Performant Financial
Annual Report 2022

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 or TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 001-35628 PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 333 North Canyons Parkway, Livermore, CA (Address of principal executive offices) 20-0484934 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 94551 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (925) 960-4800 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class: Common Stock, par value $.0001 per share Trading Symbol(s) PFMT Name of each exchange on which registered: The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☐ ☐ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ☒ ☒ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No ☒ As of June 30, 2022 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter), the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $135,663,443. Shares of common stock beneficially held by each officer and director and by each person who owns 10% or more of the outstanding common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of March 15, 2023, 75,505,108 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding. Documents Incorporated By Reference Items 10 through 14 in Part III of this Form 10-K are incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies from the Registrant’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, referred to in this report as the 2023 Proxy Statement. Page 2 14 23 23 23 23 24 24 25 39 39 39 39 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 43 44 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Business PART I ITEM 1. ITEM 1A. Risk Factors ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments ITEM 2. ITEM 3. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Properties Legal Proceedings PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities [Reserved] ITEM 6. ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ITEM 8. ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures ITEM 9B. Other Information ITEM 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ITEM 11. Executive Compensation ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary 3 Table of Contents PART I Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains, in addition to historical information, certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, strategy and plans, and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “design,” “intend,” “expect” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: • • our ability to generate revenue following long implementation periods associated with new customer contracts; our client relationships and our ability to maintain such client relationships; • many of our customer contracts are subject to periodic renewal, are not exclusive, do not provide for committed business volumes; • • • • • • • • • • • downturns in domestic or global economic conditions and other macroeconomic factors; our ability to generate sufficient cash flows to fund our ongoing operations and other liquidity needs; our ability to hire and retain employees with specialized skills that are required for our healthcare business; the impact of COVID-19 on our business and operations, opportunities and expectations for the markets in which we operate; our indebtedness and our compliance, or failure to comply, with restrictive covenants in our credit agreement; our opportunities and expectations for growth in the various markets in which we operate; anticipated trends and challenges in our business and competition in the markets in which we operate; the adaptability of our technology platform to new markets and processes; our ability to invest in and utilize our data and analytics capabilities to expand our capabilities; our growth strategy of expanding in our existing markets and considering strategic alliances or acquisitions; our ability to meet our liquidity and working capital needs; • maintaining, protecting and enhancing our intellectual property; • • • our expectations regarding future expenses; expected future financial performance; and our ability to comply with and adapt to industry regulations and compliance demands. These statements reflect current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties. There are a variety of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or expectations expressed in our forward-looking statements. There may be other factors of which the Company is not currently aware that may affect matters discussed in the forward-looking statements and may also cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those risks discussed in Item 1A of this report. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements contained in this report present management’s views only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. 1 Table of Contents ITEM 1. Business Overview We provide technology-enabled audit, recovery, and analytics services in the United States primarily to the healthcare industry. We work with healthcare payers through claims auditing and eligibility-based (also known as coordination-of-benefits or COB) services to identify improper payments. We engage clients in both government and commercial markets. We also have a call center which serves clients with multifaceted consumer engagement needs. Our clients typically operate in complex and highly regulated environments and contract for their payment integrity needs in order to reduce losses on improper healthcare payments. We historically worked in recovery markets such as defaulted student loans, federal treasury and state tax receivables. These markets are no longer a focus of the Company. We believe we have a leading position in our markets based on our technology-enabled services platform, long-standing client relationships, and the large volume of claims or funds we have audited and recovered for our clients. Further, we believe that our business platforms are adaptable to new markets and new processes and service offerings within our existing markets. We continue to enhance our platforms through investments in new data and analytics capabilities, which we believe will enable us to provide additional services related to the detection of fraud, waste and abuse. We endeavor to automate and optimize what traditionally have been manually intensive processes in order to drive higher workforce productivity. In 2022, we generated approximately $110,000 of revenue per employee compared to $118,000 of revenue per employee in 2021, based on the average number of employees during each of the years, respectively. Our revenue model is generally success-based as we earn fees on the aggregate correct audits and/or amount of funds that we enable our clients to recover. Our services do not require significant upfront investments by our clients and we offer our clients the opportunity to recover significant funds that may otherwise be lost. Because our model is based upon the success of our efforts, our business objectives are aligned with those of our clients and we are generally not reliant on their spending budgets. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we generated approximately $109.2 million in revenues, $6.5 million in net loss, $0.9 million in adjusted EBITDA, and $5.2 million in adjusted net loss. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income” in Item 7 below for a definition of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income and reconciliations of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net loss to net income (loss) determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our Markets We operate in markets characterized by strong growth, a complex regulatory environment and a significant amount of delinquent, defaulted or improperly paid assets. Healthcare Market The healthcare industry represents a significant portion of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). According to Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) National Health Expenditure (NHE) Projections, U.S. healthcare spending grew 2.7% in 2021, reaching $4.3 trillion from $4.1 trillion in 2020. National health spending is projected to grow at an average annual rate of 5.5% for 2018-27 and to reach nearly $6.2 trillion by 2028. As a share of the nation's GDP, national healthcare spending accounted for 18.3% in 2021, a decrease from 19.7% in 2020. Federal government-related spending grew 8.4% to $900.8 billion in 2021 for Medicare, which provides a range of healthcare coverage primarily to elderly and disabled Americans and grew 9.2% to $734.0 billion in 2021 for Medicaid, which provides federal matching funds for states to finance healthcare for individuals at or below the public assistance level. Over 2021-30, Medicare spending is projected to increase to an average rate of 7.4% per year. Over 2021-23, Medicaid spending is projected to increase to an average rate of 5.5%. Medicare was initially established as part of the Social Security Act of 1965 and consists of four parts: Part A covers hospital and other inpatient stays; Part B covers hospital outpatient, physician and other services; Part C is known as Medicare Advantage, under which beneficiaries receive benefits through private health plans; and Part D is the Medicare outpatient prescription drug benefit. 2 Table of Contents CMS estimated that for Medicare Part A and Part B spending in 2020, approximately $25.7 billion, or 6.3%, was improper. Medicare improper payments generally involve incorrect coding, procedures performed which were not medically necessary, and incomplete documentation or claims submitted based on outdated fee schedules, among other issues. In addition to government-related healthcare spending, significant growth in spending is expected in the private healthcare market. According to CMS NHE Projections, the private healthcare market accounted for approximately $1.2 trillion in spending in 2021. Private healthcare expenditures are projected to grow by 4.6% per year on average from 2021 through 2023 and 5.0% per year on average from 2024 through 2028. Recovery Market During 2021, we sold certain of our non-healthcare recovery contracts and did not renew or restart existing contracts in the recovery market, nor pursue new non-healthcare recovery contracts. Accordingly, we no longer derive significant revenues from the student lending debt recovery, state tax, or the federal agency recovery markets. Our Competitive Strengths We believe that our business is difficult to replicate, as it incorporates a combination of several important and differentiated elements, including: • • • • Scalable and flexible technology-enabled services platform. We have a purpose-built technology platform that is highly flexible, intuitive and easy to use for our audit, eligibility, and claims specialists. Our flexible platform is configurable and deployable across multiple markets and processes. For example, we have successfully implemented our platform across multiple healthcare offerings within claims auditing and other eligibility-based offerings, each having its own process complexities and nuances. Advanced, technology-enabled workflow processes. Our technology-enabled workflow processes, developed and refined over many years of operational experience enable us to disaggregate otherwise complex audit and recovery processes into a series of simple, efficient and consistent steps that are configurable and applicable to processing different types of services. We believe our workflow software is highly intuitive, which enables our audit and other claims specialists to manage each step of the Performant operational process, while automating a series of otherwise manually intensive and document-intensive steps. We believe our streamlined workflow technology drives higher efficiencies in our operations, as illustrated by our ability to generate approximately $110,000 of revenues per employee during 2022, based on the average number of employees during the year. We believe our streamlined workflow technology and processes also improve audit and recovery results relative to more labor- intensive outsourcing models. Strong data and analytics capabilities. Our data and analytics capabilities allow us to achieve strong audit results, eligibility matching, and recovery rates for our clients. We have a proprietary data management and analysis platform which we use throughout our business. We have assembled a large amount of healthcare-related performance data for over a decade, which we combine with large volumes of client and third-party data to effectively analyze our clients’ claims and other data for improper payments. We have also developed a number of analytical models for claims auditing, and analytics tools that we use to score our clients’ inventory, determine the optimal workflow process and allocation of resources, and achieve higher levels of results for our clients. In addition, we utilize analytics tools to continuously measure and test our workflow processes to drive refinements and further enhance the quality and effectiveness of our capabilities. Long-standing client relationships. We believe our long-standing focus on achieving superior performance for our clients and the significant value our clients derive from this focus have helped us achieve long-tenured client relationships, strong contract retention and better access to new clients and future growth opportunities. For example, our relationship with CMS spans over fourteen years, and our relationships with our earliest commercial clients in the healthcare industry have been in place for almost a decade. 3 Table of Contents • • • Extensive domain expertise in complex and regulated markets. We have extensive experience and domain expertise in providing services for government and private institutions that generally operate in complex and regulated markets. We have demonstrated our ability to develop domain expertise in varied markets such as healthcare and other state and federal level entities. We believe we have the organizational experience that is required to understand and adapt to changes in the regulatory environment and overall objectives of our clients as a result of ongoing changes in public policy. Further, we believe this helps us identify and anticipate growth opportunities. For example, we successfully identified government healthcare as a potential growth opportunity that has thus far led to the award of seven contracts to us by CMS. Together with our flexible technology platform, we have the ability to adapt our business strategy, to allocate resources and to respond to changes in our regulatory environment to capitalize on new growth opportunities. Culture of innovation and client service philosophy enables continuous improvement and expanded value creation. We have a concerted focus on developing new payment integrity concepts to increase savings for our clients. We have a collaborative approach to identify and resolve client payment integrity needs, with an emphasis on growing our customer pipeline in the healthcare market to serve mid-sized private healthcare plans that have historically been underserved by larger platforms. We typically target our client sales efforts into a cross functional matrix of client decision makers across payment integrity, finance, provider network management and clinical policy to drive expansion in our sales efforts. Proven and experienced management team. Our management team has significant industry experience and has demonstrated strong execution capabilities. Our senior management team, led by Lisa Im and Simeon Kohl, has been with us for an average of approximately 21 years. This team has successfully grown our revenue base and service offerings beyond the original student loan market into healthcare, and delinquent state and federal tax receivables. Our management team’s industry experience, combined with deep and specialized understanding of complex and highly regulated industries, has enabled us to maintain long-standing client relationships and strong financial results. Our Growth Strategy Key elements of our growth strategy include the following: • • Expand our payment integrity services in the healthcare market. According to CMS NHE Projections for expenditures in Medicare, Medicaid, and private healthcare will be in the trillions of dollars annually through 2028. As these large markets continue to grow, we expect the need for Performant's offerings to increase in the public and private healthcare markets. We have established relationships and contracts with both CMS and private healthcare plans on a national and regional level. We have a muti-pronged growth strategy for the healthcare market, divided amongst national, mid-tier and smaller health plans. These strategies include a combination of growth within our existing client base, as well as adding new clients. In doing so, we intend to pursue growth opportunities to provide audit and eligibility matching services for our clients’ both prior to and post payment for healthcare services, including the detection of fraud, waste, and abuse. Pursue strategic alliances and acquisitions. We may selectively consider opportunities to grow through strategic alliances or acquisitions that are complementary to our business. These opportunities may enhance our existing capabilities, enable us to enter new markets, expand our product offerings and allow us to diversify our revenues. Our Platform Our data management, analytics, and technology-enabled services platform is proprietary and based on over two decades of experience in auditing and recovering large amounts of funds on behalf of our clients across several markets. The components of our platform include our data management expertise, data analytics capabilities and technology-based workflow processes. Our platform integrates these components to allow us to achieve optimized outcomes for our clients in the form of increased efficiency and productivity and high efficacy rates. Our platform and workflow processes are also intuitive and easy to use for our healthcare claims specialists, which allow us to increase our employee retention and productivity. 4 Table of Contents The components of our platform include the following: Data Management Expertise Our platform manages and stores large amounts of data throughout our workflow process. This data includes a combination of both publicly-available information, as well as proprietary and client specific data, the combination of which creates a robust input for claims review and selections. We are able to integrate these sources efficiently and in real-time to reduce errors, reduce cycle time processing and, ultimately, improve audit finding and recovery rates. The strength of our data management expertise augments our data analytics capabilities and provides our healthcare claims specialists with powerful workflow processes. Data Analytics Capabilities Our data analytics capabilities are designed to efficiently screen and allocate massive volumes of claims inventory. For example, we analyze millions of healthcare claims with customized payment integrity algorithms to find potential correlations between claims data and improper payments, which enhance our finding rates. We utilize our proprietary analytics tools across all of our current markets and clients to continuously and rigorously test our workflow processes in real-time in order to drive greater process efficiency and improvement in recoupment rates. Furthermore, we believe our data analytics capabilities will enable us to extend our potential product offerings within the healthcare market, permitting us to pursue significant new business opportunities. Workflow Processes Over many years, we have developed and refined our workflow processes, which we believe drive higher efficiency and productivity and reduce our reliance on labor-intensive methods relative to more traditional outsourcing models. Our technology supports our proprietary workflows to disaggregate otherwise complex processes into a series of simple, efficient and consistent steps that are easily configurable and applicable to different types of applications. These allow subject matter experts to quickly review analytical outputs and achieve targeted audit and recovery outcomes for our clients. The following diagram illustrates how our technology platform fits into our operational ecosystem: 5 Table of Contents Our Services We use our technology-enabled services platform to provide services for the identification and recovery of improper payments, primarily in the healthcare market. The table below summarizes our various service offerings and related analytics capabilities for the markets we serve. Customer Care / Outsourced Services • Provide first party call center and other outsourced services • Earn contingent, success-based fees based on the volume of processed transactions, the quantity of labor hours provided based on dedicated headcount Analytics Capabilities • We use our enhanced data analytics capabilities, which we refer to as Performant Insight, to offer a variety of services from post- and pre-payment audit of healthcare claims to detection of fraud, waste and abuse of healthcare claims, to coordination of benefits and pharmacy fraud detection Healthcare • Provide audit, eligibility, and recovery services to identify improper healthcare payments for public and private healthcare clients • Identify improper payments typically resulting from incorrect coding, procedures that were not medically necessary, incomplete documentation and coverage discrepancies amongst other payment integrity issues • Utilize our proprietary technology, our history of healthcare-related performance data, and our data analytics capabilities to effectively analyze our clients’ claims and other data for improper payments • Earn contingent, success-based fees based on a percentage of claim amounts recovered Healthcare We provide payment integrity services related to improper payments in the healthcare market, serving both government and commercial clients. Within the healthcare market, we have strong and established relationships with multiple government agencies across our various product lines. In October 2016, we were awarded two RAC contracts by CMS. One of these RAC contracts, which was subsequently re-awarded to us in 2021 for an eight-and-a-half year term, covers Parts A and B Medicare payments in Region 1. The second RAC contract involves post-payment review of DMEPOS and home health and hospice claims across the entire U.S. In November 2022, we were awarded a third RAC contract by CMS which is for an eight-and-a-half year term and covers Parts A and B Medicare payments in Region 2. Under our RAC contracts with CMS, we utilize our technology-enabled services platform to screen Medicare claims against several criteria, including coding procedures and medical necessity standards, to determine whether a claim should be further investigated for recoupment or adjustment by CMS. We conduct automated and, where appropriate, detailed medical necessity reviews. If we determine that the likelihood of finding a potential improper payment warrants further investigation, we request and review healthcare provider medical records related to the claim, utilizing experts in Medicare coding and registered nurses. We interact and communicate with healthcare providers and other administrative entities, and ultimately submit the claim to CMS for correction. In October 2017, we were awarded the national exclusive MSP contract by CMS. This contract was subsequently re- awarded to us in December 2022. Under our MSP contract with CMS, we are responsible for identifying and recovering payments in situations where Medicare should not be the primary payer of healthcare claims because a beneficiary has other forms of insurance coverage, such as through an employer group health plan or certain other insurance payers. In January 2022, we were awarded the indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Inspector General (HHS OIG), which has a base term of one year and four additional one- year options. Under this contract, we provide medical review and consultative services associated with the oversight activities of the HHS OIG, primarily assessing services and claims for Medicare fee-for-service payments for Part A and Part B. 6 Table of Contents In the private healthcare market, we have entered into numerous private insurance payer contracts and are pursuing additional opportunities to provide audit, recovery, and analytics services. We utilize our technology-enabled services platform to provide audit, recovery, and analytics services for private healthcare payers. Our experience from our contracts with CMS has helped establish our presence in the private healthcare market resulting in opportunities for us to provide audit and recovery services for several national and regional commercial health plans. Our audit and analytics capabilities have allowed us not only to expand our services with these initial private healthcare clients, but also gain entry into other related private healthcare opportunities. The illustration below provides examples of certain types of improper payments that we audit on behalf of our clients in the healthcare market. Recovery We have historically worked in recovery markets such as defaulted student loans, federal treasury and state tax receivables, and commercial recovery. These markets are no longer a focus of the Company. Customer Care / Outsourced Services We derive revenues from first party call center and other outsourced services. Our revenues for these services include contingency fees, fees based on dedicated headcount, and tasks completed on behalf of our clients. Analytics Capabilities For several years, we have leveraged our data analytics tools to help filter, identify audit claims and recover delinquent and defaulted assets and improper payments as part of our core services platform. Through our data analytics capabilities, which we refer to as Performant Insight, we are able to review, aggregate, and synthesize very large volumes of structured and unstructured data, at high speeds, from the initial intake of disparate data sources to the warehousing of the data, to the analysis and reporting of the data. We believe we have built a differentiated, next-generation “end-to-end” data processing solution that will maximize value for current and future customers. 7 Table of Contents Performant Insight provides numerous benefits for our audit and recovery services platform. Performant Insight has not only enhanced our existing services under our contracts with CMS and other private healthcare contracts by analyzing significantly higher volumes of healthcare claims at faster rates and reducing our cycle time to review and assess healthcare claims, but it has also enabled us to develop improved and more sophisticated business intelligence rules that can be applied to our audit processes. We believe our analytics capabilities will extend our potential markets, permitting us to pursue significant new business opportunities. We have expanded the use of our data analytics capabilities in the healthcare sector to offer a variety of services from post and pre-payment audit of healthcare claims in both the public and private healthcare sector, to detection of fraud, waste and abuse of healthcare claims, to coordination of benefits and pharmacy fraud detection. Our Clients We provide our services across a range of government and private clients. CMS Our relationship with CMS extends approximately fourteen years. Under our first RAC contract with CMS, which was initially awarded in 2008 and expired in 2016, we were responsible for identifying and facilitating the recovery of improper Part A and Part B Medicare payments in the Northeast region of the United States. In October 2016, we were awarded two new RAC contracts with CMS. We received the contract to audit improper payments for claims made under Medicare Parts A and B in Region 1, which consists of eleven states (Connecticut, Michigan, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Rhode Island and Vermont), and the contract for Region 5, which involves post-payment review of claims related to DMEPOS and home health and hospice across the U.S. The fees that we receive for identifying improper payments from CMS under these contracts are entirely contingency-based, and the contingency-fee percentage depends on the methods of recovery, and, in some cases, the type of improper payment that we identify. In March of 2021, we were re-awarded the CMS Region 1 contract with a term of eight-and-a-half years. Additionally, in November 2022, we were awarded the RAC contract to audit improper payments for claims made under Medicare Parts A and B in Region 2, which consists of 14 states (Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi). Our RAC contract for Region 2 has a term of eight-and-a-half years. In October 2017, we were awarded the national exclusive MSP contract by CMS. Under this MSP contract, we are responsible for coordination-of-benefits claims, which includes identifying and recovering payments in situations where Medicare should not be the primary payer of healthcare claims because a beneficiary has other forms of insurance coverage, such as through an employer group health plan or certain other payers. We commenced operations on the MSP contract in 2018. We were re-awarded this contract in December 2022, with an expected commencement in March 2023. Private Healthcare In the private healthcare market, we utilize our technology-enabled services platform to provide audit, recovery and analytical services for private healthcare payers. Our experience from our contracts with CMS has helped establish our presence in the private healthcare market by providing us the opportunity to provide audit and recovery services for several national and regional commercial health plans. Our audit and analytics capabilities have allowed us not only to expand our services with these initial private healthcare clients, but also gain entry into other related private healthcare opportunities with numerous other plans. Sales and Marketing Our new business opportunities have historically been driven largely by referrals and natural extensions of our existing client relationships, as well as a targeted outreach by our sales team and senior management. Our sales cycles are often lengthy, and demand high levels of attention from our senior management. At any point in time, we are typically focused on a limited number of potentially significant new business opportunities. As a result, to date, we have operated with a small sales and marketing team of experienced individuals with responsibility for developing new sales working in concert with our executive staff. 8 Table of Contents Technology Operations Our technology operations are Livermore, California, with primary and redundant datacenters located in Santa Clara, California and Fort Worth, Texas. We have designed our infrastructure for scalability and redundancy, which allows us to continue to operate in the event of an outage at any of our datacenters. We maintain an information systems environment with dedicated information technology and security teams managing an advanced architecture focused on network security intrusion detection, data loss prevention and training of staff with 24x7 monitoring and security incident response capabilities. We utilize encryption technologies certified to FIPS 140-2 to protect sensitive data on our systems, all data during transmission and all data on redundancy or backup solutions. We also maintain a comprehensive enterprise-wide information security program certified by 3rd party auditors that is based on industry standards such as HITRUST, ARS 5.0,NIST 800-53, SOC 1 Type II and PCI/DSS. Competition We face significant competition in all aspects of our business. In the audit and recovery of improper healthcare payments, we face competition in the bidding process for commercial healthcare contracts, and the RAC and MSP contracts awarded by CMS. However, based on the effective audit solutions that we have provided to CMS and private healthcare plans, we believe we are well qualified to compete for new contract awards within the healthcare market. This qualification allows us to compete more effectively for contracts such as the CMS RAC Region 1 contract, which we were re-awarded in March 2021, and the RAC Region 2 contract, which we were awarded in November 2022. In the most recent RAC bidding process, the identified competitive factors were demonstrated experience in effective recovery services in the healthcare market, sufficient capacity to address claims volumes, maintenance of high standards of operational practices, financial capability to perform under the RAC contracts and fee rates. In the private healthcare market, these same factors are generally important and applicable. Our competition in the private healthcare market includes the other RAC service providers, (including Cotiviti, LLC and Cotiviti GOV Services (formerly Health Management Systems, Inc.)), and a variety of healthcare consulting and healthcare information services companies. Many of these companies have greater financial, technological and other resources than we do. Government Regulation The nature of our current healthcare business and our legacy recovery business requires that we adhere to a complex array of federal and state laws and regulations. These include, but are not limited to, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, the False Claims Act, or FCA, the Anti-Kickback Statute, or AKS, the Exclusion Statute, the Privacy Act of 1974, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, or FDCPA, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, or FCRA, the rules and regulations established by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB, and related state laws. We are also governed by a variety of state laws that regulate the collection, use, disclosure and protection of personal information. We have implemented and maintain physical, technical and administrative safeguards intended to protect all personal data and we have processes in place to assist us in complying with applicable laws and regulations regarding the protection of this data. Our compliance efforts include training of personnel and monitoring of our systems and personnel. HIPAA and Related State Laws Our healthcare business subjects us to compliance with HIPAA and various related state laws that contain substantial restrictions and requirements with respect to the use and disclosure of an individual’s protected health information. HIPAA prohibits us from using or disclosing an individual’s protected health information unless the use or disclosure is authorized by the individual or is specifically required or permitted under HIPAA. Under HIPAA, we must establish administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic protected health information maintained or transmitted by us or by others on our behalf. We are required to notify affected individuals and government authorities of data security breaches involving unsecured protected health information. The Department of Health and Human Services Office of Civil Rights enforces HIPAA privacy violations; CMS enforces HIPAA security violations and the Department of Justice enforces criminal violations of HIPAA. 9 Table of Contents Most states have enacted patient confidentiality laws that protect against the unauthorized disclosure of confidential medical information, and many states have adopted or are considering further legislation in this area, including privacy safeguards, security standards and data security breach notification requirements. These state laws, if more stringent than HIPAA requirements, are not preempted by the federal requirements, and we must comply with them even though they may be subject to different interpretations by various courts and other governmental authorities. In addition, numerous other state laws govern the collection, dissemination, use, access to and confidentiality of individually identifiable health and healthcare provider information. Our compliance efforts include the encryption of protected health information that we hold and the development of procedures to detect, investigate and provide appropriate notification if protected health information is compromised. Our employees and contractors receive initial and periodic supplemental training and are tested to ensure compliance. Additionally, we undergo regular privacy and security audits by our federal and commercial clients, as well as by third party auditors to maintain our HITRUST certification. Privacy Act of 1974 The Privacy Act of 1974 governs the collection, use, storage, destruction and disclosure of personal information about individuals by a government agency and extends to government contractors who have access to agency records performing services for government agencies. The Privacy Act requires maintenance of a code of conduct for employees with access to the agency records addressing the obligations under the Privacy Act, training of employees and discipline procedures for noncompliance. The Privacy Act also requires adopting and maintaining appropriate administrative, technical and physical safeguards to ensure the security and confidentiality of records and to protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to their security or integrity. As a contractor to federal government agencies we are required to comply with the Privacy Act of 1974. Our compliance effort includes initial and ongoing training of employees and contractors in their obligations under the Privacy Act. In addition, we have implemented and maintain physical, technical and administrative safeguards and processes intended to protect all personal data consistent with or exceeding our obligations under the Privacy Act. FDCPA and Related Laws The FDCPA regulates persons who regularly collect or attempt to collect, directly or indirectly, consumer debts owed or asserted to be owed to another person. Certain of our debt recovery and loan restructuring activities may be subject to the FDCPA. The FDCPA establishes specific guidelines and procedures that debt recovery firms must follow in communicating with consumer debtors, including the time, place and manner of such communications. Further, it prohibits harassment or abuse by debt recovery firms, including the threat of violence or criminal prosecution, obscene language or repeated telephone calls made with the intent to abuse or harass. The FDCPA also places restrictions on communications with individuals other than consumer debtors in connection with the collection of any consumer debt and sets forth specific procedures to be followed when communicating with such third parties for purposes of obtaining location information about the consumer. In addition, the FDCPA contains various notice and disclosure requirements and prohibits unfair or misleading representations by debt recovery firms. Finally, the FDCPA imposes certain limitations on lawsuits to collect debts against consumers. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, primary jurisdiction for the FDCPA belongs to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB. The CFPB has authority to supervise, enforce, and issue interpretative regulations for the FDCPA. The CFPB has issued Regulation F, which went into effect November 30, 2021. Debt recovery activities are also regulated at the state level. Most states have laws regulating debt recovery activities in ways that are similar to, and in some cases more stringent than, the FDCPA. In addition, some states require debt recovery firms to be licensed. Our compliance efforts include written procedures for compliance with the FDCPA and related state laws, employee training and monitoring, auditing client calls, periodic review, testing and retraining of employees, and procedures for responding to client complaints. We believe we hold the applicable state licenses in all states in which we perform consumer collections. Violations of the FDCPA may be enforced by the CFPB or the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, or by a private action by an individual or class. Violations of the FDCPA are deemed to be an unfair, deceptive, or abusive under the Federal Trade Commission Act or the Dodd-Frank Act, which can be punished by fines for each violation. Class action damages can total up to one percent of the net worth of the entity violating the statute. Attorney fees and costs are also recoverable. In the ordinary course of business, we are sued for alleged violations of the FDCPA and comparable state laws, although the amounts involved in the disposition or settlement of any such claims have not been significant. 10 Table of Contents TCPA The Telephone Consumer Protection Act, or TCPA, regulates the initiation of calls (which includes text messages) to residential or cellular telephones, including the use of automatic telephone dialing systems as well as artificial or prerecorded voices. The TCPA requires callers to obtain prior express consent or, in some cases, prior express written consent from individuals before placing restricted calls. Our compliance efforts include confirming a consumer has provided prior express consent consistent with the requirements of the law. Violations of the TCPA may be enforced by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, or by a private action by an individual or class. Violations of the TCPA can be punished by recovery of damages or penalties up to $1,500 per violation for willful violations. Attorney fees and costs are also recoverable. In the ordinary course of business, we are sued for alleged violations of the TCPA and comparable state laws, although the amounts involved in the disposition or settlement of any such claims have not been significant. FCRA We are also subject to the Fair Credit Reporting Act, or FCRA, which regulates consumer credit reporting and which may impose liability on us to the extent that the adverse credit information reported on a consumer to a credit bureau is false or inaccurate. State law, to the extent it is not preempted by the FCRA, may also impose restrictions or liability on us with respect to reporting adverse credit information. Our compliance efforts include initial and ongoing training of employees working with consumer credit reports and the monitoring of usage. Violations of FCRA, which are deemed to be unfair or deceptive acts under the Federal Trade Commission Act, are enforced by the FTC or by a private action by an individual or class. Civil actions by consumers may seek damages per violation, with punitive damages, attorney's fees and costs also recoverable. Under the Federal Trade Commission Act or Dodd-Frank Act, penalties for engaging in unfair or deceptive acts may be levied in the form of fines for each violation. CFPB The CFPB was created as part of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2011, with primary implementing and interpretative authority for many federal consumer protection laws, for example the FDCPA, transferred to the CFPB. Among other things, the CFPB was given the authority to issue interpretive regulations for the FDCPA. In addition to its authority regarding federal consumer protection laws, the CFPB was also provided direct jurisdiction over certain non-bank financial service products and service markets. In October of 2012, the CFPB issued a rule asserting direct jurisdiction over larger participants in certain consumer financial products and service markets, which includes consumer debt collectors with annual receipts of more than $10 million. In accordance with the calculations included in this rule, we are subject to direct jurisdiction of the CFPB and may be directly examined and supervised by the CFPB. In that regard, the CFPB has also released examination guidance that its examiners will use when reviewing compliance by debt collectors subject to its direct supervision. The CFPB focuses on non-bank covered persons and service providers involved in collecting debt related to any consumer financial product from committing unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices, or UDAAPs, in violation of the Dodd-Frank Act. UDAAPs include actions that are unfair and likely to cause substantial injury to consumers, deceptive actions that mislead or likely to mislead a consumer and abusive acts that interfere with the ability of a consumer to understand a term or condition of a consumer financial product or takes unreasonable advantage of a consumer’s lack of understanding of a consumer financial product. Although abusive acts or practices may also be unfair or deceptive, each of these prohibitions are separate and distinct, and are governed by separate legal standards. Original creditors and other covered persons and service providers involved in collecting debt related to any consumer financial product or service are subject to the prohibition against UDAAPs. The CFPB has indicated that it will continue to review closely the practices of those engaged in the collection of consumer debts for potential UDAAPs in violation of the Dodd-Frank Act. State Laws Many states impose an obligation on any entity that holds personally identifiable information or health information to adopt appropriate security to protect such data against unauthorized access, misuse, destruction, or modification. All fifty states and the District of Columbia have enacted laws requiring holders of personal information to take certain actions in response to data breach incidents, such as providing prompt notification of the breach to affected individuals and government authorities, and in some cases offering credit monitoring services. 11 Table of Contents Certification, Accreditation, and Security Business services that collect, store, transmit or process information for United States government agencies and organizations are required to undergo a rigorous certification and accreditation process to ensure that they operate at an acceptable level of security risk. As a government contractor, we currently have Authorization to Operate, or ATO, licenses for CMS Recovery Audit Contractor (RAC) Regions 1 & 5 and HHS Office of Inspector General (OIG). ATOs currently in process include CMS RAC Region 2 and CMS Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP). We maintain a comprehensive enterprise-wide information security program based on industry standards such as ARS 5.0, NIST 800-53 and PCI/DSS. In addition, we hold SSAE – SOC 1 Type II certification, which provides assurance to auditors of third parties that we maintain the necessary controls and procedures to effectively manage third party data. For our healthcare business, we are HITRUST certified, which helps ensure that our policies, procedures, and implementation conform to HIPAA guidelines. We undergo independent audits by our government agency clients upon the award of a contract and annually thereafter. We also conduct periodic self-assessments. Our regulatory compliance group is charged with the responsibility of ensuring our regulatory compliance and security meets all federal and state regulations. All our facilities have security perimeter controls with segregated access by security clearance level. The information systems environment maintains advanced network security intrusion detection and prevention with 24x7 monitoring and security incident response capabilities. We utilize encryption technologies to protect sensitive data on our systems, stored at rest, all data during transmission and all data on redundancy or backup media. Employees undergo background and security checks appropriate to their position. This can include security clearances by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. We also maintain compliant disaster recovery and business continuity plans with annual tabletop disaster exercises, conduct routine security risk assessments, and maintain a continuous improvement process as part of our security risk mitigation and management activity. Intellectual Property Our intellectual property is a significant component of our business, including, most notably, the intellectual property underlying our proprietary technology-enabled services platform through which we provide our client solutions and other services. To protect our intellectual property, we rely on a combination of intellectual property rights, including trade secrets, trademarks and copyrights. We utilize customary confidentiality and other contractual protections, including employee and third- party confidentiality and invention assignment agreements. We also rely on certain unpatented proprietary expertise and other know-how, licensed and acquired third-party technologies, and continuous improvements and other developments of our various technologies, all intended to maintain our leadership position in the industry. As of December 31, 2022, we had four trademarks registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark office: Performant Financial Corporation, Performant Insight, and Premiere Credit. We have registered copyrights covering various copyrighted material relevant to our business. We also have unregistered copyrights in many components of our software systems. We may not be able to use these unregistered copyrights to prevent misappropriation of such content by unauthorized parties in the future; however, we rely on our extensive information technology security measures and contractual arrangements with employees and third-party contractors to minimize the opportunities for any such misuse of this content. We are not subject to any material intellectual property claims alleging that we infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of any third party, nor have we asserted any material intellectual property infringement claim against any third party. 12 Table of Contents Human Capital As of December 31, 2022, we had 1,023 full-time employees. None of our employees is a member of a labor union and we consider our employee relations to be good. We provide our employees with competitive salaries and bonuses, development programs that enable continued learning and growth and an employment package intended to promote well-being across all aspects of their lives, including healthcare, retirement planning and paid time off. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have taken an integrated approach to helping our employees manage their work and personal responsibilities, with a strong focus on employee well-being, health, and safety. Available Information The SEC maintains an Internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, if any, or other filings filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, proxy and information statements. Website Interested parties may access our periodic and current reports filed with the SEC, at no charge, by visiting our website, www.performantcorp.com. Information on our website are not part of this report. 13 Table of Contents ITEM 1A. Risk Factors Our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, and as a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Risks Related to Our Business We typically face a long period to start up a new contract which may cause us to incur expenses before we receive revenues from new clients or new contract relationships. If we are successful in obtaining an engagement with a new client or a new contract with an existing client, we typically have a long implementation period in which the services are planned in detail and we integrate our technology, processes and resources with the client’s operations. If we enter into a contract with a new client, we typically will not receive revenues until implementation is completed and work under the contract actually begins, which can be a substantial period of time. Our clients may also experience delays in obtaining approvals or managing protests from unsuccessful bidders, or delays associated with technology or system implementations, such as the delays experienced with the implementation of our RAC contracts with CMS. We incur significant expenses associated with new contracts before we receive corresponding revenues under any such new contract, because we operate under a model in which we generally hire employees to provide services to a new client once a contract is signed and otherwise incur significant upfront implementation expenses. If we are not able to pay the upfront expenses for commencing new contracts out of cash from operations or availability of cash on hand or borrowings under our lending arrangements, we may be required to scale back our operations or alter our business plans to account for cash shortages, either of which could prevent us from earning future revenues under any such new client or contract engagements. Further, if we are not successful in maintaining contractual commitments after the expenses we incur during our typically long implementation cycle, our cash flows and results of operations could be adversely affected. Revenues generated from a limited number of our largest clients represent a substantial majority of our revenues. Any termination of or deterioration in our relationship with any of our significant clients would result in a decline in our revenues. We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from a limited number of our largest clients. Substantially all of our contracts (i) entitle our clients to unilaterally terminate their contractual relationship with us at any time without penalty and (ii) are subject to competitive procurement or renewal processes from time to time. Further, substantially all of our contracts allow our clients to unilaterally change the amount of work available to us. If one of our largest clients terminates any of our existing contracts, or chooses not renew an existing contract in connection with a competitive procurement or renewal process, our revenues and results and of operations may be materially harmed. Further, if one of our significant clients decides to limit the amount of claims that we are allowed to audit or if the terms of compensation for our services change or if there is a reduction in the level of placements provided by any of these clients, our revenues could decline, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Lastly, our revenues could be adversely affected if one of our significant clients is acquired by an entity that does not wish to continue to use our services. Many of our contracts with our clients are not exclusive and do not commit our clients to provide specified volumes of business. In addition, the terms of these contracts may be changed unilaterally and on short notice by our clients. As a consequence, there is no assurance that we will be able to maintain our revenues and operating results. Many of our existing contracts enable our clients to terminate their contractual relationship with us at any time without penalty, potentially leading to loss of business or renegotiation of terms. Further, most of our contracts allow our clients to unilaterally change the amount of work available to us or the payment terms at any given time. In addition, many of our contracts are not exclusive, with our clients retaining multiple service providers with whom we must continue to compete for additional work. Therefore, despite our contractual relationships with our clients, our contracts do not provide assurance that we will generate a minimum amount of revenues or that we will receive a specific volume of work. For example, in March 2020, CMS paused medical review activities under our then current RAC contracts related to the COVID-19 pandemic, which were later resumed in August 2020. This pause in medical review activities under our RAC contracts had a negative impact on our 2020 and 2021 results of operations. If any of our clients modify terms of service, including the success fees we are able to earn, or any of these clients establish more favorable relationships with our competitors, our future revenues may be adversely affected. 14 Table of Contents Our ability to derive revenues under our current healthcare contracts will depend in part on the number and types of potentially improper claims that we are allowed to audit or otherwise pursue by our clients, and our results of operations may be harmed if the scope of claims that we are allowed to pursue and be compensated for is limited. Our revenues under our current healthcare contracts depend in part on the number and types of potentially improper claims that we are allowed to audit or otherwise pursue on behalf of our clients. For example, under CMS’s Medicare recovery audit program, RAC contractors have not been permitted to seek the recovery of an improper claim unless that particular type of claim has been pre-approved by CMS to ensure compliance with applicable Medicare payment policies, as well as national and local coverage determinations. As work under the first RAC contract progressed, CMS placed increasing restrictions on the scope of audits permitted by RAC contractors and these restrictions have not been relaxed under our current RAC contracts. Accordingly, the long-term growth of revenues we derive under our three existing RAC contracts, or any additional contracts we may enter into with CMS, will depend on the scope of improper claims that CMS allows us to pursue and our ability to successfully identify improper claims within the permitted scope. In addition, our commercial healthcare clients also have the ability to unilaterally restrict or expand the type and volume of claims we are allowed to audit or otherwise provide services. Any future limitations on the type or volume of claims that we are permitted to audit or otherwise review on behalf of our clients in the healthcare market could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our indebtedness could adversely affect our business and financial condition and reduce the funds available to us for other purposes, and our failure to comply with the covenants contained in our Credit Agreement could result in an event of default that could adversely affect our results of operations. Our ability to make scheduled payments under our Credit Agreement and to fund our other liquidity needs depends on our financial and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control, such as the recent global economic downturn as the result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We cannot make assurances that we will maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities or other capital resources sufficient to permit us to pay the principal and interest on our indebtedness and to fund our other liquidity needs. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations and allow us to maintain compliance with the covenants under our Credit Agreement or to fund our other liquidity needs, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, alter our business plans, curtail the services we provide to our current or future clients, sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We cannot ensure that we would be able to take any of these actions, that these actions would be successful and permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations or that these actions would be permitted under the terms of our existing or future debt agreements, including our Credit Agreement with MUFG Union Bank. If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default and, as a result, our debt holders could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, and foreclose against the assets securing our borrowings and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. Our Credit Agreement contains, and any agreements to refinance our debt likely will contain, certain financial and restrictive covenants that limit our ability to incur additional debt, including to finance future operations or other capital needs, and to engage in other activities that we may believe are in our long-term best interests, including to dispose of or acquire assets. Our failure to comply with these covenants may result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could accelerate the maturity of our indebtedness or result in modifications to our credit terms. If our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not have sufficient cash resources to satisfy our debt obligations and we may not be able to continue our operations as planned. The U.S. federal government accounts for a significant portion of our revenues, and any loss of business from, or change in our relationship with the U.S. federal government would result in a significant decrease in our revenues and operating results. We have historically derived and are likely to continue to derive a significant portion of our revenues from the U.S. federal government. We currently hold five contracts with agencies of the U.S. federal government within our healthcare business. The continuation and exercise of renewal options on our U.S. federal government contracts and any new U.S. federal government contracts are, among other things, contingent upon succeeding within competitive bidding processes, changes in federal government spending, the availability of adequate funding for the applicable federal government agency, or other regulatory changes, such as the pause in activities under our RAC contracts in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, could adversely affect our financial performance. The loss of business from the U.S. federal government, or significant policy changes or financial pressures within the agencies of the U.S. federal government that we serve would result in a significant decrease in our revenues, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 15 Table of Contents Downturns in domestic or global economic conditions and other macroeconomic factors could harm our business and results of operations. Various macroeconomic factors influence our business and results of operations. These include overall healthcare spending in the U.S. and the volume of healthcare claims that we audit on behalf of our clients, which are both impacted by domestic and global economic conditions, rates of unemployment and similar factors, movements in interest rates, and changes in healthcare costs, governmental policies toward Medicare expenditures or the healthcare industry taken as a whole. Changes in the overall economy could lead to a reduction in overall recovery rates by our clients, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, our business and the businesses of our customers have been/were materially and adversely affected by recent inflationary trends and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic which have caused, and may continue to cause, a slowdown in global economic activity, which has resulted in a significant negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Political tensions resulting in economic instability, such as due to military activity or civil hostilities among Russia and Ukraine and the related response, including sanctions or other restrictive actions, by the United States and/or other countries, or other similar events, may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may not have sufficient cash flows from operations or availability of funds under our lending arrangements to fund our ongoing operations and our other liquidity needs, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Our ability to fund our business plans, capital expenditures and to fund our other liquidity needs depends on our financial and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control and the availability of cash on hand and borrowings under our existing lending facility. As a result of the First Amendment to our Credit Agreement with MUFG Union Bank, which became effective March 13, 2023, we do not have any further borrowing capacity under the Credit Agreement. We cannot make assurances that we will maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to fund our ongoing and planned business operations and to fund our other liquidity needs. If we are required to obtain borrowings to fund our ongoing or future business operations, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining such borrowings or upon terms that are acceptable to us. While we believe our financial projections are attainable, there can be no assurances that our financial results will be recognized in a timeframe necessary to meet our ongoing cash requirements. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our planned business operations or to fund our other liquidity needs, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, alter our business plans, curtail the services we provide to our current or future clients, sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness, any of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We may not be able to manage our potential growth effectively and our results of operations could be negatively affected. We believe our RAC contracts, MSP CRC contract, and other commercial healthcare contracts continue to provide the opportunity for growth in our business. However, our focus on growth and the expansion of our healthcare and other businesses may place additional demands on our management, operations and financial resources and will require us to incur additional expenses. We cannot be sure that we will be able to manage our performance under any significant new contracts effectively. In order to successfully perform under any significant new contracts, our expenses will increase to recruit, train and manage additional qualified employees and subcontractors and to expand and enhance our administrative infrastructure and continue to improve our management, financial and information systems and controls. If we cannot manage our growth effectively, our expenses may increase, and our results of operations could be negatively affected. The growth of our healthcare business will require us to hire and retain employees with specialized skills and failure to do so could harm our ability to grow our business. The growth of our healthcare business will depend in part on our ability to recruit, train and manage additional qualified employees. Our healthcare-related operations require us to hire registered nurses and experts in Medicare coding. Finding, attracting and retaining employees with these skills is a critical component of providing our healthcare-related recovery and audit services, and our inability to staff these operations appropriately represents a risk to our healthcare service offering and associated revenues. An inability to hire qualified personnel, particularly to serve our healthcare clients, may restrain the growth of our business. 16 Table of Contents We face significant competition in connection with obtaining, retaining and performing under our client contracts, and an inability to compete effectively in the future could harm our relationships with our clients, which would impact our ability to maintain our revenues and operating results. We operate in highly competitive markets and face significant competition from other companies in providing our services and sourcing contracts with new clients or new contracts with existing clients. Accordingly, maintaining high levels of service under our contracts, and doing so in a cost-effective manner, are important factors in our ability to maintain existing contracts and obtain new contracts and grow our revenues and net income. Any failure to achieve these objectives could result in the loss of existing contractual relationships either by a client’s decision to terminate existing contractual relationship or in connection with a competitive contract re-bidding process, or the inability to obtain new client contracts, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Some of our current and potential competitors in the markets in which we operate may have greater financial, marketing, technological or other resources than we do. The ability of any of our competitors and potential competitors to adopt new and effective technology to better serve our markets may allow them to gain market strength. Increasing levels of competition in the future could result in lower fees, lower volumes of contracted services or higher costs for resources. Any inability to compete effectively in the markets that we serve could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had and may continue to have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, as well as on the operations and financial performance of many of our customers. We are unable to predict the extent to which the prolonged duration of COVID-19 pandemic as well as any new coronavirus variants, and associated impacts will continue to adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Our business and the businesses of our customers have been and may continue to be materially and adversely affected by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic that has caused, and may continue to cause, the global slowdown in economic activity. Because the severity, magnitude and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic consequences are uncertain, rapidly changing and difficult to predict, the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on our operations and financial performance, as well as its impact on our ability to successfully execute our business strategies and initiatives, remains uncertain and difficult to predict. Further, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations and financial performance depends on many factors that are not within our control, including, but not limited to: governmental and business actions that have been and continue to be taken in response to the pandemic; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken in response on global and regional economies and economic activity; the availability of federal, state or local funding programs; general economic uncertainty and financial market volatility; global economic conditions and levels of economic growth; and the pace of economic recovery when the COVID-19 pandemic subsides. Given the economic hardships caused as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, certain of our customers have chosen and may continue to choose to delay the services that we provide, and additional customers may choose to similarly delay the audit and recovery services that we provide, either of which could have a material negative impact on our revenues and results of operations. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has also had a negative impact on overall hospital utilization rates in the United States. This negative impact on overall hospital utilization rates has caused delays with the healthcare industry as a whole, which in turn has had a negative impact on our healthcare business. Any additional disruptions to the services that we provide to our customers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise could result in a negative impact on our revenues and results of operations. Further, a prolonged period of generating lower cash flows from operations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our financial condition and the achievement of our strategic objectives. Conditions in the financial and credit markets may also limit the availability of funding or increase the cost of funding, which could adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations. While we believe our financial projections are attainable, there can be no assurances that our financial results will be recognized in a timeframe necessary to meet our ongoing cash requirements. 17 Table of Contents Our results of operations may fluctuate on a quarterly or annual basis and cause volatility in the price of our stock. Our revenues and operating results could vary significantly from period-to-period and may fail to match our past performance because of a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control. Any of these factors could cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate. Factors that could contribute to the variability of our operating results include, but are not limited to, the following: • the schedules of government agencies for awarding contracts; • our ability to maintain contractual commitments after the expenses we incur during our typically long implementation cycle for new customer contracts; • our ability to successfully identify improper Medicare claims and the number and type of potentially improper claims that CMS authorizes us to pursue under our RAC contracts; • our ability to continue to generate revenues under our private healthcare contracts; • the loss or gain of significant clients or changes in the contingency fee rates or other significant terms of our business arrangements with our significant clients; • technological and operational issues that may affect our clients and regulatory changes in the markets we service; and • general industry and macroeconomic conditions. A failure of our operating systems or technology infrastructure, or those of our third-party vendors and subcontractors, could disrupt the operation of our business. A failure of our operating systems or technology infrastructure, or those of our third-party vendors and subcontractors, could disrupt our operations. Our operating systems and technology infrastructure are susceptible to damage or interruption from various causes, including acts of God and other natural disasters, power losses, computer systems failures, Internet and telecommunications or data network failures, global health crises, operator error, computer viruses, losses of and corruption of data and similar events. The occurrence of any of these events could result in interruptions, delays or cessations in service to our clients, reduce the attractiveness of our recovery services to current or potential clients and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. While we have backup systems in many of our operating facilities, an extended outage of utility or network services may harm our ability to operate our business. Further, the situations we plan for and the amount of insurance coverage we maintain for losses as result of failures of our operating systems and infrastructure may not be adequate in any particular case. If our security measures are breached or fail and unauthorized access is obtained to our clients’ confidential data, our services may be perceived as insecure, the attractiveness of our services to current or potential clients may be reduced, and we may incur significant liabilities. Our services involve the storage and transmission of confidential information relating to our clients and their customers, including health, financial, credit, payment and other personal or confidential information. Although our data security procedures are designed to protect against unauthorized access to confidential information, our computer systems, software and networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access and disclosure of our clients’ confidential information. Further, we may not effectively adapt our security measures to evolving security risks, address the security and privacy concerns of existing or potential clients as they change over time, or be compliant with federal, state, and local laws and regulations with respect to securing confidential information. Unauthorized access to confidential information relating to our clients and their customers could lead to reputational damage which could deter our clients and potential clients from selecting our services, or result in termination of contracts with those clients affected by any such breach, regulatory action, and claims against us. 18 Table of Contents Our business is increasingly dependent on critical, complex, and interdependent information technology (IT) systems, including internet-based systems, some of which are managed or hosted by third parties, to support business processes as well as internal and external communications. The size and complexity of our IT systems make us potentially vulnerable to IT system breakdowns, malicious intrusion, and computer viruses, which may result in the impairment of our ability to operate our business effectively. In addition, having a significant portion of our employees work remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic can strain our information technology infrastructure, which may affect our ability to operate effectively, may make us more susceptible to communications disruptions, and expose us to greater cybersecurity risks. In the event of any unauthorized access to personal or other confidential information, we may be required to expend significant resources to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities in our security procedures, and we may be subject to fines, penalties, litigation costs, and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us. If one or more of such failures in our security and privacy measures were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer. If our software vendors or utility and network providers fail to deliver or perform as expected our business operations could be adversely affected. Our recovery services depend in part on third-party providers, including software vendors and utility and network providers. Our ability to service our clients depends on these third-party providers meeting our expectations and contractual obligations in a timely and effective manner. Our business could be materially and adversely affected, and we might incur significant additional liabilities, if the services provided by these third-party providers do not meet our expectations or if they terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us on similar contractual terms. Litigation may result in substantial costs of defense, damages or settlement, any of which could subject us to significant costs and expenses. We are party to lawsuits in the normal course of business, particularly in connection with our student loan recovery services. For example, we are regularly subject to claims that we have violated the guidelines and procedures that must be followed under federal and state laws in communicating with consumer debtors. We may not ultimately prevail or otherwise be able to satisfactorily resolve any pending or future litigation, which may result in substantial costs of defense, damages or settlement. In the future, we may be required to alter our business practices or pay substantial damages or settlement costs as a result of litigation proceedings, which could adversely affect our business operations and results of operations. If we are unable to adequately protect our proprietary technology, our competitive position could be harmed, or we could be required to incur significant costs to enforce our rights. The success of our business depends in part upon our proprietary technology platform. We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as on confidentiality procedures and non-compete agreements, to establish and protect our proprietary technology rights. The steps we have taken to deter misappropriation of our proprietary technology may be insufficient to protect our proprietary information. In particular, we may not be able to protect our trade secrets, know- how and other proprietary information adequately. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect this proprietary information and technology, our employees, consultants and other parties may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information or technology to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using any of our proprietary information or technology is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. We rely, in part, on nondisclosure, confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and other parties to protect our trade secrets, know-how and other intellectual property and proprietary information. These agreements may not be self-executing, or they may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for such breach. Moreover, third parties may independently develop similar or equivalent proprietary information or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information. Any infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, or other intellectual property rights could adversely affect any competitive advantage we currently derive or may derive from our proprietary technology platform and we may incur significant costs associated with litigation that may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. 19 Table of Contents Claims by others that we infringe their intellectual property could force us to incur significant costs or revise the way we conduct our business. Our competitors protect their proprietary rights by means of patents, trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property. Any party asserting that we infringe, misappropriate or violate their intellectual property rights may force us to defend ourselves, and potentially our clients, against the alleged claim. These claims and any resulting lawsuit, if successful, could be time-consuming and expensive to defend, subject us to significant liability for damages or invalidation of our proprietary rights, prevent us from operating all or a portion of our business or force us to redesign our services or technology platform or cause an interruption or cessation of our business operations, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, any litigation relating to the infringement of intellectual property rights could harm our relationships with current and prospective clients. The risk of such claims and lawsuits could increase if we increase the size and scope of our services in our existing markets or expand into new markets. Risks Related to Regulations and Legislation We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate this material weakness, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or other deficiencies in the future, or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial results, which could result in loss of investor confidence and adversely impact our stock price. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act and other applicable securities rules and regulations. In particular, we are subject to reporting obligations under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that require us to include a management report on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and are further required to adhere to the auditor attestation requirements with respect to the to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Internal controls related to the operation of technology systems are critical to maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As disclosed in Part II, Item 9A, during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, management identified a material weakness in the design and operation of internal control related to information technology general controls (ITGCs) in the areas of user access and program change-management over certain information technology (IT) systems that support our financial reporting processes. We have begun the process of designing and implementing measures to improve our internal controls over financial reporting and to remediate this material weakness. While there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful, we plan to remediate this material weakness during fiscal 2023. Our ability to comply with the annual internal control report requirements will depend on the effectiveness of our financial reporting and data systems and controls across our company. We expect these systems and controls to involve significant expenditures and to may become more complex as our business grows. To effectively manage this complexity, we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial, and management controls, and our reporting systems and procedures. Our inability to successfully remediate our existing or any future material weaknesses or other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting or any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in the implementation or operation of these controls, could harm our operating results and cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements, which could limit our liquidity and access to capital markets, adversely affect our business and investor confidence in our financial statements, and adversely impact our stock price. Future legislative or regulatory changes affecting the markets in which we operate could impair our business and operations. The markets in which we operate are highly regulated, and any future changes in the regulatory landscape could have a material effect on our business and financial condition. For example, the Medicare program, is a subject of significant legislative and regulatory focus, and we cannot anticipate how future changes in government policy may affect our business and operations. Any future changes in the legislation and regulations that govern these markets, may require us to adapt our business to the new circumstances and we may be unable to do so in a manner that does not adversely affect our business and operations. 20 Table of Contents We are subject to extensive regulations regarding the use and disclosure of confidential personal information and failure to comply with these regulations could cause us to incur liabilities and expenses. We are subject to a wide array of federal and state laws and regulations regarding the use and disclosure of confidential personal information and security. For example, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), as amended, and related state laws subject us to substantial restrictions and requirements with respect to the use and disclosure of the personal health information that we obtain in connection with our contracts with CMS and we must establish administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect the confidentiality of this information. Similar protections extend to the type of personal financial and other information we acquire from our student loan, state tax and federal receivables clients. We are required to notify affected individuals and government agencies of data security breaches involving protected health and certain personally identifiable information. These laws and regulations also require that we develop, implement and maintain written, comprehensive information security programs containing safeguards that are appropriate to protect personally identifiable information or health information against unauthorized access, misuse, destruction or modification. Federal law generally does not preempt state law in the area of protection of personal information, and as a result we must also comply with state laws and regulations. Regulation of privacy, data use and security require that we incur significant expenses, which could increase in the future as a result of additional regulations, all of which adversely affects our results of operations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations can result in penalties and in some cases expose us to civil lawsuits. Our student loan recovery business is subject to extensive regulation and consumer protection laws and our failure to comply with these regulations and laws may subject us to liability and result in significant costs. Our student loan recovery business is subject to regulation and oversight by various state and federal agencies, particularly in the area of consumer protection. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), and related state laws provide specific guidelines that we must follow in communicating with holders of student loans and regulates the manner in which we can recover defaulted student loans. Some state attorney generals have been active in this area of consumer protection regulation. We are subject, and may be subject in the future, to inquiries and audits from state and federal regulators, as well as frequent litigation from private plaintiffs regarding compliance under the FDCPA and related state regulations. We are also subject to the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), which regulates consumer credit reporting and may impose liability on us to the extent adverse credit information reported to a credit bureau is false or inaccurate. Our compliance with the FDCPA, FCRA and other federal and state regulations that affect our student loan recovery business may result in significant costs, including litigation costs. We are also subject to regulations promulgated by the United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), which, among other things, establishes regulations regarding consumer financial protection laws. In addition, the CFPB has investigatory and enforcement authority with respect to whether persons are engaged in unlawful acts or practices in connection with the collection of consumer debts. Risks Related to our Common Stock The price of our common stock could be volatile, and you may not be able to sell your shares at or above the public offering price. Since our initial public offering in August 2012, the price of our common stock, as reported by NASDAQ Global Select Market, has ranged from a low sales price of $0.54 on June 1, 2020 to a high sales price of $14.09 on March 4, 2013. The trading price of our common stock may be significantly affected by various factors, including: quarterly fluctuations in our operating results; the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections or our failure to meet those projections; changes in investors’ and analysts’ perception of the business risks and conditions of our business; our ability to meet the earnings estimates and other performance expectations of financial analysts or investors; unfavorable commentary or downgrades of our stock by equity research analysts; changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of debt or equity securities; our success or failure to obtain new contract awards; lawsuits threatened or filed against us; strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings; new legislation or regulatory actions; changes in our relationship with any of our significant clients; fluctuations in the stock prices of our peer companies or in stock markets in general; and general economic conditions. 21 Table of Contents Our significant stockholders have the ability to influence significant corporate activities and our significant stockholders' interests may not coincide with yours. Prescott Group Management, L.L.C., First Light Asset Management, LLC, Parthenon Capital Partners, and Mill Road Capital Management LLC beneficially owned approximately 20.5%, 9.8%, 6.0% and 4.6% of our common stock, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. As a result of their ownership, these significant stockholders have the ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to a vote of stockholders and, through our board of directors, the ability to influence decision making with respect to our business direction and policies. Mill Road Capital Management LLC currently has a representative sitting on our Board of Directors. These significant stockholders may have interests different from our other stockholders’ interests and may vote in a manner adverse to those interests. Matters over which these significant stockholders can, directly or indirectly, exercise influence include: • mergers and other business combination transactions, including proposed transactions that would result in our stockholders receiving a premium price for their shares; • other acquisitions or dispositions of businesses or assets; • incurrence of indebtedness and the issuance of equity securities; • repurchase of stock and payment of dividends; and • the issuance of shares to management under our equity incentive plans. In addition, even though Parthenon Capital Partners does not currently have a representative sitting on our Board of Directors, Parthenon Capital Partners does have a contractual right to designate a number of directors proportionate to its stock ownership if and when Parthenon owns greater than 10% of our common stock. Further, under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, Parthenon Capital Partners does not have any obligation to present to us, and Parthenon Capital Partners may separately pursue, corporate opportunities of which it becomes aware, even if those opportunities are ones that we would have pursued if granted the opportunity. General Risks We may undertake strategic transactions or other corporate restructuring that prove unsuccessful, strain or divert our resources and harm our results of operations and stock price. We may consider strategic transactions or other corporate restructurings that could include the acquisition of other companies in our industry or in new markets, or the sale or divestiture of, or the wind down of existing portions of our business. We may not be able to successfully complete any such strategic transaction and, if completed, any such acquisition or divestiture may fail to achieve the intended financial results. We may not be able to successfully integrate any acquired businesses with our own and we may be unable to maintain our standards, controls and policies. Further, acquisitions may place additional constraints on our resources by diverting the attention of our management from other business concerns. Moreover, any acquisition may result in a potentially dilutive issuance of equity securities, the incurrence of additional debt, the amortization expenses related to intangible assets, and the potential impairment charges related to intangible assets or goodwill, all of which could adversely affect our results of operations and stock price. Further, despite any projected cost savings related to any proposed divestiture or wind down of any existing portion of our business, any such divestiture or wind down could result in an adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations. Our business may be harmed if we lose members of our management team or other key employees. We are highly dependent on members of our management team and other key employees and our future success depends in part on our ability to retain these people. Our inability to continue to attract and retain members of our management team and other key employees could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 22 Table of Contents Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could impair a takeover attempt that our stockholders may find beneficial. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult or discouraging an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include the following provisions: establishing a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board are elected at one time; providing that directors may be removed by stockholders only for cause; authorizing blank check preferred stock, which could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock; limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings and to take action by written consent in lieu of a meeting; limiting our ability to engage in certain business combinations with any “interested stockholder,” other than Parthenon Capital Partners, for a three-year period following the time that the stockholder became an interested stockholder; requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors; requiring a super majority vote for certain amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws; and limiting the determination of the number of directors on our board of directors and the filling of vacancies or newly created seats on the board, to our board of directors then in office. These provisions, alone or together, could have the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control, could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock. ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. ITEM 2. Properties Facilities As of December 31, 2022, we operated five separate office locations throughout the United States. The largest of these facilities is in Sunrise, Florida. We also lease facilities in California and Texas. Our Livermore, California facility serves as our corporate headquarters, as well as a data center. We believe that our facilities are adequate for current operations and that additional space will be available as required. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our lease obligations. ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings We are involved in various legal proceedings that arise from our normal business operations. These actions generally derive from our student loan recovery services, and generally assert claims for violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act or similar federal and state consumer credit laws. While litigation is inherently unpredictable, we believe that none of these legal proceedings, individually or collectively, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or our results of operations. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 23 Table of Contents PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Trading Symbol Shares of Performant currently trade on the NASDAQ under the trading symbol PFMT. Stockholders As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 18 holders of record of our common stock and we believe a greater number of shareholders who hold shares through brokers, banks or other nominees. Dividends Our board of directors does not currently intend to pay regular dividends on our common stock. Our Credit Agreement contains a covenant prohibiting the payment of cash dividends. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Information regarding the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans can be found under Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Stock Performance Graph Our stock performance graph is set forth in our 2022 Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated by reference herein. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities Not applicable. Use of Proceeds Not applicable. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities None. ITEM 6. [Reserved] 24 Table of Contents ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Overview We provide technology-enabled audit, recovery, and analytics services in the United States primarily to the healthcare industry. We work with healthcare payers through claims auditing and eligibility-based (also known as coordination-of-benefits or COB) services to identify improper payments. We engage clients in both government and commercial markets. We also have a call center which serves clients with complex consumer engagement needs. Our clients typically operate in complex and highly regulated environments and contract for their payment integrity needs in order to reduce losses on improper healthcare payments. We historically worked in recovery markets such as defaulted student loans, federal treasury and state tax receivables, and commercial recovery. These markets are no longer a focus of the Company. Our revenue model is generally success-based as we earn fees based on the aggregate correct audits and/or amount of funds that we enable our clients to recover from our audits. Our services do not require significant upfront investments by our clients and we offer our clients the opportunity to recover significant funds that may otherwise be lost. Because our model is based upon the success of our efforts, our business objectives are aligned with those of our clients and we are generally not reliant on their spending budgets. COVID-19 Pandemic Update We continue to face uncertainty around the breadth and duration of business disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as its impact on the U.S. economy, the ongoing business operations of our clients, and the results of our operations and financial condition. While our management team continues to actively monitor the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and may take further actions to our business operations that we determine are in the best interests of our employees and clients, or as required by federal, state, or local authorities, the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity for fiscal year 2023 and beyond cannot be estimated at this point. The following discussions are subject to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our ongoing business operations. Sources of Revenues We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from services provided to our clients in the healthcare market. We also derive revenues from our outsourced call center services. In 2021, we also derived revenues in recovery markets such as defaulted student loans, federal treasury and state tax receivables, and commercial recovery. Eligibility-based Claims-based Healthcare Total Recovery (1) Customer Care / Outsourced Services Total Revenues Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) 53,284 $ 48,276 $ 41,382 94,666 241 14,277 29,178 77,454 33,405 13,534 $ 109,184 $ 124,393 (1) Represents revenues from student lending, state and municipal tax authorities, IRS, Department of the Treasury, and Premiere. 25 Table of Contents Healthcare We derive revenues from both commercial and government clients by providing healthcare payment integrity services, which include claims-based and eligibility-based services. Revenues earned under claims-based contracts in the healthcare market are driven by auditing, identifying, and sometimes recovering improperly paid claims through both automated and manual review of such claims. Eligibility-based services, which may also be referred to as coordination-of-benefits, involve identifying and recovering payments in situations where our client should not be the primary payer of healthcare claims because a member has other forms of insurance coverage. We are paid contingency fees by our clients based on a percentage of the dollar amount of improper claims recovered as a result of our efforts. The revenues we recognize are net of our estimate of claims that we believe will be overturned by appeal or disputed following payment by the provider. For our healthcare business, our business strategy is focused on utilizing our technology-enabled services platform to provide claims-based, eligibility-based, and analytical services for healthcare payers. Revenues from our healthcare services were $94.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to revenues of $77.5 million from our healthcare services for the year ended December 31, 2021. In October 2017, we were awarded the national exclusive Medicare Secondary Payer, Commercial Payment Center (MSP) contract by the centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Under this MSP contract, we are responsible for coordination-of-benefits claims, which includes identifying and recovering payments in situations where Medicare should not be the primary payer of healthcare claims because a beneficiary has other forms of insurance coverage, such as through an employer group health plan or certain other payers. We commenced operations on the MSP contract in 2018. In December 2022, we were re-awarded this MSP contract with an expected commencement in March 2023. This contract has a six-year term, consisting of one base year and five additional one-year options. In 2016, CMS awarded two new Medicare Recovery Audit Contractor (RAC) contracts to us, for audit Regions 1 and 5. The RAC contract award for Region 1 allows us to continue our audit of payments under Medicare’s Part A and Part B for all provider types other than Durable Medical Equipment, Prosthetics, Orthotics and Supplies (DMEPOS) and home health and hospice within an 11 state region in the Northeast and Midwest. The Region 5 RAC contract provides for the post-payment review of DMEPOS and home health and hospice claims on a nation-wide basis. In March 2021, CMS re-awarded the Region 1 RAC contract to us after a competitive procurement process. This contract has an eight-and-a-half year term. In January 2022, we were awarded the indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Inspector General (HHS OIG), which has a base term of one year and four additional one-year options. Under this contract, we provide medical review and consultative services associated with the oversight activities of the HHS OIG, primarily assessing services and claims for Medicare fee-for-service payments for Part A and Part B. This contract was awarded via a full-and-open competitive procurement. In November 2022, we were re-awarded the Medicare RAC contract for Region 2. This contract allows us to audit payments under Medicare’s Part A and Part B for all provider types other than DMEPOS and home health and hospice within a 14 state region in the Midwest and South. This contract was initially awarded to us through a procurement process on March 24, 2022, and following a voluntary corrective action process that was initiated by CMS, the agency re-affirmed its initial contract award. This contract has an initial eight-and-a-half year term. Recently, our healthcare clients have expanded the scope of services that we provide, and we continue to implement new programs for existing and new healthcare clients. We believe this growth trend should continue as our suite of payment integrity services and our customer relationships continue to mature. We currently anticipate that our healthcare revenues will drive the majority of our overall revenue growth. 26 Table of Contents Government Commercial Total Healthcare revenues Recovery Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change % Chang e (in thousands) $ $ 58,155 $ 55,471 $ 36,511 21,983 94,666 $ 77,454 $ 2,684 14,528 17,212 5 % 66 % 22 % During 2021, we sold certain of our non-healthcare recovery contracts and decided not to renew or restart existing contracts in the recovery market, nor pursue new non-healthcare recovery contracts. Accordingly, in 2022, we did not derive significant revenues from recovery markets such as defaulted student loans, federal treasury and state tax receivables. Customer Care / Outsourced Services We derive revenues from first party call center and other outsourced services. Our revenues for these services include contingency fees, fees based on dedicated headcount and tasks completed on behalf of our clients. Costs and Expenses We generally report two categories of operating expenses: salaries and benefits and other operating expense. Salaries and benefits expenses consist primarily of salaries and performance incentives paid and benefits provided to our employees. Other operating expenses include expenses related to our use of subcontractors, other production related expenses, including costs associated with data processing, retrieval of medical records, printing and mailing services, amortization and other outside services, as well as general corporate and administrative expenses. Factors Affecting Our Operating Results Our results of operations are influenced by a number of factors, including costs associated with commencing new contracts, claim recovery volume, contingency fees, regulatory matters, client contract cancellation and macroeconomic factors. Costs Associated with Commencing New Client Contracts When we obtain an engagement with a new client or a new contract with an existing client, it typically takes a long period of time to plan our services in detail, which includes integrating our technology, processes and resources with the client’s operations and hiring new employees, before we receive any revenues from the new client or new contract. Due to the upfront costs we incur in connection with the implementation of new contracts, which may not be recoverable in the event of contract termination, and the delays we face in recognizing initial revenue from any such new contracts, our profitability can be negatively impacted by any delays associated with new contract implementations. Our clients may also experience delays in obtaining approvals or managing protests from unsuccessful bidders or delays associated with system implementations, as we had experienced with the implementation of our RAC contracts with CMS. If we are not able to pay the upfront expenses out of cash from operations or availability of borrowings under our lending arrangements, we may need to scale back our operations or alter our business plans, either of which could have a negative effect on future revenues that we may earn under any such new client or new contract engagements. 27 Table of Contents Claim Recovery Volume The number of claims that we are allowed or permitted to audit on behalf of our healthcare clients within our claims- based services has a direct impact on our revenues. Most of our contracts in our claims-based services permit our clients to unilaterally change the amount of claims that we are able to audit on the client’s behalf at any given time. Further, the type and scale of claims which are deemed permissible for us to audit by certain of our healthcare clients may change from time-to-time. Non-permissible claims may result from client product lines which are determined by our clients to be out of scope of our audit services, claims related to excluded providers or excluded provider groups, changes in policy, or other factors such as geographies disrupted by natural disasters or a global pandemic like the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on overall hospital utilization rates in the United States. This negative impact on overall hospital utilization rates has caused delays with the healthcare industry as a whole, which in turn has had a negative impact on our healthcare business. The level of claims volume provided by our healthcare clients also impacts the revenues we earn from our eligibility- based services. To the extent the claim recovery volume that we are allowed or permitted to audit on behalf of our healthcare clients is negatively impacted by any of the factors set forth above, our revenues and results of operations will be adversely impacted. Contingency Fees Our revenues consist primarily of contract-based contingency fees. The contingency fee percentages that we earn are set by our clients or agreed upon during the bid process and may change from time to time either under the terms of existing contracts or pursuant to the terms of contract renewals. Changes in contingency fee percentages set by our clients may have a material effect on our revenues and results of operations. Regulatory Matters Each of the markets which we serve is highly regulated. Accordingly, changes in regulations that affect the types of receivables and claims that we are able to service or audit or the manner in which any such receivables and claims can be recovered will affect our revenues and results of operations. For example, in March 2020, CMS paused medical review activities under our two RAC contracts as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which were later resumed in August 2020. In addition, our entry into the healthcare market was facilitated by the passage of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, which mandated CMS to contract with private firms to audit Medicare claims in an effort to increase the recovery of improper Medicare payments. Any changes to the regulations that affect the Medicare program or the audit and recovery of Medicare claims could have a significant impact on our revenues and results of operations. Client Contract Cancellation or Non-Renewal We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from contracts with a limited number of our largest clients. Substantially all of our contracts (i) entitle our clients to unilaterally terminate their contractual relationship with us at any time without penalty and (ii) are subject to competitive procurement or renewal processes from time to time. Our revenues could decline if we lose one or more of our significant clients, either due to a contract cancellation or our inability to be awarded a new contract in connection with a competitive renewal process. Further, our revenues could be negatively impacted if one or more of our significant clients decides to limit the amount of claims that we are allowed to audit or reduces the level of placements provided under an existing contract, or if the terms of compensation for our services change under any existing contracts, or if any of our significant clients is acquired by an entity that does not wish to continue use our services. Macroeconomic Factors Certain macroeconomic factors influence our business and results of operations. For example, the growth in Medicare expenditures or claims made to private healthcare providers resulting from changes in healthcare costs or the healthcare industry taken as a whole, as well as the fiscal budget tightening of federal, state and local governments as a result of general economic weakness and lower tax revenues. 28 Table of Contents Critical Accounting Policies Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In many instances, we could have reasonably used different accounting estimates, and in other instances changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period-to-period. Accordingly, actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates. Revenue Recognition We derive our revenues primarily from providing audit, recovery, and analytics services. Revenues are recognized upon completion of these services for our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. We determine revenue recognition through the following steps: • • • • • Identification of the contract with a customer Identification of the performance obligations in the contract Determination of the transaction price Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and Recognition of revenue when, or as, the performance obligations are satisfied We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. Our contracts generally contain a single performance obligation, delivered over time as a series of services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to a client, as the promise to transfer the individual services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and, therefore, not distinct. Our contracts are composed primarily of variable consideration. Fees earned under our audit and recovery service contracts consist primarily of contingency fees based on a specified percentage of the amount we enable our clients to recover. The contingency fee percentage for a particular recovery depends on the type of recovery or claim facilitated. We generally either apply the as-invoiced practical expedient, where our right to consideration corresponds directly to our right to invoice our clients, or the variable consideration allocation exception, where the variable consideration is attributable to one or more, but not all, of the services promised in a series of distinct services that form part of a single performance obligation. As such, we have elected the optional exemptions related to the as-invoiced practical expedient and the variable consideration allocation exception, whereby the disclosure of the amount of transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations is not required. We estimate variable consideration only if we can reasonably measure our progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation using an output method based on reliable information, and recognize such revenue over the performance period only if it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Any change made to the measure of progress toward complete satisfaction of our performance obligation is recorded as a change in estimate. We exercise judgment to estimate the amount of constraint on variable consideration based on the facts and circumstances of the relevant contract operations and availability and reliability of data. Although we believe the estimates made are reasonable and appropriate, different assumptions and estimates could materially impact the amount of variable consideration. 29 Table of Contents For contracts that contain a refund right, these amounts are considered variable consideration, and we estimate our refund liability for each claim and recognize revenue net of such estimate. Under certain contracts, consideration can include periodic performance-based bonuses which can be awarded based on our performance under the specific contract. These performance-based awards are considered variable and may be constrained by us until there is not a risk of a material reversal. We have applied the as-invoiced practical expedient and the variable consideration allocation exception to contracts with performance obligations that have an average remaining duration of less than a year. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Amounts collected on trade accounts receivable are included in cash used in operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company determines the allowance for doubtful accounts by specific identification. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $0 at each of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Contract assets were $11.5 million and $8.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Contract assets relate to our right to consideration for services completed but not invoiced at the reporting date, and receipt of payment is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Contract assets primarily consist of commissions that we estimate we have earned from completed claims audit findings submitted to healthcare clients. The increase in contract assets resulted from additional consideration earned for services provided to our healthcare clients, offset by invoiced amounts. Contract assets are recorded to accounts receivable when our right to payment becomes unconditional, which is generally when healthcare providers or payers have paid our clients. There was no impairment loss related to contract assets for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Contract liabilities totaled $0.4 million and $0.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our contract liabilities relate to certain reimbursable costs due to a client. Healthcare providers of our clients have the right to appeal claims audit findings and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of healthcare clients. For coordination-of-benefits contracts, insurance companies or other responsible parties may dispute our findings regarding our clients not being the primary payer of healthcare claims. Total estimated liability for appeals and disputes was $1.1 million and $1.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This represents our best estimate of the amount probable of being refunded to our healthcare clients. 30 Table of Contents Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2022 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2021 The following table represents our historical operating results for the periods presented: Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Revenues Operating expenses: Salaries and benefits Other operating expense Total operating expenses Loss from operations Gain on sale of certain recovery contracts Gain on sale of land and buildings Interest expense Loss before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Net Loss Revenues Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change % Change (in thousands) $ 109,184 $ 124,393 $ (15,209) (12) % $ 85,312 30,772 116,084 (6,900) $ 382 1,120 (1,007) (6,405) 132 87,440 38,269 125,709 (1,316) $ 2,403 — (11,313) (10,226) 62 $ (6,537) $ (10,288) $ 2,128 7,497 9,625 (5,584) (2,021) 1,120 10,306 3,821 (70) 3,751 2 % 20 % 8 % (424) % (84) % 100 % 91 % 37 % (113) % 36 % Total revenues were $109.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $15.2 million or 12%, compared to total revenues of $124.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Healthcare revenues were $94.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $17.2 million, or 22%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase in healthcare revenues was primarily attributable to the continued growth from our fully implemented statements of work, as well as numerous new program implementations. Revenues from claims-based services during the year ended December 31, 2022 were $41.4 million or 42% higher than the year ended December 31, 2021. Revenues from eligibility-based services during the year ended December 31, 2022 were $53.3 million, or 10% higher than the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in revenues from eligibility- based services during 2022 was partially offset by a $3.3 million charge to revenue to accrue a refund liability to a client. Recovery revenues were $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an decrease of $33.2 million, or 99%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to our decision in 2021 to sell certain of our recovery contracts and to not renew or extend our other existing recovery contracts as a result of the adverse impacts of certain regulatory changes and the COVID-19 pandemic on our recovery business. Customer Care / Outsourced Services revenues were $14.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $0.7 million, or 6%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to the implementation of a new contract with a different client, partially offset by the termination of a contract with a client during the fourth quarter of 2022. Salaries and Benefits Salaries and benefits expense was $85.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $2.1 million, or 2%, compared to salaries and benefits expense of $87.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in salaries and benefits expense was primarily driven by lower headcount related to the cessation of non-healthcare recovery activity which largely occurred by the end of 2021, partially offset by an increase in headcount related to continued growth in our healthcare business during the period. 31 Table of Contents Other Operating Expense Other operating expense was $30.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $7.5 million, or 20%, compared to other operating expense of $38.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in other operating expenses was primarily due to the cessation of non-healthcare recovery activity which largely occurred by the end of 2021, and a decrease in professional services, but partially offset by an increase in expenses related to growth in our healthcare business. Gain on Sale of Certain Recovery Contracts Gain from the sale of certain recovery contracts was $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $2.0 million, or 84%, compared to the gain on sale on sale of certain recovery contracts of $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in gain on sale of certain recovery contracts during 2022 was primarily due to the sale of a substantial portion of our recovery contracts by the end of 2021. Gain on Sale of Land and Buildings Gain from the sale of land and buildings was $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. We sold two office buildings and the related land that were previously utilized by employees working on recovery contracts. Loss from Operations As a result of the factors described above, loss from operations was $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to loss from operations of $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, representing an increase in the loss from operations of $5.6 million. Interest Expense Interest expense was $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $11.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, representing a decrease of 91%. This decrease in interest expense was due primarily to a lower principal balance and lower interest rate during the year ended December 31, 2022, as the result of the refinance of our then existing indebtedness in December 2021, which included a $3.4 million non-cash loss on extinguishment of debt. Income Taxes The income tax expense was $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to an income tax expense of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our effective income tax rate decreased to (2)% for the year ended December 31, 2022 from (1)% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily driven by the change in tax components that were applicable in 2022 and not 2021 including the release of the indefinite lived deferred tax liabilities due to the sale of land during 2022, an increase in current state tax expense, and current year changes in uncertain tax positions. Net Loss As a result of the factors described above, net loss was $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which represents a decrease in net loss of $3.8 million compared to net loss of $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations and cash and cash equivalents on hand. Cash and cash equivalents, which includes restricted cash and consists primarily of cash on deposit with banks, totaled $23.5 million as of December 31, 2022, compared to $19.6 million as of December 31, 2021. The $3.9 million increase in the balance of our cash and cash equivalents from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022, was primarily due to $1.7 million provided by investing activities and $5.1 million provided by financing activities, partially offset by $(2.9) million used in operating activities during 2022. 32 Table of Contents On December 17, 2021, we entered into the Credit Agreement with MUFG Union Bank, N.A. The Credit Agreement originally included a $20 million term loan commitment, which was fully advanced at closing, and a $15 million revolving loan commitment, which was undrawn as of December 31, 2022. On March 13, 2023, we entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement to amend the Credit Agreement, to among other things, terminate the revolving loan commitment in full and to establish a new maturity date for the term loan of December 31, 2024. In connection with the First Amendment to the Credit Agreement, we voluntarily prepaid $7.5 million of the outstanding principal of the term loan, which reduced our outstanding cash and cash equivalents. Our ability to fund our business plans, capital expenditures and to fund our other liquidity needs depends on our financial and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control, and the availability of cash and cash equivalents on hand. Our current financial projections show that we expect to be able to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to fund our ongoing and planned business operations and to fund our other liquidity needs. If, however, we are required to obtain additional borrowings to fund our ongoing or future business operations, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining such additional borrowings or upon terms that are acceptable to us. Our Credit Agreement contains, and any agreements to refinance our debt likely will contain, certain financial covenants, including the maintenance of minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and total debt to EBITDA ratio, as well as restrictive covenants that require us to limit our ability to incur additional debt, including to finance future operations or other capital needs, and to engage in other activities that we may believe are in our long-term best interests, including to dispose of or acquire assets. We are in compliance with our covenants under the Credit Agreement. However, conditions may change for a variety of reasons in the future that may affect our ability to maintain compliance with our financial or restrictive covenants. Our failure to comply with these financial covenants or the restrictive covenants may result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could accelerate the maturity of our indebtedness or result in modifications to our credit terms. Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Net cash provided by financing activities Cash flows from operating activities Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) $ (2,877) $ 1,731 5,061 916 (270) 608 Cash used in operating activities was $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and was primarily a result of an increase in contract assets, and changes in other operating assets and liabilities, offset by a reduction in trade accounts receivable. Operating activities provided $0.9 million of cash during the year ended December 31, 2021, and was primarily as a result of reductions in trade accounts receivable and income tax receivable, and changes in other operating assets and liabilities during 2022, offset by an increase in contract assets. Cash flows from investing activities Cash provided by investing activities of $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to proceeds from the sale of the sale of land and buildings and the sale of certain recovery contracts, offset by cash used in capital expenditures related to information technology software, data storage, hardware, telecommunication systems, and security enhancements to our information technology systems. Cash used in investing activities of $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 related to proceeds from the sale of certain recovery contracts, offset by cash used in capital expenditures related to information technology software, data storage, hardware, telecommunication systems, and security enhancements to our information technology systems. 33 Table of Contents Cash flows from financing activities Cash provided by financing activities of $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to $5.6 million of proceeds from exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, offset by $0.5 million in repayments of notes payable. Cash provided by financing activities of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to $42.6 million of net proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock in a public offering completed in 2021, and $20.0 million of borrowings from notes payable, offset by $60.9 million in repayments of notes payable. Restricted Cash As of December 31, 2022, restricted cash included in current assets on our consolidated balance sheet was $0.1 million. Notes Payable On December 17, 2021, we entered into the Credit Agreement with MUFG Union Bank, N.A. The Credit Agreement originally included a $20 million term loan commitment, which was fully advanced at closing and a $15 million revolving loan commitment, which was undrawn as of December 31, 2022. Subject to certain customary exceptions, the obligations under the Credit Agreement are, or will be, guaranteed by each of our existing and future, direct or indirect, domestic subsidiaries that are guarantors under the Credit Agreement. On March 13, 2023, we entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement to amend the Credit Agreement, to among other things, terminate the revolving loan commitment in full and to establish a new maturity date for the term loan of December 31, 2024. As a result of the First Amendment to the Credit Agreement, we do not have any further borrowing capacity under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2022, $19.5 million was outstanding under the Credit Agreement. The Company’s annual interest rate at December 31, 2022 was 7.5%. In connection with the First Amendment described above, we voluntarily prepaid $7.5 million of the outstanding principal of the term loan, which reduced our outstanding cash and cash equivalents. The proceeds from the term loan under the Credit Agreement were used, together with cash on hand, to refinance its credit agreement dated as of August 17, 2017, with ECMC Group, Inc. (as amended, the Prior Credit Agreement), and to pay fees and expenses in connection with the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, after giving effect to the First Amendment described above, we are required to repay the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loan under the Credit Agreement in quarterly installments which commenced on March 31, 2022 in an amount that would result in amortization of (a) 2.5% of the original term loan principal in the first full year following commencement of amortization, (b) 5.0% of the original term loan principal in the second full year following commencement of amortization, and (c) 10% of the original term loan principal in the third full year following commencement of amortization. In addition, we must make mandatory prepayments of the term loan principal under the Credit Agreement with the net cash proceeds received in connection with certain specified events, including certain asset sales, casualty and condemnation events (subject to customary reinvestment rights). Any remaining outstanding principal balance of the term loan under the Credit Agreement is repayable on the maturity date. Amounts repaid or prepaid with respect to the term loan under the Credit Agreement cannot be reborrowed. Under the Credit Agreement, after giving effect to the First Amendment described above, the term loan generally may bear interest based on term SOFR (the secured overnight financing right) or an annual base rate, as applicable, plus an applicable margin based on our leverage ratio each quarter that may range between 2.50% per annum and 4.00% per annum in the case of term SOFR loans, and between 1.50% per annum and 3.00% per annum in the case of base rate loans. In addition, a commitment fee based on unused availability if there are outstanding revolving loan commitments is also payable which may vary from 0.30% per annum to 0.50% per annum, also based on our leverage ratio, however, the revolving commitment was terminated in connection with the First Amendment described above. 34 Table of Contents The Credit Agreement contains certain customary representations, warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants by us and our subsidiaries that restrict the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ ability to take certain actions, including, incurrence of indebtedness, creation of liens, making certain investments, mergers or consolidations, dispositions of assets, assignments, sales or transfers of equity in subsidiaries, repurchase or redemption of capital stock, entering into certain transactions with affiliates, or changing the nature of the Company’s business. The Credit Agreement, after giving effect to the First Amendment described above, also contains financial covenants, which require us to maintain, as of the last day of each fiscal quarter commencing (a) as of September 30, 2023, a total leverage ratio of not greater than 10.00 to 1.00, (b) as of December 31, 2023 and as of the last day of each fiscal quarter thereafter, (i) a total leverage ratio of not greater than 2.50 to 1.00, and (ii) a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.20 to 1.00 and (c) prior to the earlier December 31, 2023 and the date that the Company’s leverage ratio is not greater than 2.50 to 1.00 and its fixed charge coverage ratio is not less than 1.20 to 1.00, a minimum amount of unrestricted cash subject to a perfected security interest in favor of MUFG Union Bank more specifically set forth in the Credit Agreement. The obligations under the Credit Agreement may be accelerated or the commitments terminated upon the occurrence of events of default under the Credit Agreement, which include payment defaults, defaults in the performance of affirmative and negative covenants, the inaccuracy of representations or warranties, bankruptcy and insolvency related defaults, cross defaults to other material indebtedness, defaults arising in connection with changes in control, and other customary events of default. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all financial covenants under the Credit Agreement. Contractual Obligations The following summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022: Contractual Obligations Notes payable Interest payments Operating lease obligations Purchase obligations Total Payments Due by Period Total Less Than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More Than 5 Years $ 19,500 $ 1,000 $ 3,000 $ 15,500 $ 1,923 2,304 6,112 539 1,228 5,948 969 1,076 164 415 — — $ 29,839 $ 8,715 $ 5,209 $ 15,915 $ — — — — — Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet arrangements. 35 Table of Contents Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income (Loss) To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we have disclosed in the table below and within this report adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income (loss), both of which are non-GAAP financial measures. We have provided a reconciliation below of adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to these non-GAAP financial measures. We have included adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income (loss) in this report because they are key measures used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends and to prepare and approve our annual budget. Accordingly, we believe that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income (loss) provide useful information to investors and analysts in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors. Our use of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income (loss) has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are: • • • • • • • although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements; adjusted EBITDA does not reflect interest expense on our indebtedness; adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs; adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax payments; adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income (loss) do not reflect the potentially dilutive impact of equity-based compensation; adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income (loss) do not reflect the impact of certain non-operating expenses resulting from matters we do not consider to be indicative of our core operating performance; and other companies may calculate adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income (loss) differently than we do, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these limitations, you should consider adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income (loss) alongside other financial performance measures, including net income (loss) and our other GAAP results. The following tables present a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 to actual net income (loss) for these periods: Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA: Net loss Provision for income taxes Interest expense (1) Stock based compensation Depreciation and amortization Impairment of long-lived assets Severance expenses (4) Non-core operating expenses (5) Gain on sale of certain recovery contracts (6) Gain on sale of land and buildings (7) Adjusted EBITDA 36 Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) $ $ (6,537) $ 132 1,007 3,036 4,524 — 274 10 (382) (1,120) 944 $ (10,288) 62 11,313 2,640 5,188 636 2,160 2,588 (2,403) — 11,896 Table of Contents Reconciliation of Adjusted Net Income (Loss): Net loss Stock based compensation Amortization of intangibles assets (2) Amortization of debt issuance costs (3) Impairment of long-lived assets Severance expenses (4) Non-core operating expenses (5) Gain on sale of certain recovery contracts (6) Gain on sale of land and buildings (7) Tax adjustments (8) Adjusted net loss Adjusted Earnings Per Diluted Share: Net income (loss) Plus: Adjusted items per reconciliation of adjusted net income Adjusted net income (loss) Adjusted earnings per diluted share Diluted average shares outstanding (9) Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) (6,537) $ 3,036 — 95 — 274 10 (382) (1,120) (526) (5,150) $ (10,288) 2,640 705 3,586 636 2,160 2,588 (2,403) — (2,726) (3,102) Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (6,537) $ (10,288) 1,387 (5,150) $ (0.07) 69,873 7,186 (3,102) (0.05) 60,461 $ $ $ $ (1) Represents interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Credit Agreement. (2) Represents amortization of intangibles related to the acquisition of Performant by an affiliate of Parthenon Capital Partners in 2004. (3) Represents amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Credit Agreement. (4) Represents severance expenses incurred in connection with a reduction in force for our non-healthcare recovery services. (5) Represents professional fees related to strategic corporate development activities. (6) Represents gain on the sale of certain non-healthcare recovery contracts in 2021 and 2022. (7) Represents gain on the sale of land and buildings in 2022. (8) Represents tax adjustments assuming a marginal tax rate of 27.5% at full profitability. (9) While net loss for the three months ended December 31, 2022 was $(235), the computation of adjusted net income (loss) results in adjusted net income of $442. Therefore, the calculation of the adjusted earnings per diluted share for the three months ended December 31, 2022 includes dilutive common share equivalents of 1,164 added to the basic weighted average shares of 74,291. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See "New Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 1(s) of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15 of this report. 37 Table of Contents Selected Financial Data The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the selected consolidated statements of operations data for each year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements which are included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, and the selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results. You should read the following selected consolidated historical financial data below in conjunction with the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements, related notes, and other financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data in this section is not intended to replace the consolidated financial statements and is qualified in its entirety by the consolidated financial statements and related notes and schedule included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2020 (In thousands, except per share amounts) 2019 2021 2018 Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: Revenues Operating Expenses: $ Salaries and benefits Other operating expense Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets Total operating expenses Loss from operations Gain on sale of certain recovery contracts Gain on sale of land and buildings Interest expense Interest income Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Net loss Net loss per share attributable to common shareholders (1) Basic Diluted Weighted average shares (in thousands) Basic Diluted $ $ $ 109,184 $ — 85,312 30,772 — 116,084 (6,900) 382 1,120 (1,007) — (6,405) 132 (6,537) 124,393 $ 155,937 $ 150,432 $ 155,668 87,440 38,269 100,654 42,248 115,194 47,687 — 125,709 (1,316) 2,403 — (11,313) — (10,226) 62 (10,288) 27,000 169,902 (13,965) — — (7,227) 21 (21,171) (7,182) (13,989) 7,200 170,081 (19,649) — — (7,589) 41 (27,197) (377) (26,820) 96,144 58,333 2,988 157,465 (1,797) — — (4,699) 28 (6,468) 1,542 (8,010) (0.09) $ (0.09) $ (0.17) $ (0.17) $ (0.26) $ (0.26) $ (0.50) $ (0.50) $ (0.15) (0.15) 72,937 72,937 60,461 60,461 54,414 54,414 53,468 53,468 52,064 52,064 (1) Please see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for an explanation of the calculations of our basic and diluted net income per share of common stock. 38 Table of Contents Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents Total assets Total notes payable Total liabilities Total stockholders’ equity 2022 2021 As of December 31, 2020 (in thousands) 2019 2018 $ 23,384 $ 118,833 19,500 34,348 84,485 17,347 $ 121,985 20,000 39,562 82,423 16,043 $ 126,227 60,863 84,247 41,980 3,373 $ 138,872 64,313 85,247 53,625 5,462 137,759 45,800 60,533 77,226 ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes. We conduct all of our business in U.S. currency and therefore do not have any material direct foreign currency risk. We do have exposure to changes in interest rates with respect to the borrowings under our senior secured credit facility, which bear interest at a variable rate based on SOFR. For example, if the interest rate on our borrowings increased 100 basis points (1%) from the credit facility floor of 1.0%, our annual interest expense would increase by approximately $0.2 million. While we currently hold our excess cash in an operating account, in the future we may invest all or a portion of our excess cash in short-term investments, including money market accounts, where returns may reflect current interest rates. As a result, market interest rate changes may impact our interest expense and interest income. This impact, if applicable, will depend on variables such as the magnitude of interest rate changes and the level of our borrowings under our credit facility or excess cash balances. ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and the reports of Baker Tilly US, LLP are set forth in the Index to Financial Statements under Item 15, Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and are incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Accounting Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our disclosure controls and procedures have been designed to meet reasonable assurance standards. Additionally, in designing internal controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Accounting Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on that evaluation, and as a result of the material weakness described below, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Accounting Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2022. 39 Table of Contents Our management has performed additional analyses and other post-closing procedures and has concluded that, notwithstanding this material weakness, our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position and results of operations and cash flows as of each of the dates, and for each of the periods, presented therein in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under the supervision of, and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, management assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in “Internal Control Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the "2013 COSO Framework"). The effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting, including ours, is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. Accordingly, in designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any system of internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Moreover, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessment concluded that its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 was not effective due to the material weakness described below. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In the fourth quarter of 2022, our management identified control deficiencies involving the design and operation of information technology general controls (“ITGCs”) around user access and change management for certain information technology (“IT”) systems that support our financial reporting process. Specifically, user access controls lacked sufficient segregation of duties as certain developers were granted greater access rights than required for their job responsibilities. For change management controls, the logging and monitoring of system configuration and data changes made by these users were not effectively designed, as change log reports could not be produced directly from certain IT systems. While we have other controls in place to log and monitor significant changes in our systems and databases, we did not maintain adequate or consistent documentation for all types of changes to ensure that all changes were tracked, authorized, and implemented appropriately. As a result, unauthorized changes could have gone undetected and could have had a direct or indirect impact on some of our financial reporting controls (both automated and manual) that relied on certain system reports. We had a number of internal controls over financial reporting that did not rely on system reports, and for some of the controls that required system reports, we verified the system reports against third-party source documents. Nonetheless we concluded that the deficiencies constituted a material weakness. Our management has performed additional analyses and other post-closing procedures and has concluded that, notwithstanding this material weakness, our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position and results of operations and cash flows as of each of the dates, and for each of the periods, presented therein in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Baker Tilly US, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an unqualified opinion on our financial statements, which states that our consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by Baker Tilly US, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein. 40 Table of Contents Remediation Plan This material weakness described above did not result in any material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements for the periods presented. Subsequent to the identification of the material weakness, we performed supplemental procedures and found no evidence of improper changes or changes with direct or consequential impact on internal controls over financial reporting. We have started the process of designing and implementing effective internal control measures to improve the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting and to remediate this material weakness. Our efforts include modifying ITGCs over user access and change management, enhancing our documentation to evidence execution of these ITGCs, and implementing additional controls designed to detect issues that could arise over users with elevated access rights. We are planning to complete such enhancements in 2023. We believe that these actions, collectively, will remediate the material weakness. However, the material weakness cannot be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and our management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We intend to continue to monitor and upgrade our internal controls as necessary or appropriate for our business but cannot provide assurance that such improvements will be sufficient to provide us with effective internal control over financial reporting. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Other than the changes described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting ITEM 9B. Other Information On March 13, 2023, we entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement with MUFG Union Bank, N.A to amend the Credit Agreement, to among other things, terminate the revolving loan commitment in full and to establish a new maturity date for the term loan of December 31, 2024. In connection with the First Amendment, we voluntarily prepaid $7.5 million of the outstanding principal of the term loan, which reduced our outstanding cash and cash equivalents. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, after giving effect to the First Amendment, we are required to repay the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loan under the Credit Agreement in quarterly installments which commenced on March 31, 2022 in an amount that would result in amortization of (a) 2.5% of the original term loan principal in the first full year following commencement of amortization, (b) 5.0% of the original term loan principal in the second full year following commencement of amortization, and (c) 10% of the original term loan principal in the third full year following commencement of amortization. Under the Credit Agreement, after giving effect to the First Amendment, the term loan generally may bear interest based on term SOFR (the secured overnight financing right) or an annual base rate, as applicable, plus an applicable margin based on our leverage ratio each quarter that may range between 2.50% per annum and 4.00% per annum, in the case of term SOFR loans and between 1.50% per annum and 3.00% per annum in the case of base rate loans. The Credit Agreement, after giving effect to the First Amendment, also contains financial covenants, which require us to maintain, as of the last day of each fiscal quarter commencing (a) as of September 30, 2023, a total leverage ratio of not greater than 10.00 to 1.00, (b) as of December 31, 2023 and as of the last day of each fiscal quarter thereafter, (i) a total leverage ratio of not greater than 2.50 to 1.00, and (ii) a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.20 to 1.00 and (c) prior to the earlier December 31, 2023 and the date that the Company’s leverage ratio is not greater than 2.50 to 1.00 and its fixed charge coverage ratio is not less than 1.20 to 1.00, a minimum amount of unrestricted cash subject to a perfected security interest in favor of MUFG Union Bank more specifically set forth in the Credit Agreement. Other than the terms relating to the First Amendment as set forth above, the terms of the original Credit Agreement with MUFG Union Bank, N.A. remain in full force and effect. ITEM 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable 41 Table of Contents PART III ITEM 10. Information About our Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies from the Registrant’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 11. Executive Compensation This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies from the Registrant’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies from the Registrant’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies from the Registrant’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies from the Registrant’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. 42 Table of Contents PART IV ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) Financial Statements (1) Financial Statements. The financial statements filed as part of this report are identified in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page F-1. (2) Financial Statement Schedules. See Item 15(c) below. (3) Exhibits. See Item 15(b) below. (b) Exhibits The following exhibits are filed herewith or are incorporated by reference to exhibits previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Exhibit Number Description 3.1 3.2 4.1 Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(b) to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2(b) to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2012, among the Registrant and the persons listed thereon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) 4.2* Description of Registrant’s Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its officers and directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 30, 2012) Form of Change of Control Agreement, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 30, 2012) Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Lisa Im, dated as of April 15, 2012, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Repurchase Agreement between the Registrant and Lisa C. Im dated as of July 3, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) Director Nomination Agreement between the Registrant and Parthenon DCS Holdings, LLC dated as of July 20, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Third Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 30, 2020) Credit Agreement, dated as of December 17, 2021, by and among the Company and the lenders from time to time party thereto and MUFG Union Bank, N.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 20, 2021) 10.8* First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2023, by and among the Company and the lenders from time to time party thereto and MUFG Union Bank, N.A. 43 Table of Contents Exhibit Number Description 21* 23.1* 24* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1* 32.2* List of Subsidiaries Consent of Baker Tilly US, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Powers of Attorney (included in the signature page to this report) Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Lisa C. Im Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Ian Johnston Furnished Statement of the Chief Executive Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Furnished Statement of the Chief Accounting Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 101.INS* XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Scheme 101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase 101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase 101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) *Filed herewith (c) Financial Statements and Schedules Schedules not listed above have been omitted because they are not applicable or required, or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes hereto. ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary Not applicable 44 Table of Contents Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Financial Statements of Performant Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 23) Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page F-2 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 F-1 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Performant Financial Corporation Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Performant Financial Corporation (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes and Schedule II (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 16, 2023 expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized revenue related to certain healthcare contracts using an output method based upon the date of delivering the results of claims audits and the expected future collections of such claims submitted. As described in Note 1(k) to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company may recognize revenue upon delivering the results of healthcare claims audits when sufficient reliable information is available to the Company for estimating variable consideration earned based on an output method that reasonably measures the Company’s satisfaction of its performance obligation. Recognition of revenue under this output method is highly judgmental as it requires an evaluation of when the Company believes it has enough experience with eligible contracts to recognize revenue under an output method. It also requires an estimate of expected future collections for claims submitted under each eligible contract. These estimates are dependent upon a number of factors, including the Company’s historical collections. F-2 Table of Contents Auditing contracts under this output method of revenue recognition is complex and highly judgmental due to the variability and uncertainty associated with assessing eligibility for the output method as well as estimating amounts expected to be recovered for claims submitted. Changes in these estimates could have a significant effect on the amount of revenue recognized. The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following: To evaluate the Company’s selection of contracts accounted for under this output method, we obtained and reviewed contracts for each healthcare claims audit customer utilizing this output method during the year ended December 31, 2022. We substantively tested management’s estimate of the historical collection activity and corresponding revenue recognition and contract asset. This included agreeing the inputs utilized by management to third party sources, testing the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculations and assessing the reasonableness of management’s revenue constraints and significant assumptions used in developing the constraints. Finally, for customers whose use of this output method was initiated during the year ended December 31, 2022 we reviewed management’s evaluation of the length and reasonableness of historical activity as a predictor of future collections such that the use of this output method was considered appropriate. As a result of the Company’s material weakness related to Information Technology General Controls (ITGCs), we increased the extent of substantive tests of details we would have otherwise made if the Company’s controls were designed and operating effectively. In addition, we utilized original source documents for audit evidence, rather than system reports or other information generated by the Company’s information technology (IT) systems. For any reports obtained from the IT systems, the engagement team designed specific audit procedures to substantively test the completeness and accuracy of such reports. /s/ Baker Tilly US, LLP We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018. Baker Tilly US, LLP Milwaukee, Wisconsin March 16, 2023 F-3 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Performant Financial Corporation Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Performant Financial Corporation’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company has not maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with auditing standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and our report dated March 16, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in management’s assessment: There were ineffective information technology general controls (ITGCs) in the areas of user access and program change- management over certain information technology (IT) systems that support the Company’s financial reporting processes. As a result, business process automated and manual controls that were dependent on the affected ITGCs were ineffective because they could have been adversely impacted. These control deficiencies were a result of IT controls that lacked sufficient segregation of duties as developers were granted administrative rights and the Company’s controls over logging and monitoring of system configuration and data changes made by these users were not effectively designed to detect erroneous or unauthorized changes. The material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the fiscal year 2022 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment about the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. F-4 Table of Contents Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process effected by those charged with governance, management, and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the preparation of reliable financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and those charged with governance; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention, or timely detection and correction of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any assessment of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Baker Tilly US, LLP Baker Tilly US, LLP Milwaukee, Wisconsin March 16, 2023 F-5 Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except per share amounts) Assets December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts Contract assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets Income tax receivable Total current assets Property, equipment, and leasehold improvements, net Goodwill Right-of-use assets Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Current maturities of notes payable, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $17 and $11, respectively Accrued salaries and benefits Accounts payable Other current liabilities Contract liabilities Estimated liability for appeals and disputes Lease liabilities Total current liabilities Notes payable, net of current portion and unamortized debt issuance costs of $316 and $416, respectively Lease liabilities Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: Common stock, $0.0001 par value. Authorized, 500,000 shares at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively; issued and outstanding, 75,505 and 69,281 shares at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. $ $ $ 23,384 $ 81 15,794 11,460 3,665 3,123 57,507 10,897 47,372 2,057 1,000 118,833 $ 17,347 2,203 20,808 8,113 3,077 3,159 54,707 15,708 47,372 3,235 963 121,985 983 $ 489 6,938 1,262 2,252 438 1,106 1,228 14,207 18,184 1,076 881 34,348 8,476 1,124 3,732 634 1,190 1,862 17,507 19,084 1,803 1,168 39,562 7 7 142,261 (57,783) 84,485 118,833 $ 133,662 (51,246) 82,423 121,985 $ F-6 Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Operations (In thousands, except per share amounts) Revenues Operating expenses: Salaries and benefits Other operating expenses Total operating expenses Loss from operations Gain on sale of certain recovery contracts Gain on sale of land and buildings Interest expense Loss before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Net loss Net loss per share attributable to common shareholders (see Note 1) Basic Diluted Weighted average shares (see Note 1) Basic Diluted See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 109,184 $ 2021 124,393 $ 85,312 30,772 116,084 (6,900) 382 1,120 (1,007) (6,405) 132 (6,537) $ 87,440 38,269 125,709 (1,316) 2,403 — (11,313) (10,226) 62 (10,288) (0.09) $ (0.09) $ (0.17) (0.17) 72,937 72,937 60,461 60,461 $ $ $ F-7 Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (In thousands) Common Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Total Balance, January 1, 2021 54,764 $ 5 $ 82,933 $ (40,958) $ 41,980 Common stock issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes Stock-based compensation expense Recognition of warrants associated with notes payable Proceeds from exercise of stock options Proceeds from public offering, net of costs Recognition of earnout shares issued Net loss 2,113 — — — 12,104 300 — 1 — — — 1 — — (633) 2,640 5,237 41 42,643 801 — — — — — — — (632) 2,640 5,237 41 42,644 801 (10,288) (10,288) Balance, December 31, 2021 69,281 $ 7 $ 133,662 $ (51,246) $ 82,423 Common stock issued under stock plans Stock-based compensation expense Proceeds from exercise of warrants Net loss 1,173 — 5,051 — — — — — — 3,036 5,563 — — — — 3,036 5,563 — (6,537) (6,537) Balance, December 31, 2022 75,505 $ 7 $ 142,261 $ (57,783) $ 84,485 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-8 Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: Loss on disposal of assets and impairment of long-lived assets Depreciation and amortization Right-of-use assets amortization Stock-based compensation Interest expense from debt issuance costs Loss on debt extinguishment Gain on sale of certain recovery contracts Gain on sale of land and buildings Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Trade accounts receivable Contract assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets Income tax receivable Other assets Accrued salaries and benefits Accounts payable Contract liabilities and other current liabilities Estimated liability for appeals and disputes Lease liabilities Other liabilities Cash flows from investing activities: Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Purchase of property, equipment, and leasehold improvements Proceeds from sale of certain recovery contracts Proceeds from sales of property, equipment, and leasehold improvements Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Repayment of notes payable Debt issuance costs paid Taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock awards Proceeds from exercise of warrants Proceeds from exercise of stock options Borrowings from notes payable Proceeds from public offering, net of costs Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year Reconciliation of the consolidated statements of cash flows to the consolidated balance sheets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period Non-cash financing activities: Recognition of earnout shares issued Recognition of warrants issued in debt financing Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Cash paid (received) for income taxes Cash paid for interest See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-9 For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ (6,537) $ (10,288) 41 4,524 1,178 3,036 95 — (382) (1,120) 5,014 (3,347) (588) 36 (37) (1,538) 138 (1,660) (84) (1,361) (285) (2,877) (3,585) 382 4,934 1,731 (500) (2) — 5,563 — — — 5,061 3,915 19,550 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 23,465 $ 23,384 $ 81 23,465 $ — $ — $ 250 $ 702 $ 722 5,188 1,808 2,640 3,586 3,371 (2,403) — 1,665 (3,647) 707 1,599 127 (323) 717 (292) 176 (2,104) (2,333) 916 (3,416) 3,146 — (270) (60,863) (581) (633) — 41 20,000 42,644 608 1,254 18,296 19,550 17,347 2,203 19,550 801 5,237 (589) 4,310 Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (a) Organization and Nature of Business Performant Financial Corporation (the Company, "we", or "our") is a leading provider of technology-enabled audit, recovery and analytics services in the United States with a focus in the healthcare payment integrity services industry. The Company works with healthcare payers through claims auditing and eligibility-based (also known as coordination-of-benefits or COB) services to identify improper payments. The Company engages clients in both government and commercial markets. The Company also has a call center which serves clients with multifaceted consumer engagement needs. Clients of the Company typically operate in complex and highly regulated environments and contract for their payment integrity needs in order to reduce losses on improper healthcare payments. The Company historically worked in recovery markets such as defaulted student loans, federal treasury receivables, and commercial recovery. However, with the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the continued pause on student loan recovery work, the Company sold certain of its non-healthcare recovery contracts, and did not renew or restart existing contracts, nor pursued new non-healthcare recovery opportunities in 2021. The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the operations of Performant Financial Corporation (Performant), its wholly-owned subsidiary Performant Business Services, Inc. (PBS), and PBS's wholly-owned subsidiaries Performant Recovery, Inc. (PRI), Performant Technologies, LLC (PTL), and Premiere Credit of North America, LLC (Premiere) through the end of 2021. Performant is a Delaware corporation headquartered in California and was formed in 2003. PBS is a Nevada corporation founded in 1997. PRI is a California corporation founded in 1976. PTL is a California limited liability company that was formed in 2004. The Company is managed and operated as one business, with a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer. (b) Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. The Company consolidates entities in which it has controlling financial interest, and as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 for the accompanying reporting periods, all of the Company’s subsidiaries are 100% owned. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. (c) Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, primarily accounts receivable, contract assets, goodwill, right-of-use assets, contract liabilities, estimated liability for appeals and disputes, lease liabilities, other liabilities, provision for (benefit from) income taxes, and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. (d) Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits. The Company deposits cash and cash equivalents with high credit quality financial institutions and believes that any amounts in excess of insurance limitations to be at minimal risk. Cash and cash equivalents held at these accounts are currently insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to a maximum of $250,000. The Company's credit loss in the event of failure of these financial institutions is represented by the difference between the FDIC limit and the total amounts on deposit. The Company collects monies on behalf of certain clients. Cash is often held on behalf of the clients in various trust accounts and is subsequently remitted to the clients based on contractual agreements. Cash held in these trust accounts for contracting agencies is not included in the Company’s assets (Note 9(a)). F-10 Table of Contents (e) Restricted Cash At December 31, 2022 and 2021, restricted cash included in current assets on our consolidated balance sheet was $0.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively, held in the form of certificates of deposit, which serve as collateral for letters of credit that were primarily associated with the recovery business. The Company’s restricted cash is held with high credit quality financial institutions and believes any amounts in excess of the FDIC limit to be at minimal risk. (f) Property, Equipment, and Leasehold Improvements Property, equipment, and leasehold improvements are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Furniture and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives ranging from 5 to 7 years. Buildings are depreciated using the straight-line method over 31.5 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated life of the asset or the remaining term of the lease. Computer software and computer hardware are depreciated using the straight-line method over 3 years and 5 years, respectively. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Improvements that extend the useful lives of assets are capitalized. When property is sold or retired, the cost and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheet and any gain or loss from the transaction is included in the consolidated statements of operations. (g) Goodwill The carrying amount of goodwill was $47.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, both of which were net of accumulated impairment loss of $34.2 million. Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the fair value assigned to the net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually in December, or more frequently if certain events or conditions arise during the year. There was no goodwill impairment as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company may first assess qualitative factors for indicators of impairment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test In performing the quantitative goodwill test, if the carrying value of the Company, as one reporting unit, exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired. The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the reporting unit. Impairment testing is based upon the best information available including our market capitalization and estimates of fair value which incorporate assumptions marketplace participants would use in making their estimates of fair value. Significant assumptions and estimates are required, including, but not limited to, projecting future cash flows, determining appropriate discount rates and terminal growth rates, and other assumptions, to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit, inclusive of goodwill. Although the Company believes the assumptions and estimates made are reasonable and appropriate, different assumptions and estimates could materially impact the amount of impairment. (h) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets or intangibles may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. (i) System Developments The Company follows the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 350-40, Internal-Use Software, which specifies that costs incurred during the application stage of development should be capitalized. All other costs are expensed as incurred. During 2022 and 2021, costs of $2.3 million and $2.8 million, respectively, were capitalized for projects in the application stage of development. Depreciation expense for completed projects during 2022 and 2021 were $3.4 million and $3.0 million, respectively. F-11 Table of Contents (j) Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs represent loan and legal fees paid in connection with the issuance of long-term debt. Debt issuance costs are deducted from current and non-current notes payable and are amortized to interest expense under the effective interest method in accordance with key terms of the notes payable. (k) Revenues, Accounts Receivable, Contract Assets, Contract Liabilities, and Estimated Liability for Appeals and Disputes The Company derives its revenues primarily from providing audit, recovery, and analytics services. Revenues are recognized upon completion of these services for its customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: • • • • • Identification of the contract with a customer Identification of the performance obligations in the contract Determination of the transaction price Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and Recognition of revenue when, or as, the performance obligations are satisfied. The Company accounts for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. The Company’s contracts generally contain a single performance obligation, delivered over time as a series of services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the client, as the promise to transfer the individual services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and, therefore, not distinct. The Company’s contracts are composed primarily of variable consideration. Fees earned under the Company’s audit and recovery services contracts consist primarily of contingency fees based on a specified percentage of the amount the Company enables its clients to recover. The contingency fee percentage for a particular recovery depends on the type of recovery or claim facilitated. The Company either applies the as-invoiced practical expedient where its right to consideration corresponds directly to its right to invoice its clients, or the variable consideration allocation exception where the variable consideration is attributable to one or more, but not all, of the services promised in a series of distinct services that form part of a single performance obligation. As such the Company has elected the optional exemptions related to the as-invoiced practical expedient and the variable consideration allocation exception whereby the disclosure of the amount of transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations is not required. The Company estimates variable consideration only if it can reasonably measure the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation using an output method based on reliable information, and recognizes such revenue over the performance period only if it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Any change made to the measure of progress toward complete satisfaction of our performance obligation is recorded as a change in estimate. The Company exercises judgment to estimate the amount of constraint on variable consideration based on the facts and circumstances of the relevant contract operations and availability and reliability of data. The Company reviews the constraint on variable consideration at least quarterly. While the Company believes the estimates made are reasonable and appropriate, different assumptions and estimates could materially impact the amount of variable consideration recognized. For contracts that contain a refund right, the Company estimates its refund liability for each claim, as needed, and recognizes revenue net of such estimate. Under certain contracts, consideration can include periodic performance-based bonuses which can be awarded based on the Company’s performance under the specific contract. These performance-based bonuses are considered variable and may be constrained by the Company until there is not a risk of a significant reversal. F-12 Table of Contents The Company has applied the as-invoiced practical expedient or the variable consideration allocation exception to contracts with performance obligations that have an average remaining duration of less than a year. For healthcare claims audit contracts, the Company may recognize revenue upon delivering its findings from claims audits, when sufficient reliable information is available to the Company for estimating the variable consideration earned based on an output metric that reasonably measures the Company's satisfaction of its performance obligation. For eligibility-based or COB contracts, the Company recognizes revenue when insurance companies or other responsible parties have remitted payments to the clients. For certain recovery contracts, revenue is recognized when the clients collect on amounts owed to them as a result of the Company’s services. For student loan recovery services, loan rehabilitation revenue is recognized when the rehabilitated loans are funded by clients. Bonuses are recognized upon receipt of official notification of bonus awards from customers. For customer care / outsourced services clients, the Company recognizes revenues based on the volume of processed transactions or the quantity of labor hours provided. The following table presents revenue disaggregated by category (in thousands) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: Eligibility-based Claims-based Healthcare Total Recovery (1) Customer Care / Outsourced Services Total Revenues Years Ended December 31, 2021 2022 (in thousands) $ $ 53,284 $ 41,382 94,666 $ 241 14,277 48,276 29,178 77,454 33,405 13,534 $ 109,184 $ 124,393 (1) Represents student lending, state and municipal tax authorities, IRS and Department of Treasury markets, as well as Premiere. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had two and three different clients, respectively, whose individual revenues exceeded 10% of the Company’s total revenues. The dollar amount and percent of total revenue of each of the three clients are summarized in the table below (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Rank 1 2 Revenue $58,155 $12,004 Percent of total revenue 53% 11% Rank 1 2 3 Revenue $55,471 $15,893 $15,491 Percent of total revenue 45% 13% 13% Accounts receivable from the top two customers were 47% of total trade accounts receivable at December 31, 2022, of which one of these customers comprised 47% of total trade receivables. Accounts receivable from the top three customers were 74% of total trade receivables at December 31, 2021, of which two of these customers comprised 50% and 24% of total trade receivables. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Amounts collected on trade accounts receivable are included in cash used in operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company determines the allowance for doubtful accounts by specific identification. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $0 for December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. F-13 Table of Contents Contract assets were $11.5 million and $8.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Contract assets relate to the Company’s rights to consideration for services completed during the respective years, but not invoiced at the reporting date, and receipt of payment is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Contract assets primarily consist of commissions the Company estimates it has earned from completed claims audit findings submitted to healthcare clients. The increase in contract assets resulted from additional consideration earned for services provided to healthcare clients during 2022 and an update in the measure of progress under certain contracts, offset by invoiced amounts. Contract assets are recorded to accounts receivable when the Company's right to payment becomes unconditional, which is generally when healthcare providers have paid our clients. There was no impairment loss related to contract assets for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company had contract liabilities of $0.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and $0.6 million as of December 31, 2021. The Company’s contract liabilities related to certain reimbursable costs due to a healthcare client. Healthcare providers of our clients have the right to appeal claims audit findings and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of healthcare clients. For coordination-of-benefits contracts, insurance companies or other responsible parties may dispute the Company’s findings regarding our clients not being the primary payer of healthcare claims. Total estimated liability for appeals and disputes was $1.1 million and $1.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This represents the Company’s best estimate of the amount probable of being refunded to the Company’s healthcare clients. The Company determined that it did not have any material costs related to obtaining or fulfilling a contract that are recoverable and as such, those contract costs were expensed as incurred. (l) Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets At December 31, 2022, prepaid expenses and other current assets were $3.7 million and included approximately $1.5 million related to prepaid software licenses and maintenance agreements, $1.8 million for prepaid insurance, and $0.4 million for various other prepaid expenses. At December 31, 2021, prepaid expenses and other current assets were $3.1 million and included approximately $1.4 million related to prepaid software licenses and maintenance agreements, $1.1 million for prepaid insurance, and $0.6 million for various other prepaid expenses. (m) Other Current Liabilities At December 31, 2022, other current liabilities were $2.3 million and primarily included $1.8 million for services received for which we have not received an invoice, $0.3 million for accrued interest for the MUFG loan, $0.1 million for estimated workers' compensation claims incurred but not reported and $0.1 million for third party fees and equipment financing payables. At December 31, 2021, other current liabilities were $3.7 million and primarily included $3.6 million for services received for which we have not received an invoice, $0.1 million for estimated workers' compensation claims incurred but not reported and 3rd party fees and equipment financing payables. (n) Legal Expenses The Company recognizes legal fees related to litigation as they are incurred. (o) Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, short-term debt and long-term debt. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values based on or due to their short-term maturities. The carrying values of short-term debt and long-term debt approximate fair value, in which their variable interest rates approximate market rates. F-14 Table of Contents (p) Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset-and-liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying value of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and taxation purposes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The state and local tax jurisdictions in which the Company operates may change resulting in changes to the state tax rates and apportionment allocations used in calculating the tax rate applied to deferred income tax assets and liabilities. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. Interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded in income tax expense. (q) Stock-based Compensation The Company accounts for its employee stock-based compensation awards in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. FASB ASC Topic 718 requires that all employee stock-based compensation is recognized as a cost in the consolidated financial statements and that for equity-classified awards, such cost is measured at the grant date fair value of the award. FASB ASC Topic 718 also requires that excess tax benefits recognized in equity related to stock option exercises are reflected as financing cash inflows. There was no income tax benefit resulting from the exercise of stock options in both 2022 and 2021. (r) Loss per Share For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, basic loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common shareholders by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common shares equivalents outstanding during the period. The Company’s common share equivalents consist of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance stock units, and warrants. When there is a loss in the period, dilutive common share equivalents are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive. The following table reconciles the basic to diluted weighted average shares outstanding using the treasury stock method (shares in thousands): Weighted average shares outstanding – basic Dilutive effect of common share equivalents Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 72,937 — 72,937 60,461 — 60,461 Since the Company was in a loss position for both periods presented, basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share, as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows (shares in thousands): Options to purchase common stock RSUs Warrants outstanding Total F-15 Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 250 3,905 — 4,155 1,593 2,935 6,310 10,838 Table of Contents (s) New Accounting Pronouncements In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2020-06, "Debt-Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity", which is intended to simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by removing certain separation models in Subtopic 470-20, Debt-Debt with Conversion and Other Options, for convertible instruments. The pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. The Company's adoption of ASU 2020-06 as of January 1, 2022 had no impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In February 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-02, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) and Leases (Topic 842) – Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 119 and Update to SEC Section on Effective Date Related to Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).” This ASU provides updated guidance on how an entity should measure credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables, held at the reporting date. The amendments make each Topic easier to understand and easier to apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. It also addresses transition and open effective date information for Topic 842. ASU 2016-13, ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-11 and ASU 2020-02 (collectively, “ASC 326”) are effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, except for Smaller Reporting Companies. This ASU is effective for the Company for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. The adoption of this pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. 2. Property, Equipment, and Leasehold Improvements Property, equipment, and leasehold improvements consist of the following at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Land Building and leasehold improvements Furniture and equipment Computer hardware and software Less accumulated depreciation and amortization Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 $ $ — $ 3,785 3,094 76,906 83,785 (72,888) 10,897 $ 1,943 7,411 5,757 74,850 89,961 (74,253) 15,708 Depreciation and amortization expense was $4.5 million for each the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company sold two buildings and related land in September of 2022, which resulted in a gain of $1.1 million. 3. Credit Agreement As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $19.5 million and $20.0 million, respectively, was outstanding under the credit agreement with MUFG Union Bank, N.A. (the Credit Agreement). The Company’s annual interest rate at December 31, 2022 and 2021, was 7.5% and 5.6%, respectively. On December 17, 2021, Performant entered into a Credit Agreement with MUFG Union Bank, N.A. The Credit Agreement originally included a $20 million term loan commitment, which was fully advanced at closing and a $15 million revolving loan commitment, which was undrawn as of December 31, 2021. Subject to certain customary exceptions, the obligations under the Credit Agreement are, or will be, guaranteed by each of the Company’s existing and future, direct or indirect, domestic subsidiaries. The obligations of the Company under the Credit Agreement are secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company and each of its domestic subsidiaries that are guarantors under the Credit Agreement. The proceeds from the term loan under the Credit Agreement were used by the Company, together with cash on hand, to repay in full its credit agreement dated as of August 17, 2017, with ECMC Group, Inc. as amended, (the Prior Credit Agreement), and to pay fees and expenses in connection with the Credit Agreement. F-16 Table of Contents On March 13, 2023, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement to amend the Credit Agreement, to among other things, terminate the revolving loan commitment in full and to establish a new maturity date for the term loan of December 31, 2024. As a result of the First Amendment to the Credit Agreement, the Company does not have any further borrowing capacity under the Credit Agreement. In connection with the First Amendment, the Company voluntarily prepaid $7.5 million of the outstanding principal of the term loan, which reduced our outstanding cash and cash equivalents. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, after giving effect to the First Amendment described above, the Company is required to repay the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loan under the Credit Agreement in quarterly installments commencing March 31, 2022 in an amount that would result in amortization of (a) 2.5% of the original term loan principal in the first full year following commencement of amortization, (b) 5.0% of the original term loan principal in the second full year following commencement of amortization, and (c) 10.0% of the original term loan principal in the third full year following commencement of amortization. In addition, the Company must make mandatory prepayments of the term loan principal under the Credit Agreement with the net cash proceeds received in connection with certain specified events, including certain asset sales, casualty and condemnation events (subject to customary reinvestment rights). Any remaining outstanding principal balance of the term loan under the Credit Agreement is repayable on the maturity date. Amounts repaid or prepaid by the Company with respect to the term loan under the Credit Agreement cannot be reborrowed. Under the Credit Agreement, after giving effect to the First Amendment described above, the term loan generally may bear interest based on term SOFR (the secured overnight financing right) or an annual base rate, as applicable, plus an applicable margin based on the Company’s leverage ratio each quarter that may range between 2.50% per annum and 4.00% per annum, in the case of term SOFR loans and between 1.50% per annum and 3.00% per annum in the case of base rate loans. The SOFR rate was approximately 2.8% as of December 31, 2021. In addition, a commitment fee based on the unused availability if there are outstanding revolving loan commitments is also payable which may vary from 0.30% per annum to 0.50% per annum, also based on the Company’s leverage ratio, however, the revolving commitment was terminated in connection with the First Amendment described above. The Credit Agreement contains certain customary representations, warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants of the Company and its subsidiaries that restrict the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ ability to take certain actions, including, incurrence of indebtedness, creation of liens, making certain investments, mergers or consolidations, dispositions of assets, assignments, sales or transfers of equity in subsidiaries, repurchase or redemption of capital stock, entering into certain transactions with affiliates, or changing the nature of the Company’s business. The Credit Agreement, after giving effect to the First Amendment described above, also contains financial covenants, which require the Company to maintain, as of the last day of each fiscal quarter commencing (a) as of September 30, 2023, a total leverage ratio of not greater than (i) 10.00 to 1.00, (b) as of December 31, 2023 and as of the last day of each fiscal quarter thereafter, (i) a total leverage ratio of not greater than 2.50 to 1.00, and (ii) a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.20 to 1.00 and (c) prior to the earlier December 31, 2023 and the date that the Company’s leverage ratio is not greater than 2.50 to 1.00 and its fixed charge coverage ratio is not less than 1.20 to 1.00, a minimum amount of unrestricted cash subject to a perfected security interest in favor of MUFG Union Bank more specifically set forth in the Credit Agreement. The obligations under the Credit Agreement may be accelerated or the commitments terminated upon the occurrence of events of default under the Credit Agreement, which include payment defaults, defaults in the performance of affirmative and negative covenants, the inaccuracy of representations or warranties, bankruptcy and insolvency related defaults, cross defaults to other material indebtedness, defaults arising in connection with changes in control, and other customary events of default. Other than the terms relating to the First Amendment as set forth above, the terms of the original Credit Agreement with MUFG Union Bank, N.A. remain in full force and effect. In consideration for the borrowings under the Prior Credit Agreement (the Loans), the Company issued warrants to ECMC to purchase up to an aggregate of 5,794,990 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $1.92 per share. On May 24, 2021, Amendment No. 5 to the Prior Credit Agreement became effective upon the consummation of the sale of certain non-healthcare recovery contracts and satisfaction of certain conditions specified therein, including a prepayment of $6.0 million of the Loans. This amendment was accounted for as a modification in accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt Modifications and Extinguishments. Upon the effectiveness of the Fifth Amendment, which included the extension of the maturity of the loans for a one-year period, the Company was required to issue additional warrants at the exercise price of $0.96 per share to purchase up to an aggregate of 515,110 additional shares of common stock of the Company, the exercise price for a portion of the existing warrants issued to ECMC to purchase 1,931,663 shares of common stock of the Company was reduced from $1.92 to $0.96 per share, and the contractual term of the existing warrants issued to ECMC to purchase F-17 Table of Contents 3,863,326 shares of common stock of the Company was extended to August 11, 2023. In addition, the Company issued to ECMC 300,000 shares of common stock of the Company in connection with an amendment to a separate agreement. The Company accounted for these warrants as equity instruments since the warrants are indexed to the Company’s common shares and meet the criteria for classification in shareholders’ equity. The fair values of the warrants, the incremental fair values of the warrants modified by Amendment No. 5, and the incremental fair value of the 300,000 shares of common stock issued to ECMC to settle the earnout payable, along with loan fees were treated as a discount to the Loans. These amounts totaled $6.1 million on the effective date of the debt modification and were being amortized to interest expense under the effective interest method over the life of the Loans until the Loans were paid off on December 17, 2021. The remaining unamortized debt issuance costs of $3.4 million were recorded in interest expense on the statements of operations and in loss on debt extinguishment on the statements of cash flows. There were no warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2022. Outstanding debt obligations are as follows (in thousands): Principal amount Less: unamortized debt issuance costs Loan payable less unamortized debt issuance costs Less: current maturities Long-term loan payable, net of current maturities 4. Leases December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 $ $ 19,500 $ (333) 19,167 (983) 18,184 $ 20,000 (427) 19,573 (489) 19,084 The Company has entered into various non-cancelable operating lease agreements for office facilities and equipment with original lease periods expiring between 2020 and 2025. Certain of these arrangements have free rent periods and/or escalating rent payment provisions. As such, the Company recognizes rent expense under such arrangements on a straight- line basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Some leases include options to renew. The Company does not assume renewals in the determination of the lease term unless the renewals are deemed to be reasonably assured at lease commencement. The lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Operating lease expense was $1.9 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Supplemental cash flow and other information related to operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows: Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term Weighted Average Discount Rate Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities included in operating cash flows 2022 2.2 years 6.2 % 2021 2.5 years 6.4 % $2.1 million $2.1 million The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2023 2024 2025 Total undiscounted cash flows Less imputed interest Total F-18 Amount $ 1,337 697 441 2,475 (171) 2,304 $ Table of Contents 5. Capital Stock Since August 15, 2012, the authorized common stock has been 500,000,000 shares and the authorized preferred stock has been 50,000,000 shares. 6. Stock-based Compensation (a) Stock Options The terms of the Performant Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (2012 Plan) provide for the granting of incentive stock options within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code) to employees and the granting of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, stock unit awards and cash-based awards to employees, non-employee directors and consultants. The Company has reserved 14,550,000 shares of common stock under the Third Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Incentive Plan. Options granted under the 2012 Plan generally vest over four years. The exercise price of incentive stock options shall generally not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock subject to the option on the date that the option is granted. The exercise price of nonqualified stock options shall generally not be less than 85% of the fair market value of the common stock subject to the option on the date that the option is granted. Options issued under the 2012 Plan have a maximum term of 10 years and vest over schedules determined by the Company's Board of Directors. Total stock-based compensation expense charged as salaries and benefits expense in the consolidated statements of operations was $3.0 million and $2.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table sets forth a summary of the Company's stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: Outstanding Options Weighted average exercise price per share Weighted average remaining contractual life (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Outstanding at January 1, 2021 1,815,561 $ 10.31 1.9 $ Granted Forfeited Exercised Outstanding at December 31, 2021 Granted Forfeited/expired Exercised Outstanding December 31, 2022 Vested, exercisable, and expected to vest (1) at December 31, 2022 Exercisable at December 31, 2022 (1) Options expected to vest reflect an estimated forfeiture rate. — (210,960) (11,500) 1,593,101 $ — (1,343,101) — 250,000 $ 250,000 $ 250,000 $ — 9.16 3.57 10.51 — 10.55 — 10.31 10.31 10.31 0.8 $ 0.9 0.9 0.9 $ $ $ — — 12 14 7 — — — 20 20 20 The Company recognizes share-based compensation costs as expense on a straight-line basis over the option vesting period, which generally is four years. There were no stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The aggregate intrinsic value of our stock options (the amount by which the market price of the stock on the date of exercise exceeded the exercise price of the option) exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0 and 14 thousand, respectively. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock options. Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options were $0 and $41 thousand during 2022 and 2021, respectively. F-19 Table of Contents If stock options had been granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the fair value of each option grant would have been estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. Expected volatilities are calculated based on the historical volatility data of the Company over a term comparable to the expected term of the options issued. The expected term of the award is determined based on the average of the vesting term and the contractual term. Management monitors share option exercise and employee termination patterns to estimate forfeiture rates within the valuation model. (b) Restricted Stock Units The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: Outstanding at January 1, 2021 Granted Forfeited Vested and converted to shares, net of units withheld for taxes Units withheld for taxes Outstanding at December 31, 2021 Granted Forfeited Vested and converted to shares Outstanding at December 31, 2022 Expected to vest at December 31, 2022 Number of Awards 4,592,644 $ 1,411,564 (669,570) (2,101,431) (297,856) $ 2,935,351 $ 2,412,906 (270,674) (1,172,977) 3,904,606 3,438,199 $ $ Weighted average grant date fair value 1.27 4.49 1.51 1.17 1.40 2.85 2.66 2.70 2.49 2.85 2.85 Restricted stock units and performance stock units granted under the Performant Financial Corporation Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Incentive Plan generally vest over periods between one year and four years. Share-based compensation cost for restricted stock units (RSUs) is measured based on the closing fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The Company recognizes share-based compensation cost over the award's requisite service period on a straight-line basis for time-based RSUs and on a graded basis for RSUs that are contingent on the achievement of performance conditions. Certain of the RSUs that vested in 2021 were net-share settled such that the Company withheld shares with value equivalent to the employees’ minimum statutory obligation for the applicable income and other employment taxes and remitted the cash to the appropriate taxing authorities. The total shares withheld were approximately 298,000 shares for 2021 and were based on the value of the RSUs on their respective vesting dates as determined by the Company’s closing stock price. These net-share settlements had the effect of share repurchases by the Company as they reduced the number of shares that would have otherwise been issued as a result of the vesting and did not represent an expense to the Company. After June 2021, the Company discontinued offering net-share settlement as a method of employees meeting their minimum statutory obligation for their applicable income and other employment taxes. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was $8.4 million and $6.0 million of compensation expense yet to be recognized related to non-vested restricted stock units. The unrecognized expense as of December 31, 2022 is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 3.1 years. Restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately 1,173,000 and 2,399,000 shares, respectively. Restricted stock units granted under the 2012 Plan generally vest over periods between one year and four years. 7. Employee Benefit Plan The Company has a 401(k) Salary Deferral Plan (the Plan) covering all full-time employees who have met certain service requirements. Employees may contribute a portion of their salary up to the maximum limit established by the Code for such plans. Employer contributions are discretionary. No matching contributions were made during 2022 and 2021. F-20 Table of Contents 8. Income Taxes The Company’s income tax expense consists of the following (in thousands): Current: Federal State Deferred: Federal State Total expense 2022 2021 $ 163 $ 4 167 (15) $ (20) (35) 132 $ $ $ 128 (66) 62 — — — 62 The reconciliation between the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% for 2022 and 2021 to income before taxes and the Company's tax provision for 2022 and 2021 is as follows: Federal income at the statutory rate State income tax, net of federal benefit Permanent differences Work opportunity credit Return to provision true-up Stock-based compensation Valuation allowance Change in uncertain tax positions Other Effective tax rate 2022 2021 21 % — (1) 2 3 (24) — (3) — 21 % 1 11 — (2) — (30) — (2) (2) % (1) % F-21 Table of Contents The following table summarized the components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Deferred tax assets Vacation accrual Nonqualified stock options State tax deferral State tax credits Net operating loss Interest expense limitation Lease liability Appeals reserve Federal tax credits Other Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Fixed assets Right of use asset Other Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liabilities 2022 2021 $ 542 725 137 79 6,148 2,968 610 289 145 507 12,150 (9,404) $ 2,746 (1,577) $ (545) (624) (2,746) — $ 562 2,859 347 452 4,762 3,021 1,025 — — 2,047 15,075 (10,727) 4,348 (2,944) (949) (490) (4,383) (35) $ $ $ $ As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not realizable based upon the assessment of all positive and negative evidence. The total amount of the valuation allowance at December 31, 2022 is $9.4 million, which is a decrease of $1.3 million from the amount recorded as of December 31, 2021. The decrease in the valuation allowance from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2021 is primarily driven by a decrease in the deferred state tax rate associated with the business operations impact on state apportionment and an increase in net operating losses, offset by nonqualified stock options expiring unexercised during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in a reduction of the nonqualified stock options deferred tax asset. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the reversal of deferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carryback and carryforward periods), projected future taxable income and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon the Company’s cumulative three-year loss position and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will be unable to realize the benefits of these deductible differences. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could change in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period change. The Company has state tax credits of $0.1 million, which will begin to expire in 2023 and federal tax credits of $0.1 million. The Company has state net operating loss carryforwards of $44.0 million which will start to expire in 2023 and a federal net operating loss carryforward of $14.4 million which will be carried forward indefinitely. F-22 Table of Contents The following table reconciles the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 from its unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands): Unrecognized tax benefits balance at December 31, 2021 Increase related to prior year tax positions Increase related to current year tax positions Lapse of statute of limitations Unrecognized tax benefits balance at December 31, 2022 $ $ 397 157 6 (51) 509 At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had approximately $0.5 million and $0.4 million of unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. The Company has $0.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits for which the Company believes will be finally determined during the next twelve months either through settlement or the statute of limitations is scheduled to expire. The Company records interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The amount of accrued interest was $0.1 million and $0.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. No penalties were recognized in 2022 or accrued at December 31, 2022, and 2021 respectively. The Company has unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $0.5 million which, if recognized, would favorably affect the Company’s effective income tax rate. The Company files income tax returns with the U.S. federal government and various state jurisdictions. The Company is subject to federal income tax examinations based upon statute of limitations for tax years 2018 forward. The Company operates in a number of state and local jurisdictions, most of which have never audited the Company's records. Accordingly, the Company is subject to state and local income tax examinations based upon the various statutes of limitations in each jurisdiction. For tax years before 2018, the Company is subject to examination and assessment to the extent of net operating losses carryback refunds requested. The Company has an ongoing federal examination by the Internal Revenue Service for the 2018 tax year. 9. Other Commitments and Contingencies (a) Trust Funds The Company collects payments from counterparties on behalf of certain of our COB clients, where our client is owed a refund because they are not the primary payer for a healthcare claim as the covered member has other forms of insurance coverage. These cash collections are held in trust in bank accounts controlled by the Company. The Company remits trust funds to the clients on a regular basis. The amount of cash held in trust and the related liability are separated from and not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Cash held in trust for customers totaled $1.7 million and $0.2 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. (b) Litigation The Company, during the ordinary course of its operations, has been named in various legal suits and claims, several of which are still pending. In the opinion of management and the Company’s legal counsel, such legal actions are not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations or cash flows. 10. Subsequent Events The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued and identified the following event which does not require adjustments to the consolidated financial statements. On March 13, 2023, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement to amend the Credit Agreement to, among other things, terminate the revolving loan commitment in full and to establish a new maturity date for the term loan of December 31, 2024. In connection with the First Amendment, the Company voluntarily prepaid $7.5 million of the outstanding principal of the term loan, which reduced our outstanding cash and cash equivalents. . F-23 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION By: /s/ Lisa C. Im Lisa C. Im Chief Executive Officer Date: March 16, 2023 POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Lisa C. Im and Ian Johnston, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name /s/ Lisa C. Im Lisa C. Im /s/ Ian Johnston Ian Johnston /s/ James LaCamp James LaCamp /s/ Bradley M. Fluegel Bradley M. Fluegel /s/ William D. Hansen William D. Hansen /s/ Eric Yanagi Eric Yanagi Title Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Board Chair Date March 16, 2023 Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Financial Officer) March 16, 2023 Director Director Director Director March 16, 2023 March 16, 2023 March 16, 2023 March 16, 2023 Table of Contents SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 Allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands): Description 2022 2021 Balance at Beginning of Period Additions Charged against Expense Recoveries Charge-offs Balance at End of Period $ $ — 49 — — — — — $ (49) $ — — Estimated allowance and liability for appeals and disputes (in thousands): Description 2022 2021 Balance at Beginning of Period Additions Charged against Revenue Appeals Found in Providers Favor Balance at End of Period $ $ 1,190 1,014 1,296 1,169 (1,380) $ (993) $ 1,106 1,190 Deferred tax asset valuation allowance (in thousands): Description 2022 2021 Balance at Beginning of Period $ $ 10,727 6,249 Additions Releases Balance at End of Period — 4,478 1,323 $ — $ 9,404 10,727 

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