Owens Corning
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K þ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 or r TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 1-33100 Owens Corning (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) One Owens Corning Parkway, Toledo, OH (Address of principal executive offices) 43-2109021 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 43659 (Zip Code) (419) 248-8000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes þ No r Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes r No þ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No r Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No r Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. r Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer þ Accelerated filer r Non-accelerated filer r Smaller reporting company r Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes r No þ On June 30, 2015 , the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of $0.01 par value common stock (the voting stock of the registrant) held by non-affiliates (assuming for purposes of this computation only that the registrant had no affiliates) was approximately $4,850,794,039. As of January 31, 2016, 115,540,535 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of Owens Corning’s proxy statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on April 21, 2016 (the “ 2016 Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III hereof. PART I ITEM 1. Business Overview Segment overview General Availability of information ITEM 1A. Risk factors ITEM 1B. Unresolved staff comments ITEM 2. Properties ITEM 3. Legal proceedings ITEM 4. Mine safety disclosures Executive officers of Owens Corning PART II ITEM 5. Market for Owens Corning’s common equity, related stockholder matters and issuer purchases of equity securities ITEM 6. Selected financial data ITEM 7. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations ITEM 7A. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk ITEM 8. Financial statements and supplementary data ITEM 9. Changes in and disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure ITEM 9A. Controls and procedures ITEM 9B. Other information PART III ITEM 10. Directors, executive officers and corporate governance ITEM 11. Executive compensation ITEM 12. Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters ITEM 13. Certain relationships, related transactions and director independence ITEM 14. Principal accounting fees and services PART IV ITEM 15. Exhibits and financial statement schedules Signatures Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Financial Statements Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Index to Consolidated Financial Statement schedule Schedule II Exhibit index Page 1 1 1 3 4 4 13 14 15 15 16 17 20 21 35 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 39 40 43 44 45 46 51 104 105 106 Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW - 1 - PART I Owens Corning was founded in 1938. Since then, the Company has continued to grow as a market-leading innovator of glass fiber technology. Owens Corning is a world leader in composite and building materials systems, delivering a broad range of high-quality products and services. Our products range from glass fiber used to reinforce composite materials for transportation, electronics, marine, infrastructure, wind-energy and other high-performance markets to insulation and roofing for residential, commercial and industrial applications. Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Owens Corning,” “Company,” “we” and “our” in this report refer to Owens Corning and its subsidiaries. References to a particular year mean the Company’s year commencing on January 1 and ending on December 31 of that year. SEGMENT OVERVIEW The Company has three reporting segments: Composites, which includes our Reinforcements and Downstream businesses; Insulation and Roofing. Our Composites, Insulation and Roofing reportable segments accounted for approximately 35% , 33% and 32% of our total reportable segment net sales, respectively, in 2015 . Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contains information regarding net sales to external customers and total assets attributable to each of Owens Corning’s reportable segments and geographic regions, earnings before interest and taxes for each of Owens Corning’s reportable segments, and information concerning the dependence of our reportable segments on foreign operations, for each of the years 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 . Composites Owens Corning glass fiber materials can be found in over 40,000 end-use applications within five primary markets: building and construction, transportation, consumer, industrial, and power and energy. Such end-use applications include pipe, roofing shingles, sporting goods, consumer electronics, telecommunications cables, boats, aviation, defense, automotive, industrial containers and wind-energy. Our products are manufactured and sold worldwide. We primarily sell our products directly to parts molders and fabricators. Within the building and construction market, our Composites segment sells glass fiber and/or glass mat directly to a small number of major shingle manufacturers, including our own Roofing segment. Our Composites segment is comprised of our Reinforcements and Downstream businesses. Within the Reinforcements business, the Company manufactures, fabricates and sells glass reinforcements in the form of fiber. Within the Downstream business, the Company manufactures and sells glass fiber products in the form of fabrics, non-wovens and other specialized products. Demand for composites is driven by general global economic activity and, more specifically, by the increasing replacement of traditional materials such as aluminum, wood and steel with composites that offer lighter weight, improved strength, lack of conductivity and corrosion resistance. We estimate that over the last 30 years, on average, annual global demand for composite materials grew at about 1.6 times global industrial production growth. We compete with composite manufacturers worldwide. According to various industry reports and Company estimates, our Composites segment is a world leader in the production of glass fiber reinforcement materials. Primary methods of competition include innovation, quality, customer service and global geographic reach. For our commodity products, price is also a method of competition. Significant competitors to the Composites segment include China Jushi Group Co., Ltd., Chongqing Polycom International Corporation Ltd ("CPIC"), Johns Manville, PPG Industries and Taishan Glass Fiber Co., Ltd. Our manufacturing operations in this segment are generally continuous in nature, and we warehouse much of our production prior to sale since we operate primarily with short delivery cycles. Insulation Our insulating products help customers conserve energy, provide improved acoustical performance and offer convenience of installation and use, making them a preferred insulating product for new home construction and remodeling. These products include thermal and acoustical batts, loosefill insulation, foam sheathing and accessories, and are sold under well-recognized brand names and trademarks such as Owens Corning PINK ® FIBERGLAS™ Insulation. Our Insulation segment also manufactures and sells glass fiber pipe insulation, energy efficient flexible duct media, bonded and granulated mineral fiber Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS (continued) - 2 - insulation and foam insulation used in above- and below-grade construction applications. We sell our insulation products primarily to insulation installers, home centers, lumberyards, retailers and distributors in the United States and Canada. Demand for Owens Corning’s insulating products is driven by new residential construction, remodeling and repair activity, commercial and industrial construction activity, increasingly stringent building codes and the growing need for energy efficiency. Sales in this segment typically follow seasonal home improvement, remodeling and renovation and new construction industry patterns. Demand for new residential construction typically follows on a three-month lagged basis. The peak season for home construction and remodeling in our geographic markets generally corresponds with the second and third calendar quarters and, therefore, our sales levels are typically higher during the second half of the year. Our Insulation segment competes primarily with manufacturers in the United States. According to various industry reports and Company estimates, Owens Corning is North America’s largest producer of residential, commercial and industrial insulation, and the second-largest producer of extruded polystyrene foam insulation. Principal methods of competition include innovation and product design, service, location, quality, price and compatibility of systems solutions. Significant competitors in this segment include CertainTeed Corporation, Dow Chemical, Johns Manville, and Knauf Insulation. Our Insulation segment includes a diverse portfolio with a geographic mix of United States, Canada, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America, a market mix of residential, commercial, industrial and other markets, and a channel mix of retail, contractor and distribution. Working capital practices for this segment historically have followed a seasonal cycle. Typically, our insulation plants run continuously throughout the year. This production plan, along with the seasonal nature of the segment, generally results in higher finished goods inventory balances in the first half of the year. Since sales increase during the second half of the year, our accounts receivable balances are typically higher during this period. Roofing Our primary products in the Roofing segment are laminate and strip asphalt roofing shingles. Other products include oxidized asphalt and roofing accessories. We have been able to meet the growing demand for longer lasting, aesthetically attractive laminate products with modest capital investment. We sell shingles and roofing accessories primarily through home centers, lumberyards, retailers, distributors and contractors in the United States and sell other asphalt products internally to manufacture residential roofing products and externally to other roofing manufacturers. We also sell asphalt to roofing contractors and distributors for built-up roofing asphalt systems and to manufacturers in a variety of other industries, including automotive, chemical, rubber and construction. Demand for products in our Roofing segment is generally driven by both residential repair and remodeling activity and by new residential construction. Roofing damage from major storms can significantly increase demand in this segment. As a result, sales in this segment do not always follow seasonal home improvement, remodeling and new construction industry patterns as closely as our Insulation segment. Our Roofing segment competes primarily with manufacturers in the United States. According to various industry reports and Company estimates, Owens Corning’s Roofing segment is the second largest producer of asphalt roofing shingles in the United States. Principal methods of competition include innovation and product design, proximity to customers, quality and price. Significant competitors in the Roofing segment include CertainTeed Corporation, GAF and TAMKO. Our manufacturing operations are generally continuous in nature, and we warehouse much of our production prior to sale since we operate with relatively short delivery cycles. One of the raw materials important to this segment is sourced from a sole supplier. We have a long-term supply contract for this material, and have no reason to believe that any availability issues will exist. If this supply was to become unavailable, our production could be interrupted until such time as the supplies again became available or the Company reformulated its products. Additionally, the supply of asphalt, another significant raw material in this segment, has been constricted at times. Although this has not caused an interruption of our production in the past, prolonged asphalt shortages would restrict our ability to produce products in this segment. Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS (continued) - 3 - GENERAL Major Customers No one customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated net sales for 2015 , 2014 or 2013. A significant portion of the net sales in our Insulation and Roofing segments are generated from large United States home improvement retailers. Intellectual Property The Company relies on a combination of intellectual property laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect our intellectual property, proprietary technology and our brands. Through continuous and extensive use of the color PINK since 1956, Owens Corning became the first owner of a single color trademark registration. In addition to our Owens Corning and PINK brands, the Company has registered, and applied for the registration of, U.S. and international trademarks, service marks, and domain names. Additionally, the Company has filed U.S. and international patent applications, including numerous issued patents, covering certain of our proprietary technology resulting from research and development efforts. Over time, the Company has assembled a portfolio of intellectual property rights including patents, trademarks, service marks, copyrights, domain names, know-how and trade secrets covering our products, services and manufacturing processes. Our proprietary technology is not dependent on any single or group of intellectual property rights and the Company does not expect the expiration of existing intellectual property to have a material adverse affect on the business as a whole. The Company believes the duration of our patents is adequate relative to the expected lives of our products. Although the Company protects its intellectual property and proprietary technology, any significant impairment of, or third-party claim against, our intellectual property rights could harm our business or our ability to compete. Backlog Our customer volume commitments are generally short-term, and the Company does not have a significant backlog of orders. Research and Development The Company’s research and development expense during each of the last three years is presented in the table below (in millions): Period Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2014 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2013 Environmental Control Research and Development Expense $ $ $ 73 76 77 Owens Corning has established policies and procedures to ensure that its operations are conducted in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations and that enable the Company to meet its high standards for corporate sustainability and environmental stewardship. Our manufacturing facilities are subject to numerous foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the presence of hazardous materials, pollution and protection of the environment, including emissions to air, discharges to water, management of hazardous materials, handling and disposal of solid wastes, and remediation of contaminated sites. All Company manufacturing facilities operate using an ISO 14001 or equivalent environmental management system. The Company’s 2020 Sustainability Goals require significant global reductions in energy use, water consumption, waste to landfill, emissions of greenhouse gases, fine particulate matter and toxic air emissions. The Company is dedicated to continuous improvement in our environmental, health and safety performance and to achieving its 2020 Environmental Sustainability goals. The Company has not experienced a material adverse effect upon our capital expenditures or competitive position as a result of environmental control legislation and regulations. Operating costs associated with environmental compliance were approximately $31 million in 2015. The Company continues to invest in equipment and process modifications to remain in compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations worldwide. Our manufacturing facilities are subject to numerous national, state and local environmental protection laws and regulations. Regulatory activities of particular importance to our operations include those addressing air pollution, water pollution, waste disposal and chemical control. The Company expects passage and implementation of new laws and regulations specifically Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS (continued) - 4 - addressing climate change, toxic air emissions, ozone forming emissions and fine particulate matter during the next two to five years. New air pollution regulations could impact our ability to expand production or construct new facilities in certain regions of North America. However, based on information known to the Company, including the nature of our manufacturing operations and associated air emissions, at this time we do not expect any of these new laws, regulations or activities to have a material adverse effect on our results of current operations, financial condition or long-term liquidity. Owens Corning is involved in remedial response activities and is responsible for environmental remediation at a number of sites, including certain of its currently owned or formerly owned plants. These responsibilities arise under a number of laws, including, but not limited to, the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and similar state or local laws pertaining to the management and remediation of hazardous materials and petroleum. The Company has also been named a potentially responsible party under the United States Federal Superfund law, or state equivalents, at a number of disposal sites. The Company became involved in these sites as a result of government action or in connection with business acquisitions. At the end of 2015, the Company was involved with a total of 19 sites worldwide, including 6 Superfund sites and 13 owned or formerly owned sites. None of the liabilities for these sites are individually significant to the Company. Remediation activities generally involve a potential range of activities and costs related to soil and groundwater contamination. This can include pre-cleanup activities such as fact finding and investigation, risk assessment, feasibility studies, remedial action design and implementation (where actions may range from monitoring to removal of contaminants, to installation of longer-term remediation systems). A number of factors affect the cost of environmental remediation, including the number of parties involved in a particular site, the determination of the extent of contamination, the length of time the remediation may require, the complexity of environmental regulations, variability in clean-up standards, the need for legal action, and changes in remediation technology. Taking these factors into account, Owens Corning has predicted the costs of remediation reasonably estimated to be paid over a period of years. The Company accrues an amount on an undiscounted basis, consistent with the reasonable estimates of these costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred. Actual cost may differ from these estimates for the reasons mentioned above. At December 31, 2015, the Company had an accrual totaling $3 million for these costs. Changes in required remediation procedures or timing of those procedures at existing legacy sites, or discovery of contamination at additional sites, could result in material increases to the Company’s environmental obligations. Number of Employees As of December 31, 2015 , Owens Corning had approximately 15,000 employees. Approximately 7,000 of such employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements. The Company believes that its relations with employees are good. AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION Owens Corning makes available, free of charge, through its website the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. These documents are available through the Investor Relations page of the Company’s website at www.owenscorning.com. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND OUR INDUSTRY Low levels of residential or commercial construction activity can have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. A large portion of our products are used in the markets for residential and commercial construction, repair and improvement, and demand for certain of our products is affected in part by the level of new residential construction in the United States, although typically not until a number of months after the change in the level of construction. Lower demand in the regions and markets where our products are sold could result in lower revenues and lower profitability. Historically, construction activity has been cyclical and is influenced by prevailing economic conditions, including the level of interest rates and availability of financing, inflation, employment levels, consumer spending habits, consumer confidence and other macroeconomic factors outside our control. Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS (continued) - 5 - We face significant competition in the markets we serve and we may not be able to compete successfully. All of the markets we serve are highly competitive. We compete with manufacturers and distributors, both within and outside the United States, in the sale of building products and composite products. Some of our competitors may have superior financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. In some cases, we face competition from manufacturers in countries able to produce similar products at lower costs. We also face competition from the introduction by competitors of new products or technologies that may address our customers’ needs in a better manner, whether based on considerations of pricing, usability, effectiveness, sustainability, quality or other features or benefits. If we are not able to successfully commercialize our innovation efforts, we may lose market share. Price competition or overcapacity may limit our ability to raise prices for our products when necessary, may force us to reduce prices and may also result in reduced levels of demand for our products and cause us to lose market share. In addition, in order to effectively compete, we must continue to develop new products that meet changing consumer preferences and successfully develop, manufacture and market these new products. Our inability to effectively compete could result in the loss of customers and reduce the sales of our products, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our sales may fall rapidly in response to declines in demand because we do not operate under long-term volume agreements to supply our customers and because of customer concentration in certain segments. Many of our customer volume commitments are short-term; therefore, we do not have a significant manufacturing backlog. As a result, we do not benefit from the hedge provided by long-term volume contracts against downturns in customer demand and sales. Further, we are not able to immediately adjust our costs in response to declines in sales. In addition, although no single customer represents more than 10% of our annual sales, our ability to sell some of the products in Insulation and Roofing are dependent on a limited number of customers, who account for a significant portion of such sales. The loss of key customers for these products, a consolidation of key customers or a significant reduction in sales to those customers, could significantly reduce our revenues from these products. In addition, if key customers experience financial pressure or consolidate, they could attempt to demand more favorable contractual terms, which would place additional pressure on our margins and cash flows. Lower demand for our products, loss of key customers and material changes to contractual terms could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Worldwide economic conditions and credit tightening could have a material adverse impact on the Company. The Company’s business may be materially and adversely impacted by changes in United States or global economic conditions, including global industrial production rates, inflation, deflation, interest rates, availability of capital, consumer spending rates, energy availability and commodity prices, trade laws, and the effects of governmental initiatives to manage economic conditions. Volatility in financial markets and the deterioration of national and global economic conditions could materially adversely impact the Company’s operations, financial results and/or liquidity including as follows: • • • • • the financial stability of our customers or suppliers may be compromised, which could result in reduced demand for our products, additional bad debts for the Company or non-performance by suppliers; one or more of the financial institutions syndicated under the credit agreement governing our revolving credit facility may cease to be able to fulfill their funding obligations, which could materially adversely impact our liquidity; it may become more costly or difficult to obtain financing or refinance the Company’s debt in the future; the value of the Company’s assets held in pension plans may decline; and/or the Company’s assets may be impaired or subject to write-down or write-off. Uncertainty about global economic conditions may cause consumers of our products to postpone spending in response to tighter credit, negative financial news and/or declines in income or asset values. This could have a material adverse impact on the demand for our products and on our financial condition and operating results. A deterioration of economic conditions would likely exacerbate these adverse effects and could result in a wide-ranging and prolonged impact on general business conditions, thereby negatively impacting our operations, financial results and/or liquidity. Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS (continued) - 6 - Our level of indebtedness could adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our debt level and degree of leverage could have important consequences, including the following: • • • • • • our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes may be limited; a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations could be required for the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, and may not be available for other business purposes; certain of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest, exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates; if due to liquidity needs we must replace any indebtedness upon maturity, we would be exposed to the risk that we may not be able to refinance such indebtedness; our ability to adjust to changing market conditions may be limited and place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt; and we may be vulnerable in a downturn in general economic conditions or in our business, or we may be unable to carry out important capital spending. In addition, the credit agreement governing our senior credit facility, the indentures governing our senior notes and the receivables purchase agreement governing our receivables securitization facility contain various covenants that impose operating and financial restrictions on us and/or our subsidiaries. Additionally, instruments and agreements governing our future indebtedness may impose other restrictive conditions or covenants that could restrict our ability to conduct our business operations or pursue growth strategies. Adverse weather conditions and the level of severe storms could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. Weather conditions and the level of severe storms can have a significant impact on the markets for residential and commercial construction, repair and improvement, which can in turn impact our business as follows: • • generally, any weather conditions that slow or limit residential or commercial construction activity can adversely impact demand for our products; and a portion of our annual product demand is attributable to the repair of damage caused by severe storms. In periods with below average levels of severe storms, demand for such products could be reduced. Lower demand for our products as a result of either of these scenarios could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, severely low temperatures may lead to significant and immediate spikes in costs of natural gas, electricity and other commodities that could negatively affect our results of operation. Our operations require substantial capital, leading to high levels of fixed costs that will be incurred regardless of our level of business activity. Our businesses are capital intensive, and regularly require capital expenditures to expand operations, maintain equipment, increase operating efficiency and comply with applicable laws and regulations, leading to high fixed costs, including depreciation expense. Also, increased regulatory focus could lead to additional or higher costs in the future. We are limited in our ability to reduce fixed costs quickly in response to reduced demand for our products and these fixed costs may not be fully absorbed, resulting in higher average unit costs and lower gross margins if we are not able to offset this higher unit cost with price increases. Alternatively, we may be limited in our ability to quickly respond to unanticipated increased demand for our products, which could result in an inability to satisfy demand for our products and loss of market share. We may be exposed to increases in costs of energy, materials and transportation or reductions in availability of materials and transportation, which could reduce our margins and have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business relies heavily on certain commodities and raw materials used in our manufacturing processes. Additionally, we spend a significant amount on natural gas inputs and services that are influenced by energy prices, such as asphalt, a large number of chemicals and resins and transportation costs. Price increases for these inputs could raise costs and reduce our margins if we are not able to offset them by increasing the prices of our products, improving productivity or hedging where Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS (continued) - 7 - appropriate. In particular, energy prices could increase as a result of climate change legislation or other environmental mandates. Availability of certain of the raw materials we use has, from time to time, been limited, and our sourcing of some of these raw materials from a limited number of suppliers, and in some cases a sole supplier, increases the risk of unavailability. For example, one of the raw materials important to our roofing segment is sourced from a sole supplier, and although we have a long-term supply contract for this material, our production could be interrupted until such time as the supplies again became available or we reformulated our products. Despite our contractual supply agreements with many of our suppliers, it is possible that we could experience a lack of certain raw materials which could limit our ability to produce our products, thereby materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to risks relating to our information technology systems, and any failure to adequately protect our critical information technology systems could materially affect our operations. We rely on information technology systems across our operations, including for management, supply chain and financial information and various other processes and transactions. Our ability to effectively manage our business depends on the security, reliability and capacity of these systems. Information technology system failures, network disruptions or breaches of security could disrupt our operations, causing delays or cancellation of customer orders or impeding the manufacture or shipment of products, processing of transactions or reporting of financial results. An attack or other problem with our systems could also result in the disclosure of proprietary information about our business or confidential information concerning our customers or employees, which could result in significant damage to our business and our reputation. We have put in place security measures designed to protect against the misappropriation or corruption of our systems, intentional or unintentional disclosure of confidential information, or disruption of our operations. However, advanced cyber-security threats, such as computer viruses, attempts to access information, and other security breaches, are persistent and continue to evolve making them increasingly difficult to identify and prevent. Protecting against these threats may require significant resources, and we may not be able to implement measures that will protect against all of the significant risks to our information technology systems. In addition, we rely on a number of third party service providers to execute certain business processes and maintain certain IT systems and infrastructure, any breach of security on their part could impair our ability to effectively operate. Moreover, our operations in certain geographic locations may be particularly vulnerable to security attacks or other problems. Any breach of our security measures could result in unauthorized access to and misappropriation of our information, corruption of data or disruption of operations or transactions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We are subject to risks associated with our international operations. We sell products and operate plants throughout the world. Our international sales and operations are subject to risks and uncertainties, including: • • • • • • • • difficulties and costs associated with complying with a wide variety of complex and changing laws, including securities laws, tax laws, employment and pension-related laws, competition laws, U.S. and foreign export and trading laws, and laws governing improper business practices, treaties and regulations; limitations on our ability to enforce legal rights and remedies; adverse economic and political conditions, business interruption, war and civil disturbance; tax inefficiencies and currency exchange controls that may adversely impact our ability to repatriate cash from non-United States subsidiaries; the imposition of tariffs or other import or export restrictions; costs and availability of shipping and transportation; nationalization of properties by foreign governments; and currency exchange rate fluctuations between the United States dollar and foreign currencies. As we continue to expand our business globally, we may have difficulty anticipating and effectively managing these and other risks that our international operations may face, which may adversely impact our business outside the United States and our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we operate in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption and we could be adversely affected by violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and similar worldwide anti-corruption laws. The FCPA Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS (continued) - 8 - and similar anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Although we mandate compliance with these anti-corruption laws and maintain an anti-corruption compliance program, we cannot provide assurance that these measures will necessarily prevent violations of these laws by our employees or agents. If we were found to be liable for violations of anti-corruption, we could be liable for criminal or civil penalties or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The Company’s income tax net operating loss carryforwards may be limited and our results of operations may be adversely impacted. The Company has substantial deferred tax assets related to net operating losses (“NOLs”) for United States federal and state income tax purposes, which are available to offset future taxable income. However, the Company’s ability to utilize or realize the current carrying value of the NOLs may be impacted by certain events, such as changes in tax legislation or insufficient future taxable income prior to expiration of the NOLs or annual limits imposed under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, or by state law, as a result of a change in control. A change in control is generally defined as a cumulative change of 50% or more in the ownership positions of certain stockholders during a rolling three year period. Changes in the ownership positions of certain stockholders could occur as the result of stock transactions by such stockholders and/or by the issuance of stock by the Company. Such limitations may cause the Company to pay income taxes earlier and in greater amounts than would be the case if the NOLs were not subject to such limitations. Should the Company determine that it is likely that its recorded NOL benefits are not realizable, the Company would be required to reduce the NOL tax benefit reflected on its financial statements to the net realizable amount either by a direct adjustment to the NOL tax benefit or by establishing a valuation reserve and recording a corresponding charge to current earnings. The corresponding charge to current earnings would have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations in the period in which it is recorded. Conversely, if the Company is required to increase its NOL tax benefit either by a direct adjustment or reversing any portion of the accounting valuation against its deferred tax assets related to its NOLs, such credit to current earnings could have a positive effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations in the period in which it is recorded. Our intellectual property rights may not provide meaningful commercial protection for our products or brands and third parties may assert that we violate their intellectual property rights, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Owens Corning relies on its intellectual property, including numerous patents, registered trademarks, trade secrets, confidential information, as well as its licensed intellectual property. We monitor and protect against activities that might infringe, dilute, or otherwise harm our patents, trademarks and other intellectual property and rely on the patent, trademark and other laws of the United States and other countries. However, we may be unable to prevent third parties from using our intellectual property without our authorization. To the extent we cannot protect our intellectual property, unauthorized use and misuse of our intellectual property could harm our competitive position and have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the laws of some non-United States jurisdictions provide less protection for our proprietary rights than the laws of the United States and we therefore may not be able to effectively enforce our intellectual property in these jurisdictions. If we are unable to maintain certain exclusive licenses, our brand recognition and sales could be adversely impacted. Current employees, contractors and suppliers have, and former employees, contractors and suppliers may have, access to trade secrets and confidential information regarding our operations which could be disclosed improperly and in breach of contract to our competitors or otherwise used to harm us. Third parties may also claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. If we are unable to successfully defend or license such alleged infringing intellectual property or if we are required to substitute similar technology from another source, our operations could be adversely affected. Even if we believe that such intellectual property claims are without merit, defending such claims can be costly, time consuming and require significant resources. Claims of intellectual property infringement also might require us to redesign affected products, pay costly damage awards, or face injunctions prohibiting us from manufacturing, importing, marketing or selling certain of our products. Even if we have agreements to indemnify us, indemnifying parties may be unable or unwilling to do so. Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS (continued) - 9 - Our hedging activities to address energy price fluctuations may not be successful in offsetting increases in those costs or may reduce or eliminate the benefits of any decreases in those costs. In order to mitigate short-term variation in our operating results due to commodity price fluctuations, we hedge a portion of our near-term exposure to the cost of energy, primarily natural gas. The results of our hedging practices could be positive, neutral or negative in any period depending on price changes of the hedged exposures. Our hedging activities are not designed to mitigate long-term commodity price fluctuations and, therefore, will not protect us from long-term commodity price increases. In addition, in the future, our hedging positions may not correlate to our actual energy costs, which would cause acceleration in the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on our hedging positions in our operating results. Downgrades of our credit ratings could adversely impact us. Our credit ratings are important to our cost of capital. The major debt rating agencies routinely evaluate our debt based on a number of factors, which include financial strength and business risk as well as transparency with rating agencies and timeliness of financial reporting. A downgrade in our debt rating could result in increased interest and other expenses on our existing variable interest rate debt, and could result in increased interest and other financing expenses on future borrowings. Downgrades in our debt rating could also restrict our access to capital markets and affect the value and marketability of our outstanding notes. Increases in the cost of labor, union organizing activity, labor disputes and work stoppages at our facilities could delay or impede our production, reduce sales of our products and increase our costs. The costs of labor are generally increasing, including the costs of employee benefit plans. We are subject to the risk that strikes or other types of conflicts with personnel may arise or that we may become the subject of union organizing activity at additional facilities. In particular, renewal of collective bargaining agreements typically involves negotiation, with the potential for work stoppages or increased costs at affected facilities. We could face potential product liability and warranty claims, we may not accurately estimate costs related to such claims, and we may not have sufficient insurance coverage available to cover such claims. Our products are used and have been used in a wide variety of residential and commercial applications. We face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability or other claims in the event our products are alleged to be defective or that the use of our products is alleged to have resulted in harm to others or to property. We may in the future incur liability if product liability lawsuits against us are successful. Moreover, any such lawsuits, whether or not successful, could result in adverse publicity to us, which could cause our sales to decline. In addition, consistent with industry practice, we provide warranties on many of our products and we may experience costs of warranty or breach of contract claims if our products have defects in manufacture or design or they do not meet contractual specifications. We estimate our future warranty costs based on historical trends and product sales, but we may fail to accurately estimate those costs and thereby fail to establish adequate warranty reserves for them. We maintain insurance coverage to protect us against product liability claims, but that coverage may not be adequate to cover all claims that may arise or we may not be able to maintain adequate insurance coverage in the future at an acceptable cost. Any liability not covered by insurance or that exceeds our established reserves could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be subject to liability under and may make substantial future expenditures to comply with environmental laws and regulations. Our manufacturing facilities are subject to numerous foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the presence of hazardous materials, pollution and the protection of the environment, including those governing emissions to air, discharges to water, use, storage and transport of hazardous materials, storage, treatment and disposal of waste, remediation of contaminated sites and protection of worker health and safety. Liability under these laws involves inherent uncertainties. Environmental liability estimates may be affected by changing determinations of what constitutes an environmental exposure or an acceptable level of cleanup. For example, remediation activities generally involve a potential range of activities and costs related to soil and groundwater contamination. This can Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS (continued) - 10 - include pre-cleanup activities such as fact finding and investigation, risk assessment, feasibility studies, remedial action design and implementation (where actions may range from monitoring to removal of contaminants, to installation of longer-term remediation systems). “Please see Item 7 - Management Discussion and Analysis - Environmental Controls” for information on costs and accruals related to environmental remediation. To the extent that the required remediation procedures or timing of those procedures change, additional contamination is identified, or the financial condition of other potentially responsible parties is adversely affected, the estimate of our environmental liabilities may change. Change in required remediation procedures or timing of those procedures at existing legacy sites, or discovery of contamination at additional sites, could result in increases to our environmental obligations. Violations of environmental, health and safety laws are subject to civil, and, in some cases, criminal sanctions. As a result of these uncertainties, we may incur unexpected interruptions to operations, fines, penalties or other reductions in income which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the Company expects passage and implementation of new laws and regulations specifically addressing climate change, toxic air emissions, ozone forming emissions and fine particulate matter during the next two to five years. New air pollution regulations could impact our ability to expand production or construct new facilities in certain regions of North America. Continued and increased government and public emphasis on environmental issues is expected to result in increased future investments for environmental controls at ongoing operations, which will be charged against income from future operations. Present and future environmental laws and regulations applicable to our operations, and changes in their interpretation, may require substantial capital expenditures or may require or cause us to modify or curtail our operations, which may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We will not be insured against all potential losses and could be seriously harmed by natural disasters, catastrophes or sabotage. Many of our business activities globally involve substantial investments in manufacturing facilities and many products are produced at a limited number of locations. These facilities could be materially damaged by natural disasters such as floods, tornados, hurricanes and earthquakes or by sabotage. We could incur uninsured losses and liabilities arising from such events, including damage to our reputation, and/or suffer material losses in operational capacity, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We depend on our senior management team and other skilled and experienced personnel to operate our business effectively, and the loss of any of these individuals or the failure to attract additional personnel could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. We are highly dependent on the skills and experience of our senior management team and other skilled and experienced personnel. These individuals possess sales, marketing, manufacturing, logistical, financial, business strategy and administrative skills that are important to the operation of our business. We cannot assure that we will be able to retain all of our existing senior management personnel. The loss of any of these individuals or an inability to attract additional personnel could prevent us from implementing our business strategy and could adversely impact our business and our future financial condition or results of operations. We are subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings, including litigation in the ordinary course of business, and uninsured judgments or a rise in insurance premiums may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings, which may include but are not limited to those involving antitrust, tax, environmental and other matters, including general commercial litigation. Any claims raised in legal and regulatory proceedings, whether with or without merit, could be time consuming and expensive to defend and could divert management’s attention and resources. Additionally, the outcome of legal and regulatory proceedings may differ from our expectations because the outcomes of these proceedings are often difficult to predict reliably. Various factors and developments can lead to changes in our estimates of liabilities and related insurance receivables, where applicable, or may require us to make additional estimates, including new or modified estimates that may be appropriate due to a judicial ruling or judgment, a settlement, regulatory developments or changes in applicable law. A future adverse ruling, settlement or unfavorable development could result in charges that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in any particular period. In accordance with customary practice, we maintain insurance against some, but not all, of these potential claims. In the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance at commercially acceptable premium levels. In addition, the levels of insurance we maintain may not be adequate to fully cover any and all losses or liabilities. If any significant judgment or claim is not fully Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS (continued) - 11 - insured or indemnified against, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If our efforts in acquiring and integrating other businesses, establishing joint ventures or expanding our production capacity are not successful, our business may not grow. We have historically grown our business through acquisitions, joint ventures and the expansion of our production capacity. Our ability to grow our business through these investments depends upon our ability to identify, negotiate and finance suitable arrangements. If we cannot successfully execute on our investments on a timely basis, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition, integration or expansion costs, we may incur costs in excess of what we anticipate, and our expectations of future results of operations, including cost savings and synergies, may not be achieved. Acquisitions, joint ventures and production capacity expansions involve substantial risks, including: • • • • • • • • unforeseen difficulties in operations, technologies, products, services, accounting and personnel; diversion of financial and management resources from existing operations; unforeseen difficulties related to entering geographic regions or markets where we do not have prior experience; risks relating to obtaining sufficient equity or debt financing; difficulty in integrating the acquired business’ standards, processes, procedures and controls with our existing operations; potential loss of key employees; potential loss of customers; and undisclosed or undiscovered liabilities or claims. Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and investments could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions or investments, incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business generally. Future acquisitions and investments could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, or amortization expenses, or write-offs of goodwill, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, the anticipated benefits of our investments may not materialize. Our ongoing efforts to increase productivity and reduce costs may not result in anticipated savings in operating costs. Our cost reduction and productivity efforts, including those related to our existing operations, production capacity expansions and new manufacturing platforms, may not produce anticipated results. Our ability to achieve cost savings and other benefits within expected time frames is subject to many estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions are subject to significant economic, competitive and other uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. If these estimates and assumptions are incorrect, if we experience delays, or if other unforeseen events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted. Significant changes in the factors and assumptions used to measure our defined benefit plan obligations, actual investment returns on pension assets and other factors could have a negative impact on our financial condition or liquidity. We have certain defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit (“OPEB”) plans. Our future funding requirements for defined benefit pension and OPEB plans depend upon a number of factors and assumptions, including our actual experience against assumptions with regard to interest rates used to determine funding levels; return on plan assets; benefit levels; participant experience (e.g., mortality and retirement rates); health care cost trends; and applicable regulatory changes. To the extent actual results are less favorable than our assumptions, there could be a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Additional risks exist due to the nature and magnitude of our investments, including the implementation of or changes to the investment policy, insufficient market capacity to absorb a particular investment strategy or high volume transactions, and the inability to quickly rebalance illiquid and long-term investments. Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS (continued) - 12 - As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, our U.S. and worldwide defined benefit pension plans were underfunded by a total of $392 million and $444 million, respectively and OPEB obligations were underfunded by $243 million and $254 million, respectively. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our pension or OPEB obligations, we could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, seek additional capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. If we were required to write down all or part of our goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets, our results of operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected in a particular period. Declines in the Company’s business may result in an impairment of the Company’s tangible and intangible assets which could result in a material non-cash charge. A significant or prolonged decrease in the Company’s market capitalization, including a decline in stock price, or a negative long-term performance outlook, could result in an impairment of its tangible and intangible assets which results when the carrying value of the Company’s assets exceed their fair value. At least annually, the Company assesses goodwill and intangible assets for impairment. Since the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow methodology to calculate the fair value of its reporting units, weak demand for a specific product line or business could result in an impairment. Accordingly, any determination requiring the write-off of a significant portion of goodwill or intangible assets could negatively impact the Company’s results of operations. RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF OUR COMMON STOCK The market price of our common stock is subject to volatility. The market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include actual or anticipated variations in our operational results and cash flow, our earnings relative to our competition, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts, trading volume, sales by holders of large amounts of our common stock, short selling, market conditions within the industries in which we operate, seasonality of our business operations, the general state of the securities markets and the market for stocks of companies in our industry, governmental legislation or regulation and currency and exchange rate fluctuations, as well as general economic and market conditions, such as recessions. We are a holding company with no operations of our own and depend on our subsidiaries for cash. As a holding company, most of our assets are held by our direct and indirect subsidiaries and we will primarily rely on dividends and other payments or distributions from our subsidiaries to meet our debt service and other obligations and to enable us to pay dividends. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments or distributions to us will depend on their respective operating results and may be restricted by, among other things, the laws of their jurisdiction of organization (which may limit the amount of funds available for the payment of dividends or other payments), agreements of those subsidiaries, agreements with any co-investors in non-wholly-owned subsidiaries, the terms of our credit facility and senior notes and the covenants of any future indebtedness we or our subsidiaries may incur. Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws or Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or changes in our management and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could depress the trading price of our common stock through provisions that may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or changes in our management that our stockholders may deem advantageous. Additionally, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder and which may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company. Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS (continued) - 13 - Dividends on our common stock are declared at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Since February 2014, the Board has declared a quarterly dividend on our common stock. The payment of any future cash dividends to our stockholders is not guaranteed and will depend on decisions that will be made by our Board of Directors and will depend on then existing conditions, including our operating results, financial conditions, contractual restrictions, corporate law restrictions, capital agreements, applicable laws of the State of Delaware and business prospects. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. Table of Contents - 14 - ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Composites Our Composites segment operates out of 28 manufacturing facilities. We expect to begin operations in our recently constructed Gastonia, North Carolina facility in 2016. Principal manufacturing facilities for our Composites segment, all of which are owned, include the following: Amarillo, Texas Anderson, South Carolina Besana, Italy Chambery, France Gous, Russia Jackson, Tennessee Insulation Kimchon, Korea L’Ardoise, France Rio Claro, Brazil Taloja, India Tlaxcala, Mexico Yuhang, China Our Insulation segment operates out of 31 manufacturing facilities. We have recently begun construction of our Joplin, Missouri facility, and we expect this new capacity to be available in 2017. Principal manufacturing facilities for our Insulation segment, all of which are owned, include the following: Delmar, New York Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Fairburn, Georgia Guangzhou, Guandong, China Kansas City, Kansas Mexico City, Mexico Mt. Vernon, Ohio Roofing Newark, Ohio Rockford, Illinois Santa Clara, California Tallmadge, Ohio Toronto, Ontario, Canada Wabash, Indiana Waxahachie, Texas Our Roofing segment operates out of 29 manufacturing facilities. Principal manufacturing facilities for our Roofing segment, all of which are owned by the Company, include the following: Atlanta, Georgia Compton, California Denver, Colorado Irving, Texas Jacksonville, Florida Kearny, New Jersey Medina, Ohio Portland, Oregon Savannah, Georgia Summit, Illinois We believe that these properties are in good condition and well maintained, and are suitable and adequate to carry on our business. The capacity of each plant varies depending upon product mix. Our principal executive offices are located in the Owens Corning World Headquarters, Toledo, Ohio, an owned facility of approximately 400,000 square feet. Our research and development activities are primarily conducted at our Science and Technology Center, located on approximately 500 acres of land owned by the Company outside of Granville, Ohio. It consists of approximately 20 structures totaling more than 650,000 square feet. In addition, we have application development and other product and market focused research and development centers in various locations. Table of Contents - 15 - ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS The Company is involved in legal and regulatory proceedings from time to time in the regular course of its business. The Company believes that adequate provisions for resolution of all contingencies, claims and pending litigation have been made for probable losses that are reasonably estimable. The Company does not believe that the ultimate outcome of these actions will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, but could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, cash flows, or liquidity in a given quarter or year. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. Table of Contents - 16 - The name, age and business experience during the past five years of Owens Corning’s executive officers as of January 1, 2016 are set forth below. Each executive officer holds office until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation, retirement or removal. All those listed have been employees of Owens Corning during the past five years except as indicated. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF OWENS CORNING Name and Age Brian D. Chambers (49) Julian Francis (49) Arnaud Genis (51) Ava Harter (46) Michael C. McMurray (50) Kelly J. Schmidt (50) Daniel T. Smith (50) Michael H. Thaman (51) Position* President, Roofing and Asphalt since October 2014; formerly Vice President and General Manager, Roofing and Asphalt (2013); Vice President and Managing Director, CSB (2011). President, Insulation Business since October 2014; formerly Vice President and General Manager, Residential Insulation (2012); Vice President and General Manager, Glass Reinforcements (2011). Group President, Composite Solutions since December 2010. Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since May 2015; formerly General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary, Taleris America LLC, an operating service provider to airlines and cargo carriers (2012), General Counsel, General Electric Aviation's Avionics Business, General Electric (2009). Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since August 2012; formerly Vice President Finance, Building Materials Group (2011). Vice President, Controller since April 2011. Senior Vice President, Organization and Administration since November 2014; formerly Senior Vice President, Information Technology and Human Resources since September 2009. President and Chief Executive Officer since December 2007 and Chairman of the Board since April 2002; Director since 2002. * Information in parentheses indicates year during the past five years in which service in position began. The last item listed for each individual represents the position held by such individual at the beginning of the five-year period. Table of Contents - 17 - Part II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR OWENS CORNING’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information Owens Corning’s common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “OC.” The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices per share of, and dividends declared on, Owens Corning common stock for each quarter from January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2015 : Period First Quarter 2014 Second Quarter 2014 Third Quarter 2014 Fourth Quarter 2014 First Quarter 2015 Second Quarter 2015 Third Quarter 2015 Fourth Quarter 2015 Holders of Common Stock High Low Declared Dividend $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 46.64 $ 44.04 $ 39.44 $ 37.16 $ 43.67 $ 45.70 $ 47.90 $ 48.50 $ 36.80 $ 38.10 $ 31.52 $ 28.38 $ 34.73 $ 37.29 $ 38.95 $ 41.59 $ 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 The number of stockholders of record of Owens Corning’s common stock on January 31, 2016 was 466. Cash Dividends The payment of any future cash dividends to our stockholders will depend on decisions that will be made by our Board of Directors and will depend on then existing conditions, including our operating results, financial conditions, contractual restrictions, corporate law restrictions, capital agreements, applicable laws of the State of Delaware and business .prospects. Under the credit agreement applicable to our senior revolving credit facility, the Company may not declare a cash dividend if a default or event of default exists or would come to exist at the time of declaration or if a dividend declaration violates the provisions of our formation documents or other material agreements. The Company’s subsidiaries are subject to certain restrictions on their ability to pay dividends under the agreements governing our senior revolving credit facility and our receivables securitization facility. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities None. Table of Contents - 18 - ITEM 5. MARKET FOR OWENS CORNING’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES (continued) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The following table provides information about Owens Corning’s purchases of its common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2015 : Period October 1-31, 2015 November 1-30, 2015 December 1-31, 2015 Total Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) 153,640 $ 500,603 344,650 998,893 * $ 42.05 46.54 47.18 46.07 Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs** Maximum Number of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs** 150,000 499,962 343,199 993,161 5,449,165 4,949,203 4,606,004 4,606,004 * The Company retained 3,640, 665, and 1,451 shares surrendered to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted shares granted to our employees in October, November and December, respectively. ** On April 19, 2012, the Company approved a share buy-back program under which the Company is authorized to repurchase up to 10 million shares of Owens Corning's outstanding common stock. Under the buy-back program, shares may be repurchased through open market, privately negotiated, or other transactions. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on market conditions and other factors and will be at the Company's discretion. Table of Contents - 19 - ITEM 5. MARKET FOR OWENS CORNING’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES (continued) Performance Graph The annual changes for the five-year period shown in the graph on this page are based on the assumption that $100 had been invested in Owens Corning stock ("OC"), the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index ("S&P 500") and the Dow Jones U.S. Building Materials & Fixtures Index ("DJ Bld. Mat.") on December 31, 2010 , and that all quarterly dividends were reinvested. The total cumulative dollar returns shown on the graph represent the value that such investments would have had on December 31, 2015 . Performance Graph OC S&P 500 DJ Bld. Mat. 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 $ $ $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 92 $ 102 $ 103 $ 119 $ 118 $ 157 $ 131 $ 157 $ 201 $ 117 $ 178 $ 223 $ 156 181 255 Table of Contents - 20 - ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA December 31, 2015(a) December 31, 2014(b) December 31, 2013(c) December 31, 2012(d) December 31, 2011 Twelve Months Ended Statement of Earnings (Loss) Data Net sales Gross margin Marketing and administrative expenses Earnings before interest and taxes Interest expense, net Loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt Income tax expense (benefit) Net earnings (loss) Net earnings (loss) attributable to Owens Corning Earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Owens Corning common stockholders Basic Diluted Dividend Weighted-average common shares Basic Diluted Balance Sheet Data Total assets Long-term debt, net of current portion Total equity $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 5,350 $ 1,153 $ 525 $ 548 $ 100 $ (5) $ 120 $ 334 $ 330 $ 2.82 $ 2.79 $ 0.68 $ 117.2 118.2 7,380 $ 1,702 $ 3,779 $ (in millions, except per share amounts) 5,260 $ 5,295 $ 5,172 976 $ 487 $ 392 $ 114 $ 46 $ 5 $ 228 $ 226 $ 1.92 $ 1.91 $ 0.64 $ 117.5 118.3 7,542 $ 1,978 $ 3,730 $ 966 $ 530 $ 385 $ 112 $ — $ 68 $ 205 $ 204 $ 1.73 $ 1.71 $ — $ 118.2 119.1 7,635 $ 2,012 $ 3,830 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 797 509 148 114 74 (28) (16) (19) $ (0.16) (0.16) $ $ — $ 119.4 119.4 7,556 2,064 3,575 $ $ $ 5,335 1,028 525 461 108 — 74 281 276 2.25 2.23 — 122.5 123.5 7,517 1,920 3,741 (a) (b) (c) (d) During 2015, the Company recorded $2 million of charges related to cost reduction actions and related items. This was comprised of a $(6) million benefit in charges related to cost reduction actions, mainly due to changes in severance estimates and pension-related adjustments, and $8 million in other related charges, inclusive of $3 million in accelerated depreciation and $5 million in other related charges. During 2014, the Company recorded $36 million of charges related to cost reduction actions and related items, comprised of $34 million of severance costs, $3 million of contract termination costs, and $(1) million of other related gains. There was also a gain of $45 million related to the sale of the Hangzhou, China facility, a $20 million loss related to the sale of the European Stone Business, $3 million related to the impairment loss on Alcala, Spain facility, and $6 million related to Hurricane Sandy costs. During 2013, the Company recorded $26 million of charges related to cost reduction actions and related items (comprised of $8 million of severance costs and $18 million of other costs, inclusive of $9 million of accelerated depreciation and $9 million in other related charges). There was also $20 million in accelerated depreciation related to a change in the useful life of assets and a $15 million net gain related to Hurricane Sandy insurance activity. During 2012, the Company recorded $136 million of charges related to cost reduction actions and related items (comprised of $51 million of severance costs and $85 million of other costs, inclusive of $55 million of accelerated depreciation and $30 million in other related charges). There was also $9 million in losses related to Hurricane Sandy insurance activity. Table of Contents - 21 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is intended to help investors understand Owens Corning, our operations and our present business environment. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes thereto contained in this report. Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “Owens Corning,” “Company,” “we” and “our” in this report refer to Owens Corning and its subsidiaries. GENERAL Owens Corning is a leading global producer of glass fiber reinforcements and other materials for composites and of residential and commercial building materials. The Company has three reporting segments: Composites, Insulation and Roofing. Through these lines of business, the Company manufactures and sells products worldwide maintaining leading market positions in many of its major product categories. EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW The Company reported $548 million in earnings before interest and taxes (“EBIT”) in 2015 compared to $392 million in 2014 . The Company generated $550 million in adjusted earnings before interest and taxes (“Adjusted EBIT”) in 2015 compared to $ 412 million in 2014 . See the Adjusted Earnings Before Interest and Taxes paragraph of the MD&A for further information regarding EBIT and Adjusted EBIT, including the reconciliation to net earnings attributable to Owens Corning. EBIT performance compared to 2014 improved in all three segments, with an $83 million increase in our Composites segment, a $52 million increase in our Insulation segment, and a $34 million increase in our Roofing segment. Excluding restructuring actions and adjusting items, Corporate Adjusted EBIT costs increased by $31 million . In our Composites segment, EBIT in 2015 was $232 million compared to $149 million in 2014 driven primarily by improved commercial and operating performance. In our Insulation segment, EBIT in 2015 was $160 million compared to $108 million in 2014 driven primarily by increased sales volumes and higher selling prices. In our Roofing segment, EBIT in 2015 was $266 million compared to $232 million in 2014 driven primarily by higher sales volumes and asphalt cost deflation, partially offset by lower selling prices. In November 2015, the Company amended its $800 million senior revolving credit facility to extend its maturity to November 2020 and increase the uncommitted incremental loans permitted under the facility from $200 million to $600 million. The Company has no significant debt maturities before the fourth quarter of 2016. In 2015 , the Company generated $742 million in cash flow from operating activities compared to $452 million over 2014 . This improvement was primarily from reductions in working capital and improved net earnings. The Company repurchased 3.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock for $134 million in 2015 under a previously announced repurchase program. As of December 31, 2015 , 4.6 million shares remain available for repurchase under the authorized program. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Consolidated Results (in millions) Net sales Gross margin % of net sales Charges related to cost reduction actions Earnings before interest and taxes Interest expense, net (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt Income tax expense Net earnings attributable to Owens Corning Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 5,350 1,153 $ $ 22% (6) 548 100 (5) 120 330 $ $ $ $ $ $ 5,260 976 $ $ 19% 37 392 114 46 5 226 $ $ $ $ $ $ 5,295 966 18% 8 385 112 — 68 204 Table of Contents - 22 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) The Consolidated Results discussion below provides a summary of our results and the trends affecting our business, and should be read in conjunction with the more detailed Segment Results discussion that follows. NET SALES 2015 Compared to 2014 : Net sales increased by $90 million in 2015 as compared to 2014 . Excluding the negative impact of translating sales denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars, net sales grew about 6%. Higher sales volumes across all three segments drove the increase in sales. 2014 Compared to 2013 : Net sales decreased by $35 million in 2014 as compared to 2013 primarily due to lower sales volumes and lower selling prices in our Roofing segment, partially offset by higher selling prices and higher sales volumes in our Composites and Insulation segments. GROSS MARGIN 2015 Compared to 2014 : Gross margin as a percentage of net sales in 2015 increased about three percentage points compared to 2014 , or $ 177 million . The improvement was driven by higher sales volumes in all three business segments and the benefit of lower input costs, primarily asphalt, in our Roofing segment. 2014 Compared to 2013 : Gross margin as a percentage of net sales in 2014 was relatively flat compared to 2013 . Restructuring actions and adjusting items that were recorded to cost of sales decreased by $58 million in 2014 as compared to 2013 . In 2013 , gross margin included $27 million in charges related to Hurricane Sandy, $20 million of accelerated depreciation related to our Cordele, Georgia facility, and $18 million related to our 2012 restructuring actions. In 2014 , gross margin included $3 million of impairment losses on held for sale assets, $3 million of costs related to our 2014 restructuring actions, and $1 million of final costs for Hurricane Sandy. Excluding adjusting items, the remaining change was driven by increased contribution margins in our Composites and Insulation businesses that were more than offset by the impacts of lower sales volumes and lower selling prices in our Roofing business. CHARGES RELATED TO COST REDUCTION ACTIONS During 2014 , the Company took actions to reduce costs throughout our global Composites network, mainly through the decision to close a facility in Japan and optimize a facility in Canada, in addition to other cost reduction actions. The Company also took actions in 2014 to streamline its management structure and reduce costs, resulting in the elimination of the Building Materials Group organizational structure. During 2013 , we entered into an agreement to sell our Composites glass reinforcements facility in Hangzhou, China to the Hangzhou Municipal Land Reservation Center and the Development and Construction Management Office of Taoyuan New Zone of Gongshu District in Hangzhou. The following table presents the impact and respective location of charges related to cost reduction actions and related items on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings (in millions): Location Charges related to cost reduction actions Cost of sales Other expenses (income), net Total charges related to cost reduction actions and related items EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ (6) $ 10 (2) 2 $ 37 $ 3 (4) 36 $ 8 18 — 26 2015 Compared to 2014 : EBIT increased by $156 million in 2015 compared to 2014 . In our Composites segment, EBIT increased by $ 83 million . In our Insulation segment, EBIT increased by $ 52 million . In our Roofing segment, EBIT increased by $ 34 million . Corporate EBIT costs during 2015 increased by $ 13 million compared to 2014 , as higher performance-based compensation expenses were offset by lower adjusting items, mainly charges related to cost reduction actions. Table of Contents - 23 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) 2014 Compared to 2013 : EBIT increased by $7 million in 2014 compared to 2013. In our Composites segment, EBIT increased by $51 million compared to 2013. In our Insulation segment, EBIT increased by $68 million compared to 2013. In our Roofing segment, EBIT decreased by $154 million. Corporate EBIT costs during 2014 decreased by $42 million compared to 2013. INTEREST EXPENSE, NET 2015 Compared to 2014 : Interest expense, net in 2015 was $14 million lower than in 2014 . The decrease was driven by reduced interest expense following the refinancing of portions of our Senior Notes due in 2016 and 2019 and lower borrowings on our senior revolving credit facility and receivables securitization facility. 2014 Compared to 2013 : Interest expense, net in 2014 was $2 million higher than in 2013 due primarily to decreased interest income, partially offset by reduced interest expense following the refinancing of portions of our Senior Notes due in 2016 and 2019. (GAIN) LOSS ON EXTINGUISHMENT OF DEBT For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded a $5 million gain on extinguishment of debt as a result of purchasing its World Headquarters facility, which had previously been classified as a capital lease. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , the Company recorded a $46 million loss on extinguishment of debt as a result of refinancing portions of our Senior Notes due in 2016 and 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , there were no extinguishments of debt. INCOME TAX EXPENSE Income tax expense for 2015 was $120 million compared to $5 million in 2014 . The company’s effective tax rate for 2015 was 27% on pre-tax income of $453 million . The difference between the 27% effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 35% is primarily attributable to tax legislative changes impacting certain Canadian net operating losses and the reversal of a valuation allowance recorded in prior years against Canadian deferred tax assets which cumulatively totaled $27 million, other releases of valuation allowances against deferred tax assets in multiple jurisdictions and lower foreign tax rates. Realization of deferred tax assets depends on achieving a certain minimum level of future taxable income. Management currently believes that it is at least reasonably possible that the minimum level of taxable income will be met within the next 12 months to reduce the valuation allowance of certain foreign jurisdictions by a range of $0 million to $12 million. The company’s effective tax rate for 2014 was 2% on pre-tax income of $232 million. The difference between the 2% effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 35% is primarily attributable to the resolution of an uncertain tax position upon receiving final notification from the IRS that it had completed its audit examination for the taxable years 2008 through 2010, the reversal of a valuation allowance recorded in prior years against certain European net deferred tax assets which cumulatively totaled $86 million, lower foreign tax rates and various tax planning initiatives. Adjusted Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (“Adjusted EBIT”) Adjusted EBIT excludes certain items that management does not allocate to our segment results because it believes they are not a result of the Company’s current operations. Adjusted EBIT is used internally by the Company for various purposes, including reporting results of operations to the Board of Directors of the Company, analysis of performance and related employee compensation measures. Although management believes that these adjustments result in a measure that provides a useful representation of our operational performance, the adjusted measure should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net earnings attributable to Owens Corning as prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Table of Contents - 24 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) Adjusting items are shown in the table below (in millions): Charges related to cost reduction actions and related items Net loss on sale of European Stone Business Impairment loss on Alcala, Spain facility held for sale Gain on sale of Hangzhou, China facility Net gain (loss) related to Hurricane Sandy Accelerated depreciation related to a change in the useful life of assets at our incomplete Cordele, Georgia facility Total adjusting items Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ (2) $ — — — — — (2) $ (36) $ (20) (3) 45 (6) — (20) $ The reconciliation from net earnings attributable to Owens Corning to Adjusted EBIT is shown in the table below (in millions): NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests NET EARNINGS Equity in net earnings of affiliates Less: Income tax expense EARNINGS BEFORE TAXES Interest expense, net (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES Less: adjusting items from above ADJUSTED EBIT Segment Results Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 330 $ 226 $ 4 334 1 120 453 100 (5) 548 (2) 2 228 1 5 232 114 46 392 (20) $ 550 $ 412 $ (26) — — — 15 (20) (31) 204 1 205 — 68 273 112 — 385 (31) 416 Earnings before interest and taxes (“EBIT”) by segment consists of net sales less related costs and expenses and are presented on a basis that is used internally for evaluating segment performance. Certain items, such as general corporate expenses or income and certain other expense or income items, are excluded from the internal evaluation of segment performance. Accordingly, these items are not reflected in EBIT for our reportable segments and are included in the Corporate, Other and Eliminations category, which is presented following the discussion of our reportable segments. Table of Contents - 25 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) Composites The table below provides a summary of net sales, EBIT and depreciation and amortization expense for our Composites segment (in millions): Net sales % change from prior year EBIT EBIT as a % of net sales Depreciation and amortization expense NET SALES Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 1,902 $ 1,919 $ 1,845 -1 % 232 $ 12 % 125 $ 4% 149 $ 8% 129 $ -1 % 98 5 % 130 $ $ $ 2015 Compared to 2014 : Net sales in our Composites business were $17 million lower in 2015 than in 2014 . Excluding the negative impact ($182 million) of translating sales denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars, net sales grew over 8% year-over-year. Composites sales volumes grew about 4%, and higher selling prices contributed an additional $32 million to the year-over-year improvement. The remaining $56 million year-over-year improvement was driven by favorable product mix. Product mix was relatively flat in the fourth quarter of 2015 compared to the fourth quarter of 2014 as higher specialty glass sales in the fourth quarter of 2014 were largely offset by fourth quarter 2015 favorable product mix. 2014 Compared to 2013 : Net sales in our Composites business were $74 million higher in 2014 than in 2013. The increase in sales was driven by higher sales volumes and $32 million in higher selling prices. The negative impact of translating sales denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars was offset by favorable customer mix. EBIT 2015 Compared to 2014 : EBIT in our Composites segment was $83 million higher in 2015 than in 2014 . Higher selling prices of $32 million and the impact of favorable product mix contributed about equally to the year-over-year improvement. The remaining year-over-year improvement was driven by higher sales volumes, improved manufacturing performance and lower furnace rebuild costs, which were partially offset by the negative impact ($24 million) of translating sales denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars. Lower selling, general and administrative expenses were offset by comparison to the benefit of the prior year's favorable contract dispute resolution. 2014 Compared to 2013 : EBIT in our Composites segment was $51 million higher in 2014 than in 2013, primarily due to higher selling prices. About half of the remaining increase in EBIT was driven by the net impact of improved operating performance and favorable customer mix, partially offset by inflation and higher furnace-rebuild related costs. The remaining increase was driven about equally by higher sales volumes and the favorable resolution of a contract dispute. OUTLOOK Global glass reinforcements market demand has historically grown on average with global industrial production and the Company believes this relationship will continue. In 2016 , the Company expects moderate global industrial production growth. Table of Contents - 26 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) Insulation The table below provides a summary of net sales, EBIT and depreciation and amortization expense for the Insulation segment (in millions): Net sales % change from prior year EBIT EBIT as a % of net sales Depreciation and amortization expense NET SALES Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 1,850 $ 1,746 $ 1,642 6% 160 $ 9% 101 $ 6% 108 $ 6% 101 $ 12% 40 2% 104 $ $ $ 2015 Compared to 2014: In our Insulation business, 2015 net sales were $104 million higher than in 2014 , primarily due to higher sales volumes of about 5% and higher selling prices of $24 million. The $37 million negative impact of translating sales denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars was partially offset by favorable customer mix. 2014 Compared to 2013: In our Insulation business, 2014 net sales were $104 million higher than in 2013, primarily due to higher selling prices of $52 million. The remaining increase was driven primarily by higher sales volumes of 2% and a full year of sales for our 2013 acquisition of Thermafiber, Inc. EBIT 2015 Compared to 2014: In our Insulation business, EBIT increased $52 million in 2015 compared to 2014 . Higher selling prices of $24 million and higher sales volumes drove substantially all of the year-over-year improvement. The $13 million negative impact of translating sales denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars was offset about equally by favorable manufacturing performance and input cost deflation. The remaining increase in EBIT was driven by $7 million of favorable customer mix. 2014 Compared to 2013: In our Insulation business, EBIT increased $68 million in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to higher selling prices. Inflation was offset by favorable manufacturing performance and lower selling, general and administrative expenses. The remaining increase in EBIT was driven by higher sales volumes. OUTLOOK During the fourth quarter of 2015 , the average Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate (“SAAR”) of United States housing starts was approximately 1.135 million starts, up from an annual average of approximately 1.055 million starts in the fourth quarter of 2014 . While the information on United States housing starts has been positive over the past couple of years, the timing and pace of recovery of the United States housing market remains uncertain. The Company expects our Insulation business to benefit from an improving United States housing market, improved pricing, and continued operating leverage. We believe the geographic, product and channel mix of our portfolio may continue to moderate the impact of any demand-driven variability associated with United States new construction. Roofing The table below provides a summary of net sales, EBIT and depreciation and amortization expense for the Roofing segment (in millions): Net sales % change from prior year EBIT EBIT as a % of net sales Depreciation and amortization expense Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 1,766 $ 1,748 $ 1,967 1% 266 $ 15% 39 $ -11 % 232 $ 13 % 39 $ -2 % 386 20 % 38 $ $ $ Table of Contents - 27 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) NET SALES 2015 Compared to 2014: In our Roofing business, net sales were $18 million higher in 2015 than in 2014 . The increase in net sales was driven by higher sales volumes, partially offset by $114 million of lower selling prices. For the full year, third-party asphalt sales were lower by $48 million, for which $23 million of this change occurred in the fourth quarter of 2015. 2014 Compared to 2013: In our Roofing business, net sales were $219 million lower in 2014 than in 2013 . The decline in net sales was driven primarily by a 9% decrease in sales volumes. Lower selling prices of $61 million were partially offset by favorable product mix. In 2014, sales volumes decreased compared to 2013 primarily as a result of a mid-single digit decline in the size of the United States shingle market. In addition, the Company's market share, which had declined earlier in 2014, returned to historical share levels in the second half of 2014. EBIT 2015 Compared to 2014: In our Roofing business, EBIT was $34 million higher in 2015 than in 2014 . Lower selling prices of $114 million negatively impacted EBIT. More than half of the remaining increase was driven by higher sales volumes and favorable product mix. The remainder of the change was driven by the $68 million benefit of asphalt cost deflation. 2014 Compared to 2013: In our Roofing business, EBIT was $154 million lower in 2014 than in 2013 . Lower sales volumes and lower selling prices contributed about equally to the decline in EBIT. The remainder of the decline was primarily driven by inflation, mainly for asphalt. Production curtailments were largely offset by lower selling, general and administrative expenses. OUTLOOK In our Roofing business, we expect the factors that have driven margins in recent years to continue to deliver profitability. Uncertainties that may impact our Roofing margins include competitive pricing pressure and the cost and availability of raw materials, particularly asphalt. Corporate, Other and Eliminations The table below provides a summary of EBIT and depreciation and amortization expense for the Corporate, Other and Eliminations category (in millions): Charges related to cost reduction actions and related items Net loss on sale of European Stone Business Impairment loss on Alcala, Spain facility held for sale Gain on sale of Hangzhou, China facility Net gain (loss) related to Hurricane Sandy Accelerated depreciation related to a change in the useful life of assets at our incomplete Cordele, Georgia facility General corporate expense and other EBIT Depreciation and amortization EBIT Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ (2) $ — — — — — (108) (110) $ 35 $ (36) $ (20) (3) 45 (6) — (77) (97) $ 35 $ (26) — — — 15 (20) (108) (139) 60 2015 Compared to 2014 : In Corporate, Other and Eliminations, EBIT costs in 2015 were $13 million higher compared to 2014 . The increase was driven by higher general corporate expense and other partially offset by higher adjusting items in the prior year, which are shown in the table above and further explained in the Adjusted Earnings Before Interest and Taxes paragraph of the MD&A. Excluding restructuring actions and adjusting items, general corporate expense and other was $31 million higher primarily due to increased performance-based compensation. Table of Contents - 28 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) 2014 Compared to 2013 : In Corporate, Other and Eliminations, EBIT costs in 2014 were $42 million lower than in 2013. Excluding adjusting items, general corporate expense and other was $31 million lower primarily due to decreases in variable compensation expense. In addition, we realized a $5 million gain related to a fixed capacity Brazil energy contract for the net settlement of energy purchases and sales on this contract during the Brazil plant's furnace rebuild. Adjusting items for 2014 included a total of $36 million related to cost reduction actions and related items, $23 million related to impairments on assets held for sale or sold, $6 million related to clean up costs associated with the repair of our Kearny, New Jersey manufacturing facility, and a $45 million gain related to the sale of our Hangzhou, China facility. Depreciation and amortization in 2014 was $25 million lower than in 2013, primarily due to $29 million of accelerated depreciation in our 2013 results related to our European restructuring plan and a change in useful life of assets located at our incomplete Cordele, Georgia Insulation facility. OUTLOOK In 2016 , we expect general corporate expense to grow to between $120 million and $130 million. SAFETY Working safely is a condition of employment at Owens Corning. The Company believes this organization-wide expectation provides for a safer work environment for employees, improves our manufacturing processes, reduces our costs and enhances our reputation. Furthermore, striving to be a world-class leader in safety provides a platform for all employees to understand and apply the resolve necessary to be a high-performing, global organization. We measure our progress on safety based on Recordable Incidence Rate (“RIR”) as defined by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. For the year ended December 31, 2015 , our RIR was 0.52 as compared to 0.56 in the same period a year ago. LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL RESOURCES AND OTHER RELATED MATTERS Liquidity The Company's primary sources of liquidity are its senior revolving credit facility and its receivables securitization facility. The Company has an $800 million senior revolving credit facility which matures in November 2020. In November 2015, we amended the $800 million senior revolving credit facility to extend its maturity to November 2020 and increase the uncommitted incremental loans permitted under the facility from $200 million to $600 million. The Company has a $250 million receivables securitization facility which matures in January 2018. As of December 31, 2015 , the Company had no borrowings on its receivables securitization facility, $2 million of outstanding letters of credit, and had $228 million available on the facility due to collateral capacity limits. As of December 31, 2015 , the Company had no borrowings on its senior revolving credit facility, $9 million of outstanding letters of credit, and had $791 million available on this facility. The Company has a debt maturity for $158 million of its 2016 senior notes in the fourth quarter of 2016. After this maturity, the Company has no significant debt maturities before 2018. As of December 31, 2015 , the Company had $1.9 billion of total debt and cash-on-hand of $96 million . The Company expects its cash on hand, coupled with future cash flows from operations and other available sources of liquidity, including its senior revolving credit facility, to provide ample liquidity to meet its cash requirements. Our anticipated uses of cash include capital expenditures, working capital needs, pension contributions, meeting financial obligations, payments of quarterly dividends as authorized by our Board of Directors, and reducing outstanding amounts under the senior credit facility and the securitization facility. Cash and cash equivalents held by foreign subsidiaries may be subject to U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes upon repatriation to the U.S. As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , the Company had approximately $43 million and $46 million, respectively, in cash and cash equivalents in certain of our foreign subsidiaries. The Company does not provide for U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries as earnings are reinvested and, in the opinion of management, will continue to be reinvested indefinitely outside of the U.S. Table of Contents - 29 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) As a holding company, we have no operations of our own and most of our assets are held by our direct and indirect subsidiaries. Dividends and other payments or distributions from our subsidiaries will be used to meet our debt service and other obligations and to enable us to pay dividends to our stockholders. Please refer to the Risk Factors in Item 1A for details on the factors that could inhibit our subsidiaries ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to the parent company. The Company has an outstanding share repurchase authorization and will evaluate and consider repurchasing shares of our common stock as well as strategic acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures and other transactions to create stockholder value and enhance financial performance. Such transactions may require cash expenditures beyond current sources of liquidity or generate proceeds. The credit agreements applicable to our senior revolving credit facility and the receivables securitization facility contain various covenants that we believe are usual and customary for agreements of these types. The senior revolving credit facility and the securitization facility each include a maximum allowed leverage ratio and a minimum required interest expense coverage ratio. The Company was in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2015 . Cash flows The following table presents a summary of our cash balance, cash flows, and availability on credit facilities (in millions): Cash balance Cash provided by operating activities Cash used for investing activities Cash used for financing activities Availability on the senior revolving credit facility Availability on the receivables securitization facility Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 96 $ 742 $ (369) $ (333) $ 791 $ 228 $ 67 $ 452 $ (297) $ (142) $ 791 $ 56 $ 57 383 (283) (96) 773 — $ $ $ $ $ $ Operating activities: In 2015 , the Company generated $742 million of cash from operating activities compared to $452 million in 2014 . The change in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to reductions in working capital and increased net earnings, as compared to 2014. Investing activities: The $72 million increase in cash used for investing activities in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to increased cash paid for property, plant and equipment and lower proceeds from the sale of assets or affiliates. Financing activities: Cash used for financing activities in 2015 was $333 million compared to $142 million in 2014 . The increase of $191 million in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to increased share repurchases and lower net borrowings on our senior revolving credit facility, receivables securitization facility, and short-term debt arrangements. On February 10, 2016, the Company announced that the Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.18 per common share payable on April 4, 2016 to shareholders of record as of March 11, 2016. 2016 Investments Capital Expenditures: The Company will continue a balanced approach to the use of its cash flows. Operational cash flow will be used to fund the Company’s growth and innovation. Capital expenditures in 2016 are expected to be approximately $385 million which is roughly $65 million greater than expected depreciation and amortization. Capital spending in excess of depreciation and amortization is primarily due to the construction of our mineral fiber insulation plant in Joplin, Missouri. The Company will also continue to evaluate projects and acquisitions that provide opportunities for growth in our businesses, and invest in them when they meet our strategic and financial criteria. Tax Net Operating Losses Upon emergence from bankruptcy and subsequent to the distribution of contingent stock and cash in January 2007, we generated a significant United States federal tax net operating loss of approximately $3.0 billion. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , our federal tax net operating losses remaining were $2.0 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. The decrease in U.S. federal tax net operating losses is primarily due to the impact of 2015 estimated taxable income. Our net operating losses are subject to the limitations imposed under section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. These limits are triggered when a change in Table of Contents - 30 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) control occurs, and are computed based upon several variable factors including the share price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the change in control. A change in control is generally defined as a cumulative change of 50% or more in the ownership positions of certain stockholders during a rolling three year period. Our initial three year period for measuring an ownership change started at October 31, 2006. In addition to the United States net operating losses described above, we have net operating losses in various state and foreign jurisdictions which totaled $2.3 billion and $0.6 billion as of December 31, 2015 , respectively and $2.4 billion and $0.9 billion as of December 31, 2014 , respectively. The state net operating losses decreased from prior year based on our estimate of 2015 taxable income and from expiring loss years that were offset by a full valuation allowance. Foreign net operating losses decreased from prior year as a result of recent tax legislative changes impacting certain Canadian losses which were offset by a full valuation allowance, changes in foreign currency exchange rates and our estimate of 2015 taxable income. The evaluation of the amount of net operating losses expected to be realized necessarily involves forecasting the amount of taxable income that will be generated in future years. In assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets, we have not relied on any material future tax planning strategies. We have forecasted future results using estimates management believes to be reasonable, which are based on independent evidence such as expected trends resulting from certain leading economic indicators such as global industrial production and new U.S. residential housing starts. In order to fully utilize our net operating losses, we estimate that the Company will need to generate future federal, state and foreign earnings before taxes of approximately $2.2 billion, $2.5 billion and $0.6 billion, respectively. Management believes the Company will generate sufficient future taxable income within the statutory limitations in order to fully realize the carrying value of its U.S. federal net operating losses. As of December 31, 2015 , a valuation allowance was established for certain state and foreign jurisdictions’ net operating loss carryforwards. The realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent on future events. Actual results inevitably will vary from management’s forecasts. Should we determine that it is likely that our deferred income tax assets are not realizable, we would be required to reduce our deferred tax assets reflected on our Consolidated Financial Statements to the net realizable amount by establishing an accounting valuation allowance and recording a corresponding charge to current earnings. Such adjustments could be material to the financial statements. To date, we have recorded valuation allowances against certain of these deferred tax assets totaling $135 million as of December 31, 2015 . Pension contributions Please refer to Note 12 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company has several defined benefit pension plans. The Company made cash contributions of $60 million and $52 million to the plans during the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively. The increase in pension contributions in 2015 was driven by higher pension contributions required to maintain our funded status. The Company expects to contribute $63 million in cash to its pension plans during 2016 . Actual contributions to the plans may change as a result of a variety of factors, including changes in laws that impact funding requirements. The ultimate cash flow impact to the Company, if any, of the pension plan liability and the timing of any such impact will depend on numerous variables, including future changes in actuarial assumptions, legislative changes to pension funding laws, and market conditions. Derivatives Please refer to Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Fair Value Measurement Please refer to Note 18 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. OFF-BALANCE-SHEET ARRANGEMENTS The Company has entered into limited off-balance-sheet arrangements, as defined under Securities and Exchange Commission rules, in the ordinary course of business. The Company does not believe these arrangements will have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Table of Contents - 31 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into contractual obligations to make cash payments to third parties. The Company’s known contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015 are as follows (in millions): 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2020 and Beyond Total Payments due by period Long-term debt obligations $ 158 $ — $ — $ 144 $ — $ 1,550 $ 1,852 Interest on variable rate debt (1), fixed rate debt, capital lease payments Capital lease obligations Operating lease obligations Purchase obligations (2) Deferred acquisition payments Pension contributions (3) Total (4) 109 3 58 215 9 63 99 4 45 63 — — 98 4 31 59 4 — 91 4 24 13 — — 84 5 15 11 — — 737 1,218 16 43 30 — — 36 216 391 13 63 $ 615 $ 211 $ 196 $ 276 $ 115 $ 2,376 $ 3,789 (1) (2) (3) Interest on variable rate debt is calculated using the weighted-average interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2015 for all future periods. Purchase obligations are commitments to suppliers to purchase goods or services, and include take-or-pay arrangements, capital expenditures, and contractual commitments to purchase equipment. The Company did not include ordinary course of business purchase orders in this amount as the majority of such purchase orders may be canceled and are reflected in historical operating cash flow trends. The Company does not believe such purchase orders will adversely affect our liquidity position. Pension contributions include estimated contributions for our defined benefit pension plans. The Company is not presenting estimated payments in the table above beyond 2016 as funding can vary significantly from year to year based upon changes in the fair value of plan assets, funding regulations and actuarial assumptions. (4) The Company has not included its accounting for uncertainty in income taxes liability in the contractual obligation table as the timing of payment, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated. The balance of this liability at December 31, 2015 was $25 million. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments related to these assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. We believe these estimates to be reasonable under the circumstances. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience, expected future outcomes, and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The Company believes that the following accounting estimates are critical to our financial results: Tax Estimates. The determination of our tax provision is complex due to operations in several tax jurisdictions outside the United States. We apply a more-likely- than-not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties. Such uncertainties include any claims by the Internal Revenue Service for income taxes, interest, and penalties attributable to audits of open tax years. In addition, we record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. We estimate future taxable income and the effect of tax planning strategies in our consideration of whether deferred tax assets will more likely than not be realized. In the event we were to determine that we would not be able to realize Table of Contents - 32 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to reduce the net deferred tax assets would be charged to earnings in the period such determination was made. Conversely, if we were to determine that we would be able to realize our net deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their currently recorded amount, an adjustment to increase the net deferred tax assets would be credited to earnings in the period such determination was made. Impairment of Assets. The Company exercises judgment in evaluating assets for impairment. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually, or when circumstances arise which indicate there may be an impairment. Long-lived assets are tested for impairment when economic conditions or management decisions indicate an impairment may exist. These tests require comparing recorded values to estimated fair values for the assets under review. The Company has recorded its goodwill and conducted testing for potential goodwill impairment at a reporting unit level. Our reporting units represent a business for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results. The Company has three reporting units; Composites, Insulation and Roofing. Seventy-six percent or $888 million of recorded goodwill is allocated to our Insulation segment, nineteen percent or $223 million of recorded goodwill is allocated to our Roofing segment, and five percent or $56 million is allocated to our Composites segment. Goodwill is an intangible asset that is not subject to amortization; however, annual tests are required to be performed to determine whether impairment exists. Prior to performing the two-step impairment process described in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 350-20, the guidance permits companies to assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value. If it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is greater than its carrying value, then no additional testing is required. If it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than or close to its carrying value then step one of the impairment test must be performed to determine if impairment is required. In 2015 , the Company has elected not to perform the qualitative approach, and proceeded in performing a step one analysis. As part of our quantitative testing process for goodwill we estimated fair values using a discounted cash flow approach from the perspective of a market participant. Significant estimates in the discounted cash flow approach are cash flow forecasts of our reporting units, the discount rate, the terminal business value and the projected income tax rate. The cash flow forecasts of the reporting units are based upon management’s long-term view of our markets and are the forecasts that are used by senior management and the Board of Directors to evaluate operating performance. The discount rate utilized is management’s estimate of what the market’s weighted average cost of capital is for a company with a similar debt rating and stock volatility, as measured by beta. The projected income tax rates utilized are the statutory tax rates for the countries where each reporting unit operates. The terminal business value is determined by applying a business growth factor to the latest year for which a forecast exists. As part of our goodwill quantitative testing process, the Company evaluates whether there are reasonably likely changes to management’s estimates that would have a material impact on the results of the goodwill impairment testing. Our annual test of goodwill for impairment was conducted as of October 1, 2015. The fair value of each of our reporting units was in excess of its carrying value and thus, no impairment exists. The fair value of all three reporting units substantially exceeded the carrying value as of the date of our assessment. Other indefinite-lived intangible assets are the Company’s trademarks. Fair values used in testing for potential impairment of our trademarks are calculated by applying an estimated market value royalty rate to the forecasted revenues of the businesses that utilize those assets. The assumed cash flows from this calculation are discounted using the Company’s weighted average cost of capital. Our annual test of indefinite-lived intangibles was conducted as of October 1, 2015. The fair value of each of our indefinite-lived intangible assets was in excess of its carrying value and thus, no impairment exists. The fair value of these assets substantially exceeded the carrying value as of the date of our assessment. Fair values for long-lived asset testing are calculated by estimating the undiscounted cash flows from the use and ultimate disposition of the asset or by estimating the amount that a willing third party would pay. For impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. The Company groups long-lived assets based on manufacturing facilities that produce similar products either globally or within a geographic region. Management tests asset groups for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Current market conditions have caused the Company to have idle capacity. We consider such temporary idled capacity to be unimpaired because there has not been a significant change in the forecasted long-term cash flows at the asset group level to indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable. While management’s current strategy is to utilize this capacity to meet expected future demand, any significant decrease in this expectation or change in management’s strategy could result in future impairment charges related to this excess Table of Contents - 33 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) capacity. We evaluated and concluded that there are not any reasonably likely changes to management’s estimates that would indicate that the carrying value of our long-lived assets is unrecoverable. In addition, changes in management intentions, market conditions, operating performance and other similar circumstances could affect the assumptions used in these impairment tests. Changes in the assumptions could result in impairment charges that could be material to our Consolidated Financial Statements in any given period. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, Accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits involves estimating the cost of benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over the time period each employee works. To accomplish this, extensive use is made of assumptions about investment returns, discount rates, inflation, mortality, turnover, and medical costs. Changes in assumptions used could result in a material impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements in any given period. Two key assumptions that could have a significant impact on the measurement of pension liabilities and pension expense are the discount rate and the expected return on plan assets. For our largest plan, the United States plan, the discount rate used for the December 31, 2015 measurement date was derived by matching projected benefit payments to bond yields obtained from the Towers Watson’s proprietary United States RATE:Link 40-90 pension discount curve developed as of the measurement date. The Towers Watson United States RATE:Link 40-90 pension discount curve is based on certain corporate bonds rated Aa whose weighted average yields lie within the 40 th to 90 th percentiles of the bonds considered. Corporate bonds are treated as being Aa or better generally if at least half of the available ratings are Aa or better as determined by Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, Fitch and Dominion Bond Rating Services. The result supported a discount rate of 4.20% at December 31, 2015 compared to 3.85% at December 31, 2014 . A 25 basis point increase (decrease) in the discount rate would decrease (increase) the December 31, 2015 projected benefit obligation for the United States pension plans by approximately $34 million. A 25 basis point increase (decrease) in the discount rate would decrease (increase) 2016 net periodic pension cost by less than $1 million. The expected return on plan assets in the United States was derived by taking into consideration the target plan asset allocation, historical rates of return on those assets, projected future asset class returns and net outperformance of the market by active investment managers. The Company uses the target plan asset allocation because we rebalance our portfolio to target on a quarterly basis. An asset return model was used to develop an expected range of returns on plan investments over a 20 year period, with the expected rate of return selected from a best estimate range within the total range of projected results. This process resulted in the selection of an expected return of 7.00% at the December 31, 2015 measurement date, which is used to determine net periodic pension cost for the year 2016 . This assumption is flat to the 7.00% returns selected at the December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 measurement dates. A 25 basis point increase (decrease) in return on plan assets assumption would result in a respective decrease (increase) of 2016 net periodic pension cost by approximately $2 million. The discount rate for our United States postretirement plan was selected using the same method as described for the pension plan. The result supported a discount rate of 4.00% at December 31, 2015 compared to 3.70% at December 31, 2014 . A 25 basis point increase (decrease) in the discount rate would decrease (increase) the United States postretirement benefit obligation by approximately $5 million and decrease (increase) 2016 net periodic postretirement benefit cost by less than $1 million. The methods corresponding to those described above are used to determine the discount rate and expected return on assets for non-U.S. pension and postretirement plans, to the extent applicable. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS Please refer to Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS Please refer to Note 14 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Table of Contents - 34 - ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued) CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Our disclosures and analysis in this report, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contain forward- looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements present our current forecasts and estimates of future events. These statements do not strictly relate to historical or current results and can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “strategy,” “will” and other terms of similar meaning or import in connection with any discussion of future operating, financial or other performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, without limitation: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • levels of residential and commercial construction activity; competitive and pricing factors; levels of global industrial production; demand for our products; relationships with key customers; industry and economic conditions that affect the market and operating conditions of our customers, suppliers or lenders; foreign exchange and commodity price fluctuations; our level of indebtedness; weather conditions; availability and cost of credit; availability and cost of energy and raw materials; issues involving implementation and protection of information technology systems; international economic and political conditions, including new legislation or other governmental actions; labor disputes, legal and regulatory proceedings, including litigation; research and development activities and intellectual property protection; interest rate movements; our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards; uninsured losses; issues related to acquisitions, divestitures and joint ventures; achievement of expected synergies, cost reductions and/or productivity improvements; and defined benefit plan funding obligations. All forward-looking statements in this report should be considered in the context of the risk and other factors described above and as detailed from time to time in the Company’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Any forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statement is made and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise except as required by federal securities laws. It is not possible to identify all of the risks, uncertainties and other factors that may affect future results. In light of these risks and uncertainties, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this report may not occur and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, users of this report are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements. Table of Contents - 35 - ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The Company is exposed to the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and the prices of various commodities used in the normal course of business. To mitigate some of the near-term volatility in our earnings and cash flows, the Company manages certain of our exposures through the use of financial contracts, contracts for physical delivery of a particular commodity, and derivative financial instruments. The Company’s objective with these instruments is to reduce exposure to near-term fluctuations in earnings and cash flows. The Company’s policy enables the use of foreign currency, interest rate and commodity derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to manage exposures as described above. The Company does not enter into such transactions for trading purposes. A discussion of the Company’s accounting policies for derivative financial instruments, as well as the Company’s exposure to market risk, is included in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For purposes of disclosing the market risk inherent in its derivative financial instruments the Company uses sensitivity analysis disclosures that express the potential loss in fair values of market rate sensitive instruments resulting from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and commodity prices that assume instantaneous, parallel shifts in exchange rates, interest rate yield curves, and commodity prices. The following analysis provides such quantitative information regarding market risk. There are certain shortcomings inherent in the sensitivity analysis presented, primarily due to the assumption that exchange rates change instantaneously and that interest rates change in a parallel fashion. In addition, the analyses are unable to reflect the complex market reactions that normally would arise from the market shifts modeled. Foreign Exchange Rate Risk The Company has transactional foreign currency exposures related to buying, selling, and financing in currencies other than the local currencies in which it operates. The Company enters into various forward contracts, which change in value as foreign currency exchange rates change, to preserve the carrying amount of foreign currency-denominated assets, liabilities, commitments, and certain anticipated foreign currency transactions. Exposures are related to the United States Dollar primarily versus the Brazilian Real, Canadian Dollar, Chinese Yuan, Indian Rupee, Mexican Peso, and South Korean Won exchange rates. Also, there are additional exposures related to the European Euro primarily versus the Russian Ruble and United States Dollar. These transactional risks are mitigated through the use of derivative financial instruments and balancing of cash deposits and loans. The net fair value of derivative financial instruments used to limit exposure to foreign currency risk was less than $1 million and approximately $(2) million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively. The potential change in fair value at both December 31, 2015 and 2014 for such financial instruments from an increase (decrease) of 10% in quoted foreign currency exchange rates would be an increase (decrease) of approximately $3 million and $5 million, respectively. We have translation exposure resulting from translating the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries into United States dollars. Our most significant translation exposures are the Canadian Dollar, Chinese Yuan, European Euro, and Russian Ruble in relation to the United States Dollar. The Company has partially hedged the translation exposure for the European Euro through derivative financial instruments. The fair value of these instruments is $10 million as of December 31, 2015 . The potential change in fair value at December 31, 2015 for such financial instruments from an increase (decrease) of 10% in quoted foreign currency exchange rate would be an increase (decrease) of approximately $28 million. Interest Rate Risk The Company is subject to market risk from exposure to changes in interest rates due to its financing, investing, and cash management activities. The Company has a revolving credit facility, receivables securitization facility, other floating rate debt and cash and cash equivalents which are exposed to floating interest rates and may impact cash flow. As of December 31, 2015 , the Company had no borrowings on its senior revolving credit facility or its accounts receivables securitization facility, with the balance of other floating rate debt of $6 million. As of December 31, 2014 , there were no amounts outstanding on the senior revolving credit facility and $106 million outstanding on the accounts receivables securitization facility, with the balance of other floating rate debt of $6 million. Cash and cash equivalents were $96 million and $67 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively. A one percentage point increase (decrease) in interest rates at both December 31, 2015 and 2014 would increase (decrease) our annual net interest expense by less than $1 million and $1 million, respectively. Table of Contents - 36 - ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK (continued) The fair market value of the Company’s senior notes are subject to interest rate risk. The following table shows how a one percentage point increase / decrease in interest rates would decrease / increase the fair market value of the senior notes, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 : As of December 31, 2015: Maturity Year Increase in interest rates Decrease in fair value Decrease in interest rates Increase in fair value As of December 31, 2014: Maturity Year Increase in interest rates Decrease in fair value Decrease in interest rates Increase in fair value 2016 2019 2022 2024 2036 1% 1% 2% 5% 6% 6% 7% 8% 10% 12% 2016 2019 2022 2024 2036 2% 2% 3% 6% 6% 7% 8% 8% 11% 13% In 2013, the Company entered into fixed to floating interest rate swaps totaling $100 million, designated as a fair value hedge of the senior notes due in 2022. A one percentage point increase (decrease) in absolute interest rates at both December 31, 2015 and 2014 would decrease (increase) the fair value of the swaps by $7 million and $8 million respectively, and increase (decrease) annual interest expense by $1 million. Commodity Price Risk The Company is exposed to changes in prices of commodities used in its operations, primarily associated with energy, such as natural gas, and raw materials, such as asphalt and polystyrene. The Company enters into cash-settled natural gas, electricity and crude oil swap contracts to protect against changes in natural gas and energy prices that mature within 15 months; however, no financial instruments are currently used to protect against changes in raw material costs. At December 31, 2015 and 2014 , the net fair value of such swap contracts was a liability of $6 million and a liability of $8 million, respectively. The potential change in fair value at December 31, 2015 and 2014 resulting from an increase (decrease) of 10% change in the underlying commodity prices would be an increase (decrease) of approximately $2 million and $3 million respectively. This amount excludes the offsetting impact of the price risk inherent in the physical purchase of the underlying commodities. Table of Contents - 37 - ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Pages 43 through 103 of this filing are incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES The Company maintains (a) disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), and (b) internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective. A report of the Company’s management on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is contained on page 44 hereof and is incorporated here by reference. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP’s report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting is included in the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm beginning on page 45 hereof. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. Table of Contents - 38 - Part III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Information with respect to directors and corporate governance will be presented in the 2016 Proxy Statement in the sections titled “Information Concerning Directors,” “Governance Information” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” and such information is incorporated herein by reference. Information with respect to executive officers is included herein under Part I, “Executive Officers of Owens Corning.” Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers Owens Corning has adopted an Ethics Policy for Chief Executive and Senior Financial Officers that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Controller. This policy is available on our website (http://www.owenscorning.com) under the tab “Corporate Governance” and print copies will be made available free of charge upon request to the Secretary of the Company. To the extent required by applicable SEC rules or New York Stock Exchange listing standards, the Company intends to post any amendments or waivers to the above referenced codes of ethics to our website, under the tab entitled "Corporate Governance" . ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information regarding executive officer and director compensation will be presented in the 2016 Proxy Statement under the section titled “Executive Compensation,” exclusive of the subsection titled “Compensation Committee Report,” and the section titled “2015 Non-Management Director Compensation,” and such information is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters, as well as equity compensation plan information, will be presented in the 2016 Proxy Statement under the sections titled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans,” and such information is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS, RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions and director independence will be presented in the 2016 Proxy Statement under the sections titled “Certain Transactions with Related Persons,” “Review of Transactions with Related Persons,” “Director Qualifications Standards” and “Director Independence,” and such information is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Information regarding principal accounting fees and services will be presented in the 2016 Proxy Statement under the sections titled “Principal Accounting Fees and Services,” and such information is incorporated herein by reference. Table of Contents - 39 - Part IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) DOCUMENTS FILED AS PART OF THIS REPORT 1. 2. 3. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page 43 hereof. See Index to Financial Statement Schedules on page 104 hereof. See Exhibit Index beginning on page 106 hereof. Management contracts and compensatory plans and arrangements required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Form 10-K are denoted in the Exhibit Index by an asterisk (“*”). Table of Contents - 40 - SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. OWENS CORNING By /s/ Michael H. Thaman Michael H. Thaman, Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) February 10, 2016 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Table of Contents - 41 - /s/ Michael H. Thaman Michael H. Thaman, Chairman of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director /s/ Michael C. McMurray Michael C. McMurray, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer /s/ Kelly J. Schmidt Kelly J. Schmidt, Vice President and Controller /s/ Cesar Conde Cesar Conde, Director /s/ J. Brian Ferguson J. Brian Ferguson, Director /s/ Ralph F. Hake Ralph F. Hake, Director /s/ F. Philip Handy F. Philip Handy, Director /s/ Ann Iverson Ann Iverson, Director /s/ Edward F. Lonergan Edward F. Lonergan, Director February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 Table of Contents - 42 - /s/ Maryann T. Mannen Maryann T. Mannen, Director /s/ James J. McMonagle James J. McMonagle, Director /s/ W. Howard Morris W. Howard Morris, Director /s/ Suzanne P. Nimocks Suzanne P. Nimocks, Director /s/ John D. Williams John D. Williams, Director February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 Table of Contents - 43 - INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM PAGE Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Earnings Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Business and summary of significant accounting policies 2. Segment information 3. Inventories 4. Derivative financial instruments 5. Goodwill and other intangible assets 6. Property, plant and equipment 7. Operating Leases 8. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 9. Warranties 10. Cost reduction actions 11. Debt 12. Pension plans 13. Postemployment and postretirement benefits other than pensions 14. Contingent liabilities and other matters 15. Stock compensation 16. Accumulated other comprehensive income 17. Earnings per share 18. Fair value measurement 19. Income taxes 20. Quarterly financial information (unaudited) 21. Condensed consolidating financial statements 22. Subsequent Events 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 51 56 59 60 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 69 75 78 79 83 84 85 87 90 92 103 Table of Contents - 44 - Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 based on criteria established in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework in 2013 issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP has audited the effectiveness of the internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 as stated in their Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on page 45 hereof. Based on our assessment, management determined that, as of December 31, 2015 , the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective. /s/ Michael H. Thaman Michael H. Thaman, President and Chief Executive Officer /s/ Michael C. McMurray Michael C. McMurray, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 Table of Contents - 45 - To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Owens Corning: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of earnings (loss), comprehensive earnings (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Owens Corning and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and 2014 , and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 , based on criteria established in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements, on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. As discussed in Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it presents deferred taxes in 2015 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Toledo, OH February 10, 2016 Table of Contents - 46 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS (in millions, except per share amounts) NET SALES COST OF SALES Gross margin OPERATING EXPENSES Marketing and administrative expenses Science and technology expenses Charges related to cost reduction actions Other expenses (income), net Total operating expenses EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES Interest expense, net (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt EARNINGS BEFORE TAXES Less: Income tax expense Equity in net earnings of affiliates NET EARNINGS Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING COMMON STOCKHOLDERS Basic Diluted Dividend WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON SHARES Basic Diluted $ $ $ $ $ Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 5,350 $ 4,197 1,153 5,260 $ 4,284 976 5,295 4,329 966 525 73 (6) 13 605 548 100 (5) 453 120 1 334 4 487 76 37 (16) 584 392 114 46 232 5 1 228 2 330 $ 226 $ 2.82 $ 2.79 $ 0.68 $ 117.2 118.2 1.92 $ 1.91 $ 0.64 $ 117.5 118.3 530 77 8 (34) 581 385 112 — 273 68 — 205 1 204 1.73 1.71 — 118.2 119.1 The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this Statement. Table of Contents - 47 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) (in millions) NET EARNINGS Currency translation adjustment, including net investment hedge (net of tax of $(5), $0, and $0, for the periods ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively) Pension and other postretirement adjustment (net of tax of $1, $67, and $(45), for the periods ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively) Deferred income (loss) on hedging (net of tax of $(1), $3, and $(1) for the periods ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively) COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) Less: Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 334 $ 228 $ (115) (6) 1 214 4 (134) (113) (6) (25) 2 (27) $ 205 (28) 94 1 272 1 271 COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING $ 210 $ The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this Statement. Table of Contents - 48 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in millions) ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Receivables, less allowances of $8 at December 31, 2015 and $10 at December 31, 2014 Inventories Assets held for sale – current Other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Goodwill Intangible assets, net Deferred income taxes Other non-current assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Short-term debt Long-term debt – current portion Total current liabilities Long-term debt, net of current portion Pension plan liability Other employee benefits liability Deferred income taxes Other liabilities OWENS CORNING STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share (a) Common stock, par value $0.01 per share (b) Additional paid in capital Accumulated earnings Accumulated other comprehensive deficit Cost of common stock in treasury (c) Total Owens Corning stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY December 31, December 31, 2015 2014 $ 96 $ $ $ 709 644 12 77 1,538 2,956 1,167 999 492 228 7,380 $ 948 $ 6 163 1,117 1,702 397 240 8 137 — 1 3,965 1,055 (670) (612) 3,739 40 3,779 $ 7,380 $ 67 674 817 16 233 1,807 2,899 1,168 1,017 444 207 7,542 949 31 3 983 1,978 447 252 22 130 — 1 3,954 805 (550) (518) 3,692 38 3,730 7,542 (a) (b) (c) 10 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 400 shares authorized; 135.5 issued and 115.9 outstanding at December 31, 2015 ; 135.5 issued and 117.8 outstanding at December 31, 2014 19.6 shares at December 31, 2015 and 17.7 shares at December 31, 2014 The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this Statement. Table of Contents - 49 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in millions) Common Stock Outstanding Treasury Stock Shares Par Value Shares Cost APIC (a) Accumulated Earnings (Deficit) AOCI (b) NCI (c) Total Balance at December 31, 2012 118.3 $ Net earnings attributable to Owens Corning Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests Currency translation adjustment Pension and other postretirement adjustment (net of tax) Deferred gain on hedging transactions (net of tax) Stock issuance Purchases of treasury stock Stock-based compensation — — — — — 0.5 (1.6) 0.6 Balance at December 31, 2013 117.8 $ Net earnings attributable to Owens Corning Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests Currency translation adjustment Pension and other postretirement adjustment (net of tax) Deferred gain on hedging transactions (net of tax) Stock issuance Purchases of treasury stock Stock-based compensation Dividends declared — — — — — 0.3 (1.0) 0.7 — Balance at December 31, 2014 117.8 $ Net earnings attributable to Owens Corning Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests Currency translation adjustment Pension and other postretirement adjustment (net of tax) Deferred loss on hedging transactions (net of tax) Stock issuance Purchases of treasury stock Stock-based compensation Dividends declared — — — — — 0.7 (3.3) 0.7 — Balance at December 31, 2015 115.9 $ (a) (b) (c) Additional Paid in Capital (“APIC”) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings (Deficit) (“AOCI”) Noncontrolling Interest (“NCI”) 1 — — — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — 1 $ 17.3 — — — — — (0.6) 1.6 (0.6) $ 17.7 — — — — — (0.3) 1.0 (0.7) — $ 17.7 — — — — — (0.7) 3.3 (0.7) — (475) $ 3,925 $ 451 $ (364) $ — — — — — 17 (63) 17 — — — — — (1) — 14 204 — — — — — — — — (28) 94 1 — — (504) $ 3,938 $ 655 $ (297) $ — — — — — 9 (44) 21 — — — — — — (1) — 17 — (518) $ 3,954 $ — — — — — 21 (140) 25 — — — — — — (1) — 12 — 226 — — — — — — — (76) 805 $ 330 — — — — — — — (80) — — (134) (113) (6) — — — — (550) $ — — (115) (6) 1 — — — — $ 37 — 1 (1) — — — — $ 37 — 2 (1) — — — — — — $ 38 — 4 (2) — — — — — 19.6 $ (612) $ 3,965 $ 1,055 $ (670) $ 40 $ 3,575 204 1 (29) 94 1 16 (63) 31 3,830 226 2 (135) (113) (6) 8 (44) 38 (76) 3,730 330 4 (117) (6) 1 20 (140) 37 (80) 3,779 The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this Statement. Table of Contents - 50 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in millions) NET CASH FLOW PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net earnings Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Gain on sale of assets or affiliates Net loss on sale of European Stone Business Proceeds from Hurricane Sandy insurance claims Deferred income taxes Provision for pension and other employee benefits liabilities Stock-based compensation expense Other non-cash Loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt Change in working capital accounts: Changes in receivables, net Changes in inventories Changes in accounts payable and accrued liabilities Changes in other current assets Other Pension fund contribution Payments for other employee benefits liabilities Other Net cash flow provided by operating activities NET CASH FLOW USED FOR INVESTING ACTIVITIES Cash paid for property, plant and equipment Derivative settlements Proceeds from the sale of assets or affiliates Investment in subsidiaries and affiliates, net of cash acquired Proceeds from Hurricane Sandy insurance claims Deposit related to sale of Hangzhou, China plant Purchases of alloy Proceeds from sale of alloy Net cash flow used for investing activities NET CASH FLOW USED FOR FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from senior revolving credit and receivables securitization facilities Payments on senior revolving credit and receivables securitization facilities Proceeds from long-term debt Payments on long-term debt Dividends paid Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt Purchases of treasury stock Other Net cash flow used for financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 334 $ 228 $ 300 (2) — — 64 15 30 (11) (5) (71) 150 28 (19) — (60) (20) 9 742 304 (55) 20 — (15) 18 29 (30) 46 (10) (29) 3 (3) — (52) (22) 20 452 (393) (374) 4 20 — — — (8) 8 5 65 (12) — — (28) 47 (369) (297) 1,546 (1,652) — (8) (78) (22) (138) 19 (333) (11) 29 67 1,276 (1,344) 390 (402) (56) 30 (44) 8 (142) (3) 10 57 $ 96 $ 67 $ 205 332 (6) — (58) 54 23 28 (18) — (77) (27) 22 4 — (39) (22) (38) 383 (311) — — (62) 58 34 (18) 16 (283) 1,063 (1,103) — (2) — (4) (63) 13 (96) (2) 2 55 57 Cash paid during the year for income taxes Cash paid during the year for interest $ $ 33 $ 113 $ 19 $ 122 $ 29 126 The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this Statement. Table of Contents - 51 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Business Owens Corning, a Delaware corporation, is a leading global producer of glass fiber reinforcements and other materials for composite systems and of residential and commercial building materials. The Company operates within three segments: Composites, which includes the Company’s Reinforcements and Downstream businesses; Insulation and Roofing. Through these lines of business, Owens Corning manufactures and sells products worldwide. The Company maintains leading market positions in many of its major product categories. General On February 4, 2016, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.18 per common share payable on April 4, 2016 to shareholders of record as of March 11, 2016. During 2015, the Company recorded additional income tax expense of $8 million related to prior periods. The effects of these charges were not material to the current or any previously issued financial statements. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company discovered an error between Net sales and Cost of sales due to incorrect eliminations in our Composites segment. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2014, the previously reported Net sales and Cost of sales were overstated by $16 million . The related amounts presented on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the twelve months ended December 31, 2014 were revised. Please refer to Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the revisions to the interim periods of 2015 and 2014. The effect of correcting these errors was not material to any previously issued financial statements. In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company revised the Consolidated and Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows for the twelve months ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 to correct an error for the presentation of non-cash cash capital expenditures which impacted the operating activities section and the investing activities section. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2014, the impact of this revision increased cash used for Cash paid for property, plant and equipment, cash provided by Changes in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and the related Statements of Cash Flows subtotals by $11 million . For the twelve months ended December 31, 2013, the impact of this revision reduced cash used for Cash paid for property, plant and equipment, cash provided by Changes in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and the related Statements of Cash Flows subtotals by $24 million . The effects of these revisions did not impact the ending cash balance for any period and were not material to any previously issued financial statements. This classification error also impacted the unaudited Consolidated and Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, the six months ended June 30, and the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014, the impact of this revision increased cash used for Cash paid for property, plant and equipment and decreased cash used for Changes in working capital by $33 million and $29 million , respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the impact of this revision increased cash used for Cash paid for property, plant and equipment and decreased cash used for Changes in working capital by $26 million and $15 million , respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, the impact of this revision increased cash used for Cash paid for property, plant and equipment and decreased cash used for Changes in working capital by $26 million and $16 million , respectively. The effects of these revisions did not impact the ending cash balance for any period and were not material to any previously issued financial statements. Basis of Presentation Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “Owens Corning,” “Company,” “we” and “our” in these notes refer to Owens Corning and its subsidiaries. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Principles of Consolidation The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company include the accounts of majority-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated. Table of Contents - 52 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 1. BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements to conform to the classifications used in 2015 . During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2015- 03, resulting in a reclassification of debt issuance costs for all periods presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements to conform to the classifications used in 2015. This change was also applied to the selected financial data table in Item 6 of this Form 10-K. Please refer to the accounting pronouncements section of Note 1 and Note 11 for additional detail on this adoption. Use of Estimates and Assumptions The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized when title and risk of loss pass to the customer and collectability is reasonably assured. Provisions for discounts and rebates to customers, returns and other adjustments are provided in the same period that the related sales are recorded and are based on historical experience, current conditions and contractual obligations, as applicable. Cost of Sales Cost of sales includes material, labor, energy and manufacturing overhead costs, including depreciation and amortization expense associated with the manufacture and distribution of the Company’s products. Provisions for warranties are provided in the same period that the related sales are recorded and are based on historical experience, current conditions and contractual obligations, as applicable. Distribution costs include inbound freight costs; purchasing and receiving costs; inspection costs; warehousing costs; shipping and handling costs, which include costs incurred relating to preparing, packaging, and shipping products to customers; and other costs of the Company’s distribution network. All shipping and handling costs billed to the customer are included as net sales in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Marketing and Advertising Expenses Marketing and advertising expenses are included in Marketing and administrative expenses. These costs include advertising and marketing communications, which are expensed the first time the advertisement takes place. Marketing and advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 were $98 million , $100 million and $105 million , respectively. Science and Technology Expenses The Company incurs certain expenses related to science and technology. These expenses include salaries, building and equipment costs, utilities, administrative expenses, materials and supplies associated with the improvement and development of the Company’s products and manufacturing processes. These costs are expensed as incurred. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share are computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflect the dilutive effect of common equivalent shares and increased shares that would result from the conversion of equity securities. The effects of anti-dilution are not presented. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company defines cash and cash equivalents as cash and time deposits with maturities of three months or less when purchased. Table of Contents - 53 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 1. BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) Accounts Receivable Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is an estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in our existing accounts receivable. Account balances are charged off against the allowance when the Company believes it is probable the receivable will not be recovered. Inventory Valuation Inventory costs include material, labor, and manufacturing overhead costs, including depreciation and amortization expense associated with the manufacture and distribution of the Company’s products. Inventories are stated at lower of cost or market value and expense estimates are made for excess and obsolete inventories. Cost is determined by the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Investments in Affiliates The Company accounts for investments in affiliates of 20% to 50% ownership when the Company does not have a controlling financial interest using the equity method under which the Company’s share of earnings and losses of the affiliate is reflected in earnings and dividends are credited against the investment in affiliate when declared. Investments in affiliates are recorded in other non-current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 the total value of investments was $54 million and $53 million , respectively. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment on at least an annual basis. In the current year, as part of the annual assessment, the Company used a quantitative approach to determine whether the fair value of a reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. As part of our testing process for goodwill the Company estimates fair values using a discounted cash flow approach from the perspective of a market participant. Significant estimates in the discounted cash flow approach are cash flow forecasts of our reporting units, the discount rate, the terminal business value and the projected income tax rate. The cash flow forecasts of the reporting units are based upon management’s long-term view of our markets and are the forecasts that are used by senior management and the Board of Directors to evaluate operating performance. The discount rate utilized is management’s estimate of what the market’s weighted average cost of capital is for a company with a similar debt rating and stock volatility, as measured by beta. The projected income tax rates utilized are the statutory tax rates for the countries where each reporting unit operates. The terminal business value is determined by applying a business growth factor to the latest year for which a forecast exists. As part of our goodwill quantitative testing process, we would evaluate whether there are reasonably likely changes to management’s estimates that would have a material impact on the results of the goodwill impairment testing. Other indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment on at least an annual basis or when determined to have a finite useful life. Substantially all of the indefinite-lived intangible assets are in trademarks and trade names. The Company uses the royalty relief approach to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of these assets is less than its carrying amount. This review is performed annually, or when circumstances arise which indicate there may be impairment. When applying the royalty relief approach, the Company performs a discounted cash flow analysis based on the value derived from owning these trademarks and trade names and being relieved from paying royalty to third parties. Significant assumptions used include projected cash flows, discount rate, projected income tax rate and terminal business value. These inputs are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy as they are the Company’s own data, and are unobservable in the marketplace. Identifiable intangible assets with a determinable useful life are amortized over that determinable life. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 was $22 million , $21 million and $22 million , respectively. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. Properties and Depreciation Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Property, plant and equipment accounts are relieved of the cost and related accumulated depreciation when assets are disposed of or otherwise retired. Table of Contents - 54 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 1. BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) Precious metals used in our production tooling are included in property, plant and equipment and are depleted as they are consumed during the production process. Depletion typically represents an annual expense of less than 3% of the outstanding value and is recorded in Cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. For the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 depreciation expense was $278 million , $283 million and $310 million , respectively. In 2015 , 2014 and 2013, depreciation expense included $3 million , $1 million and $9 million , respectively, of accelerated depreciation related to cost reduction actions further explained in Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In 2014, depreciation expense also included $3 million of impairment losses on held for sale assets. In 2013, depreciation expense included $20 million of accelerated depreciation related to the change in useful life of assets recorded as a result of our assessment of the future utility of an incomplete Insulation facility located in Cordele, Georgia. The range of useful lives for the major components of the Company’s plant and equipment is as follows: Buildings and leasehold improvements Machinery and equipment Furnaces Information systems Equipment Expenditures for normal maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Asset Impairments 15 – 40 years 4 – 15 years 5 – 10 years 5 – 20 years The Company evaluates tangible and intangible long-lived assets for impairment when triggering events have occurred. This requires significant assumptions including projected cash flows, projected income tax rate and terminal business value. These inputs are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy as they are the Company’s own data, and are unobservable in the marketplace. Changes in management intentions, market conditions or operating performance could indicate that impairment charges might be necessary that would be material to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements in any given period. Income Taxes The Company recognizes current tax liabilities and assets for the estimated taxes payable or refundable on the tax returns for the current year. Deferred tax balances reflect the impact of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. Amounts are stated at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. In addition, realization of certain deferred tax assets is dependent upon our ability to generate future taxable income. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets to the amount that it believes is more likely than not to be realized. In addition, the Company estimates tax reserves to cover potential taxing authority claims for income taxes and interest attributable to audits of open tax years. Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Government Authorities and Taxes Paid to Vendors Taxes are assessed by various governmental authorities at different rates on many different types of transactions. The Company charges sales tax or Value Added Tax (“VAT”) on sales to customers where applicable, as well as captures and claims back all available VAT that has been paid on purchases. VAT is recorded in separate payable or receivable accounts and does not affect revenue or cost of sales line items in the income statement. VAT receivable is recorded as a percentage of qualifying purchases at the time the vendor invoice is processed. VAT payable is recorded as a percentage of qualifying sales at the time an Owens Corning sale to a customer subject to VAT occurs. Amounts are paid to the taxing authority according to the method and collection prescribed by local regulations. Where applicable, VAT payable is netted against VAT receivable. The Company also pays sales tax to vendors who include a tax, required by government regulations, to the purchase price charged to the Company. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits involves estimating the cost of benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over the time period each employee works. To accomplish this, extensive use is made of assumptions about investment returns, discount rates, inflation, mortality, turnover and medical costs. Table of Contents - 55 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 1. BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) Derivative Financial Instruments The Company recognizes all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value on the balance sheet. To the extent that a derivative is effective as a cash flow hedge, the change in fair value of the derivative is deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income/deficit (“OCI”). Any portion considered to be ineffective is reported in earnings immediately. To the extent that a derivative is effective as a fair value hedge, the change in the fair value of the derivative is offset by the change in the fair value of the item being hedged in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. Foreign Currency The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries is generally the applicable local currency. Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated into United States dollars at the period-end rate of exchange, and their Statements of Earnings and Statements of Cash Flows are converted on an ongoing basis at the monthly average rate. The resulting translation adjustment is included in accumulated OCI in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as incurred. The Company recorded a foreign currency transaction loss of $5 million , $4 million and $3 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 outlines a new, single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. This new revenue recognition model provides a five-step analysis in determining when and how revenue is recognized. The new model will require revenue recognition to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration a company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting this new accounting guidance will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements and footnote disclosures. ASU 2014-09 is effective, as amended by ASU 2015-14, for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. Accordingly, the standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, "Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs" ("ASU 2015-03"). ASU 2015-03 requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability, consistent with the presentation of a debt discount. Prior to the issuance of the standard, debt issuance costs were required to be presented in the balance sheet as an asset. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-15, "Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements," ("ASU 2015-15"). ASU 2015-15 states that entities may continue presenting unamortized debt issuance costs for line-of-credit arrangements as an asset, which results in no change to our Consolidated Financial Statements. The retrospective adoption of ASU 2015-03 affected the presentation of debt issuance costs related to our senior notes. Please refer to Note 11 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail on this adoption. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-04, "Compensation-Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Practical Expedient for the Measurement Date of an Employer's Defined Benefit Obligation and Plan Assets" ("ASU 2015-04"). ASU 2015-04 provides a practical expedient for entities to use when a significant event occurs in an interim period that requires remeasurement of defined benefit plan assets and obligations. Entities are permitted to remeasure defined benefit plan assets and obligations using the month-end that is closest to the date of the significant event. The update is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2015-04 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. Accordingly, the standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-07, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent)" ("ASU 2015-07"). ASU 2015-07 modifies the practical expedient that permits an entity to measure the fair value of certain investments using the net asset value per share of the investment. The amendment removes the requirement to categorize investments within the fair value hierarchy that are measured using this practical expedient. The amendment also limits disclosure to investments for which the practical expedient has been elected instead Table of Contents - 56 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 1. BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) of all investments eligible for the practical expedient. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting this new accounting guidance will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2015-07 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. Accordingly, the standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11 "Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory" ("ASU 2015-11"). ASU 2015-11 requires that inventory be subsequently measured at the lower or cost or net realizable value. Prior to the issuance of this standard, inventory was measured at the lower of cost or market. The update is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2015-11 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. Accordingly, the standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2017. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-13 "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Application of the Normal Purchases and Normal Sales Scope Exception to Certain Electricity Contracts within Nodal Energy Markets" ("ASU 2015-13"). ASU 2015-13 now allows the application of the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception to energy purchases in nodal market delivery hubs. The update is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2015-13 is effective immediately. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16 "Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments" ("ASU 2015-16"). ASU 2015-16 requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Prior to the issuance of the standard, entities were required to retrospectively apply adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized in a business combination. The update is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2015-16 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. Accordingly, the standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17 "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes" ("ASU 2015-17"). ASU 2015-17 requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The current requirement that deferred tax liabilities and assets of a tax-paying component of an entity be offset and presented as a single amount is not affected by the amendments in ASU 2015-17. ASU 2015-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted and the standard may be applied either retrospectively or on a prospective basis to all deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company adopted this standard prospectively in the fourth quarter of 2015. Please refer to Note 19 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail on this adoption. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 "Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities" ("ASU 2016-01"). ASU 2016-01 modifies certain aspects of the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting this new accounting guidance will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2016-01 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. Accordingly, the standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. 2. SEGMENT INFORMATION The Company has three reportable segments: Composites, Insulation and Roofing. Accounting policies for the segments are the same as those for the Company. The Company’s three reportable segments are defined as follows: Composites – The Composites segment is comprised of our Reinforcements and Downstream businesses. Within the Reinforcements business, the Company manufactures, fabricates and sells glass reinforcements in the form of fiber. Within the Downstream business, the Company manufactures and sells glass fiber products in the form of fabrics, non-wovens and other specialized products. Table of Contents - 57 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 2. SEGMENT INFORMATION (continued) Insulation – Within our Insulation segment, the Company manufactures and sells fiberglass insulation into residential, commercial, industrial and other markets for both thermal and acoustical applications. It also manufactures and sells glass fiber pipe insulation, energy efficient flexible duct media, bonded and granulated mineral fiber insulation and foam insulation used in above- and below-grade construction applications. Roofing – Within our Roofing segment, the Company manufactures and sells residential roofing shingles, oxidized asphalt materials, and roofing accessories used in residential and commercial construction and specialty applications. NET SALES The following table summarizes our net sales by segment and geographic region (in millions). External customer sales are attributed to geographic region based upon the location from which the product is shipped to the external customer. Reportable Segments Composites Insulation Roofing Total reportable segments Corporate eliminations NET SALES External Customer Sales by Geographic Region United States Europe Asia Pacific Canada and other NET SALES EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ $ 1,902 $ 1,919 $ 1,850 1,766 5,518 (168) 1,746 1,748 5,413 (153) 5,350 $ 5,260 $ 3,697 $ 3,557 $ 515 662 476 575 636 492 5,350 $ 5,260 $ 1,845 1,642 1,967 5,454 (159) 5,295 3,644 545 627 479 5,295 Earnings before interest and taxes (“EBIT”) by segment consists of net sales less related costs and expenses and are presented on a basis that is used internally for evaluating segment performance. Certain items, such as general corporate expenses or income and certain other expense or income items, are excluded from the internal evaluation of segment performance. Accordingly, these items are not reflected in EBIT for our reportable segments and are included in the Corporate, Other and Eliminations category. Table of Contents - 58 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 2. SEGMENT INFORMATION (continued) The following table summarizes EBIT by segment (in millions): Reportable Segments Composites Insulation Roofing Total reportable segments Charges related to cost reduction actions and related items Net loss on sale of European Stone Business Impairment loss on Alcala, Spain facility held for sale Gain on sale of Hangzhou, China facility Net gain (loss) related to Hurricane Sandy Accelerated depreciation related to a change in the useful life of assets at our incomplete Cordele, Georgia facility General corporate expense and other EBIT $ TOTAL ASSETS AND PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION The following table summarizes total assets by segment and property, plant and equipment by geographic region (in millions): TOTAL ASSETS Reportable Segments Composites Insulation Roofing Total reportable segments Cash and cash equivalents Current and noncurrent deferred income taxes Investments in affiliates Assets held for sale – current Corporate property, plant and equipment, other assets and eliminations CONSOLIDATED TOTAL ASSETS PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION United States Europe Asia Pacific Canada and other TOTAL PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 232 $ 149 $ 160 266 658 (2) — — — — — (108) 548 $ 108 232 489 (36) (20) (3) 45 (6) — (77) 392 $ 98 40 386 524 (26) — — — 15 (20) (108) 385 2,387 2,844 1,138 6,369 67 580 53 16 457 December 31, 2015 2014 $ 2,359 $ 2,873 1,055 6,287 96 492 54 12 439 $ $ $ 7,380 $ 7,542 December 31, 2015 2014 1,918 $ 359 347 332 2,956 $ 1,773 404 377 345 2,899 Table of Contents - 59 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 2. SEGMENT INFORMATION (continued) PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION The following table summarizes the provision for depreciation and amortization by segment (in millions): Reportable Segments Composites Insulation Roofing Total reportable segments General corporate depreciation and amortization (a) CONSOLIDATED PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 125 $ 129 $ 101 39 265 35 101 39 269 35 300 $ 304 $ 130 104 38 272 60 332 (a) 2015 and 2014 include $3 million and $1 million , respectively, of accelerated depreciation related to our decision to close a facility in Japan and optimize a facility in Canada. 2013 includes $9 million of accelerated depreciation related to cost reduction actions and $20 million of accelerated depreciation related to the change in useful life of assets recorded as a result of our assessment of the future utility of an incomplete Insulation facility located in Cordele, Georgia. ADDITIONS TO PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT The following table summarizes additions to property, plant and equipment by segment (in millions): Reportable Segments Composites Insulation Roofing Total reportable segments General corporate additions CONSOLIDATED ADDITIONS TO PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 186 $ 239 $ 141 44 371 40 78 41 358 33 411 $ 391 $ The amounts in the table above represent Additions to property, plant and equipment on an accrual basis. 3. INVENTORIES Inventories consist of the following (in millions): Finished goods Materials and supplies Total inventories December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 436 $ 208 644 $ 155 107 60 322 31 353 568 249 817 Table of Contents - 60 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 4. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The Company is exposed to, among other risks, the impact of changes in commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates, and interest rates in the normal course of business. The Company’s risk management program is designed to manage the exposure and volatility arising from these risks, and utilizes derivative financial instruments to offset a portion of these risks. The Company uses derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to hedge identified business risks, and does not enter into such transactions for trading purposes. The Company generally does not require collateral or other security with counterparties to these financial instruments and is therefore subject to credit risk in the event of nonperformance; however, the Company monitors credit risk and currently does not anticipate nonperformance by other parties. Contracts with counterparties generally contain right of offset provisions. These provisions effectively reduce the Company’s exposure to credit risk in situations where the Company has gain and loss positions outstanding with a single counterparty. It is the Company’s policy to offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets the amounts recognized for derivative instruments with any cash collateral arising from derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty under a master netting agreement. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , the Company did not have any amounts on deposit with any of its counterparties, nor did any of its counterparties have any amounts on deposit with the Company. The following table presents the fair value and respective location of derivatives and hedging instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions): Location December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Fair Value at Derivative assets designated as hedging instruments: Net investment hedges Cross currency swaps Cross currency swaps Other current assets Other non current assets Amount of gain recognized in OCI (effective portion) OCI $ $ $ Fair value hedges Interest rate swaps Derivative liabilities designated as hedging instruments: Fair value hedges Interest rate swaps Cash flow hedges: Natural gas forward swaps Amount of loss recognized in OCI (effective portion) Foreign exchange contracts Amount of loss recognized in OCI (effective portion) Derivative assets not designated as hedging instruments: Foreign exchange contracts Derivative liabilities not designated as hedging instruments: Natural gas forward swaps Foreign exchange contracts Other non current assets $ Other liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities OCI Accounts payable and accrued liabilities OCI Other current assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 4 $ 6 $ 14 $ 4 $ — — — — — $ (3) 5 $ 5 $ — $ 1 $ — $ 1 $ — $ 8 7 1 1 1 — 2 Table of Contents - 61 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 4. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (continued) The following table presents the notional of derivatives and hedging instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions): Net investment hedges Cross currency swaps Fair value hedges Interest rate swaps Cash flow hedges: Notional December 31, 2015 Unit of Measure U.S. Dollars U.S. Dollars $ $ Natural gas forward swaps U.S. indices Natural gas forward swaps European indices MMBtu MMBtu (equivalent) 250 100 8 1 The Company had notional amounts for derivative hedging instruments related to non-designated foreign currency exposure in U.S. Dollars primarily relative to Brazilian Real, Chinese Yuan, Indian Rupee, and South Korean Won for $129 million . In addition the Company had notional amounts for derivative hedging instruments related to non-designated foreign currency exposure in European Euro primarily relative to Russian Rubles and U.S. Dollars for $21 million . The following table presents the impact and respective location of derivative activities on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings (in millions): Location 2015 2014 2013 Twelve Months Ended December 31, Derivative activity designated as hedging instruments: Natural gas and electricity: Amount of loss reclassified from OCI into earnings (effective portion) Interest rate swaps: Amount of (gain) recognized in earnings (ineffective portion) Derivative activity not designated as hedging instruments: Natural gas and electricity: Amount of loss recognized in earnings Foreign currency exchange contract: Amount of (gain) loss recognized in earnings (a) Cost of sales $ 10 $ — $ Interest expense, net Other expenses (income), net Other expenses (income), net $ $ $ — $ — $ 1 $ 1 $ (6) $ 1 $ 1 (1) — 12 (a) (Gains) / losses related to foreign currency derivatives were substantially offset by net revaluation impacts on foreign denominated balance sheet exposures, which were also recorded in Other (income) expenses, net. Table of Contents - 62 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 4. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (continued) Cash Flow Hedges The Company uses forward and swap contracts, which qualify as cash flow hedges, to manage forecasted exposure to natural gas and electricity prices. The effective portion of the change in the fair value of cash flow hedges is deferred in accumulated OCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and is subsequently recognized in cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings for commodity hedges, when the hedged item impacts earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivative assets and liabilities designated as hedging instruments are shown in other within operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Any portion of the change in fair value of derivatives designated as hedging instruments that is determined to be ineffective is recorded in other expenses (income), net on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The Company currently has natural gas derivatives designated as hedging instruments that mature within 15 months . The Company’s policy for natural gas exposures is to hedge up to 75 percent of its total forecasted exposures for the next two months, up to 60 percent of its total forecasted exposures for the following four months, and lesser amounts for the remaining periods. The Company's policy for electricity exposures is to hedge up to 75 percent of its total forecasted exposures for the current calendar year and up to 65 percent of its total forecasted exposures for the first calendar year forward. Based on market conditions, approved variation from the standard policy may occur. The Company performs an analysis for effectiveness of its derivatives designated as hedging instruments at the end of each quarter based on the terms of the contract and the underlying item being hedged. As of December 31, 2015 , $6 million of loss included in OCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheets relate to contracts that will impact earnings during the next 12 months. Transactions and events that are expected to occur over the next 12 months that will necessitate recognizing these deferred gains include the recognition of the hedged item through earnings. Fair Value Hedges The Company manages its interest rate exposure by balancing the mix of its fixed and variable rate instruments at certain times through interest rate swaps. The swaps are carried at fair value and recorded as other assets or liabilities, with the offset to long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of these swaps and that of the related debt are recorded in interest expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Net Investment Hedges During the first quarter of 2015, the Company entered into cross currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of net investments in foreign operations, settlements and changes in fair values of the derivative instruments are recognized in Currency translation adjustment, a component of Accumulated OCI, to offset the changes in the values of the net investments being hedged. Any portion of net investment hedges that is determined to be ineffective is recorded in Other expenses (income), net on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Other Derivatives The Company uses forward currency exchange contracts to manage existing exposures to foreign exchange risk related to assets and liabilities recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses resulting from the changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded in other expenses (income), net on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Table of Contents - 63 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 5. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS Intangible assets and goodwill consist of the following (in millions): December 31, 2015 Amortizable intangible assets: Customer relationships Technology Franchise and other agreements Indefinite-lived intangible assets: Trademarks Total intangible assets Goodwill December 31, 2014 Amortizable intangible assets: Customer relationships Technology Franchise and other agreements Indefinite-lived intangible assets: Trademarks Total intangible assets Goodwill Weighted Average Useful Life Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Weighted Average Useful Life 20 $ 21 10 $ $ 19 $ 20 12 $ $ 172 $ 193 43 786 1,194 $ 1,167 $ (82) (93) (20) — (195) $ 90 100 23 786 999 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount 172 $ 193 39 786 1,190 $ 1,168 $ (72) (83) (18) — (173) $ 100 110 21 786 1,017 The changes in the gross carrying amount of amortizable intangible assets by asset group are as follows (in millions): Customer Relationships Technology Franchise and Other Agreements Trademarks Total Balance at December 31, 2014 Additional franchises and agreements Balance at December 31, 2015 $ $ 172 $ — 172 $ 193 $ — 193 $ 39 $ 4 43 $ 786 $ — 786 $ The changes in the net carrying amount of goodwill by segment are as follows (in millions): Balance at December 31, 2014 Foreign currency translation Balance at December 31, 2015 Composites Insulation Roofing Total $ $ 57 (1) 56 $ $ 888 $ — 888 $ 223 $ — 223 $ 1,190 4 1,194 1,168 (1) 1,167 Table of Contents - 64 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 5. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS (continued) Other Intangible Assets The Company amortizes the cost of other intangible assets over their estimated useful lives which, individually, range up to twenty-five years. The Company expects the ongoing amortization expense for amortizable intangible assets to be $22 million in each of the next five fiscal years. The Company’s future cash flows are not materially impacted by its ability to extend or renew agreements related to its amortizable intangible assets. These costs are reported in Other expenses (income), net on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets The Company tests goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment as of October 1 each year, or more frequently should circumstances change or events occur that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The annual test performed in 2015 resulted in no impairment of goodwill. 6. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant and equipment consist of the following (in millions): Land Buildings and leasehold improvements Machinery and equipment Construction in progress Accumulated depreciation Property, plant and equipment, net December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 $ $ $ 186 788 3,478 359 4,811 (1,855) 2,956 $ 196 789 3,405 233 4,623 (1,724) 2,899 Machinery and equipment includes certain precious metals used in the Company’s production tooling, which comprise approximately 15 percent of total machinery and equipment as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , respectively. Precious metals used in our production tooling are depleted as they are consumed during the production process, which typically represents an annual expense of less than 3 percent of the outstanding carrying value. 7. OPERATING LEASES The Company leases certain equipment and facilities under operating leases expiring on various dates through 2025. Some of these leases include cost-escalation clauses. Such cost-escalation clauses are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Total rental expense was $88 million , $91 million and $83 million in the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively. At December 31, 2015 , the minimum future rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases with initial maturities greater than one year payable over the remaining lives of the leases are (in millions): Period 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 and beyond Minimum Future Rental Commitments 58 45 31 24 15 43 $ $ $ $ $ $ Table of Contents - 65 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 8. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consist of the following (in millions): Accounts payable Payroll, vacation pay and incentive compensation Payroll, property and other taxes Other employee benefits liabilities Dividends payable Warranties (current portion) Deferred revenue Legal and audit fees Accrued interest Charges related to cost reduction actions Other Total 9. WARRANTIES December 31, 2015 2014 $ 535 $ 153 110 38 21 14 9 7 7 7 47 948 $ $ 542 112 93 38 19 17 20 8 9 36 55 949 The Company records a liability for warranty obligations at the date the related products are sold. Adjustments are made as new information becomes available. A reconciliation of the warranty liability is as follows (in millions): Beginning balance Amounts accrued for current year Settlements of warranty claims Ending balance December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 40 $ 15 (12) 43 $ 41 25 (26) 40 Table of Contents - 66 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 10. COST REDUCTION ACTIONS 2014 Cost Reduction Actions During 2014, the Company took actions to reduce costs throughout its global Composites network, mainly through the decisions to close a facility in Japan and optimize a facility in Canada, in addition to other cost reduction actions. The Company also took actions in 2014 to streamline its management structure and reduce costs, resulting in the elimination of the Building Materials Group organizational structure. For the year-to-date 2015, the Company recorded $6 million of net benefit in charges related to cost reduction actions, comprised of a $3 million benefit from the revision of estimated total severance costs of these actions, and $3 million of net gains related to pension curtailment and settlement. For the year-to-date 2015, the Company also recorded $8 million of net charges in other items related to cost reduction actions, primarily comprised of facility closure costs in Japan. The following table summarizes the status of the unpaid liabilities from the Company’s 2014 cost reduction actions (in millions): Beginning Balance December 31, 2014 Costs Incurred Payments Foreign Currency Translation Non-cash Adjustments Ending Balance December 31, 2015 Cumulative Charges Incurred Severance Contract Termination Pension Curtailment and Settlement Total $ $ 31 $ 3 — 34 $ (3) $ — (3) (6) $ 21 $ 2 — 23 $ (1) $ — — (1) $ — $ — 3 3 $ 6 $ 1 — 7 $ 33 3 (3) 33 The Company expects the unpaid balance of these severance and contract termination charges to be paid over the next year. 11. DEBT Details of the Company’s outstanding long-term debt are as follows (in millions): 6.50% senior notes, net of discount and financing fees, due 2016 9.00% senior notes, net of discount and financing fees, due 2019 4.20% senior notes, net of discount and financing fees, due 2022 4.20% senior notes, net of discount and financing fees, due 2024 7.00% senior notes, net of discount and financing fees, due 2036 Accounts receivable securitization facility, maturing in 2018 Various capital leases, due through and beyond 2050 Fair value adjustment to debt Total long-term debt Less – current portion December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 $ 158 $ 143 596 390 536 — 36 6 1,865 163 1,702 $ 158 142 596 388 536 106 47 8 1,981 3 1,978 Long-term debt, net of current portion $ Senior Notes During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company retrospectively adopted FASB ASU 2015-03 related to simplifying the presentation of debt issuance costs. Please refer to the accounting pronouncements section of Note 1 for additional detail on Table of Contents 11. DEBT (continued) - 67 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) this accounting standard. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company reclassified $12 million and $13 million , respectively, in unamortized debt issuance costs on the Consolidated Balance Sheets from Other non-current assets to Long-term debt, net of current portion. Accordingly, this balance was allocated to reduce the principal amounts of the related debt in the table above. The Company issued $400 million of 2024 senior notes on November 12, 2014 at 4.20% . The Company paid $4 million in loan costs in connection with the 2024 notes. These costs were deferred and are being amortized over the term of the 2024 notes. Interest on the notes is payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 each year, beginning on June 1, 2015. The proceeds of the 2024 notes were used to repay $242 million of our 2016 senior notes at an average price equal to 111.46% of the principal amount, together with accrued interest of $7 million . In addition, the Company repaid $105 million of our 2019 senior notes at an average price equal to 122.98% of the principal amount, together with accrued interest of $4 million . The cash premium paid totaled $52 million and is included in Payments on long-term debt in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Unamortized discounts and fees of $2 million along with tender fees of $1 million were recorded in loss on extinguishment of debt in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The remaining funds were used to pay down our Senior Revolving Credit Facility, finance general working capital needs, and for general corporate purposes. The Company issued $600 million of 2022 senior notes on October 17, 2012. The proceeds of these notes were used to refinance $250 million of our 2016 senior notes, $100 million of our 2019 senior notes and pay down our Senior Revolving Credit Facility. Interest on the notes is payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 each year, beginning on June 15, 2013. The Company issued $350 million of 2019 senior notes on June 3, 2009. On October 31, 2006, the Company issued $650 million of 2016 senior notes and $540 million of 2036 senior notes. The proceeds of these notes were used to pay certain unsecured and administrative claims, finance general working capital needs and for general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2015, the $158 million in outstanding principal related to the 2016 senior notes was recorded in Long-term debt - current portion, along with with $2 million net in associated unamortized financing fees, discount, and interest rate swap basis adjustment. Collectively, the notes above are referred to as the “Senior Notes.” The Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of the Company and rank pari passu with all existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness of the Company. The Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by each of the Company’s current and future domestic subsidiaries that are a borrower or guarantor under the Company’s Credit Agreement (as defined below). The guarantees are unsecured and rank equally in right of payment with all other existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness of the guarantors. The guarantees are effectively subordinated to existing and future secured debt of the guarantors to the extent of the assets securing that indebtedness. The Company has the option to redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at any time at a “make whole” redemption price. The Company is subject to certain covenants in connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes that it believes are usual and customary. The Company was in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2015 . In the fourth quarter of 2011, the Company terminated all interest rate swaps designated to hedge a portion of the 6.5% senior notes due 2016. The swaps were carried at fair value and recorded as other assets or liabilities, with a fair value adjustment to long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value adjustment to debt will be amortized through 2016 as a reduction to interest expense in conjunction with the maturity date of the notes. On June 28, 2013, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements effective July 1, 2013 to manage its interest rate exposure by swapping $100 million of fixed rate to variable rate exposure designated against our 4.2% senior notes due 2022. The swaps are carried at fair value and recorded as other assets or liabilities, with a fair value adjustment to long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Senior Credit Facilities The Company amended its $800 million multi-currency senior revolving credit facility in November 2015 to extend its maturity to November 2020 and increase the uncommitted incremental loans permitted under the facility from $200 million to $600 million . The Senior Revolving Credit Facility includes both borrowings and letters of credit. Borrowings under the Senior Table of Contents 11. DEBT (continued) - 68 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Revolving Credit Facility may be used for general corporate purposes and working capital. The Company has the discretion to borrow under multiple options, which provide for varying terms and interest rates including the United States prime rate or LIBOR plus a spread. The Senior Revolving Credit Facility contains various covenants, including a maximum allowed leverage ratio and a minimum required interest expense coverage ratio that the Company believes are usual and customary for a senior unsecured credit agreement. The Company was in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2015 . As of December 31, 2015, the Company had no borrowings on its senior revolving credit facility, $9 million of outstanding letters of credit, and had $791 million available on the facility. Receivables Securitization Facility Included in long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are amounts outstanding under a Receivables Purchase Agreement (the “RPA”) that are accounted for as secured borrowings in accordance with ASC 860, Accounting for Transfers and Servicing. Owens Corning Sales, LLC and Owens Corning Receivables LLC, each a subsidiary of the Company, have a $250 million RPA with certain financial institutions. The securitization facility was amended in January of 2015 to extend its maturity to January 2018. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had no borrowings on its receivables securitization facility, $2 million of outstanding letters of credit, and had $228 million available on the facility due to collateral capacity limits. The RPA contains various covenants, including a maximum allowed leverage ratio and a minimum required interest expense coverage ratio that the Company believes are usual and customary for a securitization facility. The Company was in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2015 . Owens Corning Receivables LLC’s sole business consists of the purchase or acceptance through capital contributions of trade receivables and related rights from Owens Corning Sales, LLC and the subsequent retransfer of or granting of a security interest in such trade receivables and related rights to certain purchasers party to the RPA. Owens Corning Receivables LLC is a separate legal entity with its own separate creditors who will be entitled, upon its liquidation, to be satisfied out of Owens Corning Receivables LLC’s assets prior to any assets or value in Owens Corning Receivables LLC becoming available to Owens Corning Receivables LLC’s equity holders. The assets of Owens Corning Receivables LLC are not available to pay creditors of the Company or any other affiliates of the Company or Owens Corning Sales, LLC. Capital Leases In the second quarter of 2015 the Company purchased its World Headquarters facility which had previously been classified as a capital lease. As a result, the Company reduced its capital lease obligation by $10 million and recorded a $5 million gain on extinguishment of debt in the second quarter of 2015. Debt Maturities The aggregate maturities for all long-term debt issues for each of the five years following December 31, 2015 and thereafter are presented in the table below (in millions). The maturities are stated at total cash the Company is contractually obligated to pay third parties and are not stated net of discount or financing fees. The effects of the interest rate swap are not included in the table below. Period 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 and beyond Total Maturities 164 6 6 150 6 1,572 1,904 $ $ Table of Contents 11. DEBT (continued) Short-Term Debt - 69 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , short-term borrowings were $6 million and $31 million , respectively. The short-term borrowings for both periods consisted of various operating lines of credit and working capital facilities. Certain of these borrowings are collateralized by receivables, inventories or property. The borrowing facilities are typically for one-year renewable terms. The weighted average interest rate on all short-term borrowings was approximately 4.5% for December 31, 2015 and 7.2% for December 31, 2014 . 12. PENSION PLANS The Company sponsors defined benefit pension plans. Under the plans, pension benefits are based on an employee’s years of service and, for certain categories of employees, qualifying compensation. Company contributions to these pension plans are determined by an independent actuary to meet or exceed minimum funding requirements. In our U.S. plan, the unrecognized cost of any retroactive amendments and actuarial gains and losses are amortized over the average remaining life expectancy of inactive participants. In all of our Non-U.S plans, the unrecognized cost of any retroactive amendments and actuarial gains and losses are amortized over the average future service period of plan participants expected to receive benefits. As of December 31, 2014, the projected benefit obligation and plan assets for Non-U.S. plans were revised to reflect a previously omitted defined benefit obligation. The effect of this revision on the December 31, 2014 disclosures was a $7 million increase to projected benefit obligation and a $7 million increase to plan assets. There was no change to the funded status or Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2014. Table of Contents 12. PENSION PLANS (continued) - 70 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) The following tables provide a reconciliation of the change in the projected benefit obligation, the change in plan assets and the net amount recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in millions): Change in Projected Benefit Obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of period $ 1,193 $ 571 $ 1,764 $ 1,070 $ 546 $ 1,616 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 U.S. Non-U.S. Total U.S. Non-U.S. Total Service cost Interest cost Actuarial (gain) loss Currency (gain) Benefits paid Settlements / Curtailments Other Benefit obligation at end of period Change in Plan Assets 8 44 (50) — (101) — (2) 4 19 (19) (55) (21) (7) (7) 12 63 (69) (55) (122) (7) (9) 8 48 159 — (92) — — 5 23 63 (44) (23) (2) 3 13 71 222 (44) (115) (2) 3 $ 1,092 $ 485 $ 1,577 $ 1,193 $ 571 $ 1,764 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 U.S. Non-U.S. Total U.S. Non-U.S. Total Fair value of assets at beginning of period $ 883 $ 437 $ 1,320 $ 858 $ 422 $ 1,280 Actual return on plan assets Currency (loss) Company contributions Benefits paid Settlements/curtailments Other Fair value of assets at end of period Funded status Amounts Recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Prepaid pension cost Accrued pension cost – current Accrued pension cost – non-current Net amount recognized Amounts Recorded in Accumulated OCI Net actuarial loss $ $ $ $ $ (23) — 47 (101) — — 806 $ (286) $ 2 (46) 13 (21) (7) 1 (21) (46) 60 (122) (7) 1 82 — 36 (92) — (1) 50 (35) 16 (23) (2) 9 379 $ (106) $ 1,185 $ (392) $ 883 $ (310) $ 437 $ (134) $ 132 (35) 52 (115) (2) 8 1,320 (444) December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 U.S. Non-U.S. Total U.S. Non-U.S. Total — $ — (286) 6 $ 6 $ — $ 5 $ (1) (111) (1) (397) (1) (309) (1) (138) (286) $ (106) $ (392) $ (310) $ (134) $ 5 (2) (447) (444) (431) $ (96) $ (527) $ (415) $ (107) $ (522) Table of Contents 12. PENSION PLANS (continued) - 71 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) The following table presents information about the projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation (“ABO”) and plan assets of the Company’s pension plans (in millions): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 U.S. Non-U.S. Total U.S. Non-U.S. Total Plans with ABO in excess of fair value of plan assets: Projected benefit obligation Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets Plans with fair value of assets in excess of ABO: Projected benefit obligation Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets Total projected benefit obligation Total accumulated benefit obligation Total plan assets $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,092 $ 1,092 $ 806 $ — $ — $ — $ 1,092 $ 1,092 $ 806 $ 314 $ 311 $ 206 $ 171 $ 156 $ 173 $ 485 $ 467 $ 379 $ 1,406 $ 1,403 $ 1,012 $ 171 $ 156 $ 173 $ 1,577 $ 1,559 $ 1,185 $ 1,193 $ 1,193 $ 883 $ — $ — $ — $ 1,193 $ 1,193 $ 883 $ 464 $ 448 $ 328 $ 107 $ 99 $ 109 $ 571 $ 547 $ 437 $ Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Determine Benefit Obligation The following table presents weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at the measurement dates noted: United States Plans Discount rate Expected return on plan assets Non-United States Plans Discount rate Expected return on plan assets Rate of compensation increase Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost The following table presents the components of net periodic pension cost for the periods noted (in millions): December 31, 2015 2014 4.20% 7.00% 3.88% 6.23% 3.97% Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of actuarial loss Settlement/curtailment Other Net periodic benefit cost Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 12 $ 13 $ 63 (84) 18 (3) 1 71 (84) 11 — — 7 $ 11 $ $ $ 1,657 1,641 1,211 107 99 109 1,764 1,740 1,320 3.85% 7.00% 3.60% 6.27% 4.01% 15 65 (84) 20 — — 16 Table of Contents 12. PENSION PLANS (continued) - 72 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Determine Net Periodic Pension Cost The following table presents weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension costs for the periods noted: United States Plans Discount rate Expected return on plan assets Rate of compensation increase Non-United States Plans Discount rate Expected return on plan assets Rate of compensation increase Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 3.85% 7.00% N/A (a) 3.60% 6.27% 4.01% 4.65% 7.00% N/A (a) 4.45% 6.38% 3.94% 3.80% 7.50% N/A (a) 4.10% 6.13% 3.50% (a) Not applicable due to changes in plan made on August 1, 2009 that were effective beginning January 1, 2010. The expected return on plan assets assumption is derived by taking into consideration the target plan asset allocation, historical rates of return on those assets, projected future asset class returns and net outperformance of the market by active investment managers. An asset return model is used to develop an expected range of returns on plan investments over a 20 year period, with the expected rate of return selected from a best estimate range within the total range of projected results. The result is then rounded down to the nearest 25 basis points. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings (Deficit) Of the $(527) million balance in OCI, $16 million is expected to be recognized as net periodic pension cost during 2016 . Items Measured at Fair Value The Company classifies and discloses pension plan assets in one of the following three categories: Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets. Level 2: Observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data. Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. - 73 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Table of Contents 12. PENSION PLANS (continued) Plan Assets The following table summarizes the fair values, and levels within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall under United States pension plan assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in millions): Asset Category Equity Domestic actively managed Domestic passive index International actively managed International passive index Fixed income and cash equivalents Cash Short-term debt Corporate bonds Government debt Real estate investment trusts Absolute return strategies Real assets Total United States plan assets Asset Category Equity Domestic actively managed Domestic passive index International actively managed International passive index Fixed income and cash equivalents Cash Short-term debt Corporate bonds Government debt Real estate investment trusts Absolute return strategies Real assets Total United States plan assets $ $ $ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 2015 85 $ — 79 — 1 — 204 88 25 — — 36 $ — $ 51 31 23 — 33 52 — — 52 46 — — — — — — — — — — 482 $ 324 $ — $ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 2014 99 $ — 81 — 2 — 229 98 28 — — 39 $ — $ 61 34 26 — 26 55 — — 55 50 — — — — — — — — — — $ 537 $ 346 $ — $ 121 51 110 23 1 33 256 88 25 52 46 806 138 61 115 26 2 26 284 98 28 55 50 883 Table of Contents 12. PENSION PLANS (continued) - 74 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) The following table summarizes the fair values, and levels within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall under non-United States pension plan assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in millions): Asset Category Equity Domestic actively managed Domestic passive index International actively managed International passive index Fixed income and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents Corporate bonds Government Debt Absolute return strategies Total non-United States plan assets Asset Category Equity Domestic actively managed Domestic passive index International actively managed International passive index Fixed income and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents Corporate bonds Government Debt Absolute return strategies Total non-United States plan assets Investment Strategy Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 2015 — $ — 39 — 2 — — — 24 $ 1 23 25 24 149 — 92 — $ — — — — — — — 41 $ 338 $ — $ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 2014 — $ — — — — — — — 30 $ — 52 35 29 198 — 93 — $ — — — — — — — — $ 437 $ — $ 24 1 62 25 26 149 — 92 379 30 — 52 35 29 198 — 93 437 $ $ $ $ The current investment policy for the United States pension plan is to have 38% of assets invested in equities, 3% in real estate, 6% in real assets, 47% in intermediate and long-term fixed income securities and 6% in absolute return strategies. Assets are rebalanced quarterly to conform to policy tolerances. The Company actively evaluates the reasonableness of its asset mix given changes in the projected benefit obligation and market dynamics. - 75 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Table of Contents 12. PENSION PLANS (continued) Estimated Future Benefit Payments The following table shows estimated future benefit payments from the Company’s pension plans (in millions): Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021-2024 Contributions Estimated Benefit Payments 98 97 95 97 98 476 $ $ $ $ $ $ Owens Corning expects to contribute $50 million in cash to the United States pension plan during 2016 and another $13 million to non-United States plans. Actual contributions to the plans may change as a result of a variety of factors, including changes in laws that impact funding requirements. Defined Contribution Plans The Company sponsors two defined contribution plans which are available to substantially all United States employees. The Company matches a percentage of employee contributions up to a maximum level and contributes 2% of an employee’s wages regardless of employee contributions. The Company recognized expense of $33 million , $34 million and $29 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively, related to these plans. 13. POSTEMPLOYMENT AND POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS OTHER THAN PENSIONS The Company maintains health care and life insurance benefit plans for certain retired employees and their dependents. The health care plans in the United States are non-funded and pay either (1) stated percentages of covered medically necessary expenses, after subtracting payments by Medicare or other providers and after stated deductibles have been met, or (2) fixed amounts of medical expense reimbursement. Employees hired on or before December 31, 2005 become eligible to participate in the United States health care plans upon retirement if they have accumulated 10 years of service after age 45 , 48 or 50 , depending on the category of employee. For employees hired after December 31, 2005, the Company does not provide subsidized retiree health care. Some of the plans are contributory, with some retiree contributions adjusted annually. The Company has reserved the right to change or eliminate these benefit plans subject to the terms of collective bargaining agreements. The Company implemented an Employee Group Waiver Plan ("EGWP") effective January 1, 2013 to manage its prescription drug benefits for certain retiree groups. The Company also negotiated with certain unionized employees to increase the eligibility age for retiree medical benefits and to eliminate the post- 65 retiree reimbursement account benefit for employees retiring on or after January 1, 2014. Table of Contents - 76 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 13. POSTEMPLOYMENT AND POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS OTHER THAN PENSIONS (continued) The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in the projected benefit obligation and the net amount recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in millions): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 U.S. Non-U.S. Total U.S. Non-U.S. Total Change in Projected Benefit Obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of period $ 238 $ 16 $ 254 $ 228 $ 16 $ Service cost Interest cost Actuarial (gain) loss Currency (gain) Plan amendments Benefits paid Other Benefit obligation at end of period Funded status Amounts Recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Accrued benefit obligation – current Accrued benefit obligation – non-current Net amount recognized Amounts Recorded in Accumulated OCI Net actuarial gain Net prior service credit Net amount recognized $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 8 (3) — — (15) — — 1 — (2) — (1) (1) 2 9 (3) (2) — (16) (1) 2 9 17 — — (18) — — 1 — (1) — (1) 1 230 $ (230) $ 13 $ (13) $ 243 $ (243) $ 238 $ (238) $ 16 $ (16) $ (17) $ (213) (230) $ (4) $ (17) (21) $ (1) $ (12) (13) $ (4) $ — (4) $ (18) $ (225) (243) $ (8) $ (17) (25) $ (18) $ (220) (238) $ (20) $ (2) (22) $ (1) $ (15) (16) $ — $ (5) (5) $ 244 2 10 17 (1) — (19) 1 254 (254) (19) (235) (254) (20) (7) (27) Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Determine Benefit Obligations The following table presents the discount rates used to determine the benefit obligations: United States plans Non-United States plans December 31, 2015 2014 4.00% 3.80% 3.70% 3.70% Table of Contents - 77 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 13. POSTEMPLOYMENT AND POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS OTHER THAN PENSIONS (continued) Components of Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost The following table presents the components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost (in millions): Service cost Interest cost Amortization of prior service cost Amortization of actuarial gain Other Net periodic postretirement benefit cost Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2 $ 9 (4) (1) 1 7 $ 2 $ 10 (4) (2) — 6 $ 3 9 (4) (1) — 7 $ $ Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Determine Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost The following table presents the discount rates used to determine net periodic postretirement benefit cost: United States plans Non-United States plans Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 3.70% 3.70% 4.35% 4.45% 3.50% 3.80% The following table presents health care cost trend rates used to determine net periodic postretirement benefit cost, as well as information regarding the ultimate rate and the year in which their ultimate rate is reached: United States plans Initial rate at end of year Ultimate rate Year in which ultimate rate is reached Non-United States plans Initial rate at end of year Ultimate rate Year in which ultimate rate is reached Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 7.00% 5.00% 2025 5.25% 4.70% 2019 7.00% 5.00% 2024 5.43% 4.70% 2019 7.00% 5.00% 2023 6.23% 4.79% 2019 The health care cost trend rate assumption can have a significant effect on the amounts reported. To illustrate, a one-percentage point change in the December 31, 2015 assumed health care cost trend rate would have the following effects (in millions): Increase (decrease) in total service cost and interest cost components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost Increase (decrease) of accumulated postretirement benefit obligation Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings (Deficit) 1-Percentage Point Increase Decrease $ $ — $ 9 $ — (8) Approximately $4 million of the $25 million balance in accumulated OCI is expected to be recognized as net periodic postretirement benefit during 2016. Table of Contents - 78 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 13. POSTEMPLOYMENT AND POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS OTHER THAN PENSIONS (continued) Estimated Future Benefit Payments The following table shows estimated future benefit payments from the Company’s postretirement benefit plans (in millions): Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021-2025 Postemployment Benefits Estimated Benefit Payments 19 19 20 19 19 88 $ $ $ $ $ $ The Company may also provide benefits to former or inactive employees after employment but before retirement under certain conditions. These benefits include continuation of benefits such as health care and life insurance coverage. The accrued postemployment benefits liability at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $15 million and $17 million , respectively. The net periodic postemployment benefit expense was $1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 . 14. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND OTHER MATTERS The Company may be involved in various legal and regulatory proceedings relating to employment, antitrust, tax, product liability, environmental and other matters (collectively, “Proceedings”). The Company regularly reviews the status of such Proceedings along with legal counsel. Liabilities for such Proceedings are recorded when it is probable that the liability has been incurred and when the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. Liabilities are adjusted when additional information becomes available. Management believes that the amount of any reasonably possible losses in excess of any amounts accrued, if any, with respect to such Proceedings or any other known claim, including the matters described below under the caption Environmental Matters (the “Environmental Matters”) are not material to the Company’s financial statements. Management believes that the ultimate disposition of the Proceedings and the Environmental Matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, but could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations, cash flows or liquidity in a given quarter or year. Litigation and Regulatory Proceedings The Company is involved in litigation and regulatory Proceedings from time to time in the regular course of its business. The Company believes that adequate provisions for resolution of all contingencies, claims and pending matters have been made for probable losses that are reasonably estimable. Environmental Matters Owens Corning has established policies and procedures to ensure that its operations are conducted in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations and that enable the Company to meet its high standards for corporate sustainability and environmental stewardship. Our manufacturing facilities are subject to numerous foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the presence of hazardous materials, pollution and protection of the environment, including emissions to air, discharges to water, management of hazardous materials, handling and disposal of solid wastes, and remediation of contaminated sites. All Company manufacturing facilities operate using an ISO 14001 or equivalent environmental management system. The Company’s 2020 Sustainability Goals require significant global reductions in energy use, water consumption, waste to landfill, and emissions of greenhouse gases, fine particulate matter and toxic air emissions. Owens Corning is involved in remedial response activities and is responsible for environmental remediation at a number of sites, including certain of its currently owned or formerly owned plants. These responsibilities arise under a number of laws, Table of Contents - 79 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 14. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND OTHER MATTERS (continued) including, but not limited to, the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"), and similar state or local laws pertaining to the management and remediation of hazardous materials and petroleum. The Company has also been named a potentially responsible party under the United States Federal Superfund law, or state equivalents, at a number of disposal sites. The Company became involved in these sites as a result of government action or in connection with business acquisitions. As of December 31, 2015 , the Company was involved with a total of 19 sites worldwide, including 6 Superfund sites and 13 owned or formerly owned sites. None of the liabilities for these sites are individually significant to the Company. Remediation activities generally involve a potential range of activities and costs related to soil and groundwater contamination. This can include pre-cleanup activities such as fact finding and investigation, risk assessment, feasibility studies, remedial action design and implementation (where actions may range from monitoring to removal of contaminants, to installation of longer-term remediation systems). A number of factors affect the cost of environmental remediation, including the number of parties involved in a particular site, the determination of the extent of contamination, the length of time the remediation may require, the complexity of environmental regulations, variability in clean-up standards, the need for legal action, and changes in remediation technology. Taking these factors into account, Owens Corning has predicted the costs of remediation reasonably estimated to be paid over a period of years. The Company accrues an amount on an undiscounted basis, consistent with the reasonable estimates of these costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred. Actual cost may differ from these estimates for the reasons mentioned above. At December 31, 2015 , the Company had an accrual totaling $3 million , for these costs. Changes in required remediation procedures or timing of those procedures, or discovery of contamination at additional sites, could result in material increases to the Company’s environmental obligations. 15. STOCK COMPENSATION 2013 Stock Plan On April 18, 2013, the Company's stockholders approved the Owens Corning 2013 Stock Plan (the "2013 Stock Plan") which authorizes grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, bonus stock awards and performance stock awards. At December 31, 2015 , the number of shares remaining available under the 2013 Stock Plan for all stock awards was 2 million . Stock Options The Company has granted stock options under its stockholder approved stock plans. The Company calculates a weighted-average grant-date fair value using a Black-Scholes valuation model for options granted. Compensation expense for options is measured based on the fair market value of the option on the date of grant, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over a four year vesting period. In general, the exercise price of each option awarded was equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and an option’s maximum term is 10 years. The volatility assumption was based on a benchmark study of our peers prior to 2014. Starting with the options granted in 2014, the volatility was based on the company’s historic volatility. During 2015, no stock options were granted. During 2014, 374,500 stock options were granted with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $19.05 . Assumptions used in the Company’s Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate the grant date fair value were expected volatility of 50.9% , expected dividends of 0% , expected term of 6.25 years and a risk-free interest rate of 1.9% . During 2013, 329,800 stock options were granted with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $18.94 . Assumptions used in the Company’s Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate the grant date fair value were expected volatility of 45.3% , expected dividends of 0% , expected term of 6.26 years and a risk-free interest rate of 1.1% . During the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , the Company recognized expense of $4 million , $6 million and $5 million respectively, related to the Company’s stock options. As of December 31, 2015 there was $4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.83 years. The total aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding as of December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 was $31 million , $16 million and $31 million , respectively. The total aggregate intrinsic value of options exercisable as of December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 was $28 million , $15 million and $27 million , respectively. Cash received from option exercises was $21 million , $8 million and $15 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Tax benefits realized Table of Contents - 80 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 15. STOCK COMPENSATION (continued) from tax deductions associated with option exercises totaled $4 million , $2 million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively. The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity: Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2014 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2013 Number of Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Number of Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Number of Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Beginning Balance 2,754,895 $ Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired Ending Balance — (691,375) (105,100) (5,100) 1,953,320 $ 31.04 — 29.75 38.09 41.89 31.09 2,748,720 $ 374,500 (328,875) (35,400) (4,050) 2,754,895 $ 29.55 37.65 25.23 38.09 34.50 31.04 3,025,220 $ 329,800 (549,800) (56,500) — 2,748,720 $ 27.78 42.16 26.88 34.58 — 29.55 The following table summarizes information about the Company’s options outstanding and exercisable: Options Outstanding Weighted-Average Options Exercisable Weighted-Average Range of Exercise Prices Options Outstanding Remaining Contractual Life Exercise Price Number Exercisable at Dec. 31, 2015 Remaining Contractual Life Exercise Price $13.89-$42.16 1,953,320 4.37 $ 31.09 1,552,820 3.56 $ 29.20 Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units The Company has granted restricted stock awards and restricted stock units (collectively referred to as “restricted stock”) under its stockholder approved stock plans. Compensation expense for restricted stock is measured based on the closing market price of the stock at date of grant and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the four year vesting period. Restricted stock is subject to alternate vesting plans for death, disability, approved early retirement and involuntary termination, over various periods ending in 2015. During the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , the Company recognized expense of $17 million , $17 million and $16 million , respectively, related to the Company’s restricted stock. As of December 31, 2015 , there was $26 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.57 years. The total grant date fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , was $17 million , $15 million and $16 million , respectively. Table of Contents - 81 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 15. STOCK COMPENSATION (continued) A summary of the status of the Company’s plans that had restricted stock issued as of December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 and changes during the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 are presented below: Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2014 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2013 Number of Shares 1,727,741 $ 625,652 (504,704) (141,199) 1,707,490 $ Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value 33.58 39.75 34.24 38.20 35.37 Number of Shares 1,735,824 $ 522,994 (459,359) (71,718) 1,727,741 $ Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value 32.49 36.72 32.49 37.17 33.58 Number of Shares 1,875,065 $ 512,398 (573,920) (77,719) 1,735,824 $ Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value 27.14 41.01 26.00 34.62 32.49 Beginning Balance Granted Vested Forfeited Ending Balance Performance Stock Awards and Performance Stock Units The Company has granted performance stock awards and performance stock units (collectively referred to as “PSUs”) as a part of its long-term incentive plan. All outstanding performance grants will fully settle in stock. The amount of stock ultimately distributed from the 2015 grants is contingent on meeting internal company-based metrics or an external-based stock performance metric. The amount of stock ultimately distributed from 2014 and prior grants is contingent on meeting an external based stock performance metric. In 2015, the Company granted both internal company-based and external-based metric PSUs. In 2014 and 2013, the company granted external-based metric PSU's. Internal based metrics The internal company-based metrics vest after a three -year period and are based on return on invested capital over a three -year period. The amount of stock distributed will vary from 0% to 300% of PSUs awarded depending on performance versus the company-based metrics. The initial fair value for all internal company-based metric PSUs assumes that the performance goals will be achieved and is based on the grant date stock price. This assumption is monitored quarterly and if it becomes probable that such goals will not be achieved or will be exceeded, compensation expense recognized will be adjusted and previous surplus compensation expense recognized will be reversed or additional expense will be recognized. The expected term represents the period from the grant date to the end of the three-year performance period. Pro-rata vesting may be utilized in the case of death or disability, and awards if earned will be paid at the end of the three-year period. External based metrics The external-based metric vests after a three -year period. Outstanding grants issued in 2015 will be based on the Company's total stockholder return relative to the performance of the S&P Building & Construction Industry Index. Outstanding grants issued prior to 2015 are based on the Company's total stockholder return relative to the performance of the companies in the S&P 500 Index. The amount of stock distributed will vary from 0% to 200% of PSUs awarded depending on the relative stockholder return performance. For all PSUs, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , the Company recognized expense of $8 million , $6 million and $7 million . As of December 31, 2015 , there was $12 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to PSUs. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years. The total grant date fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , was $1 million , $1 million and $9 million , respectively. Table of Contents - 82 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 15. STOCK COMPENSATION (continued) 2015 Grant For the 2015 grant, the fair value of external based metric PSUs was estimated at the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation that used various assumptions that include expected volatility of 29.2% , a risk free interest rate of 1.08% and an expected term of 2.90 years. Expected volatility was based on Owens Corning's most recent 2.90 years volatility. The risk-free interest rate was based on zero coupon United States Treasury bills at the grant date. The expected term represents the period from the grant date to the end of the three -year performance period. For the 2015 grant, the fair value of the internal based metric PSUs was estimated using the grant date stock price and assumed that the performance goals will be achieved. This assumption is monitored each quarter and if it becomes probable that such goals will not be achieved or will be exceeded, compensation expense recognized will be adjusted. This adjustment results in either reversing previous surplus compensation expense recognized or recognizing additional expense. 2014 Grant For the 2014 grant, the fair value of PSUs was estimated at the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation that used various assumptions that include expected volatility of 36.0% , a risk free interest rate of 0.68% and an expected term of 2.9 years. Expected volatility was based on a benchmark study of our peers. The risk- free interest rate was based on zero coupon United States Treasury bills at the grant date. The expected term represents the period from the grant date to the end of the three -year performance period. 2013 Grant For the 2013 grant, the fair value of the PSUs was estimated at the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation that used various assumptions that include expected volatility of 36.7% , a risk free interest rate of 0.4% and an expected term of 2.9 years. Expected volatility was based on a benchmark study of our peers. The risk- free interest rate was based on zero coupon United States Treasury bills at the grant date. The expected term represents the period from the grant date to the end of the three -year performance period. Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2014 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2013 Number of PSUs 416,250 $ 252,200 (151,700) (85,350) 431,400 $ Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value 49.53 43.88 56.71 48.66 44.52 Number of PSUs 410,500 $ 248,950 (199,450) (43,750) 416,250 $ Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value 53.04 44.43 52.11 41.71 49.53 Number of PSUs 412,910 $ 207,050 (167,610) (41,850) 410,500 $ Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value 49.14 56.71 48.61 50.39 53.04 Beginning Balance Granted Vested Forfeited/canceled Ending Balance 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan On April 18, 2013, the Company’s stockholders approved the Owens Corning Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). The ESPP is a tax qualified plan under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. The purchase price of shares purchased under the ESPP is equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of shares of Owens Corning common stock at the beginning or ending of the offering period, which is a six month period ending on May 31 and November 30 of each year. There were 2 million shares available for purchase under the ESPP as of its approval date. The Company recognized expense related to the ESPP of $2 million , $2 million and $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 , the Company had $1 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to the ESPP. For the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013, our employees purchased 0.2 million shares at an average price of $32.57 , 0.2 million shares at an average price of $34.10 , and 0.1 million shares at an average price of $33.29 , respectively. Under the outstanding ESPP as of January 29, 2016 , employees have contributed $2 million to purchase shares for the current purchase period ending May 31, 2016. Table of Contents - 83 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 16. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (deficit) (“AOCI”) (in millions): Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2014 Currency Translation Adjustment Beginning balance Loss on foreign currency translation Gain on net investment hedge Income tax expense of amount classified into AOCI Net loss on foreign currency translation Loss reclassified from AOCI to income Other comprehensive (loss), net of tax Ending balance Pension and Other Postretirement Adjustment Beginning balance (Gains) arising during the period Income tax expense of amount classified into AOCI Net (Gains) arising during the period Amortization of actuarial loss (a) Amortization of prior service gain (a) Settlement gain (a) Income tax benefit of amounts reclassified from AOCI to income Net amortization and gain reclassified from AOCI to net income Translation impact on non-US. Plans Other comprehensive income, net of tax Ending balance Deferred Gain (Loss) on Hedging Beginning balance Change in mark to market hedges Income tax benefit of amount classified into AOCI Net loss on derivative instruments Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income (b) Income tax benefit of amounts reclassified from AOCI to income Net gain reclassified from AOCI to net income Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax Ending balance Total AOCI ending balance $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (132) $ (124) 14 (5) (115) — (115) (247) $ (413) $ (28) 5 (23) 17 (4) (3) (4) 6 11 (6) (419) $ (5) $ (8) 3 (5) 10 (4) 6 1 (4) $ (670) $ 2 (135) — — (135) 1 (134) (132) (300) (192) 68 (124) 9 (4) — (1) 4 7 (113) (413) 1 (9) 3 (6) — — — (6) (5) (550) (a)These AOCI components are included in the computation of total Pension and OPEB expense and are recorded in cost of sales and marketing and administrative expenses. See Note 12 for additional information. (b) Amounts reclassified from gain/(loss) on cash flow hedges are reclassified from AOCI to income when the hedged item affects earnings and is recognized in cost of sales. See Note 4 for additional information. Table of Contents 17. EARNINGS PER SHARE - 84 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) The following table summarizes the number of shares outstanding as well as our basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 (in millions, except per share amounts): Net earnings attributable to Owens Corning Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used for basic earnings per share Non-vested restricted and performance shares Options to purchase common stock Weighted-average number of shares outstanding and common equivalent shares used for diluted earnings per share Earnings per common share attributable to Owens Corning common stockholders: Basic Diluted Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 330 $ 226 $ 117.2 0.6 0.4 118.2 117.5 0.4 0.4 118.3 2.82 $ 2.79 $ 1.92 $ 1.91 $ 204 118.2 0.4 0.5 119.1 1.73 1.71 $ $ $ Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing earnings attributable to Owens Corning by the weighted-average number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding during the period. Outstanding shares consist of issued shares less treasury stock. On April 19, 2012, the Company approved a new share buy-back program under which the Company is authorized to repurchase up to 10 million shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock (the “Repurchase Program”). The Repurchase Program authorizes the Company to repurchase shares through the open market, privately negotiated, or other transactions. The actual number of shares repurchased will depend on timing, market conditions and other factors and will be at the Company’s discretion. During the year ended December 31, 2015, 3.1 million shares were repurchased under the Repurchase Program. As of December 31, 2015, 4.6 million shares remain available for repurchase under the Repurchase Program. For the year ended December 31, 2015 , the number of shares used in the calculation of diluted earnings per share did not include 0.1 million performance shares and 0.6 million options to purchase common stock, due to their anti-dilutive effect. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , the number of shares used in the calculation of diluted earnings per share did not include 1.0 million options to purchase common stock, due to their anti-dilutive effect. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , the number of shares used in the calculation of diluted earnings per share did not include 0.6 million options to purchase common stock, due to their anti-dilutive effect. Table of Contents - 85 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 18. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT The Company classifies and discloses assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories: Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2: Observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data. Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. Items Measured at Fair Value The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and short-term debt approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of the instruments. Derivatives The Company executes financial derivative contracts for the purpose of mitigating risk exposure that is generated from our normal operations. These derivatives consist of natural gas swaps, interest rate swaps, cross currency swaps, and foreign exchange forward contracts, all of which are over-the-counter and not traded through an exchange. The Company uses widely accepted valuation tools to determine fair value, such as discounting cash flows to calculate a present value for the derivatives. The models use Level 2 inputs, such as forward curves and other commonly quoted observable transactions and prices. Contingent consideration In connection with our third quarter 2014 acquisition, the Company recorded contingent consideration pertaining to amounts payable to the former owners related to a put/call option that was to be determined based on a multiple of 2016 EBITDA. The valuation of contingent consideration used assumptions the Company believed would be made by a market participant and was based on significant inputs not observable in the market. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of our contingent consideration included our internal forecast of business performance, which was a Level 3 input. As of December 31, 2014, the fair value of the put/call option was estimated to be $5 million and was recorded in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the former owners accepted an offer by the Company to settle the remaining payable for $3 million , for which the payment occurred in the first quarter of 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the liability of $3 million was recorded in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and was no longer measured using a Level 3 input. The change in fair value of $2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 was recognized as a reduction to Interest expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The following table summarizes the fair values, and levels within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, for assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 (in millions): Assets: Derivative assets Liabilities: Derivative liabilities Total Measured at Fair Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) $ $ 14 $ 6 $ — $ — $ 14 $ 6 $ — — Table of Contents - 86 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 18. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT (continued) The following table summarizes the fair values, and levels within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, for assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2014 (in millions): Total Measured at Fair Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) $ $ $ 1 $ 8 $ 5 13 $ — $ — $ — — $ 1 $ 8 $ — 8 $ — — 5 5 Assets: Derivative assets Liabilities: Derivative liabilities Contingent consideration Total liabilities Items Disclosed at Fair Value Long-term debt The following table shows the fair value of the Company’s long-term debt as calculated based on quoted market prices for the same or similar issues (Level 2 input), or on the current rates offered to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities: 6.50% senior notes, net of discount, due 2016 9.00% senior notes, net of discount, due 2019 4.20% senior notes, net of discount, due 2022 4.20% senior notes, net of discount, due 2024 7.00% senior notes, net of discount, due 2036 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 103% 116% 99% 100% 105% 109% 119% 101% 99% 124% The Company determined that the book value of the remaining long-term debt instruments approximates market value. Table of Contents 19. INCOME TAXES Earnings before taxes: United States Foreign Total Income tax expense: Current United States State and local Foreign Total current Deferred United States State and local Foreign Total deferred Total income tax expense - 87 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ 214 $ 239 453 $ 2 $ 1 53 56 83 10 (29) 64 106 $ 126 232 $ (2) $ — 22 20 (6) 8 (17) (15) $ 120 $ 5 $ The reconciliation between the United States federal statutory rate and the Company’s effective income tax rate from continuing operations is: United States federal statutory rate State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefit Foreign tax rate differential U.S. tax expense/benefit on foreign earnings/loss Valuation allowance Loss on liquidation Uncertain tax positions and settlements Other, net Effective tax rate Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 35% 35% 2 2 4 (16) — — — 27% 1 (15) (5) (1) — (18) 5 2% 196 77 273 (2) (2) 30 26 56 2 (16) 42 68 35% 2 (11) (2) 17 (10) (1) (5) 25% As of December 31, 2015 , the Company has not recorded a deferred tax liability of approximately $581 million for foreign withholding and United States federal income taxes on approximately $1.6 billion of accumulated undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries and affiliates as they are considered by management to be permanently reinvested. Table of Contents 19. INCOME TAXES (continued) - 88 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) The cumulative temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows (in millions): Other employee benefits Pension plans Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards Depreciation Amortization State and local taxes Other Subtotal Valuation allowances Total deferred taxes 2015 2014 Deferred Tax Assets Deferred Tax Liabilities Deferred Tax Assets Deferred Tax Liabilities $ $ 120 $ 156 957 — — 6 62 1,301 (135) 1,166 $ — $ — — 315 367 — — 682 — 155 $ 159 1,046 — — 4 113 1,477 (227) 682 $ 1,250 $ — — — 327 366 — — 693 — 693 The Company had current deferred tax assets of $0 million and $135 million which are included in other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17 "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes" ("ASU 2015-17"). ASU 2015-17 requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. ASU 2015-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted and the standard may be applied either retrospectively or on a prospective basis to all deferred tax assets and liabilities. The company adopted this standard prospectively in the fourth quarter of 2015. The following table summarizes the amount and expiration dates of our deferred tax assets related to operating loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2015 (in millions): U.S. federal loss carryforwards U.S. state loss carryforwards (a) Foreign loss and tax credit carryforwards Foreign loss and tax credit carryforwards (a) U.S. alternative minimum tax credit Other U.S. federal and state tax credits Total operating loss and tax credit carryforwards Expiration Dates 2026 – 2032 $ 2016 – 2032 Indefinite 2016 – 2034 Indefinite 2028 – 2034 $ Amounts 670 77 104 62 28 16 957 (a) As of December 31, 2015 , $14 million of U.S. state and $12 million of foreign deferred tax assets related to loss carryforwards are set to expire over the next three years . At December 31, 2015 , the Company had federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $2.0 billion , $2.3 billion and $0.6 billion , respectively. In order to fully utilize our operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, the Company will need to generate federal, state, and foreign earnings before taxes of approximately $2.2 billion , $2.5 billion , and $0.6 billion , respectively. Certain of these loss carryforwards are subject to limitation as a result of the changes of control that resulted from the Company’s emergence from bankruptcy in 2006 and the acquisition of certain foreign entities in 2007. However, the Company believes that these limitations on its loss carryforwards will not result in a forfeiture of any of the carryforwards. Table of Contents 19. INCOME TAXES (continued) - 89 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Deferred income taxes are provided for temporary differences between amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the basis of such assets and liabilities as measured under enacted tax laws and regulations, as well as NOLs, tax credit and other carryforwards. A valuation allowance will be recorded to reduce deferred tax assets if, based on all available evidence, it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. To the extent the reversal of deferred tax liabilities is relied upon in our assessment of the realizability of deferred tax assets, they will reverse in the same period and jurisdiction as the temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2015 , the Company had federal, state, and foreign net deferred tax assets before valuation allowances of $391 million , $50 million , and $178 million , respectively. The valuation allowance of $135 million as of December 31, 2015 is related to tax assets of $11 million and $124 million for certain state and foreign jurisdictions, respectively. Realization of deferred tax assets depends on achieving a certain minimum level of future taxable income. Management currently believes that it is at least reasonably possible that the minimum level of taxable income will be met within the next 12 months to reduce the valuation allowance of certain foreign jurisdictions by a range of zero to $12 million . The valuation allowance of $227 million as of December 31, 2014 related to tax assets of $13 million and $214 million for certain state and foreign jurisdictions, respectively. The Company, or one of its subsidiaries, files income tax returns in the United States and other foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations for years before 2013 or state and foreign examinations for years before 2008. Due to the potential for resolution of federal, state and foreign examinations, and the expiration of various statutes of limitation, it is reasonably possible that the gross unrecognized tax benefits balance may change within the next 12 months by a range of zero to $3 million . A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in millions): Balance at beginning of period Tax positions related to the current year Gross additions Tax positions related to prior years Gross additions Gross reductions Settlements Lapses on statutes of limitations Balance at end of period Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 106 $ 155 $ 161 1 2 (18) (7) — 2 10 (57) (1) (3) 2 4 (1) (3) (8) 84 $ 106 $ 155 $ $ The Company classifies all interest and penalties as income tax expense. As of December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , the Company recognized $8 million , $8 million and $6 million respectively, in liabilities for tax related interest and penalties on its Consolidated Balance Sheets and $3 million , $2 million and $(3) million , respectively, of interest and penalty expense on its Consolidated Statements of Earnings. If these unrecognized tax benefits were to be recognized as of December 31, 2015 , the Company’s income tax expense would decrease by about $61 million . Table of Contents - 90 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 20. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (unaudited) During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company discovered an error between Net sales and Cost of sales due to incorrect eliminations in our Composites segment. For the first, second and third quarters of 2015, the previously reported Net sales and Cost of sales were overstated by $4 million , $11 million and $14 million , respectively. For the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2014, previously reported Net sales and Cost of sales were overstated by $3 million , $5 million , $4 million and $4 million , respectively. This error did not affect Gross margin or Net earnings attributable to Owens Corning. The effect of correcting these errors was not material to any previously issued financial statements. The related amounts presented on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the first, second and third quarters of 2015 and the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2014 have been revised, as shown in the table below (in millions): 2015 Net sales As reported Revision As revised Cost of sales As reported Revision As revised 2014 Net sales As reported Revision As revised Cost of sales As reported Revision As revised First Quarter Second Third $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,207 $ (4) 1,203 $ 998 $ (4) 994 $ 1,414 $ (11) 1,403 $ 1,106 $ (11) 1,095 $ 1,461 (14) 1,447 1,121 (14) 1,107 First Second Third Fourth Quarter 1,278 $ 1,355 $ 1,382 $ 1,261 (3) (5) (4) (4) 1,275 $ 1,350 $ 1,378 $ 1,257 1,044 $ 1,107 $ 1,131 $ 1,018 (3) (5) (4) (4) 1,041 $ 1,102 $ 1,127 $ 1,014 - 91 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 20. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (unaudited) (continued) Select quarterly financial information, reflective of the revisions mentioned above, is presented in the tables below for the quarterly periods of 2015 and 2014 , respectively (in millions, except per share amounts): 2015 Net sales Cost of sales Gross margin Earnings before interest and taxes Interest expense, net (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt Income tax expense Net earnings attributable to Owens Corning BASIC EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING COMMON STOCKHOLDERS DILUTED EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING STOCKHOLDERS DIVIDEND PER COMMON SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING STOCKHOLDERS 2014 Net sales Cost of sales Gross margin Earnings before interest and taxes Interest expense, net (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt Income tax expense Net earnings attributable to Owens Corning BASIC EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING COMMON STOCKHOLDERS DILUTED EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING STOCKHOLDERS DIVIDEND PER COMMON SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING STOCKHOLDERS First Second Third Fourth Quarter 1,203 $ 994 209 58 26 — 13 1,403 $ 1,095 1,447 $ 1,107 308 156 26 (5) 44 340 196 28 — 55 18 $ 91 $ 112 $ 1,297 1,001 296 138 20 — 8 109 0.15 $ 0.77 $ 0.96 $ 0.94 0.15 $ 0.77 $ 0.95 $ 0.92 0.17 $ 0.17 $ 0.17 $ 0.17 First Second Third Fourth Quarter 1,275 $ 1,041 234 108 27 — (39) 1,350 $ 1,102 248 73 31 — 21 1,378 $ 1,127 251 107 28 — 27 120 $ 21 $ 52 $ 1,257 1,014 243 104 28 46 (4) 33 1.02 $ 0.18 $ 0.44 $ 0.28 1.01 $ 0.18 $ 0.44 $ 0.28 0.16 $ 0.16 $ 0.16 $ 0.16 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Table of Contents - 92 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements present the financial information required with respect to those entities which guarantee certain of the Company’s debt. The Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements are presented on the equity method. Under this method, the investments in subsidiaries are recorded at cost and adjusted for the Company’s share of the subsidiaries’ cumulative results of operations, capital contributions, distributions and other equity changes. The principal elimination entries eliminate investment in subsidiaries and intercompany balances and transactions. During the second quarter of 2015, the Company discovered that certain Property, plant and equipment, net of the Parent was incorrectly classified as assets of the Guarantor Subsidiaries rather than the Parent in the 2014 Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2014. The misclassification increased and decreased previously reported Parent and Guarantor Subsidiaries' Property, plant and equipment, net by $112 million , respectively, decreased the Parent's Investment in subsidiaries by $112 million , and decreased the Guarantor Subsidiaries' Additional paid in capital by $112 million . The effect of correcting these classification errors was not material to the 2014 consolidating financial information, and the related amounts presented for 2014 have been revised. Guarantor and Nonguarantor Financial Statements The Senior Notes and the Senior Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed, fully, unconditionally and jointly and severally, by each of Owens Corning’s current and future 100% owned material domestic subsidiaries that is a borrower or a guarantor under Owens Corning’s Credit Agreement, which permits changes to the named guarantors in certain situations (collectively, the “Guarantor Subsidiaries”). The remaining subsidiaries have not guaranteed the Senior Notes and the Senior Revolving Credit Facility (collectively, the “Nonguarantor Subsidiaries”). Table of Contents - 93 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 (in millions) NET SALES COST OF SALES Gross margin OPERATING EXPENSES Marketing and administrative expenses Science and technology expenses Charges related to cost reduction actions Other expenses (income), net Total operating expenses EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES Interest expense, net (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt EARNINGS BEFORE TAXES Less: Income tax expense EARNINGS BEFORE EQUITY IN NET EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATES Equity in net earnings of subsidiaries Equity in net earnings of affiliates NET EARNINGS Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO Parent $ Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated — $ 1 (1) 3,785 $ 3,062 723 1,944 $ 1,513 431 (379) $ (379) — 5,350 4,197 1,153 126 — — (48) 78 (79) 95 (5) (169) (71) (98) 428 — 330 — 281 61 — 15 357 366 3 — 363 159 204 224 — 428 — 118 12 (6) 46 170 261 2 — 259 32 227 — 1 228 4 — — — — — — — — — — — (652) — (652) — 525 73 (6) 13 605 548 100 (5) 453 120 333 — 1 334 4 330 OWENS CORNING $ 330 $ 428 $ 224 $ (652) $ Table of Contents - 94 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2014 (in millions) NET SALES COST OF SALES Gross margin OPERATING EXPENSES Marketing and administrative expenses Science and technology expenses Charges related to cost reduction actions Other expenses (income), net Total operating expenses EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES Interest expense, net (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt EARNINGS BEFORE TAXES Less: Income tax expense EARNINGS BEFORE EQUITY IN NET EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATES Equity in net earnings of subsidiaries Equity in net earnings of affiliates NET EARNINGS Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO Parent $ Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated — $ (12) 12 3,646 $ 3,022 624 1,989 $ 1,649 340 (375) $ (375) — 5,260 4,284 976 112 — 1 (38) 75 (63) 106 46 (215) (81) (134) 360 — 226 — 247 58 5 17 327 297 3 — 294 85 209 151 — 360 — 128 18 31 5 182 158 5 — 153 1 152 — 1 153 2 — — — — — — — — — — — (511) — (511) — 487 76 37 (16) 584 392 114 46 232 5 227 — 1 228 2 226 OWENS CORNING $ 226 $ 360 $ 151 $ (511) $ Table of Contents - 95 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 (in millions) NET SALES COST OF SALES Gross margin OPERATING EXPENSES Marketing and administrative expenses Science and technology expenses Charges related to cost reduction actions Other expenses (income), net Total operating expenses EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES Interest expense, net (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt EARNINGS BEFORE TAXES Less: Income tax expense EARNINGS BEFORE EQUITY IN NET EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATES Equity in net earnings of subsidiaries Equity in net earnings of affiliates NET EARNINGS Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO Parent $ Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated — $ (10) 10 3,730 $ 3,085 645 1,988 $ 1,677 311 (423) $ (423) — 5,295 4,329 966 123 — — (27) 96 (86) 104 — (190) (72) (118) 322 — 204 — 267 58 — (39) 286 359 2 — 357 121 236 86 — 322 — 140 19 8 32 199 112 6 — 106 19 87 — — 87 1 — — — — — — — — — — — (408) — (408) — 530 77 8 (34) 581 385 112 — 273 68 205 — — 205 1 204 OWENS CORNING $ 204 $ 322 $ 86 $ (408) $ Table of Contents - 96 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 (in millions) Parent Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated NET EARNINGS $ 330 $ 428 $ 228 $ (652) $ Currency translation adjustment, including net investment hedge Pension and other postretirement adjustment (net of tax) Deferred income (loss) on hedging (net of tax) COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) Less: Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING $ (115) (6) 1 210 — — — — 428 — — — — 228 4 — — — (652) — 210 $ 428 $ 224 $ (652) $ 334 (115) (6) 1 214 4 210 OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2014 (in millions) Parent Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated NET EARNINGS $ 226 $ 360 $ 153 $ (511) $ Currency translation adjustment, including net investment hedge Pension and other postretirement adjustment (net of tax) Deferred income (loss) on hedging (net of tax) COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) Less: Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING $ (134) (113) (6) (27) — — — — 360 — — — — 153 2 — — — (511) — (27) $ 360 $ 151 $ (511) $ 228 (134) (113) (6) (25) 2 (27) Table of Contents - 97 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 (in millions) Parent Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated NET EARNINGS $ 204 $ 322 $ 87 $ (408) $ Currency translation adjustment, including net investment hedge Pension and other postretirement adjustment (net of tax) Deferred income (loss) on hedging (net of tax) COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) Less: Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWENS CORNING $ (28) 94 1 271 — — — — 322 — — — — 87 1 — — — (408) — 271 $ 322 $ 86 $ (408) $ 205 (28) 94 1 272 1 271 Table of Contents - 98 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2015 (in millions) Parent Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents $ — $ Receivables, net Due from affiliates Inventories Assets held for sale – current Other current assets Total current assets Investment in subsidiaries Due from affiliates Property, plant and equipment, net Goodwill Intangible assets, net Deferred income taxes Other non-current assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES — — — — 11 11 7,704 — 463 — — — 25 48 $ — 3,148 389 — 21 3,606 2,503 — 1,404 1,127 970 430 64 48 $ 709 — 255 12 45 1,069 559 739 1,089 40 160 62 139 — $ — (3,148) — — — (3,148) (10,766) (739) — — (131) — — $ 8,203 $ 10,104 $ 3,857 $ (14,784) $ Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 56 $ 682 $ Due to affiliates Short-term debt Long-term debt – current portion Total current liabilities Long-term debt, net of current portion Due to affiliates Pension plan liability Other employee benefits liability Deferred income taxes Other liabilities OWENS CORNING STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred stock Common stock Additional paid in capital Accumulated earnings Accumulated other comprehensive deficit Cost of common stock in treasury Total Owens Corning stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity 2,244 — 160 2,460 1,668 — 286 — — 50 — 1 3,965 1,055 (670) (612) 3,739 — 3,739 — — 2 684 14 739 — 227 — 177 — — 6,260 2,003 — — 8,263 — 8,263 210 $ 904 6 1 1,121 20 — 111 13 8 41 — — 1,618 885 — — 2,503 40 2,543 — $ (3,148) — — (3,148) — (739) — — — (131) — — (7,878) (2,888) — — (10,766) — (10,766) 96 709 — 644 12 77 1,538 — — 2,956 1,167 999 492 228 7,380 948 — 6 163 1,117 1,702 — 397 240 8 137 — 1 3,965 1,055 (670) (612) 3,739 40 3,779 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY $ 8,203 $ 10,104 $ 3,857 $ (14,784) $ 7,380 Table of Contents - 99 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2014 (in millions) Parent Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents $ — $ Receivables, net Due from affiliates Inventories Assets held for sale – current Other current assets Total current assets Investment in subsidiaries Due from affiliates Property, plant and equipment, net Goodwill Intangible assets, net Deferred income taxes Other non-current assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES — — — — 7 7 7,392 — 471 — — 35 17 1 $ — 2,858 527 — 132 3,518 2,590 — 1,285 1,127 989 380 62 66 $ 674 — 290 16 94 1,140 558 881 1,143 41 238 29 128 — $ — (2,858) — — — (2,858) (10,540) (881) — — (210) — — $ 7,922 $ 9,951 $ 4,158 $ (14,489) $ Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ Due to affiliates Short-term debt Long-term debt – current portion Total current liabilities Long-term debt, net of current portion Due to affiliates Pension plan liability Other employee benefits liability Deferred income taxes Other liabilities OWENS CORNING STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred stock Common stock Additional paid in capital Accumulated earnings Accumulated other comprehensive deficit Cost of common stock in treasury Total Owens Corning stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity 47 $ 1,913 — — 1,960 1,838 — 310 — — 122 — 1 3,954 805 (550) (518) 3,692 — 3,692 667 $ — 25 1 693 15 881 — 237 — 175 — — 6,371 1,579 — — 7,950 — 7,950 235 $ 945 6 2 1,188 125 — 137 15 22 43 — — 1,927 663 — — 2,590 38 2,628 — $ (2,858) — — (2,858) — (881) — — — (210) — — (8,298) (2,242) — — (10,540) — (10,540) 67 674 — 817 16 233 1,807 — — 2,899 1,168 1,017 444 207 7,542 949 — 31 3 983 1,978 — 447 252 22 130 — 1 3,954 805 (550) (518) 3,692 38 3,730 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY $ 7,922 $ 9,951 $ 4,158 $ (14,489) $ 7,542 Table of Contents - 100 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 (in millions) NET CASH FLOW PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES NET CASH FLOW USED FOR INVESTING ACTIVITIES Cash paid for property, plant and equipment Derivative settlements Proceeds from the sale of assets or affiliates Investment in subsidiaries and affiliates, net of cash acquired Purchases of alloy Proceeds from the sale of alloy Net cash flow used for investing activities NET CASH FLOW USED FOR FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from senior revolving credit and receivables securitization facilities Payments on senior revolving credit and receivables securitization facilities Proceeds from long-term debt Payments on long-term debt Dividends paid Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt Purchases of treasury stock Other Other intercompany loans Net cash flow used for financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT Parent Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ (106) $ 465 $ 383 $ — $ 742 (21) 4 — — — — (271) — — — — — (17) (271) 1,236 (1,236) — (5) (78) — (138) 19 325 123 — — — — — — (1) — (25) — — (121) (147) — 47 1 (101) — 20 — (8) 8 (81) 310 (416) — (2) — 3 — — (204) (309) (11) (18) 66 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (393) 4 20 — (8) 8 (369) 1,546 (1,652) — (8) (78) (22) (138) 19 — (333) (11) 29 67 96 END OF PERIOD $ — $ 48 $ 48 $ — $ Table of Contents - 101 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2014 (in millions) Parent Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ (110) $ 474 $ 88 $ — $ 452 NET CASH FLOW PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES NET CASH FLOW USED FOR INVESTING ACTIVITIES Cash paid for property, plant and equipment Derivative settlements Proceeds from the sale of assets or affiliates Investment in subsidiaries and affiliates, net of cash acquired Purchases of alloy Proceeds from sale of alloy Net cash flow used for investing activities NET CASH FLOW USED FOR FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from senior revolving credit and receivables securitization facilities Payments on senior revolving credit and receivables securitization facilities Proceeds from long-term debt Payments on long-term debt Dividends paid Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt Purchases of treasury stock Other Other intercompany loans Net cash flow used for financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period (13) — 44 — — 4 35 1,226 (1,238) 390 (400) (56) — (44) 8 189 75 — — — (223) — — (5) — — (228) — — — — — 25 — — (273) (248) — (2) 3 1 (138) 5 21 (7) (28) 43 (104) 50 (106) — (2) — 5 — — 84 31 (3) 12 54 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (374) 5 65 (12) (28) 47 (297) 1,276 (1,344) 390 (402) (56) 30 (44) 8 — (142) (3) 10 57 67 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD $ — $ $ 66 $ — $ Table of Contents - 102 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) 21. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 (in millions) Parent Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ (108) $ 273 $ 218 $ — $ 383 NET CASH FLOW PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES NET CASH FLOW USED FOR INVESTING ACTIVITIES Cash paid for property, plant and equipment Investment in subsidiaries and affiliates, net of cash acquired Proceeds from Hurricane Sandy insurance claims Deposit Related to sale of Hangzhou, China plant Purchases of alloy Proceeds from sale of alloy Net cash flow used for investing activities NET CASH FLOW USED FOR FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from senior revolving credit and receivables securitization facilities Payments on senior revolving credit and receivables securitization facilities Payments on long-term debt Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt Purchases of treasury stock Other Other intercompany loans Net cash flow used for financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period (10) — — — — 16 6 940 (1,002) — — (63) 13 214 102 — — — (126) (51) 58 — — — (175) (11) — 34 (18) — (119) (170) — — — — — — (154) (154) — — 3 3 123 (101) (2) (4) — — (60) (44) (2) 2 52 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (311) (62) 58 34 (18) 16 (283) 1,063 (1,103) (2) (4) (63) 13 — (96) (2) 2 55 57 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD $ — $ $ 54 $ — $ Table of Contents 22. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS - 103 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) On January 21, 2016, the Company announced an agreement to acquire a European glass non-wovens and fabrics business for $80 million in total consideration. This downstream business will become a part of the Company's Composites segment. The transaction, which is subject to regulatory approvals and other closing conditions, is anticipated to close in the first half of 2016. Table of Contents - 104 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES INDEX TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Number Description II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves – for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Page 105 Table of Contents - 105 - OWENS CORNING AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS AND RESERVES FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (in millions) Balance at Beginning of Period Charged to Costs and Expenses Charged to Other Accounts Deductions Acquisitions and Divestitures Balance at End of Period FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ Tax valuation allowance $ 10 $ 227 $ — $ (73) $ — $ (18) $ (a) (2) (1) FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2014 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ Tax valuation allowance $ 14 $ 270 $ 2 (15) $ $ — $ (17) $ (6) (a) (11) FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ Tax valuation allowance $ 17 $ 228 $ 3 46 $ $ — $ — $ (a) (6) (4) (a) Uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries. $ $ $ $ $ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 8 135 10 227 14 270 Table of Contents - 106 - EXHIBIT INDEX Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, the Company has filed or incorporated by reference certain agreements as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These agreements may contain representations and warranties by the parties. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other party or parties to such agreements and (i) may have been qualified by disclosures made to such other party or parties, (ii) were made only as of the date of such agreements or such other date(s) as may be specified in such agreements and are subject to more recent developments, which may not be fully reflected in the Company’s public disclosure, (iii) may reflect the allocation of risk among the parties to such agreements and (iv) may apply materiality standards different from what may be viewed as material to investors. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the Company’s actual state of affairs at the date hereof and should not be relied upon. Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Description Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Owens Corning’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-33100), for the quarter ended March 31, 2014). Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to Owens Corning’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File 1-33100), for the quarter ended September 30, 2015). Indenture, dated as of October 31, 2006, by and among Owens Corning, each of the guarantors named therein and LaSalle Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed November 2, 2006). First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 13, 2007, by and among Owens Corning, each of the guarantors named therein and LaSalle Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed April 13, 2007). Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 12, 2007, by and among Owens Corning, each of the guarantors named therein and LaSalle Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Owens Corning’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1- 33100) for the year ended December 31, 2007). Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 24, 2008, by and among Owens Corning, each of the guarantors named therein and LaSalle Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Owens Corning’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-33100) for the quarter ended June 30, 2008). Table of Contents - 107 - 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Indenture, dated as of June 2, 2009, between Owens Corning, certain of Owens Corning’s subsidiaries and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Owens Corning’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-159689), filed June 3, 2009). First Supplemental Indenture, dated June 8, 2009, between Owens Corning, the guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed June 8, 2009). Form of 9.000% Senior Notes due 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1- 33100), filed June 8, 2009). Form of 4.200% Senior Notes due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1- 33100), filed October 22, 2013). Form of 4.200% Senior Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1- 33100), filed November 12, 2014). Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 26, 2010, by and among Owens Corning, certain subsidiaries, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed May 28, 2010). Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 22, 2012, by and among Owens Corning, certain subsidiaries, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as successor Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Owens Corning’s Current Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed October 22, 2012). Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 12, 2014, by and among Owens Corning, the guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1- 33100) filed November12, 2014). Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 13, 2015, by and among the Company, certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders signatory thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed November 17, 2015). Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of March 31, 2011 between Owens Corning Sales, LLC and Owens Corning Receivables LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed April 5, 2011). Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement dated as of December 16, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed December 19, 2011). Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Purchase Agreement dated as of July 26, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Owens Corning Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed July 29, 2013). Performance Guaranty dated as of March 31, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed April 5, 2011). Table of Contents - 108 - 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 Key Management Severance Agreement with Charles E. Dana (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Owens Corning’s annual report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2008).* Form of Key Management Severance Agreement for Executive Officers* (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Owens Corning's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2013).* Amended and restated Key Management Severance Agreement with Michael H. Thaman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to Owens Corning Sales, LLC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-3660) for the year ended December 31, 2005).* Form of Directors’ Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed November 2, 2006). Owens Corning Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to Owens Corning Sales, LLC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10- Q (File No. 1-3660) for the quarter ended June 30, 2003).* Owens Corning Executive Supplemental Benefit Plan, 2009 Restatement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Owens Corning’s annual report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2008).* Corporate Incentive Plan Terms Applicable to Certain Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to Owens Corning Sales, LLC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-3660) for the quarter ended March 31, 1999).* Amended and Restated Corporate Incentive Plan Terms Applicable to Certain Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Annex B to Owens Corning’s Proxy Statement (File No. 1-33100), filed March 16, 2011).* Owens Corning Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, as amended and restated, effective as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Owens Corning’s annual report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2008).* Corporate Incentive Plan Terms Applicable to Key Employees Other Than Certain Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to Owens Corning Sales, LLC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-3660) for the quarter ended June 30, 1999).* Owens Corning Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Owens Corning’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-33100) for the quarter ended March 31, 2007).* First Amendment to the Owens Corning Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to Owens Corning’s annual report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2008).* Owens Corning Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to Owens Corning's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2013).* Owens Corning 2010 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Owens Corning’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-33100), filed April 23, 2010).* Owens Corning 2013 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex C to Owens Corning’s Proxy Statement (File No 1-33100), filed March 14, 2013).* Owens Corning Employee Stock Purchase Plan, effective as of April 18, 2013, (incorporated by reference to Annex B to Owens Corning’ Proxy Statement (File No. 1-33100), filed March 14, 2013).* Table of Contents - 109 - 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 Form of Owens Corning 2013 Long Term Incentive Program Award Agreement for Option Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Owens Corning's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2013).* Form of Owens Corning 2013 Long Term Incentive Program Award Agreement for Performance Share Unit (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Owens Corning's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2013).* Form of Owens Corning 2013 Long Term Incentive Program Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to Owens Corning's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2013).* Form of Owens Corning 2013 Long Term Incentive Program Award Agreement for Restricted Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Owens Corning's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-33100) for the year ended December 31, 2013).* Amendment, dated April 16, 2015, to Key Management Severance Agreement with Michael H. Thaman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Owens Corning’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File 1-33100), for the quarter ended March 31, 2015)*. Form of Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement for Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Owens Corning’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File 1-33100), for the quarter ended June 30, 2015)*. Form of Long Term Incentive Program Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to Owens Corning’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File 1-33100), for the quarter ended June 30, 2015)*. Form of Long Term Incentive Program Award Agreement for Performance Share Unit (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to Owens Corning’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File 1-33100), for the quarter ended June 30, 2015)*. Form of Long Term Incentive Program Award Agreement for Restricted Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to Owens Corning’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File 1-33100), for the quarter ended June 30, 2015)*. 21.1 Subsidiaries of Owens Corning (filed herewith). 23.1 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (filed herewith). 31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) (filed herewith). 31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) (filed herewith). 32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (filed herewith). 32.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (filed herewith). 101.INS XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Table of Contents - 110 - * Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Form 10-K. Owens Corning agrees to furnish to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, copies of all instruments defining the rights of holders of long- term debt of Owens Corning where the total amount of securities authorized under each issue does not exceed 10% of the total assets of Owens Corning and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Subsidiaries of Owens Corning (12/31/2015) CDC Corporation Crown Mfg. Inc. Dutch OC Coöperatief Invest U.A. Engineered Pipe Systems, Inc. Eric Company European Owens Corning Fiberglas SPRL Finefiber (Shanghai) Building Material Co. Ltd. Finefiber Insulation Co. Pte. Led. Instalaciones Especializadas en Confort Termoacustico y Ampliacion, S. de R.L. de C.V. Inversiones Owens Corning Chile Holdings Limitada IP Owens Corning I, S. de R.L. de C.V. IPM Inc. Northern Elastomeric, Inc. OC Canada Finance Inc. OC Canada Holdings Company OC Canada Holdings General Partnership OC Celfortec Company Owens Corning Fabrics (Changzhou) Co., Ltd. OC Latin American Holdings GmbH OC NL Invest Coöperatief U.A. OC PRO CV OCCV1, Inc. OCCV2, LLC OCV (Thailand) Company Limited OCV Chambéry France OCV Chambéry International OCV Finance, LLC OCV Intellectual Capital, LLC OCV Italia Srl OCV Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V. Owens Corning Reinforcements (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd. OCV Reinforcements Alcala Spain, S.L. OCV Servicios Mexico, S.A. de C.V. OCV Steklovolokno OAO Owens Corning (Australia) Pty Limited Owens Corning (China) Investment Company Limited Owens Corning (Guangzhou) Fiberglas Co., Ltd. Owens Corning (Nanjing) Building Materials Co., Ltd. Owens-Corning (Shanghai) Fiberglas Co., Ltd. Exhibit 21.1 State or Other Jurisdiction Under the Laws of Which Organized Wisconsin Ontario The Netherlands Delaware Delaware Belgium China Singapore Mexico Chile Mexico Delaware New Hampshire Canada Nova Scotia Delaware Nova Scotia China Austria The Netherlands The Netherlands Delaware Delaware Thailand France France Delaware Delaware Italy Mexico China Spain Mexico Russia Australia China China China China Owens Corning (Singapore) Pte Ltd Owens Corning (Tianjin) Building Materials Co., Ltd. Owens Corning (Xi’an) Building Materials Co., Ltd. Owens Corning Alloy Canada GP Inc. Owens Corning Alloy Canada LP Owens Corning Argentina Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada Owens Corning Automotive, LLC Owens Corning BM (Korea), Ltd Owens-Corning Britinvest Limited Owens Corning Canada GP Inc. Owens Corning Canada Holdings B.V. Owens Corning Canada LP Owens Corning Cayman (China) Holdings Owens-Corning Cayman Limited Owens Corning Celfortec Canada GP Inc. Owens Corning Celfortec LP Owens Corning Composites (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Owens Corning Composites (China) Co., Ltd. Owens Corning Composite Materials Canada GP Inc. Owens Corning Composite Materials Canada LP Owens Corning Composite Materials, LLC Owens Corning Construction Services, LLC Owens Corning DC Pension Plan Limited Owens Corning Elaminator Insulation Systems, LLC Owens Corning Enterprise (India) Pvt. Ltd. Owens Corning Fabwel, LLC Owens Corning Fiberglas A.S. Limitada Owens-Corning Fiberglas Deutschland GmbH Owens Corning Fiberglas Espana, SL Owens Corning Fiberglas France Owens Corning Fiberglas S.R.L. Owens-Corning Fiberglas (U.K.) Pension Plan Ltd. Owens Corning Financial Services ULC Owens Corning Foam Insulation, LLC Owens Corning Franchising, LLC Owens-Corning Funding Corporation Owens Corning GlassMetal Services (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. Owens Corning Holdings 1 CV Owens Corning Holdings 3 CV Owens Corning Holdings 4 CV Owens Corning Holdings 5 CV Owens Corning Holdings Holland B.V. Owens Corning HOMExperts, Inc. Singapore China China Canada Manitoba Argentina Delaware Korea United Kingdom Canada The Netherlands Manitoba Cayman Islands Cayman Islands Canada Manitoba China China Nova Scotia Manitoba Delaware Delaware United Kingdom Delaware India Delaware Brazil Germany Spain France Uruguay United Kingdom Nova Scotia Delaware Delaware Delaware China The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands Delaware Owens Corning Hong Kong Limited Owens Corning HT, Inc. Owens-Corning (India) Private Limited Owens Corning Industries (India) Private Limited Owens Corning Insulating Systems, LLC Owens Corning Insulating Systems Canada GP Inc. Owens Corning Insulating Systems Canada LP Owens Corning Intellectual Capital, LLC Owens Corning International Holdings C.V. Owens Corning Japan, LLC Owens Corning Kohold B.V. Owens Corning Korea Owens Corning Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. Owens Corning Mineral Wool, LLC Owens Corning Non-Woven Technology, LLC Owens Corning Receivables LLC Owens Corning Remodeling Canada GP Inc. Owens Corning Remodeling Canada LP Owens Corning Remodeling Systems, LLC Owens Corning Roofing and Asphalt, LLC Owens Corning Sales, LLC Owens Corning Science and Technology, LLC Owens Corning Sunrooms Franchising, LLC Owens Corning Supplementary Pension Plan Limited Owens-Corning Sweden AB Owens Corning Technical Fabrics, LLC Owens Corning US Holdings, LLC Owens-Corning Veil Netherlands B.V. Owens-Corning Veil U.K. Ltd. Soltech, Inc. Tecnologia Owens Corning I, S. de R.L. de C.V. TF Holding Corp. Thermafiber, Inc. Transandina de Comercio S.A. Hong Kong Delaware India India Delaware Canada Manitoba Delaware The Netherlands Japan The Netherlands Korea Mexico Delaware Delaware Delaware Canada Manitoba Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware United Kingdom Sweden Delaware Delaware The Netherlands United Kingdom Kentucky Mexico Delaware Delaware Chile CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Exhibit 23.1 We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (No. 333-202011) and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-188091, 333-166347, 333-150771, 333-150770, and 333-138392) of Owens Corning of our report dated February 10, 2016 relating to the financial statements, financial statement schedule and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10‑K. /s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Toledo, Ohio February 10, 2016 Exhibit 31.1 I, Michael H. Thaman, certify that: CERTIFICATION 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Owens Corning; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 10, 2016 /s/ Michael H. Thaman Michael H. Thaman Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2 I, Michael C. McMurray, certify that: CERTIFICATION 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Owens Corning; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 10, 2016 /s/ Michael C. McMurray Michael C. McMurray Chief Financial Officer SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATION Exhibit 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Owens Corning (the “Company”) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 (the “Report”), I, Michael H. Thaman, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) Information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Michael H. Thaman Michael H. Thaman Chief Executive Officer February 10, 2016 SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATION Exhibit 32.2 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Owens Corning (the “Company”) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 (the “Report”), I, Michael C. McMurray, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) Information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Michael C. McMurray Michael C. McMurray Chief Financial Officer February 10, 2016 

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