Perrigo Company
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

2018 Annual Report About Perrigo Perrigo Company plc is dedicated to making lives better by bringing Quality, Affordable Self-Care Products™ that consumers trust everywhere they are sold. The Company is a leading provider of over-the-counter health and wellness solutions that enhance individual well-being by empowering consumers to proactively prevent or treat conditions that can be self-managed. 2 | Perrigo 2018 Annual Report Inside 04 KEY FACTS 05 06 2018 HIGHLIGHTS CHAIRMAN LETTER 07 08 CEO LETTER RESPONSIBILITY 10 SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION INSIDE BACK COVER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Perrigo 2018 Annual Report | 3 Key Facts 14,000+ Stock keeping units 3,000+ Product formulations 20 10,000+ Manufacturing facilities Employees 2018 Highlights1 • Delivered net sales of $4.7 billion and adjusted operating profit of $0.9 billion. • Increased year-over-year investments in research and development by 5% to enhance our new product pipeline and advertising to drive future growth; additional investments are being made to address supply constraints. • Consumer Healthcare International (CHCI) improved its adjusted operating margin to an annual record of 16% through new products and better SG&A efficiencies, as the Company continued to take actions to simplify and upgrade the portfolio. • Consumer Healthcare Americas (CHCA) delivered net sales growth of 1.4% year-over-year2 driven by net sales in the infant formula, analgesics and dermatological categories. • Prescription Pharmaceuticals (RX) increased R&D investments by 18% as the team continued to identify attractive opportunities for new products. • Expanded our growth strategy with a licensing deal for the non-prescription, over-the-counter (OTC) Nasonex® Nasal Spray. • Launched more than 90 new products generating approximately $170 million in net sales. • Achieved 102% operating cash flow conversion to adjusted net income and cash from operations of $643 million.3 • Used balance sheet strength to repurchase approximately 5.1 million shares of our common stock and pay approximately $105 million in dividends. 1 See page 10 for reconciliation of Adjusted (Non-GAAP) to Reported (GAAP) amounts. 2 On a constant currency basis and excluding animal health. 3 Cash flow conversion to adjusted net income and cash from operations exclude a $50 million payment for Nasonex® OTC. Perrigo 2018 Annual Report | 5 Chairman Letter Dear Fellow Shareholders, I was elected Chairman of Perrigo Company plc on May 7, 2018, and I am excited to be serving the company during this challenging time. During the year, the Company faced a number of challenges that impacted its ability to fully drive its growth agenda for the year. While key leadership changes and market dynamics introduced opportunities for meaningful change that will position the company well for growth, it also impacted the company’s near-term momentum. After a portfolio evaluation mid-year, it was concluded that Perrigo should sell or spin its Prescription Pharmaceuticals division and become a focused consumer company. While the separation process has been time consuming, we believe this will be the best path to create long-term shareholder value. Major initiatives are also underway to improve customer service, launch new products and enhance margins across the organization. The decision to focus the Company on its consumer core also made it apparent that a Chief Executive Officer with deep consumer packaged goods experience was needed to lead that transformation. We found that ideal leader in consumer- packaged goods veteran Murray S. Kessler. Murray has more than 30 years of experience in growing consumer products companies in a regulated environment and creating significant shareholder value. We are confident that his track record will advance Perrigo’s consumer transformation and best positions the Company to deliver on our commitments to all of our stakeholders. In his few short months with Perrigo, Murray and his team have rapidly put in place a new consumer strategy, created a new vision for the Company, and infused the organization with new energy. From leadership to the production floor, our employees are inspired, committed and ready to restore Perrigo to the top performer it has historically been. The Board and I look forward to working with Murray and the leadership team to drive growth and create value for our shareholders. Sincerely, Rolf A. Classon Chairman of the Board 6 | Perrigo 2018 Annual Report CEO Letter Dear Fellow Shareholders, I am very excited to have joined Perrigo and am convinced the Company has a bright future. I say this despite the fact that 2018 was a very challenging year in terms of the Company’s operating performance, the very significant Irish Revenue Notice of Assessment, and the corresponding decline in our stock price. The reason for my strong belief is that Perrigo has all of the same characteristics of the transformations I have been involved in before, each of which created massive increases in shareholder value. Similar to those situations, Perrigo has an amazing core business that is fundamentally solid. The Company’s products, both store brand and branded, have either stable or growing market shares in growing categories. The Company is full of talented and passionate people with deep knowledge of the categories in which we compete. The primary issues facing the Company are executional and fixable. And finally, there is a significant growth opportunity by pursuing close-in adjacencies unleashed by broadening the vision for the company. For Perrigo, that broadening of the vision represents an evolution from a healthcare to a consumer self-care company. Our new vision is as follows: To make lives better by bringing Quality, Affordable Self-Care Products™ that consumers trust everywhere they are sold. This vision will be our North Star on how we prioritize both organic and inorganic investments to capitalize on a massive global consumer trend in self-care to offset rapidly rising healthcare costs. It also stays true to our value heritage. Of course, it requires that we fix the executional issues we faced in 2018 and that, in some cases, we invest in new technology, capacity and capabilities. This is all being done. The bottom line is that we have much work to do and recognize that 2019 will be a year of transition as we position Perrigo for consistent and sustainable long-term growth. I am grateful to the Chairman and to the rest of the Board for giving me this opportunity to lead Perrigo back to its rich tradition of winning. We think you will be as excited as we are at the company as you see our plans unfold. Sincerely, Murray S. Kessler President and Chief Executive Officer Perrigo 2018 Annual Report | 7 Responsibility Commitment to Integrity, Quality and Safety Perrigo is known for conducting business with integrity, which drives us to act in an ethical manner and uphold the highest standards of quality and safety. Our culture of responsibility drives an unwavering commitment to quality and compliance that permeates processes throughout the company and inspires high levels of collaboration. We continue to enhance the processes and systems that support everything from sustaining data integrity to tracking consumer inquiries. The implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in May 2018 drove a number of initiatives to enhance data privacy controls across the entire organization and ensure compliance with the new rules. We also firmly believe in fostering a safe work environment, not only as a means of protecting our workforce, but also as a key driver behind our productivity, efficiency and overall operational strength. This is why we instill the belief that everyone has a role to play in ensuring the safety of our work environment and our products. EMPLOYEES 8 | Perrigo 2018 Annual Report Commitment to Our People Every year at Perrigo, our commitment to and appreciation for our employees grows stronger. Our employees are the powerful force behind our ability to provide consumers with best-in-class self-care products, and it is critical that they are provided with competitive wages and benefits, meaningful educational tools and lifestyle programs. Of note, in 2018, we initiated programs focused on building fundamental management skills and inspiring female leadership across Perrigo. We also continued the Leadership in Action, Supervisor Development and Perrigo Internship programs, as well as uploading new education information to the Training Technology Tools website, where employees can access useful content to support their own development. Furthermore, we continued to promote health and well- being across the organization, through programs such as HEALTHYyou in the U.S. and “Well Being Week” in Ireland. Commitment to Giving Supporting the communities where we work and live continues to be a cornerstone of our commitment to corporate social responsibility. In 2018, we continued to give back through the Perrigo Company Charitable Foundation in support of education, healthcare and community enrichment programs. Our employees volunteer extensively to various causes, and through our Caring for Communities program in the U.S., their volunteering efforts are recognized by matching support from the Perrigo Foundation. During 2018, the Perrigo Foundation donated approximately $2.8 million to charitable institutions across the globe. See additional highlights in the sidebar and on the Perrigo website. Employee Programs Other Animal Health Education Food United Way Total ~$2.8M Perrigo CARES 3,200 Hours of time volunteered by U.S. employees in 2018 ~$2.8M Donated to charitable organizations in 2018 $23.7M Donated to charitable organizations over the past 10 years ~$346K Provided in academic scholarships in 2018 ~$1.8M Worth of product donations in 2018 to support humanitarian efforts Healthcare/Well-being Perrigo 2018 Annual Report | 9 Shareholder Information Board of Directors Rolf A. Classon Chairman of the Board of Perrigo Company plc Bradley A. Alford Director; Operating Partner of Advent International Corporation Laurie Brlas Director; Former Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Newmont Mining Corporation Gary M. Cohen Director; Executive Vice President of Becton Dickinson and Company Adriana Karaboutis Director; Chief Information and Digital Officer for National Grid plc Murray S. Kessler Director; President and Chief Executive Officer of Perrigo Company plc Sharon Kochan Executive Vice President and President, Rx Pharmaceuticals James R. Michaud Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer Jeffrey R. Needham Executive Vice President and President, Consumer Healthcare Americas Grainne Quinn Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer Corporate Headquarters Sharp Building 10-12 Hogan Place Dublin D002TY74, Ireland Telephone: +353 1 709 4000 Registered in Ireland Registration Number 529592 Jeffrey B. Kindler Director; Chief Executive Officer for Centrexion Corporation North American Base of Operations 515 Eastern Avenue Allegan, Michigan 49010 Telephone: (269) 673-8451 Common Stock Stock Symbol: PRGO Listed: New York Stock Exchange Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Ernst & Young Grand Rapids, Michigan Stockholder Information Questions concerning stock ownership may be directed to Investor Relations at Bradley.Joseph@perrigo.com. Stock Transfer Agent Computershare P.O. Box 43078 Providence, RI 02940 (800) 622-6757 https://www.computershare.com Annual Meeting of Shareholders Friday, April 26, 2019, 8:00 a.m. (GMT), The Westin Dublin, The Guinea Room, College Green, Westmoreland Street, Dublin 2, Ireland Donal O’Connor Director; Retired Partner, PwC Ireland Geoffrey M. Parker Director; Chief Financial Officer for Tricida, Inc. Theodore R. Samuels Director; Retired President of Capital Guardian Trust Company Jeffrey C. Smith Director; Managing Member, CEO, and Chief Investment Officer of Starboard Value LP Senior Management Murray S. Kessler President and Chief Executive Officer Ronald L. Winowiecki Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Svend Andersen Executive Vice President and President, Consumer Healthcare International James E. Dillard III Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer Thomas M. Farrington Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer Ronald C. Janish Executive Vice President of Global Operations and Supply Chain Todd W. Kingma Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary 10 | Perrigo 2018 Annual Report UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K [X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the year ended December 31, 2018 or [ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _____ to _____ Commission file number 001-36353 Perrigo Company plc (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) Ireland N/A The Sharp Building, Hogan Place, Dublin 2, Ireland (Address of principal executive offices) - (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: +353 1 7094000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Ordinary shares, €0.001 par value Title of each class New York Stock Exchange Name of each exchange on which registered Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None (Title of Class) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES [X] NO [ ] Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 of Section 15(d) of the Act. YES [ ] NO [X] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES [X] NO [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES [X] NO [ ] Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Emerging growth company [X] [ ] Accelerated filer [ ] Non-accelerated filer [ ] Smaller reporting company [ ] If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES [ ] NO [X] The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing sale price of our ordinary shares on June 29, 2018 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, was $10,034,430,689. Ordinary shares held by each director or executive officer have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of February 22, 2019, the registrant had 135,873,069 outstanding ordinary shares. Documents incorporated by reference: The information called for by Part III will be incorporated by reference from the Registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A or will be included in an amendment to this Form 10-K. PERRIGO COMPANY PLC FORM 10-K YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Part I. Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Additional Item. Part II. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Executive Officers of the Registrant Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Part III. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Part IV. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Page No. 1 2 23 47 48 48 48 49 50 51 51 76 78 143 144 146 148 148 148 149 149 150 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Certain statements in this report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are subject to the safe harbor created thereby. These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our, or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. In particular, statements about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions, future events or future performance contained in this report, including certain statements contained in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are forward-looking statements. In some cases, forward- looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” “estimate,” "forecast," “predict,” “potential” or the negative of those terms or other comparable terminology. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections. While we believe these expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections are reasonable, such forward-looking statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, including: the timing, amount and cost of any share repurchases; future impairment charges; the success of management transition; customer acceptance of new products; competition from other industry participants, some of whom have greater marketing resources or larger market shares in certain product categories than we do; pricing pressures from customers and consumers; resolution of uncertain tax positions, including the Company's appeal of the Notice of Assessment ("NoA") issued by the Irish Office of the Revenue Commissioners (“Irish Revenue”) and the impact that an adverse result in such proceedings would have on operating results, cash flows and liquidity; potential third-party claims and litigation, including litigation relating to our restatement of previously-filed financial information and litigation relating to uncertain tax positions, including the NoA; potential impacts of ongoing or future government investigations and regulatory initiatives; the impact of tax reform legislation and healthcare policy; general economic conditions; fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates; the consummation of announced acquisitions or dispositions and the success of such transactions, and our ability to realize the desired benefits thereof; and our ability to execute and achieve the desired benefits of announced cost-reduction efforts, strategic and other initiatives. Statements regarding the separation of the RX business, including the expected benefits, anticipated timing, form of any such separation and whether the separation ultimately occurs, are all subject to various risks and uncertainties, including future financial and operating results, our ability to separate the business, the effect of existing interdependencies with our manufacturing and shared service operations, and the tax consequences of the planned separation to us or our shareholders. Furthermore, we may incur additional tax liabilities in respect of 2016 and prior years or be found to have breached certain provisions of Irish company law in connection with our restatement of our previously filed financial statements, which may result in additional expenses and penalties. These and other important factors, including those discussed in this report under “Risk Factors” and in any subsequent filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, may cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements in this report are made only as of the date hereof, and unless otherwise required by applicable securities laws, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND SERVICE MARKS This report contains trademarks, trade names and service marks that are the property of Perrigo Company plc, as well as, for informational purposes, trademarks, trade names, and service marks that are the property of other organizations. Solely for convenience, certain trademarks, trade names, and service marks referred to in this report appear without the ®, ™ and SM symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate that we or the applicable owner, as the case may be, will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our or their rights to such trademarks, trade names, and service marks. 1 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Business Overview ITEM 1. BUSINESS PART I. Perrigo Company plc was incorporated under the laws of Ireland on June 28, 2013. We became the successor registrant to Perrigo Company, a Michigan corporation, on December 18, 2013 in connection with the acquisition of Elan Corporation, plc ("Elan"). Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms "Perrigo", the "Company", "we," "our," "us," and similar pronouns used herein refer to Perrigo Company plc, its subsidiaries, and all predecessors of Perrigo Company plc and its subsidiaries. WHO WE ARE We are a leading global healthcare company that has been delivering value to our customers and consumers by providing Quality Affordable Healthcare Products®. Founded in 1887 as a packager of home remedies, we have built a unique business model that is best described as the convergence of a fast-moving consumer goods company, a high-quality pharmaceutical manufacturing organization and a world-class supply chain network. We are one of the world's largest manufacturers of over-the-counter (“OTC”) healthcare products and suppliers of infant formulas for the store brand market. We are also a leading provider of branded consumer health and wellness products throughout Europe and a leading producer of generic prescription pharmaceutical topical products such as creams, lotions, gels, and nasal sprays ("extended topicals"). We are headquartered in Ireland and sell our products primarily in North America and Europe, as well as in other markets, including Israel, Mexico, Australia, and Canada. Segments Our operating and reportable segments are as follows: • Consumer Healthcare Americas ("CHCA"), comprises our U.S., Mexico and Canada consumer healthcare business (OTC, contract manufacturing, infant formula and animal health categories). • Consumer Healthcare International ("CHCI"), comprises our branded consumer healthcare business primarily in Europe and our consumer focused businesses in the United Kingdom ("U.K."), Australia, and Israel. This segment also includes our U.K. liquid licensed products business. • Prescription Pharmaceuticals ("RX"), comprises our U.S. Prescription Pharmaceuticals business. 2 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Business Overview We previously had two legacy segments, Specialty Sciences and Other, which contained our Tysabri® financial asset and API businesses, respectively, which we divested. Following these divestitures, there were no substantial assets or operations left in either of these segments. Effective January 1, 2017, all expenses associated with our former Specialty Sciences segment were moved to unallocated expenses. Financial information related to our business segments can be found in Item 8. Note 19. Our segments reflect the way in which our management makes operating decisions, allocates resources and manages the growth and profitability of the Company. MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN OUR BUSINESS Vision Transformation Upon the arrival of our new CEO and President Murray Kessler, he and his leadership team made their first priority to set a new vision for the Company that will help us transform into a consumer-focused company. That vision is "To make lives better by bringing "Quality, Affordable Self-Care Products™" that consumers trust everywhere they are sold." The new vision for the future is designed to support the shifting focus on our consumer branded and store brand portfolio and our global reach and the opportunities for growth we see ahead of us, while remaining loyal to our heritage. The vision represents an evolution from healthcare to self-care, which takes advantage of a massive global trend and opens up a large number of adjacent growth opportunities for the Company. Irish Tax Appeals Commission Notice of Amended Assessment Perrigo Pharma International, a designated activity company organized under the laws of Ireland, formerly known as Elan Pharma International Limited (“Elan Pharma”) and currently a subsidiary of Perrigo Company plc, timely filed an appeal on December 27, 2018 with the Irish Tax Appeals Commission regarding a NoA issued by the Irish Office of the Revenue Commissioners (“Irish Revenue”) for the calendar year ended December 31, 2013. The NoA is dated November 29, 2018, and assesses an Irish corporation tax liability against Elan Pharma in the amount of €1,636 million, not including interest or any applicable penalties. Perrigo acquired Elan Pharma through the December 2013 business combination between Perrigo’s predecessor and Elan Corporation, plc. The NoA relates to the tax treatment of the April 2013 sale by Elan Pharma of Tysabri® intellectual property and related assets to Biogen Idec. As previously reported, the consideration paid by Biogen Idec took the form of an upfront payment and future contingent payments. The upfront payment received from Biogen Idec in 2013 and contingent payments received in subsequent years were recognized as trading income in Elan Pharma’s tax returns filed with Irish Revenue. This treatment is consistent with Elan Pharma’s activities for two decades relating to the active management of intellectual property rights, which includes acquiring, developing, holding, exploiting, dealing in and disposing of intellectual property rights for use in the pharmaceutical industry. On October 30, 2018, Irish Revenue issued an audit findings letter to Elan Pharma asserting the claim that (a) IP sales transactions by Elan Pharma, including the sale of Tysabri®, were not part of the trade of Elan Pharma and therefore should have been treated as chargeable gains subject to an effective 33% tax rate, rather than the 12.5% tax rate applicable to trading income, and (b) all amounts received in respect of both the Tysabri® transaction and the related transaction entered into with RPI Finance Trust in 2017 should be taxed in Elan Pharma’s 2013 tax year. We disagree with both the basis on which Elan Pharma has been assessed and the methodology used to calculate the amount set out in the NoA. We believe the NoA is without merit and that Irish Revenue’s position is incorrect as a matter of law. Accordingly, we filed an appeal of the NoA on December 27, 2018 and will pursue all available administrative and judicial avenues as may be necessary or appropriate. As part of this strategy to pursue all available administrative and judicial avenues, Elan Pharma was, on February 25, 2019, granted leave by the Irish High Court to seek judicial review of the issuance of the NoA. The judicial review filing is based on our belief that Elan Pharma's legitimate expectations as a taxpayer have been breached, not on the merits of the NoA itself. If we are ultimately successful in the judicial review proceedings, the NoA will be invalidated and Irish Revenue will not be able to re-issue the NoA. The proceedings before the Tax Appeals Commission has been stayed until a decision on the judicial review application has been made, which could take up to, or more than, a year. No payment of any amount related to this assessment is required to be made, if at all, until all applicable proceedings 3 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Business Overview have been completed, which could take a number of years. However, while we believe our position to be correct, there can be no assurance of an ultimate favorable outcome, and if the matter is ultimately resolved unfavorably it would have a material adverse impact on us, including on liquidity and capital resources (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Tax related Risks and Item 8. Note 14). RX Separation On August 9, 2018, we announced a plan to separate our RX business, which, when completed, will enable us to focus on expanding our consumer-facing businesses. We have begun the preparations for the separation, which may include a possible sale, spin-off, merger or other form of separation. While we are currently targeting to complete the separation by the end of 2019, the form of separation may delay its completion beyond this date. In connection with the proposed separation, we anticipate incurring significant preparation costs, excluding restructuring expenses and transaction costs, in the range of $45.0 million to $80.0 million depending on the final structure of a transaction, with a spin-off resulting in costs at the higher end of this range. API Divestitures During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed the sale of our India API business to Strides Shasun Limited for $22.2 million in proceeds. Prior to closing the sale, we determined that the carrying value of the India API business exceeded its fair value less the cost to sell, resulting in an impairment charge of $35.3 million, which was recorded in Impairment charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed the sale of our Israel API business to SK Capital, for a sale price of $110.0 million. Financial Asset During the year ended December 31, 2016, we initiated a strategic review of the Tysabri® financial asset and identified impairment indicators of the fair value of that royalty stream, which led to a goodwill impairment of $199.6 million, which was recorded in Impairment charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we divested the Tysabri® financial asset to Royalty Pharma for up to $2.85 billion, consisting of $2.2 billion in cash and up to $250.0 million and $400.0 million in milestone payments. As a result of this transaction, we transferred the entire financial asset to Royalty Pharma and recorded a $17.1 million gain. We elected to account for the contingent milestone payments using the fair value option method, and these were recorded at an estimated fair value of $134.5 million as of December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, Tysabri® met the 2018 global net sales threshold resulting in a $170.1 million gain recorded in Change in financial assets. We received the $250.0 million royalty payment on February 22, 2019. In order for us to receive the 2020 milestone payment, Royalty Pharma contingent payments for Tysabri® sales in 2020 must exceed $351.0 million. The fair value of the 2020 milestone payment is $73.2 million as of December 31, 2018. Omega Acquisition On March 30, 2015, we acquired Omega Pharma Invest N.V. ("Omega"), one of the largest OTC companies in Europe, for $3.0 billion in equity and cash and assumed debt of $1.6 billion, for a total purchase price of $4.6 billion. The Omega acquisition expanded our OTC leadership position into continental Europe, accelerated our international expansion and geographic diversification through enhanced scale and a broader footprint, and diversified our net sales and cash flow streams. The broader European platform established through the Omega acquisition facilitated the acquisition of a portfolio of well-established OTC brands sold primarily in Europe from GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare (“GSK”), on August 28, 2015, as well as Naturwohl Pharma, GmbH ("Naturwohl"), with its leading German dietary supplement brand Yokebe®, on September 15, 2015. 4 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Business Overview During the year ended December 31, 2016, we identified impairment indicators associated with certain intangible assets and goodwill, which required us to test these assets for impairment. As a result, we recorded total impairments of $2.0 billion which was recorded in Impairment charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations (refer to Item 8. Note 4). NEW PRODUCTS We consider a product to be new if it (i) was reformulated, (ii) was a product line extension due to changes in characteristics such as strength, flavor, or color, (iii) had a change in product status from "prescription only" ("Rx") to OTC, (iv) was a new store brand or branded launch, (v) was provided in a new dosage form or (vi) was sold to a new geographic area with different regulatory authorities, in all cases, within 12 months prior to the end of the period for which net sales are being measured. During the year ended December 31, 2018, new product sales were $169.7 million. CONSUMER HEALTHCARE AMERICAS Overview The CHCA segment is focused primarily on the sale of store-brand products, including OTC cough, cold, allergy and sinus, analgesic, gastrointestinal, smoking cessation, infant formula and food, diagnostic products, and animal health products in the U.S., Mexico and Canada. We are a leading provider of consumer healthcare products sold to consumers via store brands as well as consumer healthcare products under our own brands. Consumer awareness and knowledge of the quality and value that OTC store brand products represent continues to grow due to efforts to promote their own label programs. During the year ended December 31, 2018, our CHCA segment represented approximately 51% of consolidated net sales. The CHCA segment develops, manufactures, and markets store-brand products that are comparable in quality and effectiveness to national brands. Store brand products must meet the same U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") requirements as national brands within the U.S. and the requirements of comparable regulatory bodies outside the U.S. In most instances our product packaging is designed to invite and reinforce comparison to national brand products, while communicating store brand value to consumers. The cost of store brand products to retailers is significantly lower than that of comparable nationally advertised brand-name products. Generally, retailers’ dollar profit per unit of store brand product is greater than the dollar profit per unit of the comparable national brand product. The retailer, therefore, can price a store brand product below the competing national brand product and realize a greater profit margin. The consumer benefits by receiving a high quality product at a price below the comparable national brand product. As a result, our business model results in consumers saving money on their healthcare spending. We are dedicated to continuing to be the leader in developing and marketing new store brand products, including infant formula, and have a research and development ("R&D") staff that we believe is one of the most experienced in the industry at developing products comparable in formulation and quality to national brand products. Our R&D team also responds to changes in existing national brand products by reformulating existing products. For example, in the OTC pharmaceutical market, certain new products are the result of changes in product status from Rx to OTC. These “Rx-to-OTC switches” require FDA approval through a process initiated by the drug innovator. The drug innovator usually begins the process by filing a New Drug Application ("NDA"), which is often followed by a competitor filing an ANDA. New drugs are also marketed through the FDA's OTC monograph process, which allows for the production of drugs that are generally recognized as safe and effective without pre- marketing approval. The CHCA segment also develops, manufactures, and distributes certain branded products, which is consistent with the segment's healthcare strategy to meet consumer needs wherever they are sold. Branded products are sold under the brand names Good Sense®, Sergeant's®, Sentry®, Zephrex D®, PetArmor®, and ScarAway® brand names. We manufacture a significant portion of our CHCA segment's products at our plants in the U.S., Mexico, and Israel, and we source the remaining product materials from third parties. We rely on both internal R&D and strategic 5 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 CHCA product development agreements with outside sources to develop new products. In addition, in order to maximize both our capacity and sales of proprietary formulas, we engage in contract manufacturing, which involves producing unique ANDAs and monograph products through partnerships with major pharmaceutical and direct-to-consumer companies. We believe the increasing age of the population, in combination with continued rising healthcare costs, will drive the need for the greater value that our store brand products provide consumers. In addition, we believe that new products and products switching from Rx to OTC (as described above) will continue to drive growth within the segment. Recent Developments • On May 29, 2018, we entered into a license agreement with Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. ("Merck") that will allow us to develop and commercialize an OTC version of Nasonex-branded products, as well as other products containing the same active ingredient. In connection with this license agreement, we paid an upfront license fee of $50.0 million. In addition, if we achieve certain development milestones, we will make future milestone and royalty payments. • During the year ended December 31, 2018, we identified indications of impairment in the animal health reporting unit. The impairment indicators related to changes in channel dynamics, a strategic decision to re- prioritize our brands, and a decline in the forecasted outlook of the reporting unit. We recorded goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges of $213.3 million in Impairment charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Products Our CHCA segment offers products in the following categories: Product Category Analgesics Description Pain relievers and fever reducers Cough/cold/allergy/sinus Cough suppressant, chest expectorant, sinus and pain pressure relief Gastrointestinal Infant nutritionals Antacids, anti-diarrheal, and anti-heartburn products Infant formula and food products Smoking cessation Gums, lozenges, and other products designed to help users quit smoking Animal health Pet health and wellness products VMS Other Vitamins, minerals and dietary supplements Feminine hygiene, diabetes care, dermatological care, diagnostic products, scar management, and other miscellaneous healthcare products 6 The chart below reflects net sales by product category in the CHCA segment, which includes net sales from our OTC contract manufacturing business for the year ended December 31, 2018. Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 CHCA We launched a number of new CHCA products in the year ended December 31, 2018, most notably esomeprazole magnesium (store brand equivalent to Nexium® 24HR capsules), omeprazole delayed release orally disintegrating tablets, and infant formula products. During the year ended December 31, 2018, new product sales in the CHCA segment were $48.7 million. We, on our own or in conjunction with partners, received final FDA approval from U.S. health authorities for four new products within the CHCA segment in the year ended December 31, 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had eight new product applications pending FDA approval. Sales and Marketing Our customers include major global, national, and regional retail drug, supermarket, and mass merchandise chains such as Walmart, Costco, Kroger, Target, CVS, Walgreens Boots Alliance, Dollar General, Sam’s Club, Rite Aid, Amazon, Aldi, Petsmart, and Petco, and major wholesalers, including McKesson, Amerisource Bergen, and Cardinal Health. We seek to establish customer loyalty through superior customer service by providing a comprehensive assortment of high quality, value-priced products; timely processing, shipment and delivery of orders; assistance in managing customer inventories; and support in managing and building the customer’s store brand business. The CHCA segment employs its own sales force to service larger customers, and uses industry brokers for other customers. Field sales employees, with support from marketing and customer service, are assigned to specific customers in order to work most effectively with the customer. They assist customers by developing customized brand and in-store marketing programs for customers' store brand products. The primary objective of this store brand management approach is to enable our customers, retailers and wholesalers, to increase sales and market share of their own store brand products by communicating store brand 7 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 CHCA quality and value to the consumer and by inviting comparison to national brand products. Our sales and marketing personnel assist customers in the development and introduction of new store brand products and in the promotion of customers’ existing store brand products by providing market information; establishing individualized promotions and marketing programs, which may include floor displays, bonus sizes, coupons, rebates, store signs, and promotional packs; and performing consumer research. As eCommerce continues to grow as a consumer channel for our products, we are developing resources, programs and tools to be a strategic marketing partner for our customers’ digital marketing efforts. In contrast with national brand manufacturers, which incur considerable advertising and marketing expenditures targeted directly to the end user or consumer, the CHCA segment’s primary marketing efforts are channeled through retailers and wholesalers and reach the consumer through our customers’ in-store marketing programs and our digital media programs. Because the retail profit margin for store brand products is generally higher than for national brand products, retailers and wholesalers often commit funds for additional promotions. Our animal health category, which has a greater emphasis on value-branded products, promotes product awareness through direct-to-consumer advertising, including television commercials, online advertising, in-store display vehicles, and social media. In addition to in-store marketing programs, our infant formula category markets directly to consumers and healthcare professionals. Competition The markets for OTC pharmaceuticals, smoking cessation, and infant formula are highly competitive and differ for each product line and geographic region. Our primary competitors include manufacturers, such as LNK International, Inc., PL Developments, and Dr. Reddy's Labs, and brand-name pharmaceutical and consumer product companies, such as Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Bayer AG, GSK, Nestle S.A. (Gerber), Abbott Nutrition, Aurobindo, and Mead Johnson Nutrition Co. The competition is highly fragmented in terms of geographic market coverage and product categories, such that a competitor generally does not compete across all product lines. However, some competitors do have larger sales volumes in certain of our categories. Additionally, national brand companies tend to have more resources committed to marketing their products and could in the future manufacture store brands of their products at lower prices than their national brand products. Competition is based on a variety of factors, including price, quality, assortment of products, customer service, marketing support, and approvals for new products (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Operations for additional information and risks associated with competition). CONSUMER HEALTHCARE INTERNATIONAL Overview The CHCI segment is comprised of our branded consumer products across self-care, skin care, and lifestyle products primarily in Europe and our consumer focused businesses in the U.K., Australia, and Israel. This segment also includes our U.K. liquid licensed generic product business. The CHCI segment develops, manufactures, markets and distributes many well-known European consumer healthcare brands in the cough, cold, allergy, sinus, lifestyle, personal care and derma-therapeutics, natural health and vitamins, smoking cessation, and anti-parasite categories. In addition, the segment leverages its broad regulatory, sales, and distribution infrastructure to in-license and sell third-party brands and generic pharmaceutical products. The CHCI segment distributes these products through an extensive network of customers including pharmacies, wholesalers, drug and grocery store retailers, and para-pharmacies in 27 countries, primarily in Europe. Many CHCI products have market leading positions in the markets in which they compete. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the CHCI segment represented approximately 32% of consolidated net sales. Through continued investment in R&D partnerships and new technologies, the CHCI segment strives to offer high quality products that meet consumers' needs. The combination of internal R&D, new product development, insourcing, acquisitions, and partnerships support the new product pipeline, both in terms of brand extensions and product improvements. In the U.K., R&D focuses on oral liquid formulations for the branded Rx products for which liquid formulations are not available, as well as the development of store brand products and 8 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 CHCI products for the branded business. Additional R&D centers are located in France, Sweden, Austria, and Belgium. In the rest of Europe, most R&D is performed by external partners with oversight by our teams. The segment has seven plants dedicated to manufacturing certain of its products. The CHCI segment primarily focuses on building local and regional brands. In many markets outside of the U.S., a brand marketing strategy can be more effective than a store brand strategy due to the absence of mass merchandisers and large scale pharmacy chains. Additionally, the absence of a centralized regulatory environment within Europe adds to the complexity of obtaining approvals for products in these markets. While the CHCI segment sells products from over 200 brands both on its own and through third parties, it focuses its resources on its "Focus brands", which are selected on the basis of their current sales and growth potential in the OTC market. Additional resources are allocated to these brands to build strong positions in the largest, most highly profitable categories in the OTC market, while maintaining leadership in smaller branded categories. Recent Developments • Management continues to implement its previously disclosed strategy for brand prioritization, sales force restructuring, and manufacturing insourcing, which is expected to reduce selling costs, improve operating margins and focus on higher value OTC products. As part of this strategy, we implemented a new restructuring plan in our CHCI segment that is expected to improve our cost structure. Products Below are the categories in which the CHCI segment competes and some of the top brands in each category. Product Category Cough, Cold, Allergy, and Sinus Lifestyle Personal Care and Derma- Therapeutics Description Products that address pain relief and respiratory symptoms, including traditional medications and alternative treatments such as aromatherapy solutions. Weight management, pregnancy and fertility kits, sleep management, smoking cessation, and eye care. Products for the face and body, including sun care, baby-specific, and feminine hygiene products, and solutions for various skin conditions and allergies such as eczema, psoriasis and rosacea. Natural Health and Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements Vitamins, minerals, supplements, and various other natural remedies. Anti-Parasite Products focused on the elimination of parasites in both humans and pets including lice treatment and insect repellent. Focus Brands Bittner®/Aflubin® Bronchenolo®/Bronchostop® Libenar® Physiomer® Phytsosun®/Valda® Solpadeine®/Coldrex®/Antigrippine® Niquitin® Silence®/Nytol® XLS (Medical)® ACO® Biodermal® Canoderm® Dermalex® Lactacyd® Wartner® Abtei® Biover® Davitamon® Granufink® Ymea® Jungle Formula® Paranix® 9 The chart below reflects net sales by product category in the CHCI segment for the year ended December 31, 2018. Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 CHCI We launched a number of new CHCI products in the year ended December 31, 2018, most notably Phytsosun®, Paranix®, and ACO®. During the year ended December 31, 2018, new product sales in the CHCI segment were $77.8 million. The CHCI segment has more than 100 strategic new products in 12 product categories in development, with each of its Focus brands having a five-year innovation master plan. Sales and Marketing Our customers include pharmacies, drug stores, and grocery stores located primarily in Europe, including Walgreens Boots Alliance, ASDA, Tesco, DM, Rossmann, ETOS, and Kruidvat. The CHCI segment sells its products primarily through an established pharmacy sales force to an extensive network of individual pharmacists. Our sales representatives visit pharmacists frequently, ensuring strong in-store visibility of our brands and facilitating pharmacist education programs. Our sales, marketing, and regulatory teams use training/merchandising teams to work in conjunction with local sales representatives to improve our brands' presence and recognition. We seek to attract key talent from leading OTC, Fast Moving Consumer Goods ("FMCG"), and retailer companies to build strong local teams throughout the countries in which the CHCI segment operates. While CHCI products have a higher average gross margin than products sold by the CHCA segment, selling expenses are significantly higher due to the sales force mentioned above, as well as broadcast advertising and point-of-sale promotional spending to enhance brand equity. Key marketing communication tools for the CHCI segment include television and digital commercials, consumer leaflets, product websites, and targeted promotional campaigns. Competition The competitive landscape of the European consumer products market, in the categories in which we compete, is highly fragmented, as local companies often hold leadership positions in individual product segments in particular countries. As a result, the relevant competition in each of the CHCI segment's markets is both local and 10 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 CHCI global. Competitors include Sanofi, Bayer, Reckitt Benckiser, GSK, Novartis, and Johnson & Johnson, as well as additional regional competitors. We believe our key advantage lies in our unique combination of best practices in sales, marketing, and product development from FMCG and OTC/Rx, while embracing the pharmacy channel to drive self-care (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Operations for additional information and risks associated with competition). PRESCRIPTION PHARMACEUTICALS Overview The RX segment develops, manufactures, and markets a portfolio of generic prescription drugs primarily in the U.S. We define this portfolio as predominantly "extended topicals" as it encompasses a broad array of dosage forms such as creams, ointments, lotions, gels, shampoos, foams, suppositories, sprays, liquids, suspensions, and solutions. The portfolio also includes select controlled substances, injectables, hormones, oral solid dosage forms, and oral liquid formulations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the RX segment represented approximately 17% of consolidated net sales. In addition to extended topical products, our current development areas include other delivery systems such as oral liquids, metered dose inhalers, injectables, and transdermal products, some of which we are developing with third parties. Our other areas of expertise include our production capabilities for controlled substances and hormonal products. R&D efforts focus on complex formulations, many of which require costly clinical endpoint trials. We manufacture our topical and oral products in the U.S. and Israel, and also source from various FDA- approved third parties. Rx products are manufactured, labeled, and packaged in facilities that comply with strict regulatory standards and meet customers’ stringent requirements. In addition, the RX segment offers OTC products through the prescription channel (referred to as "ORx®", these products are marketed using the Perrigo name). ORx® products are OTC products that are available for pharmacy fulfillment and may be eligible for healthcare reimbursement when prescribed by a physician. We offer numerous ORx® products that are reimbursable through many health plans and the U.S. Medicaid and Medicare programs. We actively collaborate with other pharmaceutical companies to develop, manufacture, and market certain products or groups of products. These types of agreements are common in the pharmaceutical industry. We may choose to enter into these types of agreements to, among other things, leverage our or our collaborators' scientific R&D expertise, or utilize our extensive marketing and distribution resources (refer to Item 8. Note 2 for more information regarding our method for recognizing revenue and expenses related to collaboration agreements, as well as Item 8. Note 17 for more information regarding our collaboration agreements). Recent Trends and Developments • We continue to experience a significant year-over-year reduction in pricing in our RX segment due to competitive pressures. This softness in pricing is attributable to various factors, including increased focus from customers to capture competition in specific products, supply chain productivity savings, and consolidation of certain customers. While in the fourth quarter of 2018, we experienced a year-over-year decrease in pricing pressure, we expect softness in pricing to continue to impact the segment for the foreseeable future. • On August 9, 2018, we announced a plan to separate our RX business, which, when completed, will enable us to focus on expanding our consumer-facing businesses. We have begun the preparations for the separation, which may include a possible sale, spin-off, merger or other form of separation. While we are currently targeting to complete the separation by the end of 2019, the form of separation may delay its completion beyond this date. In connection with the proposed separation, we anticipate incurring significant preparation costs, excluding restructuring expenses and transaction costs, in the range of $45.0 million to $80.0 million depending on the final structure of a transaction, with a spin-off resulting in costs at the higher end of this range. 11 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 RX Products Listed below are some of the generic prescription products, including authorized generic and ORx® products, that we manufacture and/or distribute: Generic Name (1) Adapalene cream Bacitracin ophthalmic ointment Benzoyl peroxide 5% - clindamycin 1% gel Budesonide Clindamycin foam Clindamycin phosphate and benzoyl peroxide gel Clobetasol foam, lotion and shampoo Desonide cream, ointment Dihydroergotamine injection Halobetasol ointment and cream Hydrocortisone suppositories Mupirocin ointment Nystatin topical powder Olopatadine nasal spray Permethrin cream Scopolamine patch Tacrolimus Testosterone 1.62% gel Testosterone cypionate injection Testosterone solution Triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray Triamcinolone cream/ointment Tretinoin Cream and Gel Comparative Brand-Name Drug Differin® N/A BenzaClinTM Entocort® Evoclin® Duac® Olux®, Olux-E®, Clobex® Desonate®, Tridesilon® D.H.E. 45 Ultravate® N/A Bactroban® Mycostatin® Patanase® Elimite® TransdermScop® Protopic® Androgel® Depo®, Testosterone Axiron® Nasacort® AQ Triderm™/Kenalog™ Retin-A® (1) Contains the same active ingredients present in the same dosage form as the comparable brand-name drug We launched a number of new RX products in the year ended December 31, 2018, most notably Testosterone Gel 1.62% (generic equivalent to Androgel®). During the year ended December 31, 2018, new product sales in the RX segment were $43.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we, on our own or in collaboration with partners, received final approval from FDA health authorities for four Rx drug applications, and as of December 31, 2018, we had 27 Rx drug applications pending approval. Sales and Marketing Our customers include sourcing groups such as Red Oak, WBAD and ClarusONE, major wholesalers, national and regional retail drug, supermarket and mass merchandise chains, hospitals, and pharmacies. Competition The market for Rx products is subject to intense competition from other generic drug manufacturers, brand- name pharmaceutical companies launching their own generic version of their branded products (known as an authorized generic), manufacturers of branded drug products that continue to produce those products after patent expirations, and manufacturers of therapeutically similar drugs. Among our generic drug manufacturer competitors are Taro Pharmaceuticals, Mylan, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Glenmark Generics Inc., Akorn, Lupin, and Apotex Corp. 12 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 RX We believe that one of our primary competitive advantages is our ability to introduce difficult to develop and/ or manufacture topical generic versions to brand-name drug products. Generally, these products are exposed to less competition due to the relatively longer and more expensive development, clinical trial, and approval processes. In addition, we believe we have a favorable competitive position due primarily to our efficient distribution systems, topical production economies of scale, customer service, and overall reputation for high quality products (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Operations for more information and risks associated with competition). INFORMATION APPLICABLE TO ALL REPORTABLE SEGMENTS Trademarks, Patents and Licensing Agreements While we own certain trademarks and patents, neither our business as a whole, nor any of our segments, is materially dependent upon our ownership of any one trademark, or patent, or group of trademarks or patents. Materials Sourcing Affordable high quality raw materials and packaging components are essential to all of our business units due to the nature of the products we manufacture. Raw materials and packaging components are generally available from multiple suppliers. Supplies of certain raw materials, bulk tablets, and components may be more limited, as they are available from one or only a few suppliers and may require regulatory approval before we can use them. Prior to the sale of our Israel and India API businesses, we had the ability to manufacture and supply certain API for our OTC and Rx products, which we now source from the companies that have acquired our API businesses. We have been purchasing an increasing number of components and select finished goods rather than manufacturing them because of the availability of goods, economic reasons, temporary production limitations, FDA restrictions, sale of our API businesses, and other factors. Historically, we have been able to react effectively to situations that require alternate sourcing. Should such alternate sourcing be necessary, FDA requirements placed on products approved through the ANDA or NDA process could substantially lengthen the approval of an alternate source and adversely affect financial results. We believe we have good, cooperative working relationships with substantially all of our suppliers and have historically been able to capitalize on economies of scale in the purchase of materials and supplies due to our volume of purchases (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Operations for risks associated with materials sourcing). Manufacturing and Distribution Our primary manufacturing facilities are in the U.S. We also have manufacturing facilities in the U.K., Belgium, France, Germany, Austria, Israel, Mexico, and Australia, along with a joint venture in China (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Operations for risks associated with our manufacturing facilities). We supplement our production capabilities with the purchase of products from outside sources. The capacity of some facilities may be fully utilized at certain times for various reasons, such as customer demand, the seasonality of the cough/cold/flu, allergy, or flea and tick seasons, and new product launches. We may utilize available capacity by performing contract manufacturing for other companies. We have logistics facilities in the U.S., Israel, Mexico, Australia, and numerous locations throughout Europe. We use contract freight and common carriers to deliver our products. 13 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Significant Customers Our primary customer base aligns with the concentration of large drug retailers in the current global retail drug industry marketplace. Walmart is our largest customer and accounted for the following percentage of consolidated net sales: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 12.8% 13.0% 13.0% Sales to Walmart are primarily in the CHCA segment. In addition, while no other customer individually comprises more than 10% of net sales, we do have other significant customers. The next five largest customers represent 23% of net sales in 2018. The loss of several of these customers could be material. We believe we generally have good relationships with all of our customers (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Operations for risks associated with customers). Environmental We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations. We have made, and continue to make, expenditures necessary to comply with applicable environmental laws, but do not believe that the costs for complying with such laws and regulations have been or will be material to our business. We do not have any material remediation liabilities outstanding. While we believe that climate change could present risks to our business, including increased operating costs due to additional regulatory requirements, physical risks to our facilities, water limitations, and disruptions to our supply chain, we do not believe these risks are material to our business in the near term. Corporate Social Responsibility We are committed to doing business in an ethical manner. We have a long history of environmentally sound and efficient operations, safe and healthy working conditions, and active participation in the communities where we are located. As reflected in our Corporate Social Responsibility Commitment Statement available on our website, we remain committed to: • Helping consumers access safe, effective and affordable health and wellness products; • Strong corporate governance; • Complying with regulatory and legal requirements; • Demonstrating environmental stewardship; • Continuously improving packaging sustainability; • Protecting human rights of our global employees and challenging our partners to do the same; • Diversity of thought, experience and perspective; • Providing a safe and healthy work environment for our employees; and • Establishing effective community partnerships. Through these efforts, we strive to minimize our impact on the environment, drive responsible business practices, and ensure the welfare of our employees, their families, and the communities in which we operate now and into the future. GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND PRICING The manufacturing, processing, formulation, packaging, labeling, testing, storing, distributing, advertising, and sale of our products are subject to regulation by a variety of agencies in the localities in which our products are sold. In addition, we manufacture and market certain of our products in accordance with standards set by various organizations. We believe that our policies, operations, and products comply in all material respects with existing regulations to which we are subject (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Operations for related risks). 14 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Regulation United States Regulation U.S. Food and Drug Administration The FDA has jurisdiction over our Rx, OTC drug products, API, and Infant Formula Foods. The FDA’s jurisdiction extends to the manufacturing, testing, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, and promotion of these products. We are committed to consistently providing our customers with high quality products that adhere to "current Good Manufacturing Practices" ("cGMP") regulations promulgated by the FDA. OTC and Rx Pharmaceuticals All facilities where Rx and OTC products are manufactured, tested, packaged, stored, or distributed for the U.S. market must comply with FDA cGMPs and regulations promulgated by competent authorities in the countries, states and localities where the facilities are located. All of our drug products are manufactured, tested, packaged, stored, and distributed according to cGMP regulations. The FDA performs periodic audits to ensure that our facilities remain in compliance with all appropriate regulations. Many of our OTC products are regulated under the OTC monograph system and subject to certain FDA regulations. Under this system, selected OTC drugs are generally recognized as safe and effective and do not require the approval of an ANDA or NDA prior to marketing. Products marketed under the OTC monograph system must conform to specific quality, formula, and labeling requirements, including permitted indications, required warnings and precautions, allowable combinations of ingredients, and dosage levels. It is generally less costly to develop and bring to market a product regulated under the OTC monograph system. We also market generic prescription drugs and non-prescription products that have switched from prescription to OTC status. Prior to commercial marketing, these products require approval by the FDA of an ANDA or NDA that provides information on chemistry, manufacturing controls, clinical safety, efficacy and/or bioequivalence, packaging, and labeling. While the development process for these drugs generally requires less time and expense than the development process of a new drug, the size and duration of required studies can vary greatly. Prior to the onset of the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012 (“GDUFA”), the FDA approval of generic drug applications took approximately three to five times longer than approval of innovator drugs. Pursuant to GDUFA II, beginning October 1, 2017, year five of the program, the FDA pledged to complete a first cycle review on 90% of electronic generic applications within 10 months of submission. Under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended ("FFDCA") (the Hatch-Waxman amendments), a company submitting an NDA can obtain a three-year period of marketing exclusivity for a prescription or OTC product if it performs a clinical study that is essential to FDA approval. Longer periods of exclusivity are possible for new chemical entities, orphan drugs (those designated under section 526 of the FFDCA) and drugs under the Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now Act. During this exclusivity period, the FDA cannot approve any ANDAs for a similar or equivalent generic product, which can preclude another party from marketing a similar product during this period. A company may obtain an additional six months of exclusivity if it conducts pediatric studies requested by the FDA on the product. This exclusivity can delay both the FDA approval and sales of certain products. A company may be entitled to a 180-day generic exclusivity period for certain products. This exclusivity period often follows a patent certification and litigation process whereby the product innovator may sue for infringement. The legal action does not ordinarily result in material damages, but it generally triggers a statutorily mandated delay in FDA approval of the ANDA for a period of up to 30 months from when the innovator was notified of the patent challenge. The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act ("FDASIA") was signed into law on July 9, 2012. The law established, among other things, new user fee statutes for generic drugs and biosimilars, FDA authority concerning drug shortages, changes to enhance the FDA's inspection authority of the drug supply chain, and a limited extension of the 30-month stay provision described above. The FDASIA also reduced the time required for FDA responses to generic-blocking citizen petitions. We implemented new systems and processes to comply with the new facility self-identification and user fee requirements of the FDASIA, and we monitor facility self- 15 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Regulation identification and fee payment compliance to mitigate the risk of potential supply chain interruptions or delays in regulatory approval of new applications. The U.S. government's Federal Drug Supply Chain Security Act ("DSCSA") requires development of an electronic pedigree to track and trace each prescription drug at the salable unit level through the distribution system, which will be effective incrementally over a 10-year period. The serialization of all Rx products distributed in the U.S. needed to be completed by November 26, 2018, with the requirement for tracking the products commencing on November 27, 2023. Requirements for the tracing of products at the lot level through the pharmaceutical distribution supply chain went into effect on January 1, 2015 for manufacturers, wholesale distributors, and re-packagers, and on July 1, 2015 for dispensers. Infant Formula and Foods The FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition is responsible for the regulation of infant formula. The Office of Nutrition, Labeling and Dietary Supplements ("ONLDS") has labeling responsibility for infant formula, while the Office of Food Additive Safety ("OFAS") has program responsibility for food ingredients and packaging. The ONLDS evaluates whether an infant formula manufacturer has met the requirements under the FFDCA and consults with the OFAS regarding the safety of ingredients in infant formula and of packaging materials for infant formula. All manufacturers of pediatric nutrition products must begin with safe food ingredients, which are either generally recognized as safe or approved as food additives. The Infant Formula Act provides specific requirements for infant formula to ensure the safety and nutrition of infant formulas, including minimum and, in some cases, maximum levels of specified nutrients. Before marketing a particular infant formula, the manufacturer must provide regulatory agencies assurance of the nutritional quality of that particular formulation consistent with the FDA’s labeling, nutrient content, and manufacturer quality control requirements. A manufacturer must notify the FDA at least 90 days before the marketing of any infant formula that differs fundamentally in processing or in composition from any previous formulation produced by the manufacturer. We actively monitor this process and make the appropriate adjustments to remain in compliance with recent FDA rules regarding cGMP, quality control procedures, quality factors, notification requirements, and reports and records for the production of infant formulas. In addition, the FFDCA requires infant formula manufacturers to test product composition during production and shelf-life; to keep records on production, testing, and distribution of each batch of infant formula; to use cGMP and quality control procedures; and to maintain records of all complaints and adverse events, some of which may reveal the possible existence of a health hazard. The FDA conducts yearly inspections of all facilities that manufacture infant formula, inspects new facilities during early production runs, and collects and analyzes samples of infant formula. Our infant formula manufacturing facilities have been inspected by the FDA with no corrective actions required. Our infant and toddler foods are subject to the Food Safety Modernization Act ("FSMA"), which protects the safety of U.S. foods by mandating comprehensive, prevention-based controls within the food industry. Under FSMA, the FDA has mandatory recall authority for all food products and greater authority to inspect food producers and is taking steps toward product tracing to enable more efficient product source identification in the event of a safety issue. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Third parties develop and manufacture API for use in certain of our products that are exported to the U.S. and other global markets. Before API can be commercialized in the U.S., the manufacturer and/or developer must submit a drug master file ("DMF") that provides the proprietary information related to the manufacturing process. The FDA inspects the manufacturing facilities to assess cGMP compliance, and the facilities and procedures must be cGMP compliant before API may be exported to the U.S. The facilities and products are subject to regulation by the applicable regulatory bodies in the place of manufacture as well as the regulatory agency in the country from which the product is exported or imported. For API 16 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Regulation exported to European markets, the manufacturer must submit a European DMF and, where applicable, obtain a certificate of suitability from the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines. The manufacturing facilities and production procedures for API marketed in Europe must meet European Union ("EU")-GMP and European Pharmacopeia standards. U.S. Department of Agriculture The Organic Foods Production Act enacted under Title 21 of the 1990 Farm Bill established uniform national standards for the production and handling of foods labeled as "organic." Our infant formula manufacturing sites in Vermont and Ohio adhere to the standards of the U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") National Organic Program for production, handling, and processing to maintain the integrity of organic products. Our infant formula manufacturing sites in Vermont and Ohio are USDA-certified, enabling them to produce and label organic products for U.S. and Canadian markets. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") is the main regulatory body in the United States for veterinary pesticides. The EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs is responsible for the regulation of pesticide products applied to animals. All manufacturers of animal health pesticides must show that their products will not cause “unreasonable adverse effects to man or the environment” as stated in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Within the U. S., pesticide products that are approved by the EPA must also be approved by individual state pesticide authorities before distribution in that state. Post-approval monitoring of products is required, with reports provided to the EPA and some state regulatory agencies. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") regulates certain drug products containing controlled substances, such as morphine, hydromorphone, opium, testosterone, midazolam, and List I chemicals, such as pseudoephedrine, pursuant to the federal Controlled Substances Act ("CSA"). The CSA and DEA regulations impose registration, security, record keeping, reporting, storage, manufacturing, distribution, importation and other requirements upon legitimate handlers under the oversight of the DEA. The DEA categorizes controlled substances into Schedules I, II, III, IV, or V, with varying qualifications for listing in each schedule. We are subject to the requirements regarding the controlled substances in Schedules II - V and the List I chemicals. Our facilities that manufacture, distribute, import, or export any controlled substances must register annually with the DEA. The DEA inspects all manufacturing facilities to review security, record keeping, reporting, and handling prior to issuing a controlled substance registration, and it also periodically inspects facilities for compliance with the CSA and its regulations. Failure to maintain compliance with applicable requirements, particularly as manifested in the loss or diversion of controlled substances, can result in enforcement action, such as civil penalties, refusal to renew necessary registration, or the initiation of proceedings to revoke those registrations. In certain circumstances, violations could lead to criminal prosecution. We are also subject to state laws regulating the manufacture and distribution of certain products. Federal Healthcare Programs and Drug Pricing Regulation Within the U.S., government healthcare insurance and welfare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs are important third party payers for patients who take our products. These programs include several indirect forms of price regulation applicable to our drug products as a condition for coverage and/or payment for our products and also regulate the amount that pharmacies and other healthcare providers will be paid for our products. Specifically, U.S. law requires that a pharmaceutical manufacturer, as a condition of having federal funds being made available for the manufacturer’s drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B, enter into three government pricing program agreements: (i) a Medicaid rebate agreement with the Secretary of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) to pay rebates to state Medicaid programs for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program; (ii) a 340B program agreement with the Secretary of HHS to provide discounts to certain “covered entity” safety net healthcare providers; and (iii) a Master Agreement with the Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA") under which discounts are available for purchases by federal agencies. We have such agreements in effect. 17 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Regulation Medicaid Rebate Agreement The Medicaid rebate agreement requires the drug manufacturer to remit rebates to each state Medicaid agency on a quarterly basis for both fee-for-service and Medicaid managed care organization utilization. Rebate amounts are based on pricing data reported by the manufacturer to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), including Average Manufacturer Price ("AMP") and, in the case of innovator products, Best Price ("BP"). U.S. law also requires that a company that participates in the Medicaid rebate program report average sales price ("ASP") information to CMS for each calendar quarter for certain categories of drugs that are paid under Part B of the Medicare program. CMS uses these submissions to determine payment rates for drugs under Medicare Part B. Under the Medicaid rebate program, the minimum rebate amounts due are as follows: (i) for noninnovator products, in general generic drugs marketed under ANDAs, the rebate amount is 13% of the AMP for the quarter; and (ii) for innovator products, in general brand-name products marketed under NDAs, the rebate amount is the greater of 23.1% of the AMP for the quarter or the difference between such AMP and the BP for that same quarter. Manufacturers also pay an “additional rebate" on innovator drugs where price increases since launch have outpaced inflation. Beginning with the first quarter of 2017, an additional rebate is due for noninnovator products, which is calculated somewhat differently from the innovator product additional rebate, but likewise generally applies where and to the extent that a manufacturer’s AMP increases faster than the rate of inflation. CMS issued a final regulation, generally effective April 1, 2016, to implement changes to the Medicaid rebate program under the 2010 health reform legislation (“Health Reform Law”) and otherwise to provide program guidance. In addition to guidance concerning rebate program administration matters, the regulation also addressed certain related Medicaid reimbursement matters. First, under the Health Reform Law, CMS has also begun to use manufacturer AMP data to calculate reimbursement limits for pharmacies for multiple source drugs under the Medicaid program, known as the federal upper limits ("FULs"). CMS also surveys and publishes retail community pharmacy acquisition cost information to provide state Medicaid agencies with a basis for comparing their own reimbursement and pricing methodologies and rates. Second, the regulation also directed states to update their Medicaid payment methodologies to provide for payment amounts designed to reflect pharmacies’ "actual acquisition costs" for drugs, a change from the prior "estimated acquisition" standard. The regulation also required states to provide the government with findings to support their compliance with this standard by April 1, 2017. Pricing and rebate calculations are governed by statutory and regulatory requirements that are complex, vary among products and programs, can change over time, and are subject to interpretation by us, governmental or regulatory agencies, and the courts. In the case of the Medicaid rebate program, if we become aware of errors in our prior price submissions, or a prior BP submission needs to be updated due to late arriving data, we must resubmit the updated data within specified time frames. Such restatements and recalculations increase our cost of compliance with the Medicaid rebate program, and corrections can result in an overage or underage of our rebate liability for past quarters, depending on the nature of the correction. 340B Program Agreement The 340B drug pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily-defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. The ceiling price is derived from the data the manufacturer reports under the Medicaid rebate program and therefore any changes to statutory or regulatory requirements applicable to the Medicaid price figures may impact the 340B ceiling price calculation as well. 340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from the Public Health Service, as well as certain hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low-income patients. 18 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Regulation Master Agreement with the Department of Veterans Affairs U.S. law also requires any company that participates in the Medicaid rebate program and Medicare Part B and that wants its covered drugs paid for by certain federal agencies and grantees to enter into a Master Agreement with the VA. Under the Master Agreement, the company must offer its innovator drugs for procurement under the Federal Supply Schedule (“FSS”) contracting program, and must charge certain agencies (VA, Department of Defense, Public Health Service and the Coast Guard) no more than a statutory Federal Ceiling Price (“FCP”). The FCP is calculated based on Non-Federal Average Manufacturer Price data we submit to the VA. FSS contracts include extensive disclosure and certification requirements and standard government terms and conditions with which we must comply. Consistent with VA’s interpretation of the Master Agreement, we have also entered into an agreement to pay rebates on covered drug prescriptions dispensed to TRICARE beneficiaries by TRICARE network retail pharmacies. Medicare Part D “Coverage Gap” Rebates For certain innovator products, manufacturers must also enter into an agreement with the Secretary of HHS to provide rebates with respect to utilization of their products by certain Medicare Part D beneficiaries while those patients are within the Medicare Part D benefit “coverage gap.” Manufacturers are not required to submit separate pricing data under this program; the rebate amount is calculated by CMS based on Part D plans’ “negotiated prices” paid to pharmacies. Other Price Regulation In addition to these technical government pricing regulation programs, drug pricing has come under increasing public scrutiny arising out of general concerns about high drug costs or price increases, and transparency of pricing and discounting practices within the pharmaceutical distribution system. Several states, including Maryland, Nevada, and California, have recently enacted laws that prohibit “price gouging,” require manufacturers to report certain information concerning price increases exceeding certain amounts, and/or provide advance notice of price increases to certain entities (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Operations for risks related to the above-mentioned programs). Other U.S. Regulations and Organizations We are subject to various other federal, state, non-governmental, and local agency rules and regulations. Compliance with the laws and regulations regarding the manufacture and sale of our current products and the discovery, development, and introduction of new products requires substantial effort, expense and capital investment. Other regulatory agencies, organizations, legislation, regulation and laws that may impact our business include, but are not limited to: • Physician Payment Sunshine Act - This act requires certain pharmaceutical manufacturers to engage in extensive tracking of payments or transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals, maintenance of a payment database and public reporting of the payment data. • Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 ("FCPA") - This act and other similar anti-bribery laws prohibit companies and their intermediaries from providing money or anything of value to officials of foreign governments, foreign political parties or international organizations with the intent to obtain or retain business or seek a business advantage. • Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") - This agency oversees the advertising and other promotional practices of consumer products marketers. The FTC considers whether a product’s claims are substantiated, truthful and not misleading. The FTC also reviews mergers and acquisitions of companies exceeding specified thresholds and investigates certain business practices relevant to the healthcare industry. • International Organization for Standardization ("ISO") - The ISO Standards specify requirements for a Quality Management System that demonstrates the ability to consistently provide products that meet customer and applicable regulatory standards and includes processes to ensure continuous improvement. 19 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Regulation Our infant formula manufacturing sites are ISO 9001-2008 Certified for Quality Management Systems. ISO inspections are conducted at least annually. • United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. ("USP") - The USP is a non-governmental, standard-setting organization. By reference, the FFDCA incorporates the USP quality and testing standards and monographs as the standard that must be met for the listed drugs, unless compliance with those standards is specifically disclaimed on the product’s labeling. USP standards exist for most Rx and OTC pharmaceuticals and many nutritional supplements. The FDA typically requires USP compliance as part of cGMP compliance. • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA") - HIPAA is a set of regulations designed to protect personal information and data collected and stored in medical records. It established a national standard to be used in all doctors' offices, hospitals and other businesses where personal medical information is stored. In addition to protecting personal medical information, HIPAA also gives patients the right to view their medical records and request changes if the data is incorrect. We could be subject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain individually identifiable health information from a covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA or for aiding and abetting the violation of HIPAA. • Consumer Product Safety Commission ("CPSC") - The CPSC has published regulations requiring child resistant packaging on certain products including pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements. The manufacturer of any product that is subject to any CPSC rule, ban, standard or regulation must certify that, based on a reasonable testing program, the product complies with CPSC requirements. • Other State Agencies - We are subject to regulation by numerous other state health departments, insurance departments, boards of pharmacy, state controlled substance agencies, state consumer health and safety regulations, and other comparable state agencies, each of which have license requirements and fees that vary by state. Regulation Outside the U.S. We develop and manufacture products and market third-party manufactured products in regions outside the U.S., including Eastern and Western Europe, Israel, Mexico, Australia, countries in Asia, South America, and the Middle East, each of which has its own regulatory environment. The majority of our sales outside the U.S. are in the following categories: OTC/Rx pharmaceuticals, medical devices, dietary supplements and cosmetics. Other regulatory agencies, organizations and legislation that may impact our business include, but are not limited to: • Privacy Regulations - We are subject to numerous global laws and regulations designed to protect personal data, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”). The GDPR introduced more stringent data protection requirements in the EU, as well as substantial fines for breaches of the data protection rules. The GDPR increased our responsibility and potential liability in relation to personal data that we process, and we have put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR. • Transparency Laws - In various jurisdictions in which we operate, we are subject to the laws and regulations aimed at increasing transparency of financial relationships between healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical/medical device manufacturers. These acts require certain pharmaceutical manufacturers to engage in extensive tracking of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals. • Anti-Bribery Laws - Various jurisdictions in which we operate have laws and regulations, including the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 and the Irish Criminal Justice (Corruption Offenses) Act 2018, aimed at preventing and penalizing corrupt and anticompetitive behavior. European Union OTC and Rx Pharmaceuticals The European pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated and much of the legislative and regulatory framework is driven by the European Parliament and the European Commission. This has many benefits, including 20 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Regulation the potential to harmonize standards across the complex European market. However, obtaining regulatory agreement across member states presents complex challenges that can lead to delays in the regulatory process. In the EU, as well as many other locations around the world, the manufacture and sale of medicinal products are regulated in a manner substantially similar to that of the U.S. requirements, which generally prohibit the handling, manufacture, marketing, and importation of any medicinal product unless it is properly registered in accordance with applicable law. The registration file relating to any particular product must contain data related to product efficacy and safety, including results of clinical testing and/or references to medical publications, as well as detailed information regarding production methods and quality control. Health ministries are authorized to cancel the registration of a product if it is found to be harmful or ineffective or if it is manufactured or marketed other than in accordance with registration conditions. Between 1995 and 1998, the over-arching regulation that governs medicinal products was revised in an attempt to simplify and harmonize product registration. This revised legislation introduced the mutual recognition procedure (“MRP”), whereby after approval of a marketing authorization by regulatory authorities in the reference member state (“RMS”), additional marketing authorizations could be submitted to other concerned member states to obtain a product license. In November 2005, the medicinal product legislation was further revised to introduce the decentralized procedure (“DCP”), whereby marketing authorizations are submitted simultaneously to the RMS and select concerned member states. In 2005, the EMA also opened up the centralized procedure to sponsors of marketing authorizations for generic medicinal products. Unlike the MRP and DCP, the centralized procedure results in a single marketing authorization and product labeling across all member states that will allow a sponsor to file for individual country reimbursement and make the medicine available in all the EU countries listed on the application. Marketing authorizations and subsequent product licenses are granted to applicants only after the relevant health authority issues a positive assessment of quality, safety and efficacy of the product. In addition to obtaining marketing authorization for each product, all member states require that a manufacturer’s facilities obtain approval from an EU Regulatory Authority. The EU has a code of GMP that each manufacturer must follow and comply with. Regulatory authorities in the EU may conduct inspections of the manufacturing facilities to review procedures, operating systems and personnel qualifications. We believe that our policies, operations and products comply in all material respects with existing regulations to which our operations are subject. In 2011, it was first proposed that the EU Member States had to transition to the European Falsified Medicines Directive (the “Directive”). The Directive was subsequently written into national law on January 2, 2013. The Directive made reference to a Delegated Act (the Delegated Act lists the detailed requirements for manufacturers). The Delegated Act was finalized and published in February 2017, and given a two-year implementation period. The provisions of the Directive are intended to reduce the risk of counterfeit medicines entering the supply chain and also to ensure the quality of API manufactured outside of the EU. The Directive required the serialization of all Rx and some OTC products, similar to the DSCSA in the U.S. In the EU, member states regulate the pricing of prescription medicinal products, and in some cases, the formulation and dosing of products. This regulation is handled by individual member state national health services. These individual regulatory bodies can result in considerable price differences and product availability among member states. The implementation of tendering systems for the pricing of pharmaceuticals in several countries generally impacts drug pricing for generics; generally “tendering” refers to a system that requires bids to be submitted to the government by competing manufacturers to be the exclusive, or one of a few, suppliers of a product in a particular country. Data exclusivity provisions exist in many countries, although the application is not uniform. In general, these exclusivity provisions prevent the approval and/or submission of generic drug applications to the health authorities for a fixed period of time following the first approval of the brand-name product in that country. As these exclusivity provisions operate independently of patent exclusivity, they may prevent the submission of generic drug applications for some products even after the patent protection has expired. The requirements deriving from European pharmacovigilance regulation are constantly expanding due to increasing guidance on good vigilance practices and increased communication on inspectors’ expectations. Pharmacovigilance fee regulation became effective in late 2014 to support health authority assessment of pharmacovigilance safety evaluation reports, study protocols for post authorization safety studies and referrals. 21 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Regulation Once approved, the advertising of pharmaceuticals in the EU is governed by national regulations and guidelines. Within certain member states this is overseen by a self-certification process whereas in others national governance bodies approve material prior to release. The wholesale distribution of medicinal products is an important activity in the integrated supply chain management. The quality and the integrity of medicinal products can be affected by a lack of adequate control. To this end, the EU Commission has published guidelines on Good Distribution Practice of medicinal products for human use in 2013. The present guidelines are based on Articles 84 and 85b(3) of medicinal products for human use directive. Medical Devices The EU has enacted into law numerous directives and adopted many harmonizing standards pertaining to a wide range of industrial products, including medical devices. Medical devices that comply with the requirements of applicable directives are entitled to bear the CE marking of conformity, which indicates that the device conforms to the applicable requirements of the directives and, accordingly, can be commercially distributed throughout Europe. The method of assessing conformity varies depending on the class of the product, but normally involves a combination of self-assessment by the manufacturer and a third-party assessment by a Notified Body, an organization accredited by a member state. Assessment by a Notified Body includes an audit of the manufacturer’s quality system and may also include specific testing of the product. This assessment is a prerequisite for a manufacturer to commercially distribute the product throughout the EU. On May 25, 2017, the EU’s Medical Device Regulation (the “MDR”) became effective. Beginning May 26, 2024, all medical devices sold in the EU will need to be approved under the MDR. Notified Bodies, which are organizations accredited by a member state, can continue to approve medical devices under the existing Medical Device Directives (the “MDDs”) until May 26, 2020. Beginning on May 27, 2020, Notified Bodies will no longer be able to approve new medical devices under the MDDs or approve notifications of “substantial” design changes, including changes to labeling/packaging, changes to the manufacturing process, or the addition of new features and functionality, to medical devices that were approved under the MDDs. Dietary Supplements Dietary supplements are subject to several regulations that inform the selection of ingredient levels and how products can be described on packaging and in advertising. These regulations include: Food Supplements Directive 2002/46/EC, Food Information to Consumers Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, Permitted Vitamins and Minerals Regulation (EC) 1170/2009, Food Additives Regulation (EC) 1333/2008, Nutritional & Health Claims Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, the Foods Intended for Particular Nutritional Uses Directive 2009/39/EC, and Regulation (EU) 609/2013. EU rules on nutrition and health claims, which were established by Regulation EC 1924/2006, apply to any nutritional or health claim by a manufacturer. The objective of the regulation is to ensure that claims made in food labeling or advertising are clear, accurate and based on scientific evidence. The European Food Safety Authority, an advisory panel to the European Commission, performs all scientific assessments of health claims on food and supplement labels. An EU register of nutrition and health claims exists to document approved, pending, and rejected claims. Cosmetics Cosmetic products in the EU market must comply with Regulation EC No. 1223/2009. This regulation requires manufacturers to prepare a product safety report prior to placing a cosmetic product in the market. In addition, for each cosmetic product placed in the market, a “responsible person” must be designated to oversee compliance with the regulation’s reporting requirements. Commission Regulation EU No. 655/2013 establishes the common criteria and justification for claims to be used in the packaging and advertising of cosmetics products. 22 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1 Employees As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 10,600 full-time and temporary employees worldwide, of which approximately 19% were covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our employee relations generally good. Available Information Our principal executive offices are located at The Sharp Building, Hogan Place, Dublin 2, D02 TY74, and our North American base of operations is located at 515 Eastern Avenue, Allegan, Michigan 49010. Our telephone number is +353 1 7094000. Our website address is www.perrigo.com, where we make available free of charge our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, including any amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). These filings are also available to the public at www.sec.gov and www.isa.gov.il. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Risks Related to Operations We face vigorous competition from other pharmaceutical and consumer packaged goods companies that may threaten the commercial acceptance and pricing of our products. We operate in a highly competitive environment. Our products compete against store brand, generic, and branded health and wellness products. Competition is also impacted by changes in regulations and government pricing programs that may give competitors an advantage. If we are unable to compete successfully, our business will be harmed through loss of customers or increased negative pricing pressure that would adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and adversely affect our operating results. • As a manufacturer of generic versions of brand-name drugs through our CHCA and RX segments, we experience competition from brand-name drug companies that may try to prevent, discourage or delay the use of generic versions through various measures, including introduction of new branded products, legislative initiatives, changing dosage forms or dosing regimens, regulatory processes, filing new patents or patent extensions, lawsuits, citizens’ petitions, and negative publicity prior to introduction of a generic product. In addition, brand-name competitors may lower their prices to compete with generic products, increase advertising, or launch, either through an affiliate or licensing arrangements with another company, an authorized generic at or near the time the first generic product is launched, depriving the generic product of potential market exclusivity. • Our CHCA and RX segments may experience increased price competition as other generic companies produce the same product, sometimes for dramatically lower margins in order to gain market share. Other generic companies may introduce new drugs and/or drug delivery techniques that make our current products less desirable. A drug may be subject to competition from alternative therapies during the period of patent protection or regulatory exclusivity, and thereafter, we may be subject to further competition from generic products and OTC pharmaceuticals or biosimilars. • The pharmaceutical industry is consolidating. This creates larger competitors and places further pressure on prices, development activities, and customer retention. • Our animal health category within the CHCA segment has seen an increase in direct to consumer advertising by several branded competitors, which may increase in the future, and our nutritionals category has experienced increased competition through alternative channels such as health food stores, direct mail and direct sales. • We develop and distribute branded products primarily through our CHCI segment. We experience competition from other brand-name drug companies, many of which are larger and have more resources to devote to advertising and marketing. These direct competitors may be able to adapt more quickly to 23 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors changes in customer requirements. Our current and future competitors may develop products comparable or superior to those offered by us at more competitive prices. • Our CHCA and RX segments also experience competition from generic manufacturers, some of whom are significantly larger than we are, who may develop their products more rapidly or complete regulatory approval processes sooner, or may market their products earlier than we do. If we do not continue to develop, manufacture, and market innovative products that meet customer demands, we may lose market share and our net sales may be negatively impacted. Our continued growth is due in large part to our ability to develop, manufacture, and market products that meet customer requirements for quality, safety, efficacy, and cost effectiveness. Continuous introductions of new products and product categories are critical to our business. If we do not continue to develop, manufacture, and market new products, we could lose market share, and our net sales may be negatively impacted. • We maintain a diversified product line to function as a primary supplier for our customers. Capital investments are driven by growth, technological advancements, cost improvement and the need for manufacturing flexibility. Our future capital expenditures could vary materially due to the uncertainty of these factors. In addition, if we fail to stay current with the latest manufacturing, information and packaging technology, we may be unable to competitively support the launch of new product introductions. • Our product margins may decline over time due to our products' aging life cycles, changes in consumer choice, changes in competition for our existing products, or the introduction of next generation innovative products; therefore, new product introductions are necessary to maintain our current financial condition. If we are unable to continue to create new products, we may lose market share or experience pricing pressure, and our net sales may be negatively impacted. • We must prove that the regulated generic drug products in our CHCA and RX segments are bioequivalent to their branded counterparts, which may require bioequivalence studies, and in the case of topical products, even more extensive clinical endpoint trials to demonstrate their efficacy. The development and commercialization process, particularly with respect to innovative products, is both time consuming and costly, and subject to a high degree of business risk. Products currently under development may require re- design to meet evolving FDA standards, may not perform as expected, may not pass required bioequivalence studies, or may be the subject of intellectual property challenges. Necessary regulatory approvals may not be obtained in a timely manner, if at all. Any of these events may negatively impact our net sales. • Even if we are successful in developing a product, our customers' failure to launch one of our products successfully, or delays in manufacturing developed products, could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, the FDA or similar regulatory agency could impose higher standards and additional requirements, such as requiring more supporting data and clinical data than previously required, in order to gain regulatory clearance to launch new formulations into the market, which could negatively impact our future net sales. Our CHCA and CHCI segments are impacted by changes in consumer preferences. If we are unable to adapt to these changes, we may lose market share and our net sales may be negatively impacted. Consumer preferences related to health and nutritional concerns may change, which could negatively impact demand for our CHCA and CHCI products or cause us to incur additional costs to change our products or product packaging. • The future growth and stability of U.S. store brand market share will be impacted, in part, by general economic conditions, which can influence consumers to switch to and from store brand products. Our CHCA segment sales could be negatively affected if economic conditions improve and consumers return to purchasing higher-priced brand-name products. Conversely, while store brand products present an alternative to higher-priced branded products, if economic conditions deteriorate, our CHCA segment sales could be negatively impacted if consumers forgo obtaining healthcare or reduce their healthcare spending. 24 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors • Our CHCI segment's success is dependent on the continued growth in demand for its lifestyle products, which include weight management, pregnancy and fertility kits, sleep management, smoking cessation, and eye care. If demand for these products decreases, our CHCI segment's results of operations would be negatively impacted. • Our CHCA customers may request changes in packaging to meet consumer demands, which could cause us to incur inventory obsolescence charges and redesign costs, which in turn would negatively impact our CHCA segment's results of operations. • Our infant formula product category within our CHCA segment is subject to changing consumer preferences and health and nutrition-related concerns. Our business depends, in part, on consumer preferences and choices, including the number of mothers who choose to use infant formula products rather than breastfeed their babies. To the extent that private, public, and government sources may promote the benefits of breastfeeding over the use of infant formula, there could be a reduced demand for infant formula products. We could also be adversely impacted by an increase in the number of families that are provided with infant formula by the U.S. federal government through the Women, Infants and Children program, as we do not participate in this program. We operate in highly regulated industries, and any inability to timely meet current or future regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and operating results. We are subject to the regulations of a variety of U.S. and non-U.S. agencies related to the manufacturing, processing, formulation, packaging, labeling, testing, storing, distribution, advertising, and sale of our products as described in detail in Item 1. Business - Government Regulation and Pricing. Changes in existing regulations or the adoption of new regulations in the countries in which we operate could impose restrictions or delays on our ability to manufacture, distribute, sell or market our products, may be difficult or expensive for us to comply with, and may adversely affect our revenue, results of operations, and financial condition. Below are some of the ways in which government regulation could impact our business and/or financial results: • We must obtain approval from the appropriate regulatory agencies in order to manufacture and sell our products in the regions in which we operate. Obtaining this approval can be time consuming and costly. There can be no assurance that, in the event we submit an application for a marketing authorization to any global regulatory agency, we will obtain the approval to market a product and/or that we will obtain it on a timely basis. Laws unique to the U.S. regulatory framework encourage generic competition by providing eligibility for first generic marketing exclusivity if certain conditions are met. If we are granted generic exclusivity, the exclusivity may be shared with other generic companies, including authorized generics; or it is possible that we may forfeit 180-day exclusivity if we do not obtain regulatory approval or begin marketing the product within the statutory requirements. Finally, if we are not the first to file our ANDA, the FDA may grant 180-day exclusivity to another company, thereby effectively delaying the launch of our product and/or possibly reducing our market share. • Global regulatory agencies regularly inspect our manufacturing facilities and the facilities of our third-party suppliers. The failure of one of our facilities, or a facility of one of our third-party suppliers, to comply with applicable laws and regulations may lead to a breach of representations made to our customers, or to regulatory or government action against us related to the products made in that facility. Such action could include suspension of or delay in regulatory approvals. If the compliance violations are severe, agencies of the government may initiate product seizure, injunction, recall, suspension of production or distribution of our products, loss of certain licenses or other governmental penalties, or civil or criminal prosecution, thereby impacting the reputation of all of our products. • In the U.S., the DSCSA requires development of an electronic pedigree to track and trace each prescription drug at the salable unit level through the distribution system, which will be effective incrementally over a 10- year period beginning on January 1, 2015, for manufacturers, wholesale distributors, and re-packagers, and on July 1, 2015 for dispensers. Similarly, the European Commission passed legislation requiring new product packaging ‘safety features’ to prevent falsification of medicinal products primarily within the prescription medicines sector. All marketing authorization holders in the EU member states and EEA 25 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors members Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland were required to introduce the necessary changes by February 9, 2019 (or risk forfeiting their product licenses). However, manufacturers based out of Greece, Belgium and Italy have an extended timeline until February 9, 2025 to implement the serialization guidelines as they already feature similar requirements on their current drug packages. Compliance with the new U.S. and EU electronic pedigree requirements has and will continue to increase our operational expenses and impose significant administrative burdens. • Global regulatory agencies highly scrutinize any product application submitted to switch a product from physician prescribed Rx to unsupervised OTC use by the general public. The expansion of Rx-to-OTC switches is critical to our future growth. Reluctance of regulatory agencies to approve Rx-to-OTC switches in new product categories could impact that growth. • Our infant formula products may be subject to barriers or sanctions imposed by countries or international organizations limiting international trade and dictating the specific content of infant formula products. Governments could enhance regulations on the industry aimed at ensuring the safety and quality of dairy products, including, but not limited to, compulsory batch-by-batch inspection and testing for additional safety and quality issues. Such inspections and testing may increase our operating costs related to infant formula products. • • If we are unable to successfully obtain the necessary quota for controlled substances and List I chemicals, we risk having delayed product launches or failing to meet commercial supply obligations. If we are unable to comply with regulatory requirements for controlled substances and List I chemicals, the DEA, or similar regulatory agency, may take regulatory actions, resulting in temporary or permanent interruption of distribution of our products, withdrawal of our products from the market, or other penalties. In order to commercially distribute our medical device products in the EU, they need to conform with the requirements of applicable EU directives. The method of assessing conformity varies depending on the class of the product, but normally involves a combination of self-assessment by the manufacturer and a third-party assessment by a Notified Body, an organization accredited by a member state, which includes an audit of the manufacturer’s quality system and, for some products, specific product testing. If our products fail to meet the applicable EU directives, then we may not meet our projected growth targets and/ or incur fines and penalties. • Our operations extend to numerous countries outside the U.S. and are subject to the risks inherent in conducting business globally and under the laws, regulations, and customs of various jurisdictions. These risks include compliance with a variety of national and local laws of countries in which we do business, such as restrictions on the import and export of certain intermediates, drugs, and technologies. We must also comply with a variety of U.S. laws related to doing business outside of the U.S., including Office of Foreign Asset Controls; United Nations and EU sanctions; the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012; and rules relating to the use of certain “conflict minerals” under Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Further changes in laws, regulations, and practices affecting the pharmaceutical industry and the healthcare system, including imports, exports, manufacturing, quality, cost, pricing, reimbursement, approval, inspection, and delivery of healthcare, may affect our business and operations. Continuing Healthcare reforms and related changes to reimbursement methods in and outside of the United States may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Increasing healthcare expenditures have received considerable public attention in many of the countries in which we operate. In the U.S., government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, as well as private insurers, have been focused on cost containment. In some markets in the EU and outside the U.S., the government provides healthcare at low direct cost to consumers and regulates pharmaceutical prices or patient reimbursement levels to control costs for the government-sponsored healthcare system. Both private and governmental entities are seeking ways to reduce or contain healthcare costs. For example, the recently introduced Affordable Drug Manufacturing Act would create a U.S. federal agency tasked with manufacturing certain generic drugs to be offered directly to consumers. It is unclear if this proposed legislation will be enacted, but these or similar legislative or regulatory efforts could place further pricing pressure on our products and could negatively impact our results of operations. 26 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors Our RX segment in particular could be materially adversely impacted by measures taken by governmental entities or private insurers to restrict patients' access to our products or increase pressure on drug pricing, including denial of price increases, prospective and retrospective price decreases, and increased mandatory discounts or rebates. These actions may drive us and our competitors to decrease prices or may reduce the ability of customers to pay for our products, which could materially negatively impact the RX segment's results of operations. If we fail to comply with the reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid rebate program or other governmental purchasing and rebate programs, we could be subject to fines or penalties, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. As described in Item 1. Business - Medicaid Rebate Agreement, we have entered into various government drug pricing agreements with the U.S. government. There are inherent risks associated with participating in these programs, including the following: • By their nature, these programs require us to provide discounts and rebates and therefore reduce our net product revenue. Further, because the amounts of these discounts are based on our commercial sales practices and can be adversely affected by both significant discounts and price increases, it is important that we maintain pricing practices that appropriately take into account these government pricing programs. • We are required to report pricing data to CMS, including AMP, on a monthly and quarterly basis and BP and ASP on a quarterly basis. We also are required to report quarterly and annual Non-FAMPs to the VA. If we fail to submit required information on a timely basis, make misrepresentations, or knowingly submit false information to the government as to AMP, ASP, or BP, we may be liable for substantial civil monetary penalties or subject to other enforcement actions, such as under the False Claims Act, and CMS may terminate our Medicaid drug rebate agreement. In that event, U.S. federal payments may not be available under Medicaid or Medicare Part B for our covered outpatient drugs. • Because many of our products may be subject to Medicaid FULs or CMS’s new Medicaid “actual acquisition cost” payment methodology standard, our products may be subject to reimbursement pressures, and in some cases, those pressures may result from practices outside of our control, including how our competitors price their equivalent products. Based on our initial evaluation, we do not believe that the changes have had a material impact on our business. However, states are continuing to evaluate their payment methods, and we cannot predict how the new FUL or state payment methodologies will affect our pharmacy customers or to what extent these customers may seek additional discounts in light of reimbursement changes. We also cannot predict how the sharing of FUL data and retail survey prices may impact competition in the marketplace in the future. • Under the 340B program, if we fail to provide required discounts to covered entities, we may be subject to refund claims or civil money penalties under that program. • If we inadvertently overcharge the government in connection with our FSS contract or TriCare Agreement, whether due to a misstated FCP or otherwise, we would be required to refund the difference. Failure to make necessary disclosures and/or to identify contract overcharges can result in False Claims Act allegations or potential violations of other laws and regulations. Unexpected refunds to the government, and responses to a government investigation or enforcement action, are expensive and time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. • Our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid rebate program and other governmental purchasing and rebate programs are complex and may involve subjective decisions. Our calculations and methodologies are subject to review by the governmental agencies, and it is possible that these reviews could result in challenges to our submissions. If we do not comply with those reporting and payment obligations, we could be subject to civil and/or criminal sanctions, including fines, penalties, and possible exclusion from U.S. federal healthcare programs. 27 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors Lack of availability, or significant increases in the cost, of raw materials used in manufacturing our products could adversely impact our profit margins and operating results. Affordable high quality raw materials and packaging components are essential to all of our business units due to the nature of the products we manufacture. In addition, maintaining good supply relationships is essential to our ongoing operations. See Item 1. Business - Materials Sourcing for more information. • We maintain several single-source supplier relationships, either because alternative sources are not available or because the relationship is advantageous due to regulatory, performance, quality, support, or price considerations. Unavailability or delivery delays of single-source components or products could adversely affect our ability to ship the related product in a timely manner. The effect of unavailability or delivery delays would be more severe if associated with our higher-volume or more profitable products. Even where alternative sources of supply are available, qualifying the alternate suppliers and establishing reliable supplies could cost more or result in delays and a loss of net sales. Additionally, global regulatory requirements for obtaining product approvals could substantially lengthen the approval of an alternate material source. As a result, the loss of a single-source supplier could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. • The rapid increase in cost of many raw materials from inflationary forces, such as increased energy costs, and our ability or inability to pass on these increases to our customers could have a negative material impact on our financial results. • Our infant formula products require certain key raw ingredients that are derived from raw milk, such as skim milk powder, whey protein powder, and lactose. Our supply of milk-based ingredients may be limited by the ability of individual dairy farmers and cooperatives to provide raw milk in the amount and quality we deem necessary. Raw milk production is influenced by factors beyond our control including seasonal and environmental factors, governmental agricultural and environmental policy, and global demand. We cannot guarantee that there will be sufficient supplies of these key ingredients necessary to produce infant formula. • Our products, and the raw materials used to make the products mentioned above, generally have limited shelf lives. Our inventory levels are based, in part, on expectations regarding future sales. We may experience build-ups in inventory if sales slow. Any significant shortfall in sales may result in higher inventory levels of raw materials and finished products, thereby increasing the risk of inventory spoilage and corresponding inventory write-downs and write-offs. Cargo thefts and/or diversions, and economically or maliciously motivated product tampering on store shelves may occur, causing unexpected shortages and harm to our reputation, which may have a material impact on our operations. • We rely on third parties to source many of our raw materials, as well as to manufacture sterile, injectable products that we distribute. We maintain a strict program of verification and product testing throughout the ingredient sourcing and manufacturing process to identify potential counterfeit ingredients, adulterants, and toxic substances. Nevertheless, discovery of previously unknown problems with the raw materials or product manufacturing processes, or new data suggesting an unacceptable safety risk associated therewith, could result in a voluntary or mandatory withdrawal of the contaminated product from the marketplace, either temporarily or permanently. Any future recall or removal would result in additional costs and lost revenue, harm our reputation, and may give rise to product liability litigation. • Changes in regulation could impact the supply of the API and certain other raw materials used in our products. For example, the EU recently promulgated new standards requiring all API imported into the EU be certified as complying with GMP established by the EU. The regulations placed the certification requirement on the regulatory bodies of the exporting countries, which led to an API supply shortage in Europe as certain governments were not willing or able to comply with the regulation in a timely fashion, or at all. A shortage in API or other raw ingredients could cause us to have to cease manufacture of certain products, or to incur costs and delays to qualify other suppliers to substitute for those API manufacturers who are unable to export. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flow. 28 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors A disruption at any of our main manufacturing facilities could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and results of operations. Our manufacturing operations are concentrated in a few locations. See Item 1. Business - Manufacturing and Distribution for more information on our significant operations. A significant disruption at one or more of these facilities, whether it be due to fire, natural disaster, power loss, intentional acts of vandalism, war, terrorism, insufficient quality, or pandemic could materially and adversely affect our business. Additionally, regulatory authorities routinely inspect all of our manufacturing facilities for cGMP compliance. While our manufacturing sites are cGMP compliant, if a regulatory authority were to identify serious adverse findings not corrected upon follow up inspections, we may be required to issue product recalls, shutdown manufacturing facilities, and take other remedial actions. If any manufacturing facility were forced to cease or limit production, our business could be adversely affected. Any breach, disruption or misuse of our information systems, cyber security efforts or personal data could have a material adverse effect on our business. We are increasingly dependent upon information technology systems to operate our business. Our systems, information, and operations, as well as our independent vendor relationships (that support information technology and manufacturing infrastructure), are highly complex. These systems may contain confidential information (including trade secrets or other intellectual property or proprietary business information). The size and complexity of these systems makes them potentially vulnerable to disruption or damage from security breaches, hacking, data theft, denial of service attacks, human error, sabotage, industrial espionage, and computer viruses. Such events may be difficult to detect, and once detected, their impact may be difficult to assess and address. Cyber attacks have become increasingly common, and we experience phishing, firewall, business email compromise and other types of attacks on our information technology systems. While we continue to employ resources to monitor our systems and protect our infrastructure, including the use of outside advisors, these measures may prove insufficient depending upon the attack or threat posed, and that could subject us to significant risks, including, without limitation: • Breaches or disruptions that impair our ability to develop, meet regulatory approval efforts, produce, and/or ship products, take and fulfill orders, and/or collect and make payments on a timely basis; • Any system issue, whether as a result of an intentional breach or a natural disaster, that damages our reputation and causes us to lose customers, experience lower sales volume, and incur significant liabilities; • Incurring significant expense to ensure compliance with any required disclosures mandated by the numerous global privacy and security laws and regulations; and • Any interruption, security breach, or loss, misappropriation, or unauthorized access, use or disclosure of confidential information could result in financial, legal, business, or reputational harm to us and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We are also subject to numerous laws and regulations designed to protect personal data, such as the national laws implementing the GDPR. The GDPR introduced more stringent data protection requirements in the EU, as well as significant fines for breaches of the data protection rules. The GDPR increased our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process, and we have put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the new EU data protection rules. 29 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors Because our business depends upon certain customers for a significant portion of our sales, our business would be adversely affected by a disruption of our relationship with these customers or any material adverse change in these customers' businesses. Sales to our largest customer, Walmart, comprised approximately 12.8% of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2018. While no other customer individually comprised more than 10% of net sales, we do have other significant customers. If our relationship with Walmart or any of our other significant customers, including the terms of doing business with the customers, changes significantly, it could have a material adverse impact on us (refer to Item 1. Business - Significant Customers). Many of our customers, which include major global, national, and regional retail drug, supermarket, and mass merchandise chains, major wholesalers, sourcing groups, hospitals, pharmacies, and drug, and grocery stores located primarily in Europe, continue to merge or consolidate. Such consolidation has provided, and may continue to provide, customers with additional purchasing leverage, and consequently may increase the pricing pressures we face. The emergence of large buying groups representing independent retail pharmacies enable those groups to extract price discounts on our products. In addition, a number of our customers have instituted sourcing programs limiting the number of suppliers of generic pharmaceutical products carried by that customer. These developments have resulted in heightened pricing pressure on our products, as well as competition among generic drug producers for business from a smaller and more selective customer base. Additionally, if we are unable to maintain adequately high levels of customer service over time, customers may choose to assess penalties, obtain alternate sources for products, and/or end their relationships with us. Although we have divested our rights to the Tysabri® royalty stream, we are entitled to additional milestone payments if certain specified thresholds are met, and any negative developments related to Tysabri® could have a material adverse effect on our receipt of those payments. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we divested our rights to the Tysabri® royalty stream to Royalty Pharma for $2.2 billion in cash at closing and up to $250.0 million and $400.0 million in milestone payments. During the year ended December 31, 2018, Tysabri® met the 2018 global net sales threshold resulting in a $170.1 million gain recorded in Change in financial assets. We received the $250.0 million royalty payment on February 22, 2019. In order for us to receive the 2020 milestone payment, Royalty Pharma contingent payments for Tysabri® sales in 2020 must exceed $351.0 million. The fair value of the 2020 milestone payment is $73.2 million as of December 31, 2018. Our receipt of the 2020 milestone payment may be negatively impacted if the royalty streams decrease and are insufficient to meet the specified thresholds. Given the fact that the 2020 milestone payment is recorded at fair value, if it is determined that Tysabri® global sales levels do not meet specific thresholds, we would recognize a material charge in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Factors that may have an adverse effect on the Tysabri® royalty stream include: • Companies working to develop new therapies or alternative formulations of products for multiple sclerosis that, if successfully developed, would compete with, or could gain greater acceptance than, Tysabri® and damage its market share. In February 2016, a competitor's pipeline product, Ocrevus®, received breakthrough therapy designation from the FDA, and this product was launched in 2017. The product is expected to compete with Tysabri® and have a significant negative impact on the Tysabri® royalty stream; • Biogen is the owner of the patents on Tysabri®. The loss of protection of these patents, such as a patent invalidation, could adversely affect the royalty stream from Tysabri®. In addition, once the Tysabri® patents expire, other generic companies may introduce products similar to Tysabri® that could adversely affect the royalty stream; • Foreign currency movement, which could have a negative impact on Biogen's Tysabri® sales, thereby reducing the royalties; • Any negative developments relating to Tysabri®, such as safety, efficacy, or reimbursement issues, could reduce demand for Tysabri®; and 30 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors • Adverse regulatory or legislative developments could limit or prohibit the sale of Tysabri®, such as restrictions on the use of Tysabri® or safety-related label changes, including enhanced risk management programs, which may significantly reduce expected royalty revenue and require significant expense and management time to address the associated legal and regulatory issues. Additionally, Tysabri® sales growth cannot be assured given the significant restrictions on its use and the significant safety warnings on the label, including the risk of developing Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ("PML"), a serious brain infection. The risk of developing PML may increase with prior immunosuppressant use, longer treatment duration, or the presence of certain antibodies. Increased incidence of PML could limit sales growth, prompt regulatory review, require significant changes to the label, or result in market withdrawal. In addition, the result of ongoing or future clinical trials involving Tysabri® or other adverse events reported in association with the use of Tysabri® may have an adverse impact on prescribing behavior and reduce sales of Tysabri®. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that Royalty Pharma will pay the 2020 milestone payment even if the specified thresholds are met. We are dependent on the services of certain key members of management. Our inability to successfully manage transition, or the failure to attract and retain other key members of management, may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. We are dependent on the services of certain key employees, and our future success will depend in large part upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees. Key functions for us include executive managers, operational managers, R&D scientists, information technology specialists, financial and legal specialists, regulatory professionals, quality compliance specialists, and sales/marketing personnel. If we are unable to attract or retain key qualified employees, our future operating results may be adversely impacted. Management transition creates uncertainties, and any difficulties we experience in managing such transitions may negatively impact our business. Over the last several years, we have experienced a number of changes in our executive leadership. Most recently, on October 8, 2018, we announced the appointment of Murray S. Kessler as President and Chief Executive Officer and member of our Board. Mr. Kessler’s appointment followed the resignation of Uwe Roehrhoff, who had held those roles since his appointment in January 2018. Changes in executive management create uncertainty. Moreover, changes in our company as a result of management transition could have a disruptive impact on our ability to implement, or result in changes to, our strategy and could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Unfavorable publicity or consumer perception of the safety, quality, and efficacy of our products could have a material adverse impact on our business. We are dependent upon consumers' perception of the safety, quality, and efficacy of our products, and may be affected by changing consumer preferences. Negative consumer perception may arise from media reports, product liability claims, regulatory investigations, or recalls, regardless of whether they involve us or our products. The mere publication of information asserting defects in products or ingredients, or concerns about our products or the materials used in our products, could discourage consumers from buying our products, regardless of whether such information is scientifically supported. • Our products involve risks such as product contamination, spoilage, mislabeling, and tampering that could require us to recall one or more of our products. Serious product quality concerns could also result in governmental actions against us that, among other things, could result in the suspension of production or distribution of our products, product seizures, loss of certain licenses, delays in the issuance of governmental approvals for new products, or other governmental penalties, all of which could be detrimental to our reputation and reduce demand for our products. • We cannot guarantee that counterfeiting, imitation or other tampering with our products will not occur or that we will be able to detect and resolve it. Any counterfeiting or contamination of any products could negatively 31 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors impact our reputation and sales, particularly if counterfeit or imitation products cause death or injury to consumers. • Many of the brands we acquired from Omega Pharma Invest N.V. ("Omega") have European recognition. This recognition is the result of the large investments Omega has made in its products over many years. The quality and safety of the products are critical to our business. If we are unable to effectively manage real or perceived issues, including concerns about safety, quality, efficacy, or similar matters, sentiments toward us and our products could be negatively impacted. • Our CHCI segment's financial success is dependent on the success of its brands, and the success of these brands can suffer if marketing plans or product initiatives do not have the desired impact on a brand’s image or its ability to attract consumers, and the performance of the segment may be negatively impacted if spending on such plans and initiatives does not generate the returns we anticipate. In addition, given the association of individual products within the commercial network of our CHCI segment, an issue with one of our products could negatively affect the reputation of other products, thereby potentially hurting our financial results. • Powdered infant formula products are not sterile. All of our infant formula products must be prepared and maintained according to label instruction to retain their flavor and nutritional value and avoid contamination or deterioration. Depending on the product, a risk of contamination or deterioration may exist at each stage of the production cycle, including the purchase and delivery of raw materials, the processing and packaging of food products, and the use and handling by consumers, hospital personnel, and healthcare professionals. In the event that certain of our infant formula products are found or alleged to have suffered contamination or deterioration, whether or not under our control, our reputation and our infant formula product category sales could be materially adversely affected. Increasing use of social media could give rise to liability, breaches of data security, or reputation damage. The Company and our employees increasingly utilize social media as a means of internal and external communication. • To the extent that we seek to use social media tools as a means to communicate about our products and/or business, there are uncertainties as to the rules that apply to such communications, or as to the interpretations that authorities will apply to the rules that exist. As a result, despite our efforts to monitor evolving social media communication guidelines and comply with applicable rules, there is risk that our use of social media for such purposes may cause us to be found in violation of them. A violation of such guidelines may damage our reputation as well as cause potential lawsuits and adversely affect our operating activities. • Our employees may knowingly or inadvertently make use of social media tools in ways that may not be aligned with our social media strategy, may give rise to liability, or could lead to the loss of trade secrets or other intellectual property, or public exposure of personal information (including sensitive personal information) of our employees, clinical trial patients, customers, and others. • Negative posts or comments about us, store brands or generic pharmaceuticals, or our products in social media could seriously damage our reputation and could adversely affect the price of our securities. In addition, negative posts or comments about our products could result in increased pharmacovigilance reporting requirements, which may give rise to liability if we fail to fully comply with such requirements. 32 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors Our quarterly results are impacted by a number of factors, some of which are beyond the control of our management, that may result in significant quarter-to-quarter fluctuations in operating results. Some of the factors that may impact our quarterly results include the severity, length and timing of the cough/cold/flu and allergy seasons, the flea and tick season, the timing of new product approvals and introductions by us and our competitors, price competition, changes in the regulatory environment, changes in accounting pronouncements, changes in the levels of inventories maintained by our customers, and the timing of retailer promotional programs. These and other factors may result in significant variations in our operating results from quarter to quarter. We may not be able to sustain or improve operating results in our business segments. • We continue to experience a significant year-over-year reduction in pricing in our RX segment due to competitive pressures. This softness in pricing is attributable to various factors, including increased focus from customers to capture supply chain productivity savings, competition in specific products, and consolidation of certain customers. While in the fourth quarter of 2018, we experienced a year-over-year decrease in pricing pressure, we expect softness in pricing to continue to impact the segment for the foreseeable future. • The CHCI segment has been positively impacted by market dynamics in countries such as the Nordics, Italy, and Portugal offset by softness in certain brand categories in France and Germany, as well as by unfavorable foreign currency impacts primarily in the U.K. related to Brexit. The CHCI segment has restructured its approach to addressing these markets including by: (1) implementing of a brand prioritization strategy to address these market dynamics, with an objective to balance the cost of advertising and promotional investments with expected contributions from category sales, and (2) restructuring its sales force in each of these markets to more effectively serve customers. The combination of these actions is expected to improve the segment's focus on higher value OTC products, reduce selling costs and improve operating margins in the segment. • We continue to experience a reduction in pricing expectations within our CHCA segment, primarily in the cough/cold, animal health, and analgesics categories due to various factors, including focus from customers to capture supply chain productivity savings and competition in specific product categories. We expect this pricing environment to continue to impact our CHCA segment for the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will not continue to experience challenges related to our segments, and these challenges could have a material impact on our business, cash flows, and results of operations or result in impairment charges, and the market value of our ordinary shares and/or debt securities may decline. We may not realize the benefits of business acquisitions and divestitures we enter into, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. In the normal course of business, we engage in discussions relating to possible acquisitions and divestitures. These transactions are accompanied by a number of risks. Many of these risks are beyond our control, and any one of them could result in increased cost, decreased net sales and diversion of management’s time and energy, any or all of which could materially impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Acquisitions One of our strategies is inorganic growth through the acquisition of products and companies that we expect will benefit the Company. This strategy comes with a number of financial, managerial, and operational risks. We may not realize the benefits of an acquisition because of integration and other challenges, including, but not limited to the following: • Difficulty involved with managing the expanded operations of the respective parties, as well as identifying the extent of all weaknesses, risks, and contingent and other liabilities; • Uncertainties involved in assessing the value, strengths, and potential profitability of the respective parties, as well as identifying the extent of all weaknesses, risks, and contingent and other liabilities of acquisition 33 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors targets; • Unanticipated changes in the business, industry, market or general economic conditions different from the assumptions underlying our rationale for pursuing the transaction; • Difficulties due to a lack of, or limited experience in, any new product or geographic markets we enter; • Inability to achieve identified operating and financial synergies, or return on investment, from an acquisition in the amounts or on the time frame anticipated; • Substantial demands on our management, operational resources, technology, and financial and internal control systems, which could lead to dissatisfaction and potential loss of key customers, management, or employees; • Integration activities that may detract attention from our day-to-day business, and substantial costs associated with the transaction process or other material adverse effects as a result of these integration efforts; and • Difficulties, restrictions or increased costs associated with raising future capital in connection with an acquisition may impact our liquidity, credit ratings and financial position, thereby making it more difficult, restrictive or expensive to raise future capital. In addition, the issuance of equity to pay a portion of the purchase price for an acquisition would dilute our existing shareholders. Divestitures We may evaluate potential divestiture opportunities with respect to portions of our business (including specific assets or categories of assets) from time to time, and may proceed with a divestiture opportunity if and when we believe it is consistent with our business strategy and initiatives. Any future divestitures could expose us to significant risk, including without limitation: • Our ability to effectively transfer liabilities, contracts, facilities and personnel to any purchaser; • Fees for legal and transaction-related services; • Diversion of management resources; and • Loss of key personnel and reduction in revenue. If we do not realize the expected strategic, economic or other benefits of any divestiture transaction, it could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. The plan to separate our RX business is contingent upon a number of conditions, is subject to change in form or timing, may not achieve the intended benefits, and could adversely affect our business and financial condition. On August 9, 2018, we announced a plan to separate our RX business which, when completed, will enable us to focus on expanding our consumer-focused businesses. We have begun the preparations for the separation, which may include a possible sale, spin-off, merger or other form of separation. While we are currently targeting to complete the separation by the end of 2019, the form of separation may delay the completion of the separation beyond this date, however, there can be no assurances as to the form or timing of a separation or if a separation will be consummated. The proposed separation, regardless of form, will be a complex endeavor and could be affected by unanticipated developments and other factors, such as the impact of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("U.S. Tax Act"), other tax reform and related existing or future regulations (which may be retroactive), the potential impact of the NoA issued by Irish Revenue on our financial condition, existing interdependencies with our manufacturing and shared-service operations, the outcome of the price-fixing claims brought against us, results of other strategic initiatives, and changes in market conditions, any of which could change, delay or prevent the achievement of the strategic and financial objectives of the separation. In addition, the separation of the RX business could impact our ability to retain key employees, comply with existing debt arrangements, maintain our credit ratings and raise future capital. Even if the separation is completed, we may not achieve the anticipated operational, financial, strategic or other benefits of the separation. After the separation, the combined value and financial performance of the 34 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors Company and RX business may not equal the value and financial performance of the Company had the separation not occurred. In connection with the proposed separation, we anticipate incurring significant preparation costs, excluding restructuring expenses and transaction costs, in the range of $45.0 million to $80.0 million depending on the final structure of a transaction, with a spin-off resulting in costs at the higher end of this range. In addition, completion of the separation will require a significant amount of management time and effort, which may disrupt our business or otherwise divert management’s attention from other aspects of our business, including our other strategic initiatives, possible organic or inorganic growth opportunities, and customer and vendor relationships. Any of the foregoing risks could adversely affect our business, results of operations, liquidity, and financial condition. Our business could be negatively affected by the performance of our collaboration partners and suppliers. We have entered into strategic alliances with partners and suppliers to develop, manufacture, market and/or distribute certain products, or components of our products in various markets. We commit substantial effort, funds and other resources to these various collaborations. There is a risk that our investments in these collaborative arrangements will not generate financial returns. While we believe our relationships with our partners and suppliers generally are successful, disputes, conflicting priorities or regulatory or legal intervention could be a source of delay or uncertainty as to the expected benefit of the collaboration (refer to Item 8. Note 17). A failure or inability of our partners or suppliers to fulfill their collaboration obligations, or the occurrence of any of the risks above, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have acquired significant assets that could become impaired or subject us to losses and may result in an adverse impact on our results of operations. We have recorded significant goodwill and intangible assets on our balance sheet as a result of previous acquisitions, which could become impaired and lead to material charges in the future. As of the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded goodwill, definite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $136.7 million, $49.6 million and $27.7 million primarily in our CHCA segment, respectively, and $8.7 million of impairment charge related to certain In-process research & development ("IPR&D") assets in our CHCA segment. As of the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded definite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $19.7 million related to developed product technology/formulation and product rights, and distribution and license agreements primarily in our RX segment and $12.7 million of impairment charge related to certain IPR&D assets primarily in our RX segment. As of the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded goodwill impairment charges of $1.1 billion related to our Specialty Sciences, Branded Consumer Healthcare-Rest of World, BCH-Belgium, and Animal Health reporting units and indefinite-lived and definite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $1.5 billion related to trademarks, trade names and brands, developed product technology/formulation and product rights, distribution and license agreements, and supply agreements. We perform an impairment analysis on intangible assets subject to amortization when there is an indication that the carrying amount of any individual asset may not be recoverable. Any significant change in market conditions, estimates or judgments used to determine expected future cash flows that indicates a reduction in carrying value may give rise to impairment in the period that the change becomes known. Goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible asset, and definite-lived intangible asset impairments are recorded in Impairment charges on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2018, the net book value of our goodwill and intangible assets were $4.0 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively (refer to Item 8. Note 4). 35 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors There can be no assurance that our strategic initiatives will achieve their intended effects. We are in the process of implementing certain initiatives designed to increase operational efficiency and improve our return on invested capital by globalizing our supply chain through global shared service arrangements, streamlining our organizational structure, making key executive employee changes, performing a strategic portfolio review, and disposing of certain assets. Furthermore, we have developed a new vision for the Company as we transition into a consumer-focused company. We believe these initiatives will enhance our net sales, operating margins, and earnings; however, there can be no assurance that these initiatives will produce the anticipated benefits. Any delay or failure to achieve the anticipated benefits could have a material adverse effect on our projected results. While we have remediated previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to our income tax process, we may identify other material weaknesses in the future. We are required to evaluate the effectiveness of our disclosure controls on a periodic basis and publicly disclose the results of these evaluations and related matters in accordance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2017, we identified certain material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that related to the matters associated with our income tax process, which have been remediated. While we have remediated those previously identified material weaknesses, there can be no assurances that our controls will remain adequate. Any failure to implement or maintain required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, including retention of key employees, could result in additional material weaknesses or material misstatements in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Any new misstatement could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, reduce our ability to obtain financing or cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in our stock price. We cannot assure you that we will not discover additional weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Global Risks Our business, financial condition, and results of operations are subject to risks arising from the international scope of our operations. We manufacture, source raw materials, and sell our products in a number of countries. The percentage of our business outside the U.S. has been increasing. We are subject to risks associated with international manufacturing and sales, including: • Unexpected changes in regulatory requirements; • Problems related to markets with different cultural biases or political systems; • Possible difficulties in enforcing agreements; • • Difficulties obtaining export or import licenses; • Changes to U.S. and foreign trade policies, including the enactment of tariffs on goods imported into the Longer payment cycles and shipping lead-times; U.S., including but not limited to, goods imported from Mexico; and Imposition of withholding or other taxes. • Additionally, we are subject to periodic reviews and audits by governmental authorities responsible for administering import/export regulations. To the extent that we are unable to successfully defend against an audit or review, we may be required to pay assessments, penalties, and increased duties. Certain of our facilities operate in a special purpose sub-zone established by the U.S. Department of Commerce Foreign Trade Zone Board, which allows us certain tax advantages on products and raw materials shipped through these facilities. If the Foreign Trade Zone Board were to revoke the sub-zone designation or limit our use, we could be subject to increased duties. Although we believe that we conduct our business in compliance with applicable anti-corruption, anti-bribery and economic sanctions laws, if we are found to not be in compliance with such laws or other anti-corruption laws, 36 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors we could be subject to governmental investigations, legal or regulatory proceedings, substantial fines, and/or other legal or equitable penalties. This risk increases in locations outside of the U.S., particularly in locations that have not previously had to comply with the FCPA, U.K. Bribery Act, the Irish Criminal Justice (Corruption Offenses) Act 2018, and similar laws. We operate in jurisdictions that could be affected by economic and political instability, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our operations and supply partners could be affected by economic or political instability, embargoes, military hostilities, unstable governments and legal systems, and inter-governmental disputes. We have significant operations in Israel, which has experienced varying degrees of hostility in recent years. Doing business in Israel and certain other regions involves the following risks: • Certain countries and international organizations have refused to do business with companies with Israeli operations. We are also precluded from marketing our products to certain countries due to U.S. and Israeli regulatory restrictions. International economic sanctions and boycotts of our products could negatively impact our sales and ability to export our products. • Our facilities in Israel are within a conflict zone. If terrorist acts or military actions were to result in substantial damage to our facilities, our business activities would be disrupted since, with respect to most products, we would need to obtain prior regulatory agency approval for a change in manufacturing site. • The U.S. Department of State and other governments have at times issued advisories regarding travel to certain countries in which we do business. As a result, regulatory agencies have, at various times, curtailed or prohibited their inspectors from traveling to inspect facilities. If these inspectors are unable to inspect our facilities, the regulatory agencies could withhold approval for new products intended to be produced at those facilities. • Our international operations may be subject to interruption due to travel restrictions, war, terrorist acts, and other armed conflicts. Also, further threats of armed hostilities in certain countries could limit or disrupt markets and our operations, including disruptions resulting from the cancellation of contracts or the loss of assets. These events could have a material adverse effect on our international business operations. • The UK held a referendum on June 23, 2016 on its membership in the EU. A majority of UK voters voted to exit the EU (“Brexit”). The UK is scheduled to leave the EU on March 29, 2019, and negotiations are taking place to determine the future terms of the UK’s relationship with the EU, including the terms of withdrawal, the terms of future trading and relations and any potential transition periods. Brexit has created significant instability and volatility in the global financial markets, has led to significant weakening of the British pound compared to the U.S. dollar and other currencies, and could adversely affect European or worldwide economic or market conditions. Although it is unknown what the future trading terms with the EU will be, they may impair the ability of our operations in the EU to transact business in the future in the UK, and similarly the ability of our UK operations to transact business in the future in the EU. Specifically, it is possible that there will be greater restrictions on imports and exports between the UK and EU countries, increased restrictions on freedom of movement for employees, and increased regulatory complexities. In addition, Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the UK determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. We are actively monitoring Brexit updates from a government and regulatory perspective. We are preparing for a “hard (no deal) Brexit," which is intended to ensure we meet both applicable EU and UK regulatory requirements as well as stock-builds to secure supply continuity. There can be no assurances, however, that these preparations will be sufficient or that the final exit terms will be as we anticipate. Any of the above mentioned effects of Brexit, and others we cannot anticipate, could adversely affect our business, business opportunities, operations, and financial results. • While the challenging global economic environment has not had a material impact on our liquidity or capital resources, there can be no assurance that possible future changes in global financial markets and global economic conditions will not affect our liquidity or capital resources, impact our ability to obtain financing, or decrease the value of our assets. 37 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors • The challenging economic conditions have also impacted the movements in exchange rates, which have experienced significant recent volatility. Uncertainty regarding the future growth rates between countries, the influence of central bank actions, and the changing political environment globally may contribute to continued high levels of exchange rate volatility, which could have an adverse impact on our results. • Our customers could be adversely impacted if U.S. economic conditions worsen. Our CHCA segment does not advertise its products like national brand companies and thus is largely dependent on retailer promotional activities to drive sales volume and increase market share. If our customers do not have the ability to invest in store brand promotional activities, our sales may suffer. Additionally, while we actively review the credit worthiness of our customers and suppliers, we cannot fully predict to what extent they may be negatively impacted by slowing economic growth. The international scope of our business exposes us to risks associated with foreign exchange rates. We report our financial results in U.S. dollars. However, a significant portion of our net sales, assets, indebtedness and other liabilities, and costs are denominated in foreign currencies. These currencies include, among others, the Euro, Indian rupee, British pound, Canadian dollar, Israeli shekel, Australian dollar, and Mexican peso. The addition of Omega, a euro-denominated business, that represents a significant portion of our net sales and earnings, and a substantial portion of our net assets, has significantly increased our exposure to changes in the euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate. Approximately 35% of Omega’s sales are in other foreign currencies, with the majority of the product costs for these markets denominated in euros. In addition, several emerging market economies are particularly vulnerable to the impact of rising interest rates, inflationary pressures, weaker oil and other commodity prices, and large external deficits. While some of these jurisdictions are showing signs of stabilization or recovery, others continue to experience levels of stress and volatility. Risks in one country can limit our opportunities for portfolio growth and negatively affect our operations in another country or countries. As a result, any such unfavorable conditions or developments could have an adverse impact on our operations. Our results of operations and, in some cases, cash flows, have in the past been, and may in the future be, adversely affected by movements in exchange rates. In addition, we may also be exposed to credit risks in some of those markets. We may implement currency hedges or take other actions intended to reduce our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. If we are not successful in mitigating the effects of changes in exchange rates on our business, any such changes could materially impact our results. Risks Related to Litigation and Insurance We are or may become involved in lawsuits and may experience unfavorable outcomes of such proceedings. We may become involved in lawsuits arising from a wide variety of commercial, manufacturing, development, marketing, sales and other business-related matters, including, but not limited to, competitive issues, pricing, contract issues, intellectual property matters, false advertising, unfair competition, taxation matters, workers' compensation, product quality/recall, environmental remediation, securities law, disclosure, and regulatory issues. Litigation is unpredictable and can be costly. We intend to vigorously defend against any lawsuits, however, we cannot predict how the cases will be resolved. Adverse results in the cases could result in substantial monetary judgments. No assurance can be made that litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations in the future (refer to Item 8. Note 16). • We may be subject to liability if our products violate applicable laws or regulations in the jurisdictions where our products are distributed. The successful assertion of product liability or other product-related claims against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages, and we could incur substantial legal expenses. Even if a product liability or consumer fraud claim is unsuccessful, not merited, or not fully pursued, we may still incur substantial legal expenses defending against such a claim, and our reputation may suffer. • We may face environmental exposures including, for example, those relating to discharges from and materials handled as part of our operations, the remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by hazardous substances or wastes, and the health and safety of our employees. While we do not have any 38 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors material remediation liabilities currently outstanding, we may in the future face liability for the costs of investigation, removal or remediation of certain hazardous substances or petroleum products on, under or in our currently or formerly owned property, or from a third-party disposal facility that we may have used, without regard to whether we knew of, or caused, the presence of the contaminants. The actual or alleged presence of these substances, or the failure to remediate them, could have adverse effects, including, for example, substantial investigative or remedial obligations and limitations on our ability to sell or rent affected property or to borrow funds using affected property as collateral. There can be no assurance that environmental liabilities and costs will not have a material adverse effect on us. See Item 1. Business - Information Applicable to All Reportable Segments - Environmental for more information. • Our CHCI segment regularly makes advertising claims regarding the effectiveness of its products, which we are responsible for defending. An unsuccessful defense of product-related claims could result in potentially significant monetary damages and substantial legal expenses. Even if a claim is unsuccessful, not merited, or not fully pursued, we may still incur substantial legal expenses defending against such a claim, and our reputation could suffer. • Additionally, we may be the target of claims asserting violations of securities fraud and derivative actions, or other litigation proceedings in the future. Increased scrutiny on pricing practices and competition in the pharmaceutical industry, including antitrust enforcement activity by government agencies and class action litigation, may have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations. There has been increased scrutiny regarding sales, marketing, and pricing practices in the pharmaceutical industry from both government agencies and the media, including allegations of “price gouging” and/or collusion. This includes recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and hearings in connection with the investigation of specific price increases by several pharmaceutical companies, proposed and enacted legislation seeking greater transparency in drug pricing, and criminal investigations regarding drug pricing. U.S. federal and state prosecutors have issued subpoenas to a number of pharmaceutical companies seeking information about their drug pricing practices, and several class action lawsuits have been filed that allege price-fixing with respect to various pharmaceutical products. In December 2016, the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (the “Antitrust Division”) filed criminal charges against two former executives from a competitor of the Company for their roles in conspiracies to fix prices, rig bids and allocate customers for certain generic drugs. On May 2, 2017, we disclosed that search warrants were executed at a number of Perrigo facilities and other locations in connection with the Antitrust Division’s ongoing investigation related to drug pricing in the pharmaceutical industry. Although no charges have been brought to date against Perrigo or any of our current employees (or, to the best of our knowledge, former employees), we take the investigation very seriously. If criminal antitrust charges are filed involving Perrigo, we would incur substantial litigation and other costs, and could face substantial monetary penalties, injunctive relief, negative publicity and damage to our reputation. Regardless of the ultimate outcome, responding to those charges would divert management’s time and attention and could impair our operations. Further, we cannot predict whether legislative or regulatory changes may result from the ongoing public scrutiny of our industry, what the nature of any such changes might be, or what impact they may have on Perrigo. Any of these developments could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and reputation. While we intend to defend these lawsuits vigorously, any adverse decision could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and reputation. We are cooperating with the government’s investigation and are committed to operating our business in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations and the highest standards of ethical conduct. We do not condone, and will not countenance, any violation of these standards by our employees, agents, and business partners. In addition, we have been named as a co-defendant with certain other generic pharmaceutical manufacturers in a number of class action lawsuits alleging that we and other manufacturers of the same product engaged in anti-competitive behavior to fix or raise the prices of certain drugs starting, in some instances, as early 39 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors as June 2013 (refer to Item 8. Note 16). While we intend to defend these lawsuits vigorously, any adverse decision could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and reputation. Publishing earnings guidance subjects us to risks, including increased stock volatility, that could lead to potential lawsuits by investors. Because we publish earnings guidance, we are subject to a number of risks. Actual results may vary from the guidance we provide investors from time to time, such that our stock price may decline following, among other things, any earnings release or guidance that does not meet market expectations. It has become increasingly commonplace for investors to file lawsuits against companies following a rapid decrease in market capitalization. We have been in the past, and may be in the future, named in these types of lawsuits. These types of lawsuits can be costly and divert management attention and other resources away from our business, regardless of their merits, and could result in adverse settlements or judgments, which could have a material impact on the Company. Third-party patents and other intellectual property rights may limit our ability to bring new products to market and may subject us to potential legal liability, causing us to incur significant costs. The manufacture, use and sale of new products that are the subject of conflicting patent rights have been the subject of substantial litigation in the pharmaceutical industry. • As a manufacturer of generic pharmaceutical products, the ability of our CHCA, CHCI, and RX segments to bring new products to market is often limited by third-party patents or proprietary rights and regulatory exclusivity periods awarded on products. Launching new products prior to resolution of intellectual property issues may result in us incurring legal liability if the related litigation is later resolved against us. The cost and time for us to develop prescription and Rx-to-OTC switch products is significantly greater than the rest of the new products that we introduce. Any failure to bring new products to market in a timely manner could cause us to lose market share, and our operating results could suffer. • We could have to defend against charges that we violated patents or proprietary rights of third parties. This could require us to incur substantial expense and could divert significant effort of our technical and management personnel. If we are found to have infringed on the rights of others, we could lose our right to develop or manufacture some products or could be required to pay monetary damages or royalties to license proprietary rights from third parties. Additionally, if we choose to settle a dispute through licensing or similar arrangements, the costs associated with these arrangements may be substantial and could include ongoing royalties. An adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding or failure to obtain necessary licenses could prevent us from manufacturing and selling a number of our products. • At times, our CHCA or RX segments may seek approval to market drug products before the expiration of patents for those products, based upon our belief that such patents are invalid, unenforceable or would not be infringed by our products. In these cases we may face significant patent litigation. Depending upon a complex analysis of a variety of legal and commercial factors, we may, in certain circumstances, elect to market a generic pharmaceutical product while litigation is pending, before any court decision, or while an appeal of a lower court decision is pending, known as an "at risk" launch. The risk involved in an "at risk" launch can be substantial because, if a patent holder ultimately prevails, the remedies available to the patent holder may include, among other things, damages measured by the profits lost by the holder, which are often significantly higher than the profits we make from selling the generic version of the product. By electing to proceed in this manner, we could face substantial damages if we receive an adverse final court decision. In the case where a patent holder is able to prove that our infringement was "willful" or "exceptional," under applicable law, the patent holder may be awarded up to three times the amount of its actual damages or we may be required to pay attorneys’ fees. 40 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors The success of certain of our products depends on the effectiveness of measures we take to protect our intellectual property rights and patents. If we fail to adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may manufacture and market similar products. • We have been issued patents covering certain of our products, and we have filed, and expect to continue to file, patent applications seeking to protect newly developed technologies and products in various countries. Any existing or future patents issued to or licensed by us may not provide us with any significant competitive advantages for our products or may even be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented by competitors. In addition, patent rights may not prevent our competitors from developing, using, or commercializing non-infringing products that are similar or functionally equivalent to our products. • We also rely on trade secrets, unpatented proprietary know-how, and continuing technological innovation that we seek to protect, in part by confidentiality agreements with licensees, suppliers, employees, and consultants. If these agreements are breached, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. Disputes may arise concerning the ownership of intellectual property or the applicability of confidentiality agreements. Furthermore, trade secrets and proprietary technology may otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors or, if patents are not issued with respect to products arising from research, we may not be able to maintain the value of such intellectual property rights. Significant increases in the cost or decreases in the availability of the insurance we maintain could adversely impact our financial condition. To protect the Company against various potential liabilities, we maintain a variety of insurance programs, including property, general, product, and directors' and officers' liability. We may reevaluate and change the types and levels of insurance coverage that we purchase. We are self-insured when insurance is not available or not available at reasonable premiums. Risks associated with insurance plans include: • Insurance costs could increase significantly, or the availability of insurance may decrease, either of which could adversely impact our financial condition; • Deductible or retention amounts could increase or our coverage could be reduced in the future and to the extent losses occur, there could be an adverse effect on our financial results depending on the nature of the loss and the level of insurance coverage we maintained; • Insurance may not be available to us at an economically reasonable cost or our insurance may not adequately cover our liability in connection with claims brought against us; and • As our business inherently exposes us to claims, we may become subject to claims for which we are not adequately insured. Unanticipated payment of a large claim may have a material adverse effect on our business. Tax Related Risks The U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") may not agree with the conclusion that we are treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes. Although we are incorporated in Ireland, the IRS may assert that we should be treated as a U.S. corporation (and, therefore, a U.S. tax resident) for U.S. federal tax purposes pursuant to section 7874 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended ("Code"). For U.S. federal tax purposes, a corporation generally is considered a tax resident in the jurisdiction of its organization or incorporation. Because we are an Irish incorporated entity, we would generally be classified as a foreign corporation (and, therefore, a non-U.S. tax resident) under these rules. Section 7874 of the Code provides an exception under which a foreign incorporated entity may, in certain circumstances, be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes. For Perrigo Company plc to be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes under section 7874 of the Code, either (i) the former stockholders of Perrigo Company must own (within the meaning of section 41 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors 7874 of the Code) less than 80% (by both vote and value) of our stock by reason of holding shares in Perrigo Company (the "ownership test") as of the closing of the Elan acquisition or (ii) we must have substantial business activities in Ireland after the Elan acquisition (taking into account the activities of our expanded affiliated group). Upon our acquisition of Elan, Perrigo Company stockholders held 71% (by both vote and value) of our shares. As a result, we believe that under current law, we should be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes. However, we cannot assure that the IRS will agree with our position that the ownership test is satisfied. There is limited guidance regarding the section 7874 provisions, including the application of the ownership test. An unfavorable determination on Perrigo Company plc’s treatment as a foreign corporation under section 7874 of the Code could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements in future periods. Based on the limited guidance available, we currently expect that Section 7874 of the Code likely will limit our and our U.S. affiliates’ ability to use their U.S. tax attributes, such as net operating losses, to offset certain U.S. taxable income, if any, generated by the Elan acquisition or certain specified transactions for a period of time following the Elan acquisition (refer to Item 8, Note 14). Changes to tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the ability to utilize cash in a tax efficient manner. We believe that under current law, we should be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes. However, any of the following could adversely affect our status as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes: • Changes to the inversion rules in section 7874 of the Code, the IRS Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, or other IRS guidance; and Legislative proposals aimed at expanding the scope of U.S. corporate tax residence. • Since our acquisition of Elan in 2013, the United States Treasury ("Treasury") and the IRS have issued a number of Notices and proposed, temporary, and final regulations, including most recently, on July 12, 2018, new final regulations addressing various aspects of section 7874 and related provisions, including guidance to address certain specific post-inversion transactions. All of the Notices and regulations are either effective for dates after the Elan acquisition occurred or do not provide guidance that we believe would have a material impact on the treatment of our status as a foreign corporation. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”), which represents a coalition of member countries, has recommended changes to numerous long-standing tax principles relating to Base Erosion and Profit Shifting ("BEPS"). These changes are being adopted and implemented by many of the countries in which we do business and may increase our taxes in these countries. In addition, the European Commission has launched several initiatives to implement BEPS actions including an Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive ("ATAD") and having a common (consolidated) corporate tax base. It is unclear at present if and how these initiatives will be implemented by the EU countries. Specifically, Ireland has implemented so-called "controlled foreign corporation legislation" effective January 1, 2019 as required by the ATAD measures. Ireland has embarked on a consultation process to further implement the ATAD I & II directives and BEPS related measures. Other EU countries have implemented or are contemplating tax legislation to implement BEPS actions, similar to the Ireland legislation, including tax legislation enacted by the French parliament in December 2018. The shape and implementation of this reform may adversely impact our consolidated effective tax rate. The recent announcement from the OECD Inclusive Framework group that they plan to develop further proposals to the existing international tax rules that could go beyond the so-called arm’s length principle may further adversely impact our consolidated effective tax rate. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted the U.S. Tax Act. The U.S. Tax Act includes a number of significant changes to existing U.S. tax laws that impact us. These changes include a corporate income tax rate reduction from 35% to 21%, full expensing of fixed assets placed in service in 2018 and the elimination or reduction of certain U.S. deductions and credits, including limitations on the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation. The U.S. Tax Act also transitions international taxation from a worldwide system to a modified territorial system. This modified territorial system includes, among other items, base erosion prevention measures 42 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors which have the effect of subjecting certain earnings of our U.S. owned foreign corporations to U.S. taxation as global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) and the establishment of a minimum tax on certain payments from our U.S. subsidiaries to related foreign persons as base erosion and anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”). These changes became effective in 2018. The U.S. Tax Act also includes a one-time mandatory deemed repatriation tax on accumulated U.S. owned foreign corporations’ previously untaxed foreign earnings (“Transition Toll Tax”). The Transition Toll Tax can be paid over an eight-year period starting in 2018 and will not accrue interest. Based on the 2017 U.S. federal income tax return filed by the Company, the Transition Toll Tax was paid in full with the 2017 U.S. federal income tax return. During 2018, Treasury and the IRS issued various forms of guidance, including notices of proposed rule making and proposed Treasury regulations, implementing and clarifying aspects of the U.S. Tax Act and other related topics, such as: • Transition Toll Tax; • BEAT; • GILTI; • Foreign tax credit computations; • The full expensing of fixed assets placed in service in 2018; Interest expense limitations under Section 163(j); • • Deductibility of interest and/or royalty payments made by U.S. corporate taxpayers to foreign related parties in so-called “hybrid mismatch” arrangements under Section 267A; and • The limitation of deductions for key executive compensation as determined under Section 162(m). During the year ended December 31, 2018, we considered and evaluated Treasury and IRS guidance issued as described above and reflected certain changes in our income tax provision for 2018. In 2019, Treasury and the IRS are expected to issue final tax regulations (“Final Regulations”) on certain code sections that were introduced by, or changed as a result of, the U.S. Tax Act. We will record the tax effects of the Final Regulations in the quarter in which they are issued. Our preliminary estimate of the impact of the U.S. Tax Act (including the Transition Toll Tax) was recorded as of December 31, 2017 and was subject to the finalization of management's analysis related to certain matters, such as developing interpretations of the provisions of the U.S. Tax Act, changes to certain estimates and amounts related to the earnings and profits of certain U.S. owned foreign subsidiaries and the filing of our tax returns. U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions interpreting the U.S. Tax Act required further adjustments and changes in our 2017 estimates, which did not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial conditions. The final determination of the impact of the U.S. Tax Act (including the Transition Toll Tax) was completed in 2018, as required by SAB 118 (refer to Item 8, Note 14). Any of these changes could have a prospective or retroactive application to us, our shareholders, and affiliates, and could adversely affect us by changing our effective tax rate and limiting our ability to utilize cash in a tax efficient manner. Our effective tax rate or cash tax payment requirements may change in the future, which could adversely impact our future results from operations. A number of factors may adversely impact our future effective tax rate or cash tax payment requirements, which may impact our future results and cash flows from operations (refer to Item 8, Note 14). These factors include, but are not limited to: • Changes to tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws (including additional proposals for fundamental international tax reform in a number of jurisdictions globally); Income tax rate changes by governments; • • The jurisdictions in which our profits are determined to be earned and taxed; • Changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; • Adjustments to estimated taxes upon finalization of various tax returns; 43 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors • Adjustments to our interpretation of transfer pricing standards, treatment or characterization of intercompany transactions, changes in available tax credits, grants and other incentives; • Changes in stock-based compensation expense; • Changes in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; • Expiration or the inability to renew tax rulings or tax holiday incentives; and • Divestitures of current operations. The resolution of uncertain tax positions could be unfavorable, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable and that our tax filings are prepared in accordance with all applicable tax laws, the final determination with respect to any tax audit or any related litigation could be materially different from our estimates or from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material effect on operating results or cash flows in the periods for which that determination is made and in future periods after the determination. In addition, future period earnings may be adversely impacted by litigation costs, settlements, penalties or interest assessments. We are currently involved in several audit and adjustment related disputes, including litigation, with the IRS. These include litigation regarding our 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 tax years, as well as proposed audit adjustments related to litigation costs and transfer pricing positions related to Athena Neurosciences, Inc. (“Athena”), a subsidiary of Elan acquired in 1996, for the 2011, 2012 and 2013 tax years. In addition, on October 31, 2018, we received an audit finding letter from Irish Revenue for the years under audit 2012-2013. The audit finding letter relates to the tax treatment of the 2013 sale of the Tysabri® intellectual property and other assets related to Tysabri® to Biogen Idec from Elan Pharma. The consideration paid by Biogen to Elan Pharma took the form of an upfront payment and future contingent royalty payments. Irish Revenue issued a NoA on November 29, 2018 which assesses an Irish corporation tax liability against Elan Pharma in the amount of €1,636 million, not including interest or any applicable penalties. We disagree with this assessment and believe that the NoA is without merit and incorrect as a matter of law. We filed an appeal of the NoA on December 27, 2018 and will pursue all available administrative and judicial avenues as may be necessary or appropriate. As part of this strategy to pursue all available administrative and judicial avenues, Elan Pharma was, on February 25, 2019, granted leave by the Irish High Court to seek judicial review of the issuance of the NoA. The judicial review filing is based on our belief that Elan Pharma's legitimate expectations as a taxpayer have been breached, not on the merits of the NoA itself. If Perrigo is ultimately successful in the judicial review proceedings, the NoA will be invalidated and Irish Revenue will not be able to re-issue the NoA. The proceedings before the Tax Appeals Commission has been stayed until a decision on the judicial review application has been made, which could take up to, or more than, a year. No payment of any amount related to this assessment is required to be made, if at all, until all applicable proceedings have been completed, which could take a number of years. However, while we believe our position to be correct, there can be no assurance of an ultimate favorable outcome, and if the matter is ultimately resolved unfavorably it would have a material adverse impact on Perrigo, including on liquidity and capital resources. In addition, going forward, uncertainty regarding the future outcome of the NoA may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and strategy, including our plan to separate our Rx business. At this time, we cannot predict the outcome of any audit or related litigation. Unfavorable developments in or resolutions of matters such as those discussed above could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements in future periods (refer to Item 8, Note 14 for further information related to uncertain tax positions and ongoing tax audits and Item 8. Note 16 for further information related to legal proceedings). 44 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors Risks Related to Capital and Liquidity Our indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to implement our strategic initiatives. We anticipate that cash, cash equivalents, cash flows from operations, and borrowings available under our credit facilities will substantially fund working capital and capital expenditures. Our business requires continuous capital investments, and there can be no assurance that financial capital will always be available on favorable terms or at all. Additionally, our leverage and debt service obligations could adversely affect the business. At December 31, 2018, our total indebtedness outstanding was $3.2 billion. • Our senior credit facilities, the agreements governing our senior notes, and agreements governing our other indebtedness contain a number of restrictions and covenants that limit our ability to make distributions or other payments to our investors and creditors unless certain financial tests or other criteria are satisfied. • We also must comply with certain specified financial ratios and tests. These restrictions could affect our ability to operate our business and may limit our ability to take advantage of potential business opportunities, such as acquisitions. If we do not comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in our senior credit facilities, agreements governing our senior notes, and agreements governing our other indebtedness, we could be in default under those agreements, and the debt, together with accrued interest, could then be declared immediately due and payable. • Any default under our senior credit facilities or agreements governing our senior notes or other indebtedness could lead to an acceleration of debt under other debt instruments that contain cross- acceleration or cross-default provisions. If our indebtedness is accelerated, there can be no assurance that we would be able to repay or refinance our debt or obtain sufficient new financing. • Downgrades to our credit ratings may limit our access to capital and materially increase borrowing costs on current or future financing, including via trade payables with vendors. Customers' inclination to purchase goods from us may also be affected by the publicity associated with deterioration of our credit ratings. • There are various maturity dates associated with our credit facilities, senior notes, and other debt facilities. There is no assurance that cash, future borrowings or equity financing will be available for the payment or refinancing of our indebtedness. Further, there is no assurance that future refinancing or renegotiation of our senior credit facilities, senior notes or other debt facilities, or additional agreements will not have materially different or more stringent terms (refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations). We cannot guarantee that we will buy back our ordinary shares pursuant to our announced share repurchase plan or that our share repurchase plan will enhance long-term shareholder value. In October 2015, the Board of Directors approved a three-year share repurchase plan of up to $2.0 billion (the "2015 Authorization"). Following the expiration of our 2015 Authorization, in October 2018, our Board of Directors authorized up to $1.0 billion of share repurchases with no expiration date (the "2018 Authorization"), subject to the Board of Directors’ approval of the pricing parameters and amount that may be repurchased under each specific share repurchase program. Through December 31, 2018, we repurchased a total of 7.8 million ordinary shares through the 2015 Authorization. The specific timing and amount of buybacks under the 2018 Authorization, if any, will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, the trading price of our ordinary shares, the nature of other investment opportunities and the availability of distributable reserves of Perrigo Company plc. Buybacks of our ordinary shares pursuant to our share repurchase plan could affect the market price of our ordinary shares or increase their volatility. Additionally, our share repurchase plan could diminish our cash reserves, which may impact our ability to finance future growth and to pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions. Although our share repurchase plan is intended to enhance long-term shareholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so, and short-term share price fluctuations could reduce the plan’s effectiveness. 45 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors Any additional shares we may issue could dilute your ownership in the Company. • Under Irish law, our authorized share capital can be increased by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders, and the directors may issue new ordinary or preferred shares up to a maximum amount equal to the authorized but unissued share capital, without shareholder approval, once authorized to do so by the articles of association or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. • Subject to specified exceptions, Irish law grants statutory preemption rights to existing shareholders to subscribe for new issuances of shares for cash, but allows shareholders to authorize the waiver of the statutory preemption rights either in our articles of association or by way of a special resolution. Such disapplication of these preemption rights can either be generally applicable or be in respect of a particular allotment of shares. • At our annual general meeting of shareholders in May 2018, our shareholders authorized our Board of Directors to issue up to a maximum of 33% of our issued ordinary capital on that date for a period of 18 months from the passing of the resolution. At the annual general meeting, our shareholders also authorized our Board of Directors to issue ordinary shares on a nonpreemptive basis in the following circumstances: (i) an issuance of shares in connection with any rights issuance and (ii) an issuance of shares for cash, if the issuance is limited to up to 5% of the Company’s issued ordinary share capital (with the possibility of issuing an additional 5% of the Company’s issued ordinary share capital provided the Company uses it only in connection with an acquisition or a specified capital investment that is announced contemporaneously with the issuance, or which has taken place in the preceding six-month period and is disclosed in the announcement of the issuance), bringing the total acceptable limit to 10% of the Company’s issued ordinary share capital. Once these authorizations expire, we cannot provide any assurance that they will be renewed by the shareholders at subsequent annual general meetings, which could limit our ability to issue equity and thereby adversely affect the holders of our securities. We are incorporated in Ireland; Irish law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and may afford less protection to, or otherwise adversely affect, our shareholders. As an Irish company, we are governed by the Irish Companies Act 2014 (the "Act"). The Act differs in some material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and shareholders, including the provisions relating to interested directors, mergers, amalgamations and acquisitions, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits, and indemnification of directors. • Under Irish law, the duties of directors and officers of a company are generally owed to the company only. As a result, shareholders of Irish companies do not have the right to bring an action against the directors or officers of a company, except in limited circumstances. • Depending on the circumstances, shareholders may be subject to different or additional tax consequences under Irish law as a result of the acquisition, ownership and/or disposition of ordinary shares, including, but not limited to, Irish stamp duty, dividend withholding tax, Irish income tax, and capital acquisitions tax. • There is no treaty between Ireland and the U.S. providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. Before a foreign judgment would be deemed enforceable in Ireland, the judgment must be (i) for a definite sum, (ii) provided by a court of competent jurisdiction and (iii) final and conclusive. An Irish High Court may exercise its right to refuse to recognize and enforce a foreign judgment if the foreign judgment was obtained by fraud, if it violated Irish public policy, if it is in breach of natural justice, or if it is irreconcilable with an earlier judgment. • An Irish High Court may stay proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. Judgments of U.S. courts of liabilities predicated upon U.S. federal securities laws may not be enforced by Irish High Courts if deemed to be contrary to public policy in Ireland. • It could be more difficult for us to obtain shareholder approval for a merger or negotiated transaction than if we were a U.S. company because the shareholder approval requirements for certain types of transactions differ, and in some cases are greater, under Irish law. 46 Perrigo Company plc - Item 1A Risk Factors Irish law differs from the laws in effect in the U.S. with respect to defending unwanted takeover proposals and may give our Board of Directors less ability to control negotiations with hostile offerors. We are subject to the Irish Takeover Panel Act, 1997, Takeover Rules, 2013. Under those Irish Takeover Rules, the Board of Directors is not permitted to take any action that might frustrate an offer for our ordinary shares once the Board of Directors has received an approach that may lead to an offer or has reason to believe that such an offer is or may be imminent, subject to certain exceptions. Potentially frustrating actions such as (i) the issuance of ordinary shares, options or convertible securities, (ii) material acquisitions or disposals, (iii) entering into contracts other than in the ordinary course of business, or (iv) any action, other than seeking alternative offers, which may result in frustration of an offer, are prohibited during the course of an offer or at any earlier time during which the Board of Directors has reason to believe an offer is or may be imminent. These provisions may give the Board of Directors less ability to control negotiations with hostile offerors and protect the interests of holders of ordinary shares than would be the case for a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States. We may be limited in our ability to pay dividends or repurchase shares in the future. A number of factors may limit our ability to pay dividends in the future, including: • Our ability to receive cash dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries; • Compliance with applicable laws and debt covenants; • Our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant; and • The availability of Perrigo Company plc's distributable reserves, being profits of the company available for distribution to shareholders. Under Irish law, distributable reserves means the accumulated realized profits so far as not previously utilized by distribution or capitalization, less accumulated realized losses so far as not previously written off in a reduction or a reorganization of capital duly made. In addition, no distribution or dividend may be made if, at that time, Perrigo Company plc's's net assets are not, or would not be after giving effect to such distribution or dividend, equal to, or in excess of, the aggregate of Perrigo Company plc's called-up share capital plus undistributable reserves. While we currently expect to continue paying dividends and operating our share repurchase plan, significant changes in our business or financial condition such as asset impairments, sustained operating losses and the selling of assets, could impact the amount of distributable reserves available to us. We could seek to create additional distributable reserves through a reduction in Perrigo Company plc's share premium, which would require 75% shareholder approval and the approval of the Irish High Court. The Irish High Court’s approval is a matter for the discretion of the court, and there can be no assurances that such approval would be obtained. In the event that additional distributable reserves are not created in this way, dividends, share repurchases or other distributions would generally not be permitted under Irish law until such time as Perrigo Company plc has created sufficient distributable reserves in our audited statutory financial statements as a result of its business activities. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not applicable. 47 Perrigo Company plc - Item 2 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our world headquarters is located in Dublin, Ireland, and our North American base of operations is located in Allegan, Michigan. We manufacture products at 20 worldwide locations and have R&D, logistics, and office support facilities in many of the regions in which we operate. We own approximately 74% of our facilities and lease the remainder. Our primary facilities by geographic area were as follows at December 31, 2018: Country Ireland United States Mexico United Kingdom France Belgium Austria Australia Israel India Germany Number of Facilities 1 45 10 7 5 4 4 4 3 2 1 Segment(s) Supported CHCA, CHCI, RX CHCA, CHCI, RX CHCA CHCI CHCI CHCI CHCI CHCI CHCA, CHCI, RX CHCA, CHCI CHCI We believe that our production facilities are adequate to support the business, and our property and equipment are well maintained. Our manufacturing plants are suitable for their intended purposes and have capacities for current and projected needs of our existing products. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Information regarding our current legal proceedings is presented in Item 8. Note 16. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 48 Perrigo Company plc - Additional Item Executive Officers ADDITIONAL ITEM. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT Our executive officers and their ages and positions as of February 22, 2019 were: Svend Andersen James E. Dillard III Title and Business Experience Mr. Andersen was named Executive Vice President and President, Consumer Healthcare International in February 2017. Prior to joining Perrigo in May 2016, Mr. Andersen served as Executive Vice President - Europe for LEO-Pharma from December 2015 to May 2016. Prior to that, he was Regional President and Corporate officer at Hospira, Inc.’s Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) business for five years, was Executive Vice President responsible for the Western European division’s pharmaceuticals, generics, OTC and hospital products businesses at Actavis from 2008 to 2015 including leading Alpharma’s EMEA businesses prior to its acquisition by Actavis, and prior to that, spent 10 years with Ferrosan (A Novo Nordisk Subsidiary) specialized in OTC and consumer health products as Vice President for Global Commercial Operations. James E. Dillard III was named Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer in January 2019. Mr. Dillard joined Perrigo from Altria Group, Inc., where he served as Senior Vice President, Research, Development and Sciences and Chief Innovation Officer from January 2009 to May 2018. During his tenure with Altria Group, Mr. Dillard led the creation of the Regulatory Affairs function in 2009 and also served as Chief Innovation Officer for Altria Client Services and Senior Vice President of Research, Development & Regulatory Affairs for Altria Group. He held science and technology leadership roles with U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company, an Altria Group Inc. operating company, from 2001 to 2009. Mr. Dillard worked for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration between 1987 and 2001 as Director of the Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Devices, as well as in various leadership roles in the Center for Devices and Radiological Health and the Office of Device Evaluation. Thomas M. Farrington Mr. Farrington was named Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer in November 2015. He formerly served as Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer from October 2006 to November 2015. Ronald Janish Murray S. Kessler Todd W. Kingma Sharon Kochan James R. Michaud Jeffrey R. Needham Grainne Quinn Mr. Janish was named Executive Vice President of Global Operations and Supply Chain in October 2015. He served as Senior Vice President of International and Rx Operations from 2012 until 2015 and as Managing Director of Perrigo’s Australian operations from 2010 to 2012. Previously, he held Senior Vice President roles for Perrigo in International Market Development, China Business Development and Global Procurement. Mr. Kessler was appointed President, Chief Executive Officer and Board Member of Perrigo Company plc, effective October 8, 2018. Before joining Perrigo, Mr. Kessler served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors, President and CEO of Lorillard, Inc. (2010-2015). He served as Vice Chair of Altria, Inc. (2009) and President and CEO of UST, Inc. (2000-2009), a wholly owned subsidiary. Previous to his time at UST, Mr. Kessler had over 18 years of consumer packaged goods experience with companies including Vlasic Foods International, Campbell Soup and The Clorox Company. Since 2015, Mr. Kessler has served as voluntary President of the United States Equestrian Federation, a non-profit national governing body. Mr. Kingma was named Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in May 2006. He served as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from August 2003 to May 2006. Mr. Kochan was named Executive Vice President and President, RX Pharmaceuticals in October 2018. He served as Executive Vice President and President, Branded Consumer Healthcare International from February 2017 to October 2018. He served as Executive Vice President and General Manager, Consumer Healthcare International from August 2012 to February 2017. He served as Executive Vice President, General Manager of Prescription Pharmaceuticals from March 2007 to July 2012 and as Senior Vice President of Business Development and Strategy from March 2005 to March 2007. Mr. Kochan was Vice President, Business Development of Agis Industries (1983) Ltd. from July 2001 until the acquisition of Agis by the Company in March 2005. Mr. Michaud was named Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer in August 2016. In 2014, Mr. Michaud was President of Human Resources Strategies, a consulting company focused on providing business based human resource strategies to a wide variety of companies in multiple industries. His corporate career spanned senior human resource roles in Alcoa, Arcelor Mittal Steel, and most recently, Cliffs Natural Resources, where he served as Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer from 2010 to 2014. Mr. Needham was named Executive Vice President and President of Consumer Healthcare Americas in October 2009. He served as Senior Vice President of Commercial Business Development for Consumer Healthcare from March 2005 through October 2009. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President of International from November 2004 to March 2005. He served as Managing Director of Perrigo’s U.K. operations from May 2002 to November 2004 and as Vice President of Marketing from 1993 to 2002. Dr. Quinn was named Executive Vice President in July 2016 and has served as Chief Medical Officer since November 2015. Prior to that she served as Vice President and Head of Global Patient Safety from January 2014 until November 2015. Dr. Quinn was Vice President and Head of Global Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management for Elan from April 2009 until December 2013 when the Company acquired Elan. Age 57 55 61 53 59 59 50 63 62 49 Ronald L. Winowiecki Mr. Winowiecki was appointed Chief Financial Officer in February 2018. He served as Acting Chief Financial 52 Officer from February 2017 to February 2018; Senior Vice President of Business Finance from January 2014 to February 2017; Vice President for Treasury and Accounting Shared Services from September 2011 to December 2013; and the Company’s Corporate Vice President Treasurer from October 2008 to August 2011. 49 Perrigo Company plc - Item 5 PART II. ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Prior to June 6, 2013, our common equity traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol PRGO. Since June 6, 2013, our common equity has traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol PRGO. In association with the acquisition of Agis Industries (1983) Ltd., our common equity has been trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange since March 16, 2005 under the same symbol. As of February 22, 2019, there were 1,470 record holders of our ordinary shares. The graph below shows a comparison of our cumulative total return with the cumulative total returns for the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Pharmaceuticals Index. The graph assumes an investment of $100 at the beginning of the period and the reinvestment of any dividends. Information in the graph is presented for the years ended December 31, 2013 through December 31, 2018. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* AMONG PERRIGO COMPANY PLC**, THE S&P 500 INDEX, AND THE S&P PHARMACEUTICALS INDEX $100 invested on December 31, 2013 in stock or index - including reinvestment of dividends. Indexes calculated on month-end basis. * ** Perrigo Company prior to December 31, 2013. Perrigo Company plc beginning December 18, 2013. In October 2015, the Board of Directors approved a three-year share repurchase plan of up to $2.0 billion. We did not repurchase any shares under the share repurchase plan during the three months ended December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased 5.1 million ordinary shares at an average repurchase price of $77.93 per share, for a total of $400.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased 2.7 million ordinary shares at an average repurchase price of $71.72 per share, for a total of $191.5 million. Following the expiration of our 2015 Authorization, in October 2018, our Board of Directors authorized up to $1.0 billion of share repurchases with no expiration date, subject to the Board of Directors’ approval of the pricing parameters and amount that may be repurchased under each specific share repurchase program. 50 Perrigo Company plc - Item 5 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The Consolidated Statements of Operations data set forth below with respect to the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, and the Consolidated Balance Sheet data at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are derived from and are qualified by reference to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this report and should be read in conjunction with those financial statements and notes. The Consolidated Statements of Operations data set forth below with respect to the the six months ended December 31, 2015 and December 27, 2014, and the year ended June 27, 2015 and the Consolidated Balance Sheet data at December 31, 2016, December 31, 2015, December 27, 2014 and June 27, 2015 are derived from audited consolidated financial statements not included in this report. (in millions, except per share amounts) Statements of Operations Data Net sales Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Operating income (loss) Net income (loss) Diluted earnings (loss) from continuing operations per share Dividends declared per share Year Ended Six Months Ended Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016(1) December 31, 2015(2) December 27, 2014(3) June 27, 2015(4) $ 4,731.7 $ 4,946.2 $ 5,280.6 $ 2,632.2 $ 1,844.7 $ 2,900.2 1,831.5 1,595.0 236.5 131.0 0.95 0.76 $ $ $ $ 2,966.7 1,979.5 1,381.3 598.2 119.6 0.84 0.64 $ $ $ $ 3,228.8 2,051.8 4,051.5 (1,999.7) $ 1,553.3 1,078.9 1,011.3 67.6 (4,012.8) $ 42.5 (28.01) $ 0.58 $ 0.29 0.25 $ $ $ $ 1,170.9 673.8 384.1 289.7 180.6 1.34 0.21 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 4,227.1 2,582.9 1,644.2 971.7 672.5 136.1 0.97 0.46 (1) (2) Includes the results of operations for assets acquired from Barr Laboratories, Inc. and assets acquired from Matawan Pharmaceuticals, LLC for the five months and eleven months and one week ended December 31, 2016, respectively. Includes the results of operations of Naturwohl and the GSK, ScarAway®, and Entocort® asset acquisitions for the two and a half months, three months, three months, and two weeks ended December 31, 2015, respectively. (3) Includes the results of operations for assets acquired from Lumara Health, Inc. for the two months ended December 27, 2014. (4) Includes the results of operations for assets acquired from Lumara Health, Inc. and the results of operations of Omega Pharma Invest N.V. and Gelcaps Exportadora de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for the eight, three, and two months ended June 27, 2015, respectively. (in millions) Balance Sheet Data Cash and cash equivalents Total assets Long-term debt, less current portion $ December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 December 27, 2014 June 27, 2015 $ $ 551.1 10,983.4 3,052.2 $ $ $ 678.7 11,628.8 3,270.8 $ $ $ 622.3 13,870.1 5,224.5 $ $ $ 417.8 19,349.6 4,971.6 $ $ $ 3,596.1 16,508.4 4,439.4 $ $ $ 785.6 19,591.9 5,246.9 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A") is intended to provide readers with an understanding of our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows by focusing on changes in certain key measures from year to year. This MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes found in Item 8 of this report. See also "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." 51 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Executive Overview EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW Perrigo Company plc was incorporated under the laws of Ireland on June 28, 2013 and became the successor registrant of Perrigo Company, a Michigan corporation, on December 18, 2013 in connection with the acquisition of Elan Corporation, plc ("Elan"). Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms "Perrigo," the "Company," "we," "our," "us," and similar pronouns used herein refer to Perrigo Company plc, its subsidiaries, and all predecessors of Perrigo Company plc and its subsidiaries. We are a leading global healthcare company that has been delivering value to our customers and consumers by providing Quality Affordable Healthcare Products®. Founded in 1887 as a packager of home remedies, we have built a unique business model that is best described as the convergence of a fast-moving consumer goods company, a high-quality pharmaceutical manufacturing organization and a world-class supply chain network. We are one of the world's largest manufacturers of over-the-counter (“OTC”) healthcare products and suppliers of infant formulas for the store brand market. We are also a leading provider of branded consumer health and wellness products throughout Europe and a leading producer of generic prescription pharmaceutical topical products such as creams, lotions, gels, and nasal sprays ("extended topicals"). We are headquartered in Ireland and sell our products primarily in North America and Europe, as well as in other markets, including Israel, Mexico, Australia, and Canada. Our fiscal year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of each year. We end our quarterly accounting periods on the Saturday closest to the end of the calendar quarter, with the fourth quarter ending on December 31 of each year. Our Segments Our operating and reportable segments are as follows: • Consumer Healthcare Americas ("CHCA"), comprises our U.S., Mexico and Canada consumer healthcare business (OTC, contract manufacturing, infant formula and animal health categories). • Consumer Healthcare International ("CHCI"), comprises our branded consumer healthcare business primarily in Europe and our consumer focused businesses in the United Kingdom ("U.K."), Australia, and Israel. This segment also includes our U.K. liquid licensed products business. • Prescription Pharmaceuticals ("RX"), comprises our U.S. Prescription Pharmaceuticals business. Our segments reflect the way in which our management makes operating decisions, allocates resources and manages the growth and profitability of the Company. For information on each segment, refer to Item 1. Business - Our Segments. For results by segment and geographic locations see below "Segment Results" and Item 8. Note 2 and 19. See Item 1. Business for information on our business environment and competitive landscape. Strategy Our strategy has been to deliver Quality Affordable Healthcare Products® by leveraging our global infrastructure to expand our product offerings, thereby providing new innovative products and product line extensions to existing consumers and servicing new healthcare consumers through entry into adjacent or new markets. We accomplish this strategy by investing in and continually improving all aspects of our five strategic pillars: • High quality; • Superior customer service; • • Best cost; and • Empowered people. Leading innovation; We utilize shared services and Research and Development ("R&D") centers of excellence in order to help ensure consistency in our processes around the world, and to maintain focus on our five strategic pillars. 52 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Executive Overview We have grown rapidly in recent years through a combination of organic and inorganic growth. We continually reinvest in our R&D pipeline and work with partners as necessary to strive to be first-to-market with new products. Our organic growth has been and will continue to be driven by successful new product launches in all our segments. Over time, we expect to continue to grow inorganically through expansion into adjacent products, product categories, and channels, as well as potentially through entry into new geographic markets. We evaluate potential acquisition targets using a return on invested capital metric. Vision Transformation Upon the arrival of our new CEO and President Murray Kessler, he and his leadership team made their first priority to set a new vision for the Company that will help us transform into a consumer-focused company. That vision is "To make lives better by bringing "Quality, Affordable Self-Care Products™" that consumers trust everywhere they are sold." The new vision for the future is designed to support the shifting focus on our consumer branded and store brand portfolio and our global reach and the opportunities for growth we see ahead of us, while remaining loyal to our heritage. The vision represents an evolution from healthcare to self-care, which takes advantage of a massive global trend and opens up a large number of adjacent growth opportunities for the Company. Competitive Advantage Our consumer-facing business model combines the unique competencies of a fast-moving consumer goods company and a pharmaceutical manufacturing company with the supply chain breadth necessary to support customers in the markets we serve. These durable business model competencies align with our five strategic pillars and provide us a competitive advantage in the marketplace. We fully integrate quality in our operational systems across all products. Our ability to manage our supply chain complexity across multiple dosage forms, formulations, and stock-keeping units, as well as acquisitions, integration, and hundreds of global partners provides value to our customers. Product development capacity and life cycle management are at the core of our operational investments. Globally we have 20 manufacturing plants that are all in good regulatory compliance standing and have systems and structures in place to guide our continued success. Our leadership team is fully engaged in aligning all our metrics and objectives around sustainable compliance with industry associations and regulatory agencies. Among other things, we believe the following give us a competitive advantage and provide value to our customers: Leadership in first-to-market product development and product life cycle management; • • Turn-key regulatory and promotional capabilities; • Management of supply chain complexity and utilizing economies of scale; • Quality and cost effectiveness throughout the supply chain creating a sustainable, low-cost network; and • Expansive pan-European commercial infrastructure, brand-building capabilities, and a diverse product portfolio. Highlights Year Ended December 31, 2018 • On August 9, 2018, we announced a plan to separate our RX business, which, when completed, will enable us to focus on expanding our consumer-facing businesses. We have begun the preparations for the separation, which may include a possible sale, spin-off, merger or other form of separation. While we are currently targeting to complete the separation by the end of 2019, the form of separation may delay its completion beyond this date. In connection with the proposed separation, we anticipate incurring significant preparation costs, excluding restructuring expenses and transaction costs, in the range of $45.0 million to $80.0 million depending on the final structure of a transaction, with a spin-off resulting in costs at the higher end of this range. 53 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Executive Overview • During the year ended December 31, 2018, Tysabri® met the 2018 global net sales threshold resulting in a $170.1 million gain. We received the $250.0 million royalty payment on February 22, 2019. • During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased $400.0 million worth of shares as part of our authorized share repurchase plan. Year Ended December 31, 2017 • On March 27, 2017, we completed the sale of our Tysabri® financial asset to Royalty Pharma for up to $2.85 billion, consisting of $2.2 billion in cash and up to $250.0 million and $400.0 million in milestone payments if the royalties on global net sales of Tysabri® that are received by Royalty Pharma meet specific thresholds in 2018 and 2020, respectively. As a result of this transaction, we derecognized the Tysabri® financial asset and recorded a $17.1 million gain. • On April 6, 2017, we completed the sale of our India Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ("API") business to Strides Shasun Limited for $22.2 million, inclusive of an estimated working capital adjustment. The sale did not have a material impact on our operations. • On August 25, 2017, we completed the sale of our Russian business to Alvogen Pharma LLC for €12.7 million ($15.1 million), inclusive of an estimated working capital adjustment. The sale did not have a material impact on our operations. • On November 21, 2017, we completed the sale of our Israel API business to SK Capital, for a sale price of $110.0 million, which resulted in an immaterial gain. • We completed $2.6 billion of debt repayments. • We repurchased $191.5 million worth of shares as part of our authorized share repurchase plan. • We executed initiatives related to our cost optimization strategy that was announced on February 21, 2017. Restructuring charges totaled $61.0 million. Year Ended December 31, 2016 • Consistent with previously announced actions, we added a number of positions and processes to our Dublin headquarters across a range of corporate functions, including supply chain/global operations, procurement, enterprise risk management, and corporate finance, leveraging the strength of our global platform. • On September 29, 2016, we repaid $500.0 million outstanding under our 1.300% Senior Notes due 2016. • On August 5, 2016, we completed the sale of our U.S. Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements ("VMS") business to International Vitamins Corporation for $61.8 million inclusive of an estimated working capital adjustment. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS CONSOLIDATED Recent Developments Irish Tax Appeals Commission Notice of Amended Assessment Perrigo Pharma International, a designated activity company organized under the laws of Ireland, formerly known as Elan Pharma International Limited (“Elan Pharma”) and currently a subsidiary of Perrigo Company plc, timely filed an appeal on December 27, 2018 with the Irish Tax Appeals Commission regarding a Notice of Amended Assessment (“NoA”) issued by the Irish Office of the Revenue Commissioners (“Irish Revenue”) for the calendar year 54 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Consolidated ended December 31, 2013. The NoA is dated November 29, 2018, and assesses an Irish corporation tax liability against Elan Pharma in the amount of €1,636 million, not including interest or any applicable penalties. intellectual property and related assets to Biogen Idec. As previously reported, the consideration paid by Perrigo acquired Elan Pharma through the December 2013 business combination between Perrigo’s predecessor and Elan Corporation, plc. The NoA relates to the tax treatment of the April 2013 sale by Elan Pharma of Tysabri® Biogen Idec took the form of an upfront payment and future contingent payments. The upfront payment received from Biogen Idec in 2013 and contingent payments received in subsequent years were recognized as trading income in Elan Pharma’s tax returns filed with Irish Revenue. This treatment is consistent with Elan Pharma’s activities for two decades relating to the active management of intellectual property rights, which includes acquiring, developing, holding, exploiting, dealing in and disposing of intellectual property rights for use in the pharmaceutical industry. On October 30, 2018, Irish Revenue issued an audit findings letter to Elan Pharma asserting the claim that (a) IP sales transactions by Elan Pharma, including the sale of Tysabri®, were not part of the trade of Elan Pharma and therefore should have been treated as chargeable gains subject to an effective 33% tax rate, rather than the 12.5% tax rate applicable to trading income, and (b) all amounts received in respect of both the Tysabri® related transaction entered into with RPI Finance Trust in 2017 should be taxed in Elan Pharma’s 2013 tax year. transaction and the We disagree with both the basis on which Elan Pharma has been assessed and the methodology used to calculate the amount set out in the NoA. We believe the NoA is without merit and that Irish Revenue’s position is incorrect as a matter of law. Accordingly, we filed an appeal of the NoA on December 27, 2018 and will pursue all available administrative and judicial avenues as may be necessary or appropriate. As part of this strategy to pursue all available administrative and judicial avenues, Elan Pharma was, on February 25, 2019, granted leave by the Irish High Court to seek judicial review of the issuance of the NoA. The judicial review filing is based on our belief that Elan Pharma's legitimate expectations as a taxpayer have been breached, not on the merits of the NoA itself. If we are ultimately successful in the judicial review proceedings, the NoA will be invalidated and Irish Revenue will not be able to re-issue the NoA. The proceedings before the Tax Appeals Commission has been stayed until a decision on the judicial review application has been made, which could take up to, or more than, a year. No payment of any amount related to this assessment is required to be made, if at all, until all applicable proceedings have been completed, which could take a number of years. However, while we believe our position to be correct, there can be no assurance of an ultimate favorable outcome, and if the matter is ultimately resolved unfavorably it would have a material adverse impact on us, including on liquidity and capital resources (refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Tax related Risks and Item 8. Note 14). Impairments Throughout the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, we identified impairment indicators for various assets across our different segments, and therefore, we performed impairment testing. Below is a summary of the impairment charges by segment (in millions): Goodwill Indefinite-lived intangible assets Definite-lived intangible assets Assets held-for-sale IPR&D (1) Relates primarily to animal health and certain IPR&D. Year Ended December 31, 2018 CHCA(1) CHCI Total $ 136.7 $ — $ 136.7 27.7 48.9 0.6 8.7 — 0.7 1.1 — 27.7 49.6 1.7 8.7 $ 222.6 $ 1.8 $ 224.4 55 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Consolidated Year Ended CHCA(1) CHCI(2) December 31, 2017 RX(3) Other(4) Definite-lived intangible assets $ — $ — $ 19.7 $ — $ Assets held-for-sale IPR&D Property, plant, and equipment — — 4.5 4.5 $ 3.7 1.1 — — 11.6 3.6 3.3 — — $ 4.8 $ 34.9 $ 3.3 $ Total 19.7 7.0 12.7 8.1 47.5 (1) Relates to certain idle property, plant and equipment. (2) Relates primarily to our Russian business, which was sold August 25, 2017. (3) Relates primarily to intangible assets acquired through the Lumara Health, Inc. acquisition and IPR&D assets acquired in conjunction with certain Development-Stage Rx Products. (4) Relates to our Israel API business, which was sold November 21, 2017. Year Ended CHCA(1) CHCI(2) December 31, 2016 RX(3) Other(4) Total Goodwill $ 24.5 $ 868.4 $ — $ 199.6 $ 1,092.5 Indefinite-lived intangible Assets Definite-lived intangible assets Assets held-for-sale IPR&D Property, plant, and equipment 0.4 — 9.9 — 3.5 849.1 321.4 — 3.5 — — 342.2 — — 0.2 — 2.0 6.3 — — 849.5 665.6 16.2 3.5 3.7 $ 38.3 $ 2,042.4 $ 342.4 $ 207.9 $ 2,631.0 (1) Relates primarily to goodwill acquired through the Sergeant’s Pet Care Products, Inc. and Velcera Inc. acquisitions. (2) Relates primarily to goodwill and certain intangible assets acquired in conjunction with the Omega acquisition. (3) Relates primarily to our intangible assets acquired in conjunction with the Entocort® acquisition. (4) Relates primarily to goodwill from our Elan acquisition that was in our former Specialty Sciences segment. 56 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Consolidated Consolidated Results (in millions) Net sales Gross profit Gross profit % Operating expenses Operating expenses % Operating income (loss) Operating income (loss) % December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 $ $ $ $ 4,731.7 1,831.5 38.7% 1,595.0 33.7% 236.5 5.0% $ $ $ $ 4,946.2 1,979.5 40.0% 1,381.3 27.9% 598.2 12.1% December 31, 2016 5,280.6 2,051.8 $ $ $ $ 38.9 % 4,051.5 76.7 % (1,999.7) (37.9)% * Total net sales by geography is derived from the location of the entity that sells to a third party. CONSUMER HEALTHCARE AMERICAS Recent Developments • On May 29, 2018, we entered into a license agreement with Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. ("Merck") that will allow us to develop and commercialize an OTC version of Nasonex-branded products, as well as other products containing the same active ingredient. In connection with this license agreement, we paid an upfront license fee of $50.0 million. In addition, if we achieve certain development milestones, we will make future milestone and royalty payments. • During the year ended December 31, 2018, we identified indications of impairment in the animal health reporting unit. The impairment indicators related to changes in channel dynamics, a strategic decision to re- prioritize our brands, and a decline in the forecasted outlook of the reporting unit. We recorded goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges of $213.3 million in Impairment charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. 57 Segment Results Year Ended December 31, 2018 vs. December 31, 2017 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 CHCA (in millions) Net sales Gross profit Gross profit % Operating income Operating income % Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ $ 2,411.6 762.2 31.6% 147.6 6.1% $ $ $ 2,429.9 817.8 33.7% 445.0 18.3% Net sales decreased $18.3 million, or 1%, due primarily to: • The absence of $32.1 million in sales of discontinued products; and • A net decrease of $31.5 million in sales of existing products due to: Lower sales in our animal health category due to lost distribution and channel dynamics; • • Ongoing pricing pressure, which we expect to continue for the foreseeable future, and lower sales volumes in our gastrointestinal category; partially offset by • Higher sales volumes in our analgesics and dermatologic categories; and • Unfavorable foreign currency translation of $3.4 million; partially offset by • New product sales of $48.7 million due primarily to the launches of esomeprazole magnesium (store brand equivalent to Nexium® 24HR capsules), omeprazole delayed release orally disintegrating tablets, and infant formula products. Operating income decreased $297.4 million, or 67%, due primarily to: • A decrease of $55.6 million in gross profit, or a 210 basis point decrease in gross profit as a percentage of net sales, due primarily to operating variances and increased input costs, lower sales in the higher margin animal health business and pricing pressure. • An increase of $241.8 million in operating expenses due primarily to: • • Impairment charges due primarily to animal health goodwill and intangible assets of $222.6 million; and Increased R&D expense of $44.8 million due primarily to a $50.0 million upfront license fee payment to enter into a license agreement with Merck; partially offset by • Decreased Restructuring expense of $26.9 million related to the cost reduction initiatives taken in the prior year. Year Ended December 31, 2017 vs. December 31, 2016 (in millions) Net sales Gross profit Gross profit % Operating income Operating income % Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ $ 2,429.9 817.8 33.7% 445.0 18.3% $ $ $ 2,507.1 825.2 32.9% 399.8 15.9% 58 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 CHCA Net sales decreased $77.2 million, or 3%, due to: • The absence of $110.2 million in sales attributable to the U.S. VMS business; • A net decrease of $21.5 million in sales of existing products due to pricing pressures and lower volumes in certain categories; and • The absence of $14.0 million in sales of discontinued products; partially offset by • New product sales of $68.7 million related primarily to the launches of fluticasone nasal spray (store brand equivalent to Flonase®), smoking cessation products and esomeprazole magnesium (store brand equivalent to Nexium® 24HR capsules). Operating income increased $45.2 million, or 11%, due primarily to: • A decrease of $7.4 million in gross profit due to: • The absence of $17.6 million in gross profit as a result of the sale of the U.S. VMS business; and • Pricing pressures in certain categories; partially offset by • Favorable product mix in certain categories; and • Positive contributions from supply chain efficiencies. • A decrease of $52.6 million in operating expenses due to: • The absence of $36.7 million in goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges related to the sale of the U.S. VMS business, previously held-for-sale assets associated with our animal health pet treats plant and our animal health business; • Decreased selling and administrative expenses of $31.0 million due primarily to timing of promotions related to our animal health category and savings related to our cost reduction initiatives taken in the prior year; • Decreased R&D expenses of $8.2 million due to timing of clinical trials, reduced spending on infant formula clinical trials and lower costs related to our cost reduction initiatives; and • A $4.1 million gain related to contingent consideration; offset partially by • Increased restructuring expenses of $21.8 million related primarily to strategic organizational enhancements; and • A $4.5 million impairment charge recorded on idle property, plant and equipment. • An increase of 80 basis points in gross profit as a percentage of net sales due primarily to favorable product mix and supply chain efficiencies. CONSUMER HEALTHCARE INTERNATIONAL Recent Developments • Management continues to implement its previously disclosed strategy for brand prioritization, sales force restructuring, and manufacturing insourcing, which is expected to reduce selling costs, improve operating margins and focus on higher value OTC products. As part of this strategy, we implemented a new restructuring plan in our CHCI segment that is expected to improve our cost structure. 59 Segment Results Year Ended December 31, 2018 vs. December 31, 2017 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 CHCI (in millions) Net sales Gross profit Gross profit % Operating income Operating income % Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ $ 1,495.9 702.5 47.0% 16.5 1.1% $ $ $ 1,491.0 682.0 45.7% 12.5 0.8% Net sales increased $4.9 million due primarily to: • New product sales of $77.8 million; and • Favorable foreign currency translation of $36.9 million; partially offset by • A net decrease of $57.3 million in sales of existing products due primarily to lower sales in the lifestyle and cough/cold/allergy/sinus categories; • The absence of $33.0 million in sales attributable to the exited Russian business and prior year distribution phase out initiatives; and • The absence of $19.7 million in sales of discontinued products. Operating income increased $4.0 million, or 33%, due primarily to: • An increase of $20.5 million in gross profit, or a 130 basis point increase in gross profit as a percentage of net sales, due primarily to brand prioritization and exit of low margin businesses, improved pricing and benefits from continued insourcing initiatives. • An increase of $16.5 million in operating expenses due primarily to: • • Increased selling and administration expenses of $11.1 million due primarily to the effect of unfavorable foreign currency translation; and Increased R&D expense of $3.2 million due primarily to innovation investments and the effect of unfavorable foreign currency translation. Year Ended December 31, 2017 vs. December 31, 2016 (in millions) Net sales Gross profit Gross profit % Operating income (loss) Operating income (loss) % Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ $ 1,491.0 682.0 45.7% 12.5 0.8% $ $ $ 1,652.2 693.4 42.0 % (2,087.4) (126.3)% Net sales decreased $161.2 million, or 10%, due to: • The absence of $200.3 million in sales attributable to the cancellation of unprofitable distribution contracts; • The absence of $14.7 million in sales of discontinued products; and • A net decrease of $11.3 million in sales of existing products due primarily to the absence of sales from our exited Russian business; partially offset by • New product sales of $64.1 million. 60 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 CHCI Operating income increased $2.1 billion due primarily to: • A decrease of $11.4 million in gross profit due primarily to: Lower sales volumes; and Lower margins in our U.K. store brand business; partially offset by • • • Operational efficiencies across the organization. • A decrease of $2.1 billion in operating expenses due primarily to: • The absence of $2.0 billion in goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges recorded in the prior year; and • A decrease in selling and administrative expenses of $66.6 million due to previously announced strategic initiatives to better align promotional investments with sales and cost reduction initiatives taken in the current year; offset partially by • A $4.8 million impairment charge recorded related to the Russian business; and • Increased restructuring expense of $3.8 million related to strategic organizational enhancements. • An increase of 370 basis points in gross profit as a percentage of net sales due primarily to improved product mix primarily driven by the cancellation of certain unprofitable distribution contracts. PRESCRIPTION PHARMACEUTICALS Recent Trends and Developments • We continue to experience a significant year-over-year reduction in pricing in our RX segment due to competitive pressures. This softness in pricing is attributable to various factors, including increased focus from customers to capture competition in specific products, supply chain productivity savings, and consolidation of certain customers. While in the fourth quarter of 2018, we experienced a year-over-year decrease in pricing pressure, we expect softness in pricing to continue to impact the segment for the foreseeable future. • On August 24, 2018, we purchased the Abbreviated New Drug Application ("ANDA") for Diclofenac Sodium Gel, 3% ("Diclo 3%") for $30.4 million in cash, which we capitalized as a developed product technology intangible asset. Diclo 3% was launched at the end of December 2018. Segment Results Year Ended December 31, 2018 vs. December 31, 2017 (in millions) Net sales Gross profit Gross profit % Operating income Operating income % Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ $ $ $ $ 824.2 366.9 44.5% 222.6 27.0% 969.7 449.7 46.4% 307.6 31.7% Net sales decreased $145.5 million, or 15%, due to: • A net decrease of $174.1 million in sales of existing products due primarily to increased competition driving pricing pressure and decreased sales volumes of certain products; and • The absence of $14.6 million in sales of discontinued products; partially offset by • New product sales of $43.2 million due primarily to Testosterone Gel 1.62% (generic equivalent to Androgel®). 61 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 RX Operating income decreased $85.0 million, or 28%, due primarily to: • A decrease of $82.8 million in gross profit, or a 190 basis point decrease in gross profit as a percentage of net sales, due primarily to pricing pressure and unfavorable product mix. • An increase of $2.2 million in operating expense due primarily to: • The absence of a gain of $23.0 million for the sale of certain ANDAs recognized in the prior year; and; • The absence of a gain of $15.0 million related to contingent consideration adjustments; partially offset by • The absence of impairments of $34.9 million related to certain definite-lived intangible assets and In-Process Research and Development ("IPR&D"). Year Ended December 31, 2017 vs. December 31, 2016 (in millions) Net sales Gross profit Gross profit % Operating income (loss) Operating income % Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ $ $ $ $ 969.7 449.7 46.4% 307.6 31.7% 1,042.8 501.1 48.1% (0.2) —% Net sales decreased $73.1 million, or 7%, due to: • A net decrease of $78.5 million in sales of existing products due primarily to pricing pressures across the portfolio; Lower Entocort® net sales of $67.2 million; and • • The absence of $3.3 million in sales of discontinued products; partially offset by • New product sales of $75.9 million due primarily to sales of Scopolamine and Testosterone 2% topical (generic equivalent to Axiron®). Operating income increased $307.8 million due primarily to: • A decrease of $51.4 million in gross profit, or a 170 basis point decrease in gross profit as a percentage of net sales, due primarily to: Lower Entocort® net sales; and • • Pricing pressure. • A decrease of $359.2 million in operating expenses due to: • The absence of a $342.2 million impairment charge related to the Entocort® intangible asset; • A $23.0 million gain on sales of certain ANDAs; • A $15.4 million net gain related to contingent consideration; • Decreased Selling expenses of $17.4 million due primarily to the prior year specialty pharmaceuticals sales force restructuring initiative; and • Decreased R&D expenses of $8.3 million due to timing of clinical trials, lower legal spend, and lower ongoing costs on certain projects; offset partially by Impairment charges related to certain definite-lived intangible assets, certain fixed assets and IPR&D of $34.9 million; Increased Administration expenses of $6.2 million due primarily to the settlement of our antitrust violation lawsuit; and Increased restructuring expenses of $3.8 million related to strategic organizational enhancements. • • • 62 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Other OTHER We previously had two legacy segments, Specialty Sciences and Other, which contained our Tysabri® financial asset and API businesses, respectively, which we divested. Following these divestitures, there were no substantial assets or operations left in either of these segments. Effective January 1, 2017, all expenses associated with our former Specialty Sciences segment were moved to unallocated expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed the divestment of the Tysabri® financial asset to Royalty Pharma for up to $2.85 billion, consisting of $2.2 billion in cash and up to $250.0 million and $400.0 million in milestone payments if the royalties on global net sales of Tysabri® that are received by Royalty Pharma meet specific thresholds in 2018 and 2020, respectively. As a result of this transaction, we transferred the entire financial asset to Royalty Pharma and recorded a $17.1 million gain in Change in financial assets. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed the sale of our India API business to Strides Shasun Limited. We received $22.2 million in proceeds, resulting in an immaterial gain recorded in Other (income) expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Prior to closing the sale, we determined that the carrying value of the India API business exceeded its fair value less the cost to sell, resulting in an impairment charge of $35.3 million, which was recorded in Impairment charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed the sale of our Israel API business to SK Capital for a sale price of $110.0 million, which resulted in an immaterial gain recorded in Other (income) expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Unallocated Expenses Unallocated expenses are comprised of certain corporate services not allocated to our reporting segments and are recorded above Operating income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Unallocated expenses were as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 150.1 $ 174.7 $ 116.6 The $24.6 million decrease for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year was due primarily to an insurance recovery of $17.8 million, a decrease in legal and consulting fees of $8.7 million and, a decrease in Restructuring expense of $5.5 million related to strategic organizational enhancements; partially offset by an increase in employee-related expenses of $5.2 million. The $58.1 million increase for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year was due primarily to an increase in share-based compensation expense of $12.6 million driven primarily by the resignation of certain executives, an increase of $41.1 million of administrative expenses driven by legal fees, consulting fees and employee-related expenses, and an increase in Restructuring expenses of $6.0 million related to strategic organizational enhancements. Interest, Other (Income) Expense and Change in Financial Assets (Consolidated) (in millions) Change in financial assets Interest expense, net $ $ Other (income) expense, net $ Loss on extinguishment of debt $ Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 24.9 168.1 $ $ (10.1) $ 135.2 $ 2,608.2 216.6 22.7 1.1 (188.7) $ 128.0 6.1 0.5 $ $ $ 63 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Unallocated, Interest, Other, and Taxes Change in Financial Assets During the year ended December 31, 2018, Tysabri® met the 2018 global net sales threshold resulting in an increase to the asset and a gain of $170.1 million recognized in Change in financial assets on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Due to higher projected global net sales of Tysabri® and the estimated probability of achieving the 2020 contingent milestone payment, the fair value of the 2020 Royalty Pharma contingent milestone payment increased $18.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we announced the completed divestment of our Tysabri® financial asset to Royalty Pharma, resulting in a $17.1 million gain. As a result of a decrease in the estimated Tysabri® revenue due to a competitor’s pipeline product, Ocrevus®, the fair value of the Royalty Pharma contingent milestone payments decreased $42.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2016 Ocrevus® entered the market, leading us to evaluate strategic alternatives for the Tysabri® financial asset and reduce the fair value of the Tysabri® financial asset by $2.6 billion. Interest Expense, Net The $40.1 million decrease during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year was the result of early debt repayments made during the year ended December 31, 2017. The $48.5 million decrease during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year was the result of early debt repayments made during the year ended December 31, 2017. Other (Income) Expense, Net The $16.2 million decrease during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year was due primarily to the absence of $10.0 million in milestone income related to royalty rights, a $9.5 million loss on our fair value investment securities, and $4.5 million of unfavorable changes in revaluation of monetary assets and liabilities held in foreign currencies; partially offset by the absence of a $5.9 million loss on hedges related to the extinguishment of debt in the prior year, and a $2.7 million gain on our equity method investments. The $32.8 million decrease during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year was due primarily to the absence of a $22.3 million equity investment impairment, $8.2 million of favorable changes in revaluation of monetary assets and liabilities held in foreign currencies and a $3.2 million reduction in equity method losses. Loss on Extinguishment of Debt During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a $135.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt, which consisted of tender premium on debt repayments, transaction costs, write-off of deferred financing fees, and bond discounts. Income Taxes (Consolidated) The effective tax rates were as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 54.9% 57.3% 17.2% The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased in comparison to the prior year due primarily to the 2017 sale of API Israel and the one-time U.S. transition toll tax, offset by additional tax expense due to valuation allowances in Belgium and state tax recorded for the future distributions of foreign earnings recorded in 2018. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2017 was higher compared to the year ended 64 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Unallocated, Interest, Other, and Taxes December 31, 2016 due to an increase in the valuation allowance position due to current year activity, tax law changes in the U.S. and increases in unrecognized tax benefits, offset by tax law changes in Belgium. For the year ended December 31, 2017, statutory income tax rate changes in the U.S. and Belgium impacted the effective tax rate with a reduction to U.S. income tax expense of $2.4 million and increased Belgium income tax expense by $24.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2016, statutory income tax rate changes, primarily in Europe, favorably impacted the effective tax rate by $27.9 million (refer to Item 8. Note 14). FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY, AND CAPITAL RESOURCES We finance our operations with internally generated funds, supplemented by credit arrangements with third parties and capital market financing. We routinely monitor current and expected operational requirements and financial market conditions to evaluate other available financing sources including revolving bank credit and securities offerings. In determining our future capital requirements we regularly consider, among other factors, known trends and uncertainties, such as the NoA and other contingencies. In that connection, we note that no payment of the additional amounts assessed by Irish Revenue pursuant to the NoA is currently required, and no such payment is expected to be required, unless and until a final determination of the matter is reached that is adverse to us. Based on the foregoing, management believes that our operations and borrowing resources are sufficient to provide for our short- term and long-term capital requirements, as described below. However, we continue to evaluate the impact of the above factors on liquidity and may determine that modifications to our capital structure are appropriate if market conditions deteriorate, if favorable capital market opportunities become available, or if any change in conditions relating to the NoA or other contingencies has a material impact on our capital requirements. Cash and Cash Equivalents * Working capital represents current assets less current liabilities, excluding cash and cash equivalents, and current indebtedness. Cash, cash equivalents, cash flows from operations, and borrowings available under our credit facilities are expected to be sufficient to finance our liquidity and capital expenditures in both the short and long term. Although our lenders have made commitments to make funds available to us in a timely fashion under our revolving credit agreements and overdraft facilities, if economic conditions worsen or new information becomes publicly available impacting the institutions’ credit rating or capital ratios, these lenders may be unable or unwilling to lend money pursuant to our existing credit facilities. Should our outlook on liquidity requirements change substantially from current projections, we may seek additional sources of liquidity in the future. 65 Cash Generated by (Used in) Operating Activities Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources Year Ended December 31, 2018 vs. December 31, 2017 The $105.9 million decrease in operating cash flow was due primarily to: • Decreased net earnings after adjustments for items such as deferred income taxes, impairment charges, restructuring charges, changes in our financial assets, loss on extinguishment of debt, and depreciation and amortization; • Changes in inventory due primarily to increased volumes and actions to improve customer service in our CHCA segment and increased volumes due to new product launches and changing market dynamics in our RX segment; • Changes in accounts payable due primarily to timing of payments, mix of payment terms, and the absence of transactions related to the exited Russian business and prior year distribution phase out initiatives; • Changes in accrued income taxes due primarily to U.S. Federal tax obligation payments made in the prior year, offset by expected tax refunds; • Changes in accrued liabilities due primarily to the change in royalty and profit sharing accruals; and • Changes in accounts receivable due primarily to the discontinuation of our Belgium accounts receivable factoring program, more than offset by timing of sales and receipt of payments in our CHCA and RX segments. Year Ended December 31, 2017 vs. December 31, 2016 The $44.0 million increase in operating cash flow was due primarily to: • Increased net earnings after adjustments for items such as deferred income taxes, impairment charges, restructuring charges, changes in our financial assets, loss on extinguishment of debt, and depreciation and amortization; • Changes in accrued customer programs due primarily to new product launches, resulting in higher customer-related accruals, pricing dynamics in the RX segment, as well as timing of rebate and chargeback payments; • Changes in accounts payable due primarily to changes to the Omega accounts payable structure that occurred in 2016; 66 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources • Changes in accrued liabilities due primarily to deferred revenue associated with BCH-Belgium distribution contracts and the absence of accruals related to the sale of our U.S. VMS business; partially offset by increased litigation accruals, and fair market value adjustments related to contingent consideration; • Changes in inventory due to the build up of inventory levels to support customer demands in 2017; offset by improved inventory management in 2016; and • Changes in accrued income taxes due primarily to Federal tax obligation payments made in the current year, offset by expected tax refunds. Cash Generated by (Used in) Investing Activities Year Ended December 31, 2018 vs. December 31, 2017 The $2.5 billion decrease in investing cash flow was due primarily to: • Absence of the prior year completed divestment of our Tysabri® financial asset to Royalty Pharma, for which we received $2.2 billion in cash; • Absence of prior year net proceeds from sale of business and other assets of $149.4 million; • Decreased proceeds from royalty rights of $73.6 million; and • Asset acquisitions of $35.6 million related primarily to Diclo 3%. Cash used for capital expenditures totaled $102.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $88.6 million in the prior year. The increase in cash used for capital expenditures was due primarily to the increase in the number of manufacturing projects in the current year compared to the prior year. Capital expenditures for the next twelve months are anticipated to be between $145.0 million and $209.0 million related to manufacturing productivity, increased tablet and infant formula capacity and quality/regulatory projects. We expect to fund these estimated capital expenditures with funds from operating cash flows. Year Ended December 31, 2017 vs. December 31, 2016 The $2.5 billion increase in investing cash flow was due primarily to: • Completed divestment of our Tysabri® financial asset to Royalty Pharma, for which we received $2.2 billion in cash; • Absence of the prior year acquisition of a portfolio of generic dosage forms and strengths of Retin-A®, a topical prescription acne treatment from Mattawan Pharmaceuticals, LLC for $416.4 million; and • Absence of the prior year acquisition of Generic Benzaclin™ product rights for $62.0 million; partially offset by • A decrease in proceeds from royalty rights of $266.4 million. 67 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash used for capital expenditures totaled $88.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $106.2 million in the prior year. The decrease in cash used for capital expenditures was due primarily to the decrease in the number of manufacturing projects in the current year compared to the prior year. Cash Generated by (Used in) Financing Activities Year Ended December 31, 2018 vs. December 31, 2017 The $2.4 billion increase in financing cash flow was due primarily to: • Decrease in payments on long-term debt and premium on early debt retirement of $2.1 billion and $116.1 million, respectively, due to debt extinguishment in 2017; and Issuance of $431.0 million of long-term debt in the current year; partially offset by • • An increase in share repurchases of $208.5 million. Year Ended December 31, 2017 vs. December 31, 2016 The $2.7 billion decrease in financing cash flow was due primarily to: • Increase in payments on long-term debt and premium on early debt retirement of $2.1 billion and $115.5 million, respectively, due to debt extinguishment in 2017; • Absence of issuance of long-term debt of $1.2 billion in 2016; and • Share repurchases of $191.5 million in 2017; partially offset by • A decrease in borrowings (repayments) of revolving credit agreements and other financing, net of $809.3 million. Share Repurchases In October 2018, our Board of Directors authorized up to $1.0 billion of share repurchases with no expiration date, subject to the Board of Directors’ approval of the pricing parameters and amount that may be repurchased under each specific share repurchase program. 68 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources Dividends In January 2003, the Board of Directors adopted a policy of paying quarterly dividends. We paid dividends as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Dividends paid (in millions) $ Dividends paid per share $ 104.9 0.76 $ $ 91.1 0.64 $ $ 83.2 0.58 The declaration and payment of dividends, if any, is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings, financial condition, availability of distributable reserves, capital and surplus requirements, and other factors our Board of Directors may consider relevant. Borrowings and Capital Resources Overdraft Facilities We have overdraft facilities available that we use to support our cash management operations. We report any balances outstanding in "Other Financing" in Item 8, Note 10. There were no borrowings outstanding under these facilities at December 31, 2018. The balance outstanding under the overdraft facilities was $6.9 million at December 31, 2017. Accounts Receivable Factoring We have accounts receivable factoring arrangements with non-related third-party financial institutions (the “Factors”). Pursuant to the terms of the arrangements, we sell to the Factors certain of our accounts receivable balances on a non-recourse basis for credit approved accounts. An administrative fee per invoice is charged on the gross amount of accounts receivables assigned to the Factors, and interest is calculated at the applicable EUR LIBOR rate plus a spread. The total amount factored on a non-recourse basis and excluded from accounts receivable was $24.3 million and $27.5 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Revolving Credit Agreements On March 8, 2018, we terminated the revolving credit agreement entered into in December 2014 (the "2014 Revolver") and entered into a $1.0 billion revolving credit agreement maturing on March 8, 2023 (the "2018 Revolver"). There were no borrowings outstanding under the 2018 Revolver as of December 31, 2018 or under the 2014 Revolver as of December 31, 2017. 69 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources Term Loans, Notes and Bonds Total Term Loans, Notes and Bonds outstanding are summarized as follows (in millions): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Term loans * * 2018 Term loan due March 8, 2020 2014 Term loan due December 5, 2019 Total term loans Notes and bonds Coupon Due * * 5.000% May 23, 2019 3.500% March 15, 2021 3.500% December 15, 2021 5.105% July 19, 2023 4.000% November 15, 2023 3.900% December 15, 2024 4.375% March 15, 2026 5.300% November 15, 2043 4.900% December 15, 2044 Total notes and bonds $ 351.3 $ — 351.3 137.6 280.4 309.6 154.9 215.6 700.0 700.0 90.5 303.9 — 420.0 420.0 144.0 280.4 309.6 162.0 215.6 700.0 700.0 90.5 303.9 $ 2,892.5 $ 2,906.0 * Debt denominated in euros subject to fluctuations in the euro-to-U.S. dollar exchange rate. Debt Repayments During the year ended December 31, 2018, we made $51.5 million in scheduled principal payments. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we reduced our outstanding debt by $2.6 billion through a variety of early redemption and tender offer transactions. We are in compliance with all covenants under our debt agreements as of December 31, 2018. Credit Ratings Our credit ratings on December 31, 2018 were Baa3 (stable) and BBB- (stable) by Moody's Investors Service and Standard and Poor's Rating Services, respectively. Credit rating agencies review their ratings periodically and, therefore, the credit rating assigned to us by each agency may be subject to revision at any time. Accordingly, we are not able to predict whether current credit ratings will remain as disclosed above. Factors that can affect our credit ratings include changes in operating performance, the economic environment, our financial position, and changes in business strategy. If changes in our credit ratings were to occur, they could impact, among other things, future borrowing costs, access to capital markets, and vendor financing terms. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have a material current effect or that are reasonably likely to have a material future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, net sales or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources. We acquire and collaborate on potential products still in development and enter into R&D arrangements with third parties that often require milestone payments to the third-party contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development. Milestone payments may be required contingent upon the successful achievement of an important point in the development life cycle of the product. Because of the contingent nature of these payments, they are not included in our table of contractual obligations below. 70 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources Contractual Obligations Our enforceable and legally binding obligations as of December 31, 2018 are set forth in the following table. Some of the amounts included in this table are based on management’s estimates and assumptions about these obligations, including the duration, the possibility of renewal, anticipated actions by third parties and other factors. Because these estimates and assumptions are necessarily subjective, the enforceable and legally binding obligations actually paid in future periods may vary from the amounts reflected in the table (in millions): Short and long-term debt (1) $ 313.5 $ 1,113.9 $ 557.3 $ 2,297.1 $ 4,281.8 2019 2020-2021 2022-2023 After 2023 Total Payment Due Capital lease obligations Purchase obligations (2) Operating leases (3) Other contractual liabilities reflected on the consolidated balance sheets: Deferred compensation and benefits (4) Other (5) Total 1.1 754.0 39.3 1.5 4.2 56.9 0.7 0.1 26.6 — — 33.0 3.3 758.3 155.8 — — 74.3 1,182.2 $ 9.0 1,185.5 $ $ — 4.3 589.0 $ 110.4 — 2,440.5 $ 110.4 87.6 5,397.2 (1) Short-term and long-term debt includes interest payments, which were calculated using the effective interest rate at December 31, 2018. (2) Consists of commitments for both materials and services. (3) Used in normal course of business, principally for warehouse facilities and computer equipment. (4) Includes amounts associated with non-qualified plans related to deferred compensation, executive retention and post employment benefits. Of this amount, we have funded $31.5 million, which is recorded in Other non-current assets on the balance sheet. These amounts are assumed payable after five years, although certain circumstances, such as termination, would require earlier payment. (5) Primarily includes consulting fees, legal settlements, contingent consideration obligations, restructuring accruals, insurance obligations, and electrical and gas purchase contracts, which were accrued in Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities at December 31, 2018 for all years. We fund our U.S. qualified profit-sharing and investment plan in accordance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 regulations for the minimum annual required contribution and Internal Revenue Service regulations for the maximum annual allowable tax deduction. We are committed to making the required minimum contributions, which we expect to be approximately $22.8 million over the next 12 months. Future contributions are dependent upon various factors, including employees’ eligible compensation, plan participation and changes, if any, to current funding requirements. Therefore, no amounts were included in the Contractual Obligations table above. We generally expect to fund all future contributions with cash flows from operating activities. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $463.9 million of liabilities for uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties. These unrecognized tax benefits have been excluded from the Contractual Obligations table above due to uncertainty as to the amounts and timing of settlement with taxing authorities. Net deferred income tax liabilities were $281.1 million as of December 31, 2018. This amount is not included in the Contractual Obligations table above because we believe this presentation would not be meaningful. Net deferred income tax liabilities are calculated based on temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their book basis, which will result in taxable amounts in future years when the book basis is settled. The results of these calculations do not have a direct connection with the amount of cash taxes to be paid in any future periods. As a result, scheduling net deferred income tax liabilities as payments due by period could be misleading because this scheduling would not relate to liquidity needs. 71 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Critical Accounting Estimates Critical Accounting Estimates The determination of certain amounts in our financial statements requires the use of estimates. These estimates are based upon our historical experiences combined with management’s understanding of current facts and circumstances. Although the estimates are considered reasonable based on the currently available information, actual results could differ from the estimates we have used. Management considers the below accounting estimates to require the most judgment and to be the most critical in the preparation of our financial statements. These estimates are reviewed by the Audit Committee. Revenue Recognition Net product sales include estimates of variable consideration for which accruals and allowances are established. Variable consideration for product sales consists primarily of chargebacks, rebates, other incentive programs, and related administrative fees recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accrued customer programs, and sales returns and shelf stock allowances recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a reduction to Accounts receivable. Where appropriate, these estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes in which relevant factors, such as historical experience, current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns, are either probability-weighted to derive an estimate of expected value or the estimate reflects the single most likely outcome. Overall, these reserves reflect the best estimates of the amount of consideration to which we are entitled based on the terms of the contract. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from our estimates. If actual results in the future vary from the estimates, these estimates are adjusted, which would affect revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known. The aggregate gross-to-net adjustments related to RX products can exceed 50% of the segment's gross sales. In contrast, the aggregate gross-to-net adjustments related to CHCA and CHCI typically do not exceed 10% of the segment's gross sales. The following table summarizes the activity in Accrued customer programs and allowance accounts on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions): Chargebacks Medicaid Rebates RX Sales Returns and Shelf Stock Allowances All Other Segments * Admin. Fees and Other Rebates Rebates and Other Allowances Total Balance at December 31, 2016 Foreign currency translation adjustments Provisions / Adjustments Credits / Payments Balance at December 31, 2017 Foreign currency translation adjustments Provisions / Adjustments Credits / Payments Balance at December 31, 2018 $ $ $ 217.0 $ 24.6 $ 77.1 $ 34.6 $ 131.0 $ 484.3 — 1,564.3 (1,551.4) — 45.1 (32.9) — 43.7 (44.6) — 113.8 (105.2) 0.1 281.2 0.1 2,048.1 (286.1) (2,020.2) 229.9 $ 36.8 $ 76.2 $ 43.2 $ 126.2 $ 512.3 — 1,754.4 (1,718.3) — 58.3 (58.7) — 17.0 (22.2) — 99.6 (98.3) (3.5) 270.3 (3.5) 2,199.6 (276.1) (2,173.6) 266.0 $ 36.4 $ 71.0 $ 44.5 $ 116.9 $ 534.8 * Primarily CHCA and CHCI. 72 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Critical Accounting Estimates Chargebacks We market and sell U.S. Rx pharmaceutical products directly to wholesalers, distributors, warehousing pharmacy chains, and other direct purchasing groups. We also market products indirectly to independent pharmacies, non-warehousing chains, managed care organizations, and group purchasing organizations, (collectively referred to as "indirect customers"). In addition, we enter into agreements with some indirect customers to establish contract pricing for certain products. These indirect customers then independently select a wholesaler from which to purchase the products at these contracted prices. Alternatively, we may pre-authorize wholesalers to offer specified contract pricing to other indirect customers. Under either arrangement, we provide chargeback credit to the wholesaler for any difference between the contracted price with the indirect customer and the wholesaler's invoice price. The accrual for chargebacks includes an estimate for outstanding claims that occurred but for which the related claim has not yet been paid, and an estimate for future claims that will be made when the wholesaler inventory is sold to the indirect customer. This estimate is based on historical chargeback experience, which includes sell-through levels by wholesalers to retailers, and confirmed wholesaler inventory levels. We regularly assess current pricing dynamics and wholesaler inventory levels to ensure the liability for future chargebacks is fairly stated. Medicaid Rebates We participate in certain qualifying U.S. federal and state government programs whereby discounts and rebates are provided to participating government entities. Medicaid rebates are amounts owed based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector (Medicaid) benefit providers, after the final dispensing of the product by a pharmacy to a benefit plan participant. Medicaid reserves are based on expected payments, which are driven by patient usage, contract performance, and field inventory that will be subject to a Medicaid rebate. Medicaid rebates are typically billed up to 180 days after the product is shipped, but can be billed as many as 270 days after the quarter in which the product is dispensed to the Medicaid participant. As a result, our Medicaid rebate provision includes an estimate of outstanding claims for end-customer sales that occurred but for which the related claim has not been billed, and an estimate for future claims that will be made when inventory in the distribution channel is sold through to plan participants. Our calculation also requires other estimates, such as estimates of sales mix, to determine which sales are subject to rebates and the amount of such rebates. Our rebates are reviewed on a monthly basis against actual claims data to ensure the liability is fairly stated. Returns and Shelf Stock Allowances We maintain a return policy that allows our customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date. Generally, product may be returned for a period beginning six months prior to its expiration date to up to one year after its expiration date. The majority of our product returns are the result of product dating, which falls within the range set by our policy, and are settled through the issuance of a credit to the customer. Our estimate of the provision for returns is based upon our historical experience with actual returns, which is applied to the level of sales for the period that corresponds to the period during which our customers may return product. The period is based on the shelf life of the products at the time of shipment. Additionally, when establishing our reserves, we consider factors such as levels of inventory in the distribution channel, product dating and expiration period, size and maturity of the market prior to a product launch, entrance into the market of additional competition, and changes in formulations. Shelf stock allowances are credits issued to reflect changes in the selling price of a product and are based upon estimates of the amount of product remaining in a customer's inventory at the time of the anticipated price change. In many cases, the customer is contractually entitled to such a credit. The allowances for shelf stock adjustments are based on specified terms with certain customers, estimated launch dates of competing products, and estimated changes in market price. 73 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Critical Accounting Estimates RX Administrative Fees and Other Rebates Rebates or administrative fees are offered to certain wholesale customers, group purchasing organizations, and end-user customers. Settlement of rebates and fees generally may occur from one to 15 months from the date of sale. We provide a provision for rebates at the time of sale based on contracted rates and historical redemption rates. Estimates used to establish the provision include level of wholesaler inventories, contract sales volumes, and average contract pricing. CHCA and CHCI Rebates and Other Allowances In the CHCA and CHCI segments, we offer certain customers a volume incentive rebate if specific levels of product purchases are made during a specified period. The accrual for rebates is based on contractual agreements and estimated levels of purchasing. In addition, we have a reserve for product returns, primarily related to damaged and unsaleable products. We also have agreements with certain customers to cover promotional activities related to our products such as coupon programs, new store allowances, and product displays. The accrual for these activities is based on customer agreements and is established at the time product revenue is recognized. Allowances for customer-related programs are generally recorded at the time of sale based on the estimates and methodologies described above. We continually monitor product sales provisions and re-evaluate these estimates as additional information becomes available, which includes, among other things, an assessment of current market conditions, trade inventory levels, and customer product mix. We make adjustments to these provisions at the end of each reporting period to reflect any such updates to the relevant facts and circumstances. Income Taxes Our tax rate is subject to adjustment over the balance of the year due to, among other things, income tax rate changes by governments; the jurisdictions in which our profits are determined to be earned and taxed; changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; adjustments to estimated taxes upon finalization of various tax returns; adjustments to our interpretation of transfer pricing standards; changes in available tax credits, grants and other incentives; changes in stock-based compensation expense; changes in tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws (for example, proposals for fundamental U.S. and international tax reform); changes in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; expiration of or the inability to renew tax rulings or tax holiday incentives; and the repatriation of earnings with respect to which we have not previously provided taxes. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable and that we prepare our tax filings in accordance with all applicable tax laws, the final determination with respect to any tax audit, and any related litigation, could be materially different from our estimates or from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material effect on operating results and/or cash flows in the periods for which that determination is made. In addition, future period earnings may be adversely impacted by litigation costs, settlements, penalties, and/or interest assessments (refer to Item 8. Note 14). Legal Contingencies We are involved in product liability, patent, commercial, regulatory and other legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of business. We record a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If the reasonable estimate of a probable loss is a range and no amount within that range is a better estimate, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. If a loss is not probable or a probable loss cannot be reasonably estimated, no liability is recorded. We have established reserves for certain of our legal matters. We also separately record any insurance recoveries that are probable to occur (refer to Item 8. Note 16). Change in Financial Assets We valued our contingent milestone payments from Royalty Pharma using a modified Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model ("BSOPM"). Key inputs in the BSOPM are the estimated volatility and rate of return of royalties on global net sales of Tysabri® that are received by Royalty Pharma until the contingent milestones are resolved. Volatility and the estimated fair value of the milestones have a positive relationship such that higher volatility translates to a higher estimated fair value of the contingent milestone payments. We assess volatility and rate of 74 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Critical Accounting Estimates return inputs quarterly by analyzing certain market volatility benchmarks and the risk associated with Royalty Pharma achieving the underlying projected royalties. The table below represents the volatility and rate of return: Volatility Rate of return Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 30.0% 8.05% 30.0% 8.07% In order for us to receive the 2020 milestone payment, Royalty Pharma contingent payments for Tysabri® sales in 2020 must exceed $351.0 million. If Royalty Pharma contingent payments for Tysabri® sales do not meet the prescribed threshold in 2020, we will write off the $73.2 million asset as an expense. If the prescribed threshold is exceeded, we will increase the asset to $400.0 million and recognize income of $326.8 million in Change in financial assets on the Consolidated Statements of Operations (refer to Item 8. Note 7). Goodwill Goodwill represents amounts paid for an acquisition in excess of the fair value of net assets received. We have six reporting units subject to impairment testing annually, on the first day of the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events suggest an impairment may exist. We had triggering events during the third quarter of the year ended December 31, 2018 and therefore performed an interim impairment test in the third quarter of 2018, followed by our annual test performed as of September 30, 2018, the first day of our fourth quarter. The test for impairment requires us to make several estimates about fair value, most of which are based on projected future cash flows and market valuation multiples. The estimates associated with the goodwill impairment tests are considered critical due to the judgments required in determining fair value amounts, including projected future cash flows that include assumptions about future performance. The discount rates used in testing each of our reporting units’ goodwill for impairment during our interim and annual testing were based on the weighted average cost of capital determined for each of our reporting units and ranged from 8.5% to 13.8%. Perpetual growth rates for each reporting unit ranged from 2.0% to 3.0%. Changes in these estimates may result in the recognition of an impairment loss. We recorded goodwill impairment losses of $136.7 million related to animal health and $1.1 billion related to BCH and Specialty Sciences during the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016, respectively, which was recorded in Impairment charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. No goodwill impairments were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2017. During our annual goodwill testing as of September 30, 2018, we determined the fair value of the BCH reporting unit included in the CHCI segment was less than 10.0% higher than its net book value. We performed additional quantitative analysis during the three months ended December 31, 2018 and concluded that the fair value of the BCH reporting unit remained less than 10% higher than its net book value as of December 31, 2018. As a result of the relatively narrow margin between fair value and net book value during the three months ended December 31, 2018, this reporting unit is inherently at a higher risk for future impairments if it experiences deterioration in business performance or market multiples or increases in discount rates. The discounted cash flow forecasts used for the BCH reporting unit include assumptions about future activity levels in the near term and longer-term. If growth in this reporting unit is lower than expected, we may experience deterioration in our cash flow forecasts that may indicate goodwill in the reporting unit may be impaired in future impairment tests. We continue to monitor the progress and assess the reporting unit for potential impairment should impairment indicators arise, as applicable, and at least annually during our fourth quarter impairment testing. Management performed sensitivity analyses on the discounted cash flow valuations that were prepared to estimate the enterprise values of each reporting unit. Discount rates were increased and decreased by increments of 50 basis points, up to cumulative increases and decreases of 250 basis points. Perpetual revenue growth rates were increased and decreased by increments of 25 or 50 basis points, up to cumulative increases and decreases of 100 basis points. 75 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7 Critical Accounting Estimates A 100 basis point increase in the discount rate, or different combinations of changes in discount rate and the perpetual revenue growth rate, would indicate potential impairment for this reporting unit. Based on the sensitivity of the discount rate assumption on the BCH reporting unit analysis, an increase in the discount rate over the next twelve months could negatively impact the estimated fair value of this reporting unit and lead to a future impairment. Certain macroeconomic factors which are not controlled by the reporting unit, such as rising inflation or interest rates, could cause an increase in the discount rate to occur. Deterioration in BCH performance over the next twelve months, such as lower than expected revenue or profitability that has a sustained impact on future periods, could also represent potential indicators of impairment requiring further impairment analysis. See Item 8. Note 4 and Note 7 for further information. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Pronouncements See Item 8. Note 1 for information regarding recently issued accounting standards. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Foreign Exchange Risk We are a global company with operations primarily throughout North America, Europe, Australia, Mexico, and Israel. We transact business in each location's local currency and in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposures to changes in exchange rates. Our largest exposure is the movement of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro. In addition, our U.S. operations continue to expand their export business, primarily in Canada, China, and Europe, and are subject to fluctuations in the respective exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. A large portion of the sales of our Israeli operations is in foreign currencies, primarily U.S. dollars and euros, while these operations largely incur costs in their local currency. Further, a portion of Biogen's global sales of Tysabri® are denominated in local currencies, creating exposures to changes in exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar and thereby impacting the amount of U.S. dollar royalties necessary to achieve our contingent payment threshold in 2020. Due to different sales and cost structures, certain segments experience a negative impact and certain segments a positive impact as a result of changes in exchange rates. We estimate the translation effect of a ten percent devaluation of the U.S. dollar relative to the other foreign currencies in which we transact business would have increased operating income of our non-U.S. operating units by approximately $33.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. This sensitivity analysis has inherent limitations. The analysis disregards the possibility that rates of multiple foreign currencies will not always move in the same direction relative to the value of the U.S. dollar over time and does not account for foreign exchange derivatives that we utilize to mitigate fluctuations in exchange rates. In addition, we enter into certain purchase commitments for materials that, although denominated in U.S. dollars, are linked to foreign currency valuations. These commitments generally contain a range for which the price of materials may fluctuate over time given the value of a foreign currency. The translation of the assets and liabilities of our non-U.S. dollar denominated operations is made using local currency exchange rates as of the end of the year. Translation adjustments are not included in determining net income but are disclosed in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI") within shareholders’ equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets until a sale or substantially complete liquidation of the net investment in the subsidiary takes place. In certain markets, we could recognize a significant gain or loss related to unrealized cumulative translation adjustments if we were to exit the market and liquidate our net investment. As of December 31, 2018, cumulative net currency translation adjustments increased shareholders’ equity by $104.5 million. We monitor and strive to manage risk related to foreign currency exchange rates. Exposures that cannot be naturally offset within a local entity to an immaterial amount are often hedged with foreign exchange derivatives or netted with offsetting exposures at other entities. We cannot predict future changes in foreign currency movements and fluctuations that could materially impact earnings. 76 Perrigo Company plc - Item 7A Interest Rate Risk We are exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of interest income earned on our investment of cash on hand and interest expense on borrowings. We have in the past, and may in the future, enter into certain derivative financial instruments related to the management of interest rate risk, when available on a cost-effective basis. These instruments are managed on a consolidated basis to efficiently net exposures and thus take advantage of any natural offsets. Gains and losses on hedging transactions are offset by gains and losses on the underlying exposures being hedged. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. See Item 8. Note 9 and Note 1 for further information regarding our derivative instruments and hedging activities. 77 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PAGE NO. Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies 2 Revenue Recognition 3 Acquisitions and Divestitures 4 Goodwill and Intangible Assets 5 Accounts Receivable Factoring 6 Inventories 7 Fair Value Measurements 8 Investments 9 Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities 10 Indebtedness 11 Earnings per Share and Shareholders' Equity 12 Share-Based Compensation Plans 13 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) 14 Income Taxes 15 Post Employment Plans 16 Commitments and Contingencies 17 Collaboration Agreements and Other Contractual Arrangements 18 Restructuring Charges 19 Segment and Geographic Information 20 Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 86 95 98 101 103 103 103 108 109 112 115 116 120 121 126 131 140 141 141 143 144 147 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Perrigo Company plc Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Perrigo Company plc (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008. Grand Rapids, Michigan February 27, 2019 79 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 PERRIGO COMPANY PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in millions, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Net sales Cost of sales Gross profit $ 4,731.7 $ 4,946.2 $ 2,900.2 1,831.5 2,966.7 1,979.5 Operating expenses Distribution Research and development Selling Administration Impairment charges Restructuring Other operating expense (income) 94.2 218.6 595.7 435.9 224.4 21.0 5.2 Total operating expenses 1,595.0 87.0 167.7 598.4 461.1 47.5 61.0 (41.4) 1,381.3 5,280.6 3,228.8 2,051.8 88.3 184.0 665.0 452.2 2,631.0 31.0 — 4,051.5 Operating income (loss) 236.5 598.2 (1,999.7) Change in financial assets Interest expense, net Other (income) expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Earnings (loss) per share Basic Diluted $ $ $ Weighted-average shares outstanding Basic Diluted (188.7) 128.0 6.1 0.5 290.6 159.6 24.9 168.1 (10.1) 135.2 280.1 160.5 2,608.2 216.6 22.7 1.1 (4,848.3) (835.5) 131.0 $ 119.6 $ (4,012.8) 0.95 0.95 $ $ 0.84 0.84 $ $ (28.01) (28.01) 137.8 138.3 142.3 142.6 143.3 143.3 See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 80 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 PERRIGO COMPANY PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Net income (loss) $ 131.0 $ 119.6 $ (4,012.8) Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustments Change in fair value of derivative financial instruments Change in fair value of investment securities Change in post-retirement and pension liability Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (156.1) (5.7) — (5.7) (167.5) 328.5 9.7 (14.1) 10.8 334.9 (63.3) (5.3) 8.7 (6.6) (66.5) Comprehensive income (loss) $ (36.5) $ 454.5 $ (4,079.3) See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 81  PERRIGO COMPANY PLC CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in millions, except per share amounts) Assets Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $6.4 and $6.2, respectively Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets Definite-lived intangible assets, net Deferred income taxes Other non-current assets Total non-current assets Total assets Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity Accounts payable Payroll and related taxes Accrued customer programs Accrued liabilities Accrued income taxes Current indebtedness Total current liabilities Long-term debt, less current portion Deferred income taxes Other non-current liabilities Total non-current liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies - Refer to Note 16 Shareholders’ equity Controlling interests: Preferred shares, $0.0001 par value per share, 10 shares authorized Ordinary shares, €0.001 par value per share, 10,000 shares authorized Accumulated other comprehensive income Retained earnings (accumulated deficit) Total controlling interests Noncontrolling interest Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders' equity Supplemental Disclosures of Balance Sheet Information Preferred shares, issued and outstanding Ordinary shares, issued and outstanding Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 551.1 $ 678.7 1,073.1 878.0 400.0 2,902.2 829.1 4,029.1 2,858.9 1.2 362.9 8,081.2 10,983.4 474.9 132.1 442.4 201.3 96.5 190.2 1,537.4 3,052.2 282.3 443.4 3,777.9 5,315.3 $ $ 1,130.8 806.9 203.2 2,819.6 833.1 4,265.7 3,290.5 10.4 409.5 8,809.2 11,628.8 450.2 148.8 419.7 230.8 116.1 70.4 1,436.0 3,270.8 321.9 429.5 4,022.2 5,458.2 — 7,421.7 84.6 (1,838.3) 5,668.0 0.1 5,668.1 10,983.4 $ — 7,892.9 253.1 (1,975.5) 6,170.5 0.1 6,170.6 11,628.8 — 135.9 — 140.8 $ $ $ See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 82 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 PERRIGO COMPANY PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in millions) December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 131.0 $ 119.6 $ (4,012.8) Cash Flows From (For) Operating Activities Net income Adjustments to derive cash flows: Depreciation and amortization Share-based compensation Impairment charges Change in financial assets Loss on extinguishment of debt Restructuring charges Deferred income taxes Amortization of debt premium Other non-cash adjustments, net Subtotal Increase (decrease) in cash due to: Accounts receivable Inventories Accounts payable Payroll and related taxes Accrued customer programs Accrued liabilities Accrued income taxes Other, net Subtotal Net cash from (for) operating activities Cash Flows From (For) Investing Activities Proceeds from royalty rights Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired Asset acquisitions Purchase of investment securities Proceeds from sale of securities Additions to property, plant and equipment Net proceeds from sale of business and other assets Proceeds from sale of the Tysabri® financial asset Other investing, net Net cash from (for) investing activities Cash Flows From (For) Financing Activities Borrowings (repayments) of revolving credit agreements and other financing, net Issuances of long-term debt Payments on long-term debt Premium on early debt retirement Deferred financing fees Issuance of ordinary shares Equity issuance costs Repurchase of ordinary shares Cash dividends Other financing, net Net cash from (for) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 83 423.6 37.7 224.4 (188.7) 0.5 21.0 (17.9) (8.1) (11.1) 612.4 21.0 (98.6) 28.8 (34.5) 25.5 (20.9) 68.1 (8.8) (19.4) 593.0 13.7 — (35.6) (7.5) — (102.6) 5.2 — — (126.8) (4.4) 431.0 (482.5) — (2.4) 1.3 — (400.0) (104.9) (10.0) (571.9) (21.9) (127.6) 678.7 551.1 $ 444.8 43.8 47.5 24.9 135.2 61.0 (48.9) (22.4) (2.7) 802.8 3.2 (16.0) (39.6) (27.4) 34.6 (47.8) (6.1) (4.8) (103.9) 698.9 87.3 (0.4) — — — (88.6) 154.6 2,200.0 (14.8) 2,338.1 6.8 — (2,611.0) (116.1) (4.8) 0.7 — (191.5) (91.1) 2.3 (3,004.7) 24.1 56.4 622.3 678.7 $ 457.0 23.0 2,631.0 2,608.2 1.1 31.0 (990.9) (24.7) 33.5 756.4 (0.6) 100.7 (75.7) (41.1) (13.9) (79.5) 20.9 (12.3) (101.5) 654.9 353.7 (427.4) (65.1) — 4.5 (106.2) 69.1 — (3.6) (175.0) (802.5) 1,190.3 (559.2) (0.6) (2.8) 8.3 (10.3) — (83.2) (8.7) (268.7) (6.7) 204.5 417.8 622.3 Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information Cash paid/received during the year for: Interest paid Interest received Income taxes paid Income taxes refunded Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ $ $ 133.8 5.0 144.2 5.1 $ $ $ $ 187.6 9.3 186.9 3.6 $ $ $ $ 205.1 1.2 139.5 9.3 See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 84 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 PERRIGO COMPANY PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in millions, except per share amounts) Balance at December 31, 2015 Net loss Other comprehensive loss Issuance of ordinary shares under: Stock options Restricted stock plan Compensation for stock options Compensation for restricted stock Cash dividends, $0.58 per share Tax effect from stock transactions Shares withheld for payment of employees' withholding tax liability Equity issuance costs Balance at December 31, 2016 Net income Other comprehensive income Issuance of ordinary shares under: Stock options Restricted stock plan Compensation for stock options Compensation for restricted stock Cash dividends, $0.64 per share Shares withheld for payment of employees' withholding tax liability Repurchases of ordinary shares Balance at December 31, 2017 Adoption of new accounting standards Net income Other comprehensive income Issuance of ordinary shares under: Stock options Restricted stock plan Compensation for stock options Compensation for restricted stock Cash dividends, $0.76 per share Repurchases of ordinary shares Shares withheld for payment of employees' withholding tax liability Balance at December 31, 2018 Ordinary Shares Issued Shares 143.1 Amount $ 8,142.6 — — 0.2 0.2 — — — — — — 8.3 — 5.0 18.0 (20.8) (1.5) (0.1) — 143.4 (6.3) (10.3) 8,135.0 — — 0.1 0.1 — — — — — 0.7 — 8.9 34.9 (91.1) (0.1) (2.7) 140.8 (4.0) (191.5) 7,892.9 — — — 0.1 0.2 — — — (5.1) — — — 1.3 — 8.1 29.6 (104.9) (400.0) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) $ Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Total (15.3) $ 1,980.1 $ 10,107.4 — (66.5) (4,012.8) — (4,012.8) (66.5) — — — — — — — — (81.8) — 334.9 — — — — — — — 253.1 (1.0) — (167.5) — — — — — — — — — — (62.4) — — — (2,095.1) 119.6 — — — — — — — — (1,975.5) 6.2 131.0 — — — — — — — 8.3 — 5.0 18.0 (83.2) (1.5) (6.3) (10.3) 5,958.1 119.6 334.9 0.7 — 8.9 34.9 (91.1) (4.0) (191.5) 6,170.5 5.2 131.0 (167.5) 1.3 — 8.1 29.6 (104.9) (400.0) (0.1) 135.9 (5.3) $ 7,421.7 $ — 84.6 $ — (1,838.3) $ (5.3) 5,668.0 See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 85 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES General Information The Company Perrigo Company plc was incorporated under the laws of Ireland on June 28, 2013 and became the successor registrant of Perrigo Company, a Michigan corporation, on December 18, 2013 in connection with the acquisition of Elan Corporation, plc ("Elan"). Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms "Perrigo," the "Company," "we," "our," "us," and similar pronouns used herein refer to Perrigo Company plc, its subsidiaries, and all predecessors of Perrigo Company plc and its subsidiaries. We are a leading global healthcare company that has been delivering value to our customers and consumers by providing Quality Affordable Healthcare Products®. Founded in 1887 as a packager of home remedies, we have built a unique business model that is best described as the convergence of a fast-moving consumer goods company, a high-quality pharmaceutical manufacturing organization and a world-class supply chain network. We are one of the world's largest manufacturers of over-the-counter (“OTC”) healthcare products and suppliers of infant formulas for the store brand market. We are also a leading provider of branded consumer health and wellness products throughout Europe and a leading producer of generic prescription pharmaceutical topical products such as creams, lotions, gels, and nasal sprays ("extended topicals"). We are headquartered in Ireland and sell our products primarily in the U.S. and Europe, as well as in other markets, including Israel, Mexico, Australia, and Canada. Basis of Presentation Our fiscal year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of each year. We end our quarterly accounting periods on the Saturday closest to the end of the calendar quarter, with the fourth quarter ending on December 31 of each year. Segment Reporting Our operating and reportable segments are as follows: • Consumer Healthcare Americas ("CHCA"), comprises our U.S., Mexico and Canada consumer healthcare business (OTC, contract manufacturing, infant formula and animal health categories). • Consumer Healthcare International ("CHCI"), comprises our branded consumer healthcare business primarily in Europe and our consumer focused businesses in the United Kingdom ("U.K."), Australia, and Israel. This segment also includes our U.K. liquid licensed products business. • Prescription Pharmaceuticals ("RX"), comprises our U.S. Prescription Pharmaceuticals business. Our segments reflect the way in which our management makes operating decisions, allocates resources and manages the growth and profitability of the Company. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and accounts of all majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. 86 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities We have research and development ("R&D") arrangements with certain biotechnology companies that we determined to be variable interest entities ("VIEs"). We did not consolidate the VIEs in our financial statements because we lack the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance and thus are not considered the primary beneficiaries of these entities. These arrangements provide us with certain rights and obligations to purchase product candidates from the VIEs, dependent upon the outcome of the development activities. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions, which affect the reported earnings, financial position and various disclosures. Although the estimates are considered reasonable, actual results could differ from the estimates. Non-U.S. Operations We translate our non-U.S. dollar-denominated operations’ assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at current rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date and income and expense items at the average exchange rate for the reporting period. Translation adjustments resulting from exchange rate fluctuations are recorded in the cumulative translation account, a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"). Gains or losses from foreign currency transactions are included in Other (income) expense, net. Revenue Product Revenue We generally recognize product revenue for our contract performance obligations at a point in time, typically upon shipment or delivery of products to customers. For point in time customers for which control transfers on delivery to the customer due to free on board destination terms (“FOB”), an adjustment is recorded to defer revenue recognition over an estimate of days until control transfers at the point of delivery. Where we recognize revenue at a point in time, the transfer of title is the primary indicator that control has transferred. In other limited instances, primarily relating to those contracts that relate to contract manufacturing performed for our customers and certain store branded products, control transfers as the product is manufactured. Control is deemed to transfer over time for these contracts as the product does not have an alternative use and we have a contractual right to payment for performance completed to date. Revenue for contract manufacturing contracts is recognized over the transfer period using an input method that measures progress towards completion of the performance obligation as costs are incurred. For store branded product revenue recognized over time, an output method is used to recognize revenue when production of a unit is completed because product customization occurs when the product is packaged as a finished good under the store brand label of the customer. Net product sales include estimates of variable consideration for which accruals and allowances are established. Variable consideration for product sales consists primarily of chargebacks, rebates, and administrative fees and other incentive programs recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accrued customer programs, and sales returns and shelf stock allowances recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a reduction to Accounts receivable. Where appropriate, these estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes in which relevant factors, such as historical experience, current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns, are either probability weighted to derive an estimate of expected value or the estimate reflects the single most likely outcome. Overall, these reserves reflect the best estimates of the amount of consideration to which we are entitled based on the terms of the contract. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from our estimates. If actual results in the future vary from the estimates, these estimates are adjusted, which would affect revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known. Accrued customer programs and allowances were $534.8 million and $512.3 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. 87 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 Other Revenue Policies We receive payments from our customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when our right to consideration is unconditional. In most cases, the timing of the unconditional right to payment aligns with shipment or delivery of the product and the recognition of revenue; however, for those customers where revenue is recognized at a time prior to shipment or delivery due to over time revenue recognition, a contract asset is recorded and is reclassified to accounts receivable when it becomes unconditional under the contract upon shipment or delivery to the customer. Our performance obligations are generally expected to be fulfilled in less than one year. Therefore, we do not provide quantitative information about remaining performance obligations. We do not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised products to the customer will be one year or less, which is the case with substantially all customers. Taxes collected from customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue. Shipping and handling costs billed to customers are included in Net sales. Conversely, shipping and handling expenses we incur are included in Cost of sales. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of demand deposits and other short-term investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates its fair value. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in first- out method. Costs include material and conversion costs. Inventory related to R&D is expensed when it is determined the materials have no alternative future use. We maintain reserves for estimated obsolete or unmarketable inventory based on the difference between the cost of the inventory and its estimated net realizable value. In estimating the reserves, management considers factors such as excess or slow-moving inventories, product expiration dating, products on quality hold, current and future customer demand and market conditions. Changes in these conditions may result in additional reserves (refer to Note 6). Investments Fair Value Method Investments Equity investments in which we own less than a 20% interest and cannot exert significant influence are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net income. For equity investments without readily determinable fair values, we may use the Net Asset Value ("NAV") per share as a practical expedient to measure the fair value, if eligible. If the NAV practical expedient cannot be applied, we may elect to use a measurement alternative until the investment’s fair value becomes readily determinable. Under the alternative method, the equity investments are accounted for at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in an orderly transaction for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. Equity Method Investments The equity method of accounting is used for unconsolidated entities over which we have significant influence; generally, this represents ownership interests of at least 20% and not more than 50%. Under the equity method of accounting, we record the investments at carrying value and adjust for a proportionate share of the 88 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 profits and losses of these entities each period. We evaluate our equity method investments for recoverability. If we determine that a loss in the value of an investment is other than temporary, the investment is written down to its estimated fair value. Evaluations of recoverability are based primarily on projected cash flows. For more information on our investments, refer to Note 8. Derivative Instruments We record derivative instruments on the balance sheet on a gross basis as either an asset or liability measured at fair value. Additionally, changes in a derivative's fair value, which are measured at the end of each period, are recognized in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. If hedge accounting criteria are met for cash flow hedges, the changes in a derivative’s fair value are recorded in shareholders’ equity as a component of other comprehensive income ("OCI"), net of tax. These deferred gains and losses are recognized in income in the period in which the hedged item and hedging instrument affect earnings. Any ineffective portion of the change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings. We are exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties on derivative contracts. It is our policy to manage our credit risk on these transactions by dealing only with financial institutions having a long-term credit rating of "A-/A3" or better and by distributing the contracts among several financial institutions to diversify credit concentration risk. Should a counterparty default, our maximum exposure to loss is the asset balance of the instrument. The maximum term of our forward currency exchange contracts is 18 months. We enter into certain derivative financial instruments, when available on a cost-effective basis, to mitigate our risk associated with changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates as follows: Interest rate risk management - We are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes through our cash investments and borrowings. We utilize a variety of strategies to manage the impact of changes in interest rates including using a mix of debt maturities along with both fixed-rate and variable-rate debt. In addition, we may enter into treasury-lock agreements and interest rate swap agreements on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage our exposure to interest rate changes and our overall cost of borrowing. Foreign currency exchange risk management - We conduct business in several major currencies other than the U.S. dollar and are subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. Our objective is to reduce cash flow volatility associated with foreign exchange rate changes on a consolidated basis to allow management to focus its attention on business operations. Accordingly, we enter into various contracts that change in value as foreign exchange rates change to protect the value of existing foreign currency assets and liabilities, commitments, and anticipated foreign currency sales and expenses. All derivative instruments are managed on a consolidated basis to efficiently net exposures and thus take advantage of any natural offsets. Gains and losses related to the derivative instruments are expected to be offset largely by gains and losses on the original underlying asset or liability. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Designated derivatives meet hedge accounting criteria, which means the fair value of the hedge is recorded in shareholders’ equity as a component of OCI, net of tax. The deferred gains and losses are recognized in income in the period in which the hedged item affects earnings. Any ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative is immediately recognized in earnings. All of our designated derivatives are assessed for hedge effectiveness quarterly. Non-designated derivatives are those that do not meet hedge accounting criteria. These derivative instruments are adjusted to current market value at the end of each period through earnings. Gains or losses on these instruments are offset substantially by the remeasurement adjustment on the hedged item. 89 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 In addition, we have interest rate swap agreements that are contracts to exchange floating rate for fixed rate payments (or vice versa) over the life of the agreement without the exchange of the underlying notional amounts. The notional amounts of the interest rate swap agreements are used to measure interest to be paid or received and do not represent the amount of exposure to credit loss. The differential paid or received on the interest rate swap agreements is recognized as an adjustment to interest expense. For more information on our derivatives, refer to Note 9. Property, Plant and Equipment, net Property, plant and equipment, net is recorded at cost and is depreciated using the straight-line method. Useful lives for financial reporting range from 3 to 20 years for machinery and equipment and 10 to 45 years for buildings. Maintenance and repair costs are charged to earnings, while expenditures that increase asset lives are capitalized. Depreciation expense includes amortization of assets recorded under capital leases and totaled $90.0 million, $95.2 million, and $100.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, respectively. We held the following property, plant and equipment, net (in millions): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Land Buildings Machinery and equipment Gross property, plant and equipment Less accumulated depreciation $ 49.0 $ 552.3 1,079.3 1,680.6 (851.5) Property, plant and equipment, net $ 829.1 $ 45.5 514.3 1,078.6 1,638.4 (805.3) 833.1 Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill Goodwill represents amounts paid for an acquisition in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually on the first day of our fourth quarter, or more frequently if changes in circumstances or the occurrence of events suggest an impairment exists. The test for impairment requires us to make several estimates about fair value, most of which are based on projected future cash flows and market valuation multiples. The estimates associated with the goodwill impairment tests are considered critical due to the judgments required in determining fair value amounts, including projected discounted future cash flows. We have six reporting units that are evaluated for impairment. Changes in these estimates may result in the recognition of an impairment loss. Our annual impairment tests were performed as of September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Intangible Assets We have intangible assets that we have acquired through various business acquisitions and include trademarks, trade names and brands, in-process research and development ("IPR&D"), developed product technology/formulation and product rights, distribution and license agreements, customer relationships and distribution networks, and non-compete agreements. The assets are typically initially valued using the relief from royalty method. We test indefinite-lived trademarks, trade names, and brands for impairment annually, or more frequently if changes in circumstances or the occurrence of events suggest impairment exists, by comparing the carrying value of the assets to their estimated fair values. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable and its carrying amount exceeds its fair value. 90 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 Definite-lived intangible assets consist of a portfolio of developed product technology/formulation and product rights, distribution and license agreements, customer relationships, non-compete agreements, and certain trademarks, trade names, and brands. The assets are amortized on either a straight-line basis or proportionately to the benefits derived from those relationships or agreements. Useful lives vary by asset type and are determined based on the period over which the intangible asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to our future cash flows. We also review all other long-lived assets that have finite lives and that are not held for sale for impairment when indicators of impairment are evident by comparing the carrying value of the assets to their estimated future undiscounted cash flows. IPR&D assets are recognized at fair value and are classified as indefinite-lived assets until the successful completion or abandonment of the associated R&D efforts. If the associated R&D is completed, the IPR&D asset becomes a definite-lived intangible asset and is amortized over the asset's assigned useful life. If it is abandoned, an impairment loss is recorded. Goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible asset, and definite-lived intangible asset impairments are recorded in Impairment charges on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. See Note 4 for further information on our goodwill and intangible assets. Share-Based Awards We measure and record compensation expense for all share-based awards based on estimated grant date fair values, and net of any estimated forfeitures over the vesting period of the awards. Forfeiture rates are estimated at the grant date based on historical experience and adjusted in subsequent periods for any differences in actual forfeitures from those estimates. We estimate the fair value of stock option awards granted based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the use of subjective and complex assumptions. These assumptions include estimating the expected term that awards granted are expected to be outstanding, the expected volatility of our stock price for a period commensurate with the expected term of the related options, and the risk-free rate with a maturity closest to the expected term of the related awards. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are valued based on our stock price on the day the awards are granted. The estimated fair value of outstanding Relative Total Shareholder Return performance units (“RTSR”) is based on the grant date fair value of RTSR awards using a Monte Carlo simulation, which includes estimating the movement of stock prices and the effects of volatility, interest rates, and dividends (refer to Note 12). Income Taxes We record deferred income tax assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as noncurrent based upon the difference between the financial reporting and the tax reporting basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates. To the extent that available evidence raises doubt about the realization of a deferred income tax asset, a valuation allowance is established. We have provided for income taxes for certain earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries which have not been deemed to be permanently reinvested. For those foreign subsidiaries we have deemed to be permanently reinvested, we have provided no further tax provision. We record reserves for uncertain tax positions to the extent it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. Periodic changes in reserves for uncertain tax positions are reflected in the provision for income taxes. We include interest and penalties attributable to uncertain tax positions and income taxes as a component of our income tax provision (refer to Note 14). 91 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 Legal Contingencies We are involved in product liability, patent, commercial, regulatory and other legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of business. We record a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If the reasonable estimate of a probable loss is a range and no amount within that range is a better estimate, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. If a loss is not probable or a probable loss cannot be reasonably estimated, no liability is recorded. We have established reserves for certain of our legal matters (refer to Note 16). We also separately record any insurance recoveries that are probable of occurring. Research and Development All R&D costs, including payments related to products under development and research consulting agreements, are expensed as incurred. We may continue to make non-refundable payments to third parties for new technologies and for R&D work that has been completed. These payments may be expensed at the time of payment depending on the nature of the payment made. R&D expense was $218.6 million, $167.7 million, and $184.0 million, for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we paid an up-front license fee of $50.0 million allowing us to develop and commercialize an OTC version of Nasonex-branded products (refer to Note 3). We actively collaborate with other pharmaceutical companies to develop, manufacture and market certain products or groups of products. We may choose to enter into these types of agreements to, among other things, leverage our or others’ scientific research and development expertise or utilize our extensive marketing and distribution resources. Our policy on accounting for costs of strategic collaborations determines the timing of the recognition of certain development costs. In addition, this policy determines whether the cost is classified as development expense or capitalized as an asset. Management is required to form judgments with respect to the commercial status of such products in determining whether development costs meet the criteria for immediate expense or capitalization. For example, when we acquire certain products for which there is already an Abbreviated New Drug Application ("ANDA") or New Drug Application ("NDA") approval directly related to the product, and there is net realizable value based on projected sales for these products, we capitalize the amount paid as an intangible asset. If we acquire product rights that are in the development phase and as to which we have no assurance that the third party will successfully complete its development milestones, we expense the amount paid (refer to Note 17). Advertising Costs Advertising costs relate primarily to print advertising, direct mail, on-line advertising and social media communications and are expensed as incurred. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 92% of advertising expense was attributable to our CHCI segment. Advertising costs were as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 159.2 $ 145.3 $ 155.9 Earnings per Share ("EPS") Basic EPS is calculated using the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during each period. It excludes both the dilutive effects of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the shares issued under stock incentive plans had been exercised and the dilutive effect of restricted share units, to the extent those shares and units have not vested. Diluted EPS is calculated including the effects of shares and potential shares issued under stock incentive plans, following the treasury stock method. 92 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 Defined Benefit Plans We operate a number of defined benefit plans for employees globally. Two significant assumptions, the discount rate and the expected rate of return on plan assets, are important elements of expense and liability measurement. We evaluate these assumptions annually. Other assumptions involve employee demographic factors, such as retirement patterns, mortality, turnover, and the rate of compensation increase. The liability recognized in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit pension plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date less the fair value of plan assets. The defined benefit obligation is calculated periodically by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using interest rates of either high quality corporate bonds or long term government bonds depending on the depth and liquidity of the high quality corporate bond market in the different geographies where we have pension liabilities. The bonds are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid and have terms to maturity approximating the terms of the related pension liability. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Operations using the corridor method. Under the corridor method, to the extent that any cumulative unrecognized net actuarial gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the present value of the defined benefit obligation and the fair value of the plan assets, that portion is recognized over the expected average remaining working lives of the plan participants. Otherwise, the net actuarial gain or loss is recorded in OCI. We recognize the funded status of benefit plans on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we recognize the gains or losses and prior service costs or credits that arise during the period but are not recognized as components of net periodic pension cost of the period as a component of OCI (refer to Note 15). Recent Accounting Standard Pronouncements Below are recent Accounting Standard Updates ("ASU") that we have adopted or are still assessing to determine the effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements. We do not believe that any other recently issued accounting standards could have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements. As new accounting pronouncements are issued, we will adopt those that are applicable under the circumstances. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted Standard Description Effective Date Effect on the Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters January 1, 2019 This guidance was issued to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, lessees are permitted to make an election to not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The guidance is required to be adopted using the modified retrospective approach. ASU 2016-02 Leases (Topic 842) ASU 2018-01 Leases (Topic 842): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842 ASU 2018-10 Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases ASU 2018-11 Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements ASU 2018-20 Leases (Topic 842): Narrow- Scope Improvements for Lessors We plan to adopt the standard using the modified retrospective approach on the effective date. Upon adoption, we intend to apply the transition package of practical expedients allowed by the standard and to transition to the standard by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. We expect our financial statement disclosures to be expanded to present additional qualitative and quantitative details of our leasing arrangements. We have substantially completed: (1) our identification of the global lease population, (2) the data migration to a lease integration tool that will support the accounting and disclosure requirements under the standard, (3) the testing and review phase of the tool, and (4) designing processes and internal controls over the post- implementation leasing activities. Based on our current lease portfolio, in the period of adoption we anticipate recognizing a lease liability and related right-of-use asset of $150.0 million to $170.0 million on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We anticipate an immaterial impact on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and no impact on our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. 93 Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted (continued) Standard Description Effective Date Effect on the Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 ASU 2018-02 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ASU 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) ASU 2018-15: Intangibles-Goodwill and Other- Internal- Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract ASU 2018-13: Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement ASU 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill This guidance permits tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to be reclassified to retained earnings. This reclassification is optional and will require additional disclosure regarding whether or not reclassification is elected. This guidance is required to be adopted retrospectively. This update was issued to enable entities to better portray the economics of their risk management activities in the financial statements and enhance the transparency and understandability of hedge results. In addition, the amendments simplify the application of hedge accounting in certain situations. Under the new rule, the entity’s ability to hedge non-financial and financial risk components is expanded. The guidance eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness and also eases certain documentation and assessment requirements. This guidance requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal- use software guidance in ASC 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred. January 1, 2019 We plan to adopt the standard on the effective date. Upon adoption, we anticipate not to elect to reclassify the income tax effects of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) ("AOCI") to Retained earnings (accumulated deficit). January 1, 2019 January 1, 2020 We plan to adopt the standard on the effective date. Upon adoption, we expect to: (1) record the entire change in fair value of the hedging instrument in the same line item impacted by the hedged item, (2) elect to transition from a fair value recognition model of excluded components to a straight-line amortization model, (3) recognize the excluded component amortization in the same line item as the hedged item which previously recorded in Interest expense, net, and (4) include tabular disclosures related to the effect on the Consolidated Statement of Operations of our cash flow hedges. Upon adoption, the adjustment to recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of Retained earnings (accumulated deficit) related to the transition from fair value recognition of excluded components to straight-line amortization of the initial value is anticipated to be immaterial to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We plan to adopt the standard prospectively on the effective date. Upon adoption, no impact is currently expected, however, future hosting arrangements treated as service contracts will need to be evaluated for capitalizable costs during implementation. The Consolidated Financial Statement impact will align with the presentation of the underlying hosting contracts, which will be included within Operating expenses. This guidance amends ASC 820 to add, remove, and modify certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. January 1, 2020 We plan to adopt the standard on the effective date. Upon adoption, we will be required to disclose the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurement. We will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. January 1, 2020 We plan to adopt the standard prospectively on the effective date. Upon adoption, we will no longer be required to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment. Rather, a Step 1 failure will result in an immediate impairment charge based on the carrying value of the reporting unit. The objective of this update is to reduce the cost and complexity of subsequent goodwill accounting and simplify the impairment test by removing the Step 2 requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation when the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. If a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, an entity would record an impairment charge based on that difference, limited to the amount of goodwill attributed to that reporting unit. This will not change the guidance on completing Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test and would be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. 94 Recently Issued Accounting Standards Note Yet Adopted (Continued) Standard Description Effective Date Effects on the Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 1 ASU) 2016-13: Financial Instruments- Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ASU 2018-19 Codification Improvements for Topic 326: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ASU 2018-14: Compensation- Retirement Benefits- Defined Benefit Plans- General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans ASU 2018-18 Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606 This guidance changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments, replacing the current "incurred loss" approach with an "expected loss" credit impairment model, which will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost, and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held- to-maturity debt securities and off- balance sheet credit exposures such as letters of credit. This guidance amends ASC 715 to add, remove, and clarify disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension and other post-retirement plans. This guidance amends ASC 808 to clarify that certain transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement should be accounted for under ASC 606 when the counterparty is a customer. The proposed guidance would be applied retrospectively to the date of initial adoption of Topic 606. NOTE 2 - REVENUE RECOGNITION January 1, 2020 We are currently evaluating the implications of adoption on our Consolidated Financial Statements. December 31, 2020 We are currently evaluating the implications of adoption on our Consolidated Financial Statements. January 1, 2021 We are currently evaluating the implications of adoption on our Consolidated Financial Statements. We adopted ASU 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers and its related amendments (collectively, "ASC 606") on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the adoption date. The reported results for 2018 reflect the application of ASC 606 while the results for 2017 and 2016 were prepared under the guidance of Revenue Recognition ("ASC 605"). The adoption of ASC 606 represents a change in accounting principle that closely aligns revenue recognition with the transfer of control of our products and provides enhanced disclosures of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Revenue is recognized when or as a customer obtains control of promised products. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products (refer to Note 1 for revenue recognition policies). We generated third-party revenue in the following geographic locations(1) during each of the periods presented below (in millions): U.S. Europe(2) All other countries(3) Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ 3,098.3 $ 3,272.3 $ 1,347.6 285.8 1,343.6 330.3 4,731.7 $ 4,946.2 $ 3,353.0 1,582.1 345.5 5,280.6 (1) The net sales by geography is derived from the location of the entity that sells to a third party. (2) Includes Ireland net sales of $25.7 million, $30.4 million, and $89.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, respectively. (3) Includes revenue generated primarily in Israel, Mexico, Australia, and Canada. 95 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 2 The following is a summary of our revenue by category (in millions): CHCA(1) Cough/Cold/Allergy/Sinus Infant Nutritionals Gastrointestinal Analgesics Smoking Cessation Animal Health Vitamins, Minerals and Dietary Supplements Other CHCA(2) Total CHCA CHCI Cough/Cold/Allergy/Sinus Lifestyle Personal Care and Derma-Therapeutics Natural Health and Vitamins, Minerals and Dietary Supplements Anti-Parasites Other CHCI(3) Total CHCI Total RX Active pharmaceutical ingredients Total net sales Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 492.1 $ 483.7 $ 423.2 400.8 380.6 296.4 93.9 16.5 308.1 413.9 340.0 349.8 297.2 141.3 45.4 358.6 454.6 427.0 335.4 343.5 308.5 143.7 160.4 334.0 2,411.6 2,429.9 2,507.1 384.6 319.5 273.3 124.4 105.5 288.6 1,495.9 824.2 — 372.0 315.7 269.0 119.5 104.5 310.3 1,491.0 969.7 55.6 348.2 300.2 269.1 124.5 111.0 499.2 1,652.2 1,042.8 78.5 $ 4,731.7 $ 4,946.2 $ 5,280.6 Includes net sales from our OTC contract manufacturing business. (1) (2) Consists primarily of feminine hygiene, diabetes care, dermatological care, branded OTC, diagnostic products and other miscellaneous or otherwise uncategorized product lines and markets, none of which is greater than 10% of the CHCA segment. (3) Consists primarily of liquids licensed products, diagnostic products and other miscellaneous or otherwise uncategorized product lines and markets, none of which is greater than 10% of the CHCI segment. While the majority of revenue is recognized at a point in time, certain of our product revenue is recognized on an over time basis. Predominately, over time customer contracts exist in contract manufacturing arrangements, which occur in both the CHCA and CHCI segments. Contract manufacturing revenue was $300.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. We also recognized a portion of the store brand OTC product revenue in the CHCA segment on an over time basis; however, the timing between over time and point in time revenue recognition for store brand contracts is not significant due to the short time period between the customization of the product and shipment or delivery. Contract Balances The following table provides information about contract assets from contracts with customers (in millions): Short-term contract assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 20.5 $ 25.5 Balance Sheet Location January 1, 2018 December 31, 2018 96 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 2 Impact on consolidated financial statements Net sales and Cost of sales were higher in the year ended December 31, 2018 as a result of adopting ASC 606 due to net sales from contract manufacturing and certain OTC product sales being recognized on an over time basis as the performance obligation was satisfied, compared to the previous revenue recognition under ASC 605, which would have occurred when the product was shipped or delivered. This has resulted in the recognition of a contract asset. Consolidated Statements of Operations (in millions, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2018 As reported 4,731.7 2,900.2 1,831.5 Adjustments $ Net sales Cost of sales Gross profit Operating income (loss) Income tax expense Net income (loss) Earnings (loss) per share Basic Diluted $ $ $ $ 236.5 159.6 131.0 0.95 0.95 $ $ $ Before adoption of ASC 606 (5.1) $ (2.4) (2.7) (2.7) 0.1 (2.8) $ 4,726.6 2,897.8 1,828.8 233.8 159.7 128.2 (0.02) $ (0.02) $ 0.93 0.93 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2018 As reported Adjustments 131.0 $ (36.5) $ (2.8) $ (2.8) $ Before adoption of ASC 606 128.2 (39.3) Net income (loss) Comprehensive loss $ $ 97 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 2 Consolidated Balance Sheet (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2018 As reported Adjustments Before adoption of ASC 606 Assets Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Total assets Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity Other non-current liabilities Total non-current liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity Controlling interests: Accumulated deficit Total controlling interests Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ $ $ $ 878.0 400.0 2,902.2 10,983.4 443.4 3,777.9 5,315.3 (1,838.3) 5,668.0 5,668.1 10,983.4 $ $ $ $ $ 17.2 (25.5) (8.3) (8.3) $ 895.2 374.5 2,893.9 10,975.1 (0.1) $ (0.1) (0.1) 443.3 3,777.8 5,315.2 (8.2) (8.2) (8.2) (8.3) $ (1,846.5) 5,659.8 5,659.9 10,975.1 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (in millions) Cash Flows From (For) Operating Activities Net income (loss) Increase (Decrease) in cash due to: Inventories Accrued income taxes Other, net Subtotal Net cash from (for) operating activities $ NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES Year Ended December 31, 2018 As reported Adjustments Before adoption of ASC 606 $ 131.0 $ (2.8) $ 128.2 (98.6) 68.1 (8.8) (19.4) 593.0 $ (2.4) 0.1 5.1 2.8 — $ (101.0) 68.2 (3.7) (16.6) 593.0 The Tretinoin Product Portfolio and Development-Stage Rx Product acquisitions below have been accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting based on our analysis of the acquired inputs and processes, and the related assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. The effects of all acquisitions described below were included in the Consolidated Financial Statements prospectively from the date of each acquisition. Unless otherwise indicated, acquisition costs incurred were immaterial and were recorded in Administration expense. 98 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 3 Acquisitions Completed During the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Diclofenac Sodium Gel 3% On August 24, 2018, we purchased the ANDA for Diclofenac Sodium Gel, 3% ("Diclo 3%"), for $30.4 million in cash, which we capitalized as a developed product technology intangible asset. We launched the Diclo 3% product during the three months ended December 31, 2018 and began amortizing the developed product technology over a 20-year useful life. Operating results attributable to Diclo 3% are included within our RX segment. Nasonex-branded products On May 29, 2018, we entered into a license agreement with Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. ("Merck"), which allows us to develop and commercialize an OTC version of Nasonex-branded products containing the compound, mometasone furoate monohydrate. The acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition based on our assessment that substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired was concentrated in a single identifiable asset to be used for R&D. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 730 Research and Development ("ASC 730"), the non-refundable upfront license fee of $50.0 million was recorded in R&D expense in our CHCA segment because the intangible research and development asset acquired has no alternative use. The agreement requires us to make contingent payments if we obtain regulatory approval and achieve certain sales milestones. We will also be obligated to make royalty payments on potential future sales. The contingent consideration will be included in the measurement of the cost of the asset when the contingency is resolved and the consideration is paid or becomes payable. Consideration paid after U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") approval will be capitalized and amortized to cost of goods sold over the economic life of each product. Acquisitions Completed During the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Generic Benzaclin™ Product On August 2, 2016, we purchased the remaining 60.9% product rights to a generic Benzaclin™ product ("Generic Benzaclin™"), which we had developed and marketed in collaboration with Barr Laboratories, Inc., a subsidiary of Teva Pharmaceuticals, for $62.0 million in cash. The intangible asset acquired is a distribution and license agreement with a nine-year useful life. Operating results attributable to Generic Benzaclin™ are included within our RX segment. Tretinoin Product Portfolio On January 22, 2016, we acquired a portfolio of generic dosage forms and strengths of Retin-A® (tretinoin), a topical prescription acne treatment, from Matawan Pharmaceuticals, LLC, for $416.4 million in cash ("Tretinoin Products"), which further expanded our standard topical products such as creams, lotions and gels, as well as inhalants and injections ("extended topicals") portfolio. The intangible assets acquired included generic product rights valued using the multi-period excess earnings method and assigned a 20-year useful life, and non-compete agreements valued using the lost income method and assigned a five-year useful life. The goodwill acquired is deductible for tax purposes. Operating results attributable to the acquisition are included within our RX segment. Development-Stage Rx Products In May 2015, we entered into an agreement with a clinical stage biotechnology company for two specialty pharmaceutical products in development ("Development-Stage Rx Products"). We paid $18.0 million for an option to acquire the two products, which was recorded in R&D expense. On March 1, 2016, to further invest in our specialty "prescription only" ("Rx") portfolio, we exercised the option for both products, which requires us to make contingent payments if we obtain regulatory approval and achieve certain sales milestones. We will also be obligated to make certain royalty payments over periods ranging from seven to ten years from the launch of each product. We accounted for the option exercise as a business acquisition within our RX segment, recording IPR&D and contingent consideration on the balance sheet. The IPR&D was valued using the multi-period excess earnings method and has an indefinite useful life until such time as the research is completed (at which time it will become a 99 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 3 definite-lived intangible asset), or is determined to have no future use (at which time it would be impaired). The contingent consideration is an estimate of the future milestone payments and royalties based on probability- weighted outcomes, sensitivity analysis, and discount rates reflective of the risk involved. The amount of contingent consideration recognized was $24.9 million and was recorded in Other non-current liabilities. On December 20, 2017, we completed the sale of one of the Development-Stage Rx Products to an ophthalmic pharmaceutical company (see below for discussion). Divestitures Completed During the Year Ended December 31, 2017 On January 3, 2017, we sold certain ANDAs to a third party for $15.0 million, which was recorded as a gain in Other operating expense (income) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations in our RX segment. On February 1, 2017, we completed the sale of the animal health pet treats plant fixed assets within our CHCA segment, which were previously classified as held-for sale. We received $7.7 million in proceeds, which resulted in an immaterial loss. On April 6, 2017, we completed the sale of our India Active Pharmaceuticals Ingredient ("API") business to Strides Shasun Limited. We received $22.2 million in proceeds, inclusive of an estimated working capital adjustment, which resulted in an immaterial gain recorded in our former Other segment. Prior to closing the sale, we determined that the carrying value of the India API business exceeded its fair value less the cost to sell, resulting in an impairment charge of $35.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. On August 25, 2017, we completed the sale of our Russian business, which was previously classified as held-for-sale, to Alvogen Pharma LLC and Alvogen CEE Kft. The total sale price was €12.7 million ($15.1 million), inclusive of an estimated working capital adjustment, resulting in an immaterial gain recorded in our CHCI segment. Prior to closing the sale, we determined that the carrying value of the Russian business exceeded its fair value less the cost to sell, resulting in an impairment charge of $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. On November 21, 2017, we completed the sale of our Israel API business, which was previously classified as held-for-sale, to SK Capital for a sale price of $110.0 million, resulting in an immaterial gain recorded in our former Other segment in Other (income) expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As a result of the sale, we recognized a guarantee liability (refer to Note 7). Per the agreement, we will be reimbursed for tax receivables for tax years prior to closing and will need to reimburse SK Capital for the settlement of any uncertain tax liability positions for tax years prior to closing. In addition, after closing and going forward, the Israel API business will be assessed by and liable to the Israel Tax Authority ("ITA") for any audit findings. We are no longer the primary obligor on the liabilities transferred to SK Capital on November 21, 2017, however, we have provided a guarantee on certain obligations. At the time of the sale, we recorded a guaranteed liability of $13.8 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we reduced the liability by $3.3 million, and the remaining guarantee for these obligations is $10.5 million. On December 20, 2017, we completed the sale of one of the Development-Stage Rx Products to an ophthalmic pharmaceutical company. We will potentially receive the following consideration: (1) a milestone payment of $1.5 million after the buyer achieves net sales of $25.0 million in any given calendar year; (2) a milestone payment of $5.0 million after the buyer achieves $50.0 million in net sales in any given year; and (3) royalty payments of 2.5% of all net sales of the product from the date of the first commercial sales of the product and continuing until market entry of a generic equivalent of the product. Divestitures Completed During the Year Ended December 31, 2016 On August 5, 2016, we completed the sale of our U.S. Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements ("VMS") business within our CHCA segment to International Vitamins Corporation ("IVC") for $61.8 million inclusive of an estimated working capital adjustment. Prior to closing the sale, we determined that the carrying value of the VMS business exceeded its fair value less the cost to sell, resulting in an impairment charge of $6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. 100 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 4 NOTE 4 - GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by reportable segment, were as follows (in millions): Balance at December 31, 2016 Re-allocation of goodwill (3) Business divestitures Currency translation adjustments Balance at December 31, 2017 Impairments Currency translation adjustments CHCA(1) CHCI(2) RX Other Total $ 1,810.6 $ 1,070.8 $ 1,086.6 $ 81.4 $ 4,049.4 35.3 — 1.5 1,847.4 (136.7) 3.0 — (4.1) 139.0 1,205.7 — (54.4) 27.7 — 8.0 1,122.3 — (7.5) (63.0) (26.4) 8.0 — — — — (30.5) 156.5 4,175.4 (136.7) (58.9) Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 1,713.7 $ 1,151.3 $ 1,114.8 $ — $ 3,979.8 (1) We had accumulated impairments of $161.2 million and $24.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. (2) We had accumulated impairments of $868.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. (3) Certain cash flows associated with the API business were retained. We performed a relative fair value allocation of the business retained and allocated it among the two segments where the business was allocated. Intangible assets and the related accumulated amortization consisted of the following (in millions): Indefinite-lived intangibles: Trademarks, trade names, and brands In-process research and development Total indefinite-lived intangibles Definite-lived intangibles: Distribution and license agreements and supply agreements Developed product technology, formulations, and product rights Customer relationships and distribution networks Trademarks, trade names, and brands Non-compete agreements Total definite-lived intangibles Total other intangible assets $ $ $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Gross Accumulated Amortization Gross Accumulated Amortization 18.1 31.2 49.3 $ $ — $ — — $ 52.1 38.2 90.3 $ $ — — — 178.6 $ 99.0 $ 311.2 $ 169.8 1,318.8 654.6 1,358.4 1,586.6 1,282.4 12.9 566.5 188.5 11.8 1,642.0 1,335.4 14.7 598.7 460.6 129.5 12.6 4,379.3 4,428.6 $ $ 1,520.4 1,520.4 $ $ 4,661.7 4,752.0 $ $ 1,371.2 1,371.2 Certain intangible assets are denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollar; therefore, their gross and net carrying values are subject to foreign currency movements. The remaining weighted-average useful life for our amortizable intangible assets by asset class at December 31, 2018 was as follows: Amortizable Intangible Asset Category Distribution and license agreements and supply agreements Developed product technology, formulations, and product rights Customer relationships and distribution networks Trademarks, trade names, and brands Non-compete agreements 101 Remaining Weighted- Average Useful Life (Years) 7 12 16 17 2 We recorded amortization expense of $333.6 million, $349.6 million, and $356.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, respectively. Our estimated future amortization expense is as follows (in millions): Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 4 Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 $ Amount 300.0 269.6 242.2 213.2 196.1 Thereafter 1,637.8 Animal Health During the year ended December 31, 2016, we identified indicators of goodwill impairment in the animal health reporting unit related to changes in the market and performance of certain brands. We prepared a goodwill impairment test as of October 2, 2016 as part of our annual goodwill impairment testing process. Step one of the goodwill impairment test indicated that the fair value of the animal health reporting unit was below its net book value. As a result, we performed the second step of the goodwill impairment test to measure the amount of impairment. We concluded that animal health goodwill was impaired by $24.5 million within our CHCA segment. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the animal health reporting unit continued to experience declines in its year-to-date financial results and had additional indications of potential impairment due to changes in channel dynamics, a strategic decision to re-prioritize our brands, and a decline in the forecasted outlook of the reporting unit. Step one of the goodwill impairment test indicated that the fair value of the animal health reporting unit was below its net book value. We also performed a recoverability test of the definite-lived intangibles and determined a significant asset group was not recoverable and determined the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset had fallen below its net book value. Based on our evaluation, we recorded a $213.3 million impairment charge in the third quarter in our CHCA segment comprised of a goodwill impairment of $136.7 million, a brand indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charge of $27.7 million, a developed product technology and distribution agreement definite-lived intangible asset impairment of $41.6 million, a supply agreement definite-lived intangible asset impairment of $2.8 million, and a trade name and trademark definite-lived intangible asset impairment of $4.5 million. As a result of the strategic decision to re-prioritize a brand within the indefinite-lived asset, we reassessed the useful life of the indefinite-lived intangible asset and reclassified a $5.4 million indefinite-lived intangible asset to a definite-lived asset within the CHCA segment as of September 29, 2018. BCH, Omega and Herron During the year ended December 31, 2016, we identified impairment indicators for our Branded Consumer Healthcare (“BCH”) reporting unit, certain indefinite-lived and definite-lived intangible assets acquired in conjunction with the Omega and our Herron definite-lived intangible assets. These impairment indicators related to the decline in our 2016 performance expectations and a reduction in our long-range revenue growth forecast and margin forecasts. We determined goodwill was impaired by $868.4 million, the indefinite-lived intangible assets were impaired by $849.1 million, and definite-lived assets were impaired by $321.4 million within our CHCI segment. Entocort® During the year ended December 31, 2016, we identified impairment indicators for our Entocort® definite- lived intangible assets which related to the entrance of new market competition and resulting negative impacts on sales volume and pricing. We determined the Entocort® product assets were impaired by $342.2 million within our RX segment. 102 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 4 Lumara During the year ended December 31, 2017, we identified impairment indicators for our Lumara Health, Inc. ("Lumara") definite-lived intangible assets which related to the decline in our 2017 performance expectations and a reduction in our long-range revenue growth forecast. We determined the Lumara product assets were impaired by $18.5 million within our RX segment. Specialty Sciences During the year ended December 31, 2016, we identified impairment indicators associated with our former Specialty Sciences reporting unit related to our decision to review strategic alternatives for the Tysabri® financial asset. We prepared a goodwill impairment test and determined the Specialty Sciences reporting unit was fully impaired by $199.6 million. IPR&D We recorded an impairment charge of $8.7 million, $12.7 million, and $3.5 million on certain IPR&D assets during the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, respectively, due to changes in the projected development and regulatory timelines for various projects. NOTE 5 - ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE FACTORING We have accounts receivable factoring arrangements with non-related third-party financial institutions (the “Factors”). Pursuant to the terms of the arrangements, we sell to the Factors certain of our accounts receivable balances on a non-recourse basis for credit approved accounts. An administrative fee per invoice is charged on the gross amount of accounts receivables assigned to the Factors, and interest is calculated at the applicable EUR LIBOR rate plus a spread. The total amount factored on a non-recourse basis and excluded from accounts receivable was $24.3 million and $27.5 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. NOTE 6 - INVENTORIES Major components of inventory were as follows (in millions): Finished goods Work in process Raw materials Total inventories Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ 444.9 $ 197.5 235.6 878.0 $ 454.3 152.8 199.8 806.9 NOTE 7 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair value is the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The following fair value hierarchy is used in selecting inputs, with the highest priority given to Level 1, as these are the most transparent or reliable. Level 1: Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets. Level 3: Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are not observable. 103 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 7 The table below summarizes the valuation of our financial instruments carried at fair value by the above pricing categories (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at fair value on a recurring basis: Assets: Investment securities Foreign currency forward contracts Funds associated with Israeli severance liability Royalty Pharma contingent milestone payments Total assets Liabilities: Foreign currency forward contracts Contingent consideration Total liabilities Measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis: Assets: Goodwill(1) Indefinite-lived intangible assets(2) Definite-lived intangible assets(3) Total assets $ $ $ $ $ $ 9.4 — — — 9.4 $ $ — $ 3.8 13.0 — 16.8 $ — $ — — 323.2 323.2 $ 17.0 — — — 17.0 $ $ — $ 6.3 16.3 — 22.6 $ — — — 134.5 134.5 — $ — — $ 9.2 — 9.2 $ $ — $ — — — $ — $ — — — $ — $ 15.3 15.3 42.2 10.5 22.4 75.1 $ $ $ — $ — — $ 3.8 — 3.8 $ $ — 22.0 22.0 — $ — — — $ — $ — — — $ — — 11.5 11.5 (1) As of December 31, 2018, goodwill with a carrying amount of $178.9 million was written down to a fair value of $42.2 million. (2) As of December 31, 2018, indefinite-lived intangible assets with a carrying amount of $46.9 million were written down to a fair value of $10.5 million. (3) As of December 31, 2018, definite-lived intangible assets with a carrying amount of $72.0 million were written down to a fair value of $22.4 million. As of December 31, 2017, definite-lived intangible assets with a carrying amount of $31.2 million were written down to a fair value of $11.5 million. There were no transfers among Level 1, 2, and 3 during the years ended December 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017. Our policy regarding the recording of transfers between levels is to record any such transfers at the end of the reporting period (refer to Note 8 for information on our investment securities and Note 9 for a discussion of derivatives). Foreign Currency Forward Contracts The fair value of foreign currency forward contracts is determined using a market approach, which utilizes values for comparable derivative instruments. Funds Associated with Israel Severance Liability Israeli labor laws and agreements require us to pay benefits to employees dismissed or retiring under certain circumstances. Severance pay is calculated on the basis of the most recent employee salary levels and the length of employee service. We make regular deposits to retirement funds and purchase insurance policies to partially fund these liabilities. The funds are determined using prices for recently traded financial instruments with similar underlying terms, as well as directly or indirectly observable inputs, such as interest rates and yield curves, that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. 104 Financial Assets The table below summarizes the change in fair value of the Tysabri® Financial Asset (in millions): Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 7 Tysabri® financial asset Beginning balance Royalties earned Change in fair value Divestitures Ending balance Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ 2,350.0 $ — — (2,350.0) 5,310.0 (351.8) (2,608.2) — — $ 2,350.0 During the year ended December 31, 2016, we accounted for the Tysabri® royalty stream as a financial asset and elected to use the fair value option model. The fair value of the financial asset acquired was determined using a discounted cash flow analysis related to the expected probability weighted future cash flows to be generated by the royalty stream. The financial asset was classified as a Level 3 asset within the fair value hierarchy, as our valuation utilized significant unobservable inputs, including industry analyst estimates for global Tysabri® sales, probability weighted as to the timing and amount of future cash flows along with certain discount rate assumptions. Cash flow forecasts included the estimated effect and timing of future competition, considering patents in effect for Tysabri® through 2024 and contractual rights to receive cash flows into perpetuity. As a result of a competitor's pipeline product Ocrevus® entering the market, we began evaluating strategic alternatives for the Tysabri® financial asset and reduced the fair value of the financial asset by $2.6 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2017, Ocrevus® was approved, and we divested the Tysabri® financial asset to Royalty Pharma for up to $2.85 billion, consisting of $2.2 billion in cash and up to $250.0 million and $400.0 million in milestone payments if the royalties on global net sales of Tysabri® that are received by Royalty Pharma meet specific thresholds in 2018 and 2020, respectively. As a result of this transaction, we transferred the entire financial asset to Royalty Pharma and recorded a $17.1 million gain on Change in financial assets in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Royalty Pharma Contingent Milestone Payments The table below summarizes the change in fair value of the Royalty Pharma contingent milestone payments (in millions): Royalty Pharma Contingent Milestone Payments Beginning balance Additions Payments Change in fair value Ending balance Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ 134.5 $ — — 188.7 323.2 $ — 184.5 (8.0) (42.0) 134.5 105 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 7 We value our contingent milestone payments from Royalty Pharma using a modified Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model ("BSOPM"). Key inputs in the BSOPM are the estimated volatility and rate of return of royalties on global net sales of Tysabri® that are received by Royalty Pharma until the contingent milestones are resolved. Volatility and the estimated fair value of the milestones have a positive relationship such that higher volatility translates to a higher estimated fair value of the contingent milestone payments. We assess volatility and rate of return inputs quarterly by analyzing certain market volatility benchmarks and the risk associated with Royalty Pharma achieving the underlying projected royalties. The table below represents the volatility and rate of return: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Volatility Rate of return 30.0% 8.05% 30.0% 8.07% During the year ended December 31, 2017, the fair value of the Royalty Pharma contingent milestone payments decreased $42.0 million as a result of a decrease in the estimated Tysabri® revenue due to the launch of Ocrevus®. During the year ended December 31, 2018, royalties on global net sales of Tysabri® received by Royalty Pharma met the 2018 threshold resulting in an increase to the asset and a gain of $170.1 million recognized in Change in financial assets on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Due to higher projected global net sales of Tysabri® and the estimated probability of achieving the 2020 contingent milestone payment, during the year ended December 31, 2018 the fair value of the remaining 2020 Royalty Pharma contingent milestone payment increased $18.6 million. Guarantee Liability Related to The Israel API Sale During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed the sale of our Israel API business to SK Capital (refer to Item 8. Note 3), resulting in a guaranteed liability of $13.8 million, classified as a Level 3 liability within the fair value hierarchy. Per the agreement, we will be reimbursed for tax receivables for tax years prior to closing and will need to reimburse SK Capital for the settlement of any uncertain tax liability positions for tax years prior to closing. In addition, after closing and going forward, the Israel API business will be assessed by and liable to the Israel Tax Authority ("ITA") for any audit findings. We are no longer the primary obligor on the liabilities transferred to SK Capital, but we have provided a guarantee on certain obligations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we reduced the liability in the amount of $3.3 million. At December 31, 2018, the remaining guaranteed liability was $10.5 million. Contingent Consideration The table below summarizes the change in fair value of contingent consideration (in millions). Net realized losses were recorded in Other (income) expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Contingent Consideration Beginning balance Net realized (gains) losses Purchases or additions Divestiture Currency translation adjustments Settlements Ending balance Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 22.0 $ (1.5) — — (0.2) (5.0) 69.9 $ (19.5) — (12.5) 1.5 (17.4) 15.3 $ 22.0 $ 17.9 (2.1) 56.7 — 0.1 (2.7) 69.9 $ $ 106 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 7 Contingent consideration represents milestone payment obligations obtained through product acquisitions, which are valued using estimates based on probability-weighted outcomes, sensitivity analysis, and discount rates reflective of the risk involved. The estimates are updated quarterly and the liabilities are adjusted to fair value depending on a number of assumptions, including the competitive landscape and regulatory approvals that may impact the future sales of a product. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we reduced a contingent consideration liability associated with certain IPR&D assets and recorded a corresponding gain of $17.4 million. The liability decrease relates to a reduction of the probability of achievement assumptions and anticipated cash flows. In addition, we sold a certain IPR&D asset and the corresponding contingent consideration of $12.5 million was reduced. Purchases or additions for the year ended December 31, 2016 included contingent consideration associated with five transactions. Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements The non-recurring fair values represent only those assets whose carrying values were adjusted to fair value during the reporting period. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Animal Health When determining the fair value of our animal health reporting unit for the year ended December 31, 2018, we utilized a combination of comparable company market and discounted cash flow techniques. In our comparable company market approach, we considered observable market information and transactions for companies that we deemed to be of a comparable nature, scope, and size of animal health (Level 2 inputs). Our cash flow projections included revenue assumptions related to new products, product line extensions, and existing products, plus gross margin, advertising and promotion, and other operating expenses based on the growth plans (Level 3 inputs). In our discounted cash flow analysis, we utilized projected sales growth rate and discount rate assumptions of 2.5% and 9.8%, respectively. The discount rate correlates with the required investment return and risk that we believe market participants would apply to the projected growth. In addition, we burdened projected free cash flows with the capital spending deemed necessary to support the cash flows and applied the jurisdictional tax rate of 22.8%. We weighted indications of fair value resulting from the market approach and present value techniques, considering the reasonableness of the range of measurements and the point within the range that we determined was most representative of fair market conditions (refer to Note 4). When assessing our animal health indefinite-lived intangible asset for the year ended December 31, 2018, we utilized a multi-period excess earnings method ("MPEEM") to determine the fair value of the intangible asset. Our cash flow projections included revenue assumptions related to new products, product line extensions, and existing products. We utilized long-term growth rate and discount rate assumptions of (0.3)% and 9.8%, respectively, and we applied a jurisdictional tax rate of 22.8% (refer to Note 4). When assessing our animal health definite-lived assets for impairment for the year ended December 31, 2018, we utilized a combination of MPEEM and relief from royalty methods to determine the fair values of definite- lived assets within the asset group. The projected financial information, inputs, and assumptions utilized were consistent with those utilized in the goodwill discounted cash flow analysis described above (refer to Note 4). Lumara When assessing the Lumara definite-lived assets for impairment for the year ended December 31, 2017, we utilized a MPEEM to determine the fair value of Lumara product assets. Our inputs and assumptions included a 5- year average growth rate of (4.1)% and discount rate of 13.5%. 107 Omega, Entocort®, and Herron When assessing the Omega, Entocort®, and Herron definite-lived assets for impairment for the year ended December 31, 2016 we utilized the following valuation methods, inputs, and assumptions: Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 7 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Entocort® - Branded Products (31.7)% (10.0)% 13.0% NA Entocort® - AG Products (30.4)% (4.7)% 10.5% NA MPEEM MPEEM Omega - XLS 3.2% NA 9.5% 4.0% Relief from Royalty Herron Trade Names and Trademarks 4.6% 2.5% 10.8% 11.0% Relief from Royalty Omega - Lifestyle 2.5% 2.0% 9.3% NA MPEEM 5-year average growth rate Long-term growth rates Discount rate Royalty rate Valuation method Fixed Rate Long-term Debt Our fixed rate long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Public bonds Carrying value (excluding discount) Fair value $ 2,600.0 $ 2,316.6 $ 2,600.0 $ 2,650.8 Retail bond and private placement note Carrying value (excluding premium) Fair value $ $ 292.5 307.9 $ $ 306.0 342.1 The fair values of our public bonds for all periods were based on quoted market prices. The fair values of our retail bond and private placement note for all periods were based on interest rates offered for borrowings of a similar nature and remaining maturities. The carrying amounts of our other financial instruments, consisting of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, short-term debt and variable rate long-term debt, approximate their fair value. NOTE 8 - INVESTMENTS The following table summarizes the measurement category, balance sheet location, and balances of our equity securities (in millions): Measurement Category Balance Sheet Location Fair value method Fair value method(1) Prepaid expenses and other current assets Other non-current assets Equity method Other non-current assets Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017(2) $ $ $ 9.4 4.4 15.1 $ $ $ 17.0 6.3 4.9 (1) The December 31, 2018 equity securities are measured at fair value using the Net Asset Value practical expedient. (2) The December 31, 2017 balances presented reflect historical recognition and measurement investment categories existing prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, which include available for sale and cost method securities. 108 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 8 The following table summarizes the expense (income) recognized in earnings of our equity securities (in millions): Measurement Category Income Statement Location Fair value method Other (income) expense, net Equity method Other (income) expense, net Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ 9.5 $ (2.7) $ — $ (0.3) $ — 4.1 On January 1, 2018, as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments - Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities ("ASU 2016-01"), we made a $1.0 million cumulative-effect adjustment to Retained earnings (accumulated deficit) net of tax that consisted of net unrealized losses on previously classified as available for sale securities from OCI. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we increased our equity method investment in Zibo Xinhua - Perrigo Pharmaceutical Company Limited by $7.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2016, one of our equity method investments became publicly traded. As a result, we transferred the $15.5 million investment to available for sale and recorded an $8.7 million unrealized gain, net of tax in OCI in accordance with the accounting policy prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-01. In addition, due to significant and prolonged losses incurred on one of our equity method investments, we recorded a $22.3 million impairment charge in Other (income) expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. NOTE 9 - DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES All of our designated derivatives were classified as cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Interest Rate Swaps and Treasury Locks During the year ended December 31, 2017, we repaid $584.4 million of senior notes with an interest rate of 4.000% due 2023 and $309.5 million of senior notes with an interest rate of 5.300% due 2043 (refer to Note 10). As a result of the senior note repayments on June 15, 2017, the proportionate amount remaining in OCI related to the pre-issuance hedge was reclassified to earnings. Accordingly, we recorded a loss of $5.9 million in Other expense, net for the amount remaining in OCI. During the six months ended December 31, 2015, we entered into a forward interest rate swap to hedge against changes in the benchmark interest rate between the date the interest rate swap was entered into and the date of expected future debt issuance. The interest rate swap was designated as a cash flow hedge and had a notional amount totaling $200.0 million. The interest rate swap was settled upon the issuance of an aggregate $1.2 billion principal amount of senior notes on March 7, 2016 for a cumulative after-tax loss of $7.0 million in OCI during the three months ended April 2, 2016. Foreign Currency Derivatives The total notional amount for our foreign currency forward contracts was $686.6 million and $592.3 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. 109 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 9 Effects of Derivatives on the Financial Statements The below tables indicate the effects of all derivative instruments on the Consolidated Financial Statements. All amounts exclude income tax effects. The balance sheet location and gross fair value of our outstanding derivative instruments were as follows (in millions): Balance Sheet Location December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Designated derivatives: Foreign currency forward contracts Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 2.0 $ Non-designated derivatives: Foreign currency forward contracts Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 1.8 $ 4.1 2.2 Asset Derivatives Fair Value Year Ended Liability Derivatives Fair Value Year Ended Balance Sheet Location December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Designated derivatives: Foreign currency forward contracts Accrued liabilities Non-designated derivatives: Foreign currency forward contracts Accrued liabilities $ $ 6.4 $ 2.8 $ 1.4 2.4 The gain (loss) recorded in OCI for the effective portion of our designated cash flow hedges were as follows (in millions): Designated Cash Flow Hedges Interest rate swap agreements Foreign currency forward contracts Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recorded in OCI (Effective Portion) Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ — $ (9.1) (9.1) $ — $ 9.4 9.4 $ (9.0) 2.1 (6.9) 110 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 9 The gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into earnings for the effective portion of our designated cash flow hedges were as follows (in millions): Amount of Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings (Effective Portion) Designated Cash Flow Hedges Income Statement Location December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Treasury locks Interest rate swap agreements Interest expense, net Interest expense, net Other (income) expense, net Foreign currency forward contracts Net sales Cost of sales Interest expense, net Other (income) expense, net $ $ (0.1) $ (1.8) — 0.5 1.9 (4.8) 2.1 (0.1) $ (2.1) (6.0) 1.5 5.6 (2.6) (1.5) (2.2) $ (5.2) $ (0.1) (2.3) — 1.3 3.0 (1.6) 0.4 0.7 The net of tax amount expected to be reclassified out of AOCI into earnings during the next 12 months is a $10.7 million loss. The gain (loss) recognized against earnings for the ineffective portion of our designated cash flow hedges were as follows (in millions): Designated Cash Flow Hedges Interest rate swap agreements Income Statement Location Other (income) expense, net Foreign currency forward contracts Net sales Cost of sales Other expense, net Total Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ — $ 0.2 0.1 1.0 1.3 $ (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) 0.6 (0.3) The effects of our non-designated derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows (in millions): Non-Designated Derivatives Foreign currency forward contracts Total Income Statement Location Other (income) expense, net Interest expense, net Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ 7.6 $ (1.0) 6.6 $ 12.6 $ (5.3) 7.3 $ (2.4) (2.2) (4.6) 111 NOTE 10 - INDEBTEDNESS Total borrowings outstanding are summarized as follows (in millions): Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 10 Term loans * * 2018 Term loan due March 8, 2020 2014 Term loan due December 5, 2019 Total term loans Notes and bonds * * Coupon Due 5.000% May 23, 2019(3) 3.500% March 15, 2021(4) 3.500% December 15, 2021(1) 5.105% July 19, 2023(3) 4.000% November 15, 2023(2) 3.900% December 15, 2024(1) 4.375% March 15, 2026(4) 5.300% November 15, 2043(2) 4.900% December 15, 2044(1) Total notes and bonds Other financing Unamortized premium (discount), net Deferred financing fees Total borrowings outstanding Current indebtedness Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 351.3 $ — 351.3 137.6 280.4 309.6 154.9 215.6 700.0 700.0 90.5 303.9 — 420.0 420.0 144.0 280.4 309.6 162.0 215.6 700.0 700.0 90.5 303.9 2,892.5 2,906.0 2.8 12.2 (16.4) 3,242.4 (190.2) 11.7 21.4 (17.9) 3,341.2 (70.4) Total long-term debt less current portion $ 3,052.2 $ 3,270.8 (1) Discussed below collectively as the "2014 Notes" (2) Discussed below collectively as the "2013 Notes" (3) Debt assumed from Omega (4) Discussed below collectively as the "2016 Notes" * Debt denominated in euros subject to fluctuations in the euro-to-U.S. dollar exchange rate. We are in compliance with all covenants under our debt agreements as of December 31, 2018. Revolving Credit Agreements On March 8, 2018, we terminated the 2014 Revolver and entered into a $1.0 billion revolving credit agreement maturing on March 8, 2023 (the "2018 Revolver"). There were no borrowings outstanding under the 2018 Revolver as of December 31, 2018 or under the 2014 Revolver as of December 31, 2017. Term Loans On March 8, 2018, we repaid the €350.0 million outstanding under our term loan with the proceeds of a new €350.0 million ($431.0 million) term loan, maturing March 8, 2020. In addition, as a result of the refinancing during the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recorded a loss of $0.5 million, consisting of the write-off of deferred financing fees in Loss on extinguishment of debt on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we made $51.5 million in scheduled principal payments. 112 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 10 Notes and Bonds 2016 Notes On March 7, 2016, Perrigo Finance issued $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.500% senior notes due 2021 and $700.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes due 2026 (together, the "2016 Notes") and received net proceeds of $1.2 billion after fees and market discount. Interest on the 2016 Notes is payable semiannually in arrears in March and September of each year, beginning in September 2016. The 2016 Notes are governed by a base indenture and a second supplemental indenture (collectively, the "2016 Indenture"). The 2016 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by Perrigo, and no other subsidiary of Perrigo guarantees the 2016 Notes. The proceeds were used to repay the 2014 Revolver and amounts borrowed under a $750.0 million revolving credit agreement Perrigo Finance had entered into in December 2015. There are no restrictions under the 2016 Notes on our ability to obtain funds from our subsidiaries. Perrigo Finance may redeem the 2016 Notes in whole or in part at any time for cash at the make-whole redemption prices described in the 2016 Indenture. Notes and Bonds Assumed from Omega In connection with the Omega acquisition, on March 30, 2015, we assumed: • • • $20.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.190% senior notes due 2016, which was repaid on May 29, 2015 in full; €135.0 million ($147.0 million) in aggregate principal amount of 5.105% senior notes due 2023 (the "2023 Notes"); €300.0 million ($326.7 million) in aggregate principal amount of 5.125% retail bonds due 2017; €180.0 million ($196.0 million) in aggregate principal amount of 4.500% retail bonds due 2017; and €120.0 million ($130.7 million) in aggregate principal amount of 5.000% retail bonds due 2019 (collectively, the "Retail Bonds"). The fair value of the 2023 Notes and Retail Bonds exceeded par value by €93.6 million ($101.9 million) on the date of the Omega acquisition. As a result, a fair value adjustment was recorded as part of the carrying value of the underlying debt and will be amortized as a reduction of interest expense over the remaining terms of the respective debt instruments. The adjustment does not affect cash interest payments. 2014 Notes On December 2, 2014, Perrigo Finance issued $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.500% senior notes due 2021 (the "2021 Notes”), $700.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.900% senior notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”), and $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.900% senior notes due 2044 (the “2044 Notes” and, together with the 2021 Notes and the 2024 Notes, the “2014 Notes”) and received net proceeds of $1.6 billion after fees and market discount. Interest on the 2014 Notes is payable semiannually in arrears in June and December of each year, beginning in June 2015. The 2014 Notes are governed by a base indenture and a first supplemental indenture (collectively, the "2014 Indenture"). The 2014 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Perrigo, and no other subsidiary of Perrigo guarantees the 2014 Notes. There are no restrictions under the 2014 Notes on our ability to obtain funds from our subsidiaries. Perrigo Finance may redeem the 2014 Notes in whole or in part at any time for cash at the make-whole redemption prices described in the 2014 Indenture. 2013 Notes On November 8, 2013, Perrigo Company issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 1.300% senior notes due 2016 (the "1.300% 2016 Notes"), $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 2.300% senior notes due 2018 (the "2018 Notes"), $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.000% senior notes due 2023 (the "4.000% 2023 Notes") and $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.300% senior notes due 2043 (the "2043 Notes" and, together with the 1.300% 2016 Notes, the 2018 Notes and the 4.000% 2023 Notes, the "2013 Notes") in a private placement with registration rights. We received net proceeds of $2.3 billion from the issuance of 113 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 10 the 2013 Notes after fees and market discount. On September 29, 2016, we repaid all $500.0 million of the 1.300% 2016 Notes outstanding. Interest on the 2013 Notes is payable semiannually in arrears in May and November of each year, beginning in May 2014. The 2013 Notes are governed by a base indenture and a first supplemental indenture (collectively, the "2013 Indenture"). The 2013 Notes are our unsecured and unsubordinated obligations, ranking equally in right of payment to all of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The 2013 Notes are not entitled to mandatory redemption or sinking fund payments. We may redeem the 2013 Notes in whole or in part at any time for cash at the make-whole redemption prices described in the 2013 Indenture. The 2013 Notes were guaranteed on an unsubordinated, unsecured basis by the same entities that guaranteed our then- outstanding credit agreement until November 21, 2014, at which time the 2013 Indenture was amended to remove all guarantors. On September 2, 2014, we offered to exchange our private placement senior notes for public bonds (the "Exchange Offer"). The Exchange Offer expired on October 1, 2014, at which time substantially all of the private placement notes had been exchanged for bonds registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. As a result of the changes in the guarantor structure noted above, we are no longer required to present guarantor financial statements. Other Financing Overdraft Facilities We have overdraft facilities available that we use to support our cash management operations. We report any balances outstanding in the above table under "Other financing". There were no borrowings outstanding under the facilities as of December 31, 2018. The balance outstanding under the facilities was $6.9 million at December 31, 2017. Debt Repayments and Related Extinguishment During the Year Ended December 31, 2017 During the year ended December 31, 2017, we reduced our outstanding debt by $2.6 billion through a variety of early redemption and tender offer transactions, resulting in a loss of $135.2 million recorded in Loss on extinguishment of debt on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Future Maturities The annual future maturities of our short-term and long-term debt, including capitalized leases, are as follows (in millions): Payment Due 2019 $ 2020 2021 2022 2023 Amount 188.5 302.2 590.4 0.4 370.8 Thereafter 1,794.3 114 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 11 NOTE 11 - EARNINGS PER SHARE AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Earnings per Share A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators used in our basic and diluted EPS calculation is as follows (in millions): Numerator: Net income (loss) Denominator: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 131.0 $ 119.6 $ (4,012.8) Weighted average shares outstanding for basic EPS Dilutive effect of share-based awards* Weighted average shares outstanding for diluted EPS 137.8 0.5 138.3 142.3 0.3 142.6 143.3 — 143.3 Anti-dilutive share-based awards excluded from computation of diluted EPS* 1.4 0.8 — * In the period of a net loss, diluted shares equal basic shares. Shareholders' Equity Our common stock consists of ordinary shares of Perrigo Company plc, a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Ireland. We trade our ordinary shares on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol PRGO. Our ordinary shares are also traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Dividends We paid dividends as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Dividends paid (in millions) Dividends paid (per share) $ $ 104.9 0.76 $ $ 91.1 0.64 $ $ 83.2 0.58 The declaration and payment of dividends and the amount paid, if any, are subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors and depend on our earnings, financial condition, availability of distributable reserves, capital and surplus requirements and other factors the Board of Directors may consider relevant. 115 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 11 Share Repurchases In October 2015, the Board of Directors approved a three-year share repurchase plan of up to $2.0 billion (the "2015 Authorization"). Following the expiration of our 2015 Authorization, in October 2018, our Board of Directors authorized up to $1.0 billion of share repurchases with no expiration date, subject to the Board of Directors’ approval of the pricing parameters and amount that may be repurchased under each specific share repurchase program. We did not repurchase any shares under the share repurchase plan during the three months ended December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased 5.1 million ordinary shares at an average repurchase price of $77.93 per share, for a total of $400.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased 2.7 million ordinary shares at an average repurchase price of $71.72 per share, for a total of $191.5 million. NOTE 12 - SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS All share-based compensation for employees and directors is granted under the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (the "Plan"). The Plan has been approved by our shareholders and provides for the granting of awards to our employees and directors. The purpose of the Plan is to attract and retain individuals of exceptional talent and encourage these individuals to acquire a vested interest in our success and prosperity. The awards that may be granted under this program include non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted share units, and RTSR units. Restricted shares are generally service-based, requiring a certain length of service before vesting occurs, while restricted share units can be either service-based or performance-based. Performance-based restricted share units require a certain length of service until vesting; however, they contain an additional performance feature, which can vary the amount of shares ultimately paid out based on certain performance criteria specified in the Plan. RTSR performance share units are subject to a market condition. Awards granted under the Plan vest and may be exercised and/or sold from one to ten years after the date of grant based on a vesting schedule. As of December 31, 2018, there were 2.8 million shares available to be granted. Share-based compensation expense was as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 37.7 $ 43.8 $ 23.0 As of December 31, 2018, unrecognized share-based compensation expense was $48.3 million, and the weighted-average period over which the expense is expected to be recognized was approximately 1.9 years. Proceeds from the exercise of stock options are credited to ordinary shares. 116 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 12 Stock Options A summary of activity related to stock options is presented below (options in thousands): Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share Weighted- Average Remaining Term in Years Aggregate Intrinsic Value Number of Options Options outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted Exercised Forfeited or expired Options outstanding at December 31, 2017 Granted Exercised Forfeited or expired Options outstanding December 31, 2018 Options exercisable Options expected to vest 749 439 $ $ (31) $ (85) $ 1,072 521 $ $ (33) $ (26) $ 1,534 764 736 $ $ $ 108.40 70.34 24.75 118.47 94.90 82.43 42.06 97.82 91.56 101.27 82.12 6.9 $ 10.9 6.9 5.6 8.1 $ $ $ 0.1 0.1 0.0 The aggregate intrinsic value for options exercised was as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 1.1 $ 1.7 $ 5.2 The weighted-average fair value per share at the grant date for options granted was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 24.43 $ 19.50 $ 33.53 The fair value was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted- average assumptions: Dividend yield Volatility, as a percent Risk-free interest rate Expected life in years Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 0.8% 31.2% 2.8% 5.6 0.9% 30.0% 1.8% 5.4 0.5% 27.6% 1.3% 5.5 The valuation model utilizes historical volatility. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of U.S. government securities with a maturity date that coincides with the expected term of the option. The expected life in years is estimated based on past exercise behavior of employees. 117 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 12 Non-Vested Service-Based Restricted Share Units A summary of activity related to non-vested service-based restricted share units is presented below (units in thousands): Number of Non-vested Service- Based Share Units Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share Weighted- Average Remaining Term in Years Aggregate Intrinsic Value Non-vested service-based share units outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted Vested Forfeited Non-vested service-based share units outstanding at December 31, 2017 Granted Vested Forfeited 468 298 $ $ (112) $ (55) $ 599 385 $ $ (204) $ (52) $ 137.53 70.55 128.86 120.97 107.26 81.51 121.10 107.31 1.5 $ 52.2 Non-vested service-based share units outstanding at December 31, 2018 728 $ 89.47 1.4 $ 28.2 The weighted-average fair value per share at the date of grant for service-based restricted share units granted was as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 81.51 $ 70.55 $ 113.26 The total fair value of service-based restricted share units that vested was as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 24.6 $ 14.5 $ 12.6 118 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 12 Non-Vested Performance-Based Restricted Share Units A summary of activity related to non-vested performance-based restricted share units is presented below (units in thousands): Number of Non-vested Performance- Based Share Units Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share Weighted- Average Remaining Term in Years Aggregate Intrinsic Value Non-vested performance-based share units outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted Vested Forfeited Non-vested performance-based share units outstanding at December 31, 2017 Granted Vested Forfeited 177 191 $ $ (27) $ (38) $ 303 207 $ $ (13) $ (55) $ 138.29 70.34 142.18 130.34 93.65 85.01 176.59 85.94 2.0 $ 26.5 Non-vested performance-based share units outstanding at December 31, 2018 442 $ 86.61 1.5 $ 17.2 The weighted-average fair value of performance-based restricted share units can fluctuate depending upon the success or failure of the achievement of performance criteria as set forth in the Plan. The weighted-average fair value per share at the date of grant for performance-based restricted share units granted was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 85.01 $ 70.34 $ 126.37 The total fair value of performance-based restricted share units that vested was as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 2.4 $ 3.8 $ 10.4 Non-vested Relative Total Shareholder Return Performance Share Units The fair value of the RTSR performance share units is determined using the Monte Carlo pricing model as the number of shares to be awarded is subject to a market condition. The valuation model considers a range of possible outcomes, and compensation cost is recognized regardless of whether the market condition is actually satisfied. The assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the RTSR performance share units granted during each year were as follows: Dividend yield Volatility, as a percent Risk-free interest rate Expected life in years Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 0.9% 35.3% 2.4% 2.8 0.9% 36.1% 1.4% 2.6 119 A summary of activity related to non-vested RTSR performance share units is presented below (units in thousands): Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 12 Number of Non-vested RTSR Performance Share Units Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share Weighted- Average Remaining Term in Years* Aggregate Intrinsic Value — $ 39 39 38 $ $ $ (15) $ — 64.82 64.82 101.13 101.13 2.0 $ 3.4 62 $ 78.35 1.7 $ 2.4 Non-vested RTSR performance share units outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted Non-vested RTSR performance share units outstanding at December 31, 2017 Granted Forfeited Non-vested RTSR performance share units outstanding at December 31, 2018 * Midpoint used in calculation. The weighted-average fair value per share at the date of grant for RTSR performance share units granted was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 101.13 $ 64.82 NOTE 13 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Changes in our AOCI balances, net of tax, were as follows (in millions): Balance at December 31, 2016 OCI before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from AOCI Other comprehensive income (loss) Balance at December 31, 2017 ASU 2016-01 adoption impact Balance at December 31, 2017 after adoption impact OCI before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from AOCI Other comprehensive loss Balance at December 31, 2018 Fair value of derivative financial instruments, net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustments Fair value of investment securities, net of tax Post- retirement and pension liability adjustments, net of tax $ (19.5) $ (67.9) $ 15.1 $ (9.5) $ 7.1 2.6 9.7 (9.8) — (9.8) (7.5) 1.8 (5.7) 328.5 — 328.5 260.6 — 260.6 (156.1) — (156.1) (12.5) (1.6) (14.1) 1.0 (1.0) — — — — 15.0 (4.2) 10.8 1.3 — 1.3 0.2 (5.9) (5.7) $ (15.5) $ 104.5 $ — $ (4.4) $ Total AOCI (81.8) 338.1 (3.2) 334.9 253.1 (1.0) 252.1 (163.4) (4.1) (167.5) 84.6 120 NOTE 14 - INCOME TAXES Pre-tax income (loss) and the (benefit) provision for income taxes from continuing operations are summarized as follows (in millions): Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 14 Pre-tax income (loss): Ireland United States Other foreign Total pre-tax income (loss) (Benefit) provision for income taxes: Current: Ireland United States Other foreign Subtotal Deferred (credit): Ireland United States Other foreign Subtotal Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ (109.0) $ (454.0) $ (3,624.1) (144.9) 879.0 280.1 (90.0) (1,134.2) (4,848.3) (428.6) 828.2 290.6 22.7 66.4 75.1 164.2 (13.9) 7.3 2.0 (4.6) (8.1) 100.4 46.1 138.4 13.1 7.8 1.2 22.1 0.3 93.7 26.7 120.7 (549.4) (12.7) (394.1) (956.2) (835.5) Total (benefit) provision for income taxes $ 159.6 $ 160.5 $ A reconciliation of the provision based on the Irish statutory income tax rate to our effective income tax rate is as follows: Provision at statutory rate Foreign rate differential State income taxes, net of federal benefit Provision to return Tax law changes Valuation allowance changes Change in unrecognized taxes Permanent differences Withholding taxes Other Effective income tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 12.5% (7.1) 3.0 (1.0) (6.2) 51.0 13.8 (13.0) 4.2 (2.3) 12.5% (93.3) (1.4) 9.3 10.3 17.0 22.2 61.8 17.3 1.6 12.5% 2.6 0.1 0.3 — 0.8 (0.8) 1.3 — 0.4 54.9% 57.3% 17.2% Pursuant to changes made by the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("U.S. Tax Act"), remittances from subsidiaries held by Perrigo Company U.S. made in 2018 and future years are generally not subject to U.S. federal income tax. These remittances are either excluded from U.S. taxable income as earnings that are already subject to taxation or are subject to a 100% dividends received deduction. We are indefinitely reinvested in historic earnings beyond those taxed in the U.S. Tax Act and other outside basis differences of our foreign subsidiaries. Due to the complexity of the legal entity structure and the complexity of the tax laws in various jurisdictions, we believe it is not practicable to estimate the additional income taxes that may be payable on the remittance of such undistributed earnings. 121 Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the financial reporting and the tax reporting basis of assets and liabilities and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards for tax purposes. The components of our net deferred income tax asset (liability) were as follows: Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 14 Deferred income tax asset (liability): Depreciation and amortization Inventory basis differences Accrued liabilities Allowance for doubtful accounts R&D Loss and credit carryforwards Share-based compensation Federal benefit of unrecognized tax positions Interest carryforwards Unremitted earnings Other, net Subtotal Valuation allowance (1) Net deferred income tax liability: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ (371.2) $ (457.8) 27.8 87.1 3.0 58.8 359.2 19.6 18.2 76.1 (8.3) 6.5 $ $ 276.8 $ (557.9) (281.1) $ 21.3 87.9 1.5 58.9 292.5 16.2 17.0 30.5 (9.3) 37.5 96.2 (407.7) (311.5) (1) The movement in the valuation allowance balance differs from the amount in the effective tax rate reconciliation due to adjustments affecting balance sheet only items and foreign currency. The above amounts are classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows (in millions): Assets Liabilities Net deferred income tax liability Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ 1.2 $ (282.3) (281.1) $ 10.4 (321.9) (311.5) We have loss and credit carryforwards of $1,556.6 million ($359.2 million tax effected) and $1,755.1 million ($292.5 million tax effected), R&D credit carryforwards of $58.8 million and $58.9 million, as well as interest carryforwards of $331.9 million ($76.1 million tax effected) and $131.0 million ($30.5 million tax effected) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. A valuation allowance of $343.7 million and $285.2 million has been recorded against the carryforwards referenced above for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. $469.0 million ($129.2 million tax effected) of U.S. federal and state credit carryforwards, U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards, and non-U.S. net operating loss carryforwards will expire through 2038. The remaining loss carryforwards and interest carryforwards have no expiration. 122 The following table summarizes the activity related to amounts recorded for uncertain tax positions, excluding interest and penalties (in millions): Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 14 Balance at December 31, 2016 Additions: Positions related to the current year Positions related to prior years Reductions: Settlements with taxing authorities Lapse of statutes of limitation Decrease in prior year positions(1) Balance at December 31, 2017 Additions: Positions related to the current year Positions related to prior years Reductions: Settlements with taxing authorities Lapse of statutes of limitation Decrease in prior year positions Cumulative translation adjustment Unrecognized Tax Benefits $ 334.5 46.1 77.9 (11.1) (0.1) (99.4) 347.9 39.4 6.8 (6.5) (1.1) (6.4) (3.0) Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 377.1 (1) Represents a revision from the prior year presentation to remeasure certain attributes that offset deferred tax assets as a result of the U.S. Tax Act. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The total amount accrued for interest and penalties in the liability for uncertain tax positions was $86.8 million, $82.0 million, and $63.5 million as of December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, respectively. Of the total liability for uncertain tax positions, $203.7 million, $204.0 million, and $248.7 million, respectively, would impact the effective tax rate in future periods, if recognized. We file income tax returns in numerous jurisdictions and are therefore subject to audits by tax authorities. Our primary income tax jurisdictions are Ireland, U.S., Israel, Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable and that we prepare our tax filings in accordance with all applicable tax laws, the final determination with respect to any tax audit and any related litigation could be materially different from our estimates or from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material effect on operating results and/or cash flows in the periods for which that determination is made. In addition, future period earnings may be adversely impacted by litigation costs, settlements, penalties, and/or interest assessments. On August 15, 2017, we filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan to recover $163.6 million of Federal income tax, penalties, and interest assessed and collected by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), plus statutory interest thereon from the dates of payment, for the fiscal years ended June 27, 2009, June 26, 2010, June 25, 2011, and June 30, 2012 (the “2009 tax year,” “2010 tax year,” “2011 tax year,” and “2012 tax year,” respectively). The IRS audits of those years culminated in the issuances of two statutory notices of deficiency: (1) on August 27, 2014 for the 2009 and 2010 tax years and (2) on April 20, 2017 for the 2011 and 2012 tax years. The statutory notices of deficiency both included un-agreed income adjustments related principally to transfer pricing adjustments regarding the purchase, distribution, and sale of store-brand OTC pharmaceutical products in the United States. In addition, the statutory notice of deficiency for the 2011 and 2012 tax years included the capitalization of certain expenses that were deducted when paid or incurred in defending 123 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 14 against certain patent infringement lawsuits. We fully paid the assessed amounts of tax, interest, and penalties set forth in the statutory notices and filed timely claims for refund on June 11, 2015 and June 7, 2017 for the 2009-2010 tax years and 2011-2012 tax years, respectively. Our claims for refund were disallowed by certified letters dated August 18, 2015 and July 11, 2017, for the 2009-2010 tax years and 2011-2012 tax years, respectively. The complaint was timely, based upon the refund claim denials, and seeks refunds of tax, interest, and penalties of $37.2 million for the 2009 tax year, $61.5 million for the 2010 tax year, $40.2 million for the 2011 tax year, and $24.7 million for the 2012 tax year. The amounts sought in the complaint for the 2009 and 2010 tax years were recorded as deferred charges in Other non-current assets on our balance sheet during the three months ended March 28, 2015, and the amounts sought in the complaint for the 2011 and 2012 tax years were recorded as deferred charges in Other non-current assets on our balance sheet during the three months ended July 1, 2017. On December 22, 2016, we received a notice of proposed adjustment for the IRS audit of Athena Neurosciences, Inc. (“Athena”), a subsidiary of Elan acquired in 1996, for the years ended December 31, 2011, December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2013. Perrigo acquired Elan in December 2013. This proposed adjustment relates to the deductibility of litigation costs. We disagree with the IRS’s position asserted in the notice of proposed adjustment and intend to contest it. On July 11, 2017, we received a draft notice of proposed adjustment associated with transfer pricing positions for the IRS audit of Athena for the years ended December 31, 2011, December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2013. Athena was the originator of the patents associated with Tysabri® prior to the acquisition of Athena by Elan in 1996. In response to the draft notice of proposed adjustment, we provided the IRS with substantial additional documentation supporting our position. The amount of adjustments that may be asserted by the IRS in the final notice of proposed adjustment cannot be quantified at this time; however, based on the draft notice received, the amount to be assessed may be material. We disagree with the IRS’s position as asserted in the draft notice of proposed adjustment and intend to contest it. On October 31, 2018, we received an audit finding letter from the Irish Office of the Revenue Commissioners (“Irish Revenue”) for the years ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2013. The audit finding letter relates to the tax treatment of the 2013 sale of the Tysabri® intellectual property and other assets related to Tysabri® to Biogen Idec from Elan Pharma. The consideration paid by Biogen to Elan Pharma took the form of an upfront payment and future contingent royalty payments. Irish Revenue issued a Notice of Amended Assessment (“NoA”) on November 29, 2018 which assesses an Irish corporation tax liability against Elan Pharma in the amount of €1,636 million, not including interest or any applicable penalties. We disagree with this assessment and believe that the NoA is without merit and incorrect as a matter of law. We filed an appeal of the NoA on December 27, 2018 and will pursue all available administrative and judicial avenues as may be necessary or appropriate. As part of this strategy to pursue all available administrative and judicial avenues, Elan Pharma was, on February 25, 2019, granted leave by the Irish High Court to seek judicial review of the issuance of the NoA by Irish Revenue. The judicial review filing is based on our belief that Elan Pharma's legitimate expectations as a taxpayer have been breached, not on the merits of the NoA itself. If we are ultimately successful in the judicial review proceedings, the NoA will be invalidated and Irish Revenue will not be able to re-issue the NoA. The proceedings before the Tax Appeals Commission has been stayed until a decision on the judicial review application has been made, which could take up to, or more than, a year. We have ongoing audits in multiple other jurisdictions, the resolution of which remains uncertain. These jurisdictions include, but are not limited to, the United States, Ireland and other jurisdictions in Europe. In addition to the matters discussed above, the IRS is currently auditing our fiscal years ended June 29, 2013, June 28, 2014, and June 27, 2015 (which covers the period of the Elan transaction). The Israel Tax Authority's audit of our fiscal years ended June 29, 2013 and June 28, 2014 concluded with no material impact to the financial statements. The Ireland Tax Authority's audit of our years ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2013 concluded with a Notice of Amended Assessment. Based on the final resolution of tax examinations, judicial or administrative proceedings, changes in facts or law, expirations of statute of limitations in specific jurisdictions or other resolutions of, or changes in, tax positions, it is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefits for certain tax positions taken on previously filed tax returns may change materially from those represented on the financial statements as of December 31, 2018. During the next 12 months, it is reasonably possible that such circumstances may occur that would have a material effect on 124 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 14 previously unrecognized tax benefits. As a result, the total net amount of unrecognized tax benefits may decrease, which would reduce the provision for taxes on earnings by a range estimated at $1.0 million to $17.9 million. Tax Law Changes On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“U.S. Tax Act”). The U.S. Tax Act includes a number of significant changes to existing U.S. tax laws that impact us. These changes include a corporate income tax rate reduction from 35% to 21% and the elimination or reduction of certain U.S. deductions and credits including limitations on the U.S. deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation. The U.S. Tax Act also transitions the U.S. taxation of international earnings from a worldwide system to a modified territorial system. These changes were effective beginning in 2018. The U.S. Tax Act also includes a one-time mandatory deemed repatriation tax on accumulated U.S. owned foreign corporations’ previously untaxed foreign earnings (“Transition Toll Tax”). We paid our full Transition Toll Tax liability as of December 31, 2018. On December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118") was issued to address the application of the U.S. GAAP ASC 740 income tax accounting for tax law changes enacted in the U.S. during 2017, in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the U.S. Tax Act. In accordance with SAB 118, for the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded an income tax benefit of $2.4 million in connection with the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities and also recorded a $17.5 million increase of current tax expense in connection with the Transition Toll Tax on cumulative U.S. owned foreign earnings of $1.2 billion. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we completed the accounting for the income tax effects of the U.S. Tax Act. Based on additional guidance issued by the IRS and updates to our calculations we recorded a benefit of $6.3 million related to the Transition Toll Tax. There were no other material changes to the amounts recorded at December 31, 2017. We also finalized the provisional estimate related to our assertion on unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries recording an additional deferred tax liability of $8.3 million for the state income tax impacts of repatriating undistributed foreign earnings. The U.S. Tax Act subjects a U.S. shareholder to tax on global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. The FASB Staff Q&A, Topic 740, No. 5, Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income states that an entity can make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI in future years or provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred. We have elected an accounting policy to provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred ("period cost method"). At December 31, 2018, we made a reasonable estimate of the tax effect of a GILTI inclusion for 2018 and recorded additional tax expense of $9.4 million, net of U.S. foreign tax credits. We have no tax expense resulting from the base erosion anti-avoidance tax ("BEAT") in 2018 and we recorded an immaterial tax benefit for deductions related to foreign-derived intangible income ("FDII"). On December 22, 2017, the Belgian Parliament approved Belgian tax reform legislation (“Belgium Tax Act”), which was signed by the Belgian King and enacted on December 25, 2017. The Belgium Tax Act provides for a reduction to the corporate income tax rate from 34% to 30%, for 2018 and 2019, as well as a reduced corporate income tax rate of 25% for 2020 and beyond. The Belgium Tax Act also increased the participation exemption on dividend distributions to Belgium entities from 95% to 100%. The Belgium Tax Act also introduces Belgium tax consolidation and other anti-tax avoidance directives. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded additional income tax expense of $24.1 million for the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and additional income tax benefit of $33.2 million for the remeasurement of certain deferred tax liabilities as a result of the Belgium Tax Act. Lastly, for the year ended December 31, 2018, we fully reversed the deferred tax liability recorded for Belgian Fairness Tax assessment on unrepatriated earnings, as this tax was ruled unconstitutional in the first quarter of 2018. 125 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 15 NOTE 15 - POST EMPLOYMENT PLANS Defined Contribution Plans We have a qualified profit-sharing and investment plan under Section 401(k) of the IRS, which covers substantially all U.S. employees. Our contributions to the plan include an annual nondiscretionary contribution of 3% of an employee's eligible compensation and a discretionary contribution at the option of the Board of Directors. Additionally, we match a portion of employees' contributions. We also have a defined contribution plan that covers our Ireland employees. We contribute up to 18% of each participating employee’s annual eligible salary on a monthly basis. We assumed a number of defined contribution plans associated with the Omega acquisition and we pay contributions to the pension insurance plans. Our contributions to all of the plans were as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 25.2 $ 25.5 $ 26.1 Pension and Post-Retirement Healthcare Benefit Plans In connection with the Elan acquisition, we assumed the liability of two defined benefit plans (staff and executive plan) for employees based in Ireland. These plans were subsequently merged and all plan assets and liabilities were transferred from the executive scheme to the staff scheme as a result of a plan combination. In connection with the Omega acquisition, we assumed the liability of a number of defined benefit plans covering employees based primarily in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Greece, France, and Norway. Omega companies operate various pension plans across each country. Our defined benefit pension plans are managed externally and the related pension costs and liabilities are assessed at least annually in accordance with the advice of a qualified professional actuary. We used a December 31, 2018 measurement date and all plan assets and liabilities are reported as of that date. We provide certain healthcare benefits to eligible U.S. employees and their dependents who meet certain age and service requirements when they retire. Generally, benefits are provided to eligible retirees after age 65 and to their dependents. Increases in our contribution for benefits are limited to increases in the Consumer Price Index. Additional healthcare cost increases are paid through participant contributions. We accrue the expected costs of such benefits during a portion of the employees’ years of service. The plan is not funded. Under current plan provisions, the plan is not eligible for any U.S. federal subsidy related to the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 Part D Subsidy. 126 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 15 The change in the projected benefit obligation and plan assets consisted of the following (in millions): Pension Benefits Year Ended Other Benefits Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Projected benefit obligation at beginning of period $ 174.0 $ 158.9 $ Curtailment Service costs Interest cost Actuarial gain Contributions paid Benefits paid Settlements Foreign currency translation (1.2) 3.0 3.8 (1.6) 0.3 (1.6) (0.5) (7.6) (1.0) 4.5 3.3 (10.3) 0.1 (2.5) — 21.0 $ 6.2 — 0.6 0.2 (1.3) — (0.1) — — Projected benefit obligation at end of period $ 168.6 $ 174.0 $ 5.6 $ Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period 162.5 138.2 Actual return on plan assets Benefits paid Settlements Employer contributions Contributions paid Foreign currency translation Fair value of plan assets at end of period Unfunded status Presented as: Other non-current assets Other non-current liabilities (3.1) (1.6) (0.5) 1.2 0.3 (6.9) 5.5 (2.5) — 2.2 0.1 19.0 — — (0.1) — 0.1 — — $ $ $ $ 151.9 $ (16.7) $ 162.5 $ (11.5) $ — $ (5.6) $ 15.7 $ (32.4) $ 22.0 $ (33.5) $ — $ — $ 5.8 — 0.6 0.2 (0.3) — (0.1) — — 6.2 — — — — — — — — (6.2) — — The total accumulated benefit obligation for the defined benefit pension plans was as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 163.2 $ 167.6 The following unrecognized actual gain (loss) for the other benefits liability was included in OCI, net of tax (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 1.3 $ 0.3 $ (0.7) 127 The unamortized net actuarial loss (gain) in AOCI net of tax for defined benefit pension and other benefits was as follows (in millions): Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 15 Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ 4.4 $ (1.3) $ 9.5 The total estimated credit amount to be recognized from AOCI into net periodic cost during the next year is $0.7 million. At December 31, 2018, the total estimated future benefit payments to be paid by the plans for the next five years is approximately $12.3 million for pension benefits and $1.0 million for other benefits as follows (in millions): Payment Due Pension Benefits Other Benefits $ 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter $ 1.8 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.7 23.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 The expected benefits to be paid are based on the same assumptions used to measure our benefit obligation at December 31, 2018, including the expected future employee service. We expect to contribute $2.4 million to the defined benefit plans within the next year. Net periodic pension cost consisted of the following (in millions): Pension Benefits Year Ended Other Benefits Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Service cost Interest cost Expected return on assets Curtailment Net actuarial loss Net periodic pension cost $ $ 3.0 3.8 (5.3) (1.2) 0.6 0.9 $ $ 4.5 3.3 (4.3) (0.7) 0.8 3.6 $ $ 4.1 3.6 (3.9) — 0.5 4.3 $ $ 0.6 0.2 — — (0.1) 0.7 $ $ 0.6 0.2 — — (0.1) 0.7 $ $ 0.6 0.2 — — — 0.8 128 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 15 The components of the net periodic pension cost, other than the service cost component, are included in the line item Other (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost and benefit obligation were: Pension Benefits Year Ended Other Benefits Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Discount rate Inflation Expected return on assets 2.04% 1.45% 2.94% 1.91% 1.45% 2.90% 1.76% 1.43% 2.89% 3.59% 3.59% 4.00% The discount rate is based on market yields at the valuation date and chosen with reference to the yields available on high quality corporate bonds, with regards to the duration of the plan's liabilities. As of December 31, 2018, the expected weighted-average long-term rate of return on assets of 2.9% was calculated based on the assumptions of the following returns for each asset class: Equities Bonds Absolute return fund Insurance contracts Other 6.1% 1.6% 4.0% 2.8% 2.6% The investment mix of the pension plans' assets is a blended asset allocation, with a diversified portfolio of shares listed and traded on recognized exchanges. Certain of our plans have target asset allocation ranges. As of December 31, 2018, these ranges were as follows: Equities Bonds Absolute return 10% - 20% 20% - 30% 50% - 60% Other plans do not have target asset allocation ranges, for such plans, the strategy is to invest mainly in Insurance Contracts. The purpose of the pension funds is to provide a flow of income for members in retirement. A flow of income delivered through fixed interest bonds provides a costly but close match to this objective. Equities are held within the portfolio as a means of reducing this cost, but holding equities creates a strategic risk because they give a very different pattern of return. Property investments are held to help diversify the portfolio. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through annual liability measurements, periodic asset/liability studies, and investment portfolio reviews. 129 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 15 The following table sets forth the fair value of the pension plan assets (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ 0.1 1.0 — — — $ 16.2 $ — $ 16.3 $ 28.6 — 50.5 5.6 — 49.9 — — 29.6 49.9 50.5 5.6 0.1 1.8 — — — $ 19.1 $ — $ 30.2 — 54.5 6.0 — 50.8 — — 19.2 32.0 50.8 54.5 6.0 $ 1.1 $ 100.9 $ 49.9 $ 151.9 $ 1.9 $ 109.8 $ 50.8 $ 162.5 Equities Bonds Insurance contracts Absolute return fund Other Total The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Level 3 pension plan assets, which were measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in millions): Assets at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Purchases, sales and settlements, net Foreign exchange Assets at end of year Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ 50.8 $ 0.6 0.4 (1.9) 49.9 $ 43.4 1.0 0.9 5.5 50.8 The fair value of the insurance contracts is an estimate of the amount that would be received in an orderly sale to a market participant at the measurement date. The amount the plan would receive from the contract holder if the contracts were terminated is the primary input and is unobservable. The insurance contracts are therefore classified as Level 3 investments. Deferred Compensation Plans We have non-qualified plans related to deferred compensation and executive retention that allow certain employees and directors to defer compensation subject to specific requirements. Although the plans are not formally funded, we own insurance policies that had a cash surrender value of $31.5 million and $34.6 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, that are intended as a long-term funding source for these plans. The assets, which are recorded in Other non-current assets, are not a committed funding source and may, under certain circumstances, be subject to claims from creditors. The deferred compensation liability of $28.8 million and $31.6 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, was recorded in Other non-current liabilities. 130 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 NOTE 16 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES We lease certain assets, principally warehouse facilities and computer equipment, under agreements that expire at various dates through the year ended December 31, 2024. Certain leases contain provisions for renewal and purchase options and require us to pay various related expenses. Future non-cancelable minimum operating lease commitments are as follows (in millions): $ Due 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Amount 39.3 32.0 24.9 16.3 10.3 33.0 Rent expense under all leases was $51.2 million, $50.9 million, and $53.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2018, we had non-cancelable purchase obligations totaling $758.3 million consisting of contractual commitments to purchase materials and services to support operations. The obligations are expected to be paid within one year. In view of the inherent difficulties of predicting the outcome of various types of legal proceedings, we cannot determine the ultimate resolution of the matters described below. We establish reserves for litigation and regulatory matters when losses associated with the claims become probable and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. The actual costs of resolving legal matters may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts reserved for those matters. For matters where the likelihood or extent of a loss is not probable or cannot be reasonably estimated as of December 31, 2018, we have not recorded a loss reserve. If certain of these matters are determined against us, there could be a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. We currently believe we have valid defenses to the claims in these lawsuits and intend to defend these lawsuits vigorously regardless of whether or not we have a loss reserve. Other than what is disclosed below, we do not expect the outcome of the litigation matters to which we are currently subject to, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Price-Fixing Lawsuits We have been named as a co-defendant with certain other generic pharmaceutical manufacturers in a number of class actions alleging that we and other manufacturers of the same product engaged in anti-competitive behavior to fix or raise the prices of certain drugs and/or allocate customers starting, in some instances, as early as June 2013. The products in question are Clobetasol gel, Desonide, and Econazole. The same class plaintiffs have filed complaints naming us as a co-defendant, along with 27 other manufacturers, alleging an overarching conspiracy to fix or raise the prices of 15 generic prescription pharmaceutical products starting in 2011. Perrigo manufactures only two of the products at issue, Nystatin cream and Nystatin ointment. We have also been named a co-defendant along with 35 other manufacturers in a complaint filed by three supermarket chains alleging that defendants conspired to fix prices of 31 generic prescription pharmaceutical products starting in 2013, another by a large managed care organization alleging price-fixing and customer allocation concerning 17 different products among 27 manufacturers including Perrigo, and most recently, a similar suit brought by a health insurance carrier in the District Court of Minnesota alleging a conspiracy to fix prices of 30 products among 30 defendants. Certain complaints listed above were amended in December 2017 and January 2018. We expect the Minnesota complaint to be consolidated for pretrial proceedings with the complaints above, along with complaints filed against other companies alleging price fixing with respect to more than two dozen other drugs, as part of a case captioned In re Generic Pharmaceuticals Pricing Antitrust Litigation, MDL No. 2724 in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Pursuant to the court’s schedule staging various cases in phases, we moved to dismiss the complaints relating to Clobetasol and Econazole. The Court issued a decision denying the motions in part in October 2018; and issued a second decision in February 2019 dismissing various state law claims, but allowing other state law claims to proceed. Responses to certain other complaints were filed on February 21, 2019 and 131 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 limited discovery relating to the claims in the various cases has commenced. At this stage, we cannot reasonably predict the outcome of the liability, if any, associated with these claims. Securities Litigation In the United States (cases related to events in 2015-2017) On May 18, 2016, a shareholder filed a securities case against us and our former CEO, Joseph Papa, in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (Roofers’ Pension Fund v. Papa, et al.). The plaintiff purported to represent a class of shareholders for the period from April 21, 2015 through May 11, 2016, inclusive. The original complaint alleged violations of Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b 5) and 14(e) against both defendants and 20(a) control person liability against Mr. Papa. In general, the allegations concerned the actions taken by us and the former executive to defend against the unsolicited takeover bid by Mylan in the period from April 21, 2015 through November 13, 2015. The plaintiff also alleged that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure concerning alleged integration problems related to the Omega acquisition in the period from April 21, 2015 through May 11, 2016. On July 19, 2016, a different shareholder filed a securities class action against us and our former CEO, Joseph Papa, also in the District of New Jersey (Wilson v. Papa, et al.). The plaintiff purported to represent a class of persons who sold put options on our shares between April 21, 2015 and May 11, 2016. In general, the allegations and the claims were the same as those made in the original complaint filed in the Roofers' Pension Fund case described above. On December 8, 2016, the court consolidated Roofers' Pension Fund case and the Wilson case under the Roofers' Pension Fund case number. In February 2017, the court selected the lead plaintiffs for the consolidated case and the lead counsel to the putative class. In March 2017, the court entered a scheduling order. On June 21, 2017, the court-appointed lead plaintiffs filed an amended complaint that superseded the original complaints in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case and the Wilson case. In the amended complaint, the lead plaintiffs seek to represent three classes of shareholders - shareholders who purchased shares during the period April 21, 2015 through May 3, 2017 on the U.S. exchanges; shareholders who purchased shares during the same period on the Tel Aviv exchange; and shareholders who owned shares on November 12, 2015 and held such stock through at least 8:00 a.m. on November 13, 2015 (the final day of the Mylan tender offer) regardless of whether the shareholders tendered their shares.The amended complaint names as defendants us and 11 current or former directors and officers of Perrigo (Mses. Judy Brown, Laurie Brlas, Jacqualyn Fouse, Ellen Hoffing, and Messrs. Joe Papa, Marc Coucke, Gary Cohen, Michael Jandernoa, Gerald Kunkle, Herman Morris, and Donal O’Connor). The amended complaint alleges violations of Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b 5) and 14(e) against all defendants and 20(a) control person liability against the 11 individuals. In general, the allegations concern the actions taken by us and the former executives to defend against the unsolicited takeover bid by Mylan in the period from April 21, 2015 through November 13, 2015 and the allegedly inadequate disclosure throughout the entire class period related to purported integration problems related to the Omega acquisition, alleges incorrect reporting of organic growth at the Company and at Omega, alleges price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleges improper accounting for the Tysabri® royalty stream. The amended complaint does not include an estimate of damages. During 2017, the defendants filed motions to dismiss, which the plaintiffs opposed. On July 27, 2018, the court issued an opinion and order granting the defendants’ motions to dismiss in part and denying the motions to dismiss in part. The court dismissed without prejudice defendants Laurie Brlas, Jacqualyn Fouse, Ellen Hoffing, Gary Cohen, Michael Jandernoa, Gerald Kunkle, Herman Morris, Donal O’Connor, and Marc Coucke. The court also dismissed without prejudice claims arising from the Tysabri® accounting issue described above and claims alleging incorrect disclosure of organic growth described above. The defendants who were not dismissed are Perrigo Company plc, Joe Papa, and Judy Brown. The claims (described above) that were not dismissed relate to the integration issues regarding the Omega acquisition and the alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals. The defendants who remain in the case (the Company, Mr. Papa, and Ms. Brown) have filed answers denying liability, and the discovery stage of litigation has begun. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. On November 1, 2017, Carmignac Gestion, S.A., filed a securities lawsuit against us and three individuals (former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa, former CFO Judy Brown, and former Executive Vice President and Board member Marc Coucke). This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The case is styled Carmignac Gestion, S.A. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b-5), 14(e), and 18 against all defendants 132 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 as well as 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiff’s allegations focus on events during the period from April 2015 through April 2016. Plaintiff contends that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure throughout the period concerning the valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, our reporting about the generic prescription pharmaceutical business and its prospects, and the activities surrounding the efforts to defeat the Mylan tender offer during 2015. Many of the allegations in this case overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case described above. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of damages. After the court issued its July 2018 opinion in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case (described above) the parties to this case conferred about how this case should proceed. Because this plaintiff made some factual allegations that were not asserted in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case, the parties agreed that the ruling in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case would apply equally to the common allegations in this case and the remaining defendants (the Company, Mr. Papa, and Ms. Brown) filed a motion to dismiss addressing the additional allegations in this case. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. On January 16, 2018, Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC filed a securities lawsuit against us and three individuals (former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa, former CFO Judy Brown, and former Executive Vice President and Board member Marc Coucke). This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The case is styled Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b-5) and 18 against all defendants as well as 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiff’s allegations focus on events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017. Plaintiff contends that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure at various times during the period concerning valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleged improper accounting for the Tysabri® asset. Many of the allegations in this case overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofers' Pension Fund case described above. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of damages. After the court issued its July 2018 opinion in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case (described above) the parties to this case conferred about how this case should proceed. Because this plaintiff made some factual allegations that were not asserted in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case, the parties agreed that the ruling in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case would apply equally to the common allegations in this case and the remaining defendants (the Company, Mr. Papa, and Ms. Brown) filed a motion to dismiss addressing the additional allegations in this case. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. On January 26, 2018, two different plaintiff groups (the Mason Capital group and the Pentwater group) each filed a lawsuit against us and the same individuals who are defendants in the amended complaint in the securities class action case described above (Roofers’ Pension Fund case). The same law firm represents these two plaintiff groups, and the two complaints are substantially similar. These two cases are not securities class actions. One case is styled Mason Capital L.P., et al. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The other case is styled Pentwater Equity Opportunities Master Fund Ltd., et al. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and also was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. Both cases are assigned to the same federal judge that is hearing the class action case and the other individual cases described above (Carmignac and Manning & Napier). Each complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 14(e) (related to tender offer disclosures) against all defendants as well as 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiff’s allegations describe events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017. Plaintiff contends that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure during the tender offer period in 2015 and point to disclosures at various times during the period concerning valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleged improper accounting for the Tysabri® asset. Many of the factual allegations in these two cases overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofers' Pension Fund case described above and the allegations in the Carmignac case described above. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of damages. After the court issued its July 2018 opinion in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case (described above), the parties to this case conferred about how this case should proceed. The parties agreed that the ruling in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case would apply equally to the common allegations in this case. The defendants (the Company, Mr. Papa, and Ms. Brown) filed answers denying liability, and the discovery stage of the cases has begun. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. 133 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 On February 13, 2018, a group of plaintiff investors affiliated with Harel Insurance Investments & Financial Services, Ltd. filed a lawsuit against us and the same individuals who are defendants in the amended complaint in the securities class action case described above (Roofers’ Pension Fund case). This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The new complaint is substantially similar to the amended complaint in the Roofers' Pension Fund case. The relevant period in the new complaint stretches from February 2014 to May 2, 2017. The complaint adds as defendants two individuals who served on our Board prior to 2016. The case is styled Harel Insurance Company, Ltd., et al. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey and is assigned to the same federal judge that is hearing the class action cases and the four other individual cases described above (Carmignac, Manning & Napier, Mason Capital, and Pentwater). The Harel Insurance Company complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act section 10(b) (and related SEC Rule 10b 5) and section 14(e) (related to tender offer disclosures) against all defendants as well as 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. The complaint also asserts claims based on Israeli securities laws. In general, the plaintiffs' allegations describe events during the period from February 2014 through May 2017. Plaintiffs contend that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure during the tender offer events in 2015 and point to disclosures at various times during the period concerning valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleged improper accounting for the Tysabri® asset from February 2014 until the withdrawal of past financial statements in April 2017. Many of the factual allegations in this case overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofers' Pension Fund case described above and the allegations in the four opt out cases also described above. The plaintiffs do not provide an estimate of damages. After the court issued its July 2018 opinion in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case (described above), the parties to this case conferred about how this case should proceed. The parties agreed that the ruling in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case would apply equally to the common allegations in this case and the remaining defendants (the Company, Mr. Papa, and Ms. Brown) filed answers denying liability, and the discovery stage of the litigation has begun. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. On February 16, 2018, First Manhattan Company filed a securities lawsuit against us and three individuals (former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa, former CFO Judy Brown, and former Executive Vice President and Board member Marc Coucke). This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The case is styled First Manhattan Co. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The case was assigned to the same judge hearing the class action case and the five other opt out cases. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b-5), 14(e), and 18 against all defendants as well as 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiff’s allegations focus on events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017. Plaintiff contends that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure at various times during the period concerning valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleged improper accounting for the Tysabri® asset. This lawsuit was filed by the same law firm that filed the Manning & Napier Advisors case and the Carmignac case described above and generally makes the same factual assertions as in the Manning & Napier Advisors case. Many of the allegations in this case overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofers' Pension Fund case described above. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of damages. On April 20, 2018, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint that did not materially change the factual allegations of the original complaint. After the court issued its July 2018 opinion in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case (described above), the parties to this case conferred about how this case should proceed. Because this plaintiff made some factual allegations that were not asserted in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case, the parties agreed that the ruling in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case would apply equally to the common allegations in this case and the remaining defendants filed a motion to dismiss addressing the additional allegations in this case. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. On April 20, 2018, a group of plaintiff investors affiliated with TIAA-CREF filed a lawsuit against us and the same individuals who are the defendants in the Harel Insurance case complaint. This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The law firm representing the plaintiffs in the Harel Insurance case also represents the TIAA-CREF plaintiff entities in this case, and the new complaint is substantially similar to the Harel Insurance complaint. The relevant period in the new complaint is August 14, 2014 to May 2, 2017 inclusive. The case is styled TIAA-CREF Investment Management, LLC., et al. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey and is assigned to the same federal judge that is hearing the class action case and the six other individual cases described above (Carmignac, Manning & Napier, Mason Capital, Pentwater, Harel Insurance, and First Manhattan). The TIAA-CREF Investment Management complaint asserts claims under Securities 134 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 Exchange Act section 10(b) (and related SEC Rule l0b-5), section 14(e) (related to tender offer disclosures) against all defendants as well as section 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general, plaintiffs' allegations describe events during the period from August 2014 through May 2017. Plaintiffs contend that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure during the tender offer events in 2015 and point to disclosures at various times during the period concerning valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleged improper accounting for the Tysabri® asset from August 2014 until the withdrawal of past financial statements in April 2017. Many of the factual allegations in this case also overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofers' Pension Fund case described above. The plaintiffs do not provide an estimate of damages. After the court issued its July 2018 opinion in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case (described above) the parties to this case conferred about how this case should proceed. The parties agreed that the ruling in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case would apply equally to this case and the remaining defendants (the Company, Mr. Papa, and Ms. Brown) filed answers denying liability, and the discovery stage of the litigation has begun. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. On October 29, 2018, Nationwide Mutual Funds and Nationwide Variable Insurance Trust (both on behalf of several fund series) filed a securities lawsuit against us and two individuals (former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa and former CFO Judy Brown). This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The case is styled Nationwide Mutual Funds, et al. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The case was assigned to the same judge hearing the class action case and the seven other opt out cases. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b-5), and 14(e) against all defendants as well as 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiffs' allegations focus on events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017 (including the period of the Mylan tender offer). Plaintiffs contend that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure at various times during the period concerning the valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, and alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals. This lawsuit was filed by the same law firm that filed the First Manhattan case, the Manning & Napier Advisors case, and the Carmignac case described above and generally makes the same factual assertions as in the Manning & Napier case. The complaint does not include factual allegations that the Court dismissed in the July 2018 ruling in the Roofer’s Pension Fund case also described above. Many of the allegations in this case also overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofers' Pension Fund case described above. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of damages. The defendants (the Company, Mr. Papa, and Ms. Brown) filed a motion to dismiss addressing the additional allegations in this case. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. On November 15, 2018, a group of plaintiff investors affiliated with Westchester Capital Funds filed a lawsuit against us, our former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa and our former CFO Judy Brown. This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The same law firm that represents the plaintiffs in the Mason Capital L.P. case and the Pentwater Equity Opportunities Master Fund Ltd. case (described above) represents the affiliates of the Westchester Funds in this lawsuit. The factual allegations of the complaint are substantially similar to the factual allegations of the complaints in the Mason Capital and in the Pentwater cases described above. The case is styled WCM Alternative: Event-Drive Fund, et al. v. Perrigo Co., plc, et al., and is filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The WCM case is assigned to the same federal judge that is hearing the Roofer’s Fund class action case and the eight other individual cases described above. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and SEC Rule 10b 5) and 14(e) against all defendants as well as 20(a) control person claims against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiffs’ allegations describe events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017. Plaintiffs contend that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure during the tender offer period in 2015 as well us up through May 3, 2017. Plaintiffs identify disclosures concerning the valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleged improper accounting for the Tysabri® asset. Many of the factual allegations in this complaint overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case described above. The plaintiffs do not provide an estimate of damages. In view of the court’s July 2018 opinion in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case (described above), the parties to this case conferred about how this case should proceed. The parties agreed that the ruling in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case would apply equally to the common allegations in this case. The defendants (the Company, Mr. Papa, and Ms. Brown) filed answers denying liability, and the discovery stage of the cases has begun. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. 135 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 On November 15, 2018, a group of plaintiff investors affiliated with Hudson Bay Capital Management LP filed a lawsuit against us, our former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa and our former CFO Judy Brown. This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The same law firm that represents the plaintiffs in the Mason Capital L.P., the Pentwater Equity Opportunities Master Fund Ltd., and the WCM cases (described above) represents the affiliates of Hudson Bay Capital Management in this lawsuit. The factual allegations of the complaint are substantially similar to the factual allegations of the complaints in the Mason Capital, in the Pentwater, and in the WCM cases described above. The case is styled Hudson Bay Master Fund Ltd., et al. v. Perrigo Co., plc, et al., and is filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Hudson Bay Fund case is assigned to the same federal judge that is hearing the Roofer’s Fund class action case and the nine other individual cases described above. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act section 14(e) against all defendants and section 20(a) control person claims against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiffs’ allegations describe events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017. Plaintiffs contend that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure during the tender offer period in 2015 and point to disclosures at various times during the period concerning the valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleged improper accounting for the Tysabri® asset. Many of the factual allegations in this complaint overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case described above. The plaintiffs do not provide an estimate of damages. In view of the court’s July 2018 opinion in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case (described above), the parties to this case conferred about how this case should proceed. The parties agreed that the ruling in the Roofers’ Pension Fund case would apply equally to the common allegations in this case. The defendants (the Company, Mr. Papa, and Ms. Brown) filed answers denying liability, and the discovery stage of the cases has begun. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. On January 31, 2019, Schwab Capital Trust and a variety of other Schwab entities filed a securities lawsuit against us and two individuals (former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa and former CFO Judy Brown). This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The case is styled Schwab Capital Trust, et al. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The case was assigned to the same judge hearing the class action case and the ten other opt out cases. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b 5), and 14(e) against all defendants as well as 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiffs’ allegations focus on events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017 (including the period of the Mylan tender offer). Plaintiffs contend that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure at various times during the period concerning the valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, and alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals. This lawsuit was filed by the same law firm that filed the Carmignac case, the Manning & Napier case, the First Manhattan case, and the Nationwide Mutual Funds case described above and generally makes the same factual assertions as in the Nationwide Mutual Funds case. The complaint does not include factual allegations that the Court dismissed in the July 2018 ruling in the Roofer’s Pension Fund case also described above. Many of the allegations in this case also overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofer’s Pension Fund case described above. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of damages. The parties have agreed that the defendants will not have to respond to the complaint until 45 days after the court decides the motion to dismiss pending in the Carmignac, Manning & Napier, First Manhattan, and Nationwide Mutual cases described above. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. On February 6, 2019, OZ Master Fund, Ltd. and a related entity filed a securities lawsuit against us and two individuals (former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa and former CFO Judy Brown). This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The case is styled OZ Master Fund, Ltd., et al. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The case was assigned to the same judge hearing the class action case and the eleven other opt out cases described above. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and SEC Rule 10b 5), and 14(e) against all defendants as well as 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiffs’ allegations focus on events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017 (including the period of the Mylan tender offer). Plaintiffs contend that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure at various times during the period concerning the valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by us during that period, alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleged improper accounting for the Tysabri® asset. Many of the allegations in this case overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofer’s Pension Fund case described above. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of damages. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. 136 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 On February 14, 2019, Highfields Capital I LP, and related entities filed a securities lawsuit against the Company and two individuals (former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa and former CFO Judy Brown). This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The case is styled Highfields Capital I LP, et al. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 14(e) and 18 against all defendants, as well as 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. The complaint also asserts Massachusetts state law claims under Massachusetts Unfair Business Methods Law (chapter 93A § 11), and Massachusetts common law claims of tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, common law fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and unjust enrichment. In general, the plaintiffs’ allegations focus on events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017 (including the period of the Mylan tender offer). Plaintiffs contend that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure at various times during the period concerning the valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by the Company during that period, and alleged improper accounting for the Tysabri® asset. Some of the allegations in this case overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofer’s Pension Fund case described above and with allegations in one or more of the opt out cases described above. Plaintiffs do not provide a clear calculation of how they estimated damages and seek treble damages, punitive damages, and attorney's fees. On February 22, 2019, Aberdeen Canada Funds -- Global Equity Funds (and 30 other entities, some unrelated to Aberdeen) filed a securities lawsuit against the Company and two individuals (former Chairman and CEO Joseph Papa and former CFO Judy Brown). This lawsuit is not a securities class action. The case is styled Aberdeen Canada Funds -- Global Equity Fund, et al. v. Perrigo Company plc, et al., and was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The case was assigned to the same judge hearing the class action case and the twelve other opt-out cases pending in that Court. The complaint asserts claims under Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b 5) against all defendants and 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general, the plaintiffs’ allegations focus on events during the period from April 2015 through May 2017 (including the period of the Mylan tender offer). Plaintiffs contend that the defendants provided inadequate disclosure at various times during the period concerning the valuation and integration of Omega, the financial guidance provided by the Company during that period, and alleged undisclosed pricing pressure for generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleged price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals. This lawsuit was filed by the same law firm that filed the Carmignac case, the Manning & Napier case, the First Manhattan case, the Nationwide Mutual Funds case, and the Schwab Capital Trust case described above, and generally makes the same factual assertions as in the Nationwide Mutual Funds case. The complaint does not include factual allegations that the Court dismissed in the July 2018 ruling in the Roofer’s Pension Fund case also described above. Many of the allegations in this case also overlap with the allegations of the June 2017 amended complaint in the Roofer’s Pension Fund case described above. The parties have agreed that the defendants will not have to respond to the complaint until 45 days after the court decides the motion to dismiss pending the Carmignac, Manning & Napier, First Manhattan, and Nationwide Mutual Funds cases described above. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of damages. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. In Israel (cases related to events in 2015-2017) Because our shares are traded on the Tel Aviv exchange under a dual trading arrangement, we are potentially subject to securities litigation in Israel. Three cases were filed; one was voluntarily dismissed in each of 2017 and 2018 and one was stayed in 2018. We are consulting Israeli counsel about our response to these allegations and we intend to defend this case vigorously. On June 28, 2017, a plaintiff filed a complaint in Tel Aviv District Court styled Israel Elec. Corp. Employees’ Educ. Fund v. Perrigo Company plc, et al. The lead plaintiff seeks to represent a class of shareholders who purchased Perrigo stock on the Tel Aviv exchange during the period April 24, 2015 through May 3, 2017 and also a claim for those that owned shares on the final day of the Mylan tender offer (November 13, 2015). The amended complaint names as defendants the Company, Ernst & Young LLP ("EY") (the Company’s auditor), and 11 current or former directors and officers of Perrigo (Mses. Judy Brown, Laurie Brlas, Jacqualyn Fouse, Ellen Hoffing, and Messrs. Joe Papa, Marc Coucke, Gary Cohen, Michael Jandernoa, Gerald Kunkle, Herman Morris, and Donal O’Connor). The complaint alleges violations under U.S. securities laws of Securities Exchange Act sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b 5) and 14(e) against all defendants and 20(a) control person liability against the 11 individuals or, in the alternative, under Israeli securities laws. In general, the allegations concern the actions taken by us and our 137 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 former executives to defend against the unsolicited takeover bid by Mylan in the period from April 21, 2015 through November 13, 2015 and the allegedly inadequate disclosure concerning purported integration problems related to the Omega acquisition, alleges incorrect reporting of organic growth at the Company, alleges price fixing activities with respect to six generic prescription pharmaceuticals, and alleges improper accounting for the Tysabri® royalty stream. The plaintiff indicates an initial, preliminary class damages estimate of 2.7 billion NIS (approximately $760.0 million at 1 NIS = 0.28 cents). After the other two cases filed in Israel were voluntarily dismissed, the plaintiff in this case agreed to stay this case pending the outcome of the Roofers’ Pension Fund case in the U.S. (described above). The Israeli court approved the stay, and this case is now stayed. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. In the United States (cases related to Irish Tax events) On January 3, 2019, a shareholder filed a complaint against the Company, our CEO Murray Kessler, and our CFO Ronald Winowiecki in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (Masih v. Perrigo Company, et al.). Plaintiff purports to represent a class of shareholders for the period November 8, 2018 through December 20, 2018, inclusive. The complaint alleges violations of Securities Exchange Act section 10(b) (and Rule 10b 5) against all defendants and section 20(a) control person liability against the individual defendants. In general the allegations contend that the Company, in its Form 10 Q filed November 8, 2018, disclosed information about an October 31, 2018 audit finding letter received from Irish tax authorities but failed to disclose enough material information about that letter until December 20, 2018, when we filed a current report on Form 8 K about Irish tax matters. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of class damages. The Court has begun the process of selecting lead plaintiff. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. In Israel (cases related to Irish Tax events) On December 31, 2018, a shareholder filed an action against the Company, our CEO Murray Kessler, and our CFO Ronald Winowiecki in Tel Aviv District Court (Baton v. Perrigo Company plc, et. al.). The case is a securities class action brought in Israel making similar factual allegations for the same period as those asserted in the Masih case in New York federal court. This case alleges that persons who invested through the Tel Aviv stock exchange can assert claims under Israeli securities law that will follow the liability principles of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act. The plaintiff does not provide an estimate of class damages. We intend to defend the lawsuit vigorously. Eltroxin During October and November 2011, nine applications to certify a class action lawsuit were filed in various courts in Israel related to Eltroxin, a prescription thyroid medication manufactured by a third party and distributed in Israel by our subsidiary, Perrigo Israel Agencies Ltd. The respondents included our subsidiaries, Perrigo Israel Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and/or Perrigo Israel Agencies Ltd., the manufacturers of the product, and various healthcare providers who provide healthcare services as part of the compulsory healthcare system in Israel. One of the applications was dismissed and the remaining eight applications were consolidated into one application. The applications arose from the 2011 launch of a reformulated version of Eltroxin in Israel. The consolidated application generally alleges that the respondents (a) failed to timely inform patients, pharmacists and physicians about the change in the formulation; and (b) failed to inform physicians about the need to monitor patients taking the new formulation in order to confirm patients were receiving the appropriate dose of the drug. As a result, claimants allege they incurred the following damages: (a) purchases of product that otherwise would not have been made by patients had they been aware of the reformulation; (b) adverse events to some patients resulting from an imbalance of thyroid functions that could have been avoided; and (c) harm resulting from the patients' lack of informed consent prior to the use of the reformulation. Several hearings on whether or not to certify the consolidated application took place in December 2013 and January 2014. On May 17, 2015, the District Court certified the motion against Perrigo Israel Agencies Ltd. and dismissed it against the remaining respondents, including Perrigo Israel Pharmaceuticals Ltd. On June 16, 2015, we submitted a motion for permission to appeal the decision to certify to the Israeli Supreme Court together with a motion to stay the proceedings of the class action until the motion for permission to appeal is adjudicated. We have filed our statement of defense to the underlying proceedings. The underlying 138 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 proceedings have been stayed pending the outcome of the mediation process and, if necessary, a decision on the motion to appeal. On November 14, 2017 the parties submitted an agreed settlement agreement to the approval of the Supreme Court, which referred the approval back to the District Court. During three hearings that took place on November 29, 2017, December 13, 2017 and January 11, 2018, the District Court opined that it would approve the settlement agreement subject to certain amendments to be proposed by the Court (which would not impact the monetary settlement reached) and set a hearing for January 30, 2018 to discuss and finalize the proposed changes. Meanwhile, the Court ordered the settlement to be (1) provided to the Attorney General for review (standard procedure); and (2) published in the written media (newspapers), to enable the class members to submit any objections or “opt-out” to the proposed settlement by February 15, 2018. On February 21, 2018, the District Court held a hearing to, among other things, review objections received from class members who had notified the District Court of their desire to opt out of the settlement. In addition, a representative of the Israeli Attorney General’s office notified the District Court that, based upon their preliminary examination of the settlement, they intend to object to the settlement in its current form. The District Court recommended that the parties continue to discuss and minimize objections to the settlement and scheduled another hearing for May 13, 2018. The District Court Justice was appointed as a Supreme Court Justice and ordered to move the case to a different panel. In an effort to reach a decision before the appointment, an additional hearing was held on March 12, 2018 in which the court urged the parties to try and exhaust their negotiations to the fullest and provide an update by May 13, 2018. In addition, the Court ordered the Attorney General to submit its opinion to the settlement agreement by May 30, 2018, which was extended until July 23, 2018. On August 2, 2018, the Attorney General ("AG") submitted its objection to the settlement, noting, among other things, that it did not provide compensation for harm to autonomy. On August 12, 2018, we submitted our response to the Attorney General's objection together with an amended settlement which incorporated the court's comments. Following the submission of the amended settlement agreement on August 23, 2018, the District Court rendered a decision that it will be willing to approve the amended settlement agreement providing that a few additional amendments will be made. Both parties agreed to carry out the requested amendments. On September 13, 2018, the AG filed a request to file a response to the amended settlement agreement and asked for an extension to file a response until November 11, 2018, which was granted by the court. On November 11, 2018 the AG asked and was granted another ten days extension to file a response. On November 21, 2018 the AG filed its response in which he mainly repeated his previous objection to the settlement claiming that the settlement amount does not provide a suitable compensation for harm to the autonomy and that the mechanism payment is complex and will deter patients from receiving appropriate compensation for pain and suffering. The AG repeated his opinion that each member of the group should be compensated for harm to the autonomy while claiming a minimum amount of 250NIS should be provided for each patient. In addition, the AG detailed an alternative mechanism and list of categories that he asserts would be a better and less complex solution to provide the compensation amount. On November 29, 2018, the court approved the Eltroxin settlement agreement. In a lengthy decision, the court detailed the various aspects of the settlement as well as the objections submitted to the settlement, including the main objection submitted by the Attorney General. The court added a number of comments ordering the parties to make minor changes to the agreement, mainly concerning the operation of the mechanism, however none of the agreement foundations are affected by these changes. The court found that the settlement is "worthwhile, reasonable and fair" and ordered its publication and approval. Claim Arising from the Omega Acquisition On December 16, 2016, we and Perrigo Ireland 2 brought an arbitral claim ("Claim") against Alychlo NV ("Alychlo") and Holdco I BE NV ("Holdco") (together the Sellers) in accordance with clause 26.2 of the Share Purchase Agreement dated November 6, 2014 ("SPA") and the rules of the Belgian Centre for Arbitration and Mediation ("CEPANI"). Our Claim relates to the accuracy and completeness of information about Omega provided by the Sellers as part of the sale process, the withholding of information by the Sellers during that process and breaches of Sellers’ warranties. We are seeking monetary damages from the Sellers. The Sellers served their respective responses to the Claim on February 20, 2017. In its response, Alychlo has asserted a counterclaim for 139 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 16 monetary damages contending that we breached a warranty in the SPA and breached the duty of good faith in performing the SPA. There can be no assurance that our Claim will be successful, and Sellers deny liability for the Claim. We deny that Alychlo is entitled to any relief (including monetary relief) under the counterclaim. The arbitration proceedings are confidential as required by the SPA and the rules of the CEPANI. Other Matters Our Board of Directors received a shareholder demand letter dated October 30, 2018 relating to the allegations in the securities cases and price fixing lawsuits described above. The letter demands that the Board of Directors initiate an action against certain current and former executives and Board members to recover damages allegedly caused to the Company. In response, the Company reminded the shareholder that any derivative claim can only proceed in accordance with Irish law, the law that governs the Company’s internal affairs. The shareholder has responded that he intends to file a lawsuit asserting derivative claims but has not yet filed a lawsuit. NOTE 17 - COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS AND OTHER CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS Terms of our various collaboration agreements may require us to make or receive milestone payments upon the achievement of certain product research and development objectives and pay or receive royalties on the future sale, if any, of commercial products resulting from the collaboration. Milestone and up-front payments made are generally recorded in research and development expense if the payments relate to drug candidates that have not yet received regulatory approval. Milestone and up-front payments made related to approved drugs will generally be capitalized and amortized to cost of goods sold over the economic life of the product. Royalties received are generally reflected as revenue, and royalties paid are generally reflected as cost of goods sold. We enter into a number of collaboration agreements in the ordinary course of business. The following is a brief description of notable agreements entered into. Development Agreements On May 15, 2015, we entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party that specializes in R&D and obtaining approval for various drug candidates to develop specific products. We entered into additional contractual arrangements in 2016 with the same counterparty. If the products receive FDA approval, we are required to acquire the ANDAs at pre-determined multiples of the associated development costs. If we acquire approved products under these arrangements, we will capitalize these as intangible assets and amortize them over their useful lives. We paid $30.4 million to acquire Diclo 3% during the three months ended September 2, 2018 (refer to Note 3). The contractual future purchase obligations for other products in development by the third party as of December 31, 2018 totaled an estimated $173.0 million. Purchase obligations could be higher or lower than the estimated contractual amounts based on the third party’s actual development costs to obtain regulatory approval. Development-Stage Rx Products On May 1, 2015, we entered into a development agreement with a clinical stage biotechnology company for the development of two specialty pharmaceutical products. We paid $18.0 million for an option to acquire the two products, which we reported in R&D expense. On March 1, 2016, we exercised the purchase option to acquire both products, which obligated us to make additional potential milestone payments of up to $30.0 million in the event of regulatory approval and certain sales milestones. We were also obligated to make royalty payments over periods ranging from seven to ten years from the launch of each product. On December 20, 2017, we completed the sale of one of the Development-Stage Rx Products (refer to Note 3), which reduced our potential milestone payment obligations from $30.0 million to $17.5 million, plus royalties. Generic Injectable Products In December 2017, we entered into a collaboration agreement with a generic pharmaceutical development company, pursuant to which the parties will collaborate in the ongoing development and commercialization of a generic injectable product. We will provide assistance, including preparing and filing the product ANDA, and be responsible for commercializing the product. As part of the agreement, we paid a $2.5 million milestone payment on the effective date of the agreement. The $2.5 million fee is reported in Research and development on the consolidated financial statements. We will make additional payments if regulatory approval is obtained and certain 140 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 17 other development milestones are achieved. These contingent milestone payments could total $14.5 million in the aggregate. There can be no assurance that any such products will be approved by the FDA on the anticipated schedule or at all. Additional future milestone payments and receipts related to agreements not specifically discussed above are not material. NOTE 18 - RESTRUCTURING CHARGES We periodically take action to reduce redundant expenses and improve operating efficiencies. Restructuring activity includes severance, lease exit costs, and asset impairments. The following reflects our restructuring activity (in millions): Balance at December 31, 2015 $ Additional charges Payments Non-cash adjustments Balance at December 31, 2016 Additional charges Payments Non-cash adjustments Balance at December 31, 2017 Additional charges Payments Non-cash adjustments Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 20.7 31.0 (35.8) 3.8 19.7 61.0 (59.6) 0.3 21.4 21.0 (18.8) 0.4 24.0 The charges incurred during the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016 were primarily associated with costs from actions we have taken to streamline our organization, as well as lease exit costs. Of the amount recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018, $17.4 million related to our CHCI segment. Of the amount recorded during the year ended December 31, 2017, $27.4 million and $17.1 million related to our CHCA and CHCI segments, respectively. Of the amount recorded during the year ended December 31, 2016, $20.9 million related to our CHCI segment. There were no other material restructuring programs in any of the periods presented. All charges are recorded in Restructuring expense on the Consolidated Financial Statements. The remaining $24.0 million liability for employee severance benefits and lease exit costs will be paid within the next year. NOTE 19 - SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Our segment reporting structure is consistent with the way our management makes operating decisions, allocates resources and manages the growth and profitability of the business (refer to Note 1). 141 Below is a summary of our results by reporting segment (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 CHCA CHCI RX Other(1) Unallocated Total Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 19 $ 2,411.6 147.6 $ Net sales Operating income (loss) Operating income % $ 3,571.7 Total assets 65.0 $ Capital expenditures 530.3 Property, plant and equipment, net $ $ Depreciation/amortization 104.8 $ Change in financial assets 6.1% $ 4,729.2 21.8 $ 165.0 $ 223.2 $ — — $ $ 1,495.9 16.5 $ $ $ 824.2 222.6 $ $ 1.1 % 27.0% $ 2,682.5 15.8 $ 133.8 $ $ 95.6 $ $ $ $ $ — $ Year Ended December 31, 2017 $ 2,429.9 445.0 $ Net sales Operating income (loss) Operating income (loss) % $ 3,786.8 Total assets 39.5 Capital expenditures $ 512.7 Property, plant and equipment, net $ $ Depreciation/amortization 115.2 $ Change in financial assets 18.3% $ 5,029.0 27.5 $ 180.9 $ 223.7 $ — — $ $ 1,491.0 12.5 $ $ $ 969.7 307.6 $ $ 0.8 % 31.7% $ 2,813.0 21.6 $ 139.5 $ $ 100.1 $ $ $ $ $ — $ — — — % — — — — — 55.6 8.7 15.6 % — — — 5.8 — Year Ended December 31, 2016 Net sales $ 2,507.1 $ 1,652.2 $ 1,042.8 Operating income (loss) $ 399.8 $ (2,087.4) $ (0.2) $ $ 78.5 (195.1) Operating income (loss) % 15.9% (126.3)% —% 7.8 % Total assets $ 3,351.3 $ 4,795.2 $ 2,646.4 $ 3,077.2 Capital expenditures $ Property, plant and equipment, net $ Depreciation/amortization Change in financial assets $ $ 59.1 528.3 119.1 $ $ $ — $ 23.7 167.2 210.0 — $ $ $ $ 20.4 129.7 120.1 $ $ $ 3.0 44.9 7.8 — $ 2,608.2 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ — $ 4,731.7 236.5 $ (150.2) 5.0 % —% — $ 10,983.4 102.6 — $ 829.1 — $ 423.6 — $ (188.7) $ (188.7) — $ 4,946.2 598.2 $ (175.6) 12.1 % —% — $ 11,628.8 — $ 88.6 833.1 — $ 444.8 — $ 24.9 $ 24.9 — $ 5,280.6 (116.8) $ (1,999.7) —% (37.9)% — $ 13,870.1 — $ — $ — $ 106.2 870.1 457.0 — $ 2,608.2 (1) Includes our former Specialty Sciences segment. The net book value of Property, plant and equipment, net by location was as follows (in millions): U.S. Europe(1) Israel All other countries Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ 548.7 $ 152.3 77.6 50.5 829.1 $ 538.3 160.2 81.5 53.1 833.1 (1) Includes Ireland Property, plant and equipment, net of $9.8 million and $4.6 million, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. 142 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Note 19 Sales to Walmart as a percentage of Consolidated Net sales (reported primarily in our CHCA segment) were as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 12.8% 13.0% 13.0% NOTE 20 - QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (unaudited) The following table presents unaudited quarterly consolidated operating results for each of our last eight quarters. The information below has been prepared on a basis consistent with our audited consolidated financial statements (in millions, except per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Net sales Gross profit Change in financial assets Net income (loss) Earnings (loss) per share(1): Basic Diluted Weighted average shares outstanding Basic Diluted First Quarter Second Quarter (2) Third Quarter (3) Fourth Quarter $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,217.0 492.7 9.6 80.8 0.57 0.57 140.8 141.4 1,186.4 471.0 $ $ (0.6) $ 36.2 $ 1,133.1 424.8 $ $ (74.9) $ (67.5) $ 0.26 0.26 $ $ (0.49) $ (0.49) $ 138.1 138.7 137.4 137.4 1,195.2 443.0 (122.8) 81.5 0.60 0.60 135.9 136.3 (1) The sum of individual per share amounts may not equal due to rounding. (2) (3) Includes acquisition-related charges and contingent consideration adjustments of $53.2 million. Includes impairment charges of $221.8 million and restructuring charges and other termination benefits of $18.0 million. Year Ended December 31, 2017 Net sales Gross profit Change in financial assets Net loss Loss per share(1): Basic Diluted Weighted average shares outstanding Basic Diluted First Quarter (2) Second Quarter (3) Third Quarter (4) Fourth Quarter $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,194.0 464.4 $ $ (17.1) $ 71.6 $ 1,237.9 504.6 38.7 $ $ $ (69.6) $ 0.50 0.50 $ $ (0.49) $ (0.49) $ 143.4 143.6 143.3 143.3 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,231.3 497.8 2.6 44.5 0.31 0.31 141.3 141.7 1,283.0 512.7 0.7 73.1 0.52 0.52 140.8 141.2 (1) The sum of individual per share amounts may not equal due to rounding. (2) Includes IPR&D impairment charges of $12.2 million, gain on certain divestitures of $21.8 million, and restructuring expense of $38.7 million. Includes intangible asset impairment charges of $18.5 million, and loss on early debt extinguishment of $135.2 million. Includes held-for-sale impairment charges of $3.3 million, and fixed asset impairment charges of $4.0 million. (3) (4) ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Not applicable. 143 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES (a) Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2018. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018. Management concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 in conformity with GAAP and our external auditors have issued an unqualified opinion on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. (b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING The management of Perrigo Company plc is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; • Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and • Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. All systems of internal control, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems deemed to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Because of inherent limitations, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. The framework used in carrying out our evaluation was the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations ("COSO") of the Treadway Commission. In evaluating our information technology controls, we also used components of the framework contained in the Control Objectives for Information and related Technology ("COBIT"), which was developed by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association’s IT Governance Institute, as a complement to the COSO internal control framework. Based on the evaluation under these frameworks, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. The results of management’s assessment have been reviewed with our Audit Committee. 144 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, also audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report that is included herein. REMEDIATION OF PRIOR MATERIAL WEAKNESS The material weakness over the income tax process that was initially identified during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, and remained at December 31, 2017 was remediated during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, and we determined that we maintained effective controls over our income tax accounting process as of December 31, 2018. With oversight from the Audit Committee, we took significant steps to remediate our internal control deficiencies in income taxes by redesigning our controls. Our efforts consisted primarily of strengthening our tax organization and designing a suite of controls related to the components of our income tax process, including valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions and non-routine events and transactions, to enhance our management review controls over income taxes. The key remediation actions taken included: • Reviewing our income tax processes and controls and enhancing the overall design and procedures performed in calculating our income tax provision on an interim and annual basis; • Significantly strengthening our tax capabilities through a combination of key new hires and providing additional resources; • Re-designing our management review controls and enhancing the precision of review around the key income tax areas; and • Demonstrating consistent operating effectiveness of our management review controls over income taxes over a number of quarterly periods. (c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Other than those described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 145 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Not applicable. 146 Perrigo Company plc - Item 8 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Perrigo Company plc Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Perrigo Company plc’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Perrigo Company plc (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”) and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Grand Rapids, Michigan February 27, 2019 147 Perrigo Company plc - Item 10 PART III. ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (a) Directors of Perrigo Company plc. This information is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the heading "Election of Directors" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. (b) Executive Officers of Perrigo Company plc. See Part I, Additional Item of this Form 10-K under the heading "Executive Officers of the Registrant." (c) Audit Committee Financial Expert. This information is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the heading "Audit Committee" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. (d) Identification and Composition of the Audit Committee. This information is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the heading "Audit Committee" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. (e) Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act. This information is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the heading "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. (f) Code of Ethics. This information is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the heading "Corporate Governance" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION This information is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the headings "Executive Compensation", "Renumeration Committee Report", "Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control" and "Director Compensation" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS This information is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the heading "Ownership of Perrigo Ordinary Shares" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. Information concerning equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the heading "Equity Compensation Plan Information" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. 148 Perrigo Company plc - Item 13 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE This information is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the heading "Certain Relationships and Related-Party Transactions" and "Corporate Governance" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES This information is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2019 under the heading "Ratification, in a Non-Binding Advisory Vote, of the Appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as Independent Auditor of the Company and Authorization, in a Binding Vote, of the Board of Directors, Acting Through the Audit Committee, to Fix the Renumeration of the Auditor" or will be included in an amendment to this annual report on Form 10-K. 149 Perrigo Company plc - Item 15 Exhibits PART IV. ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES. (a) The following documents are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Form 10-K: 1. All financial statements. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements. 2. Financial Schedules. Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts. Schedules other than the one listed are omitted because the required information is included in the footnotes, immaterial or not applicable. 3. Exhibits: 2.1 2.2 2.3+ 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 4.1 Transaction Agreement, dated as of July 28, 2013, among Perrigo Company, Elan Corporation, plc, Perrigo Company plc, Habsont Limited and Leopard Company (incorporated by reference from Annex A to the joint proxy statement/prospectus included in the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4/A filed on October 8, 2013) (File No. 333-190859). Part A of Appendix I to Rule 2.5 Announcement (Conditions to the Implementation of the Scheme and the Acquisition) (incorporated by reference from Annex B to the joint proxy statement/prospectus included in the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4/A filed on October 8, 2013) (File No. 333-190859). Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2013, by and among Elan Pharma International Limited, Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Biogen Idec International Holding Ltd (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4(c) (31) of Elan Corporation, plc’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2012) (File No. 001-13896). Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of 685,348,257 Shares Of Omega Pharma Invest N.V., dated as of November 6, 2014, by and among the Company, Alychlo N.V. and Holdco I BE N.V. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 12, 2014) (File No. 001-36353). Amendment Agreement dated March 27, 2015 to the Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of 685,348,257 Shares Of Omega Pharma Invest N.V., dated as of November 6, 2014, by and among the Company, Alychlo N.V. and Holdco I BE N.V. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 2.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 29, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Assignment Letter dated March 17, 2015 regarding the Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of 685,348,257 Shares Of Omega Pharma Invest N.V., dated as of November 6, 2014, by and among the Company, Alychlo N.V. and Holdco I BE N.V. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 29, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Closing Letter dated March 17, 2015 regarding the Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of 685,348,257 Shares Of Omega Pharma Invest N.V., dated as of November 6, 2014, by and among the Company, Alychlo N.V. and Holdco I BE N.V. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 29, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Certificate of Incorporation of Perrigo Company plc (formerly known as Perrigo Company Limited) (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed December 19, 2013) (File No. 333-192946). Memorandum and Articles of Association of Perrigo Company plc, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Indenture dated as of November 8, 2013, among the Company, the guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 12, 2013) (File No. 333-190859). 150 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5* 10.6* Perrigo Company plc - Item 15 Exhibits First Supplemental Indenture, dated December 18, 2013 to the Indenture dated as of November 8, 2013, among the Company, the guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2013) (File No. 333-190859). Base Indenture dated as of December 2, 2014, between Perrigo Finance Unlimited Company, formerly known as Perrigo Finance plc, the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 2, 2014) (File No. 001-36353). First Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 2, 2014, between Perrigo Finance Unlimited Company, formerly known as Perrigo Finance plc, the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 2, 2014) (File No. 001-36353). Supplemental Indenture No. 2, dated as of March 10, 2016, among Perrigo Finance Unlimited Company, the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2016) (File No. 001-36353). Form of 3.500% Senior Notes due 2021 (included as Exhibit A-1 to the First Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 2, 2014, between Perrigo Finance Unlimited Company, formerly known as Perrigo Finance plc, the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee) (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 2, 2014) (File No. 001-36353). Form of 3.900% Senior Notes due 2024 (included as Exhibit A-2 to the First Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 2, 2014, between Perrigo Finance Unlimited Company, formerly known as Perrigo Finance plc, the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee) (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 2, 2014) (File No. 001-36353). Form of 4.900% Senior Notes due 2044 (included as Exhibit A-3 to the First Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 2, 2014, between Perrigo Finance Unlimited Company, formerly known as Perrigo Finance plc, the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee) (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 2, 2014) (File No. 001-36353). Form of Global Note representing the 2021 Notes (included in Exhibit 4.5). Form of Global Note representing the 2026 Notes (included in Exhibit 4.5). Prospectus, dated April 23, 2012, in connection with the public offering of Omega Pharma Invest N.V. of EUR 180,000,000 of 4.500% retail bonds due 2017 and EUR 120,000,000 of 5.000% retail bonds due 2019 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 3, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Senior Unsecured Credit Facilities Commitment Letter by and among the Company, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Barclays Bank PLC dated as of November 6, 2014 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 12, 2014) (File No. 001-36353). Revolving Credit Agreement by and among Perrigo Finance Unlimited Company, Perrigo Company plc, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., and the other lenders party thereto, dated as of March 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 9, 2018). Term Loan Credit Agreement by and among Perrigo Finance Unlimited Company, Perrigo Company plc, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., and the other lenders party thereto, dated as of March 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 9, 2018). Purchase and Sale Agreement by and among Perrigo Pharma International Designated Activity Company, Perrigo Company plc and RPI Finance Trust, dated February 27, 2017 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Perrigo Annual Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective February 13, 2019 (filed herewith). 2008 Long-Term Incentive Plan, adopted November 4, 2008 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10(b) to Perrigo Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 3, 2009) (File No. 000-19725). 151 10.7* 10.8* 10.9* 10.10* 10.11* 10.12* 10.13* 10.14* 10.15* 10.16* 10.17* 10.18* 10.19* 10.20* 10.21* 10.22* 10.23* 10.24* 10.25* Perrigo Company plc - Item 15 Exhibits 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Annex J to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4/A filed on October 8, 2013) (File No. 333-190859). Amendment No. 1 to the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, dated as of January 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 6, 2014) (File No. 333-190859). Amendment No. 2 to the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective as of July 9, 2015 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.17 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on August 13, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Amendment No. 3 to the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective as of November 3,2017 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Amendment No. 4 to the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective as of February 13, 2019 (filed herewith). Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended as of October 10, 2007 and effective January 1, 2007 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Perrigo Company’s Current Report on Form 8- K filed on October 11, 2007) (File No. 000-19725). Amendment One to the Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, dated December 3, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.14 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 14, 2014) (File No. 001-36353). Amendment Two to the Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, dated as of October 10, 2012, (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Perrigo Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 1, 2013) (File No. 000-19725). Amendment Three to the Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, dated as of November 13, 2013 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 6, 2014) (File No. 333-190859). Amendment Four to the Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, dated as of January 31, 2014 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 6, 2014) (File No. 333-190859). Amendment Five to the Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, dated as of August 17, 2015 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 2, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Amendment Six to the Perrigo Company Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, dated as of July 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Perrigo Company Employee Severance Programme - Ireland, effective December 18, 2016 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Perrigo Company plc Executive Committee Severance Policy, as amended and restated effective February 13, 2019 (filed herewith). Perrigo Company plc Change in Control Severance Policy for U.S. Employees, as amended and restated effective February 13, 2019 (filed herewith). Perrigo Company plc U.S. Severance Policy, as amended and restated effective February 13, 2019 (filed herewith). Forms of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement pursuant to Perrigo Company’s 2008 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.49 to Perrigo Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 18, 2009) (File No. 000-19725). Forms of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement pursuant to Perrigo Company’s 2008 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10(c) to Perrigo Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 3, 2009) (File No. 000-19725). Form of Long-Term Incentive Award Agreement under Perrigo Company's 2003 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Perrigo Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 22, 2006) (File No. 000-19725). 152 10.26* 10.27* 10.28* 10.29* 10.30* 10.31* 10.32* 10.33* 10.34* 10.35* 10.36* 10.37* 10.38* 10.39* 10.40* 10.41* 10.42* 10.43* Perrigo Company plc - Item 15 Exhibits Form of Long-Term Incentive Award Agreement under Perrigo Company's 2003 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10(a) to Perrigo Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10- Q filed on February 1, 2007) (File No. 000-19725). Form of 2006 Long-Term Incentive Award Agreement, for Approved Section 102 Awards under Perrigo Company’s 2003 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10(f) to Perrigo Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2007) (File No. 000-19725). Form of 2006 Long-Term Incentive Award Agreement under Perrigo Company’s 2003 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10(g) to Perrigo Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10- Q filed on May 8, 2007) (File No. 000-19725). Forms of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement pursuant to Perrigo Company’s 2008 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.50 to Perrigo Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 18, 2009) (File No. 000-19725). Forms of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement pursuant to Perrigo Company’s 2008 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.52 to Perrigo Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 16, 2011) (File No. 000-19725). Forms of Grant Agreement under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 6, 2014) (File No. 333-190859). Forms of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Service-Based) under the Company’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8- K filed on November 12, 2014) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Service-Based and Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 22, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Amendments to Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 26, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Service-Based and Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 12, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-U.S. Participants under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 2, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Amendments to Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 13, 2015) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Service-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.41 to the Company’s Transition Report on Form 10-KT filed on February 25, 2016) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Amendment to Service-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under Perrigo Company plc's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Amendment to Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under Perrigo Company plc's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Amendment to Nonqualified Stock Option Agreements under Perrigo Company plc's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Service-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). 153 10.44* 10.45* 10.46* 10.47* 10.48* 10.49* 10.50* 10.51* 10.52* 10.53* 10.54* 10.55* 10.56* 10.57* 10.58* 10.59* 10.60* 10.61* Perrigo Company plc - Item 15 Exhibits Forms of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreements under the Company's 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Service-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under the Company’s Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 8, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Service-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under Perrigo Company plc’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from exhibit 10.61 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Forms of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under Perrigo Company plc’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from exhibit 10.62 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under Perrigo Company plc’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from exhibit 10.63 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under Perrigo Company plc’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed herewith). Form of Service-based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under Perrigo Company plc’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed herewith). Forms of Performance-based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under Perrigo Company plc’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed herewith). Form of Perrigo Company plc Director Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2013) (File No. 333-190859). Form of Perrigo Company plc Officer Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2013) (File No. 333-190859). Form of Perrigo Company Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2013) (File No. 333-190859). Amendment No.1 to Employment Agreement, effective as of June 5, 2017, made by and among Perrigo Company plc, Perrigo Management Company and John T. Hendrickson (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 5, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Letter Agreement between Perrigo Company plc and Ronald L. Winowiecki, dated July 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 21, 2017) (File No. 001-36353). Employment Agreement, effective as of January 15, 2018, by and between Perrigo Pharma International DAC and Uwe Roehrhoff (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 8, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement, effective as of January 26, 2018, by and between Perrigo Pharma International DAC Company and Uwe Roehrhoff (incorporated by reference from exhibit 10.68 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Employment Agreement, dated as of May 7, 2018, by and between Perrigo Management Company and Uwe Roehrhoff (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Separation Agreement and General Release, effective as of October 8, 2018, by and between Perrigo Management Company and Uwe F. Roehrhoff (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Management Agreement, effective as of February 20, 2017, by and between Omega Pharma International NV and Svend Andersen (incorporated by reference from exhibit 10.69 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). 154 10.62* 10.63* 10.64* 10.65* 10.66* 10.67* 21 23 24 31 32 101 Perrigo Company plc - Item 15 Exhibits Employment Agreement, effective as of October 8, 2018, by and between Perrigo Management Company and Murray S. Kessler (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 9, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement, effective as of February 13, 2019, by and between Perrigo Management Company and Murray S. Kessler (filed herewith). Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under Perrigo Company plc’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed herewith). Form of Service-based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under Perrigo Company plc’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed herewith). Forms of Performance-based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements under Perrigo Company plc’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed herewith). Amendment Agreement dated as of June 11, 2018 to the Stock Escrow Agreement, dated March 30, 2015, by and among Alychlo NV, Perrigo Company plc, Perrigo Ireland 2 Limited, Computershare Inc., and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2018) (File No. 001-36353). Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Ernst & Young LLP. Power of Attorney (see signature page). Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications. Section 1350 Certifications. The following financial information from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language, (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit), (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. + Confidential treatment has been requested for portions of this agreement. A completed copy of the agreement, including the redacted portions, has been filed separately with the SEC. * Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. (b) Exhibits. The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this Report. See Item 15(a)(3) above. (c) Financial Statement Schedules. The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this Report. See Item 15(a)(2) above. 155 Perrigo Company plc SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS PERRIGO COMPANY PLC (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Allowance for doubtful accounts Balance at beginning of period Net bad debt expenses(1) Additions/(deductions)(2) Balance at end of period $ $ 6.2 $ — 0.2 6.4 $ 6.3 1.4 (1.5) $ 6.2 $ 4.5 2.1 (0.3) 6.3 Includes effects of changes in foreign exchange rates. (1) (2) Uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries. Also includes effects of changes in foreign exchange rates. 156 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized in the City of Dublin, Ireland on February 27, 2019. SIGNATURES PERRIGO COMPANY PLC By: /s/ Murray S. Kessler Murray S. Kessler Chief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer) POWER OF ATTORNEY Each person whose signature appears below hereby appoints Murray S. Kessler, Ronald L. Winowiecki and Todd W. Kingma and each of them severally, acting alone and without the other, his true and lawful attorney-in-fact with authority to execute in the name of each such person, and to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, together with any exhibits thereto and other documents therewith, any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 necessary or advisable to enable Perrigo Company plc to comply with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or any rules, regulations and requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission in respect thereof, which amendments may make such other changes in the report as the aforesaid attorney-in-fact executing the same deems appropriate. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 27, 2019. 157 Signature /s/ Murray S. Kessler Murray S. Kessler Title President and Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Ronald L. Winowiecki Ronald L. Winowiecki Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer) /s/ Rolf A. Classon Rolf A. Classon /s/ Laurie Brlas Laurie Brlas /s/ Bradley A. Alford Bradley A. Alford /s/ Adriana Karaboutis Adriana Karaboutis /s/ Gary M. Cohen Gary M. Cohen /s/ Jeffrey B. Kindler Jeffrey B. Kindler /s/ Donal O'Connor Donal O'Connor /s/ Geoffrey M. Parker Geoffrey M. Parker /s/ Theodore R. Samuels Theodore R. Samuels /s/ Jeffrey C. Smith Jeffrey C. Smith Chairman of the Board Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 158 Financial Information Perrigo Company plc Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures Table I (in millions) (unaudited) Consolidated Reported As a % of reported net sales Effective tax rate Adjustments: Amortization expense related primarily to acquired intangible assets Acquisition and integration-related charges and contingent consideration adjustments Restructuring charges and other termination benefits Gain/Loss on divestitures Unusual litigation Separation and reorganization expense Impairment charges Adjusted As a % of reported net sales Consumer Healthcare International Reported As a % of reported net sales Adjustments: Amortization expense related primarily to acquired intangible assets Impairment charges Restructuring charges and other termination benefits Unusual litigation Acquisition and integration-related charges and contingent consideration adjustments Adjusted As a % of reported net sales Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018 236.5 5.0% 338.6 56.6 28.4 (5.0) 3.2 13.9 224.4 896.6 18.9% Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018 Gross Profit Operating Income 702.5 $ 47.0% 16.5 1.1% 87.6 $ 200.1 $ $ $ $ $ — — — — $ 790.1 $ 52.8% 1.8 17.4 3.2 (0.3) 238.7 16.0% Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Total Change FX Change Constant Currency Change Net sales CHCA Less: animal health net sales $ $ 2,411.6 $ (93.9) 2,317.7 $ 2,429.9 (141.3) 2,288.6 1.3% 0.1% 1.4% Operating cash flow Less: IPR&D Investments Adjusted operating cash flow Adjusted net income Cash conversion ratio $ $ $ Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018 593.0 50.0 643.0 628.9 102% Perrigo 2018 Annual Report 

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