Onconova Therapeutics
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

ONCONOVA THERAPEUTICS, INC. FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 03/28/16 for the Period Ending 12/31/15 Address Telephone CIK 375 PHEASANT RUN NEWTOWN, PA 18940 267-759-3681 0001130598 Symbol ONTX SIC Code Fiscal Year 2834 - Pharmaceutical Preparations 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2016, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. Use these links to rapidly review the document Table of Content Financial Statement Table of ContentsUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549Form 10-KCommission file number 001-36020Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 22-3627252 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)375 Pheasant Run, Newtown, PA (Address of principal executiveoffices) 18940 (Zip Code)(267) 759-3680 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registeredCommon Stock, par value $.01 pershare The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No ý Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No ý Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirementsfor the past 90 days. Yes ý No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required tobe submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that theregistrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the bestof registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See thedefinitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.(Mark one) ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015Oro TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the transition period from to  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No ý As of June 30, 2015, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant'svoting stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $30.1 million, based on the last reported sale price of the registrant's common stock on the NASDAQ GlobalSelect Market. There were 27,401,035 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of March 15, 2016.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: [NONE] Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company ýTable of ContentsONCONOVA THERAPEUTICS, INC. INDEX TO REPORT ON FORM 10-K i Page PART I Item 1: Business 1 Item 1A: Risk Factors 26 Item 1B: Unresolved Staff Comments 60 Item 2: Properties 60 Item 3: Legal Proceedings 60 Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosures 60 PART II Item 5: Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of EquitySecurities 61 Item 6: Selected Financial Data 61 Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 62 Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 77 Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 77 Item 9: Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 77 Item 9A: Controls and Procedures 77 Item 9B: Other Information 78 PART III Item 10: Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 79 Item 11: Executive Compensation 88 Item 12: Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 95 Item 13: Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 98 Item 14: Principal Accounting Fees and Services 99 PART IV Item 15: Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules 99 Table of ContentsSPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA This Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Annual Report") includes forward-looking statements. We may, in some cases, use terms such as "believes," "estimates,""anticipates," "expects," "plans," "intends," "may," "could," "might," "will," "should," "approximately" or other words that convey uncertainty of future events oroutcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places throughout this Annual Report and includestatements regarding our intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or current expectations concerning, among other things, our ongoing and plannedpreclinical development and clinical trials, the timing of and our ability to make regulatory filings and obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for our productcandidates, protection of our intellectual property portfolio, the degree of clinical utility of our products, particularly in specific patient populations, our ability todevelop commercial and manufacturing functions, expectations regarding clinical trial data, our results of operations, cash needs, financial condition, liquidity,prospects, growth and strategies, the industry in which we operate and the trends that may affect the industry or us. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events, competitive dynamics and industry change, anddepend on the economic circumstances that may or may not occur in the future or may occur on longer or shorter timelines than anticipated. Although we believethat we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report, we caution you that forward-looking statements are notguarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which weoperate may differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financialcondition and liquidity, and events in the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, theymay not be predictive of results or developments in future periods. Actual results could differ materially from our forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including risks related to:•our need for additional financing for our INSPIRE trial and other operations, and our ability to obtain sufficient funds on acceptable terms whenneeded, and our plans and future needs to scale back operations if adequate financing is not obtained; •our ability to continue as a going concern; •our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and needs for additional financing; •the success and timing of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including site initiation and patient enrollment, and regulatory approval ofprotocols for future clinical trials; •our ability to enter into, maintain and perform collaboration agreements with other pharmaceutical companies,, for funding and commercializationof our clinical drug candidates or preclinical compounds, and our ability to achieve certain milestones under those agreements; •the difficulties in obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates, and the labeling under any approval we may obtain; •our plans and ability to develop, manufacture and commercialize our product candidates; •our failure to recruit or retain key scientific or management personnel or to retain our executive officers; •the size and growth of the potential markets for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets;iiTable of Contents•regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries; •the rate and degree of market acceptance of any of our product candidates; •obtaining and maintaining intellectual property protection for our product candidates and our proprietary technology; •the successful development of our commercialization capabilities, including sales and marketing capabilities; •recently enacted and future legislation and regulation regarding the healthcare system; •the success of competing therapies and products that are or become available; •our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock on a national securities exchange; •the potential for third party disputes and litigation; and •the performance of third parties, including contract research organizations, or CROs and third-party manufacturers. Any forward-looking statements that we make in this Annual Report speak only as of the date of such statement, and we undertake no obligation to updatesuch statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Comparisons of resultsfor current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless expressed as such, and should only beviewed as historical data. You should also read carefully the factors described in the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report and elsewhere to better understand the risks anduncertainties inherent in our business and underlying any forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, actual results could differ materially andadversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements in this report and you should not place undue reliance on any forward-lookingstatements.iiiTable of ContentsPART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS Overview Onconova Therapeutics, Inc., sometimes referred to as "we" or the "Company," is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering anddeveloping novel small molecule drug candidates to treat cancer. Using our proprietary chemistry platform, we have created an extensive library of targeted anti-cancer agents designed to work against cellular pathways important to cancer cells. We believe that the drug candidates in our pipeline have the potential to beefficacious in a variety of cancers. We have one actively enrolling Phase 3 clinical-stage product candidate and two other clinical-stage product candidates (one ofwhich is being developed for treatment of acute radiation syndromes) and several preclinical programs. Substantially all of our current effort is focused on our leadproduct candidate, rigosertib. Rigosertib is being tested in both intravenous and oral formulations as a single agent, and the oral formulation is also being tested incombination with azacitidine, in clinical trials for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, or MDS, and related cancers. In December 2015, we enrolled the first patient in a randomized controlled Phase 3 clinical trial of rigosertib IV in a population of patients with higher-riskMDS after failure of hypomethylating agent, or HMA, therapy. The trial, which we refer to as INSPIRE, is expected to enroll approximately 225 patients at morethan 100 sites globally. The primary endpoint of INSPIRE is overall survival, and an interim analysis is anticipated. We anticipate reporting topline data from theINSPIRE trial in 2018. During 2015, we sold shares of common stock for net proceeds of $7.5 million and at December 31, 2015, we had approximately $19.8 million in cash andcash equivalents. In January 2016, we completed a sale of common stock and warrants for net proceeds of approximately $1.6 million. During 2015 and into 2016,we have taken significant actions to conserve cash, including reduction in personnel and expenditures. While we will continue to take cash conservation actionswhere appropriate, our costs will increase in subsequent quarters as more INSPIRE sites open and more patients enroll in the INSPIRE trial. We believe that ourcash and cash equivalents, together with anticipated contractual cost-sharing payments from Baxalta for a portion of the INSPIRE trial costs, will be sufficient tofund our ongoing trials and operations into the first quarter of 2017, although there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We are exploring various sources of funding for continued development of rigosertib in MDS and acute myelogenous leukemia, or AML. If we raiseadditional funds through strategic collaborations and alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, which may include existing collaboration partners, wemay have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or product candidates, including rigosertib, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Therecan be no assurance, however, that the Company will be successful in obtaining such financing at the level needed to complete its research and developmentprograms, on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all, or that the Company will obtain approvals necessary to market its products or achieve profitability orsustainable, positive cash flow. If we are unable to successfully raise sufficient additional capital, through future financings or through strategic and collaborativearrangements, we will not have sufficient cash to fund our planned business operations and due to our ongoing losses and our accumulated deficit in combinationwith these factors, the opinion of our independent registered public accounting firm on our audited consolidated financial statements for our fiscal year endedDecember 31, 2015 contains an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.Rigosertib Rigosertib is a small molecule that inhibits cellular signaling by acting as a Ras mimetic. This is believed to be mediated by the binding of rigosertib to theRas-binding domain, or RBD, found in1Table of Contentsmany Ras effector proteins, including the Raf and PI3K kinases. This mechanism of action provides a new approach to block the interactions between Ras and itstargets containing RBD sites. Rigosertib is being tested as a single agent and in combination with azacitidine, in clinical trials of patients with MDS and relatedcancers. We have enrolled more than 1,200 patients in rigosertib clinical trials. We are a party to a license and development agreement with Baxalta, which isscheduled to terminate August 30, 2016. Pursuant to that agreement, Baxalta was granted certain rights to commercialize rigosertib in Europe, which rights willrevert to us upon termination. We are also party to a collaboration agreement with SymBio, which grants SymBio certain rights to commercialize rigosertib inJapan and Korea. We have retained development and commercialization rights to rigosertib in the rest of the world, including in the United States, although wecould consider licensing commercialization rights to other territories as we seek additional funding.Myelodysplastic Syndromes MDS is a group of blood disorders that affect bone marrow function. MDS typically affects older patients. In MDS, the bone marrow cells become dysplastic,or defective. Therefore blood cells do not develop normally, such that too few healthy blood cells are released into the blood stream, leading to low blood cellcounts, or cytopenias. Thus, many patients with MDS require frequent blood transfusions. In most cases, the disease worsens and the patient develops progressivebone marrow failure. In advanced stages of the disease, immature blood cells, or blasts, leave the bone marrow and enter the blood stream, leading to AML, whichoccurs in approximately one-third of patients with MDS. Based on Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data from the National Cancer Institute, a marketing analytics firm has estimated the 2016incidence of MDS will be approximately 17,390 cases and the prevalence of MDS at approximately 61,690 cases in the United States. We believe that the actualincidence numbers may be higher, due to underdiagnosing and underreporting of new cases of MDS to centralized cancer registries, and that the incidence of MDSin the United States is likely to increase, due to an aging population, improved disease awareness and diagnostic precision, and an increase in the number of casesof secondary, often chemotherapy-induced, MDS. MDS is typically diagnosed using routine blood tests or by observing combination of certain symptoms, such as shortness of breath, weakness, easy bruisingor bleeding, or fever with frequent infections. A diagnosis of MDS is confirmed by evaluating a bone marrow biopsy/aspirate showing dysplastic changes, and, inmore advanced cases, the presence of excess blasts, meaning that blasts account for more than 5% of the total number of nucleated cells in the bone marrow.Several classification systems have been developed to gauge the severity of disease and help determine prognosis and treatment strategy. Two standardclassification systems can be used, the French-American-British morphological classification system, or the FAB system, as modified by the World HealthOrganization, or WHO, and the recently revised International Prognostic Scoring System, or IPSS-R, to estimate anticipated survival for patients with MDS basedon marrow function and marrow cytogenetics. IPSS-R ranks the severity of chromosome abnormalities, number of cytopenias, and percentage of bone marrowblasts observed at diagnosis to calculate a five-level risk score: Very Low, Low, Intermediate, High and Very High. MDS patients are generally classified usingIPSS-R in order to assess the risk of dying or having their disease progress to AML.Treating Myelodysplastic Syndromes We believe that most higher-risk and some lower-risk MDS patients in the United States are treated with azacitidine or decitabine, the two approved HMAsfor treatment of MDS. A provider of information services and technology for the healthcare industry estimates that in the year ended June 2012, approximately12,500 MDS patients in the United States received treatment with HMAs.2Table of Contents A significant number of higher-risk MDS patients fail or cannot tolerate treatment with azacitidine or decitabine, which represent the current standard of carefor higher-risk MDS patients, and almost all patients who initially respond to therapy eventually progress. Median survival time of MDS patients who have failedHMAs is less than six months. Accordingly, we believe that a new therapy that would extend survival in these patients would represent a major contribution in thetreatment of MDS. Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell or bone marrow transplantation is a potentially curative therapy for MDS. However, since most patients with MDS areelderly and therefore ineligible for transplantation due to the arduous nature of the procedure, this option is generally considered only for the small proportion ofyounger MDS patients. HMAs are believed to inhibit the methylation of DNA. Methylation is a biochemical process involving the addition of a methyl group to DNA and plays animportant role in gene expression during cell division and differentiation. Hypomethylation may also restore normal function to genes that are critical fordifferentiation and proliferation. By contrast, rigosertib works by blocking multiple oncogenic pathways through a Ras mimetic mechanism. Because rigosertib hasa mechanism of action that is different from HMAs, it may be active in patients who have failed treatment with those drugs. Furthermore, rigosertib's distinctmechanism of action has been shown to combine well with approved HMAs and preclinical studies testing the combination of rigosertib with azacitidine havedemonstrated synergy between the two agents. Based on these studies and our current understanding of the mechanism of action of rigosertib, we believe thatrigosertib has the potential to be developed in combination with azacitidine for front-line or second line MDS patients and for patients with AML who are notcandidates for standard induction chemotherapy; or second-line AML who have failed induction chemotherapy. Lower-risk MDS patients are those categorized as Very Low, Low or Intermediate risk by the IPSS-R scoring system, with transfusion-dependent anemia.The subset of del(5q) cytogenetic abnormality patients are generally treated with lenalidomide (Revlimid®). For all other lower-risk MDS patients, supportive careemploying blood products, such as red blood cell and platelet transfusions, and erythroid stimulating agents, is the mainstay of therapy. Frequent transfusionsintroduce many risks, including iron overload, blood borne infections and immune-related reactions. We believe that a therapeutic agent that could lower oreliminate the need for transfusions over an extended period of time would fulfill a significant unmet medical need for this patient population.Rigosertib IV for higher-risk MDS In early 2014, we announced topline survival results from our "ONTIME" trial, a multi-center Phase 3 clinical trial of rigosertib IV as a single agent. TheONTIME trial did not meet its primary endpoint in the intent-to-treat population, although improvements in median overall survival were observed in various pre-specified and exploratory subgroups of higher-risk MDS patients. During 2014 and 2015, we held meetings with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and several Europeannational regulatory authorities to discuss and seek guidance on a path for approval of rigosertib IV in higher-risk MDS patients whose disease had failed HMAtherapy. After discussions with the FDA and EMA, we have refined the patient eligibility criteria in the new trial by defining a more homogenous patientpopulation. After regulatory feedback, input from key opinion leaders in the U.S. and Europe and based on learnings from the ONTIME study, we designed a newrandomized controlled Phase 3 trial, referred to as INSPIRE, with overall survival as a primary endpoint. The INSPIRE trial is enrolling higher-risk MDS patientsunder 80 years of age who have progressed on, or failed to respond to, previous treatment with HMAs within the first nine months after initiation of HMA therapy,and had their last dose of HMA within six months prior to enrollment in the trial. The primary endpoint of this study is overall survival, and an interim analysis isanticipated. This randomized trial of approximately 225 patients is expected to be3Table of Contentsconducted at more than 100 sites globally. In August 2015, we submitted an updated investigational new drug application, or IND, to the FDA, and in August 2015we submitted Clinical Trial Applications, or CTAs, with the United Kingdom, German and Austrian regulatory authorities for IV rigosertib as a treatment forhigher-risk MDS after failure of HMA therapy. The first CTA has been cleared by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The first patient inthe INSPIRE trial was enrolled at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in December 2015 and, as of March 22, 2016, fourteen clinical sites are open and recruitingpatients. The first patient in Europe was enrolled on March 18, 2016.Safety and Tolerability of rigosertib IV in MDS and other hematologic malignancies Rigosertib IV monotherapy has been evaluated in several Phase 1, 2 and 3 studies in MDS and other hematologic malignancies. Three of the Phase 1 and 2studies are completed and clinical study reports (CSRs) are available. The three other studies have not yet completed; thus data are subject to change. The mostfrequent reason for study discontinuation (48.0%) was progressive disease (PD) based on 2006 International Working Group (IWG) criteria (44.9%) orsymptomatic deterioration (3.1%). The occurrence of adverse events (AEs) led to withdrawal of 21.2% of patients. Withdrawal was at patient's request in 15.4% ofthe cases. A total of 109 patients (24.4%) died due to TEAEs. Only four of the TEAEs leading to death were considered related to rigosertib: acute renal failure,renal failure, septic shock, and sepsis. Using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terminology, the most frequently reported drug-relatedTEAEs were in system organ class (SOC) categories of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (28.2%) and general disorders and administration site conditions (21.0%).Individual TEAEs reported by at least 5% of patients across SOC categories included, by decreasing order of frequency, nausea (14.8%), fatigue (13.9%),diarrhoea (11.2%), constipation (8.5%), and decreased appetite (5.8%). The most frequently reported ³ Grade 3 drug-related TEAEs were in the SOC categories ofblood and lymphatic system disorders (8.3%) and Investigations (6.5%). Individual TEAEs reported by at least 1% of patients across SOC categories were anemia(4.0%); neutrophil count decreased (3.1%); platelet count decreased (2.9% each); neutropenia and thrombocytopenia (2.2% each); hyponatraemia (2.0%); whiteblood cell count decreased (1.8%); febrile neutropenia (1.6%); and fatigue (1.6%). Among the 11.0% of patients whose serious adverse events (SAEs) wereconsidered drug-related, the two most frequent events were febrile neutropenia and delirium (1.1% of patients each). Other drug-related SAEs includedhyponatraemia, confusional state, dyspnoea, dizziness, and mental status changes (0.7% each); anaemia, fatigue, dehydration, haematuria, and pollakiuria (0.4%each); and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, diabetes insipidus, abdominal distension, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, retroperitoneal fibrosis,asthenia, malaise, pyrexia, cholecystitis, bacteraemia, bronchitis, cystitis escherichia, lung infection, pneumonia, sepsis, septic shock, sinusitis fungal, urinary tractinfection, hypoglycaemia, muscular weakness, convulsion, headache, dysuria, nephrolithiasis, renal failure, renal failure acute, pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage,and respiratory distress (0.2% each). Three patients (0.7%), all enrolled in a Phase 1 dose-escalating study, experienced dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), defined asdrug-related TEAEs that occurred during the first cycle of rigosertib administration. DLTs included pneumonia, dysuria, and dyspnoea (1 patient, 0.2%, each).Rigosertib oral in combination with azacitidine for MDS and AML We have completed enrollment in the Phase 2 portion of an open label Phase 1/2 clinical trial testing rigosertib oral in combination with the approved dose ofinjectable azacitidine for patients with higher-risk MDS and AML. This study is based on our published preclinical data demonstrating synergistic activity of thiscombination. We presented Phase 1 results from this trial at the American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting in December 2014 and at the MDSSymposium in April 2015. These results showed encouraging activity in MDS and AML patients in terms of bone marrow4Table of Contentsand hematological responses. Patients in the Phase 1 portion were treated at the full standard dose of azacitidine, and the drug combination was well tolerated inrepetitive cycles. The Phase 2 portion of the trial was designed to assess whether treatment with rigosertib, in combination with the approved dose of injectable azacitidine,reduces the number of bone marrow blasts, improves peripheral blood counts and can resensitize the marrow blast cells to azacitidine for patients who werepreviously exposed to azacitidine Patient enrollment in the Phase 2 portion of this trial was completed in the fourth quarter of 2015 and interim data weresummarized by way of an oral presentation at the ASH Annual Meeting in December 2015. The Phase 2 combination trial included both front-line MDS patients (that is, patients not previously treated with HMAs) and MDS patients whose disease hadfailed prior HMA therapy (second-line patients). The oral presentation at ASH presented results from a total of 37 MDS patients treated with the recommendedPhase 2 dose of oral rigosertib (560 mg AM/280 mg PM) plus the full standard dose of injectable azacitidine. The combination of oral rigosertib and azacitidinewas well tolerated, with a median duration of treatment of four months (range 1 to 27 months). At the time of the ASH 2015 presentation, 30 MDS patients were evaluable for efficacy assessment per 2006 IWG, criteria. Twenty-three of 30 patients (77%)responded to the combination therapy, including six patients who had complete remissions. Hematologic improvement was observed in 13 of 26 patients that wereevaluable for this part of the analysis. Notably, 16 of 19 (84%) HMA-naïve patients had a response to the combination therapy and 7 of 11 (64%) patients whosedisease had previously failed HMAs responded. As of December 2015, the median duration of these responses had not yet been reached. Additional data collectioncontinues for the patients remaining on study and may impact the final results of the trial.Rigosertib oral for lower-risk MDS Higher-risk MDS patients suffer from a shortfall in normal circulating blood cells, or cytopenias, as well as elevated levels of cancer cells, or blasts in theirbone marrow and peripheral blood, whereas lower-risk MDS patients suffer mainly from cytopenias, that is low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells orplatelets. Thus, lower-risk MDS patients depend on transfusions and growth factors or other therapies to improve their low blood counts. We have explored single agent rigosertib oral as a treatment for lower-risk MDS in two Phase 2 clinical trials, 09-05 and 09-07. In December 2013, wepresented data at the Annual ASH Meeting from the 09-05 Phase 2 trial. To date, Phase 2 clinical data have shown encouraging signs of efficacy of single agentoral rigosertib in transfusion-dependent, lower-risk MDS patients. Rigosertib has been generally well tolerated, except for urinary side effects at higher dose levels.Future clinical trials will be needed to evaluate dosing and schedule modifications and their impact on efficacy and toxicity of oral rigosertib in lower-risk MDSpatients. Data presented from the 09-05 trial also suggested the potential of a genomic methylation assessment of bone marrow cells to prospectively identify lower-risk MDS patients likely to respond to oral rigosertib. We therefore expanded the 09-05 trial by adding an additional cohort of 20 patients to advance thedevelopment of this genomic methylation test. Enrollment in this expansion cohort has been completed. We are collaborating with a methylation genomicscompany and academic collaborators to refine this genomic methylation test.Safety and Tolerability of rigosertib oral in MDS and other hematologic malignancies Oral rigosertib as a monotherapy has been evaluated in four Phase 1 and 2 studies in MDS and other hematologic malignancies. One study is completed and aCSR is available. The three other studies have not yet completed; thus final data are subject to change. The main reasons for study5Table of Contentsdiscontinuation were Investigator's decision (22.6%) and PD per the 2006 IWG criteria (19.4%). The occurrence of AEs led to withdrawal of 20.0% of patients.Patients requested withdrawal in 16.1% of the cases. Ten patients (6.1%) died due to TEAEs, none of which was considered related to rigosertib. The majority ofpatients (76.2%) experienced TEAEs that were considered drug-related. The most frequently reported drug-related TEAEs were in the SOC category of renal andurinary disorders (56.1% of patients); and 22.6% of patients experienced drug-related gastrointestinal disorders. Individual TEAEs reported by at least 5% ofpatients across SOC categories included, by decreasing order of frequency, pollakiuria (31.1%), dysuria (26.8%), haematuria (20.7%), urinary tract pain (17.7%),micturition urgency (17.7%), urinary tract infection (12.8%), diarrhoea (9.8%), fatigue (7.9%), decreased appetite (6.7%), nausea (9.8%), and cystitis (6.1%).Drug-related TEAEs were ³ Grade 3 in 20.1% of the patients. The most frequently reported ³ Grade 3 drug-related TEAEs were blood and lymphatic systemdisorders (6.7%), infections and infestations (4.9%), and investigations (4.9%). Individual drug-related TEAEs ³ Grade 3 reported by at least 1% of patientsincluded neutropenia (3.7%), cystitis (3.0%); neutrophil count decreased and haematuria (2.4% each); thrombocytopenia and dysuria (1.8%); leukopenia, urinarytract infection, platelet count decreased, hyponatraemia, urinary tract pain, and dyspnoea (1.2% each). Among the 13 (7.9%) patients whose SAEs were considereddrug-related, the events were mostly urinary. Drug-related SAEs included cystitis (3.0%), haematuria (1.2%); and anaemia, angina pectoris, adverse drug reaction,urinary tract infection, hyperglycaemia, dysuria, dyspnoea, and lung disorder (0.6% each). During Phase 1 studies, nine patients (5.5%) experienced 14 DLTs,which were defined as drug-related TEAEs that occurred during the first cycle of rigosertib administration. These included neutropenia, pain, cystitis, limb injury,alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, blood creatinine increased, hypoalbuminaemia, hypocalcaemia, hyponatraemia,haematuria, dyspnoea, and haematoma. Oral rigosertib in combination with azacitidine is under evaluation in a Phase 2 trial for patients with MDS. As of December 2015, 37 MDS patients wereevaluable for safety analysis. The occurrence of TEAEs led to study withdrawal in 19% of patients. 3 patients (8%) of patients died due to TEAEs, none of whichwas considered drug-related. The majority of patients, 84%, experienced TEAEs which were considered drug-related. The most frequently reported related events(at least 3 patients) were Dysuria (32%), Nausea and Haematuria (22% each), Pollakiuria (16%), Neutropenia (14%), Decreased appetite, Diarrhoea, andThrombocytopenia (11% each). TEAEs of ³ Grade 3 severity were observed in 84% of the patients and were considered drug-related in 38% of the patients.Other Programs The vast majority of the Company's efforts are now devoted to the advanced stage development of rigosertib for unmet medical needs of MDS patients. Otherprograms are either paused, inactive or require only minimal internal resources and efforts.Briciclib Briciclib, another of our product candidates, a small molecule targeting an important intracellular regulatory protein, cyclin D1, which is often found atelevated levels in cancer cells. Cyclin D1 expression is regulated through a process termed cap-dependent translation, which requires the function of eukaryoticinitiation factor 4E protein, or eIF4E. In vitro evidence indicates briciclib binds to eIF4E, blocking cap-dependent translation of cyclin D1 and other cancerproteins, such as c-MYC, leading to tumor cell death. We have been conducting a Phase 1 multisite dose-escalation trial of briciclib in patients with advanced solidtumors refractory to current therapies. Safety and efficacy assessments are complete in six of the seven dose-escalation cohorts of patients in this trial. As ofDecember 2015, however, the briciclib IND is on full clinical hold following a drug product lot testing failure. We will be required to undertake appropriateremedial actions prior to re-initiating the clinical trial and completing the final dose-escalation cohort.6Table of ContentsRecilisib Recilisib is a product candidate being developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Defense for acute radiation syndromes. We have completedfour Phase 1 trials to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of recilisib in healthy human adult subjects using both subcutaneous and oral formulations. We havealso conducted animal studies and clinical trials of recilisib under the FDA's Animal Efficacy Rule, which permits marketing approval for new medicalcountermeasures for which conventional human efficacy studies are not feasible or ethical, by relying on evidence from studies in appropriate animal models tosupport efficacy in humans. Ongoing studies of recilisib, focusing on animal models and biomarker development to assess the efficacy of recilisib are beingconducted by third parties with government funding. We anticipate that any future development of recilisib beyond these ongoing studies would be conductedsolely with government funding or by collaboration.Preclinical Product Candidates In addition to our three clinical-stage product candidates, we have several product candidates that target kinases, cellular metabolism or cell division inpreclinical development. We may explore additional collaborations to further the development of these product candidates as we focus internally on our moreadvanced programs.Research and Development Since commencing operations, we have dedicated a significant portion of our resources to the development of our clinical-stage product candidates,particularly rigosertib. We incurred research and development expenses of $25.9 million, $49.4 million and $50.2 during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014and 2013, respectively. We anticipate that a significant portion of our operating expenses will continue to be related to research and development.Collaborations Baxalta GmbH We are party to a September 2012 development and license agreement with Baxalta GmbH, successor in interest to Baxter Healthcare SA, which is scheduledto terminate August 30, 2016. We generally refer to Baxalta GmbH, together with its predecessor, collectively as "Baxalta." The development and licenseagreement granted Baxalta an exclusive, royalty-bearing license for the research, development, commercialization and manufacture (in specified instances) ofrigosertib in all therapeutic indications in specified countries comprising most of Europe (the "Baxalta Territory"). Pursuant to the agreement, we received anupfront payment of $50,000,000, are receiving cost-sharing payments for our INSPIRE trial and were eligible to receive certain additional milestone payments androyalties as further described below. On March 3, 2016, we received a notice from Baxalta of their election to terminate the development and license agreement because further support of thisprogram did not align with their strategic priorities. The termination notice was received after commencement of the INSPIRE trial which was designed followingconsultation with Baxalta. In accordance with the terms of the Baxalta agreement, upon termination, the rights that we had licensed to Baxalta will revert to us atno cost. Additionally, any rights we have to previously-agreed funding, pre-commercial milestone payments and royalties from Baxalta would terminate inaccordance with the agreement, absent any breaches. Under the terms of the Baxalta agreement, we were initially required to perform research and development to advance three initial rigosertib indications,rigosertib intravenous (IV) in higher-risk MDS patients, rigosertib IV in pancreatic cancer patients and rigosertib oral in lower-risk MDS patients, through Phase 3,Phase 3 and Phase 2 clinical trials, respectively.7Table of Contents The Baxalta agreement contemplated development of rigosertib IV in higher-risk MDS patients through our ONTIME trial and potentially additional Phase 3clinical trials. As our ONTIME trial did not achieve its primary endpoint, we are continuing the development of rigosertib IV in higher-risk MDS patients throughour INSPIRE trial. In accordance with the agreement, we elected to have Baxalta fund fifty percent of the costs of INSPIRE, up to $15.0 million. We started billingBaxalta for these costs starting in the second quarter of 2015. We recorded revenue of $2.9 million during 2015 as a result of Baxalta's funding of the INSPIREtrial. We have overall responsibility for the trial, including determination of the trial specifications, selection of third party service providers and payment for allservices and materials. Baxalta terminated the development and license agreement after commencement of the INSPIRE trial and after we had elected to haveBaxalta reimburse us for our costs incurred in running this trial, per contract. We will attempt to maximize Baxalta's financial support for the INSPIRE trial, butthere can be no assurances regarding the amount of funds which we will receive from Baxalta following termination.SymBio Pharmaceuticals Limited In July 2011, we entered into a license agreement with SymBio, as subsequently amended, granting SymBio an exclusive, royalty-bearing license for thedevelopment and commercialization of rigosertib in Japan and Korea (the "Symbio Territory"). Under the SymBio license agreement, SymBio is obligated to usecommercially reasonable efforts to develop and obtain market approval for rigosertib inside the licensed territory and we have similar obligations outside of thelicensed territory. We have also entered into an agreement with SymBio providing for it to supply SymBio with development-stage product. Under the SymBiolicense agreement, we also agreed to supply commercial product to SymBio under specified terms that will be included in a commercial supply agreement to benegotiated prior to the first commercial sale of rigosertib. The supply of development-stage product and the supply of commercial product will be at our cost plus adefined profit margin. Sales of development-stage product have been de minimis. We have additionally granted SymBio a right of first negotiation to license orobtain the rights to develop and commercialize compounds having a chemical structure similar to rigosertib in the licensed territory. Under the terms of the SymBio license agreement, we received an upfront payment of $7,500,000. We are eligible to receive milestone payments of up to anaggregate of $22,000,000 from SymBio upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones for specified indications. Of the regulatorymilestones, $5,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in the United States for rigosertib IV in higher-risk MDS patients, $3,000,000 is due upon receiptof marketing approval in Japan for rigosertib IV in higher-risk MDS patients, $5,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in the United States forrigosertib oral in lower-risk MDS patients, and $5,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in Japan for rigosertib oral in lower-risk MDS patients.Furthermore, upon receipt of marketing approval in the United States and Japan for an additional specified indication of rigosertib, which we are currently notpursuing, an aggregate of $4,000,000 would be due. In addition to these pre-commercial milestones, we are eligible to receive tiered milestone payments basedupon annual net sales of rigosertib by SymBio of up to an aggregate of $30,000,000. Further, under the terms of the SymBio license agreement, SymBio will make royalty payments to us at percentage rates ranging from the mid-teens to 20%based on net sales of rigosertib by SymBio. Royalties will be payable under the SymBio agreement on a country-by-country basis in the licensed territory, until the later of the expiration of marketingexclusivity in those countries, a specified period of time after first commercial sale of rigosertib in such country, or the expiration of all valid claims of the licensedpatents covering rigosertib or the manufacture or use of rigosertib in such country. If no valid claim exists covering the composition of matter of rigosertib or theuse of or treatment with rigosertib in a particular country before the expiration of the royalty term, and specified competing products achieve a specified marketshare percentage in such country, SymBio's obligation to8Table of Contentspay us royalties will continue at a reduced royalty rate until the end of the royalty term. In addition, the applicable royalties payable to us may be reduced ifSymBio is required to pay royalties to third-parties for licenses to intellectual property rights necessary to develop, use, manufacture or commercialize rigosertib inthe licensed territory. The license agreement with SymBio will remain in effect until the expiration of the royalty term. However, the SymBio license agreementmay be terminated earlier due to the uncured material breach or bankruptcy of a party, or force majeure. If SymBio terminates the license agreement in thesecircumstances, its licenses to rigosertib will survive, subject to SymBio's milestone and royalty obligations, which SymBio may elect to defer and offset againstany damages that may be determined to be due from us. In addition, we may terminate the license agreement in the event that SymBio brings a challenge against itin relation to the licensed patents, and SymBio may terminate the license agreement The upfront payment is being recognized ratably using the straight line method through December 2027, the expected term of the agreement. We recognizedrevenues under this agreement of $455,000 and $455,000, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We recognized revenues related tothe supply agreement with Symbio of $108,000 and $11,000 for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. SymBio has conducted phase 1 trials with IV and oral rigosertib in Japan at their own expense. Currently SymBio is preparing to participate in the INSPIREtrial by enrolling patients in Japan. For all rigosertib trials conducted by SymBio, we supply clinical trial supplies and provide other assistance as requested.Preclinical Collaboration In December 2012, we entered into an agreement with GVK Biosciences Private Limited, or GVK, to form GBO, LLC, or GBO, a joint venture entity ownedby us and GVK. During 2013, GVK made an initial capital contribution of $500,000 in exchange for a 10% interest in GBO, and we contributed a sublicense to theintellectual property related to two of our preclinical programs in exchange for a 90% interest. In November 2014, GVK made a second capital contribution of$500,000 which increased its interest in GBO to 17.5% (and decreased our interest to 82.5%). The two preclinical programs sublicensed to GBO have not beendeveloped to clinical stage as we had initially hoped, and we are in discussions with GVK regarding the future of GBO.Intellectual Property Patents and Proprietary Rights Our intellectual property is derived through our internal research, licensing agreements with Temple University, or Temple, and licensing research agreementswith the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, or Mount Sinai.License Agreement with Temple University In January 1999, we entered into a license agreement with Temple as subsequently amended, to obtain an exclusive, world-wide license to certain Templepatents and technical information to make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale and import several classes of novel compounds, including our three clinical-stageproduct candidates, rigosertib, briciclib and recilisib. Under the terms of the license agreement, we paid Temple a non-refundable up-front payment, and are required to pay annual license maintenance fees, aswell as a low single-digit percentage of net sales as a royalty. In addition, we agreed to pay Temple 25% of any consideration received from any sublicensee of thelicensed Temple patents and technical information, which does not include any9Table of Contentsroyalties on sales, funds received for research and development or proceeds from any equity or debt investment. The license agreement with Temple can be terminated by mutual agreement or due to the material breach or bankruptcy of either party. We may terminate thelicense agreement for any reason by giving Temple prior written notice.Research Agreement with Mount Sinai School of Medicine In May 2010, we entered into a research agreement with Mount Sinai. This agreement is described in more detail under the caption "Certain Relationships andRelated Party Transactions—Research Agreement."Rigosertib Patents As of March 2016, we owned or exclusively licensed 77 issued patents and 13 pending patent applications covering composition-of-matter, process,formulation and various indications for method-of-use for rigosertib filed worldwide, including seven patents and two patent applications in the United States. TheU.S. composition-of-matter patent for rigosertib, which we in-licensed pursuant to the license agreement with Temple, currently expires in 2026. The U.S. methodof treatment patent for rigosertib, which we also in-licensed from Temple, expires in 2025. A patent covering the use of rigosertib in combination with anticanceragents including azacitidine is issued and will expire in 2028. Patent term extensions may be available, depending on various provisions in the law.Briciclib Patents As of March 2016, we owned or exclusively licensed 14 issued patents and two pending patent applications covering composition-of-matter, process,formulation and various indications for method-of-use for briciclib filed worldwide, including two patent in the United States. The U.S. composition-of-matterpatent for briciclib expires in 2025.Recilisib Patents As of March 2016, we owned or exclusively licensed 59 issued patents and 29 pending patent applications covering composition of matter, formulation andvarious indications for method-of-use for recilisib filed worldwide, including four patents and five patent applications in the United States. The U.S. composition-of-matter patent for recilisib expires in 2020.General Considerations As with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our ability to maintain and solidify a proprietary position for our product candidates will dependupon our success in obtaining effective patent claims and enforcing those claims once granted. Our commercial success will depend in part upon not infringing upon the proprietary rights of third parties. It is uncertain whether the issuance of any third-party patent would require us to alter our development or commercial strategies, or our product candidates or processes, obtain licenses or cease certain activities.The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. If a third partycommences a patent infringement action against us, or our collaborators, it could consume significant financial and management resources, regardless of the meritof the claims or the outcome of the litigation. The term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug may be eligible for additional patent term extension, which provides patent term restoration ascompensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984,10Table of Contentsor the Hatch-Waxman Act, permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the patent term extension is relatedto the length of time the drug is under regulatory review. Patent extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date ofproduct approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. Similar provisions are available in Europe and other foreign jurisdictions toextend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. In the future, if and when our pharmaceutical products receive FDA approval, we expect to apply forpatent term extensions on patents covering those products. Furthermore, we may be able to obtain extension of patent term by adjustment of the said term under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 154 if the issue of anoriginal patent is delayed due to the failure of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. For example, we have received adjustments of 1,139 days extension to thepatent term for the rigosertib composition of matter patent (US 7,598,232), 1,155 days extension for the patent covering the process for making rigosertib (US8,143,453) and 751 days extension for rigosertib formulation patent (US 8,063,109) under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §154. We have received orphan designation for rigosertib for the treatment of MDS in the US and Europe. Our partner SymBio has received similar designation inJapan. In addition to patents, we rely upon unpatented trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain a competitiveposition. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, through confidentiality agreements with our employees, collaborators, contractors and consultants,and invention assignment agreements with our employees. We also have agreements requiring assignment of inventions with selected consultants andcollaborators. The confidentiality agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of agreements or clauses requiring inventionassignment, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party.Competition The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. While we believe that our developmentexperience and scientific knowledge provide us with competitive advantages, we face competition from both large and small pharmaceutical and biotechnologycompanies. There are a number of pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, public and private universities and research organizations activelyengaged in the research and development of products that may compete with our products. Many of these companies are multinational pharmaceutical orbiotechnology organizations, which are pursuing the development of, or are currently marketing, pharmaceuticals that target the key oncology indications orcellular pathways on which we are focused. It is probable that the increasing incidence and prevalence of cancer will lead to many more companies seeking to develop products and therapies for thetreatment of unmet needs in oncology. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, technical and human resources than we have. Many of ourcompetitors also have a significant advantage with respect to experience in the discovery and development of product candidates, as well as obtaining FDA andother regulatory approvals of products and the commercialization of those products. We anticipate intense and increasing competition as new drugs enter themarket and as more advanced technologies become available. Our success will be based in part on our ability to identify, develop and manage a portfolio of drugsthat are safer and more effective than competing products in the treatment of cancer patients.11Table of ContentsMyelodysplastic Syndromes There are several ongoing clinical trials aimed at expanding the use of approved chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory agents in higher-risk MDS, as wellas several new clinical programs testing novel technologies in this area. Companies competing in this space include Eisai Inc. (decitabine), Celgene Corporation(azacitidine in combination with lenalidomide, Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (tosedostat in combination with decitabine or cytarabine), Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.(sapacitabine), and Astex/Otsuka (guadecitabine). To our knowledge, there are no Phase 3 trials being conducted for higher-risk MDS patients who have failedtreatment with HMAs. In the lower-risk MDS market, we face competition from a number of companies in mid-stage and late-stage clinical trials, such as CelgeneCorporation (lenalidomide), Array BioPharma Inc (ARRY-614), and Acceleron Pharma (sotatercept and luspatercept).Acute Radiation Syndrome Competitors developing products to address ARS include Soligenix, Inc., Cellerant Therapeutics, Inc., and Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. Each of these companiesis working with the U.S. government to develop its products through federal contracts and grants.Manufacturing Our product candidates are synthetic small molecules. Manufacturing activities must comply with FDA current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP,regulations. We conduct our manufacturing activities under individual purchase orders with third-party contract manufacturers, or CMOs. We have in place qualityagreements with our key CMOs. We have also established an internal quality management organization, which audits and qualifies CMOs in the United States andabroad. We are working with CMOs to produce the rigosertib active pharmaceutical ingredient, which we believe will enable us to launch and commercializerigosertib IV if and when marketing approval is obtained. Other CMOs produce rigosertib IV and rigosertib oral for use in our clinical trials. We believe that themanufacturing processes for the active pharmaceutical ingredient and finished drug products for rigosertib are being developed to adequately support futuredevelopment and commercial demands. The FDA regulates and inspects equipment, facilities and processes used in manufacturing pharmaceutical products prior to approval. If we fail to complywith applicable cGMP requirements and conditions of product approval, the FDA may seek sanctions, including fines, civil penalties, injunctions, suspension ofmanufacturing operations, operating restrictions, withdrawal of FDA approval, seizure or recall of products and criminal prosecution. Although we periodicallymonitor the FDA compliance of our third-party CMOs, we cannot be certain that our present or future third-party CMOs will consistently comply with cGMP andother applicable FDA regulatory requirements.Commercial Operations We do not currently have an organization for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products. We may rely on licensing and co-promotionagreements with strategic partners for the commercialization of our products in the United States and other territories. If we choose to build a commercialinfrastructure to support marketing in the United States, such commercial infrastructure could be expected to include a targeted, oncology sales force supported bysales management, internal sales support, an internal marketing group and distribution support. To develop the appropriate commercial infrastructure internally, wewould have to invest financial and management resources, some of which would have to be deployed prior to any confirmation that rigosertib will be approved.12Table of ContentsGovernment Regulation As a pharmaceutical company that operates in the United States, we are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, and other federal, state, and localregulatory agencies. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDC Act, and its implementing regulations set forth, among other things, requirements forthe research, testing, development, manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, approval, labeling, storage, record keeping, reporting, distribution, import,export, advertising and promotion of our products. Although the discussion below focuses on regulation in the United States, we anticipate seeking approval for,and marketing of, our products in other countries. Generally, our activities in other countries will be subject to regulation that is similar in nature and scope as thatimposed in the United States, although there can be important differences. Additionally, some significant aspects of regulation in Europe are addressed in acentralized way through the EMA, but country-specific regulation remains essential in many respects. The process of obtaining regulatory marketing approvals andthe subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financialresources and may not be successful.United States Government Regulation The FDA is the main regulatory body that controls pharmaceuticals in the United States, and its regulatory authority is based in the FDC Act. Pharmaceuticalproducts are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes. A failure to comply explicitly with any requirements during the product development, approval,or post-approval periods, may lead to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include the imposition by the FDA or an institutional reviewboard, or IRB, of a hold on clinical trials, refusal to approve pending marketing applications or supplements, withdrawal of approval, warning letters, productrecalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or criminal prosecution. The steps required before a new drug may be marketed in the United States generally include:•Completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA's GLP regulations; •Submission to the FDA of an IND to support human clinical testing; •Approval by an IRB at each clinical site before each trial may be initiated; •Performance of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials in accordance with federal regulations and with current good clinical practices, or GCPs,to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational drug product for each targeted indication; •Submission of a new drug application, or NDA, to the FDA; •Satisfactory completion of an FDA Advisory Committee review, if applicable; •Satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facilities at which the investigational product is produced to assess compliancewith cGMP, and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate; and •FDA review and approval of the NDA.Clinical Trials An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational drug product to humans. This authorization is required before interstateshipping and administration of any new drug product to humans that is not the subject of an approved NDA. A 30-day waiting period after the submission of eachIND is required prior to the commencement of clinical testing in humans. If the13Table of ContentsFDA has neither commented on nor questioned the IND within this 30-day period, the clinical trial proposed in the IND may begin. Clinical trials involve theadministration of the investigational drug to patients under the supervision of qualified investigators following GCPs, an international standard meant to protect therights and health of patients and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators and monitors. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols that detailthe parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on U.S. patients and subsequent protocolamendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. The informed written consent of each participating subject is required. The clinical investigation ofan investigational drug is generally divided into three phases. Although the phases are usually conducted sequentially, they may overlap or be combined. The threephases of an investigation are as follows:•Phase 1. Phase 1 includes the initial introduction of an investigation drug into humans. Phase 1 clinical trials may be conducted in patients withthe target disease or condition or healthy volunteers. These studies are designed to evaluate the safety, metabolism, pharmacokinetics andpharmacologic actions of the investigational drug in humans, the side effects associated with increasing doses, and if possible, to gain earlyevidence on effectiveness. During Phase 1 clinical trials, sufficient information about the investigational product's pharmacokinetics andpharmacological effects may be obtained to permit the design of Phase 2 clinical trials. The total number of participants included in Phase 1 clinicaltrials varies, but is generally in the range of 20 to 80. •Phase 2. Phase 2 includes the controlled clinical trials conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the investigational product for a particularindication(s) in patients with the disease or condition under study, to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage, and to identify possibleadverse side effects and safety risks associated with the drug. Phase 2 clinical trials are typically well-controlled, closely monitored, and conductedin a limited patient population, usually involving no more than several hundred participants. •Phase 3. Phase 3 clinical trials are controlled clinical trials conducted in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical trialsites. They are performed after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness of the investigational product has been obtained, and are intended tofurther evaluate dosage, clinical effectiveness and safety, to establish the overall benefit-risk relationship of the product, and to provide an adequatebasis for product approval. Phase 3 clinical trials usually involve several hundred to several thousand participants. In most cases, the FDA requirestwo adequate and well controlled Phase 3 clinical trials to demonstrate the efficacy of the drug. A single Phase 3 trial with other confirmatoryevidence may be sufficient in rare instances where the study is a large multicenter trial demonstrating internal consistency and a statistically verypersuasive finding of a clinically meaningful effect on mortality, irreversible morbidity or prevention of a disease with a potentially seriousoutcome and confirmation of the result in a second trial would be practically or ethically impossible. The decision to terminate development of an investigational drug product may be made by either a health authority body, such as the FDA or IRB/ethicscommittees, or by a company for various reasons. The FDA may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time, or impose othersanctions, if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trialpatients. In some cases, clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the trial sponsor, or the clinical monitoring board.This group provides authorization for whether or not a trial may move forward at designated check points. These decisions are based on the limited access to datafrom the ongoing trial. The suspension or termination of development can occur during any phase of clinical trials if it is determined that the participants orpatients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. In addition, there are requirements for the registration of ongoing clinical trials of drugs on public14Table of Contentsregistries and the disclosure of certain information pertaining to the trials as well as clinical trial results after completion. A sponsor may be able to request a special protocol assessment, or SPA, the purpose of which is to reach agreement with the FDA on the Phase 3 clinical trialprotocol design and analysis that will form the primary basis of an efficacy claim. A sponsor meeting the regulatory criteria may make a specific request for a SPAand provide information regarding the design and size of the proposed clinical trial. A SPA request must be made before the proposed trial begins, and all openissues must be resolved before the trial begins. If a written agreement is reached, it will be documented and made part of the record. The agreement will be bindingon the FDA and may not be changed by the sponsor or the FDA after the trial begins except with the written agreement of the sponsor and the FDA or if the FDAdetermines that a substantial scientific issue essential to determining the safety or efficacy of the product candidate was identified after the testing began. A SPA isnot binding if new circumstances arise, and there is no guarantee that a study will ultimately be adequate to support an approval even if the study is subject to aSPA. Having a SPA agreement does not guarantee that a product will receive FDA approval. Assuming successful completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, detailed investigational drug productinformation is submitted to the FDA in the form of a NDA to request market approval for the product in specified indications.New Drug Applications In order to obtain approval to market a drug in the United States, a marketing application must be submitted to the FDA that provides data establishing thesafety and effectiveness of the drug product for the proposed indication. The application includes all relevant data available from pertinent preclinical and clinicaltrials, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with detailed information relating to the product's chemistry, manufacturing,controls and proposed labeling, among other things. Data can come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and effectiveness of aproduct, or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficientin quality and quantity to establish the safety and effectiveness of the investigational drug product to the satisfaction of the FDA. In most cases, the NDA must be accompanied by a substantial user fee (currently exceeding $2,374,200); there may be some instances in which the user fee iswaived. The FDA will initially review the NDA for completeness before it accepts the NDA for filing. The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA todetermine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency's threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantivereview. After the NDA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review ofNDAs. Most such applications for standard review drug products are reviewed within ten to twelve months. The FDA can extend this review by three months toconsider certain late-submitted information or information intended to clarify information already provided in the submission. The FDA reviews the NDA todetermine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe and effective for its intended use, and whether the product is being manufactured inaccordance with cGMP. The FDA may refer applications for novel drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee,typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved andunder what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when makingdecisions. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless itdetermines that the manufacturing15Table of Contentsprocesses and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications.Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. After the FDA evaluates theNDA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficienciesin the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If, or when, those deficiencieshave been addressed to the FDA's satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing suchresubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. Notwithstanding the submission of any requested additional information, theFDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of NDAapproval, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks. REMScan include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. ETASU can include, but are notlimited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patientregistries. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the drug. Moreover, product approval may require substantialpost-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug's safety or efficacy. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatorystandards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing. Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities,require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be implemented. An NDA supplement for a new indicationtypically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing NDA supplements as itdoes in reviewing NDAs.Advertising and Promotion The FDA and other federal regulatory agencies closely regulate the marketing and promotion of drugs through, among other things, standards and regulationsfor direct-to-consumer advertising, communications regarding unapproved uses, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activitiesinvolving the Internet. A product cannot be commercially promoted before it is approved. After approval, product promotion can include only those claims relatingto safety and effectiveness that are consistent with the labeling approved by the FDA. Healthcare providers are permitted to prescribe drugs for "off-label" uses—that is, uses not approved by the FDA and therefore not described in the drug's labeling—because the FDA does not regulate the practice of medicine. However,FDA regulations impose stringent restrictions on manufacturers' communications regarding off-label uses. Broadly speaking, a manufacturer may not promote adrug for off-label use, but may engage in non-promotional, balanced communication regarding off-label use under specified conditions. Failure to comply withapplicable FDA requirements and restrictions in this area may subject a company to adverse publicity and enforcement action by the FDA, the DOJ, or the Officeof the Inspector General of HHS, as well as state authorities. This could subject a company to a range of penalties that could have a significant commercial impact,including civil and criminal fines and agreements that materially restrict the manner in which a company promotes or distributes drug products.16Table of ContentsPost-Approval Regulations After regulatory approval of a drug is obtained, a company is required to comply with a number of post-approval requirements. For example, as a condition ofapproval of an NDA, the FDA may require post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to further assess and monitor the product'ssafety and effectiveness after commercialization. Regulatory approval of oncology products often requires that patients in clinical trials be followed for longperiods to determine the overall survival benefit of the drug. In addition, as a holder of an approved NDA, a company would be required to report adverse reactionsand production problems to the FDA, to provide updated safety and efficacy information, and to comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotionallabeling for any of its products. Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to cGMP after approval to assure and preserve thelong term stability of the drug or biological product. The FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP, which imposesextensive procedural and substantive record keeping requirements. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and, depending on thesignificance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviationsfrom cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon a company and any third-party manufacturers that a company may decide to use.Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP andother aspects of regulatory compliance. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of our product candidates. Future FDA andstate inspections may identify compliance issues at our facilities or at the facilities of our contract manufacturers that may disrupt production or distribution, orrequire substantial resources to correct. In addition, discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicablerequirements may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA, including withdrawal or recall of the product from the market orother voluntary, FDA-initiated or judicial action that could delay or prohibit further marketing. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product's approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings andcontraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Also, new government requirements, including those resultingfrom new legislation, may be established, or the FDA's policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under developmentor result in additional post-approval requirements.FDA Animal Efficacy Rule for Approval of Medical Countermeasures Marketing approval by the FDA for new medical countermeasures in situations for which human efficacy testing is not feasible or ethical, such as for ARS, isbased on the so-called "Animal Efficacy Rule." Under this rule, FDA can rely on the evidence from animal studies to provide substantial prediction ofeffectiveness of an agent in humans, when coupled with:•a reasonably well understood pathophysiological mechanism for the toxicity of the radiological or nuclear substance and its amelioration orprevention by the agent; •protective effect is demonstrated in generally more than one animal species expected to react with a response predictive for humans, and hence be areliable indicator of its effectiveness in humans; •animal study endpoint is clearly related to the desired benefit in humans; and17Table of Contents•data or information on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the product in animals and humans is sufficiently well understood to allowselection of a dose predicted to be effective in humans.The Hatch-Waxman Amendments to the FDC ActOrange Book Listing In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA each patent whose claims cover the applicant's product or methodof using the product. Upon approval of a drug, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA's Approved Drug Productswith Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book. Drugs listed in the Orange Book can, in turn, be cited by potential genericcompetitors in support of approval of an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA or 505(b)(2) application. An ANDA provides for marketing of a drug productthat has the same active ingredients in the same strengths and dosage form as the listed drug and has been shown through bioequivalence testing to betherapeutically equivalent to the listed drug. Other than the requirement for bioequivalence testing, ANDA applicants are not required to conduct, or submit resultsof, pre-clinical or clinical tests to prove the safety or effectiveness of their drug product. Drugs approved in this way are commonly referred to as "genericequivalents" to the listed drug, and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the original listed drug. 505(b)(2) applications providefor marketing of a drug product that may have the same active ingredients as the listed drug and contain the same full safety and effectiveness data as an NDA, butat least some of the information comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant. The ANDA or 505(b)(2) applicant is required to certify to the FDAconcerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA's Orange Book. Specifically, the applicant must certify that: (i) the required patent informationhas not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patentexpiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the new product. The ANDA or 505(b)(2) applicant may also elect to submit a statementcertifying that its proposed label does not contain (or carves out) any language regarding the patented method-of-use rather than certify to a listed method-of-usepatent. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents, the ANDA or 505(b)(2) application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming thereferenced product have expired. A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product's listed patents, or that such patents are invalid, is called a Paragraph IVcertification. If the ANDA or 505(b)(2) applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IVcertification to the NDA and patent holders once the ANDA or 505(b)(2) application has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders maythen initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days ofthe receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA or 505(b)(2) application until the earlier of 30 months,expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit, or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the ANDA or 505(b)(2) applicant. The ANDA or 505(b)(2) application also will not be approved until any applicable non-patent exclusivity listed in the Orange Book for the referenced producthas expired.Exclusivity Upon NDA approval of a new chemical entity, or NCE, which is a drug that contains no active moiety that has been approved by the FDA in any other NDA,that drug receives five years of marketing exclusivity during which the FDA cannot receive any ANDA seeking approval of a generic18Table of Contentsversion of that drug. Certain changes to a drug, such as the addition of a new indication to the package insert, are associated with a three-year period of exclusivityduring which the FDA cannot approve an ANDA for a generic drug that includes the change. An ANDA may be submitted one year before NCE exclusivity expires if a Paragraph IV certification is filed. If there is no listed patent in the Orange Book,there may not be a Paragraph IV certification, and, thus, no ANDA may be filed before the expiration of the exclusivity period.Patent Term Extension After NDA approval, owners of relevant drug patents may apply for up to a five year patent extension. The allowable patent term extension is calculated ashalf of the drug's testing phase—the time between IND application and NDA submission—and all of the review phase—the time between NDA submission andapproval up to a maximum of five years. The time can be shortened if the FDA determines that the applicant did not pursue approval with due diligence. The totalpatent term after the extension may not exceed 14 years.The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, or authorizing payment or offering of anythingof value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order toassist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to complywith accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, includinginternational subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.Europe and Other International Government Regulation In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing, among other things, clinical trialsand any commercial sales and distribution of our products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals fromregulatory authorities in foreign countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. Some countries outside of theUnited States have a similar process that requires the submission of a clinical trial application, or CTA, much like the IND prior to the commencement of humanclinical trials. In Europe, for example, a CTA must be submitted to each country's national health authority and an independent ethics committee, much like theFDA and IRB, respectively. Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country's requirements, clinical trial development may proceed. To obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a new drug under European Union regulatory systems, we must submit a marketing authorization application,or MAA. The MAA is similar to the NDA, with the exception of, among other things, country-specific document requirements. For other countries outside of the European Union, such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct ofclinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, again, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance withGCP and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.19Table of ContentsCompliance During all phases of development (pre- and post-marketing), failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may result in administrative or judicialsanctions. These sanctions could include the FDA's imposition of a clinical hold on trials, refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval,warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, product detention or refusal to permit the import orexport of products, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or criminal prosecution. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.Other Special Regulatory ProceduresOrphan Drug Designation The FDA may grant Orphan Drug Designation to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the UnitedStates, or, if the disease or condition affects more than 200,000 individuals in the United States, there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing andmaking the drug would be recovered from sales in the United States. In the European Union, the EMA's Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, or COMP,grants Orphan Drug Designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening orchronically debilitating conditions affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union community. Additionally, designation is granted forproducts intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life- threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition and when, withoutincentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the European Union would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in developing the drug. In the United States, Orphan Drug Designation entitles a party to financial incentives, such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, taxcredits for certain research and user fee waivers under certain circumstances. In addition, if a product receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which ithas orphan designation, the product is entitled to seven years of market exclusivity, which means the FDA may not approve any other application for the same drugfor the same indication for a period of seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority over the product with orphanexclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different drug for the same disease or condition, or the same drug for a differentdisease or condition. In the European Union, Orphan Drug Designation also entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers and ten years of marketexclusivity is granted following drug approval. This period may be reduced to six years if the Orphan Drug Designation criteria are no longer met, including whereit is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submission of an application for marketing approval. Orphan drug designation does not convey anyadvantage in, or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.Priority Review (United States) and Accelerated Review (European Union) Based on results of one or more Phase 3 clinical trials submitted in an NDA, upon the request of an applicant, a priority review designation may be granted toa product by the FDA, which sets the target date for FDA action on the application at six months from FDA filing, or eight months from the sponsor's submission.Priority review is given where preliminary estimates indicate that a product, if approved, has the potential to provide a safe and effective therapy where nosatisfactory alternative therapy exists, or a significant improvement compared to marketed products is possible. If criteria are20Table of Contentsnot met for priority review, the standard FDA review period is ten months from FDA filing, or 12 months from sponsor submission. Priority review designationdoes not change the scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of evidence necessary to support approval. Under the Centralized Procedure in the European Union, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a marketing authorization application is 210 days(excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the CHMP). Acceleratedevaluation might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is expected to be of a major public health interest, defined by threecumulative criteria: the seriousness of the disease (e.g., heavy disabling or life-threatening diseases) to be treated; the absence or insufficiency of an appropriatealternative therapeutic approach; and anticipation of high therapeutic benefit. In this circumstance, EMA ensures that the opinion of the CHMP is given within150 days.Pediatric Information Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, NDAs or supplements to NDAs must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for theclaimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the drug is safe andeffective. The FDA may grant full or partial waivers, or deferrals, for submission of data. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA does not apply to anydrug for an indication for which orphan designation has been granted. The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, or BPCA, provides NDA holders a six-month extension of any exclusivity—patent or non-patent—for a drug ifcertain conditions are met. Conditions for exclusivity include the FDA's determination that information relating to the use of a new drug in the pediatric populationmay produce health benefits in that population, the FDA making a written request for pediatric studies, and the applicant agreeing to perform, and reporting on, therequested studies within the statutory timeframe. Applications under the BPCA receive priority review designation, with all of the benefits that designation confers.Healthcare Reform In March 2010, the President of the United States signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which we refer to collectively as theAffordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act substantially changes the way healthcare will be financed by both governmental and private insurers, andsignificantly impacts the pharmaceutical industry. The Affordable Care Act is a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrainthe growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for healthcare and health insurance industries,impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. Among the Affordable Care Act's provisions of importance to the pharmaceutical industry are the following:•an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents apportionedamong these entities according to their market share in some government healthcare programs; •an increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, retroactive to January 1, 2010, to23% and 13% of the average manufacturer price for most branded and generic drugs, respectively; •expansion of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the False Claims Act and the Anti-Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers,and enhanced penalties for noncompliance;21Table of Contents•a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiatedprices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturers' outpatient drugs tobe covered under Medicare Part D; •extension of manufacturers' Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed careorganizations; •expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to additional individualsand by adding new mandatory eligibility categories for individuals with income at or below 133% of the Federal Poverty Level, thereby potentiallyincreasing manufacturers' Medicaid rebate liability; •expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program; •new requirements to report annually specified financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals, as defined in the Affordable Care Actand its implementing regulations, including reporting any "payments or transfers of value" made or distributed to prescribers, teaching hospitals,and other healthcare providers and reporting any ownership and investment interests held by physicians and other healthcare providers and theirimmediate family members and applicable group purchasing organizations during the preceding calendar year, with data collection requiredbeginning August 1, 2013 and reporting to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services required by March 31, 2014 and by the 90th day of eachsubsequent calendar year; •a new requirement to annually report drug samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to physicians; •a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research,along with funding for such research; and •a mandatory nondeductible payment for employers with 50 or more full time employees (or equivalents) who fail to provide certain minimumhealth insurance coverage for such employees and their dependents, beginning in 2015 (pursuant to relief enacted by the Treasury Department). The Affordable Care Act also establishes an Independent Payment Advisory Board, or IPAB, to reduce the per capita rate of growth in Medicare spending.Beginning in 2014, IPAB was mandated to propose changes in Medicare payments if it determines that the rate of growth of Medicare expenditures exceeds targetgrowth rates. The IPAB has broad discretion to propose policies to reduce expenditures, which may have a negative impact on payment rates for pharmaceuticalproducts. A proposal made by the IPAB is required to be implemented by the U.S. government's Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services unless Congressadopts a proposal with savings greater than those proposed by the IPAB. IPAB proposals may impact payments for physician and free-standing services beginningin 2015 and for hospital services beginning in 2020. In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the President signedinto law the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend proposals in spendingreductions to Congress. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve its targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, triggeringthe legislation's automatic reductions to several government programs. These reductions include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to2% per fiscal year, starting in 2013. On January 2, 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other22Table of Contentsthings, reduced Medicare payments to several providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providersfrom three to five years. These new laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effecton our customers and accordingly, our financial operations. We anticipate that the Affordable Care Act will result in additional downward pressure on coverage and the price that we receive for any approved product,and could seriously harm our business. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare and other government programs may result in a similar reduction inpayments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue,attain profitability, or commercialize our products. In addition, it is possible that there will be further legislation or regulation that could harm our business,financial condition, and results of operations.Coverage and Reimbursement In the US, many independent third-party payers, as well as the Medicare and state Medicaid programs, reimburse buyers of pharmaceutical products.Medicare is the federal program that provides health care benefits to senior citizens and certain disabled and chronically ill persons. Medicaid is the federalprogram administered by the states to provide health care benefits to certain indigent persons. In return for including our pharmaceutical commercial products inthe Medicare and Medicaid programs, we may need to agree to pay a rebate to state Medicaid agencies that provide reimbursement for those products. We will alsohave to agree to sell our commercial products under contracts with the Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense, Public Health Service, andnumerous other federal agencies as well as certain hospitals that are designated as 340B covered entities (entities designated by federal programs to receive drugsat discounted prices) at prices that are significantly below the price we may charge to commercial pharmaceutical distributors. These programs and contracts arehighly regulated and may impose restrictions on our business. Failure to comply with these regulations and restrictions could result in a loss of our ability tocontinue receiving reimbursement for our drugs once approved. Different pricing and reimbursement schemes exist in other countries. In the European Community, governments influence the price of pharmaceuticalproducts through their pricing and reimbursement rules and control of national health care systems that fund a large part of the cost of those products to consumers.Some jurisdictions operate positive and negative list systems under which products may only be marketed once a reimbursement price has been agreed. To obtainreimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular drugcandidate to currently available therapies. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for medicines, but monitor and control company profits.The downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are beingerected to the entry of new products. In addition, in some countries, cross-border imports from low-priced markets exert a commercial pressure on pricing within acountry. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for dug products will allow favorable reimbursement andpricing arrangements of our products.Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce orin return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid orother federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand andprescribers, purchasers, and formulary managers on the other. Although there are a number of statutory23Table of Contentsexemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some business arrangements from prosecution, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly andpractices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchasing or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemptionor safe harbor. Our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from federal Anti-Kickback Statute liability. The reach of theAnti-Kickback Statute was broadened by the Affordable Care Act, which, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute.Pursuant to the statutory amendment, a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it in order to havecommitted a violation. In addition, the Affordable Care Act provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from aviolation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act (discussed below) or the civilmonetary penalties statute, which imposes penalties against any person who is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal healthprogram that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent. The federal False Claims Act prohibits any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal governmentor knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government. As a resultof a modification made by the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, a claim includes "any request or demand" for money or property presented to theU.S. government. Recently, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly providing free product tocustomers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims tobe submitted because of the companies' marketing of the product for unapproved, and thus non-reimbursable, uses. HIPAA created new federal criminal statutesthat prohibit knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors and knowingly andwillfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of orpayment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Also, many states have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that apply to items and servicesreimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. In addition, we may be subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business.HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and its implementing regulations, imposes requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individuallyidentifiable health information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA's privacy and security standards directly applicable to "business associates"—independent contractors or agents of covered entities that receive or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service on behalf of acovered entity. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities, business associates and possibly otherpersons, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seekattorney's fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In addition, state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in specifiedcircumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. In the United States, our activities are potentially subject to additional regulation by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA,including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, other divisions of HHS (e.g., the Office of Inspector General), the DOJ and individual U.S. Attorneyoffices within the DOJ, and state and local governments. If a drug product is reimbursed by Medicare or Medicaid, pricing and rebate programs must comply with,as applicable, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 as well as the Medicaid24Table of Contentsrebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, or the OBRA, and the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, each as amended. Among otherthings, the OBRA requires drug manufacturers to pay rebates on prescription drugs to state Medicaid programs and empowers states to negotiate rebates onpharmaceutical prices, which may result in prices for our future products that will likely be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain. If products are madeavailable to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. Under the VeteransHealth Care Act, or VHCA, drug companies are required to offer some drugs at a reduced price to a number of federal agencies including the U.S. Department ofVeterans Affairs and DoD, the Public Health Service and some private Public Health Service designated entities in order to participate in other federal fundingprograms including Medicaid. Recent legislative changes require that discounted prices be offered for specified DoD purchases for its TRICARE program via arebate system. Participation under the VHCA requires submission of pricing data and calculation of discounts and rebates pursuant to complex statutory formulas,as well as the entry into government procurement contracts governed by the Federal Acquisition Regulation. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory and regulatory exemptions, it is possible that some of our business activitiescould be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal and state laws described above orany other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including criminal and significant civil monetary penalties, damages, fines,imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government programs, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial orwithdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, private "qui tam" actions brought by individual whistleblowers in the name of the government or refusal to allowus to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect ourability to operate our business and our results of operations. To the extent that any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similarforeign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti-fraud and abuse laws,and implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals. In order to distribute products commercially, we must comply with state laws that require the registration of manufacturers and wholesale distributors ofpharmaceutical products in a state, including, in some states, manufacturers and distributors who ship products into the state even if such manufacturers ordistributors have no place of business within the state. Some states also impose requirements on manufacturers and distributors to establish the pedigree of productin the chain of distribution, including some states that require manufacturers and others to adopt new technology capable of tracking and tracing product as itmoves through the distribution chain. Several states have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical companies to, among other things, establish marketingcompliance programs, file periodic reports with the state, make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials and other activities, and/ orregister their sales representatives, as well as to prohibit pharmacies and other healthcare entities from providing specified physician prescribing data topharmaceutical companies for use in sales and marketing, and to prohibit other specified sales and marketing practices. All of our activities are potentially subjectto federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.Employees As of December 31, 2015, we had 36 employees. As part of our efforts to conserve cash, we are reducing our headcount during the first half of 2016. We haveno collective bargaining agreements with our employees and have not experienced any work stoppages. We believe that relations with our employees are good.25Table of ContentsCorporate Information We were incorporated in Delaware in December 1998. Our primary executive offices are located at 375 Pheasant Run, Newtown, PA 18940 and our telephonenumber is (267) 759-3680. Our website address is www.onconova.com. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part ofthis Report.ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS You should carefully consider the following risk factors together with the other information contained in this Annual Report, including our financialstatements and the related notes appearing in this report. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed in the risk factors below will not occur. If any ofthe following risks actually occur, they may materially harm our business and our financial condition and results of operations. In this event, the market price ofour common stock could decline and your investment could be lost. You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such risks. Consequently,you should not consider the following to be a complete discussion of all potential risks or uncertaintiesRisks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Needs If we are unable to meet our needs for additional funding in the future, we will be required to limit, scale back or cease operations. We do not have the funding resources necessary to carry out all of our proposed operating activities, including our INSPIRE trial. We will need to obtainadditional financing in the future in order to fully fund rigosertib or any other product candidates through the regulatory approval process. Accordingly, we maydelay or pause our planned clinical trials, including our INSPIRE trial, until we secure adequate additional funding. If we seek to proceed with a clinical trialwithout additional funding, we may receive questions or comments from the FDA, fail to obtain IRB approval, or find it more difficult to enroll patients in the trial.Additionally, we plan to scale down our operations in order to reduce spending on general and administrative functions, research and development, and otherclinical trials, but may not be able to do so quickly. We are exploring various dilutive and non-dilutive sources of funding, including equity and debt financings, strategic alliances, business development andother sources. However, we may not be able to obtain additional funding on favorable terms, if at all. If we are unable to secure adequate additional funding, wewill continue to delay, scale-back or eliminate certain of our planned research, drug discovery and development activities and certain other aspects of ouroperations and our business until such time as we are successful in securing adequate additional funding. As a result, our business, operating results, financialcondition and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected. We will incur substantial costs beyond the present and planned clinical trials in order to file anNDA for rigosertib. The nature, design, size and cost of further studies will depend in large part on the outcome of preceding studies and discussions withregulators. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:•timing and success of our clinical trials for rigosertib; •continued progress of and increased spending related to our research and development activities; •conditions in the capital markets and the biopharmaceutical industry, particularly with respect to raising capital or entering into strategicarrangements; •progress with preclinical experiments and clinical trials, including regulatory approvals necessary for advancement and continuation of ourdevelopment programs;26Table of Contents•changes in regulatory requirements and guidance of the FDA and other regulatory authorities, which may require additional clinical trials toevaluate safety and/or efficacy, and thus have significant impacts on our timelines, cost projections, and financial requirements; •ongoing general and administrative expenses related to our reporting obligations under the Exchange Act; •cost, timing, and results of regulatory reviews and approvals; •costs of any legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits and investigations; •success, timing, and financial consequences of any existing or future collaborative, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish,including potential granting of licenses to one or more of our programs in various territories, or otherwise monetizing one or more of our programs; •cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights; •costs of commercializing any of our other product candidates; •technological and market developments; •cost of manufacturing development; and •timing and volume of sales of products for which we obtain marketing approval. These factors could result in variations from our projected operating and liquidity requirements. Additional funds may not be available when needed, or, ifavailable, we may not be able to obtain such funds on terms acceptable to us. If adequate funds are unavailable, we may be required, among other things, to:•delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or development programs; •license rights to technologies, product candidates or products at an earlier stage or for indications or territories than otherwise would be desirable, oron terms that are less favorable to us than might otherwise be available; •obtain funds through arrangements that may require us to relinquish rights to product candidates or products that we would otherwise seek todevelop or commercialize by ourselves; or •cease operations.Baxalta's election to terminate our development and license agreement may negatively impact our ability to fund our business in the future. Our development and license agreement with Baxalta granted it an exclusive, royalty-bearing license for the development and commercialization of rigosertibin specified countries comprising most of Europe. Under the agreement, we received an upfront license fee upon signing, and would have received certain pre- andpost-commercialization payments and royalties if specified development and regulatory milestones had been achieved and Baxalta had engaged in sales ofrigosertib in its territory. On March 3, 2016, we received a notice from Baxalta notifying us of Baxalta's election to terminate the development and licenseagreement based on a strategic reprioritization review, effective August 30, 2016. The decision by Baxalta to terminate this agreement, will reduce the funding wewere eligible to receive under the collaboration agreement and could negatively impact our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approvals for andcommercialize our product candidates. In addition, the27Table of Contentsdecision by Baxalta to terminate this agreement could also damage our reputation and negatively impact our ability to obtain financing from other sources.Our independent auditors have expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern . Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 have been prepared assuming we will continue to operate as a going concern.However, due to our ongoing operating losses and our accumulated deficit, in their opinion on our audited financial statements for our fiscal year endedDecember 31, 2015, our auditors indicated that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Because we continue to experience netoperating losses, our ability to continue as a going concern is subject to our ability to successfully raise sufficient additional capital, through future financings orthrough strategic and collaborative arrangements. There can be no assurances that we will be able to obtain such additional capital on favorable terms or at all. Ifwe are unable to obtain sufficient additional capital, through future financings or through strategic and collaborative arrangements financing from the sale of oursecurities or from alternative sources, we will continue to delay, scale-back or eliminate certain of our planned research, drug discovery and development activitiesand certain other aspects of our operations, or we may not be able to continue as a going concern.We have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses in the future. We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company. Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantialupfront capital expenditures and significant risk that a product candidate will fail to gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. We do not have anyproducts approved by regulatory authorities for marketing and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, and we continue to incur significantresearch, development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. As a result, we are not profitable and have incurred losses in every reporting periodsince our inception in 1998. For the years ended December 31, 2015, and 2014, we reported net losses of $24.0 million and $63.8 million, respectively, and we hadan accumulated deficit of $318.6 million at December 31, 2015. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. These losses may increase as we continue the research anddevelopment of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, and potentially begin to commercialize any products that may achieve regulatoryapproval. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. The size ofour future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenues. If any of our product candidates fail inclinical trials or do not gain regulatory approval, or if approved, fail to achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable. Even if we achieveprofitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods.We have a limited operating history, which may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, acquiring product and technology rights, discovering novel molecules andconducting product development activities for our product candidates. We have not yet obtained regulatory approval for any of our product candidates.Consequently, any predictions about our future success, performance or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history orapproved products on the market.28Table of ContentsWe currently have no source of product revenue and may never become profitable. To date, we have not generated any revenues from commercial product sales. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve profitability willdepend upon our ability to successfully commercialize products, including any of our current product candidates, or other product candidates that we may in-license or acquire in the future. Even if we are able to successfully achieve regulatory approval for these product candidates, we do not know when any of theseproducts will generate revenue from product sales for us, if at all. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales from our current or future product candidatesalso depends on a number of additional factors, including our ability to:•successfully complete development activities, including the necessary clinical trials; •complete and submit NDAs, to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and obtain regulatory approval for indications for which there is acommercial market; •complete and submit applications to, and obtain regulatory approval from, foreign regulatory authorities; •successfully complete all required regulatory agency inspections; •set a commercially viable price for our products; •obtain commercial quantities of our products at acceptable cost levels; •develop a commercial organization capable of sales, marketing and distribution for any products we intend to sell ourselves in the markets in whichwe choose to commercialize on our own; •find suitable distribution partners to help us market, sell and distribute our approved products in other markets; and •obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third parties, including government and private payors. In addition, because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, including that our product candidates may not advancethrough development or achieve the endpoints of applicable clinical trials, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when or if wewill be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to complete the development and regulatory process for any product candidates, we anticipateincurring significant costs associated with commercializing these products. Even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of our products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continueoperations. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at plannedlevels and be forced to reduce or suspend our operations.Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies orproduct candidates. Until we can generate substantial revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equityofferings, debt financings, strategic collaborations and alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equityor convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences thatadversely affect the rights of existing stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants limiting our ability totake important actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic29Table of Contentscollaborations and alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, which may including existing collaboration partners, we may have to relinquish valuablerights to our technologies or product candidates, including rigosertib, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additionalfunds through equity or debt financing when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization effortsor grant rights to develop and market product candidates or formulations that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.The sale or issuance of our common stock to Lincoln Park Capital Fund LLC, or Lincoln Park, may cause dilution and the sale of the shares of common stockacquired by Lincoln Park, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our common stock to fall. In October 2015, we entered into a purchase agreement with Lincoln Park, pursuant to which Lincoln Park has committed to purchase up to $16,500,000 ofour common stock. Concurrently with the execution of the purchase agreement, Lincoln Park purchased 846,755 shares of our common stock for total proceeds of$1,500,000 and we issued 200,000 shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park as a fee for its commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under thepurchase agreement. We may sell shares to Lincoln Park at our discretion from time to time over a 36-month period which commenced November 3, 2015, afterthe SEC declared effective a registration statement covering the resale of shares we have sold and may sell in the future to Lincoln Park under the purchaseagreement. The purchase price for the shares that we may sell to Lincoln Park under the purchase agreement will fluctuate based on the market price of ourcommon stock. Depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of such shares may cause the trading price of our common stock to fall. We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares to Lincoln Park. Additional sales of our common stock, if any, toLincoln Park will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. Lincoln Park may ultimately purchase all, some or none of the shares ofour common stock that may be sold pursuant to the purchase agreement and, after it has acquired shares, Lincoln Park may sell all, some or none of those shares.Therefore, sales to Lincoln Park by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. Additionally, the sale of asubstantial number of shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.Risks Related to Our Business and Industry Our future success is dependent primarily on the regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates, including rigosertib. We do not have any products that have gained regulatory approval. Currently, our product candidates are rigosertib, briciclib and recilisib, and rigosertib isour only late-stage product candidate. As a result, our business is substantially dependent on our ability to obtain regulatory approval for, and, if approved, to successfully commercialize rigosertiband, to a lesser degree, briciclib and recilisib in a timely manner. We cannot commercialize product candidates in the United States without first obtainingregulatory approval for the product from the FDA. Similarly, we cannot commercialize product candidates outside of the United States without obtainingregulatory approval from comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate for atarget indication, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence gathered in preclinical and well-controlled clinical studies, generally including two well-controlled Phase 3 trials, and, with respect to approval in the United States, to the satisfaction of the FDA, that the product candidate is safe and effective for usefor that target indication and that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls are adequate. Even if rigosertib or another product candidate were to30Table of Contentssuccessfully obtain approval from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, any approval might contain significant limitations related to userestrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to burdensome post-approval study or risk managementrequirements. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for rigosertib in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, we may notbe able to obtain sufficient funding or generate sufficient revenue to continue the development of briciclib, recilisib, or any other product candidate that we maydiscover, in-license, develop or acquire in the future. Furthermore, even if we obtain regulatory approval for rigosertib, we will still need to develop a commercialorganization, establish commercially viable pricing and obtain approval for adequate reimbursement from third-party and government payors. If we or ourcommercialization collaborators are unable to successfully commercialize rigosertib, we may not be able to earn sufficient revenues to continue our business.The results of preclinical testing or earlier clinical studies are not necessarily predictive of future results, rigosertib, or any other product candidate we advanceinto clinical trials may not have favorable results in later-stage clinical trials or receive regulatory approval. Success in preclinical testing and earlier clinical studies does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy andsafety of an investigational drug. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources andexperience, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials. Despite the results reported in earlierclinical trials for rigosertib and our other clinical-stage product candidates, we do not know whether the later-stage clinical trials we may conduct in the future willdemonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to result in regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates in any particular jurisdiction. If later-stageclinical trials do not produce favorable results, our ability to achieve regulatory approval for any of our product candidates may be adversely impacted.Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome. Clinical testing is expensive, can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trialprocess. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinicalstudies and early clinical trials. We may experience delays in our ongoing or future clinical trials and we do not know whether planned clinical trials will begin or enroll subjects on time,need to be redesigned or be completed on schedule, if at all. For example, in December 2015, the FDA put the briciclib IND on full clinical hold following a drugproduct lot testing failure. There can be no assurance that the FDA will not put clinical trials of any of our product candidates on clinical hold in the future. Clinicaltrials may be delayed, suspended or prematurely terminated for a variety of reasons, such as:•delay or failure in reaching agreement with the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority on a trial design that we are able to execute; •delay or failure in obtaining authorization to commence a trial or inability to comply with conditions imposed by a regulatory authority regardingthe scope or design of a clinical study; •delay or failure in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, theterms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites; •delay or failure in obtaining institutional review board, or IRB, approval or the approval of other reviewing entities, including comparable foreignregulatory authorities, to conduct a clinical trial at each site;31Table of Contents•withdrawal of clinical trial sites from our clinical trials as a result of changing standards of care or the ineligibility of a site to participate in ourclinical trials; •delay or failure in recruiting and enrolling suitable subjects to participate in a trial; •delay or failure in subjects completing a trial or returning for post-treatment follow-up; •clinical sites and investigators deviating from trial protocol, failing to conduct the trial in accordance with regulatory requirements, or dropping outof a trial; •inability to identify and maintain a sufficient number of trial sites, many of which may already be engaged in other clinical trial programs, includingsome that may be for the same indication; •failure of our third-party clinical trial managers to satisfy their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines; •delay or failure in adding new clinical trial sites; •delay or failure in meeting regulatory agency inspectional requirements; •ambiguous or negative interim results or results that are inconsistent with earlier results; •feedback from the FDA, the IRB, data safety monitoring boards, or a comparable foreign regulatory authority, or results from earlier stage orconcurrent preclinical and clinical studies, that might require modification to the protocol for the trial; •decision by the FDA, the IRB, a comparable foreign regulatory authority, or us, or recommendation by a data safety monitoring board orcomparable foreign regulatory authority, to suspend or terminate clinical trials at any time for safety issues or for any other reason; •unacceptable risk-benefit profile, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects; •failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug; •difficulties in manufacturing or obtaining from third parties sufficient quantities of a product candidate for use in clinical trials; •lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial, including the incurrence of unforeseen costs due to enrollment delays, requirements toconduct additional clinical studies or increased expenses associated with the services of our CROs and other third parties; or •changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the patient population, theproximity of subjects to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, ability to obtain and maintain patient consents, risk thatenrolled subjects will drop out before completion, competing clinical trials and clinicians' and patients' perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug beingstudied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. Furthermore, we rely onCROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials, and while we have agreements governing their committed activities, wehave limited influence over their actual performance. If we experience delays in the completion or termination of, any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidateswill be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing ourclinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product salesand generate revenues. In32Table of Contentsaddition, many of the factors that could cause a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatoryapproval of our product candidates.The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and ifwe are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business will be substantially harmed. The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities is unpredictable, but typically takes many years following thecommencement of preclinical studies and clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. Inaddition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate'sclinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate, and it is possible that none of ourexisting product candidates or any product candidates we may discover, in-license or acquire and seek to develop in the future will ever obtain regulatory approval. Our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval from the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority for many reasons, including:•disagreement over the design or implementation of our clinical trials; •failure to demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective for its proposed indication; •failure of clinical trials to meet the level of statistical significance required for approval; •failure to demonstrate that a product candidate's clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks; •disagreement over our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials; •delay or failure in meeting regulatory agency inspectional requirements; •disagreement over whether to accept efficacy results from clinical trial sites outside the United States or clinical trial sites where the standard ofcare is potentially different from that in the United States; •the insufficiency of data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates to support the submission and filing of an NDA or other submissionor to obtain regulatory approval; •disapproval of the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with whom we contract for clinical and commercial supplies;or •changes in the approval policies or regulations that render our preclinical and clinical data insufficient for approval. The FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may require more information, including additional preclinical or clinical data to support approval,which may delay or prevent approval and our commercialization plans, or we may decide to abandon the development program altogether. Even if we do obtainregulatory approval, our product candidates may be approved for fewer or more limited indications than we request, approval contingent on the performance ofcostly post-marketing clinical trials, or approval with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercializationof that product candidate. In addition, the FDA may require the establishment of Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, or a comparable foreignregulatory authority may require the establishment of a similar strategy, that may restrict distribution of our products and impose burdensome implementationrequirements on us. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates.33Table of Contents Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by foreign regulatory authorities and approval by one or more foreign regulatory authorities does not ensureapproval by regulatory authorities in other countries or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have anegative effect on the regulatory process in others. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and even if we file we may not receive the necessaryapprovals to commercialize our products in any market.Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercialprofile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following any marketing approval. Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in amore restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority. For example, patients in ourearlier-stage clinical trials of rigosertib in some cases experienced side effects, some of which were severe. As a result of undesirable side effects or safety or toxicity issues that we may experience in our clinical trials, we may not receive approval to market anyproduct candidates, which could prevent us from ever generating revenues or achieving profitability. Results of our trials could reveal an unacceptably highseverity and prevalence of side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authoritiescould order us to cease further development or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. These side effects could affect patientrecruitment or the ability of enrolled subjects to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Additionally, if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such product, anumber of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:•we may be forced to suspend marketing of such product; •regulatory authorities may withdraw their approvals of such product; •regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label that could diminish the usage or otherwise limit the commercial success of suchproducts; •we may be required to conduct post-market studies; •we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to subjects or patients; and •our reputation may suffer. Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved.Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may still face future development and regulatory difficulties. Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, it would be subject to ongoing requirements by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatoryauthorities governing the manufacture, quality control, further development, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, import, export,advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and reporting of safety and other post-market information. The safety profile of any product will continue to be closelymonitored by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities after approval. If the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities become aware of newsafety information after approval of any of our product candidates,34Table of Contentsthey may require labeling changes or establishment of a REMS or similar strategy, impose significant restrictions on a product's indicated uses or marketing, orimpose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. The label ultimately approved for rigosertib, if it achievesmarketing approval, may include restrictions on use. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatoryauthorities for compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, and other regulations. If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknownproblems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, aregulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the marketor suspension of manufacturing. If we, our product candidates or the manufacturing facilities for our product candidates fail to comply with applicable regulatoryrequirements, a regulatory agency may:•issue warning letters or untitled letters or otherwise unacceptable inspectional findings; •mandate modifications to promotional materials or require us to provide corrective information to healthcare practitioners; •require us to enter into a consent decree, which can include imposition of various fines, reimbursements for inspection costs, required due dates forspecific actions and penalties for noncompliance; •seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines; •suspend or withdraw regulatory approval; •suspend any ongoing clinical studies; •refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to applications filed by us; •suspend or impose restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements; or •seize or detain products, refuse to permit the import or export of products, or require us to initiate a product recall. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our products and generate revenue. Advertising and promotion of any product candidate that obtains approval in the United States will be heavily scrutinized by the FDA, the Department ofJustice, or the DOJ, the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, state attorneys general, members of Congress andthe public. Violations, including promotion of our products for unapproved or off-label uses, are subject to enforcement letters, inquiries and investigations, andcivil and criminal sanctions by the FDA. Additionally, advertising and promotion of any product candidate that obtains approval outside of the United States willbe heavily scrutinized by comparable foreign regulatory authorities. In the United States, engaging in impermissible promotion of our products for off-label uses can also subject us to false claims litigation under federal andstate statutes, which can lead to civil and criminal penalties and fines and agreements that materially restrict the manner in which we promote or distribute our drugproducts. These false claims statutes include the federal False Claims Act, which allows any individual to bring a lawsuit against a pharmaceutical company onbehalf of the federal government alleging submission of false or fraudulent claims, or causing to present such false or fraudulent claims, for payment by a federalprogram such as Medicare or Medicaid. If the government prevails in the lawsuit, the individual will share in any fines or settlement funds. Since 2004, these False35Table of ContentsClaims Act lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies have increased significantly in volume and breadth, leading to several substantial civil and criminalsettlements based on certain sales practices promoting off-label drug uses. This growth in litigation has increased the risk that a pharmaceutical company will haveto defend a false claim action, pay settlement fines or restitution, agree to comply with burdensome reporting and compliance obligations, and be excluded fromthe Medicare, Medicaid and other federal and state healthcare programs. If we do not lawfully promote our approved products, we may become subject to suchlitigation and, if we are not successful in defending against such actions, those actions could compromise our ability to become profitable.Failure to obtain regulatory approval in international jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates from being marketed abroad. In order to market and sell our products in the European Union and many other jurisdictions, including Japan and Korea, we must obtain separate marketingapprovals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. Thetime required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process outside the United Statesgenerally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, it is required that the productbe approved for reimbursement before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside theUnited States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approvalby one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We maynot be able to file for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market. If we are unable to obtainapproval of any of our product candidates by regulatory authorities in the European Union, Japan, Korea or another country, the commercial prospects of thatproduct candidate may be significantly diminished and our business prospects could decline.Healthcare legislation, including potentially unfavorable pricing regulations or other healthcare reform initiatives, may increase the difficulty and cost for usto obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we may obtain. The regulations that govern, among other things, marketing approvals, coverage, pricing and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from countryto country. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding thehealthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability tosuccessfully sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care andEducation Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010, or the Affordable Care Act, among other things, imposes a significant annual fee on companies thatmanufacture or import branded prescription drug products. It also contains substantial provisions intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce orconstrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against healthcare fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for the healthcare and healthinsurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers, and impose additional health policy reforms, any of whichcould negatively impact our business. A significant number of provisions are not yet, or have only recently become effective, but the Affordable Care Act is likelyto continue the downward pressure on pharmaceutical and medical device pricing, especially under the Medicare program, and may also increase our regulatoryburdens and operating costs.36Table of Contents In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since passage of the Affordable Care Act. The Budget Control Act of 2011, amongother things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend to Congress proposals in spending reductions. The Joint Select Committee didnot achieve a targeted deficit reduction of an amount greater than $1.2 trillion for the fiscal years 2012 through 2021, triggering the legislation's automaticreduction to several government programs. This included aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to healthcare providers of up to 2.0% per fiscal year, whichwent into effect in April 2013. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, reducedMedicare payments to several categories of healthcare providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments toproviders from three to five years. If we ever obtain regulatory approval and successfully commercialize our product candidates, these new laws may result inadditional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on our customers and accordingly, our financialoperations. In the United States, the European Union and other potentially significant markets for our product candidates, government authorities and third-party payorsare increasingly attempting to limit or regulate the price of medical products and services, particularly for new and innovative products and therapies, which hasresulted in lower average selling prices. Furthermore, the increased emphasis on managed healthcare in the United States and on country and regional pricing andreimbursement controls in the European Union will put additional pressure on product pricing, reimbursement and usage, which may adversely affect our futureproduct sales and results of operations. These pressures can arise from rules and practices of managed care groups, judicial decisions and governmental laws andregulations related to Medicare, Medicaid and healthcare reform, pharmaceutical reimbursement policies and pricing in general. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing orproduct licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even afterinitial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval for a product candidate in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulationsthat delay our commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, which could negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from thesale of the product in that particular country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates even ifour product candidates obtain marketing approval.Laws and regulations governing international operations may preclude us from developing, manufacturing and selling certain product candidates outside ofthe United States and require us to develop and implement costly compliance programs. As we expand our operations outside of the United States, we must comply with numerous laws and regulations in each jurisdiction in which we plan tooperate. The creation and implementation of international business practices compliance programs is costly and such programs are difficult to enforce, particularlywhere reliance on third parties is required. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, authorizing payment or offering anything ofvalue, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order toassist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to complywith certain accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation,including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations. The anti-briberyprovisions of the FCPA are enforced primarily by the DOJ. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, is involved with enforcement of the books andrecords provisions of the FCPA.37Table of Contents Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, the FCPA presentsparticular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government, and doctors and other hospitalemployees are considered foreign officials. Certain payments to hospitals in connection with clinical studies and other work have been deemed to be improperpayments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions. Various laws, regulations and executive orders also restrict the use and dissemination outside of the United States, or the sharing with certain non-U.S.nationals, of information classified for national security purposes, as well as certain products and technical data relating to those products. Our expanding presenceoutside of the United States will require us to dedicate additional resources to comply with these laws, and these laws may preclude us from developing,manufacturing, or selling certain products and product candidates outside of the United States, which could limit our growth potential and increase ourdevelopment costs. The failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial penalties, including suspension or debarment fromgovernment contracting. Violation of the FCPA can result in significant civil and criminal penalties. Indictment alone under the FCPA can lead to suspension ofthe right to do business with the U.S. government until the pending claims are resolved. Conviction of a violation of the FCPA can result in long-termdisqualification as a government contractor. The termination of a government contract or relationship as a result of our failure to satisfy any of our obligationsunder laws governing international business practices would have a negative impact on our operations and harm our reputation and ability to procure governmentcontracts. The SEC also may suspend or bar issuers from trading securities on U.S. exchanges for violations of the FCPA's accounting provisions.Even if we are able to commercialize our product candidates, the products may not receive coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors,which could harm our business. Our ability to commercialize any products successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these productsand related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authoritiesand third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, determine which medications they will cover and establishreimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors haveattempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drugcompanies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Third-party payors may alsoseek additional clinical evidence, beyond the data required to obtain marketing approval, demonstrating clinical benefits and value in specific patient populationsbefore covering our products for those patients. We cannot be sure that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be available for any product that wecommercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the priceof, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able tosuccessfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or Medicare Modernization Act, established theMedicare Part D program and provided authority for limiting the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class thereunder. The MedicareModernization Act, including its cost reduction initiatives, could decrease the coverage and reimbursement rate that we receive for any of our approved products.Furthermore, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policies and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement38Table of Contentsrates. Therefore, any reduction in reimbursement that results from the Medicare Modernization Act may result in a similar reduction in payments from privatepayors. There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes forwhich the drug is approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that anydrug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursementlevels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may only be temporary. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use ofthe drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existingpayments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payorsand by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to obtain coverage andprofitable reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect onour operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may beunable to generate any revenue. We do not currently have an organization for the sale, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products and the cost of establishing and maintaining suchan organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any products that may be approved by the FDA and comparable foreignregulatory authorities, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to performthese services. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be ableto generate product revenue and may not become profitable. We will be competing with many companies that currently have extensive and well-funded sales andmarketing operations. Without an internal commercial organization or the support of a third party to perform sales and marketing functions, we may be unable tocompete successfully against these more established companies.Our commercial success depends upon attaining significant market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved, among physicians, patients, healthcarepayors and the major operators of cancer clinics. Even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates that we may develop or acquire in the future, the product may not gain marketacceptance among physicians, healthcare payors, patients or the medical community. Market acceptance of any of our product candidates for which we receiveapproval depends on a number of factors, including:•the efficacy and safety of such product candidates as demonstrated in clinical trials; •the clinical indications for which the product candidate is approved; •acceptance of such product candidates as a safe and effective treatment by physicians, major operators of cancer clinics and patients; •the potential and perceived advantages of product candidates over alternative treatments; •the safety of product candidates seen in broader patient groups, including its use outside the approved indications;39Table of Contents•the prevalence and severity of any side effects; •product labeling or product insert requirements of the FDA or other regulatory authorities; •the timing of market introduction of our products as well as competitive products; •the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments; •the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement and pricing by third-party payors and government authorities; •relative convenience and ease of administration; and •the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and those of our collaborators. If any of our product candidates are approved but fail to achieve market acceptance among physicians, patients, or healthcare payors, we may not be able togenerate significant revenues, which would compromise our ability to become profitable.Our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws andregulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings. Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors will all play important roles in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates forwhich we obtain marketing approval. Our future arrangements with third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse andother healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we would market, sell anddistribute our products. As a pharmaceutical company, even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare,Medicaid or other third-party payors, federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients' rights are and will be applicableto our business. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include the following:•the federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute will constrain our marketing practices, educational programs, pricing policies, and relationships withhealthcare providers or other entities, by prohibiting, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving orproviding remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or thepurchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicareand Medicaid; •federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws impose criminal and civil penalties, including through civilwhistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government,including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease orconceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; •the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme todefraud any healthcare benefit program and also created federal criminal laws that prohibit knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing orcovering up a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items orservices; •HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, also imposes obligations, includingmandatory contractual terms, with respect40Table of Contentsto safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;•the federal physician sunshine requirements under the Affordable Care Act requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical suppliesto report annually to HHS information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, other healthcare providers, and teachinghospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and other healthcare providers and their immediate family members andapplicable group purchasing organizations; and •analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangementsand claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; some state lawsrequire pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant complianceguidance promulgated by the federal government and may require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfersof value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and state and foreign laws govern the privacy and security ofhealth information in specified circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA,thus complicating compliance efforts. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs.It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case lawinvolving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any othergovernmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment,exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any physiciansor other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject tocriminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which couldcause significant liability for us and harm our reputation. We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct, including intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or similar regulations ofcomparable foreign regulatory authorities, provide accurate information to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, comply with manufacturingstandards we have established, comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations and similar laws and regulations established andenforced by comparable foreign regulatory authorities, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. Employeemisconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harmto our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct for our directors, officers and employees, or the code of conduct, but it is not always possible to identify anddeter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks orlosses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations.If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impacton our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.41Table of ContentsWe face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do. The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to our current product candidates,rigosertib, briciclib and recilisib, and will face competition with respect to any product candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future,from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. There are a number of large pharmaceuticaland biotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of products for the treatment of the disease indications forwhich we are developing our product candidates. Some of these competitive products and therapies are based on scientific approaches that are the same as orsimilar to our approach, and others are based on entirely different approaches. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies andother public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development,manufacturing and commercialization. Our product candidates are being developed for cancer therapeutics and radiation protection. There are a variety of available therapies and supportive careproducts marketed for cancer patients. In many cases, these drugs are administered in combination to enhance efficacy or to reduce side effects. Some of thesedrugs are branded and subject to patent protection, and others are available on a generic basis. Many of these approved drugs are well established therapies orproducts and are widely accepted by physicians, patients and third-party payors. Insurers and other third-party payors may also encourage the use of genericproducts. This may make it difficult for us to achieve market acceptance at desired levels in a timely manner to ensure viability of our business. More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their greater size, cash flows and institutional experience. Compared to us,many of our competitors may have significantly greater financial, technical and human resources. As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products before we are able to obtain patent protection or otherintellectual property rights which will limit our ability to develop or commercialize our product candidates. Our competitors may also develop drugs that are safer,more effective, more widely used and cheaper than ours, and may also be more successful than us in manufacturing and marketing their products. Theseappreciable advantages could render our product candidates obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the expenses of development andcommercialization. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller numberof our competitors. Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements withlarge and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, management and commercial personnel,establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.If we breach the license agreements or fail to negotiate new agreements pertaining to our product candidates, we could lose the ability to continue thedevelopment and potential commercialization of these product candidates. In January 1999, we entered into an agreement with Temple, as subsequently amended, to obtain an exclusive, world-wide license to make, have made, use,sell, offer for sale and import several classes of novel compounds, including all three of our clinical-stage product candidates. In May 2010, we entered into anagreement with Mount Sinai School of Medicine, as subsequently amended, giving us the option to exclusively negotiate licenses related to certain compounds. Ifwe fail to meet our42Table of Contentsobligations under these license agreements or if we fail to negotiate future license agreements, our rights under the licenses could be terminated, and upon theeffective date of such termination, our right to use the licensed technology would terminate. While we would expect to exercise all rights and remedies available tous, including attempting to cure any breach by us, and otherwise seek to preserve our rights under the patents and other technology licensed to us, we may not beable to do so in a timely manner, at an acceptable cost or at all. Any uncured, material breach under the license agreement could result in our loss of exclusiverights and may lead to a complete termination of our product development and any commercialization efforts for the applicable product candidates.Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop. We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater riskif we commercially sell any products that we may develop. Product liability claims may be brought against us by subjects enrolled in our clinical trials, patients,healthcare providers or others using, administering or selling our products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates orproducts caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:•decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we may develop; •termination of clinical trial sites or entire trial programs; •injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention; •withdrawal of clinical trial participants; •significant costs to defend the related litigation; •substantial monetary awards to trial subjects or patients; •loss of revenue; •diversion of management and scientific resources from our business operations; and •the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop. We currently hold $10.0 million in product liability insurance coverage in the aggregate, which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur.Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy anyliability that may arise. We intend to expand our insurance coverage for products to include the sale of commercial products if we obtain marketing approval forour product candidates in development, but we may be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product liability insurance for any products approved formarketing. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. A successful product liability claim orseries of claims brought against us, particularly if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and adversely affect our business.Our future success depends on our ability to retain our executive officers and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. We are highly dependent upon Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D., President and Chief Executive Officer; Manoj Maniar, Ph.D., Senior Vice President, ProductDevelopment; Steven Fruchtman, M. D., Chief Medical Officer and Senior Vice President, Research and Development; and our other executive officers. Althoughwe have employment agreements with the persons named above, these agreements are at-will and do not prevent such persons from terminating their employmentwith us at any time. We43Table of Contentsdo not maintain "key person" insurance for any of our executives or other employees, other than our President and Chief Executive Officer. The loss of the servicesof any of these persons could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives.If we are unable to attract and retain highly qualified employees, we may not be able to grow effectively. Our future and success depend on our ability to retain, manage and motivate our employees. During 2015 and early 2016, we reduced our headcount in orderto conserve cash. These activities, along with any other actions we are taking or may take to conserve cash, may make it more difficult to retain key employees.The loss of any member of our senior management team or the inability to hire or retain experienced management personnel could compromise our ability toexecute our business plan and harm our operating results. Because of the specialized scientific and managerial nature of our business, we rely heavily on our abilityto attract and retain qualified scientific, technical and managerial personnel. The competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical field is intense and as aresult, we may be unable to continue to retain qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business. In addition, if our development plans aresuccessful, we will need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and other resources, and may find it more difficult to attract such qualifiedpersonnel.We may engage in future business combinations that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders and harm our financial condition andoperating results. While we currently have no specific plans to acquire any other businesses, we may, in the future, make acquisitions of, or investments in, or otherwise engagein business combinations with companies that we believe have products or capabilities that are a strategic or commercial fit with our current product candidates andbusiness or otherwise offer opportunities for our company. In connection with these acquisitions or investments, we may:•issue stock that would dilute our existing stockholders' percentage of ownership; •incur debt and assume liabilities; and •incur amortization expenses related to intangible assets or incur large and immediate write-offs. We may not be able to complete any future business combination on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete a business combination, we cannot assureyou that it will ultimately strengthen our competitive position or that it will be viewed positively by customers, financial markets or investors. Furthermore, futurebusiness combinations could pose numerous additional risks to our operations, including:•problems integrating the businesses, products or technologies; •increases to our expenses; •the failure to discover undisclosed liabilities of an acquired asset or transaction partner; •diversion of management's attention from their day-to-day responsibilities; •harm to our operating results or financial condition; •entrance into markets in which we have limited or no prior experience; and •potential loss of key employees. We may not be able to complete any business combination or effectively integrate the operations, products or personnel gained through any such businesscombination.44Table of ContentsOur business and operations would suffer in the event of computer system failures. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of our CROs and other third parties on which we rely, arevulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, fire, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. If such anevent were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our drug development programs. For example, the loss ofclinical trial data from completed, ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs torecover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriatedisclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have amaterial adverse effect on the success of our business. We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use,storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals andbiological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes.We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials,we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil orcriminal fines and penalties. Although we maintain workers' compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from theuse of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liabilityor toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological or hazardous materials. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current orfuture laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result insubstantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenues and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. Our operations could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extremeweather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or manmade disasters or business interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. Theoccurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our product candidates. Our ability to obtain clinical supplies of product candidates could be disrupted if the operations of thesesuppliers is affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption. The ultimate impact on us, our significant suppliers and our generalinfrastructure of being consolidated in certain geographical areas is unknown, but our operations and financial condition could suffer in the event of a majorearthquake, fire or other natural disaster.45Table of ContentsWe are relying on the FDA's "Animal Efficacy Rule" to demonstrate efficacy of recilisib, which could result in delays or failure at any stage of recilisib'sdevelopment process, increase our development costs and adversely affect the commercial prospects of recilisib. Because humans are not normally exposed to radiation and it would be unethical to expose humans to such, effectiveness of recilisib cannot be demonstratedin humans, but instead, under the FDA's "Animal Efficacy Rule," can be demonstrated, in part, by utilizing animal models. This effect has to be demonstrated inmore than one animal species expected to be predictive of a response in humans, but an effect in a single animal species may be acceptable if that animal model issufficiently well-characterized for predicting a response in humans. The animal study endpoint must be clearly related to the desired benefit in humans and theinformation obtained from animal studies must allow selection of an effective dose in humans. Safety may be demonstrated in human studies. We may not be able to sufficiently demonstrate the animal correlation to the satisfaction of the FDA, as these correlates are difficult to establish and are oftenunclear. The FDA may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies, refuse to approve recilisib, orplace restrictions on our ability to commercialize recilisib. Furthermore, other countries, at this time, have not established criteria for review and approval of thesetypes of products outside their normal review process. There is no "Animal Efficacy Rule" equivalent in countries other than the United States, and consequentlythere can be no assurance that we will be able to make a submission for marketing approval in foreign countries based on such animal data.Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical and clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meetexpected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates. We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third-party CROs to monitor and manage data for our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs. Werely on these parties for execution of our preclinical and clinical trials, and we control only some aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible forensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on theCROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We also rely on third parties to assist in conducting our preclinical studies in accordance with GoodLaboratory Practices, or GLP, and the Animal Welfare Act requirements. We and our CROs are required to comply with federal regulations and current GoodClinical Practices, or GCP, which are international standards meant to protect the rights and health of patients that are enforced by the FDA, the CompetentAuthorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area, or EEA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our products in clinicaldevelopment. Regulatory authorities enforce GCP through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of our CROsfail to comply with applicable GCP, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatoryauthorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a givenregulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with GCP requirements. In addition, our clinical trials must beconducted with product produced under cGMP requirements. Failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat preclinical and clinical trials, whichwould delay the regulatory approval process. Our CROs are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such CROs, we cannot control whether or not theydevote sufficient time and resources to our ongoing clinical, nonclinical and preclinical programs. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties orobligations or meet expected deadlines or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical46Table of Contentsdata they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may beextended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, ourresults of operations and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues couldbe delayed. Because we have relied on third parties, our internal capacity to perform these functions is limited. Outsourcing these functions involves risk that third partiesmay not perform to our standards, may not produce results in a timely manner or may fail to perform at all. In addition, the use of third-party service providersrequires us to disclose our proprietary information to these parties, which could increase the risk that this information will be misappropriated. We currently have asmall number of employees, which limits the internal resources we have available to identify and monitor our third-party providers. To the extent we are unable toidentify and successfully manage the performance of third-party service providers in the future, our business may be adversely affected. Though we carefullymanage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challengeswill not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.If we lose our relationships with CROs, our drug development efforts could be delayed. We rely on third-party vendors and CROs for preclinical studies and clinical trials related to our drug development efforts. Switching or adding additionalCROs would involve additional cost and requires management time and focus. Our CROs have the right to terminate their agreements with us in the event of anuncured material breach. In addition, some of our CROs have an ability to terminate their respective agreements with us if it can be reasonably demonstrated thatthe safety of the subjects participating in our clinical trials warrants such termination, if we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors or if we areliquidated. Identifying, qualifying and managing performance of third-party service providers can be difficult, time consuming and cause delays in ourdevelopment programs. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work and the new CRO may not provide the same type orlevel of services as the original provider. If any of our relationships with our third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements withalternative CROs or to do so on commercially reasonable terms.We have limited experience manufacturing our product candidates on a large clinical or commercial scale and have no manufacturing facility. We aredependent on third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our most advanced product candidate as well as on third parties for our supply chain, and ifwe experience problems with any third parties, the manufacturing of our product candidates or products could be delayed. We do not own or operate facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates. We currently have no plans to build our own clinical or commercial scalemanufacturing capabilities. We currently rely on a single source contract manufacturing organization, or CMO, for the chemical manufacture of activepharmaceutical ingredient for rigosertib, another CMO for the production of the rigosertib intravenous formulation for our Phase 3 clinical trial, and a third CMOfor the production of the rigosertib oral formulation for a Phase 2 clinical trial. To meet our projected needs for clinical supplies to support our activities throughregulatory approval and commercial manufacturing, the CMOs with whom we currently work will need to increase the scale of production. We may need toidentify additional CMOs for continued production of supply for our product candidates. In addition, regulatory authorities enforce cGMP through periodicinspections of active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API and drug product manufacturing sites, quality control contract laboratories and distribution centers. If we orour CMO fail to comply with applicable cGMP, the manufacturing data generated and subsequent API lots and drug product batches in our supply chain may bedeemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional API and drug product47Table of Contentsmanufacturing before approving our marketing applications. In 2013, we began preparing a second CMO for potential manufacture of API and incurred significantexpense to do so. During the first quarter of 2015, we suspended the original CMO for manufacture of the rigosertib intravenous formulation for quality relatedreasons, leaving us again with a single source of manufacture for this formulation. We have not yet identified alternate suppliers in the event the current CMOs weutilize are unable to scale production, or if we otherwise experience any problems with them. Although alternative third-party suppliers with the necessarymanufacturing and regulatory expertise and facilities exist, as we have experienced with respect to our existing CMOs, it could be expensive and take a significantamount of time to arrange for alternative suppliers. If we are unable to arrange for alternative third-party manufacturing sources, or to do so on commerciallyreasonable terms or in a timely manner, we may not be able to complete development of our product candidates, or market or distribute them. Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates or products ourselves, includingreliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance, the possibility of breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party because offactors beyond our control, including a failure to synthesize and manufacture our product candidates or any products we may eventually commercialize inaccordance with our specifications, and the possibility of termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party, based on its own business priorities, at atime that is costly or damaging to us. In addition, the FDA and other regulatory authorities require that our product candidates and any products that we mayeventually commercialize be manufactured according to cGMP and similar foreign standards. Any failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with cGMPor failure to scale up manufacturing processes, including any failure to deliver sufficient quantities of product candidates in a timely manner, could lead to a delayin, or failure to obtain, regulatory approval of any of our product candidates. In addition, such failure could be the basis for the FDA to issue a warning letter,withdraw approvals for product candidates previously granted to us, or take other regulatory or legal action, including recall or seizure of outside supplies of theproduct candidate, total or partial suspension of production, suspension of ongoing clinical trials, refusal to approve pending applications or supplementalapplications, detention or product, refusal to permit the import or export of products, injunction, or imposing civil and criminal penalties. Any significant disruption in our supplier relationships could harm our business. Any significant delay in the supply of a product candidate or its key materialsfor an ongoing clinical study could considerably delay completion of our clinical studies, product testing and potential regulatory approval of our productcandidates. If our manufacturers or we are unable to purchase these key materials after regulatory approval has been obtained for our product candidates, thecommercial launch of our product candidates would be delayed or there would be a shortage in supply, which would impair our ability to generate revenues fromthe sale of our product candidates.We have entered into collaboration agreements with SymBio and Baxalta for rigosertib development and commercialization in certain territories and we mayelect to enter into additional licensing or collaboration agreements to partner rigosertib in territories currently retained by us. Our dependence on suchrelationships may adversely affect our business. Because we have limited resources, we seek to enter into, and in the past we have entered into, collaboration agreements with other pharmaceuticalcompanies. We may elect to enter into more of these agreements in the future. In July 2011, we entered into a license agreement with SymBio, as subsequentlyamended, granting an exclusive, royalty-bearing license for the development and commercialization of rigosertib in Japan and Korea. In September 2012, weentered into a development and license agreement with Baxter Healthcare SA, which subsequently assigned its interest in the agreement to Baxalta. Our agreementwith Baxalta, which is scheduled to terminate August 30, 2016,48Table of Contentsgrants it an exclusive, royalty-bearing license for the development and commercialization of rigosertib in specified countries comprising most of Europe. Anyfailure by our partners to perform their obligations or any decision by our partners to terminate these agreements, including the termination of the Baxaltaagreement, could reduce or terminate the funding we may receive under the relevant collaboration agreement and could negatively impact our ability tosuccessfully develop, obtain regulatory approvals for and commercialize the applicable product candidate. In addition, any decision by our partners to terminatethese agreements could also damage our reputation and negatively impact our ability to obtain financing from other sources. We may not achieve the milestones set forth in our collaboration agreements, or may disagree with our collaboration partners as to whether certain milestoneshave been met. Any such failure or disagreement would negatively impact our potential funding sources if we are unable to receive the contemplated milestonepayments. Our commercialization strategy for rigosertib in territories currently retained by us may depend on our ability to enter into agreements with collaborators toobtain assistance and funding for the development and potential commercialization of rigosertib in those territories. Despite our efforts, we may be unable to secureadditional collaborative licensing or other arrangements that are necessary for us to further develop and commercialize rigosertib. Supporting diligence activitiesconducted by potential collaborators and negotiating the financial and other terms of a collaboration agreement are long and complex processes with uncertainresults. Even if we are successful in entering into one or more collaboration agreements, collaborations may involve greater uncertainty for us, as we have lesscontrol over certain aspects of our collaborative programs than we do over our proprietary development and commercialization programs. We may determine thatcontinuing a collaboration under the terms provided is not in our best interest, and we may terminate the collaboration. Our collaborators could delay or terminatetheir agreements, and as a result rigosertib may never be successfully commercialized. Further, collaborators may develop alternative products or pursue alternative technologies either on their own or in collaboration with others, including ourcompetitors, and the priorities or focus of our collaborators may shift such that rigosertib receives less attention or resources than we would like, or they may beterminated altogether. Any such actions by our collaborators may adversely affect our business prospects and ability to earn revenues. In addition, we could havedisputes with our current or future collaborators, such as the interpretation of terms in our agreements. Any such disagreements could lead to delays in thedevelopment or commercialization of rigosertib or could result in time-consuming and expensive litigation or arbitration, which may not be resolved in our favor. With respect to our programs that are currently not the subject of collaborations, we may enter into agreements with collaborators to share in the burden ofconducting clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing these product candidates. In addition, our ability to develop additional proprietary compounds may dependon our ability to establish and maintain licensing arrangements or other collaborative arrangements with the holders of proprietary rights to such compounds. Wemay not be able to establish such arrangements on favorable terms or at all, and our future collaborative arrangements may not be successful.Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed. We depend on our ability to protect our proprietary technology. We rely on trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws, and confidentiality, licensingand other agreements with employees and third parties, all of which offer only limited protection. Our commercial success will depend in large part on our abilityto obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. Where we have the rightto do so under our49Table of Contentslicense agreements, we seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel technologies andproducts that are important to our business. The patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally are highly uncertain, involve complexlegal and factual questions and have in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercialvalue of our patents, including those patent rights licensed to us by third parties, are highly uncertain. The steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to preclude misappropriation of our proprietary information or infringement ofour intellectual property rights, both inside and outside the United States. The rights already granted under any of our currently issued patents and those that maybe granted under future issued patents may not provide us with the proprietary protection or competitive advantages we are seeking. If we are unable to obtain andmaintain patent protection for our technology and products, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficient, our competitors could develop andcommercialize technology and products similar or superior to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be adverselyaffected. With respect to patent rights, we do not know whether any of the pending patent applications for any of our licensed compounds will result in the issuance ofpatents that protect our technology or products, or if any of our issued patents will effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies andproducts. Our pending applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issuesfrom such applications. Further, the examination process may require us or our licensor to narrow the claims for our pending patent applications, which may limitthe scope of patent protection that may be obtained if these applications issue. Because the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope,validity or enforceability, issued patents that we own or have licensed from third parties may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States andabroad. Such challenges may result in the loss of patent protection, the narrowing of claims in such patents or the invalidity or unenforceability of such patents,which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patentprotection for our technology and products. Protecting against the unauthorized use of our patented technology, trademarks and other intellectual property rights isexpensive, difficult and may in some cases not be possible. In some cases, it may be difficult or impossible to detect third-party infringement or misappropriationof our intellectual property rights, even in relation to issued patent claims, and proving any such infringement may be even more difficult.We could be required to incur significant expenses to perfect our intellectual property rights, and our intellectual property rights may be inadequate to protectour competitive position. The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we or our licensors may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirablepatent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we or our licensors will fail to identify patentable aspects of inventions madein the course of our development and commercialization activities before it is too late to obtain patent protection on them. Further, given the amount of timerequired for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after suchcandidates are commercialized. We expect to seek extensions of patent terms in the United States and, if available, in other countries where we are prosecutingpatents. In the United States, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond theexpiration of the patent. However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other countries,may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limitedextensions than we request. If this occurs,50Table of Contentsour competitors may be able to take advantage of our investment in development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and preclinical data and launch theirproduct earlier than might otherwise be the case. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries maydiminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as thelaws of the United States, and these foreign laws may also be subject to change. For example, methods of treatment and manufacturing processes may not bepatentable in certain jurisdictions. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in theUnited States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing or in some cases not at all. Therefore we cannot be certain that we orour licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we or our licensors were the firstto file for patent protection of such inventions.Patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense ofour issued patents. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number ofsignificant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. Inparticular, under the Leahy-Smith Act, the United States transitioned in March 2013 to a "first to file" system in which the first inventor to file a patent applicationwill be entitled to the patent. Third parties are allowed to submit prior art before the issuance of a patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO,and may become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rightsor the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights,which could adversely affect our competitive position. Many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, did not become effectiveuntil March 16, 2013. Currently, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Actand its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of ourissued patents.Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submissions, fee payment and other requirementsimposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements. Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent.The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similarprovisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordancewith the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial orcomplete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent applicationinclude, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submitformal documents. If we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our product candidates, our competitive position would beadversely affected.51Table of ContentsWe may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful. Competitors may infringe our patents or misappropriate or otherwise violate our intellectual property rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use,litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope ofour own intellectual property rights or the proprietary rights of others. This can be expensive and time consuming. Many of our current and potential competitorshave the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to defend their intellectual property rights than we can. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not beable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property. Litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion ofmanagement resources. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent owned by or licensed to us is invalid or unenforceable, or mayrefuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in anylitigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Furthermore, because of thesubstantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could becompromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain andcould harm our business. Our commercial success depends upon our ability and the ability of our collaborators to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates, and touse our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarialproceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology, including interference or derivation proceedings beforethe USPTO. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future. If we are found toinfringe a third party's intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing and commercializing ourproducts and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we are able to obtain alicense, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, tocease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, in any such proceeding or litigation, we could be found liable for monetary damages. Afinding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materiallyharm our business. Any claims by third parties that we have misappropriated their confidential information or trade secrets could have a similar negative impact onour business.We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers. Many of our employees, including our senior management, were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including ourcompetitors or potential competitors. Some of these employees, including each member of our senior management, executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure andnon-competition agreements in connection with such previous employment. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information orknow-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including tradesecrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee's former employer. We are not aware of any threatened or pending claims related to these matters orconcerning the agreements with our senior management, but in the future litigation may be52Table of Contentsnecessary to defend against such claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectualproperty rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction tomanagement.Intellectual property disputes could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities. Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and coulddistract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings,motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantialadverse effect on the market price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resourcesavailable for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequatelyconduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we canbecause of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could compromiseour ability to compete in the marketplace.If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed. In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and products, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and otherproprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentialityagreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, CMOs, consultants, advisors andother third parties. We also generally enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite theseefforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtainadequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming,and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts both within and outside the United States may be less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If anyof our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using thattechnology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position. Although we expect all of our employees to assign their inventions to us, and all of our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have accessto our proprietary know-how, information or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements havebeen duly executed or that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain accessto our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets aredeemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret, In addition, others may independently discoverour trade secrets and proprietary information. For example, the FDA, as part of its Transparency Initiative, is currently considering whether to make additionalinformation publicly available on a routine basis, including information that we may consider to be trade secrets or other proprietary information, and it is not clearat the present time how the FDA's disclosure policies may change in the future, if at all.53Table of ContentsWe may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on all of our product candidates throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. Competitors may use ourtechnologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products, and may export otherwise infringing products toterritories where we have patent protection, but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products injurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents and our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent themfrom so competing. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems ofcertain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly thoserelating to biopharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of ourproprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention fromother aspects of our business.Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage. The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may notadequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:•Others may be able to make compounds that are the same as or similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of thepatents that we own or have exclusively licensed. •We or our licensors or any strategic partners might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patent or pending patentapplication that we own or have exclusively licensed. •We or our licensors or any strategic partners might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions. •Others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectualproperty rights. •It is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents. •Issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid orunenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors. •Our competitors might conduct research and development activities in the United States and other countries that provide a safe harbor from patentinfringement claims for certain research and development activities, as well as in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use theinformation learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets. •We may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable. •The patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.54Table of ContentsRisks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock The trading market in our common stock has been extremely limited and substantially less liquid than the average trading market for a stock quoted on theNASDAQ Markets. Since our initial listing on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on July 25, 2013 and transfer to the NASDAQ Capital Market on February 5, 2016, the tradingmarket in our common stock has been limited and substantially less liquid than the average trading market for companies listed on the NASDAQ exchange. Thelisting of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market does not assure that a meaningful, consistent and liquid trading market currently exists. We cannotpredict whether a more active market for our common stock will develop in the future. An absence of an active trading market could adversely affect ourstockholders' ability to sell our common stock at current market prices in short time periods, or possibly at all. Additionally, market visibility for our common stockmay be limited and such lack of visibility may have a depressive effect on the market price for our common stock. As of March 15, 2016, approximately 43% ofour outstanding shares of common stock was held by our officers, directors, beneficial owners of 5% or more of our capital stock and their respective affiliates,which adversely affects the liquidity of the trading market for our common stock, in as much as federal securities laws restrict sales of our shares by thesestockholders. If our affiliates continue to hold their shares of common stock, there will be limited trading volume in our common stock, which may make it moredifficult for investors to sell their shares or increase the volatility of our stock price.Our share price may be volatile, which could subject us to securities class action litigation and result in substantial losses to our stockholders. The trading price of our common stock is highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyondour control. Between January 1, 2014 and March 15, 2016, the price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Stock Market has ranged from $16.22 per share to$0.32 per share. In addition to the factors discussed in this "Risk Factors" section and elsewhere in this Annual Report, factors that could impact the trading priceof our common stock include:•results of clinical trials of our product candidates or those of our competitors; •regulatory actions with respect to our products or our competitors' products; •actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors; •announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations or capital commitments; •the success of competitive products or technologies; •regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries; •developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights; •the recruitment or departure of key personnel; •the level of expenses related to any of our product candidates or clinical development programs; •the results of our efforts to in-license or acquire additional product candidates or products; •actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts; •variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us; •fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;55Table of Contents•share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares; •announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts; •sales of our common stock by us, our insiders or our other stockholders; •changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems; •market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors; and •general economic, industry and market conditions. In addition, the stock market in general, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volumefluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negativelyaffect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The realization of any of these risks or any of a broad range of otherrisks, including those described in these "Risk Factors," could have a dramatic and material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.If we are unable to regain compliance with the requirements to maintain a continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market, our common stock may bedelisted and the price of our common stock and our ability to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted. Our common stock is currently listed for trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market. We must satisfy NASDAQ's continued listing requirements or riskdelisting, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. On February 10, 2016, we received a deficiency letter from NASDAQ notifying us that forthe preceding 30 consecutive business days the bid price of our common stock had closed below the minimum $1.00 per share requirement for continued listing. Inaccordance with NASDAQ listing rules, we have been provided an initial period of 180 calendar days, or until August 8, 2016, to regain compliance. We arecurrently considering available options to resolve the listing deficiency and to regain compliance. There can be no assurance that we will be able to regaincompliance with the NASDAQ Capital Market listing requirements. A delisting of our common stock from the NASDAQ Capital Market could materially reducethe liquidity of our common stock and result in a corresponding material reduction in the price of our common stock. In addition, delisting could harm our abilityto raise capital through alternative financing sources on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, suppliers,customers and employees and fewer business development opportunities.We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention. The market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, and in the past companies that have experienced volatility in the marketprice of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. Likewise, companies that have experienced a clinical hold, as we have with one of oursecondary compounds, have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigationagainst us could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject tostockholder approval. Our executive officers, directors and holders of five percent or more of our capital stock, including Baxalta, in the aggregate beneficially ownedapproximately 43% of our voting stock at March 15, 2016.56Table of ContentsThese stockholders may be able to determine the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to controlelections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This mayprevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders. Theinterests of this group of stockholders may not always coincide with your interests or the interests of other stockholders and they may act in a manner that advancestheir best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders, including seeking a premium value for their common stock, and might affect the prevailingmarket price for our common stock.We are an "emerging growth company" and we take advantage of reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies,which could result in our common stock being less attractive to investors. We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, and we take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements thatare applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditorattestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports andproxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any goldenparachute payments not previously approved. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company, which incertain circumstances could be until December 31, 2018. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on theseexemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock pricemay be more volatile. In addition, it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital as and when we need it. Investors may be unable to compare our businesswith other companies in our industry if they believe that our financial accounting is not as transparent as other companies in our industry. If we are unable to raiseadditional capital as and when we need it, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately report our financialcondition, results of operations or cash flows, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal controls for financial reporting and disclosure controls andprocedures. Under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we are required to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of ourinternal control over financial reporting. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control overfinancial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that results in more than areasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Section 404 of theSarbanes-Oxley Act also generally requires an attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control overfinancial reporting. However, for as long as we remain an "emerging growth company" as defined in the JOBS Act or a "Smaller Reporting Company", we intendto utilize the provision exempting us from the requirement that our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation on the effectiveness of ourinternal control over financial reporting. We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Anyfailure to maintain internal control over57Table of Contentsfinancial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If we are unable to concludethat our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have a material weakness orsignificant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting once that firm begins its Section 404 audits of internal control over financial reporting, wecould lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could besubject to sanctions or investigations by the NASDAQ Stock Market, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in ourinternal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our futureaccess to the capital markets.Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud. We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure thatinformation required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, recorded,processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures orinternal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the controlsystem are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error ormistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override ofthe controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements or insufficient disclosures due to error or fraud may occur andnot be detected.We incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to new complianceinitiatives. As a public company, we are incurring and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company,and these expenses may increase even more after we are no longer an "emerging growth company." We are subject to the reporting requirements of the ExchangeAct, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Protection Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and NASDAQ StockMarket. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulationsincrease our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, these rules and regulations can make itmore difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain thesufficient coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of theserequirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executiveofficers.Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be our stockholders'sole source of gain. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth anddevelopment of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any,of our common stock will be our stockholders' sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.58Table of ContentsFuture sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result inadditional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall. We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To raise capital, we may sell substantial amountsof common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for common stock. These future issuances of common stock or common stock-related securities,together with the exercise of outstanding options and any additional shares issued in connection with acquisitions, if any, may result in material dilution to ourinvestors. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior tothose of holders of our common stock. Pursuant to our equity incentive plans, our compensation committee is authorized to grant equity-based incentive awards to our directors, executive officersand other employees and service providers, including officers, employees and service providers of our subsidiaries and affiliates. At December 31, 2015, therewere 5,157,602 shares of our common stock underlying outstanding options and 1,354,133 shares available for future grant under our 2013 Equity CompensationPlan. In accordance with the terms of the 2013 Equity Compensation Plan, on January 1, 2016, the maximum aggregate number of shares of our common stock thatmay be issued under the plan was automatically increased by 1,018,567 shares, such that immediately after such increase the number of shares remaining availablefor future issuance under the plan was 2,372,700. On January 11, 2016, we issued warrants to purchase 968,421 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of$1.15 per share, subject to customary adjustments. Future option grants and issuances of common stock under our 2013 Equity Compensation and warrants mayhave an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.Some provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if anacquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. Provisions in our tenth amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or certificate of incorporation, and amended and restated bylaws, as well asprovisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit ourstockholders, or remove our current management. These include provisions that will:•permit our board of directors to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with any rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate; •provide that all vacancies on our board of directors, including as a result of newly created directorships, may, except as otherwise required by law,be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum; •require that any action to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and not be takenby written consent; •provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at ameeting of stockholders must provide advance notice in writing, and also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder's notice; •not provide for cumulative voting rights, thereby allowing the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election ofdirectors to elect all of the directors standing for election; and59Table of Contents•provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the board of directors or by such person or persons requested by a majorityof the board of directors to call such meetings. These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult forstockholders to replace members of our board of directors, who are responsible for appointing the members of our management. Because we are incorporated inDelaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may discourage, delay or prevent someone fromacquiring us or merging with us whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders. Under Delaware law, a corporation may not, in general, engage ina business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other things, the board ofdirectors has approved the transaction. Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws or Delaware lawthat has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our commonstock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volumecould decline. The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We donot have any control over these analysts. There can be no assurance that analysts will continue to cover us or provide favorable coverage. If one or more of theanalysts who cover us downgrade our stock or change their opinion of our stock, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceasecoverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or tradingvolume to decline.ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None.ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our corporate headquarters and research facilities are located in Newtown, Pennsylvania, where we lease an aggregate of approximately 9,500 square feet ofoffice and laboratory space, pursuant to lease agreements, the terms of which expire in March 2017 and February 2017, respectively. We believe that our Newtown, Pennsylvania facility is adequate for our near-term needs. When our lease expires, we may exercise renewal options or look foradditional or alternate space for our operations. We believe that suitable additional or alternative space would be available on commercially reasonable terms ifrequired in the future. We lease temporary office space in Munich, Germany, for our European personnel.ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We are not a party to any legal proceedings and we are not aware of any such proceedings contemplated by government authorities.ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable.60Table of ContentsPART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITYSECURITIES Market Information Our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on July 25, 2013 under the symbol "ONTX." The following table sets forth the highand low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market for the period indicated. In February 2016, we transferred the listing of our common stock from the NASDAQ Global Select Market to the NASDAQ Capital Market and subsequentlyreceived a deficiency letter from NASDAQ notifying us that we had failed to meet the minimum bid price required for continued listing for 30 consecutivebusiness days. In accordance with NASDAQ listing rules, we have been provided an initial period of 180 calendar days, or until August 8, 2016, to regaincompliance.Stockholders As of February 29, 2016, there were 167 holders of record for shares of our common stock. This does not reflect beneficial stockholders who held theircommon stock in "street" or nominee name through brokerage firms.Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Information regarding securities authorized for issuance under the Company's equity compensation plans is contained in Part III, Item 11 of this AnnualReport.Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to supportour operations and finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA As a smaller reporting company, the Company is not required to provide the information otherwise required by this Item.61 High Low Year Ended December 31, 2015 First Quarter $4.43 $2.15 Second Quarter 3.02 2.26 Third Quarter 4.00 1.35 Fourth Quarter 1.89 0.92 Year Ended December 31, 2014 First Quarter $16.22 $6.05 Second Quarter 6.49 4.10 Third Quarter 5.78 4.24 Fourth Quarter 5.00 3.24 Table of ContentsITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statementsand the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysisor set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factorsthat could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussionand analysis .Overview We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing novel small molecule drug candidates to treat cancer. Using ourproprietary chemistry platform, we have created an extensive library of targeted anti-cancer agents designed to work against cellular pathways important to cancercells. We believe that the drug candidates in our pipeline have the potential to be efficacious in a variety of cancers. We have one actively enrolling Phase 3clinical-stage product candidate and two other clinical-stage product candidates (one of which is being developed for treatment of acute radiation syndromes) andseveral preclinical programs. Substantially all of our current effort is focused on our lead product candidate, rigosertib. Rigosertib is being tested in bothintravenous and oral formulations as a single agent, and the oral formulation is also being tested in combination with azacitidine, in clinical trials for patients withmyelodysplastic syndromes, or MDS, and related cancers. We were incorporated in Delaware in December 1998 and commenced operations in January 1999. Our operations to date have included our organization andstaffing, business planning, raising capital, in-licensing technology from research institutions, identifying potential product candidates, developing productcandidates and building strategic alliances, as well as undertaking preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates. Since commencing operations, we have dedicated a significant portion of our resources to the development of our clinical-stage product candidates,particularly rigosertib. We incurred research and development expenses of $25.9 million and $49.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,respectively. We anticipate that a significant portion of our operating expenses will continue to be related to research and development as we continue to advanceour programs. In July 2013, we completed our initial public offering, or IPO, from which we received net proceeds of $79.8 million. Prior to the consummation ofthe IPO, we funded our operations primarily through the sale of preferred stock amounting to $144.7 million, the issuance of debt amounting to $26.8 million,which was later converted into shares of preferred stock, the receipt of $8.0 million from The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society under a May 2010 fundingagreement, and the receipt of upfront payments of $57.5 million from Baxter (predecessor to Baxalta) and SymBio in connection with our collaborationagreements. During 2015 we sold 3,761,920 shares of common stock for net proceeds of $7.5 million. Under the Baxalta collaboration agreement, we are receivingpayments towards costs for the INSPIRE trial, with a cap of $15.0 million. The agreement is scheduled to terminate in August 2016 as a result of Baxalta's decisionto terminate following its strategic review of priorities. We received the termination notice from Baxalta in March 2016, after we had consulted with Baxalta on thedesign of the INSPIRE trial and commenced patient enrollment. We will attempt to maximize Baxalta's financial support for the INSPIRE trial, but there can be noassurances regarding the amount of funds we will receive from Baxalta following termination. As of December 31, 2015, we had $19.8 million in cash and cashequivalents. In January 2016, we completed a sale of common stock and warrants for net proceeds of approximately $1.6 million.62Table of Contents Our net losses were $24.0 million and $63.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had anaccumulated deficit of $318.6 million. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development andclinical trials of, and seek regulatory approval for, our product candidates, even if milestones under our license and collaboration agreements may be met. If weobtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses. We do not currently have an organizationfor the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products. We may rely on licensing and co-promotion agreements with strategic or collaborativepartners for the commercialization of our products in the United States and other territories. If we choose to build a commercial infrastructure to support marketingin the United States for any of our product candidates that achieve regulatory approval, such commercial infrastructure could be expected to include a targeted,oncology sales force supported by sales management, internal sales support, an internal marketing group and distribution support. To develop the appropriatecommercial infrastructure internally, we would have to invest financial and management resources, some of which would have to be deployed prior to having anycertainty about marketing approval. Furthermore, we have and expect to continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. We do not have the funding resources necessary to carry out all of our proposed operating activities. We will need to obtain additional financing in the futurein order to fully fund our INSPIRE trial and to further develop rigosertib or any other product candidates through the regulatory approval process. Accordingly, wemay delay our ongoing clinical trials, including the INSPIRE trial, until we secure adequate additional funding. Additionally, we plan to scale down our operationsin order to reduce spending on general and administrative functions, research and development, and other clinical trials. We are exploring various dilutive and non-dilutive sources of funding, including equity and debt financings, strategic alliances, business development and other sources. If we raise additional funds throughstrategic collaborations and alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, which may including existing collaboration partners, we may have to relinquishvaluable rights to our technologies or product candidates, including rigosertib, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to secureadequate additional funding, we will continue to delay, scale-back or eliminate certain of our planned research, drug discovery and development activities andcertain other aspects of our operations and our business until such time as we are successful in securing adequate additional funding. As a result, our business,operating results, financial condition and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected. We will incur substantial costs beyond the present and plannedclinical trials in order to file an NDA for rigosertib. The nature, design, size and cost of further studies, if required, will depend in large part on the outcome ofpreceding studies and discussions with regulators.Financial Overview Revenue During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, our revenues were derived exclusively from activities conducted in accordance with our collaborationarrangements with Baxalta and SymBio, as well as recognition of revenue from our May 2010 funding agreement with The Leukemia and63Table of ContentsLymphoma Society, or LLS. The following table sets forth a summary of revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014: In May 2010, we entered into a funding agreement with LLS to fund our ONTIME trial and certain related activities. We received $8.0 million under the LLSfunding agreement, as amended, and terminated the funding agreement effective March 2013. As a result of the potential obligation to repay LLS, we initiallyrecorded the funding received as deferred revenue. During the fourth quarter of 2015, however, we determined, based in part on the commencement of theINSPIRE trial, that the research program covered by the LLS funding agreement was unsuccessful and, as a result, the funding received non-repayable.Accordingly, we recognized $8.0 million of deferred revenue during the quarter ended December 31, 2015. We have not generated any revenue from commercial product sales. In the future, if any of our product candidates currently under development are approvedfor commercial sale in the United States or other territories where we have retained commercialization rights, we may generate revenue from product sales, oralternatively, we may choose to select a collaborator to commercialize our product candidates in these markets. The Baxalta collaboration agreement was considered to be a multiple-element arrangement for accounting purposes. We determined that there were twodeliverables under the Baxalta agreement; specifically, the license to rigosertib for Europe and the related research and development services that we wereobligated to provide. We concluded that $42.4 million of the fixed and determinable $50.0 million upfront payment was associated with the license and$7.6 million was associated with the research and development services. We recognized the entire $42.4 million associated with the upfront license as revenueduring the third quarter of 2012 upon the execution of the Baxalta agreement, and we recognized the research and development services revenue of $7.6 million onthe proportional performance method over the period of commitment and development, which was estimated to be through March 31, 2014, the period of our non-contingent obligations to perform research and development services sufficient to advance rigosertib. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, werecognized $2.9 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of research and development services revenue under the Baxalta agreement. The SymBio collaboration agreement is also considered to be a multiple-element arrangement for accounting purposes. We determined that there were threedeliverables under the SymBio collaboration agreement; specifically, the license to rigosertib for Japan and Korea, our obligation to perform research anddevelopment services necessary for SymBio to seek approval in its territory and our obligation to participate on a joint steering committee. We concluded thatthese deliverables should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting. We determined that the $7.5 million upfront payment received in 2011 should be deferredand recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis through December 2027, reflecting our estimate of when we will complete our obligations under the agreement.For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recognized revenues of $455,000 and $455,000, respectively, under the SymBio collaboration agreement. Inaddition, we recognized revenues of $108,000 and $11,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, related to the supply agreement withSymBio.64 Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 Baxalta license and collaboration revenue $2,893,000 $334,000 SymBio license and collaboration revenue 563,000 466,000 LLS Research funding revenue 8,000,000 — $11,456,000 $800,000 Table of ContentsOperating Expenses The following table summarizes our operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs for executive and other administrative personnel, including stock-basedcompensation and travel expenses. Other general and administrative expenses include facility-related costs, communication expenses, insurance, board of directorsexpenses and professional fees for legal, patent review, consulting and accounting services. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will decrease in the short-term, but would increase in the future with the continued research anddevelopment and potential commercialization of our product candidates. These increases will likely include increased costs for insurance, costs related to the hiringof additional personnel and payments to outside consultants among other expenses. Additionally, if and when we believe a regulatory approval of a productcandidate appears likely, we anticipate an increase in payroll and expense as a result of our preparation for commercial operations, especially as it relates to thesales and marketing of our product candidates.Research and Development Expenses Our research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of our product candidates, which include:•employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense; •expenses incurred under agreements with CROs and investigative sites that conduct our clinical trials and preclinical studies; •the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical trial materials; •direct expenses for maintenance of research equipment, clinical trial insurance and other supplies; and •costs associated with preclinical activities and regulatory operations. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. License fees and milestone payments we make related to in-licensed products and technology areexpensed if it is determined that they have no alternative future use. We record costs for some development activities, such as clinical trials, based on an evaluationof the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to us by our vendors. Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higherdevelopment costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We plan todecrease our research and development expenses in the short-term by reducing the number of product candidates currently under development.65 2015 2014 General and administrative $9,533,000 $15,119,000 Research and development 25,895,000 49,425,000 Total operating expenses $35,428,000 $64,544,000 Table of Contents To date, our research and development expenses have related primarily to the development of rigosertib. We do not currently utilize a formal time allocationsystem to capture expenses on a project-by-project basis because we are organized and record expense by functional department and our employees may allocatetime to more than one development project. Accordingly, we do not allocate expenses to individual projects or product candidates, although we do allocate someportion of our research and development expenses by functional area and by compound. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses by functional area for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014: It is difficult to determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of our current or future preclinical programs and clinical trials of our productcandidates, or if, when or to what extent we will generate revenues from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates that obtain regulatoryapproval. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials anddevelopment of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including the uncertainties of future clinical and preclinical studies, uncertainties inclinical trial enrollment rate and significant and changing government regulation. In addition, the probability of success for each product candidate will depend onnumerous factors, including competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. We will determine which programs to pursue and how much to fundeach program in response to the scientific and clinical success of each product candidate, an assessment of each product candidate's commercial potential and ouravailable funds.Interest Expense and Other Income, Net Other income, net consists principally of interest income earned on cash and cash equivalent balances and foreign exchange gains and losses.Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates This management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which havebeen prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reportedamounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. On an ongoingbasis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued expenses, revenue recognition, deferred revenue and stock-based compensation.We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, theresults of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actualresults may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.66 Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 Pre-clinical & clinical development $12,200,000 $25,303,000 Personnel related 6,988,000 10,336,000 Manufacturing, formulation & development 2,838,000 5,069,000 Stock-based compensation 1,850,000 2,986,000 Consulting fees 2,019,000 5,731,000 $25,895,000 $49,425,000 Table of Contents While our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, webelieve the following accounting policies to be most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.Revenue Recognition We generate revenue primarily through collaborative research and license agreements. The terms of these agreements contain multiple deliverables, whichmay include licenses, research and development activities, participation in joint steering committees and product supply. The terms of these agreements mayinclude nonrefundable upfront license fees, payments for research and development activities, payments based upon the achievement of specified milestones,royalty payments based on product sales derived from the collaboration, and payments for supplying product. In all instances, we recognize revenue only when theprice is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or the services have been rendered, collectability of the resultingreceivable is reasonably assured and we have fulfilled our performance obligations under the contract. Effective January 1, 2011, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2009-13, Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements , or ASU 2009-13. This guidance, which applies to multiple-element arrangements entered into or materially modified on orafter January 1, 2011, amends the criteria for separating and allocating consideration in a multiple-element arrangement by modifying the fair value requirementsfor revenue recognition and eliminating the use of the residual value method. The selling prices of deliverables under an arrangement may be derived using third-party evidence, or TPE, or a best estimate of selling price, or BESP, if vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value, or VSOE, is not available. The objective ofBESP is to determine the price at which we would transact a sale if the element within the license agreement was sold on a standalone basis. Establishing BESPinvolves management's judgment and takes into account multiple factors, including market conditions and company-specific factors, such as those factorscontemplated in negotiating the agreements as well as internally developed models that include assumptions related to market opportunity, discounted cash flows,estimated development costs, probability of success, and the time needed to commercialize a product candidate pursuant to the license. In validating the BESP,management considers whether changes in key assumptions used to determine the BESP will have a significant effect on the allocation of the arrangementconsideration between the multiple deliverables. We may use third-party valuation specialists to assist us in determining BESP. Deliverables under the arrangementare separate units of accounting if (i) the delivered item has value to the customer on a standalone basis and (ii) if the arrangement includes a general right of returnrelative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially within our control. The arrangementconsideration that is fixed or determinable at the inception of the arrangement is allocated to the separate units of accounting based on their relative selling prices.The appropriate revenue recognition model is applied to each element and revenue is accordingly recognized as each element is delivered. Management exercisessignificant judgment in determining whether a deliverable is a separate unit of accounting. In determining the separate units of accounting, we evaluate whether the license has standalone value to the collaborator based on consideration of therelevant facts and circumstances for each arrangement. Factors considered in this determination include the research and development capabilities of thecollaborator and the availability of relevant research expertise in the marketplace. In addition, we consider whether or not (i) the collaborator can use the license forits intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables, (ii) the value of the license is dependent on the undelivered items and (iii) the collaborator orother vendors can provide the undelivered items.67Table of Contents Under a collaborative research and license agreement, a steering committee is typically responsible for overseeing the general working relationships,determining the protocols to be followed in the research and development performed, and evaluating the results from the continued development of the product.We evaluate whether our participation in joint steering committees is a substantive obligation or whether the services are considered inconsequential orperfunctory. The factors we consider in determining if our participation in a joint steering committee is a substantive obligation include: (i) which party negotiatedor requested the steering committee, (ii) how frequently the steering committee meets, (iii) whether or not there are any penalties or other recourse if we do notattend the steering committee meetings, (iv) which party has decision making authority on the steering committee and (v) whether or not the collaborator has therequisite experience and expertise associated with the research and development of the licensed intellectual property. For all periods presented, whenever we determine that an element is delivered over a period of time, we recognize revenue using either a proportionalperformance model or a straight-line model over the period of performance, which is typically the research and development term. We typically use progressachieved under our various CRO contracts as the measure of performance. At each reporting period, we reassess our cumulative measure of performance and makeappropriate adjustments, if necessary. We recognize revenue using the proportional performance model whenever we can make reasonably reliable estimates of thelevel of effort required to complete our performance obligations under an arrangement. We recognize revenue under the proportional performance model at eachreporting period by multiplying the total expected payments under the contract, excluding royalties and payments contingent upon achievement of milestones, bythe ratio of the level of effort incurred to date to the estimated total level of effort required to complete the performance obligations under the arrangement.Revenue is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the proportionalperformance model as of each reporting period. Alternatively, if we cannot make reasonably reliable estimates of the level of effort required to complete ourperformance obligations under an arrangement, then we recognize revenue under the arrangement on a straight-line basis over the period expected to complete ourperformance obligations. Incentive milestone payments may be triggered either by the results of our research efforts or by events external to us, such as regulatory approval to market aproduct. We recognize consideration that is contingent upon achievement of a milestone in its entirety as revenue in the period in which the milestone is achieved,but only if the consideration earned from the achievement of a milestone meets all the criteria for the milestone to be considered substantive at the inception of thearrangement. For a milestone to be considered substantive, the consideration earned by achieving the milestone must be commensurate with either our performanceto achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the item delivered as a result of a specific outcome resulting from our performance to achieve themilestone, relate solely to our past performance and be reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the collaboration agreement. For events for which the occurrences are contingent solely upon the passage of time or are the result of performance by a third party, we will recognize thecontingent payments as revenue when payments are earned, the amounts are fixed and determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. We will recognize royalty revenue, if any, as earned in accordance with the contract terms when third-party sales can be reliably measured and collectability isreasonably assured. We recognized revenue of $2.9 million and $0.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, under our license andcollaboration agreement with Baxalta. We recognized revenue of $0.6 million and $0.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively,under our license and collaboration agreement with SymBio. We recognized revenue of $8.0 million and $0 during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,respectively, under our funding agreement with LLS. The Baxalta and SymBio agreements are the only agreements that are being accounted for under ASU 2009-13.68Table of ContentsResearch and Development Expenses Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred and include, but are not limited to, license fees related to the acquisition of in-licensedproducts, employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and travel, expenses incurred under agreements with CROs and investigative sites that conductclinical trials and preclinical studies, the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical trial materials, facilities, depreciation and other expenses, whichinclude direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance and other supplies and costs associated with preclinical activities andregulatory operations. We record costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, based on our evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using datasuch as patient enrollment, clinical site activations, or information provided to us by our vendors on their actual costs incurred. Payments for these activities arebased on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the consolidated financial statements asprepaid or accrued research and development expense, as the case may be.Income Taxes We recorded deferred tax assets of $149.1 million as of December 31, 2015, which have been fully offset by a valuation allowance due to uncertaintiessurrounding our ability to realize these tax benefits. The deferred tax assets are primarily composed of federal and state tax net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards and research and development tax credit carry forwards. As of December 31, 2015, we had federal NOL carry forwards of $178.9 million, state NOLcarry forwards of $201.5 million and research and development tax credit carry forwards of $66.2 million available to reduce future taxable income, if any. Thesefederal NOL carry forwards will begin to expire at various dates starting in 2022. The state NOL carry forwards will begin to expire at various dates starting in2016. In general, if we experience a greater than 50 percentage point aggregate change in ownership of specified significant stockholders over a three-year period,utilization of our pre-change NOL carry forwards will be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended,or the Code, and similar state laws. Such limitations may result in expiration of a portion of the NOL carry forwards before utilization and may be substantial. Wehave determined that we have experienced ownership changes in the past and approximately $24.0 million of our NOL carry forwards are subject to an annuallimitation under Section 382 of the Code. If we experienced a Section 382 ownership change in connection with the offering or as a result of future changes in ourstock ownership, some of which changes are outside our control, the tax benefits related to the NOL carry forwards may be further limited or lost.Stock-Based Compensation Prior to April 2013, our stock option awards were accounted for as liability awards as we, through our chairman of the board of directors, who is also asignificant stockholder, had established a pattern of settling these awards for cash. Accordingly, we measured stock-based compensation expense at the end of eachreporting period based on the intrinsic value of all outstanding vested stock options on each reporting date and recognized expense based on any increases in theirintrinsic value since the last measurement date to the extent the stock options vested. The intrinsic value represented the difference between the current fair valueof our common stock and the contractual exercise prices of the awards. On April 23, 2013, we distributed a notification letter to all holders of stock options under our 2007 Equity Compensation Plan advising them that cashsettlement transactions would no longer occur, unless, at the time of a cash settlement transaction, the option holder has held the common stock issued uponexercise of options for a period of greater than six months prior to such cash settlement transaction and that any such settlement would be at the fair value of thecommon stock on the date of69Table of Contentssuch sale. Following this notification, we reclassified options outstanding under our 2007 Equity Compensation Plan from liabilities to stockholders' deficit withinour consolidated balance sheets. Upon issuing the notification, a modification to the liability awards occurred and the awards are now accounted for as equityawards from the date of modification with compensation expense fixed at fair value at the modification date. As a result, we reclassified the amount of stock-basedcompensation liability at the modification date to additional paid-in capital. The modification date fair value is recognized over the remaining service period,generally the vesting period, on a straight-line basis. The fair value of the modified awards was estimated on the modification date using the intrinsic value model.The grant date fair value of awards granted after the modification is estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model, net of estimated forfeitures. Awardsgranted to non-employees will also be valued using the Black-Scholes valuation model and will be subject to periodic adjustment until the underlying equityinstruments vest. We record stock-based compensation expense as a component of research and development expenses or general and administrative expenses, depending onthe function performed by the optionee. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we allocated stock-based compensation as follows:Fair Value Estimates Since April 23, 2013, we estimate the fair value of share-based awards to employees and directors using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the input of highly complex and subjective assumptions, including (a) the expected stock price volatility, (b) the calculation of the expectedterm of the award, (c) the risk free interest rate and (d) expected dividends. Due to our limited operating history and a lack of company specific historical andimplied volatility data, we based our estimate of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies that are publicly traded. Whenselecting these public companies on which we have based its expected stock price volatility, we selected companies with comparable characteristics to us,including enterprise value, risk profiles, position within the industry, and with historical share price information sufficient to meet the expected life of the stock-based awards. The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the selected companies' shares during the equivalent period of thecalculated expected term of the stock-based awards. Due to our lack of sufficient historical data, we will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount ofhistorical information regarding the volatility of our own stock price becomes available. We estimate the expected life of our employee stock options using the"simplified" method, whereby, the expected life equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option. The risk-freeinterest rates for periods within the expected life of the option are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect during the period the options were granted. Wehave never paid, and do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Prior to April 23, 2013, we were required to estimate the fair value of the common stock underlying our stock-based awards when performing the fair valuecalculations using the intrinsic value method at each reporting date. In the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, on each grant date, wedeveloped an estimate of the fair value of our common stock by engaging an independent third-party valuation firm to assist our board of directors in determiningthe fair value of the common stock underlying our stock-based awards. We determined the fair value of our common70 Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 General and administrative $1,936,000 $2,082,000 Research and development 1,850,000 2,986,000 $3,786,000 $5,068,000 Table of Contentsstock using methodologies, approaches and assumptions consistent with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, or AICPA, Audit and AccountingPractice Aid Series: Valuation of Privately Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, or the AICPA Practice Guide. All options to purchase sharesof our common stock were granted with an exercise price per share no less than the fair value per share of our common stock underlying those options on the dateof grant, based on the information known to us on the date of grant. Accordingly, under the liability method of accounting, we did not record any stock-basedcompensation expense on the grant dates of our options. However, under the liability method, the liability for all outstanding vested stock-based awards wasadjusted through our statement of operations, based on the current estimated fair value of our common stock at each reporting date.Clinical Trial Expense As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued expenses. Our clinical trial accrual process isdesigned to account for expenses resulting from our obligations under contracts with vendors, consultants and CROs and clinical site agreements in connectionwith conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in paymentflows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to us under such contracts. Our objective is to reflect the appropriate clinical trialexpenses in our consolidated financial statements by matching the appropriate expenses with the period in which services are provided and efforts are expended.We account for these expenses according to the progress of the trial as measured by patient progression and the timing of various aspects of the trial. We determineaccrual estimates through financial models that take into account discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state ofcompletion of trials, or the services completed. During the course of a clinical trial, we adjust our clinical expense recognition if actual results differ from ourestimates. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on the facts and circumstancesknown to us at that time. Our clinical trial accrual and prepaid assets are dependent, in part, upon the receipt of timely and accurate reporting from CROs and otherthird-party vendors. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timingof services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too lowfor any particular period.JOBS Act In April 2012, the JOBS Act was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an "emerging growth company" can take advantage of an extendedtransition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an "emerging growth company" can delay the adoption of certain accountingstandards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition periodand, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other companies.71Table of ContentsResults of Operations Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014Revenues Revenues increased by $10.7 million in 2015 when compared to 2014 primarily as a result of recognizing in the fourth quarter of 2015, $8 million of deferredrevenue from our May 2010 funding agreement with LLS. The increase was also caused by $2.9 million of contractual cost-sharing revenue from Baxalta for aportion of the costs of the INSPIRE trial in 2015, partially offset by $0.3 million of research and development revenue under the Baxalta agreement which wasrecognized on a proportional performance basis which was completed during the first quarter of 2014. In addition, clinical supply revenue from SymBio was$0.1 million in 2015 compared to $0 in 2014.General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses decreased by $5.6 million, or 36.9%, to $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $15.1 millionfor the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease was primarily caused by a decrease in professional fees and consulting fees of $2.7 million as a result ofhigher pre-commercialization consulting during the 2014 period. The decrease was also caused by a $2.1 million decrease in facilities and personnel and relatedcosts from a reduction in general and administrative headcount to 13 at December 31, 2015 from 15 at December 31, 2014. Stock-based compensation expense was$0.2 million lower in the 2015 period as a result of fewer outstanding options following the reduction in workforce. Meetings and sponsorship expenses were$0.6 million lower in the 2015 period as the company attended and presented at fewer conferences.Research and development expenses Research and development expenses decreased by $23.5 million, or 47.6%, to $25.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $49.4 millionfor the year ended December 31, 2014. This decrease was caused primarily by a $13.1 million decrease in pre-clinical and clinical development costs in the 2015period, as we focused our planning and development efforts on the INSPIRE trial and worked to reduce expenses related to other programs or legacy studies. Theclinical and preclinical decrease was comprised of $6.8 million less expense in the 2015 period for the higher-risk MDS studies which preceded INSPIRE, offsetby $1.9 million of clinical expense related to INSPIRE. The clinical and preclinical decrease was also attributable to $3.0 million less expense related to lower riskMDS studies in 2015, $2.2 million less preclinical and sponsored research in 2015, and $3.0 million less72 Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 Change Revenue $11,456,000 $800,000 $10,656,000 Operating expenses: General and administrative 9,533,000 15,119,000 5,586,000 Research and development 25,895,000 49,425,000 23,530,000 Total operating expenses 35,428,000 64,544,000 29,116,000 Loss from operations (23,972,000) (63,744,000) 39,772,000 Change in fair value of warrant liability — 20,000 (20,000)Other income (expense), net (35,000) (52,000) 17,000 Net loss before income taxes (24,007,000) (63,776,000) 39,769,000 Income taxes 16,000 19,000 3,000 Net loss $(24,023,000)$(63,795,000)$39,772,000 Table of Contentsexpense related to legacy studies and other clinical costs during 2015. The decrease in research and development expenses in 2015 was also caused by a reductionof $2.3 million in API manufacturing and formulation costs related to validation activities and a reduction of $3.7 million in consulting expenses related toanalyzing clinical trial results and preparing for meetings with regulatory authorities in the 2014 period. Personnel and related costs were $3.3 million lower asresearch and development headcount was down to 23 at December 31, 2015 from 35 at December 31, 2014. Stock-based compensation expense was $1.1 millionlower in the 2015 period as a result of acceleration of vesting and expense recognition in the 2014 period in connection with our reductions in workforce in thethird quarter of 2014.Change in fair value of warrant liability The fair value of the warrant liability, which relates to a warrant issued in June 2009, was unchanged during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to adecrease of $20,000 during the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in the fair value of the warrant liability in 2014 was primarily due to the revaluationof the warrants, which, at December 31, 2015, entitled the holder to purchase up to 4,597 shares of our common stock. These warrants are expected to expireunexercised on July 30, 2016.Other income, net Other income (expense), net, was $35,000 of other expense for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to $52,000 of other expense for the year endedDecember 31, 2015. This change of $17,000 was due primarily to a $43,000 lower exchange loss in the 2015 period, partially offset by the loss on disposal ofoffice furniture of $15,000 related to closing of one office location and $11,000 less interest income as a result of lower cash balances in the 2015 period.Liquidity and Capital Resources Since our inception, we have incurred net losses and generally negative cash flows from our operations. We incurred net losses of $24.0 million and$63.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Since inception our accumulated deficit is $318.6 million. We believe that our cashand cash equivalents, together with anticipated contractual cost-sharing payments from Baxalta for a portion of the INSPIRE trial costs, will be sufficient to fundour ongoing trials and operations into the first quarter of 2017. Due to our ongoing operating losses and our accumulated deficit, in combination with the fact thatthe future success of the Company is dependent on its ability to obtain additional financing, the opinion of our independent registered public accounting firm onour audited consolidated financial statements for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 contains an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about ourability to continue as a going concern.Cash Flows The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:73 Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Net cash (used in) provided by: Operating activities $(31,238,000)$(57,648,000)Investing activities — 39,772,000 Financing activities 7,464,000 1,463,000 Effect of foreign currency translation (9,000) (14,000)Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents $(23,783,000)$(16,427,000)Table of ContentsNet cash used in operating activities Net cash used in operating activities was $31.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and consisted primarily of a net loss of $24.0 million, and adecrease in deferred revenue of $8.0 million and $0.5 million of revenue from our LLS research agreement and SymBio collaboration, respectively, partially offsetby $3.8 million of noncash stock-based compensation expense and $0.2 million of depreciation and amortization expense. Changes in operating assets andliabilities resulted in a net decrease in cash of $2.7 million. Significant changes in operating assets and liabilities included an increase of $1.4 million inreceivables, primarily due to our collaboration with Baxalta. Accrued expenses decreased $2.0 million due to lower accrued clinical costs and bonus, and thetiming of invoices for clinical trial and manufacturing development costs related to the ongoing trials at December 31, 2015. Accounts payable decreased$0.6 million due to the timing of payments to our vendors. Prepaid expenses and other current assets decreased $1.2 million as a result of the recognition ofexpense for clinical and manufacturing activities, as well as insurance expense. Restricted cash decreased $0.1 million due to the expiration of a letter of creditrelated to an office lease which was terminated during the first quarter of 2015. Net cash used in operating activities was $57.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and consisted primarily of a net loss of $63.8 million, and adecrease in deferred revenue of $0.8 million related to the recognition of deferred revenue under the Baxalta and SymBio collaboration agreements, which waspartially offset by $5.5 million of noncash increases primarily related to stock compensation expense of $5.1 million and depreciation of $0.4 million. The cashused in operating activities was also impacted by the changes in operating assets and liabilities including a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of$1.2 million which was the result of the timing of expense recognition and payments to our contract research and manufacturing organizations, and an increase of$0.3 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses, which was primarily due to the timing of our payments of clinical trial costs related to the ongoing trialsand development of our product candidates.Net cash provided by investing activities Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $0. Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 was $39.8 million, and consisted of maturities of marketable securities of$40.0 million, offset by purchases of fixed assets of $0.2 million.Net cash provided by financing activities Net cash provided by financing activities was $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, which was due to proceeds from the sales of our commonstock. Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, which was due to $1.0 million in proceeds from theexercise of stock options and the $0.5 million capital contribution to GBO by our collaboration partner, GVK. GBO, the entity which represents our pre-clinicalcollaboration with GVK, is consolidated in our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. GBO's assets and liabilities are included inour balance sheets and its expenses in our statements of operations, less those amounts comprising the non-controlling interest. The consolidation of GBO did nothave a material effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.Operating and Capital Expenditure Requirements We have not achieved profitability since our inception and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. We expect our net cashexpenditures in 2016 to decrease from 201574Table of Contentsdue to a reduction in cash expenses related to administrative expenses and non-core clinical trials, which will be partially offset by an increase in cash expendituresrelated to our INSPIRE trial. In February 2016, we communicated to certain employees our plan of termination to reduce a number of positions as part of ourongoing commitment to reduce costs and conserve cash. We estimate the net reduction to be approximately 6 employees, which represents approximately17 percent of our workforce. Affected employees have been offered severance pay in accordance with our policy or, if applicable, their employment agreements.As a result of the workforce reduction, we estimate that we will record in the first quarter of 2016, a one-time severance-related charge totaling approximately$2.8 million, which includes a non-cash charge of approximately $1.6 million related to the accelerated vesting of the outstanding stock options for certain of theaffected employees. The severance-related charge that we expect to incur in connection with the workforce reduction is subject to a number of assumptions, andactual results may differ materially. We may also incur other charges or cash expenditures not currently contemplated due to events that may occur as a result of, orassociated with, the workforce reduction. We do not have the funding resources necessary to carry out all of our proposed operating activities. We will need to obtain additional financing in the futurein order to fully fund our INSPIRE trial and to further develop rigosertib or any other product candidates through the regulatory approval process. Accordingly, wemay delay or pause our planned clinical trials, including the INSPIRE trial, until we secure adequate additional funding. If we seek to proceed with a clinical trialwithout additional funding, we may receive questions or comments from the FDA, fail to obtain IRB approval, or find it more difficult to enroll patients in the trial.Additionally, we plan to scale down our operations in order to reduce spending on general and administrative functions, research and development, and otherclinical trials. We are exploring various dilutive and non-dilutive sources of funding, including equity and debt financings, strategic alliances, business development andother sources. However, we may not be able to obtain additional funding on favorable terms, if at all. If we are unable to secure adequate additional funding, wewill continue to delay, scale-back or eliminate certain of our planned research, drug discovery and development activities and certain other aspects of ouroperations and our business until such time as we are successful in securing adequate additional funding. As a result, our business, operating results, financialcondition and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected. We will incur substantial costs beyond the present and planned clinical trials in order to file aNew Drug Application (NDA) for rigosertib. The nature, design, size and cost of further studies will depend in large part on the outcome of preceding studies anddiscussions with regulators. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:•timing and success of our clinical trials for rigosertib; •continued progress of and increased spending related to our research and development activities; •conditions in the capital markets and the biopharmaceutical industry, particularly with respect to raising capital or entering into strategicarrangements; •progress with preclinical experiments and clinical trials, including regulatory approvals necessary for advancement and continuation of ourdevelopment programs; •changes in regulatory requirements and guidance of the FDA and other regulatory authorities, which may require additional clinical trials toevaluate safety and/or efficacy, and thus have significant impacts on our timelines, cost projections, and financial requirements; •ongoing general and administrative expenses related to our reporting obligations under the Exchange Act; •cost, timing, and results of regulatory reviews and approvals;75Table of Contents•costs of pending or future legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits and investigations; •success, timing, and financial consequences of any existing or future collaborative, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish,including potential granting of licenses to one or more of our programs in various territories, or otherwise monetizing one or more of our programs; •cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights; •costs of commercializing any of our other product candidates; •technological and market developments; •cost of manufacturing development; and •timing and volume of sales of products for which we obtain marketing approval. If we are unable to successfully raise sufficient additional capital, through future debt or equity financings, product sales, or through strategic andcollaborative ventures with third parties, we will not have sufficient cash flows and liquidity to fund our planned business operations. In that event, we may beforced to limit many, if not all, of our programs and consider other means of creating value for our stockholders, such as licensing to others the development andcommercialization of products that we consider valuable and would otherwise likely develop ourselves. If we are unable to raise the necessary capital, we may beforced to curtail all of our activities and, ultimately, potentially cease operations. Even if we are able to raise additional capital, such financings may only beavailable on unattractive terms, or could result in significant dilution of stockholders' interests. The consolidated financial statements do not include anyadjustments relating to recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should webe unable to continue in existence. Please see "Risk Factors" for additional risks associated with our substantial capital requirements.Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by applicable SEC regulations.Segment Reporting We view our operations and manage our business in one segment, which is the identification and development of oncology therapeutics.Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance on revenue from contracts with customers that will supersede most current revenue recognition guidance. Theunderlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to beentitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance permits the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. In July 2015, theFASB approved a one-year deferral of the effective date of the guidance to interim and annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2017. Early adoption ispermitted but not before the original effective date of December 15, 2016. We have not yet selected a transition method and are currently evaluating the impact ofthe amended guidance on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and related disclosures. In August 2014, the FASB issued guidance on determining when and how to disclose going-concern uncertainties in the financial statements. The newstandard requires management to perform76Table of Contentsinterim and annual assessments of an entity's ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date the financial statements are issued. An entity mustprovide certain disclosures if conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern. The guidance applies to allentities and is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods thereafter, with early adoption permitted. We are evaluating thepotential impact of the new guidance on our quarterly reporting process and our consolidated financial position, results of operations and related disclosures.ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK As a smaller reporting company, the Company is not required to provide the information otherwise required by this Item.ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are listed in Item 15—"Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this AnnualReport.ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None.ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our President and Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Vice President, FinancialPlanning & Accounting and Chief Accounting Officer (our principal financial officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as ofDecember 31, 2015 The term "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, asamended (the "Exchange Act"), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by acompany in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in theSEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to bedisclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, includingits principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on the evaluation of ourdisclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of such date,disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.Internal Control Over Financial Reporting This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting.Management's report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to exemptions provided to issuers that are non-acceleratedfilers or qualify as an "emerging growth company," as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart OurBusiness Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act.77Table of Contents Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management assessed the effectiveness ofour internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee ofSponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued in 2013. Based upon the assessments,management has concluded that as of December 31, 2015 our internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding thereliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP.Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2015 that has materially affected, or isreasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None.78Table of ContentsPART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The names and biographies of our current directors are set forth below. We believe that all of our directors bring to our board executive leadership experiencefrom their service as executives and/or directors of our Company and/or other entities. Henry S. Bienen, Ph.D. Dr. Bienen has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2009. He currently serves as the chairman of RasmussenCollege, has served as the president emeritus of Northwestern University since August 2009 and served as the president of Northwestern University from 1995 to2009. Dr. Bienen was the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor and Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs atPrinceton University prior to his appointment at Northwestern. Dr. Bienen began his association with Princeton University in 1966, advancing from assistantprofessor to professor of politics and international affairs, and was then appointed the William Stewart Tod Professor of Politics and International Affairs in 1981and the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in 1985. Dr. Bienen has served as a director of the Grosvenor Registered Multi Strategy Fund (TI1), LLC, the Grosvenor Registered Multi Strategy Fund (TI 2), LLC, the Grosvenor Registered Multi Strategy Fund (TE), LLC and the Grosvenor Registered MultiStrategy Master Fund, LLC since April 2011. Dr. Bienen serves on the board of directors of Ryan Specialty Group and previously served on the boards of directorsof The Bear Stearns Companies Inc., until its purchase by JP Morgan Chase & Co. in 2008, SPSS Inc. from 2007 until 2009, when the company was sold to IBMCorporation, and Gleacher & Company, a publicly held investment banking firm, from May 2010 to April 2013. Dr. Bienen also currently chairs the advisoryboard of The Vistria Group, a private equity firm, and serves on the Chicago Board of Education. Dr. Bienen received his Bachelor's Degree with honors fromCornell University and both his Master's Degree and Ph.D., from the University of Chicago. Our board of directors believes Dr. Bienen's perspective and experience as a director of a public company, as well as his educational background, provide himwith the qualifications and skills to serve as a director. Jerome E. Groopman, M.D. Dr. Groopman has served as a member of our board of directors since July 2013. Dr. Groopman has served as the Dina andRaphael Recanati Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School since January 1992. He has also served as Attending Hematologist/Oncologist at Beth IsraelDeaconess Medical Center since July 1996. Dr. Groopman received an M.D. from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and a B.A. inPolitical Philosophy from Columbia College. Our board of directors believes Dr. Groopman's perspective and experience in the healthcare industry, as well as his educational background, provide himwith the qualifications and skills to serve as a director.79Name Age Position(s) with Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. Served as Director From Henry S. Bienen, Ph.D. 77 Director 2009 Jerome E. Groopman, M.D. 64 Director 2013 Michael B. Hoffman 65 Chairman of the Board of Directors 2002 Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D. 60 Director, President and Chief Executive Officer 1998 Viren Mehta 66 Director 2004 James J. Marino 65 Director 2015 E. Premkumar Reddy, Ph.D. 72 Director 1999 Anne M. VanLent 68 Director 2013 Table of Contents Michael B. Hoffman. Mr. Hoffman has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors since 2006 and as a member of our board of directors sinceDecember 2002. Since 2003, Mr. Hoffman has been a partner of Riverstone Holdings LLC, or Riverstone, where he is principally responsible for investments inpower and renewable energy. Before joining Riverstone, Mr. Hoffman was senior managing director and head of the mergers and acquisitions advisory business ofThe Blackstone Group L.P., or Blackstone, where he also served on the firm's principal group investment committee as well as its executive committee. Prior tojoining Blackstone, Mr. Hoffman was managing director and co-head of the mergers and acquisitions department at Smith Barney, Harris Upham & Co.Mr. Hoffman currently serves as a director of Pattern Energy, Inc., Talen Energy Corporation, and the general partner of Enviva Partners. Mr. Hoffman also serveson the board of directors of QR Pharma and various private companies sponsored by Riverstone. His non-profit board affiliations include Rockefeller University.Mr. Hoffman received his Bachelor's and Master's Degrees from Northwestern University and his M.B.A. from the Harvard Business School. Our board of directors believes Mr. Hoffman's perspective and experience as an investor, as well as his educational background, provide him with thequalifications and skills to serve as a director. Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D. Dr. Kumar is one of our co-founders, and is currently our President and Chief Executive Officer, a position he has held since 1998,as well as a member of our board of directors. Prior to our founding, Dr. Kumar held positions in research and development or management at PrincetonUniversity, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, or Bristol-Myers Squibb, DNX Corp. (later Nextran Corp., a subsidiary of Baxter International Inc.) andKimeragen, Inc. (later ValiGen Inc.), a genomics company, where he was President of the Genomics and Transgenics Division. Dr. Kumar received his Ph.D. inMolecular Biology from the University of Illinois, Chicago, and trained at the National Cancer Institute. Additionally, Dr. Kumar received his B.Sc. and M.Sc.,both with honors, in Microbiology from Panjab University. Our board of directors believes Dr. Kumar's perspective and experience as our co-founder, President and Chief Executive Officer, as well as his depth ofoperating and senior management experience in our industry, provide him with the qualifications and skills to serve as a director. James J. Marino. Mr. Marino has served as a member of our board of directors since July 2015. Prior to July 2015, Mr. Marino was a Partner at the globallaw firm of Dechert LLP for 28 years, where he served as Managing Partner of the Princeton Office. Mr. Marino served as the outside counsel for Onconova fromits inception through and including its initial public offering. Previously, he served on the board of directors of Pharmacopeia Drug Discovery, Inc. from 2000 to2006 and has worked in advisory capacities and on the boards of multiple non-profit organizations, including Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital. Hecurrently serves on the Board of Trustees of Wake Forest University and Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center. Mr. Marino received his B.A., J.D. and MBA fromRutgers University. Our board of directors believes that Mr. Marino's perspective and experience advising Onconova and numerous other leading life science companies inconnection with financings, acquisitions and strategic alliances, provide him with the qualifications and skills to serve as a director. Viren Mehta. Dr. Mehta has served as a member of our board of directors since February 2004. Dr. Mehta has been a managing member of Mehta Partnerssince 1997. Mehta Partners provides strategic advisory services to the biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies worldwide. Prior to founding Mehta Partners,Dr. Mehta co-founded Mehta and Isaly in 1989, and prior to that was a part of the strategic planning team of the International Division at Merck & Co. Dr. Mehtaearned a Doctor of Pharmacy at the University of Southern California, and an M.B.A. from the Anderson School of Business at the University of California, LosAngeles.80Table of Contents Our board of directors believes Dr. Mehta's perspective and experience in the life sciences industry as a biopharma fund manager, fund consultant and astrategic advisor to senior managers in the biopharma industry, as well as his educational background, provide him with the qualifications and skills to serve as adirector. E. Premkumar Reddy, Ph.D. Dr. Reddy is one of our scientific founders and has served as a member of our board of directors since February 1999. SinceMarch 2010, Dr. Reddy has served as a Professor at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, or Mount Sinai and Director of the Experimental Cancer TherapeuticsProgram at the Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai. From 1992 to February 2010, Dr. Reddy served as a Professor and Director of the Fels Institute for CancerResearch of Temple University. He was the founder and co-editor of the international journal of cancer research, Oncogene, published by Nature PublishingGroup. Dr. Reddy received his B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Osmania University. Our board of directors believes Dr. Reddy's perspective and experience as our co-founder, his educational background, as well as his experience in researchand product development, provide him with the qualifications and skills to serve as a director. Anne M. VanLent. Ms. VanLent has served as a member of our board of directors since July 2013. Ms. VanLent has served as President of AMV Advisors,a personal consulting firm providing strategic and financial services to companies in the greater life sciences sector, since May 2008. Ms. VanLent has served as adirector of Biota Pharmaceuticals, Inc. since May 2013, where she has also served as chair of the audit committee and as a member of the nominating andgovernance committee since May 2013 and lead independent director since November 2015; as a director and chair of the audit committee of AegerionPharmaceuticals, Inc. since April 2013 and a member of the compensation committee and the compliance committee since 2015; and as a director of OceraTherapeutics, Inc. (formerly Tranzyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) since April 2011, where she has also served as chair of the nominating and governance committeesince December 2013. From December 2004 to May 2013, Ms. Van Lent served as a director of Integra Life Sciences Holding Corporation, where she was amember of the audit committee from December 2004 to May 2013, serving as its chair from May 2006 to May 2012, and a member of the compensationcommittee from 2004 to 2006. Ms. VanLent also served as a director of Penwest Pharmaceuticals Co., from 1997 to 2010, where she was chair of the auditcommittee from 2002 to 2010 and chair of the nomination and governance committee in 2010. Ms. VanLent received a B.A. degree in Physics from MountHolyoke College. Our board of directors believes that Ms. VanLent's extensive leadership and finance experience, and her extensive experience serving as a board member,audit committee member and audit committee chair of public companies in the life sciences industry, provide her with the qualifications and skills to serve as adirector.Executive Officers The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers who are not also directors.81Name Age Position(s) with Onconova Therapeutics, Inc.Steven M. Fruchtman,M.D. 65 Chief Medical Officer, and Senior Vice President, Research andDevelopmentManoj Maniar, Ph.D. 53 Senior Vice President, Product DevelopmentMark P. Guerin 47 Vice President—Financial Planning & Accounting, and Chief AccountingOfficerTable of Contents Steven M. Fruchtman, M.D. Dr. Fruchtman has served as our Chief Medical Officer and Senior Vice President, Research and Development since January2015. Dr. Fruchtman is a board certified hematologist with extensive industry experience in clinical research for myelodysplastic syndromes, hematologicmalignancies and solid tumors. From June 2014 to January 2015, Dr. Fruchtman was a hematology oncology drug development consultant. From September 2013to June 2014, Dr. Fruchtman served as Chief Medical Officer at Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. From July 2011 to July 2013,Dr. Fruchtman was the Chief Medical Officer and Senior Vice President of Research and Regulatory Affairs at Spectrum Pharmaceuticals. From February 2011 toJune 2011, he was Vice President of Research at Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. From February 2009 to January 2011,Dr. Fruchtman was Vice President, Clinical Research at Allos Therpeutics, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. Prior to this, Dr. Fruchtman held senior positions atNovartis and Ortho Biotech Products. Dr. Fruchtman was on the faculty of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and was the Director of the Stem CellTransplantation and Myeloproliferative Disorder Programs at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Dr. Fruchtman received his medical degree from New YorkMedical College and his B.A. from Cornell University. Mark P. Guerin Mr. Guerin has served as Vice President—Financial Planning & Accounting, and Chief Accounting Officer since May 2014, and as VicePresident—Financial Planning & Accounting from September 2013 to May 2014. He has also served as our principal financial officer since Februaury 12, 2016.Between January 2012 and September 2013, Mr. Guerin was self-employed as a financial and accounting consultant. For more than six years, through December2011, Mr. Guerin was employed by CardioKine, Inc., serving as Chief Financial Officer from mid-2009 through December 2011. Mr. Guerin received his B.A. inAccounting from DeSales University. Manoj Maniar, Ph.D. Dr. Maniar has served as our Senior Vice President, Product Development since August 2005. Prior to joining us, Dr. Maniar waswith SRI International, Inc., a nonprofit research institute, where he served as Senior Director, Formulations and Drug Delivery. Dr. Maniar received his B.S. inPharmacy from Bombay College of Pharmacy and his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutics from the University of Connecticut.Corporate Governance Board Composition Our board of directors currently consists of eight members. Our board of directors has undertaken a review of the independence of our directors and hasdetermined that all directors except Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D. and E. Premkumar Reddy, Ph.D. are independent within the meaning of Section 5605(a)(2) of theNASDAQ Stock Market listing rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Our tenth amended andrestated certificate of incorporation provides that our board of directors will consist of not less than three nor more than 11 directors, as such number of directorsmay from time to time be fixed by our board of directors. Each director shall be elected to the board to hold office until his or her successor is elected and qualifiedat the next annual meeting of stockholders.Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight Our board of directors recognizes the time, effort and energy that the chief executive officer is required to devote to his position in the current businessenvironment, as well as the commitment required to serve as our chairman, particularly as the board of directors' oversight responsibilities continue to grow. Webelieve that, at present, separating these positions allows our chief executive officer to focus on our day-to-day business, while allowing our chairman to lead theboard of directors in its fundamental role of providing advice to, and independent oversight of, management. Our board of directors also believes that this structureensures a greater role for the independent directors in the82Table of Contentsoversight of our company and active participation of the independent directors in setting agendas and establishing priorities and procedures for the work of ourboard of directors. While our bylaws do not require that our chairman and chief executive officer positions be separate, our board of directors believes that having separatepositions is the appropriate leadership structure for us at this time and demonstrates our commitment to good corporate governance. Risk is inherent with every business, and how well a business manages risk can ultimately determine its success. We face a number of risks, including but notlimited to risks relating to limited cash resources, need to raise additional funds, product candidate development, technological uncertainty, dependence oncollaborative partners and other third parties, uncertainty regarding patents and proprietary rights, comprehensive government regulations, having no commercialmanufacturing experience, marketing or sales capability or experience and dependence on key personnel. Management is responsible for the day-to-daymanagement of risks we face, while our board of directors, as a whole and through its committees, has responsibility for the oversight of risk management. In itsrisk oversight role, our board of directors has the responsibility to satisfy itself that the risk management processes designed and implemented by management areadequate and functioning as designed. The board of directors periodically consults with management regarding the Company's risks. Our board of directors is actively involved in oversight of risks that could affect us. This oversight is conducted primarily through the audit committee of ourboard of directors, but the full board of directors has retained responsibility for general oversight of risks.Board Committees Our board of directors has established three standing committees: the audit committee, the compensation committee and the nominating and corporategovernance committee. The current members of our audit committee are Henry S. Bienen, Ph.D., James J. Marino, Viren Mehta and Anne M. VanLent, with AnneM. VanLent serving as chairperson. The current members of our compensation committee are Michael B. Hoffman, Henry S. Bienen, Ph.D., James J. Marino andAnne M. VanLent, with Michael B. Hoffman serving as chairperson. The current members of our nominating and corporate governance committee are Michael B.Hoffman, Viren Mehta and Jerome E. Groopman, M.D., with Viren Mehta serving as chairperson. Our board of directors has determined that Henry S. Bienen, Ph.D., James J. Marino,Viren Mehta and Anne M. VanLent meet the additional test forindependence for audit committee members imposed by Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") regulations and Section 5605(c)(2)(A) of the NASDAQStock Market listing rules and that Michael B. Hoffman, Henry S. Bienen, Ph.D, James J. Marino and Anne M. VanLent meet the additional test for independencefor compensation committee members imposed by Section 5605(d)(2)(A) of the NASDAQ Stock Market listing rules.Audit Committee The primary purpose of our audit committee is to assist the board of directors in the oversight of the integrity of our accounting and financial reportingprocess, the audits of our consolidated financial statements, and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. Our audit committee met five times duringfiscal 2015. The functions of our audit committee include, among other things:•hiring the independent registered public accounting firm to conduct the annual audit of our consolidated financial statements and monitoring itsindependence and performance; •reviewing and approving the planned scope of the annual audit and the results of the annual audit;83Table of Contents•pre-approving all audit services and permissible non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm; •reviewing the significant accounting and reporting principles to understand their impact on our consolidated financial statements; •reviewing our internal financial, operating and accounting controls with management, our independent registered public accounting firm and ourinternal audit provider; •reviewing with management and our independent registered public accounting firm, as appropriate, our financial reports, earnings announcementsand our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; •reviewing potential conflicts of interest under and violations of our code of conduct; •establishing procedures for the treatment of complaints received by us regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters andconfidential submissions by our employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters; •reviewing and approving related-party transactions; and •reviewing and evaluating, at least annually, our audit committee's charter. With respect to reviewing and approving related-party transactions, our audit committee reviews related-party transactions for potential conflicts of interestsor other improprieties. Under SEC rules, related-party transactions are those transactions to which we are or may be a party in which the amount involved exceedsthe lesser of $120,000 or 1% of total assets, and in which any of our directors or executive officers or any other related person had or will have a direct or indirectmaterial interest, excluding, among other things, compensation arrangements with respect to employment and board membership. Our audit committee couldapprove a related-party transaction if it determines that the transaction is in our best interests. Our directors are required to disclose to this committee or the fullboard of directors any potential conflict of interest, or personal interest in a transaction that our board is considering. Our executive officers are required to discloseany related-party transaction to the audit committee. We also poll our directors on an annual basis with respect to related-party transactions and their service as anofficer or director of other entities. Any director involved in a related-party transaction that is being reviewed or approved must recuse himself or herself fromparticipation in any related deliberation or decision. Whenever possible, the transaction should be approved in advance and if not approved in advance, must besubmitted for ratification as promptly as practical. The financial literacy requirements of the SEC require that each member of our audit committee be able to read and understand fundamental financialstatements. In addition, at least one member of our audit committee must qualify as an audit committee financial expert, as defined in Item 407(d)(5) ofRegulation S-K promulgated under the Securities Act, and have financial sophistication in accordance with the NASDAQ Stock Market listing rules. Our board ofdirectors has determined that Anne M. VanLent qualifies as an audit committee financial expert. Both our independent registered public accounting firm and management periodically will meet privately with our audit committee. The board of directors has adopted a charter for the audit committee, which is available in the corporate governance section of our website athttp://www.onconova.com.Compensation Committee The primary purpose of our compensation committee is to assist our board of directors in exercising its responsibilities relating to compensation of ourexecutive officers and employees and to administer our equity compensation and other benefit plans. In carrying out these responsibilities, this84Table of Contentscommittee reviews all components of executive officer and employee compensation for consistency with its compensation philosophy, as in effect from time totime. Our compensation committee met ten times during fiscal 2015. The functions of our compensation committee include, among other things:•designing and implementing competitive compensation, severance and change in control policies to attract and retain key personnel; •reviewing and formulating policy and determining the compensation of our executive officers and employees; •reviewing and recommending to our board of directors the compensation of our non-employee directors; •reviewing and evaluating our compensation risk policies and procedures; •administering our equity incentive plans and granting equity awards to our employees, consultants and directors under these plans; •administering our performance bonus plans and granting bonus opportunities to our employees, consultants and non-employee directors under theseplans; •if required from time to time, preparing the executive officer compensation information required to be included in our annual proxy statement; •engaging compensation consultants or other advisors it deems appropriate to assist with its duties; and •reviewing and evaluating, at least annually, our compensation committee's charter. The board of directors has adopted a charter for the compensation committee, which is available in the corporate governance section of our website athttp://www.onconova.com. During 2014 and 2015, the compensation committee has utilized Radford ("Radford"), an Aon Hewitt company, as its executive compensation consultant.Radford reports directly to the compensation committee. The compensation committee may replace Radford or hire additional consultants at any time. Uponrequest by the compensation committee or its chair, a representative of Radford attends meetings of the compensation committee and is available to discusscompensation issues in between meetings. In connection with its work for the compensation committee, Radford provided various executive compensation services to the compensation committeepursuant to a written consulting agreement. Generally, these services included advising the compensation committee on the principal aspects of our executivecompensation program and evolving industry practices and providing market information and analysis regarding the competitiveness of our program design andour award values in relation to performance. The compensation committee retains sole authority to hire any compensation consultant, approve such consultant's compensation, determine the nature andscope of its services, evaluate its performance, and terminate its engagement. We assessed the independence of Radford pursuant to SEC rules and determined thatno known conflict of interest existed that would prevent Radford from serving as an independent consultant to the compensation committee. The compensation committee has reviewed our compensation policies and practices for all employees, including our named executive officers, as they relateto risk management practices and risk-taking incentives, and has determined that there are no risks arising from these policies and practices that are reasonablylikely to have a material adverse effect on us.85Table of ContentsNominating and Corporate Governance Committee The primary purpose of our nominating and corporate governance committee is to assist our board of directors in promoting the best interest of our companyand our stockholders through the implementation of sound corporate governance principles and practices. Our nominating and corporate governance committeemet two times during fiscal 2015. The functions of our nominating and corporate governance committee include, among other things:•identifying, reviewing and evaluating candidates to serve on our board of directors; •determining the minimum qualifications for service on our board of directors; •developing and recommending to our board an annual self-evaluation process for our board of directors and overseeing the annual self-evaluationprocess; •developing, as appropriate, a set of corporate governance principles, and reviewing and recommending to our board of directors any changes tosuch principles; and •periodically reviewing and evaluating our nominating and corporate governance committee's charter. The board of directors has adopted a charter for the nominating and corporate governance committee, which is available in the corporate governance sectionof our website at http://www.onconova.com.Code of Conduct for Employees, Executive Officers and Directors We have adopted a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, executive officers and directors. The code of conduct is available in the corporategovernance section of our website at http://www.onconova.com. The audit committee of our board of directors is responsible for overseeing the code of conduct and must approve any waivers of the code of conduct foremployees, executive officers or directors.Meetings of the Board of Directors The board of directors held 20 meetings during fiscal 2015. During fiscal 2015, each director attended at least 75 percent of the aggregate of the total numberof meetings of the board of directors and the committees on which such director served. Directors are encouraged, but not required, to attend the annual meeting of stockholders. Michael B. Hoffman, Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D., E. Premkumar Reddy,Ph.D., and Anne M. VanLent attended the 2015 annual meeting of stockholders.Director Nomination Process The process followed by our nominating and corporate governance committee to identify and evaluate director candidates includes requests to board membersand others for recommendations, meetings from time to time to evaluate biographical information and background material relating to potential candidates andinterviews of selected candidates by members of the nominating and corporate governance committee and the board of directors. In determining whether to recommend any particular candidate for inclusion in the board of director's slate of recommended director nominees, ournominating and corporate governance committee considers the composition of the board of directors with respect to depth of experience, balance of professionalinterests, required expertise and other factors. The nominating and corporate governance committee considers the value of diversity when recommendingcandidates. The committee86Table of Contentsviews diversity broadly to include diversity of experience, skills and viewpoint. The nominating and corporate governance committee does not assign specificweights to particular criteria and no particular criterion is a prerequisite for each prospective nominee. Our board of directors believe that the backgrounds andqualifications of its directors, considered as a group, should provide a composite mix of experience, knowledge and abilities that will allow it to fulfill itsresponsibilities. Stockholders may recommend individuals to our nominating and corporate governance committee for consideration as potential director candidates. Thenominating and corporate governance committee will evaluate stockholder-recommended candidates by following the same process and applying the same criteriaas it follows for candidates submitted by others. Stockholders may directly nominate a person for election to our board of directors by complying with the procedures set forth in Section 2.2(A) of our bylaws,and with the rules and regulations of the SEC. Under our bylaws, only persons nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in the bylaws will be eligibleto serve as directors. In order to nominate a candidate for service as a director, you must be a stockholder at the time you give the board of directors notice of yournomination, and you must be entitled to vote for the election of directors at the meeting at which your nominee will be considered. In addition, the stockholdermust have given timely notice in writing to our Secretary. To be timely, a stockholder's notice must be delivered to the Secretary at our principal executive officesnot later than the 90th day, nor earlier than the 120th day, prior to the first anniversary of the prior year's annual meeting of stockholders (provided, however, thatin the event that the date of the annual meeting is more than 30 days before or 60 days after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder must be delivered noearlier than the 120th day prior to the annual meeting and no later than the later of the 90th day prior to such annual meeting or the 10th day following the day onwhich public announcement of the date of such annual meeting is first made by us). Your notice must set forth (i) the name, age, business address and, if known,residence address of the nominee, (ii) the principal occupation or employment of the nominee, (iii) the class and number of shares of stock of the Company directlyor indirectly, owned beneficially or of record by the nominee, (iv) a description of all arrangements or understandings between you and the nominee and any otherperson or persons (naming such person or persons) pursuant to which the nomination is to be made by you, and (v) all other information relating to the nomineethat is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for the election of directors in an election contest, or is otherwise required, in each case, pursuant toSection 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Nominations for director must be accompanied by the nominee's writtenconsent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a director if elected.Stockholder Communications with the Board You can contact our board of directors to provide comments, to report concerns, or to ask a question, at the following address.Corporate Secretary Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. 375 Pheasant Run Newtown, PA 18940 United States You may submit your concern anonymously or confidentially by postal mail. You may also indicate whether you are a stockholder, customer, supplier, orother interested party. Communications are distributed to our board of directors, or to any individual directors, as appropriate, depending on the facts and circumstances outlined inthe communication.87Table of ContentsSection 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance Pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act and the rules issued thereunder, our executive officers, directors and beneficial owners of more than ten percentof our common stock are required to file with the SEC reports of holdings of and transactions in our securities. Copies of such reports are required to be furnishedto us. Based solely on a review of the copies of such reports furnished to us, or written representations that no other reports were required, we believe that allrequired reports were filed in fiscal 2015 in a timely manner, except that, one Form 4 for each of our executive officers subject to Section 16(a) reporting: AjayBansal, Steven M. Fruchtman, M.D., Mark P. Guerin, Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D., and Manoj Manair, Ph.D., related to a grant of stock options on September 25, 2015,and one Form 3 for Manoj Manair, Ph.D related to his initial Section 16 (a) filing upon becoming an executive officer on April 27, 2015, were filed late.ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Overview of Executive Compensation The compensation committee of our board of directors is responsible for overseeing the compensation of all of our executive officers. In this capacity, ourcompensation committee annually reviews and approves the compensation of our chief executive officer and other executive officers, including such goals andobjectives relevant to the executive officers' compensation that the committee, in its discretion, determines are appropriate, evaluates their performance in light ofthose goals and objectives, and sets their compensation based on this evaluation.2015 Summary Compensation Table The following table sets forth information for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 concerning compensation of our principal executive officerand the two most highly compensated executive officers during 2015. We refer to these three executive officers as our "named executive officers."88Name and Principal Position Year Salary ($) Bonus ($)(1) Option Awards ($)(2) All Other Compensation ($)(3) Total ($) Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D. 2015 542,810 — 224,056 12,960 779,826 President and Chief Executive Officer 2014 525,000 188,409 484,961 18,804 1,217,174 Steven M. Fruchtman, M.D. 2015 395,769 50,000 459,904 7,528 913,201 Chief Medical Officer and Senior Vice President,Research and Development(4) Manoj Maniar, Ph.D. 2015 370,695 — 102,425 20,000 493,120 Senior Vice President, Product 2014 356,860 108,664 166,272 30,589 662,385 Development (1)Represents discretionary annual bonus amounts paid. (2)The entries in the option awards column reflect the grant date fair value of the awards, as calculated for financial statement reportingpurposes in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) No. 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. The option valueswere calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. These amounts do not represent the actual value realized by the namedexecutive officers. See Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 for adiscussion of the relevant assumptions used to determine the valuation of our stock options for accounting purposes.Table of ContentsEmployment Agreements We have entered into employment agreements with each of our named executive officers, and the compensation of our named executive officers isdetermined, in large part, by the terms of those employment agreements. Following are descriptions of the material terms of each named executive officer'semployment agreement.Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D. We entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Kumar on July 1, 2015, which supersedes any prior employment agreements. The employment agreementcontinues indefinitely, unless terminated in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The employment agreement provided for an initial base salary of $543,375, subject to adjustment upon annual review by our board of directors, and an annualbonus of up to 55% of such base salary, payable upon our achievement of revenue or profit objectives, specific business plan goals or other performancemilestones mutually agreed to by Dr. Kumar and our board of directors, provided that Dr. Kumar remain employed by us throughout the performance year. Thebonus may be paid in the form of cash, stock options, shares of our Common Stock, or a combination thereof, at our compensation committee's discretion.Dr. Kumar may also be entitled to additional compensation in recognition of extraordinary contributions, at the sole discretion of our compensation committee. OnFebruary 12, 2016, we entered into a letter agreement with Dr. Kumar pursuant to which Dr. Kumar agreed to a voluntary reduction in his base salary from$543,375 to $407,531, effective as of January 1, 2016. For purposes of severance and other benefits calculated based upon base salary, however, Dr. Kumar's basesalary will be deemed to remain at $543,375. Dr. Kumar is entitled to participate in all of our employee benefit plans and programs that are made generally available from time to time to our executiveofficers and is entitled to vacation benefits. Pursuant to his employment agreement, Dr. Kumar is entitled to term life insurance coverage in a face amount that isnot less than his base salary, a reasonable transportation allowance if we relocate our research facility more than 40 miles from its present location, and up to$10,000 annually for educational programs related to the performance of his duties. If Dr. Kumar dies during his employment, we will be entitled to a $1 milliondeath benefit under a "key man" life insurance policy. Dr. Kumar's employment agreement contains non-solicitation, non-competition, confidentiality andinventions assignment provisions that, among other things, prevent him from competing with us during the term of his employment and for a specified timethereafter. If Dr. Kumar's employment is terminated due to his death, disability, by us for "cause" or by Dr. Kumar without "good reason" during the term of hisemployment agreement, we will pay to Dr. Kumar or his spouse or estate the balance of his accrued and unpaid salary, unreimbursed expenses, and unused accruedvacation time through the termination date. If Dr. Kumar's employment is terminated by us without "cause" or by Dr. Kumar for "good reason," other than during a change in control protection period,Dr. Kumar will be entitled to receive severance equal to his current base salary and target bonus for the fiscal year during which his employment ceases. If thetermination is during a change in control protection period, Dr. Kumar will be entitled to receive severance equal to two times the sum of his current base salaryand target bonus for the fiscal year during which his employment ceases, less any severance previously paid. A change in control protection period commencesthree months prior to and ends twelve months following a change89(3)Includes amounts paid for insurance premiums on behalf of the named executive officer and matching funds paid pursuant to our 401(k)Plan. (4)Dr. Fruchtman was not a named executive officer in fiscal 2014.Table of Contentsin control. The Company will also reimburse Dr. Kumar for a portion of his medical insurance costs and all of Dr. Kumar's incentive stock options that areunvested as of the date of such termination would fully vest as of the date of termination.Steven Fruchtman, M.D. We entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Fruchtman on January 12, 2015. The employment agreement provides for an initial term of two years,unless extended by mutual agreement of the parties or sooner terminated in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The employment agreement provides for an initial base salary of $420,000, subject to adjustment upon annual review, and subject to the compensationcommittee's sole discretion, an annual bonus, based on the performance of Dr. Fruchtman and the Company, of up to 40% of such base salary. The bonus may bepaid in the form of cash, stock options, shares of our Common Stock, or a combination thereof, at our compensation committee's discretion. In accordance with the agreement, upon hiring, Dr. Fruchtman received 120,000 stock options that vest proportionately over four years, a sign-on bonus of$25,000 and an advance against his annual bonus of $25,000. Dr. Fruchtman is entitled to participate in all of our employee benefit plans and programs that are made generally available from time to time to our executiveofficers and is entitled to vacation benefits. Dr. Fruchtman's employment agreement contains non-solicitation, non-competition, confidentiality and inventionsassignment provisions that, among other things, prevent him from competing with us during the term of his employment and for a specified time thereafter. TheCompany will reimburse Dr. Fruchtman for reasonable expenses including certain commuting costs to the Company's offices. If Dr. Fruchtman's employment is terminated due to his death, disability, by us for "cause" or by Dr. Fruchtman without "good reason" during the term of hisemployment agreement, we will pay to Dr. Fruchtman or his spouse or estate the balance of his accrued and unpaid salary, unreimbursed expenses, and unusedaccrued vacation time through the termination date. If Dr. Fruchtman's employment is terminated by us without "cause", by Dr. Fruchtman for "good reason," or at the expiration of the term of the agreement,Dr. Fruchtman will be entitled to payments equal to six months base salary and also to continued health benefits for six months. All incentive stock options that areunvested as of the date of such termination would fully vest as of the date of termination.Manoj Maniar, Ph.D. We entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Manair on July 1, 2015, which supersedes any prior employment agreements. The employmentagreement continues indefinitely, unless terminated in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The employment agreement provides for an initial base salary of $371,135, subject to adjustment upon annual review by our board of directors, and subject tothe compensation committee's sole discretion, an annual bonus, based on the performance of Dr. Manair and the Company, of up to 40% of such base salary. Thebonus may be paid in the form of cash, stock options, shares of our Common Stock, or a combination thereof, at our compensation committee's discretion. Dr. Manair is entitled to participate in all of our employee benefit plans and programs that are made generally available from time to time to our executiveofficers and is entitled to vacation benefits. Dr. Manair's employment agreement contains non-solicitation, non-competition, confidentiality and inventionsassignment provisions that, among other things, prevent him from competing with us during the term of his employment and for a specified time thereafter.90Table of Contents If Dr. Manair's employment is terminated due to his death, disability, by us for "cause" or by Dr. Manair without "good reason" during the term of hisemployment agreement, we will pay to Dr. Manair or his spouse or estate the balance of his accrued and unpaid salary, unreimbursed expenses, and unusedaccrued vacation time through the termination date. If Dr. Manair's employment is terminated by us without "cause" or by Dr. Manair for "good reason," other than during a change in control protection period,Dr. Manair will be entitled to receive severance equal to nine-twelfths of the sum of his current base salary and target bonus for the fiscal year during which hisemployment ceases. If the termination is during a change in control protection period, Dr. Manair will be entitled to receive severance equal to the sum of hiscurrent base salary and target bonus for the fiscal year during which his employment ceases. A change in control protection period is the twelve months following achange in control. The Company will also reimburse Dr. Manair for a portion of his medical insurance costs and all of Dr. Manair's incentive stock options that areunvested as of the date of such termination would fully vest as of the date of termination.Stock Option and Other Compensation Plans We maintain our 2013 Equity Compensation Plan for the purpose of attracting key employees, directors and consultants, inducing them to remain with us andencouraging them to increase their efforts to make our business more successful. The plan provides for awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restrictedstock, restricted stock units, deferred shares and other equity-based awards.91Table of Contents The following table contains certain information regarding equity awards held by the named executive officers as of December 31, 2015:Outstanding Equity Awards at 2015 Fiscal Year-End 92Name Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable Option Exercise Price ($) Option Expiration Date Ramesh Kumar 16,739 — 6.00 4/7/2017 18,754 — 5.76 3/17/2020 75,018 — 5.76 3/17/2020 52,513 — 6.13 12/10/2020 10,335 — 6.13 12/5/2021 93,773 — 13.28 12/18/2022 70,315(1) 23,458 13.28 12/18/2022 100,000 — 15.00 7/25/2023 3,018(2) 1,982 15.00 7/25/2023 67,500(3) 67,500 13.48 12/20/2023 43,750(3) 131,250 3.98 12/18/2024 14,583(3) 72,917 2.32 4/16/2025 5,468(3) 82,032 1.48 9/25/2025 Steven Fruchtman 27,500(3) 92,500 4.37 1/12/2025 5,833(3) 29,167 2.48 4/20/2025 2,500(3) 37,500 1.48 9/25/2025 Manoj Maniar 11,252 — 6.00 8/1/2017 37,509 — 5.76 3/17/2020 18,754 — 5.76 3/17/2020 7,501 — 6.13 12/10/2020 18,754 — 6.13 12/10/2020 3,780 — 6.13 12/5/2021 22,501(1) 7,506 13.28 12/18/2022 3,018(2) 1,982 15.00 7/25/2023 20,000(3) 20,000 13.48 12/20/2023 15,000(3) 45,000 3.98 12/18/2024 6,666(3) 33,334 2.32 4/16/2025 2,500(3) 37,500 1.48 9/25/2025 (1)25% of the total shares underlying this option vested on December 18, 2013. The remaining shares vest 1/36th monthly over 36 monthsthereafter, subject to continued service to us through each vesting date. (2)25% of the total shares underlying this option will vest on July 25, 2014. The remaining shares vest 1/36th monthly over 36 monthsthereafter, subject to continued service to us through each vesting date. (3)Shares vest in equal monthly installments over four years, 1/48th per month. The first shares vest one month after the date of grant.Table of ContentsPotential Payments Upon Termination of Employment or Change in Control As discussed under the caption "—Employment Agreements" above, we have agreements with our named executive officers pursuant to which they willreceive severance payments upon certain termination events. The information below describes certain compensation that would be available under our existingplans and arrangements if (i) the named executive officer was terminated as of December 31, 2015 or (ii) if a Change in Control, as defined herein, occurred onDecember 31, 2015 and the named executive officer's employment had been subsequently terminated on the same date.Acceleration of Equity Awards Pursuant to the terms of each named executive officer's option agreements, in the event of a "Change in Control" that occurs during any time prior to suchnamed executive officer's Termination of Service (as such terms are defined in our 2013 Equity Compensation Plan) with us, all stock options granted pursuant tosuch option agreement shall fully vest.Termination Other than for Cause, Death or Disability; Resignation for Good Reason The payments and benefits to which each named executive officer would be entitled in the event the named executive officer's employment is terminated forany reason other than for cause, death, or disability, or if the named executive officer resigns for good reason, whether or not following a "change in control" isdescribed above.Director Compensation The following table summarizes compensation paid to our non-employee directors in fiscal 2015.2015 Director Compensation In June 2013, our board of directors approved a non-employee director compensation policy, which became effective for all non-employee directors in July2013. In accordance with this policy, each93Name Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) Stock Option Awards ($)(1) All Other Compensation ($) Total ($) Henry S. Bienen, Ph.D. 41,000 16,977 — 57,977 Jerome E. Groopman, M.D. 33,000 16,977 — 49,977 Michael B. Hoffman 68,000 22,070 — 90,070 James J. Marino 20,250 46,888 — 67,138 Viren Mehta 45,000 16,977 — 61,977 E. Premkumar Reddy, Ph.D. 30,000 16,977 196,526(2) 243,503 Anne M. VanLent 56,000 16,977 — 72,977 (1)Represents the fair value of the shares and options on the date of grant, calculated in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification(ASC) No. 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (ASC 718). (2)Represents consulting fees paid to Dr. Reddy. See "Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions." (3)At December 31, 2015, the aggregate number of outstanding stock option awards held by each non-employee director was: Dr. Bienen—67,803; Dr. Groopman—94,252; Mr. Hoffman—222,794; Mr. Marino—30,000; Dr. Mehta—30,000; Dr. Reddy—48,754; andMs. VanLent—50,000.Table of Contentsnon-employee director receives an annual base retainer of $30,000. In addition, our non-employee directors receive the following cash compensation for boardservices, as applicable:•the chairman of our board of directors receives an additional annual retainer of $20,000; •each member of our audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees receives an additional retainer of $6,000, $5,000and $3,000, respectively; and •each chairperson of our audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees receives an additional annual retainer of$15,000, $10,000 and $6,000, respectively, in addition to the retainer received for service as a member of such committee. All amounts are paid in quarterly installments. In addition, newly appointed non-employee directors receive a one-time initial award of options to purchase 20,000 shares of our common stock, which vestsannually over a three-year period subject to the director's continued service on the board of directors. Thereafter, each non-employee director receives an annualaward of options to purchase 10,000 shares of our common stock, which vests monthly over a twelve-month period subject to the director's continued service onthe board of directors. The chairman of our board of directors additionally receives an annual award of options to purchase 3,000 shares of our common stock,which vests monthly over a twelve-month period subject to the director's continued service on the board of directors. All of our directors are eligible to receive additional discretionary awards under our 2013 Equity Compensation Plan, provided that non-employee directorsmay not receive incentive stock options. We reimburse each non-employee director for out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attending our board of directors and committee meetings.Compensation for our directors, including cash and equity compensation, is determined, and remains subject to adjustment, by our board of directors.Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table summarizes the total number of outstanding options and shares available for other future issuances of options under all of our equitycompensation plans as of December 31, 2015. All of the outstanding awards listed below were granted under our 2013 Equity Compensation Plan. See "StockOption and Other Compensation Plans—2013 Equity Compensation Plan" above for a summary of the 2013 Equity Compensation Plan. In accordance with the terms of the 2013 Equity Compensation Plan, on January 1, 2016, the maximum aggregate number of shares of our common stock thatmay be issued under the plan was automatically increased by 1,018,567 shares, such that immediately after such increase the number of shares remaining availablefor future issuance under the plan was 2,372,700.94Plan Category Number of Shares to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Number of Shares Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under the Equity Compensation Plan (Excluding Shares in First Column) Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders 5,157,602 $8.56 1,354,133 Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders — — — Table of ContentsITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 15, 2016 by (a) each person known byus to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, (b) each named executive officer identified in Part III, Item 11 ofthis Annual Report, (c) each of our directors, and (d) all of our executive officers and directors as a group. The percentage of common stock outstanding is based on 27,401,035 shares of our Common Stock outstanding on March 15, 2016. For purposes of the tablebelow, and in accordance with the rules of the SEC, we deem shares of common stock subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixtydays of March 15, 2016 to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the options for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership ofthat person, but we do not treat them as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Except as otherwise noted, each ofthe persons or entities in this table has sole voting and investing power with respect to all of the shares of common stock beneficially owned by him, her or it,subject to community property laws, where applicable. Except as otherwise noted below, the street95Table of Contentsaddress of each beneficial owner is c/o Onconova Therapeutics, Inc., 375 Pheasant Run, Newtown, PA 18940.96Name and Address of Beneficial Owner Number of Shares Beneficially Owned Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned 5% or greater stockholders: The Michael and Jane Hoffman 2013 Descendants Trust 712 Fifth Avenue, 51st Fl. New York, NY 10019 4,518,275 16.5%Michael B. Hoffman(1) (Includes The Michael and Jane Hoffman 2013 Descendants Trust) 712 Fifth Avenue, 51st Fl New York, NY 10019 4,842,186 17.5%Baxalta GmbH(2) Thurgauerstrasse 130 Glattpark (Opfikon) Switzerland 8152 2,603,295 9.5%Frigate Ventures LP(3) 5950 Berkshire Lane, Suite 210 Dallas, TX 75225 1,936,842 7.1%E. Premkumar Reddy, Ph.D.(4) 1,384,925 5.0%Other Directors, Director Nominees and Named Executive Officers: Henry S. Bienen, Ph.D.(5) 81,071 * Jerome E. Groopman, M.D.(6) 80,749 * Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D.(7) 935,578 3.3%Manoj Maniar, Ph.D.(8) 211,859 * James J. Marino * * Steven M. Fruchtman, M.D.(9) 85,859 * Viren Mehta(10) 173,331 * Anne M. VanLent(11) 41,533 * All current executive officers, directors and director nominees as a group (11persons)(12) 7,899,670 27.3%*Represents a beneficial ownership of less than one percent of our outstanding Common Stock. (1)Includes (i) 4,518,275 shares of Common Stock held by the Michael and Jane Hoffman 2013 Descendants Trust of which Mr. Hoffman isdonor, (ii) 84,530 shares of Common Stock held by the Michael and Jane Hoffman 2013 Descendants Trust (Non-GST Exempt Trust) ofwhich Mr. Hoffman is donor and (iii) 220,627 shares of Common Stock subject to outstanding options that are exercisable within 60 daysof March 15, 2016. Mr. Hoffman has no voting or dispositive power with regard to any of the shares held by the Michael and JaneHoffman 2013 Descendants Trust and the Michael and Jane Hoffman 2013 Descendants Trust (Non-GST Exempt Trust). A.J. Agarwal andJane Hoffman, Mr. Hoffman's spouse, as trustees, have voting and dispositive power with regard to the shares held by the Michael and JaneHoffman 2013 Descendants Trust and the Michael and Jane Hoffman 2013 Descendants Trust (Non-GST Exempt Trust).Table of Contents97(2)The shares are owned directly by Baxalta GmbH, which is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Baxalta Incorporated, and as suchBaxalta Incorporated is an indirect beneficial owner of the shares. (3)Based on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on January 13, 2016. The Schedule 13G was filed on behalf of Frigate Ventures LP (d/b/aAnson Group), a Texas limited partnership ("Frigate"), Admiralty Advisors LLC, a Texas limited liability company ("Admiralty"),Mr. Bruce R. Winson, the principal of Frigate and Admiralty, M5V Advisors Inc. (d/b/a Anson Group Canada), an Ontario, Canadacorporation ("M5V"), Mr. Adam Spears, a director of M5V, and Mr. Moez Kassam, a director of M5V. The shares were purchased by aprivate fund to which Frigate and M5V serve as co-investment advisors (the "Fund"). Frigate and M5V serve as co-investment advisors tothe Fund and may direct the vote and disposition of the 1,936,842 shares of Common Stock held by the Fund. As the general partner ofFrigate, Admiralty may direct the vote and disposition of the 1,936,842 shares of Common Stock held by the Fund. As the principal ofFrigate and Admiralty, Mr. Winson may direct the vote and disposition of the 1,936,842 shares of Common Stock held by the Fund. Asdirectors of M5V, Mr. Spears and Mr. Kassam may each direct the vote and disposition of the 1,936,842 shares of Common Stock held bythe Fund. (4)Includes 47,087 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixtydays of March 15, 2016. (5)Includes 66,136 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixtydays of March 15, 2016. (6)Includes 80,749 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixtydays of March 15, 2016. (7)Includes (i) 150,037 shares of Common Stock held by the Ramesh Kumar 2012 Trust and (ii) 659,078 shares of Common Stock subject tooutstanding options that are exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2016. Dr. Kumar has voting and dispositive power with regard to theshares held by the Ramesh Kumar 2012 Trust. (8)Includes 211,859 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixtydays of March 15, 2016. (9)Includes 85,859 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixtydays of March 15, 2016. (10)Includes (i) 28,438 shares of Common Stock held jointly with Dr. Mehta's spouse, (ii) 8,056 shares of Common Stock held by MehtaPartners, LLC, (iii) 1,733 shares of Common Stock held by Mehta Partners, LLC FBO Jean Marie Kiss IRA, (iv) 8,295 shares of CommonStock held by Viram Foundation and (v) 28,333 shares of Common Stock subject to outstanding options that are exercisable within 60 daysof March 15, 2016. Dr. Mehta, as managing member, has voting and dispositive power with regard to the shares held by MehtaPartners, LLC. Dr. Mehta, as trustee, has voting and dispositive power with regard to the shares held by Mehta Partners, LLC FBO JeanMarie Kiss IRA. Dr. Mehta, as trustee has voting and dispositive power with regard to the shares held by Viram Foundation. (11)Includes 41,533 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixtydays of March 15, 2016. (12)Includes 1,503,840 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixtydays of March 15, 2016.Table of ContentsITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Review and Approval of Related Person Transactions The audit committee of our board of directors is charged with the responsibility of reviewing and approving all related person transactions (as defined in SECregulations), and periodically reassessing any related person transaction that we enter to ensure continued appropriateness. This responsibility is set forth in ouraudit committee charter. A related party transaction will only be approved if the audit committee determines that the transaction is in the best interests of theCompany. If a director is involved in the transaction, he or she will recuse himself or herself from all decisions regarding the transaction. The following is a description of transactions during fiscal 2015, to which we have been a party, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeds$120,000 or 1% of total assets, and in which any of our current directors, executive officers or to our knowledge, beneficial owners of more than 5% of our capitalstock or an affiliate or immediate family member thereof, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than the employment relationships with ourexecutive officers and the related compensation solely resulting from those employment relationships. On May 3, 2010, as subsequently amended, we entered into a research agreement with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine ("Mount Sinai"), with which E.Premkumar Reddy, Ph.D., a member of our board of directors and the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our capital stock, is associated. The research isundertaken by Mount Sinai on our behalf. Mount Sinai, in connection with us, will prepare applications for patents generated from the research. Results from allprojects will belong exclusively to Mount Sinai, but we will have an exclusive option to license any inventions. The initial term of the research agreement was oneyear with options to extend by mutual agreement. The term of the agreement has been extended through July 4, 2016. Payments to Mount Sinai for the year endedDecember 31, 2015 were $1,089,000. We entered into a consulting agreement with E. Premkumar Reddy, Ph.D., a member of our board of directors and the beneficial owner of more than 5% ofour capital stock, effective as of January 1, 2012 for consulting services rendered in addition to his membership on our board of directors. The consultingagreement provided for a term of one year, unless renewed by mutual agreement of the parties. The current term has been extended through December 31, 2016,unless sooner terminated in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The board member provides consulting services to the Company on the terms set forth inthe agreement. Payments to this board member for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $197,000. See " Item 10—Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance " for additional disclosure required pursuant to Item 13.98Table of ContentsITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Fees of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The following table summarizes the fees of Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, billed to us for each of the last two fiscalyears.Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures The audit committee's policy is that all audit services and all non-audit services to be provided to us by our independent registered public accounting firmmust be approved in advance by our audit committee. The audit committee's approval procedures include the review and approval of engagement letters from ourindependent registered public accounting firm that document the fees for all audit services and non-audit services, primarily tax advice and tax return preparationand review. All audit services and all non-audit services in fiscal 2015 were pre-approved by the audit committee. The audit committee has determined that the provisionof the non-audit services for which these fees were rendered is compatible with maintaining the independent auditor's independence.PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) (1) Financial Statements: See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page F-1. (3) Exhibits: See Exhibits Index on pages 102 to 10499Fee Category Fiscal 2015 Fiscal 2014 Audit Fees(1) $338,000 $337,000 Audit-Related Fees(2) 85,000 25,000 Tax Fees(3) 65,000 117,000 Total Fees $488,000 $479,000 (1)Audit fees consist of fees for the audits of fiscal 2015 and 2014 and quarterly reviews of our consolidated financial statements andother professional services provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements. (2)Audit-related fees consist of fees for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit andthe review of our consolidated financial statements and which are not reported under "Audit Fees." (3)Tax fees for fiscal 2015 and fiscal 2014 include fees for tax advice, tax return preparation assistance and review.Table of ContentsSIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalfby the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrantand in the capacities and on the dates indicated:100 Onconova Therapeutics, Inc.Date: March 28, 2016 By: /s/ RAMESH KUMAR Ramesh Kumar Chief Executive OfficerSignature Title Date /s/ RAMESH KUMAR, PH.D. Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D. Director, President and Chief Executive Officer(Principal Executive Officer) March 28, 2016/s/ MARK GUERIN Mark Guerin Vice President, Financial Planning &Accounting (Principal Financial Officer) March 28, 2016/s/ MICHAEL B. HOFFMAN Michael B. Hoffman Chairman, Board of Directors March 28, 2016/s/ HENRY S. BIENEN, PH.D. Henry S. Bienen, Ph.D. Director March 28, 2016/s/ JEROME E. GROOPMAN, M.D. Jerome E. Groopman, M.D. Director March 28, 2016/s/ JAMES J. MARINO James J. Marino Director March 28, 2016/s/ VIREN MEHTA Viren Mehta Director March 28, 2016Table of Contents101Signature Title Date /s/ E. PREMKUMAR REDDY, PH.D. E. Premkumar Reddy, Ph.D. Director March 28, 2016/s/ ANNE M. VANLENT Anne M. VanLent Director March 28, 2016Table of ContentsEXHIBITS INDEX 102Exhibit Number Exhibit Description 3.1 Tenth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated byreference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 25, 2013). 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to theCompany's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 25, 2013). 4.1 Form of Certificate of Common Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on July 11, 2013.) 4.2 Eighth Amended and Restated Stockholders' Agreement, effective as of July 27, 2012, by and among OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and certain stockholders named therein (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2to Pre-EffectiveAmendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on July 11, 2013). 4.3 Amendment No. 1 to Eighth Amended and Restated Stockholders' Agreement, effective as of July 9, 2013(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 the Company's Registration Statementon Form S-1 filed on July 11, 2013). 10.1*Development and License Agreement, effective as of September 19, 2012, by and between OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and Baxter Healthcare SA (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Pre-EffectiveAmendment No. 2 the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on July 18, 2013). 10.2*License Agreement, effective as of July 5, 2011, by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and SymBioPharmaceuticals Limited (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 theCompany's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on July 18, 2013). 10.3*First Amendment to License Agreement, effective as of September 2, 2011, by and between OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and SymBio Pharmaceuticals Limited (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to theCompany's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.4*License Agreement, effective as of January 1, 1999, by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and TempleUniversity—Of The Commonwealth System of Higher Education (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to theCompany's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.5*Amendment to License Agreement, effective as of September 1, 2000, by and between Temple University—Of TheCommonwealth System of Higher Education and Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.5 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.6*Amendment #1 to Exclusive License Agreement, effective as of March 21, 2013, by and between TempleUniversity—Of The Commonwealth System of Higher Education and Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporatedby reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.7*Definitive Agreement, effective as of May 12, 2010, by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and TheLeukemia and Lymphoma Society (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's RegistrationStatement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013).Table of Contents103Exhibit Number Exhibit Description 10.8*First Amendment to Definitive Agreement, effective as of June 23, 2011, by and between OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to theCompany's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.9*Second Amendment to Definitive Agreement, effective as of May 29, 2012, by and between OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to theCompany's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.10*Third Amendment to Definitive Agreement, effective as of January 5, 2013, by and between OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to theCompany's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.11 Termination of Agreement, effective as of February 5, 2013, by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and TheLeukemia and Lymphoma Society (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company's RegistrationStatement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.12*Limited Liability Company Agreement of GBO, LLC, dated as of December 12, 2012, by and between OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and GVK Biosciences Private Limited (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to theCompany's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.13+Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. 2007 Equity Compensation Plan, and forms of agreement thereunder (Incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.13 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1filed on July 11, 2013). 10.14+Employment Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2015, by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and RameshKumar, Ph.D. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed onJuly 8, 2015). 10.15+Letter Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2016, by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and RameshKumar, Ph.D. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed onFebruary 17, 2016). 10.16+Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2015, by and between OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and Thomas McKearn, M.D., Ph.D. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company'sCurrent Report on Form 8-K filed on July 8, 2015). 10.17+Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2015, by and between OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and Ajay Bansal. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Current Report onForm 8-K filed on July 8, 2015). 10.18+Consulting Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2012, by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and E.Premkumar Reddy, Ph.D., including Consultant Agreement Renewal, dated February 27, 2013 (Incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 14, 2013). 10.19+Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and each directorand executive officer (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 the Company'sRegistration Statement on Form S-1 filed on July 11, 2013). Table of Contents104Exhibit Number Exhibit Description 10.20+Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. 2013 Equity Compensation Plan, and forms of agreement thereunder (Incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.25 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1filed on July 11, 2013). 10.21+Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. 2013 Performance Bonus Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on July 11, 2013). 10.22+Employment Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2015, by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and Dr.ManojManair. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 8,2015). 10.23+Employment Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2015, by and between Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. and MarkGuerin. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed onFebruary 17, 2016) 10.24+Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2015, by and between OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. and Steven M. Fruchtman, M.D. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company'sQuarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 13, 2015). 21.1 Subsidiaries of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. 23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young, LLP. 31.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 31.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document+Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. *Confidential treatment has been requested with respect to certain portions of this exhibit. Omitted portions have been filed separately withthe Securities and Exchange Commission.Table of ContentsONCONOVA THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Index to Consolidated Financial Statements F-1 Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-2 Consolidated Balance Sheets, December 31, 2015 and 2014 F-3 Consolidated Statements of Operations, Years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 F-4 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, Years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 F-5 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity, Years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 F-6 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 F-7 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-8 Table of ContentsReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the relatedconsolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015.These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based onour audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require thatwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. We were not engaged toperform an audit of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basisfor designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company'sinternal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting theamounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating theoverall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of OnconovaTherapeutics, Inc. at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period endedDecember 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operations and will require additional capital tofund planned operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard tothese matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of thisuncertainty.F-2 /s/ Ernst & Young LLPPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania March 28, 2016 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.F-3 December 31, 2015 2014 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $19,799,000 $43,582,000 Receivables 1,504,000 132,000 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,832,000 3,066,000 Restricted cash 50,000 125,000 Total current assets 23,185,000 46,905,000 Property and equipment, net 248,000 420,000 Other non-current assets 12,000 12,000 Total assets $23,445,000 $47,337,000 Liabilities and stockholders' equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable $3,421,000 $4,027,000 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 3,729,000 5,777,000 Deferred revenue 455,000 455,000 Total current liabilities 7,605,000 10,259,000 Deferred revenue, non-current 5,000,000 13,455,000 Other — 1,000 Total liabilities 12,605,000 23,715,000 Commitments and contingencies Stockholders' equity: Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 5,000,000 authorized at December 31, 2015 and 2014,none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014 — — Common stock, $0.01 par value, 75,000,000 authorized at December 31, 2015 and 2014,25,464,193 and 21,703,173 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and2014 255,000 217,000 Additional paid in capital 328,334,000 317,122,000 Accumulated other comprehensive income (22,000) (13,000)Accumulated deficit (318,557,000) (294,578,000)Total Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. stockholders' equity 10,010,000 22,748,000 Non-controlling interest 830,000 874,000 Total stockholders' equity 10,840,000 23,622,000 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $23,445,000 $47,337,000 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Operations See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.F-4 Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 Revenue $11,456,000 $800,000 Operating expenses: General and administrative 9,533,000 15,119,000 Research and development 25,895,000 49,425,000 Total operating expenses 35,428,000 64,544,000 Loss from operations (23,972,000) (63,744,000)Change in fair value of warrant liability — 20,000 Other income, net (35,000) (52,000)Net loss before income taxes (24,007,000) (63,776,000)Income taxes 16,000 19,000 Net loss (24,023,000) (63,795,000)Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest 44,000 113,000 Net loss attributable to Onconova Therapeutics, Inc (23,979,000) (63,682,000)Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted $(1.05)$(2.94)Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding 22,739,760 21,653,536 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.F-5 Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 Net loss $(24,023,000)$(63,795,000)Other comprehensive income, before tax: Foreign currency translation adjustments, net (9,000) (14,000)Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (9,000) (14,000)Comprehensive income (loss) (24,032,000) (63,809,000)Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest 44,000 113,000 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Onconova Therapeutics, Inc $(23,988,000)$(63,696,000)Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.F-6 Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) Common Stock Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Additional Paid in Capital Accumulated deficit Non- controlling interest Shares Amount Total Balance at December 31, 2013 21,467,482 215,000 311,093,000 (230,896,000) 1,000 487,000 80,900,000 Net loss — — — (63,682,000) — (113,000) (63,795,000)Contribution from non-controlling interest — — — — — 500,000 500,000 Other comprehensive loss — — — — (14,000) — (14,000)Exercise of stock options 235,691 2,000 961,000 — — — 963,000 Stock-based compensation — — 5,068,000 — — — 5,068,000 Balance at December 31, 2014 21,703,173 $217,000 $317,122,000 $(294,578,000)$(13,000)$874,000 $23,622,000 Net loss — — — (23,979,000) — (44,000) (24,023,000)Other comprehensive loss — — — — (9,000) — (9,000)Stock-based compensation — — 3,786,000 — — — 3,786,000 Issuance of common stock, net 3,761,920 38,000 7,426,000 — — — 7,464,000 Common stock surrendered (900) — — — — — — Balance at December 31, 2015 25,464,193 $255,000 $328,334,000 $(318,557,000)$(22,000)$830,000 $10,840,000 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.F-7 Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Operating activities: Net loss $(24,023,000)$(63,795,000)Adjustment to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 150,000 434,000 Loss on asset disposal 22,000 — Change in fair value of warrant liabilities — (20,000)Treasury note discount amortization — (6,000)Stock compensation expense 3,786,000 5,068,000 Changes in assets and liabilities: Receivables (1,372,000) (31,000)Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,234,000 1,220,000 Restricted cash 75,000 — Accounts payable (606,000) 317,000 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (2,048,000) (43,000)Other liabilites (1,000) (5,000)Deferred revenue (8,455,000) (787,000)Net cash used in operating activities (31,238,000) (57,648,000)Investing activities: Payments for purchase of property and equipment — (228,000)Maturities of marketable securities — 40,000,000 Net cash provided by investing activities — 39,772,000 Financing activities: Proceeds from the sale of common stock, net of costs 7,464,000 — Proceeds from the exercise of stock options — 963,000 Contribution from non-controlling interest — 500,000 Net cash provided by financing activities 7,464,000 1,463,000 Effect of foreign currency translation on cash (9,000) (14,000)Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (23,783,000) (16,427,000)Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 43,582,000 60,009,000 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $19,799,000 $43,582,000 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Nature of BusinessThe Company Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. (the "Company") was incorporated in the State of Delaware on December 22, 1998 and commenced operations on January 1,1999. The Company's headquarters are located in Newtown, Pennsylvania. The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discoveringand developing novel small molecule drug candidates to treat cancer. Using its proprietary chemistry platform, the Company has created an extensive library oftargeted anti-cancer agents designed to work against specific cellular pathways that are important to cancer cells. The Company believes that the drug candidates inits pipeline have the potential to be efficacious in a variety of cancers. The Company has three clinical-stage product candidates and several preclinical programs.To accelerate and broaden the development of rigosertib, the Company's most advanced product candidate, the Company entered into a development and licenseagreement in 2012 with Baxter Healthcare SA ("BHSA"). Subsequently, Baxter International Inc.("Baxter") assigned the development and license agreement fromBHSA to Baxalta GmbH ("Baxalta"), in preparation for the anticipated spin-off by Baxter of Baxalta Incorporated. The spin-off was effective on July 1, 2015. TheCompany understands that Baxalta is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Baxalta Incorporated. The development and license agreement granted Baxalta anexclusive, royalty-bearing license for the research, development, commercialization and manufacture (in specified instances) of rigosertib in all therapeuticindications in Europe (the "Baxalta Territory"). On March 3, 2016, the Company received a notification of Baxalta's election to terminate the development andlicense agreement based on a strategic reprioritization review, effective August 30, 2016. In 2011, the Company entered into a license agreement, as subsequentlyamended, with SymBio Pharmaceuticals Limited ("SymBio"), which grants SymBio certain rights to commercialize rigosertib in Japan and Korea. The Companyhas retained development and commercialization rights to rigosertib in the rest of the world, including the United States. During 2012, Onconova Europe GmbHwas established as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company for the purpose of further developing business in Europe. In April 2013, GBO, LLC, a Delawarelimited liability company, ("GBO") was formed pursuant to an agreement with GVK Biosciences Private Limited, a private limited company located in India,("GVK") to collaborate and develop two programs using the Company's technology platform. The two preclinical programs sublicensed to GBO have not beendeveloped to clinical stage as initially hoped, and the Company is in discussions with GVK regarding the future of GBO.Liquidity The Company has incurred recurring operating losses since inception. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company incurred a net loss of $24,023,000and as of December 31, 2015 the Company had generated an accumulated deficit of $318,557,000. The Company anticipates operating losses to continue for theforeseeable future due to, among other things, costs related to research, development of its product candidates and its preclinical programs, strategic alliances andits administrative organization. The Company will require substantial additional financing to fund its operations and to continue to execute its strategy. From its inception through July 2013, the Company raised significant capital through the issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, par value $0.01per share, in ten series denominated as Series A through Series J ("Series A Preferred Stock" through "Series J Preferred Stock," respectively, and collectively the"Preferred Stock"). On July 30, 2013, the Company completed its initial public offering (the "IPO") of 5,941,667 shares of the Company's common stock, par value$0.01 per shareF-8Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)1. Nature of Business (Continued)("Common Stock"), at a price of $15.00 per share, including 775,000 shares of Common Stock issued upon the exercise in full by the underwriters of their optionto purchase additional shares at the same price to cover over-allotments. The Company received net proceeds of $79,811,000 from the sale, net of underwritingdiscounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses. Immediately prior to the consummation of the IPO, all outstanding shares of Preferred Stockautomatically converted into shares of Common Stock at the applicable conversion ratio then in effect. In October 2014, the Company entered into a sales agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. ("Cantor") to create an at-the-marketequity program under which the Company from time to time may offer and sell shares of its Common Stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to$20,000,000 through Cantor (see Note 15). Net proceeds from sales of Common Stock under this program were $6,018,000 during the year ended December 31,2015. The Cantor Sales Agreement was terminated on January 5, 2016. In October 2015 the Company entered into a purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC ("Lincoln Park"). Uponsigning of the Purchase Agreement, Lincoln Park purchased 846,755 shares of the Company's Common Stock for $1,500,000. Under the Purchase Agreement, theCompany may from time to time, after the effectiveness of a registration statement covering such shares, offer and sell additional shares of its Common Stock,having an aggregate offering price of up to $15,000,000 to Lincoln Park. On January 5, 2016, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with aninstitutional investor (the "Investor") providing for the issuance and sale by the Company of 1,936,842 shares of the Company's common stock and warrants topurchase 968,421 shares of the Company's common stock for aggregate net proceeds of $1,646,000. (See Note 16) During 2015, the Company implemented cost-reduction programs to reduce its operating losses. These programs may delay, scale-back, or eliminate certainof the Company's research and development activities and other aspects of its operations until such time as the Company is successful in securing adequateadditional funding. The Company is also exploring various dilutive and non-dilutive sources of funding, including equity and debt financings, strategic alliances,business development and other sources. Such financings would be used to fund future research and development programs, including clinical trials for which theCompany does not currently have the resources to fund, and the future success of the Company is dependent upon its ability to obtain additional financing. Therecan be no assurance, however, that the Company will be successful in obtaining such financing at the level needed to complete its research and developmentprograms, on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all, or that the Company will obtain approvals necessary to market its products or achieve profitability orsustainable, positive cash flow. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.2. Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesBasis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). The financialstatements include the consolidated accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiary, Onconova Europe GmbH, and GBO. All significant intercompanytransactions have been eliminated.F-9Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Segment Information Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operatingdecision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages itsbusiness in one segment, which is the identification and development of oncology therapeutics.Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amountsof assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, other comprehensive income and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, includingestimates related to clinical trial accruals, warrant liability, and allocation of consideration to multiple element collaborative arrangements. The Company bases itsestimates on historical experience and other market-specific or other relevant assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual resultsmay differ from those estimates or assumptions.Concentrations of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketablesecurities. The Company maintains a portion of its cash and cash equivalent balances in the form of money market accounts with financial institutions thatmanagement believes are creditworthy. Marketable securities are invested in U.S. Treasury obligations. The Company has no financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk of loss.Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original or remaining maturity from the date of purchase of three months or less to be cashequivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include bank demand deposits, marketable securities with maturities of three months or less at purchase, and money marketfunds that invest primarily in certificates of deposit, commercial paper and U.S. government and U.S. government agency obligations. Cash equivalents arereported at fair value.Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilitiesapproximate their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of these accounts.Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over theestimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the useful life of the asset or the lease term, whichever is shorter.F-10Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. The following estimated useful lives were used to depreciate the Company's assets: Upon retirement or sale, the cost of the disposed asset and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or lossis recognized. The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not berecoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the assets' book value to future net undiscounted cash flows that the assets are expected to generate. Ifsuch assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the book value of the assets exceeds their fairvalue, which is measured based on the projected discounted future net cash flows generated from the assets. No impairment losses have been recorded throughDecember 31, 2015.Restricted Cash Under one of the Company's office leases, the Company is required to provide the landlord a $125,000 letter of credit, which is secured by cash collateralrecorded as restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014. The letter of credit expired in March 2015 and the restriction on cash wasdiscontinued. In February 2015, the Company was required to provide a $50,000 letter of credit to a surety company related to the Company's internationalshipments, which is secured by cash collateral recorded as restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015.Foreign Currency Translation The reporting currency of the Company and its U.S. subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the Company's non-U.S. subsidiary is the localcurrency. Assets and liabilities of the foreign subsidiary are translated into U.S. dollars based on exchange rates at the end of the period. Revenues and expensesare translated at average exchange rates during the reporting period. Gains and losses arising from the translation of assets and liabilities are included as acomponent of accumulated other comprehensive income. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are reflected within the Company's resultsof operations. The Company has not utilized any foreign currency hedging strategies to mitigate the effect of its foreign currency exposure.Revenue Recognition The Company's revenue is generated primarily through collaborative research and license agreements. The terms of these agreements contain multipledeliverables which may include (i) licenses, (ii) research and development activities, (iii) participation in joint steering committees and (iv) product supply. Theterms of these agreements may include nonrefundable upfront license fees,F-11 Estimated Useful LifeLab equipment 5 - 6 yearsSoftware 3 yearsComputer and office equipment 5 - 6 yearsLeasehold improvements Shorter of the lease term or estimated useful lifeTable of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)payments for research and development activities, payments based upon the achievement of certain milestones, royalty payments based on product sales derivedfrom the collaboration, and payments for supplying product. In all instances, revenue is recognized only when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasiveevidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or the services have been rendered, collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured, and theCompany has fulfilled its performance obligations under the contract. For arrangements with multiple elements, the Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB")Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2009-13, Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements ("ASU 2009-13"), which provides guidance for separating andallocating consideration in a multiple element arrangement. The selling prices of deliverables under an arrangement may be derived using third-party evidence("TPE"), or a best estimate of selling price ("BESP"), if vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price ("VSOE") is not available. The objective of BESP is todetermine the price at which the Company would transact a sale if the element within the license agreement was sold on a standalone basis. Establishing BESPinvolves management's judgment and considers multiple factors, including market conditions and company-specific factors, including those factors contemplatedin negotiating the agreements, as well as internally developed models that include assumptions related to market opportunity, discounted cash flows, estimateddevelopment costs, probability of success and the time needed to commercialize a product candidate pursuant to the license. In validating the BESP, managementconsiders whether changes in key assumptions used to determine the BESP will have a significant effect on the allocation of the arrangement considerationbetween the multiple deliverables. The Company may use third-party valuation specialists to assist it in determining BESP. Deliverables under the arrangement areseparate units of accounting if (i) the delivered item has value to the customer on a standalone basis and (ii) if the arrangement includes a general right of returnrelative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially within the Company's control. Thearrangement consideration that is fixed or determinable at the inception of the arrangement is allocated to the separate units of accounting based on their relativeselling prices. The appropriate revenue recognition model is applied to each element and revenue is accordingly recognized as each element is delivered.Management exercises significant judgment in determining whether a deliverable is a separate unit of accounting. In determining the separate units of accounting, the Company evaluates whether the license has standalone value to the collaborator based on consideration ofthe relevant facts and circumstances for each arrangement. Factors considered in this determination include the research and development capabilities of thecollaborator and the availability of relevant research expertise in the marketplace. In addition, the Company considers whether or not (i) the collaborator could usethe license for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables, (ii) the value of the license was dependent on the undelivered items and(iii) the collaborator or other vendors could provide the undelivered items. Under a collaborative research and license agreement, a steering committee is typically responsible for overseeing the general working relationships,determining the protocols to be followed in the research and development performed and evaluating the results from the continued development of the product. TheCompany evaluates whether its participation in joint steering committees is a substantive obligation or whether the services are considered inconsequential orperfunctory. The factors the Company considers in determining if its participation in a joint steering committee is a substantiveF-12Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)obligation include: (i) which party negotiated or requested the steering committee, (ii) how frequently the steering committee meets, (iii) whether or not there areany penalties or other recourse if the Company does not attend the steering committee meetings, (iv) which party has decision making authority on the steeringcommittee and (v) whether or not the collaborator has the requisite experience and expertise associated with the research and development of the licensedintellectual property. Whenever the Company determines that an element is delivered over a period of time, revenue is recognized using either a proportional performance model, ifa pattern of performance can be determined or a straight-line model over the period of performance, which is typically the research and development term. Progressachieved under the Company's various clinical research organization contracts are typically used as the measure of performance when applying the proportionalperformance method. At the end of each reporting period, the Company reassesses its cumulative measure of performance and makes appropriate adjustments, ifnecessary. The Company recognizes revenue using the proportional performance model whenever the Company is able to make reasonably reliable estimates of thelevel of effort required to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement. Revenue recognized under the proportional performance model at eachreporting period is determined by multiplying the total expected payments under the contract (excluding royalties and payments contingent upon achievement ofmilestones) by the ratio of the level of effort incurred to date to the estimated total level of effort required to complete the performance obligations under thearrangement. Revenue is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using theproportional performance model as of each reporting period. Alternatively, if the Company is not able to make reasonably reliable estimates of the level of effortrequired to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement, then revenue under the arrangement is recognized on a straight-line basis over the periodexpected to be required to complete the Company's performance obligations. Incentive milestone payments may be triggered either by the results of the Company's research efforts or by events external to it, such as regulatory approvalto market a product or attaining agreed-upon sales levels. Consideration that is contingent upon achievement of a milestone is recognized in its entirety as revenuein the period in which the milestone is achieved, but only if the consideration earned from the achievement of a milestone meets all the criteria for the milestone tobe considered substantive at the inception of the arrangement. For a milestone to be considered substantive, the consideration earned by achieving the milestonemust (i) be commensurate with either the Company's performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the item delivered as a result of aspecific outcome resulting from the Company's performance to achieve the milestone, (ii) relate solely to past performance and (iii) be reasonable relative to alldeliverables and payment terms in the collaboration agreement. For events for which the occurrences are contingent solely upon the passage of time or are the result of performance by a third party, the contingent paymentswill be recognized as revenue when payments are earned, the amounts are fixed and determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Royalties are recorded as earned in accordance with the contract terms when third party sales can be reliably measured and collectability is reasonablyassured.F-13Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Research and Development Expenses Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred. These costs include, but are not limited to, license fees related to the acquisition of in-licensed products; employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and travel; expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations andinvestigative sites that conduct clinical trials and preclinical studies; the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical trial materials; facilities,depreciation and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance and other supplies; and costsassociated with preclinical activities and regulatory operations. Costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using datasuch as patient enrollment, clinical site activations, or information provided to the Company by its vendors with respect to their actual costs incurred. Payments forthese activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the consolidatedfinancial statements as prepaid or accrued research and development expense, as the case may be.Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources.Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequencesattributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases using enacted tax rates ineffect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. The deferred tax asset primarily includes net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, accrued expenses not currently deductible and the cumulative temporary differences related to certain research and patent costs, which have beencharged to expense in the accompanying statements of operations but have been recorded as assets for income tax purposes. The portion of any deferred tax assetfor which it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized must then be offset by recording a valuation allowance. A full valuation allowance hasbeen established against all of the deferred tax assets (see Note 7, "Income Taxes"), as it is more likely than not that these assets will not be realized given theCompany's history of operating losses. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not to be sustainedupon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The amount for which an exposure exists is measured as the largest amount of benefit determinedon a cumulative probability basis that the Company believes is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement of the position.Stock-Based Compensation Expense The Company applies the provisions of FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation ("ASC 718"),which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees and non-employees, including employeestock options.F-14Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) At certain times throughout the Company's history, the chairman of the Company's board of directors, who is also a significant stockholder of the Company(the "Significant Holder"), afforded option holders the opportunity for liquidity in transactions in which options were exercised and the shares of Common Stockissued in connection therewith were simultaneously purchased by the Significant Holder (each, a "Purchase Transaction") (See Note 8). Because the Company hadestablished a pattern of providing cash settlement alternatives for option holders, the Company accounted for its stock-based compensation awards as liabilityawards. The Company measured liability awards based on the award's intrinsic value on the grant date and then re-measured them at each reporting date until thedate of settlement. Compensation expense was recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award.Compensation expense for each period until settlement was based on the change in intrinsic value (or a portion of the change in intrinsic value, depending on thepercentage of the requisite service that has been rendered at the reporting date). Changes in the intrinsic value of a liability that occur after the end of the requisiteservice period were considered compensation expense in the period in which the changes occur. On April 23, 2013, the Company distributed a notification letter toall equity award holders under the 2007 Plan advising them that Purchase Transactions would no longer occur, unless, at the time of a Purchase Transaction, theoption holder has held the Common Stock issued upon exercise of options for a period of greater than six months prior to selling such Common Stock to theSignificant Holder and that any such sale to the Significant Holder would be at the fair value of the Common Stock on the date of such sale. Based on these newcriteria for Purchase Transactions, the Company remeasured options outstanding under the 2007 Plan as of April 23, 2013 to their intrinsic value and reclassifiedsuch options from liabilities to stockholders' deficit within the Company's consolidated balance sheets, which amounted to $14,482,000. The remaining expense forthese options is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining requisite service period. Share-based payment transactions with employees, including grants of employee stock options, are recognized as compensation expense over the requisiteservice period based on their estimated fair values. ASC 718 also requires significant judgment and the use of estimates, particularly surrounding Black-Scholesassumptions such as stock price volatility over the option term and expected option lives, as well as expected option forfeiture rates, to estimate the grant date fairvalue of equity-based compensation and requires the recognition of the fair value of stock compensation in the statement of operations.Clinical Trial Expense Accruals As part of the process of preparing its financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its expenses resulting from its obligations under contractswith vendors, clinical research organizations and consultants and under clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms ofthese contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over whichmaterials or services are provided under such contracts. The Company's objective is to reflect the appropriate trial expenses in its financial statements by matchingthose expenses with the period in which services are performed and efforts are expended. The Company accounts for these expenses according to the progress ofthe trial as measured by patient progression and the timing of various aspects of the trial. The Company determines accrual estimates through financial modelstaking into account discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of consummation of trials, or theF-15Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)services completed. During the course of a clinical trial, the Company adjusts its clinical expense recognition if actual results differ from its estimates. TheCompany makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to it at that time. The Company'sclinical trial accruals are dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of contract research organizations and other third-party vendors. Although the Companydoes not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, its understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative tothe actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in it reporting amounts that are too high or too low for any particular period. For theyears ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no material adjustments to the Company's prior period estimates of accrued expenses for clinical trials.Collaboration Arrangements A collaboration arrangement is defined as a contractual arrangement that has or may have significant financial milestones associated with success-baseddevelopment, which include certain arrangements the Company has entered into regarding the research and development, manufacture and/or commercialization ofproducts and product candidates. These collaborations generally provide for non-refundable, upfront license fees, research and development and commercialperformance milestone payments, cost sharing and royalty payments. The collaboration agreements with third-parties are performed on a "best efforts" basis withno guarantee of either technological or commercial success. The Company evaluates whether an arrangement is a collaboration arrangement at its inception basedon the facts and circumstances specific to the arrangement. The Company reevaluates whether an arrangement qualifies or continues to qualify as a collaborationarrangement whenever there is a change in the anticipated or actual ultimate commercial success of the endeavor. See Note 12, "License and CollaborationAgreements," for a discussion of the Company's current collaborations with Baxalta and SymBio.Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock Basic net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares ofCommon Stock outstanding during the period, excluding the dilutive effects of stock options and warrants. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is computedby dividing the net loss applicable to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during the periodplus the potential dilutive effects of stock options and warrants outstanding during the period calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method, but areexcluded if their effect is anti-dilutive. Because the impact of these items is anti-dilutive during periods of net loss, there was no difference between basic anddiluted net loss per share of Common Stock for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance on revenue from contracts with customers that will supersede most current revenue recognition guidance. Theunderlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to beentitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance permits the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. In July 2015, theFASB approved a one-year deferral of the effective date of the guidance to interim and annual periods beginning on orF-16Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted but not before the original effective date of December 15, 2016. The Company has not yet selected atransition method and is currently evaluating the impact of the amended guidance on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations andrelated disclosures. In August 2014, the FASB issued guidance on determining when and how to disclose going-concern uncertainties in the financial statements. The newstandard requires management to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity's ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date thefinancial statements are issued. An entity must provide certain disclosures if conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as agoing concern. The guidance applies to all entities and is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods thereafter, with earlyadoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on its financial reporting process and its consolidated financial position,results of operations and related disclosures.3. Property and Equipment Property and equipment and related accumulated depreciation are as follows: Depreciation and amortization expense was $150,000 and $434,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.4. Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:F-17 December 31, 2015 2014 Laboratory equipment $1,037,000 $1,037,000 Software 92,000 92,000 Computer and office equipment 354,000 433,000 Leasehold improvements 745,000 1,063,000 2,228,000 2,625,000 Less accumulated depreciation (1,980,000) (2,205,000) $248,000 $420,000 Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 Basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock: Net loss attributable to Onconova Therapeutics, Inc $(23,979,000)$(63,682,000)Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding 22,739,760 21,653,536 Net loss per share of common stock—basic and diluted $(1.05)$(2.94)Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)4. Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock (Continued) The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014 have been excluded from the computation of diluted weightedaverage shares outstanding, as they would be antidilutive:5. Revenue The Company recognized revenue under its funding, license and collaboration agreements with LLS, Baxalta and SymBio as follows: See Note 11, "Research Agreements," and Note 12, "License and Collaboration Agreements," for a further discussion of the agreements with LLS, Baxaltaand SymBio.6. Balance Sheet Detail Receivables:F-18 December 31, 2015 2014 Warrants 4,597 4,597 Stock options 5,157,602 4,631,299 5,162,199 4,635,896 Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 LLS $8,000,000 $— Baxalta 2,893,000 334,000 SymBio 563,000 466,000 $11,456,000 $800,000 December 31, 2015 2014 Amounts due from Baxalta $1,384,000 $— Other 120,000 132,000 $1,504,000 $132,000 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)6. Balance Sheet Detail (Continued) Prepaid expenses and other current assets are as follows: Accrued expenses and other current liabilities are as follows:7. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under FASB ASC 740 ("ASC 740"). Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based upondifferences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, which are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect whenthe differences are expected to reverse. Income taxes have been based on the following income (loss) before income tax expense:F-19 December 31, 2015 2014 Research and development $1,018,000 $1,782,000 Manufacturing 168,000 451,000 Insurance 451,000 578,000 Other 195,000 255,000 $1,832,000 $3,066,000 December 31, 2015 2014 Research and development $2,979,000 $4,482,000 Employee compensation 438,000 854,000 Professional fees 306,000 418,000 Other 6,000 23,000 $3,729,000 $5,777,000 December 31, 2015 2014 Domestic $(24,057,000)$(63,910,000)Foreign 50,000 134,000 $(24,007,000)$(63,776,000)Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)7. Income Taxes (Continued) The provision for income taxes consists of the following: As of December 31, 2015, the Company had federal net operating loss ("NOL") carry forwards of $178,911,000, state NOL carry forwards of $201,464,000and research and development tax credit carry forwards of $66,237,000, which are available to reduce future taxable income. The federal NOL and tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire at various dates starting in 2022. The state NOL carry forwards will begin to expire at various dates starting in 2016. The NOL carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service and state tax authorities. NOL and tax credit carry forwards may becomesubject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest of significant stockholders over a three-year period in excess of50%, as defined under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, as well as similar state tax provisions. This could limit the amountof NOLs that the Company can utilize annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. The amount of the annual limitation, if any, will be determinedbased on the value of the Company immediately prior to the ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. The Company's reserves related to taxes are based on a determination of whether and how much of a tax benefit taken by the Company in its tax filings orpositions is more likely than not to be realized. The Company recognized no material adjustment for unrecognized income tax benefits. Through December 31,2015, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits or related interest and penalties accrued.F-20 December 31, 2015 2014 Current US Federal $— $— State and Local — — Foreign 16,000 19,000 Total Current $16,000 $19,000 Deferred US Federal $— $— State and Local — — Foreign — — Total Deferred $— $— Total Expense (Benefit) $16,000 $19,000 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)7. Income Taxes (Continued) The principal components of the Company's deferred tax assets are as follows: ASC 740 requires a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax assets reported if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not thatsome portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After consideration of all the evidence, both positive and negative, the Company has recorded afull valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, because the Company's management has determined that is itmore likely than not that these assets will not be fully realized. The Company experienced a net change in valuation allowance of $17,120,000 and $38,647,000 forthe years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. A reconciliation of income tax (expense) benefit at the statutory federal income tax rate and income taxes as reflected in the financial statements is as follows:8. Stock-Based Compensation In January 2008, the board of directors approved the 2007 Equity Compensation Plan (the "2007 Plan"), which amended, restated and renamed the Company's1999 Stock Based Compensation PlanF-21 December 31, 2015 2014 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryovers $73,648,000 $63,776,000 R&D tax credits 66,374,000 56,750,000 Non-qualified stock options 6,079,000 4,916,000 Deferred revenue 2,198,000 5,648,000 Charitable contributions 6,000 6,000 Accrued expenses 617,000 691,000 Fixed assets 149,000 164,000 Deferred tax assets 149,071,000 131,951,000 Less valuation allowance (149,071,000) (131,951,000)Net deferred tax assets $— $— December 31, 2015 2014 Federal income tax expense at statutory rate 34.0% 34.0%Permanent items (13.6) (8.9)State income tax, net of federal benefit 12.9 4.2 Tax credits 40.2 33.8 Provision to return (2.1) (2.4)Change in valuation allowance (71.4) (60.7)Other — — Effective income tax rate (0.0)% (0.0)%Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)8. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)(the "1999 Plan"), which provided for the granting of incentive and nonqualified stock options and restricted stock to its employees, directors and consultants at thediscretion of the board of directors. Further, in July 2013, the Company's board of directors and stockholders approved the 2013 Equity Compensation Plan (the "2013 Plan"), which amended,restated and renamed the 2007 Plan . Under the 2013 Plan, the Company may grant incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights,restricted stock, restricted stock units, deferred share awards, performance awards and other equity-based awards to employees, directors and consultants. TheCompany initially reserved 6,107,831 shares of Common Stock for issuance, subject to adjustment as set forth in the 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan includes anevergreen provision, pursuant to which the maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued under the 2013 Plan is increased on the first day of each fiscalyear by the lesser of (a) a number of shares equal to four percent (4%) of the issued and outstanding Common Stock of the Company, without duplication,(b) 2,000,000 shares and (c) such lesser number as determined by the Company's board of directors, subject to specified limitations. At December 31, 2015, therewere 1,354,133 shares available for future issuance. Stock-based compensation expense includes stock options granted to employees and non-employees and has been reported in the Company's statements ofoperations and comprehensive loss in either research and development expenses or general and administrative expenses depending on the function performed bythe optionee. No net tax benefits related to the stock-based compensation costs have been recognized since the Company's inception. The Company recognizedstock-based compensation expense as follows for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014: A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2015 is as follows:F-22 Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 General and administrative $1,936,000 $2,082,000 Research and development 1,850,000 2,986,000 $3,786,000 $5,068,000 Options Outstanding Shares Available for Grant Number of Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Balance, December 31, 2014 1,012,310 4,631,299 $10.04 7.89 $42,923 Authorized 868,126 — Granted (1,018,100) 1,018,100 $2.27 Exercised — — Forfeitures 491,797 (491,797)$9.49 Balance, December 31, 2015 1,354,133 5,157,602 $8.56 7.46 $0 Vested or expected to vest, December 31, 2015 5,077,680 $8.56 7.46 $0 Exercisable at December 31, 2015 3,227,121 $10.05 6.66 $0 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)8. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued) The intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $0 and $1,842,000, respectively. The aggregate intrinsicvalue is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted price of the Company's common stock for those awardsthat have an exercise price currently below the closing price. Information with respect to stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2015 is as follows:Options granted after April 23, 2013 The Company accounts for all stock-based payments made after April 23, 2013 to employees and directors using an option pricing model for estimating fairvalue. Accordingly, stock-based compensation expense is measured based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant, net of forfeitures.Compensation expense is recognized for the portion that is ultimately expected to vest over the period during which the recipient renders the required services tothe Company using the straight-line single option method. In accordance with authoritative guidance, the fair value of non-employee stock based awards is re-measured as the awards vest, and the resulting increase in fair value, if any, is recognized as expense in the period the related services are rendered. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options at the grant date. The Black-Scholes model requires theCompany to make certain estimates and assumptions, including estimating the fair value of the Company's common stock, assumptions related to the expectedprice volatility of the Company's stock, the period during which the options will be outstanding, the rate of return on risk-free investments and the expecteddividend yield for the Company's stock. As of December 31, 2015, there was $6,040,000 of unrecognized compensation expense related to the unvested stock options issued from April 24, 2013through December 31, 2015, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.85 years.F-23Exercise Price Shares Exercisable $1.48 - $2.69 908,725 141,483 $3.98 - $4.52 918,388 347,524 $5.76 - $7.53 1,079,786 1,025,289 $13.28 - $13.48 1,518,704 1,078,982 $14.68 - $15.12 668,499 585,632 $21.79 - $29.14 63,500 48,211 5,157,602 3,227,121 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)8. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued) The weighted-average assumptions underlying the Black-Scholes calculation of grant date fair value include the following: The weighted-average valuation assumptions were determined as follows:•Risk-free interest rate: The Company based the risk-free interest rate on the interest rate payable on U.S. Treasury securities in effect at the time ofgrant for a period that is commensurate with the assumed expected option term. •Expected term of options: Due to its lack of sufficient historical data, the Company estimates the expected life of its employee stock options usingthe "simplified" method, as prescribed in Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 107, whereby the expected life equals the arithmetic average of thevesting term and the original contractual term of the option. •Expected stock price volatility: Due to the Company's limited operating history and a lack of company specific historical and implied volatility data,the Company has based its estimate of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies that are publicly traded. Whenselecting these public companies on which it has based its expected stock price volatility, the Company selected companies with comparablecharacteristics to it, including enterprise value, risk profiles, position within the industry, and with historical share price information sufficient tomeet the expected life of the stock-based awards. The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the selectedcompanies' shares during the equivalent period of the calculated expected term of the stock-based awards. Due to its lack of sufficient historicaldata, the Company will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of its own stockprice becomes available. •Expected annual dividend yield: The Company has never paid, and does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, theCompany assumed an expected dividend yield of 0.0%. •Estimated forfeiture rate: The Company's estimated annual forfeiture rate on stock option grants was 4.14% in 2015 and 4.14% in 2014, based onthe historical forfeiture experience.Options granted on or prior to April 23, 2013 At certain times throughout the Company's history, the chairman of the Company's board of directors, who is also a significant stockholder of the Company(the "Significant Holder"), has afforded option holders the opportunity for liquidity in transactions in which options were exercised and the shares of CommonStock issued in connection therewith were simultaneously purchased by theF-24 Year ended December 31, 2015 2014Risk-free interest rate 1.60% 1.84%Expected volatility 75.8% 78.6%Expected term 6.17 years 6.15 yearsExpected dividend yield 0% 0%Weighted-average grant date fair value $1.50 $3.10Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)8. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)Significant Holder (each, a "Purchase Transaction"). Because the Company had established a pattern of providing cash settlement alternatives for option holders,the Company has accounted for its stock-based compensation awards as liability awards, the fair value of which is then re-measured at each balance sheet date. On April 23, 2013, the Company distributed a notification letter to all equity award holders under the Company's 2007 Equity Compensation Plan (the "2007Plan") advising them that Purchase Transactions would no longer occur, unless, at the time of a Purchase Transaction, the option holder has held the CommonStock issued upon exercise of options for a period of greater than six months prior to selling such Common Stock to the Significant Holder and that any such saleto the Significant Holder would be at the fair value of the Common Stock on the date of such sale. Based on these new criteria for Purchase Transactions, theCompany remeasured options outstanding under the 2007 Plan as of April 23, 2013 to their intrinsic value and reclassified such options from liabilities tostockholders' deficit within the Company's consolidated balance sheets, which amounted to $14,482,000. As of December 31, 2015, there was $249,000 ofunrecognized compensation expense related to these unvested awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately1.04 years.9. Employee Benefit Plan In October 2007, the Company established a 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan. Employees are eligible to participate in the plan as soon as they join theCompany if they are at least 21 years of age and work a minimum of 1,000 hours per year. The Company matches $0.60 for every dollar of the first 6% of payrollthat employees invest, up to the legal limit. Employer contributions vest over four years at the rate of 25% per year. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and2014, the Company contributed $146,000 and $276,000, respectively.10. Commitments and ContingenciesOperating leases In January 2007, the Company entered into a lease for 8,100 square feet of office and lab space in Newtown, Pennsylvania, and in October 2009, theCompany and the landlord amended the lease to add three additional one-year options to extend the lease term. In November 2013 the Company renewed the leasefor the period April 1, 2014 to March 31, 2015, for rent of $11,000 per month. In December 2014 the Company renewed the lease for the period April 1, 2015 toMarch 31, 2016, for rent of $11,500 per month. In November 2015 the Company renewed the lease for the period April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017, for rent of$11,900 per month In September 2012, the Company sub-leased an additional 1,356 square feet of office space. The lease has been renewed through February 28,2017 for rent of $1,600 per month. The Company rents office space in Munich, Germany under one year leases that run from January 1 to December 31. For the period January 1, 2015 toDecember 31, 2015 the rent was €5,700 per month. For the period January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 the rent is €3,500 per month.F-25Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)10. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued) Future minimum lease payments under these non-cancellable leases having terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2015 are as follows: Rent expense was $288,000 and $389,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.Employment agreements The Company has entered into employment agreements with certain of its executives. The agreements provide for, among other things, salary, bonus andseverance payments.11. Research Agreements The Company has entered into various licensing and right-to-sublicense agreements with educational institutions for the exclusive use of patents and patentapplications, as well as any patents that may develop from research being conducted by such educational institutions in the field of anticancer therapy, genes andproteins. Results from this research have been licensed to the Company pursuant to these agreements. Under one of these agreements with Temple University("Temple"), the Company is required to make annual maintenance payments to Temple and royalty payments based upon a percentage of sales generated from anyproducts covered by the licensed patents, with minimum specified royalty payments. As no sales had been generated through December 31, 2015 under thelicensed patents, the Company has not incurred any royalty expenses related to this agreement. In addition, the Company is required to pay Temple 25% of anysublicensing fees received by the Company. In 2011, the Company recorded $1,875,000 of expense related to the Temple agreement in connection with thecollaboration agreement the Company executed with SymBio. In 2012, the company recorded $12,500,000 of expense related to the Temple agreement inconnection with the collaboration agreement the Company executed with Baxter. The Company signed a funding agreement with the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society ("LLS") in May 2010, which was amended in January 2013, to fund thedevelopment of rigosertib (the "LLS-funded Research Program"). Under the LLS-funded Research Program, the Company was entitled to receive milestonepayments of up to $8,000,000 through 2013 in connection with the proposed clinical trial to be conducted, ON TIME, after which LLS was not obligated to fundany further amounts. Under the terms of the funding agreement, if the LLS-funded Research Program lead to approval of rigosertib by the regulatory authorities,the Company would have been required to proceed with commercialization of the licensed product or repay the amount funded. LLS was entitled to receiveregulatory and commercial milestone payments and royalties from the Company based on the Company's net sales of the licensed product after regulatoryapproval, with the amount of such milestone payments and royalties not to exceed three times the amount funded. During the year ended December 31, 2012, inconnection with the execution of the Baxter agreement, the Company paidF-26 December 31, 2015 2016 $161,000 2017 39,000 Total minimum lease payments $200,000 Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)11. Research Agreements (Continued)$1,000,000 to LLS. This payment reduced the maximum potential milestone and royalty payment obligation under this agreement to $23,000,000. No furtherpayments would be due to LLS if the LLS-funded Research Program did not meet its clinical endpoints for safety and efficacy. As a result of the potentialobligation to repay the funds under this arrangement, the $8,000,000 of milestone payments received was initially recorded as deferred revenue. The Companyreceived guidance from regulatory authorities during 2015 that the LLS-funded Research Program was not sufficient to support a regulatory submission. Based onthe guidance and the commencement of the INSPIRE trial during the fourth quarter of 2015, the company determined that the research program covered by theLLS funding agreement was unsuccessful and, as a result, the funding received non-repayable. Accordingly, the Company recognized the $8.0 million of deferredrevenue during the quarter ended December 31, 2015.12. License and Collaboration AgreementsBaxalta Agreement In September 2012, the Company entered into a development and license agreement with Baxter Healthcare SA. Subsequently, Baxter International Inc.("Baxter") assigned the development and license agreement from Baxter Healthcare SA ("BHSA") to Baxalta GmbH ("Baxalta"), in preparation for the anticipatedspin-off by Baxter of Baxalta Incorporated. The spin-off was effective on July 1, 2015 and Baxalta Incorporated, became a standalone, publicly traded companytraded on the New York Stock Exchange. The Company understands that Baxalta is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Baxalta Incorporated. Thedevelopment and license agreement granted Baxalta an exclusive, royalty-bearing license for the research, development, commercialization and manufacture (inspecified instances) of rigosertib in all therapeutic indications in Europe (the "Baxalta Territory"). In accordance with this agreement, BHSA made a $50,000,000upfront payment to the Company. In July 2012, BHSA purchased $50,000,000 of the Company's Series J Preferred Stock, which automatically converted to sharesof Common Stock immediately prior to the consummation of the IPO. BHSA also invested $4,950,000 in the Company's IPO. The securities of the Companyowned by BHSA have also been transferred to Baxalta as part of the spin-off of Baxalta Incorporated. On March 3, 2016, the Company received a notice fromBaxalta notifying the Company of Baxalta's election to terminate the development and license agreement based on a strategic reprioritization review, effectiveAugust 30, 2016. In accordance with the terms of the Baxalta agreement, upon termination, the rights that the Company had licensed to Baxalta would revert to theComapny at no cost. Additionally, any rights the Company had to funding, pre-commercial milestone payments and royalties from Baxalta would terminate inaccordance with the agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company was initially required to perform research and development to advance three initial rigosertib indications,rigosertib intravenous ("IV") in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome ("MDS") patients, rigosertib IV in pancreatic cancer patients and rigosertib oral in lower-risk MDS patients, through Phase 3, Phase 3 and Phase 2 clinical trials, respectively.F-27Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)12. License and Collaboration Agreements (Continued) The Baxalta agreement contemplated development of rigosertib IV in higher-risk MDS patients, through the Company's ONTIME trial and potentially,additional Phase 3 clinical trials. As the Company's ONTIME trial did not achieve its primary endpoint, the Company is continuing the development of rigosertibIV in higher-risk MDS patients through its INSPIRE trial. In accordance with the agreement, the Company elected to have Baxalta fund fifty percent of the costs ofthe INSPIRE trial, up to $15.0 million. The Company recorded revenue of $2,893,000 during the year ended December 31, 2015 related to Baxalta's funding of theINSPIRE trial. The Company has overall responsibility for the trial, including determination of the trial specifications, selection of third party service providers andpayment for all services and materials. Baxalta terminated the development and license agreement after commencement of the INSPIRE trial and after theCompany had elected to have Baxalta reimburse the Company for costs incurred in running this trial, per contract. The Company will attempt to maximizeBaxalta's financial support for the INSPIRE trial, but there can be no assurances regarding the amount of funds which the Company will receive from Baxaltafollowing termination. In December 2013, a pre-planned interim futility and safety analysis of the pancreatic cancer trial was performed and the trial was discontinued. As a result,the Company is not pursuing a pancreatic cancer indication at this time. On January 27, 2015, Onconova was notified that BHSA had elected not to pursueadditional clinical trials, or the submission of a drug approval application, for rigosertib oral in lower-risk MDS patients. Onconova would have received amilestone payment under its agreement with BHSA if the parties had mutually agreed to progress the development of oral rigosertib in lower-risk MDS patients. The Company would have been eligible to receive pre-commercial milestone payments if specified development and regulatory milestones were achievedduring the term of the agreement. The potential pre-commercial development milestone payments to the Company included $25,000,000 for each drug approvalapplication filed for indications specified in the agreement and up to $100,000,000 for marketing approval for each of the specified MDS indications. In addition to these pre-commercial milestones, the Company would have been eligible to receive up to an aggregate of $250,000,000 in milestone paymentsbased on Baxalta's achievement of pre-specified threshold levels of annual net sales of rigosertib. The Company would also have been entitled to receive royaltiesat percentage rates ranging from the low-teens to the low-twenties on net sales of rigosertib by Baxalta in the Baxalta Territory. On March 3, 2016, the Company received notification from Baxalta of its election to terminate the development and license agreement based on a strategicreprioritization review, effective August 30, 2016. The agreement with Baxalta remains in effect pending the effectiveness of such termination. The Company determined that the deliverables under the original Baxter agreement included the exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to rigosertiband the research and development services to be performed by the Company. The Company concluded that the license had standalone value to Baxter and wasseparable from the research and development services because the license was sublicensable, there were no restrictions as to Baxter's use of the license and Baxterhad significant research capabilities in this field. In determining the separate units of accounting, the Company considered applicable accounting guidance and noted that in an arrangement with multipledeliverables, the delivered item or items shallF-28Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)12. License and Collaboration Agreements (Continued)be considered a separate unit of accounting if the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. The item or items have value on astand-alone basis if they are sold separately by any vendor or the customer could resell the delivered item(s) on a stand-alone basis. In the context of a customer'sability to resell the delivered item(s), this criterion does not require the existence of an observable market for the deliverable(s). The Baxter agreement allowed Baxter to sublicense rigosertib and its ability to sublicense was not contingent on the approval or right of first refusal by theCompany. The Company determined that Baxter's ability to sublicense the intellectual property to others demonstrates that the license had stand-alone value. Inaddition, at the time of entering into the Baxter agreement in September 2012, the rigosertib program was in a Phase 3 clinical trial for higher-risk MDS, a Phase 3clinical trial for pancreatic cancer and a Phase 2 trial for lower-risk MDS. The protocols for the clinical trials had been written and provided to Baxter and a SpecialProtocol Assessment had already been granted to the Company by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA") for higher-risk MDS. These later stageclinical trials, where protocols had been prepared and trials were in process, could have been completed more easily by entities other than the Company, ascompared to earlier stage clinical trials. The remaining services to be performed by the Company were not proprietary and could have been performed by otherqualified parties. For example, the Company relied on clinical research organizations ("CROs") to complete the clinical trials, and Baxter could have engaged thesame or similar CROs to complete the trials on its behalf. Although Baxter was not performing development activities related to rigosertib, Baxter possessed theinternal expertise (or a vendor could have been hired) to complete the efforts under the rigosertib programs without further assistance from the Company. Baxter had the rights and full access to past and future intellectual information in order to obtain regulatory approval of rigosertib in Europe. In connectionwith the Baxter agreement, the Company licensed to Baxter all information and all patents controlled by the Company necessary for the development, manufacture,use and sale of rigosertib and all present and future formulations and dosages in all present and future therapeutic indications in the licensed territory. Accordingly, given Baxter's ability to sublicense under the agreement and its ability internally or with outside help to conduct the ongoing developmentefforts, the Company concluded that the license had stand-alone value. In order to determine if the license can be treated as a separate unit of accounting, theCompany also considered whether there was a general right of return associated with the license. The $50,000,000 upfront payment received by the Company wasnon-refundable; therefore, there was no right of return for the license. As a result, the Company concluded that the license was a separate unit of accounting. The Company was not able to establish vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price or third-party evidence for either the license or the research anddevelopment services and instead allocated the arrangement consideration between the license and research and development services based on their relativeselling prices using best estimate of selling price ("BESP"). Management developed the BESP of the license using a discounted cash flow model, taking intoconsideration assumptions including the development and commercialization timeline, discount rate and probability of success. Management utilized a third partyvaluation specialist to assist with the determination of BESP of the license. Management estimated the selling price of the research and development services usingthird party costs and a discounted cash flow model. The estimated selling prices utilized assumptions includingF-29Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)12. License and Collaboration Agreements (Continued)internal estimates of research and development personnel needed to perform the research and development services; and estimates of expected cash outflows tothird parties for services and supplies over the expected period that the services will be performed. The key assumptions in these models included the following market conditions and entity-specific factors: (a) the specific rights provided under the license,(b) the stage of development of rigosertib and estimated remaining development and commercialization timelines, (c) the probability of successfully developingand commercializing rigosertib, (d) the market size including the associated sales figures which generate royalty revenue, (e) cost of goods sold, which wasassumed to be a specified percentage of revenues based on estimated cost of goods sold of a typical oncology product, (f) sales and marketing costs, which werebased on the costs required to field an oncology sales force and marketing group, including external costs required to promote an oncology product, (g) theexpected product life of rigosertib assuming commercialization and (h) the competitive environment. The Company utilized a discount rate of 16%, representingthe cost of capital derived from returns on equity for comparable companies. Based on management's analyses, it was determined that the BESP of the license was $120,000,000 and the BESP of the research and development serviceswas $20,600,000. As noted above, the Company received an up-front payment of $50,000,000 under the Baxter agreement, which represented the allocableagreement consideration. Based on the respective BESPs, this payment was allocated $42,400,000 to the license and $7,600,000 to the research and developmentservices. Since the delivery of the license occurred upon the execution of the Baxter agreement and there was no general right of return, $42,400,000 of the$50,000,000 upfront payment was recognized upon the execution of the Baxter agreement. The portion allocated to research and development services wasrecognized over the period of performance on a proportional performance basis through March 31, 2014. Management estimated the period of performance to bethe period necessary for completion of the non-contingent obligations to perform research and development services required to advance the three formulations ofrigosertib described above. As of March 31, 2014, all of the deferred revenue related to such research and development services was recognized. The amount ofthis revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2014 was $333,000. The Company and Baxter agreed to establish a joint committee to facilitate the governance and oversight of the parties' activities under the agreements.Management considered whether participation on the joint committee was a deliverable and determined that it was not a deliverable. Had management consideredparticipation on the joint committee as a deliverable, it would not have had a material impact on the accounting for the arrangement based on the analysis of theestimated selling price of such participation. As noted above, in July 2012, Baxter purchased Series J Preferred Stock. Because the Series J Preferred Stock was acquired within several months of theBaxter development and license agreement, management considered whether the Series J Preferred Stock was issued at fair value and if not, whether theconsideration received for the Series J Preferred Stock ($50,000,000) or for the collaboration and license agreement ($50,000,000) should be allocated in thefinancial statements in a manner differently than the prices stated in the agreements. Management, with the assistance of an outside valuation specialist, determinedthat the price paid by Baxter for the Series J Preferred Stock approximated its fair value, and therefore the consideration received under the agreements wasallocated in accordance with terms of the individual agreements.F-30Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)12. License and Collaboration Agreements (Continued)SymBio Agreement In July 2011, the Company entered into a license agreement with SymBio, as subsequently amended, granting SymBio an exclusive, royalty-bearing licensefor the development and commercialization of rigosertib in Japan and Korea. Under the SymBio license agreement, SymBio is obligated to use commerciallyreasonable efforts to develop and obtain market approval for rigosertib inside the licensed territory and the Company has similar obligations outside of the licensedterritory. The Company has also entered into an agreement with SymBio providing for it to supply SymBio with development-stage product. Under the SymBiolicense agreement, the Company also agreed to supply commercial product to SymBio under specified terms that will be included in a commercial supplyagreement to be negotiated prior to the first commercial sale of rigosertib. The supply of development-stage product and the supply of commercial product will beat the Company's cost plus a defined profit margin. Sales of development-stage product have been de minimis. The Company has additionally granted SymBio aright of first negotiation to license or obtain the rights to develop and commercialize compounds having a chemical structure similar to rigosertib in the licensedterritory. Under the terms of the SymBio license agreement, the Company received an upfront payment of $7,500,000. The Company is eligible to receive milestonepayments of up to an aggregate of $22,000,000 from SymBio upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones for specified indications.Of the regulatory milestones, $5,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in the United States for rigosertib IV in higher-risk MDS patients, $3,000,000is due upon receipt of marketing approval in Japan for rigosertib IV in higher-risk MDS patients, $5,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in theUnited States for rigosertib oral in lower-risk MDS patients, and $5,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in Japan for rigosertib oral in lower-riskMDS patients. Furthermore, upon receipt of marketing approval in the United States and Japan for an additional specified indication of rigosertib, which theCompany is currently not pursuing, an aggregate of $4,000,000 would be due. In addition to these pre-commercial milestones, the Company is eligible to receivetiered milestone payments based upon annual net sales of rigosertib by SymBio of up to an aggregate of $30,000,000. Further, under the terms of the SymBio license agreement, SymBio will make royalty payments to the Company at percentage rates ranging from the mid-teens to 20% based on net sales of rigosertib by SymBio. Royalties will be payable under the SymBio agreement on a country-by-country basis in the licensed territory, until the later of the expiration of marketingexclusivity in those countries, a specified period of time after first commercial sale of rigosertib in such country, or the expiration of all valid claims of the licensedpatents covering rigosertib or the manufacture or use of rigosertib in such country. If no valid claim exists covering the composition of matter of rigosertib or theuse of or treatment with rigosertib in a particular country before the expiration of the royalty term, and specified competing products achieve a specified marketshare percentage in such country, SymBio's obligation to pay the Company royalties will continue at a reduced royalty rate until the end of the royalty term. Inaddition, the applicable royalties payable to the Company may be reduced if SymBio is required to pay royalties to third-parties for licenses to intellectual propertyrights necessary to develop, use, manufacture or commercialize rigosertib in the licensed territory. The license agreement with SymBio will remain in effect untilthe expiration of the royalty term. However, the SymBio license agreement may be terminated earlier due to the uncured material breach or bankruptcy of a party,or forceF-31Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)12. License and Collaboration Agreements (Continued)majeure. If SymBio terminates the license agreement in these circumstances, its licenses to rigosertib will survive, subject to SymBio's milestone and royaltyobligations, which SymBio may elect to defer and offset against any damages that may be determined to be due from the Company. In addition, the Company mayterminate the license agreement in the event that SymBio brings a challenge against it in relation to the licensed patents, and SymBio may terminate the licenseagreement without cause by providing the Company with written notice within a specified period of time in advance of termination. The Company determined that the deliverables under the SymBio agreement include the exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to rigosertib, theresearch and development services to be provided by the Company and its obligation to serve on a joint committee. The Company concluded that the license didnot have standalone value to SymBio and was not separable from the research and development services, because of the uncertainty of SymBio's ability to developrigosertib in the SymBio territory on its own and the uncertainty of SymBio's ability to sublicense rigosertib and recover a substantial portion of the originalupfront payment of $7,500,000 paid by SymBio to the Company. The supply of rigosertib for SymBio's commercial requirements is contingent upon the receipt of regulatory approvals to commercialize rigosertib in Japanand Korea. Because the Company's commercial supply obligation was contingent upon the receipt of future regulatory approvals, and there were no bindingcommitments or firm purchase orders pending for commercial supply at or near the execution of the agreement, the commercial supply obligation is deemed to becontingent and is not valued as a deliverable under the SymBio agreement. If SymBio orders the supplies from the Company, the Company expects the pricing forthis supply to equal its third-party manufacturing cost plus a pre-negotiated percentage, which will not result in a significant incremental discount to market rates. Due to the lack of standalone value for the license, research and development services, and joint committee obligation, the upfront payment is beingrecognized ratably using the straight line method through December 2027, the expected term of the agreement. The Company recognized revenues under thisagreement of $455,000 and $455,000, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In addition, the Company recognized revenues related to thesupply agreement with Symbio in the amounts of $108,000 and $11,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.13. Preclinical Collaboration In December 2012, the Company agreed to form GBO, an entity owned by the Company and GVK. The purpose of GBO is to collaborate on and develop twoprograms through filing of an investigational new drug application and/or conducting proof of concept studies using the Company's technology platform. If aprogram failure occurs for one or both programs, the Company may contribute additional assets to GBO to establish a replacement program or programs. During 2013, GVK made an initial capital contribution of $500,000 in exchange for a 10% interest in GBO, and the Company made an initial capitalcontribution of a sublicense to all the intellectual property controlled by the Company related to the two specified programs in exchange for a 90% interest. Underthe terms of the agreement, GVK may make additional capital contributions. The GVK percentage interest in GBO may change from the initial 10% to up to 50%,depending on the amount of its total capital contributions. During November 2014, GVK made an additional capital contribution of $500,000 which increased itsinterest in GBO to 17.5%. The Company evaluates its variable interests in GBO on a quarterly basis and has determined that it is the primary beneficiary.F-32Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)13. Preclinical Collaboration (Continued) For thirty days following the 15-month anniversary of the commencement of either of the two programs, the Company will have an option to (i) cancel thelicense and (ii) purchase all rights in and to that program. There are three of these buy-back scenarios depending on the stage of development of the underlyingassets. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain events, namely termination of the Company's participation in the programs either with or without a change incontrol, GVK will be entitled to purchase or obtain the Company's interest in GBO. GVK will have operational control of GBO and the Company will havestrategic and scientific control. The two preclinical programs sublicensed to GBO have not been developed to clinical stage as initially hoped, and the Company is in discussions with GVKregarding the future of GBO.14. Related-Party Transactions The Company has entered into a research agreement, as subsequently amended, with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine ("Mount Sinai"), with which amember of its board of directors and a significant stockholder is affiliated. Mount Sinai is undertaking research on behalf of the Company on the terms set forth inthe agreements. Mount Sinai, in connection with the Company, will prepare applications for patents generated from the research. Results from all projects willbelong exclusively to Mount Sinai, but the Company will have an exclusive option to license any inventions. Payments to Mount Sinai under this researchagreement for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $1,089,000 and $1,215,000, respectively. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had nooutstanding amounts payable to Mount Sinai. The Company purchases chemical compounds and sources development services from corporations owned by a former member of its board of directors. TheCompany's aggregate payments to these suppliers for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $8,000 and $446,000, respectively. At December 31,2015 and 2014, the Company owed this supplier $0 and $8,000, respectively, which is included in accounts payable on the consolidated balance sheets. Presently,the Company has consolidated its operations to its Newtown, Pennsylvania headquarters. Previously the Company also occupied office space in Pennington, NewJersey pursuant to a lease which ran through May 2015, from a corporation related to this supplier and affiliated with the former member of its board of directors. The Company has entered into a consulting agreement with a member of its board of directors, who is also a significant stockholder. The board memberprovides consulting services to the Company on the terms set forth in the agreement. Payments to this board member for the years ended December 31, 2015 and2014 were $197,000 and $194,000, respectively. At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company had no outstanding amounts payable under thisagreement.15. Securities Registrations and Sales Agreements In October 2014, the Company entered into a sales agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. ("Cantor") to create an at-the-market equity program under whichthe Company from time to time was able to offer and sell shares of its Common Stock through Cantor. A registration statement (Form S-3 No. 333-199219),relating to the shares, which was filed with the SEC became effective on November 20, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2015, 2,715,165 shares weresold under the Cantor sales agreement for net proceeds of $6,018,000. The Cantor sales agreement was terminated on January 5, 2016.F-33Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)15. Securities Registrations and Sales Agreements (Continued) On October 8, 2015, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement, and a registration rights agreement (the "Registration Rights Agreement") with LincolnPark. A registration statement (Form S-1 No. 333-207533), relating to the shares, which was filed with the SEC became effective on November 3, 2015. Upon signing of the Purchase Agreement, Lincoln Park made an initial purchase of 846,755 shares of the Company's Common Stock for $1,500,000. Underthe terms and subject to the conditions of the Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right to sell to and Lincoln Park is obligated to purchase up to anadditional $15,000,000 in amounts of shares of Common Stock, subject to certain limitations, from time to time, over the 36-month period commencing onNovember 3, 2015, the effective date of the registration statement filed with the SEC (the "Commencement Date"). The Company may direct Lincoln Park, at itssole discretion and subject to certain conditions, to purchase up to 100,000 shares of Common Stock on any business day, increasing to up to 250,000 sharesdepending upon the closing sale price of the Common Stock (such purchases, "Regular Purchases"). However, in no event shall a Regular Purchase be more than$1,000,000. The purchase price of shares of Common Stock related to the future funding will be based on the prevailing market prices of such shares at the time ofsales. In addition, the Company may direct Lincoln Park to purchase additional amounts as accelerated purchases if on the date of a Regular Purchase the closingsale price of the Common Stock is not below the threshold price as set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The Company's sales of shares of Common Stock toLincoln Park under the Purchase Agreement are limited to no more than the number of shares that would result in the beneficial ownership by Lincoln Park and itsaffiliates, at any single point in time, of more than 4.99% of the then-outstanding shares of the Common Stock, which limit will increase to 9.99% 180 days afterthe Commencement Date. Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement and to comply with the listing rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market, the number of shares issued to LincolnPark thereunder shall not exceed 19.99% of the Company's shares outstanding on October 8, 2015 unless the approval of the Company's stockholders is obtained.This limitation shall not apply if the average price paid for all shares issued and sold under the Purchase Agreement is equal to or greater than $1.556. TheCompany is not required or permitted to issue any shares of Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement if such issuance would breach the Company'sobligations under the listing rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market. As consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement, the Company issued to Lincoln Park 200,000 shares of Common Stock. Lincoln Park representedto the Company, among other things, that it was an "accredited investor" (as such term is defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933,as amended (the "Securities Act"), and the Company sold the securities in reliance upon an exemption from registration contained in Section 4(2) under theSecurities Act. The securities sold may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements. The net proceeds under the Purchase Agreement to the Company will depend on the frequency and prices at which the Company sells shares of its stock toLincoln Park. The Company expects that the proceeds received by the Company and any additional proceeds from future sales to Lincoln Park under the PurchaseAgreement will be used for general corporate purposes and working capital requirements.F-34Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)16. Subsequent EventsSale of Securities On January 5, 2016, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Securities Purchase Agreement") with an institutional investor (the"Investor") providing for the issuance and sale by the Company of 1,936,842 shares of the Company's common stock, at a purchase price of $0.95 per share (the"Common Shares") and warrants to purchase 968,421 shares of the Company's common stock (the "Warrants") for aggregate gross proceeds of $1,840,000. EachWarrant is initially exercisable on the six (6) month anniversary of the issuance date at an exercise price equal to $1.15 per share of common stock, subject tocustomary adjustments, and has a term of exercise of five (5) years from the initial exercise date. Net proceeds from the transactions were approximately$1,646,000 after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company's estimated transaction expenses. The net proceeds received by the Companyfrom the transactions will be used to fund the development of the Company's clinical and preclinical programs, for other research and development activities andfor general corporate purposes. The Common Shares were offered by the Company pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was initially filed with the SECon October 8, 2014 and subsequently declared effective on November 20, 2014 (File No. 333- 199219) (the "Registration Statement"). The Warrants were issued and sold without registration under the Securities Act in reliance on the exemptions provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the SecuritiesAct and/or Regulation D promulgated thereunder and in reliance on similar exemptions under applicable state laws. Accordingly, the Investor may exercise theWarrants and sell the underlying shares only pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the resale of those shares, anexemption under Rule 144 under the Securities Act or another applicable exemption under the Securities Act.Workforce Reduction In February 2016, the Company, as part of its ongoing commitment to reduce costs and conserve cash implemented a workforce reduction of 6 employees,which represented approximately 17 percent of its workforce. Affected employees were offered severance pay in accordance with Company policy or, ifapplicable, their employment agreements. As part of the workforce reduction, Ajay Bansal, the Company's Chief Financial Officer, and Thomas McKearn, M.D., Ph.D., the Company's President,Research & Development, were notified that their employment with the Company was terminated. Mr. Bansal and Dr. McKearn each depart in good standing withthe Company. Each of Mr. Bansal and Dr. McKearn will receive severance benefits consistent with a termination "without cause" pursuant to his employmentagreement and the Company has agreed to extend the post-termination exercise period of their outstanding option awards until February 12, 2018, in considerationfor a customary general release. As a result of the workforce reduction, the Company estimates that it will record in the first quarter of 2016, a one-time severance-related charge totalingapproximately $2.8 million, which includes a non-cash charge of approximately $1.6 million related to the accelerated vesting of the outstanding stock options forcertain of the affected employees.F-35Table of ContentsOnconova Therapeutics, Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)16. Subsequent Events (Continued)Baxalta Development and License Agreement On March 3, 2016, the Company received a notice from Baxalta notifying the Company of Baxalta's election to terminate the development and licenseagreement between the Company and Baxalta (as successor to Baxter Healthcare SA) based on a strategic reprioritization review, effective August 30, 2016. Thistermination notice was received after commencement of the INSPIRE trial, which was designed in consultation with Baxalta. Under the terms of the development and license agreement, Baxalta is making cost-sharing payments to the Company equal to fifty percent of the costs of theCompany's INSPIRE trial, up to $15.0 million. The development and license agreement granted Baxalta an exclusive, royalty-bearing license for the research,development and commercialization of the Company's lead product candidate, rigosertib, in all therapeutic indications in specified countries comprising most ofEurope. In accordance with the terms of the development and license agreement, upon termination, the rights that the Company had licensed to Baxalta will revertto the Company at no cost to the Company. Additionally, prior to the effective date of the termination, Baxalta will transition material to the Company and willcontinue to fund its share of the costs of the INSPIRE trial.F-36QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this documentExhibit 21.1 Subsidiary Jurisdiction of IncorporationOnconova Europe GmbH GermanyGBO, LLC DelawareQuickLinks Exhibit 21.1 QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this documentExhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements (Form S-8 No. 333-191161, Form S-8 No. 333-194228, Form S-8 No. 333-204210 and Form S-3 No. 333-199219) of our report dated March 28, 2016, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc.included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2015.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania March 28, 2016 /s/ Ernst & Young LLPQuickLinks Exhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this documentExhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATIONS I, Ramesh Kumar, certify that:1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc.; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financialcondition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in ExchangeAct Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for theregistrant and have: (a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectivenessof the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscalquarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect,the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or other persons performing the equivalent functions): (a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controlover financial reporting./s/ RAMESH KUMAR, PH.D. Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D. President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Operating Officer) Dated: March 28, 2016 QuickLinks Exhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATIONS QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this documentExhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATIONS I, Mark Guerin, certify that:1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc.; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financialcondition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in ExchangeAct Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for theregistrant and have: (a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectivenessof the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscalquarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect,the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or other persons performing the equivalent functions): (a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controlover financial reporting./s/ MARK GUERIN Mark Guerin Vice President, Financial Planning and Accounting and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Dated: March 28, 2016 QuickLinks Exhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATIONS QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this documentExhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. (the "Company") for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), the undersigned, Ramesh Kumar, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, herebycertifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.Dated: March 28, 2016/s/ RAMESH KUMAR, PH.D. Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D. President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Operating Officer) QuickLinks Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this documentExhibit 32.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Onconova Therapeutics, Inc. (the "Company") for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), the undersigned, Mark Guerin, Vice President, Financial Planning and Accounting of theCompany, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.Dated: March 28, 2016/s/ MARK GUERIN Mark Guerin Vice President, Financial Planning and Accounting and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) QuickLinks Exhibit 32.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 

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