share price. The underlying expected volatility was therefore determined by using the historical volatility of similar listed entities as a proxy. Thevolatility percentage applied to each tranche is the average of the historical volatility of companies comparable to NuCana plc. In prior years, managementmade contemporaneous valuation of the share price, based on recent capital transactions, as an input to the Black-Scholes model. For the 2016 awards, theCompany’s ordinary share valuations were prepared using the guideline public company, or GPC, method under the market approach. In the application ofthe GPC method, we considered the pricing of IPOs completed by clinical-stage oncology companies between April 2015 and May 2016. We convertedprospective IPO value to present value by applying a discount rate of 25%. The discount rate was derived from studies of rates of return required by ventureinvestors in IPO-stage companies. In addition to the IPO GPCs, we considered the enterprise values indicated by a group of eight trading GPCs. The tradingprices of these clinical-stage GPCs provided contemporaneous indications of value as of each appraisal date. We applied a discount for lack of marketabilityto the ordinary shares to account for the lack of access to an active public market. We estimated the discount for lack of marketability using an Asian putmodel. In the year ended December 31, 2016, an employee remuneration expense, all of which related to equity-settled share-based payments, of £1.1 millionhas been included in the statement of operations and credited to equity.F-27NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS13. Share-based payments (continued)The following principal assumptions were used in the valuation for 2017 share options. Options granted on May 16, 2017 Sep 13, 2017 Sep 14, 2017 Sep 14, 2017 Sep 14, 2017 Vesting dates Oct 28, 2017 Sep 13, 2018 Mar 06, 2018 Sep 14, 2018 Sep 14, 2018 Oct 28, 2018 Sep 13, 2019 Mar 06, 2019 Sep 14, 2019 Sep 14, 2019 Oct 28, 2019 Sep 13, 2020 Mar 06, 2020 Sep 14, 2020 Sep 14, 2020 Oct 28, 2020 Sep 13, 2021 Mar 06, 2021 Sep 14, 2021 Sep 14, 2021 Volatility 66.56% 66.94% 66.97% 66.97% 66.97%Dividend yield 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Risk-free investment rate 0.12% 0.27% 0.36% 0.36% 0.36%Fair value of option at grant date £7.70 £6.15 £6.08 £6.08 £6.08 Fair value of share at grant date £11.08 £10.43 £10.34 £10.34 £10.34 Exercise price at date of grant £4.00 £5.40 £5.40 £5.40 £5.40 Lapse date May 16, 2027 Sep 13, 2027 Sep 14, 2027 Sep 14, 2027 Sep 14, 2027 Expected option life (years) 2.63 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 Number of options granted 23,250 14,690 25,000 110,310 12,500 Sep 14, 2017 Sep 15, 2017 Sep 15, 2017 Sep 27, 2017 Sep 27, 2017 Vesting dates Sep 14, 2018 Sep 15, 2018 Sep 15, 2017 Mar 20, 2018 Sep 27, 2018 Sep 14, 2019 Sep 15, 2019 Mar 20, 2019 Sep 27, 2019 Sep 14, 2020 Sep 15, 2020 Mar 20, 2020 Sep 27, 2020 Sep 14, 2021 Sep 15, 2021 Mar 20, 2021 Sep 27, 2021 Volatility 66.97% 67.02% 67.02% 67.11% 67.11%Dividend yield 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Risk-free investment rate 0.36% 0.44% 0.44% 0.47% 0.47%Fair value of option at grant date £3.90 £6.76 £10.11 £4.36 £4.36 Fair value of share at grant date £10.34 £10.15 £10.15 £11.19 £11.19 Exercise price at date of grant £10.80 £4.00 £0.04 £11.19 £11.19 Lapse date Sep 14, 2027 Sep 15, 2027 Sep 15, 2027 Sep 27, 2027 Sep 27, 2027 Expected option life (years) 2.30 2.29 2.29 2.26 2.26 Number of options granted 25,000 45,750 1,028,533 37,500 178,282 The fair values of options granted were determined using the Black-Scholes model that takes into account factors specific to the share incentive plansuch as the assumption that the options will be exercised at a single point in time, in December 2019. This has been incorporated into the measurement bymeans of actuarial modelling. As NuCana plc was unlisted at the grant date of the options, it is not possible to derive historical volatility from the Company’sown share price. The underlying expected volatility was therefore determined by using the historical volatility of similar listed entities as a proxy. Thevolatility percentage applied to each tranche is the average of the historical volatility of companies comparable to NuCana plc. With the exception of theawards granted on September 27, 2017, the Company’s ordinary share valuations were prepared using the guideline public company, or GPC, method underthe market approach. In the application of the GPC method, we considered the pricing of IPOs completed by clinical-stage oncology companies between July2015 and June 2017. We converted prospective IPO value to present value by applying a discount rate of 25%. The discount rate was derived from studies ofrates of return required by venture investors in IPO-stage companies. In addition to the IPO GPCs, we considered the enterprise values indicated by a group ofeight trading GPCs. The trading prices of these clinical-stage GPCs provided contemporaneous indications of value as of each appraisal date. We applied adiscount for lack of marketability to the ordinary shares to account for the lack of access to an active public market. We estimated the discount for lack ofmarketability using an Asian put model. In the year ended December 31, 2017, an employee remuneration expense, all of which related to equity-settledshare-based payments, of £11.7 million (2016: £1.1 million) has been included in the statement of operations and credited to equity. F-28NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS13. Share-based payments (continued)The following principal assumptions were used in the valuation for 2018 share options. Options granted on Apr 11, 2018 Apr 11, 2018 May 8, 2018 Aug 14, 2018 Vesting dates Apr 11, 2019 Apr 11, 2018 May 8, 2019 Aug 14, 2019 Apr 11, 2020 May 8, 2020 Aug 14, 2020 Apr 11, 2021 May 8, 2021 Aug 14, 2021 Apr 11, 2022 May 8, 2022 Aug 14, 2022 Volatility 64.48% 60.06% 65.80% 68.14%Dividend yield 0% 0% 0% 0%Risk-free investment rate 1.04% 0.83% 1.02% 0.93%Fair value of option at grant date £8.97 £17.35 £8.63 £9.60 Fair value of share at grant date £17.51 £17.51 £16.57 £18.05 Exercise price at date of grant £17.51 £0.16 £16.57 £18.05 Lapse date Apr 11, 2028 Apr 11, 2028 May 8, 2028 Aug 14, 2028 Expected option life (years) 4.50 2.00 4.50 4.50 Number of options granted 71,500 7,500 62,000 112,500 The fair values of options granted were determined using the Black-Scholes model that takes into account factors specific to the share incentive plansuch as the assumption that the options will be exercised at a point in time being 2 years after vesting. This has been incorporated into the measurement bymeans of actuarial modelling. As NuCana plc was unlisted until October 2, 2017, it is not possible to derive historical volatility from the Company’s ownshare price. The underlying expected volatility was therefore determined by using the historical volatility of similar listed entities as a proxy. The volatilitypercentage applied to each tranche is the average of the historical volatility of companies comparable to NuCana plc. In the year ended December 31, 2018,an employee remuneration expense, all of which related to equity-settled share-based payments, of £1.8 million (2017: £11.7 million; 2016: £1.1 million)has been included in the statement of operations and credited to equity. 14. Related party disclosuresCompensation of key management personnel of the Company 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) £ £ £ Short-term employee benefits 1,687 1,184 1,053 Severance payments — — 150 Pension and other benefits 72 56 47 Share-based payments 893 11,230 731 2,652 12,470 1,981 The amounts disclosed in the table above are the amounts recognized as an expense during the reporting year related to key management personnel.F-29NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS15. Cash and cash equivalents 2018 2017 (in thousands) £ £ Cash and cash equivalents 76,972 86,703 Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at banks with maturity of three months or less, which is subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.Cash at banks earn interest at fixed or variable rates based on the terms agreed for each account.Liquidity risk is minimal and is managed using deposits with immediate and varied fixed term dates.16. Financial instruments risk managementThe Company is exposed to market risk arising from exposure to fluctuation in interest rates and currency exchange rates. These risks are managed bymaintaining an appropriate mix of cash deposits in the two main currencies the company operates in, placed with a variety of financial institutions forvarying periods according to expected liquidity requirements.In relation to credit risk, all of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2018 were held at U.K. and U.S. financial institutions withshort-term A-rated credit ratings, as assessed by recognized international credit rating agencies.Interest Rate RiskAs of December 31, 2018, the company had cash and cash equivalents of £77.0 million. As of December 31, 2017, the company had cash and cashequivalents of £86.7 million. Exposure to interest rate sensitivity is impacted primarily by changes in the underlying bank interest rates. The company’ssurplus cash and cash equivalents are invested in interest-bearing accounts and certificates of deposit from time to time which earn interest at fixed orvariable rates based on the terms agreed for each account. The company has not entered into investments for trading or speculative purposes.Financial assets subject to fixed or variable interest rates are as follows: 2018 2017 (in thousands) Carryingamount Carryingamount £ £ Financial assets at fixed rates Cash and cash equivalents 64,267 51,745 Financial assets at variable rates Cash and cash equivalents 7,141 13,708 Non-interest bearing cash balances Cash and cash equivalents 5,564 21,250F-30NUCANA PLCNOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS16. Financial instruments (continued)An increase in the bank interest rates by 0.5 percentage points would increase the net annual interest income applicable to the cash and cashequivalents by £357,041 (2017: £327,261).Currency RiskThe company’s functional currency is the U.K. pound sterling, and its transactions are commonly denominated in that currency. However, a portion ofexpenses is incurred in other currencies, primarily U.S. dollars, and the company is exposed to the effects of this exchange rate. Since mid-2016, there hasbeen significantly increased volatility in the exchange rate between the pound sterling and the U.S. dollar and an overall weakening of the pound sterlingrelated to Britain’s exit from the European Union. Although the company is based in the United Kingdom, active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, andother raw materials and our research and development, manufacturing, consulting and other services are sourced worldwide, including from the United States,the European Union and India.Any weakening of the pound sterling against the currencies of such other jurisdictions makes the purchase of such goods and services more expensivefor us. We seek to minimize this exposure by maintaining currency cash balances at levels appropriate to meet foreseeable short to mid-term expenses in theseother currencies. The company thus holds a significant portion of cash and cash equivalents in U.S. dollars and will therefore report the impact of exchangerates movements on these balances.We do not use forward exchange contracts to manage exchange rate exposure.Financial assets and liabilities in foreign currencies, primarily held in U.S. dollars, are as follows: 2018 2017 (in thousands) Carryingamount Carryingamount £ £ Financial assets Prepayments, accrued income and other receivables 1,477 2,656 Current income tax receivable 25 18 Cash and cash equivalents 44,018 72,645 Financial liabilities Trade payables 1,192 148 Payroll taxes and social security 26 3 Accrued expenditure 1,391 468 A 1% increase in the value of the U.K. pound sterling relative to the U.S. dollar would reduce the carrying value of net financial assets and liabilitiesin foreign currencies by £429,101 (2017: £747,004). Credit riskThe company actively manages cash and cash equivalents across a number of banks and have deposits with different maturity dates. The Companymonitors the credit rating of those banks. 17. Events after the reporting periodThere have been no significant changes to the Company’s circumstances since the year-end.F-31 Exhibit 12.1CERTIFICATION REQUIRED BY RULE 13A-14(A) OR 15D-14(A)UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Hugh S. Griffith, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of NuCana plc;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financialcondition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in ExchangeAct Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the companyand have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectivenessof the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annualreport that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; 5. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to thecompany’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal control overfinancial reporting. Date: March 7, 2019By:/s/ Hugh S. Griffith Hugh S. Griffith Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Exhibit 12.2CERTIFICATION REQUIRED BY RULE 13A-14(A) OR 15D-14(A)UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Donald Munoz, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of NuCana plc;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financialcondition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in ExchangeAct Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the companyand have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectivenessof the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annualreport that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting;5. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to thecompany’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal control overfinancial reporting. Date: March 7, 2019By:/s/ Donald Munoz Donald Munoz Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Exhibit 13.1CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Hugh Griffith, Chief Executive Officer of NuCana plc (the “Company”), hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of theSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge: 1.The Annual Report on Form 20-F of the Company for the period ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements ofSection 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and 2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 7, 2019 /s/ Hugh S. Griffith Hugh S. Griffith Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Exhibit 13.2CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Donald Munoz, Chief Financial Officer of NuCana plc (the “Company”), hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of theSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge: 1.The Annual Report on Form 20-F of the Company for the period ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements ofSection 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and 2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 7, 2019 /s/ Donald Munoz Donald Munoz Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Exhibit 15.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-223476) pertaining to both NuCana BioMed Limited Option Share Schemes (IncludingManagement Enterprise Incentives) and the NuCana BioMed Limited 2016 Share Option Scheme (Including Management EnterpriseIncentives and Incentive Stock Options) of NuCana plc; and (2)Registration Statement (Form F-3 No. 333-227624) of NuCana plc and in the related Prospectus; of our report dated March 7, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of NuCana plc included in this Annual Report (Form 20-F)for the year ended December 31, 2018. /s/ Ernst & Young LLPEdinburgh, United KingdomMarch 7, 2019 

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