PICO Holdings Inc.
Annual Report 2010

Plain-text annual report

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20549FORM 10-K(MARK ONE)xANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2010OR¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the Transition Period from __________ to __________Commission File Number 0-18786PICO HOLDINGS, INC.(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)California94-2723335(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)875 Prospect Street, Suite 301La Jolla, California 92037(Address of Principal Executive Offices)Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code(888) 389-3222Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Common Stock, Par Value $.001, Listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market LLCSecurities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:NoneIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act.Yes ¨ No xIndicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 duringthe preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirementsfor the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required tobe submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period thatthe registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the bestof registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form10-K. ¨Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “large accelerated filer,”“accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (check one):Large accelerated filer Yes xAccelerated filer ¨Non-accelerated filer ¨Smaller reporting company ¨Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12-b of the Act). Yes ¨ No xAt June 30, 2010, the aggregate market value of shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant (based upon the closing sale price of such shares on the NasdaqGlobal Select Market on June 30, 2010) was $524,542,749.*___________________*Excludes the Common Stock held in treasury and by executive officers, directors, and stockholders whose ownership exceeds 5% of the Common Stockoutstanding at June 30, 2010. This calculation does not reflect a determination that such persons are affiliates for any other purposes.On February 25, 2011, the registrant had 22,699,858 shares of common stock, $.001 par value, outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCEPortions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant toRegulation 14A in connection with the registrant’s 2011 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed subsequent to the date hereof, areincorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the United StatesSecurities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the conclusion of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2010.  ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-KTABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.PART I Item 1.BUSINESS1 Item 1A.RISK FACTORS9 Item 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS17 Item 2.PROPERTIES17 Item 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS18 Item 4.REMOVED AND RESERVED18 PART II Item 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUERPURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES18 Item 6.SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA20 Item 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OFOPERATIONS21 Item 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK59 Item 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA59 Item 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIALDISCLOSURE90 Item 9A.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES90 Item 9B.OTHER INFORMATION92 PART III Item 10.DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE92 Item 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION92 Item 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATEDSTOCKHOLDER MATTERS92 Item 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE92 Item 14.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES92 PART IV Item 15.EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES93 SIGNATURES94  PART INote About “Forward-Looking Statements”This Annual Report on Form 10-K (including the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”section) contains “forward-looking statements,” as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, regarding our business,financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, including, without limitation, statements about our expectations, beliefs, intentions,anticipated developments, and other information concerning future matters. Words such as “may”, “will”, “could”, “expects”, “anticipates”,“intends”, “plans”, “believes”, “seeks”, “estimates”, and similar expressions or variations of such words are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Although forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect the good faith judgment of our management, suchstatements can only be based on current expectations and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance. Consequently, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risk and uncertainties, and the actual results and outcomes could differ materially from futureresults and outcomes expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences inresults and outcomes include, without limitation, those discussed under Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors”, as well as those discussed elsewhere inthis Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other filings we may make from time to time with the United States Securities and ExchangeCommission (“SEC”) after the date of this report. Readers are urged not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, whichspeak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We undertake no obligation to (and we expressly disclaim any obligation to)revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, subsequent events, or otherwise, in order to reflect anyevent or circumstance that may arise after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider thevarious disclosures made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the other filings we may make from time to time with the SEC after the dateof this report, which attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results ofoperations, and prospects.ITEM 1. BUSINESSIntroductionPICO Holdings, Inc. is a diversified holding company. In this Annual Report, PICO and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as “PICO”, “theCompany”, or by words such as “we” and “our”. We seek to build and operate businesses where we believe significant value can be created from thedevelopment of unique assets, and to acquire businesses which we identify as undervalued and where our management participation in operations can aid inthe recognition of the business’s fair value, as well as create additional value.Our objective is to maximize long-term shareholder value. Our goal is to manage our operations to achieve a superior return on net assets over the longterm, as opposed to short-term earnings.As of December 31, 2010 our business is separated into five operating segments·Water Resource and Water Storage Operations;·Real Estate Operations;·Insurance Operations in “Run Off”;·Corporate; and·Agribusiness Operations.As of December 31, 2010, our major consolidated subsidiaries are (wholly – owned unless noted):·Vidler Water Company, Inc. (“Vidler”) which acquires and develops water resources and water storage operations in the southwestern United States,with assets and operations in Nevada, Arizona, Idaho, Colorado and New Mexico;·UCP, LLC (“UCP”) which acquires and develops partially-developed and finished residential housing lots in selected markets in California;·Nevada Land and Resource Company, LLC (“Nevada Land”) which sells property in northern Nevada and also sells or leases certain sub –surface rights (such as mineral rights, water rights and geothermal rights) associated with Nevada Land’s property;·Physicians Insurance Company of Ohio (“Physicians”), which is “running off” its medical professional liability insurance loss reserves; and·Citation Insurance Company (“Citation”), which is “running off” its property and casualty insurance and workers’ compensation loss reserves. 1 In addition, in December, 2010, we completed a transaction and invested $60 million in a new operation, PICO Northstar Hallock, LLC doing businessas Northstar Agri Industries (“Northstar”). Northstar has also received a debt financing commitment of $100 million. Northstar will use the equity and debtfunding to construct a canola seed crushing facility in Hallock, Minnesota. We anticipate that by the fourth quarter of 2012 the facility will be fullyconstructed and the production of canola oil and meal from the plant will commence. We own approximately 88% of Northstar and consolidated the results ofoperations of the entity. For the year ended December 31, 2010 Northstar did not generate any results. However, we expect that, as our equity funds and thethird party debt financing is utilized to construct the canola seed crushing facility over the course of 2011 and 2012 and the plant becomes operational,Northstar will start to produce significant results of operations.The address of our main office is 875 Prospect Street, Suite 301, La Jolla, California 92037, and our telephone number is (888) 389-3222.Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and, if applicable, amendments to those reports, aremade available free of charge on our web site (www.picoholdings.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are electronically filed with theSEC. Our website also contains other material about PICO. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.HistoryPICO was incorporated in 1981 and began operations in 1982. The company was known as Citation Insurance Group until a reverse merger withPhysicians Insurance Company of Ohio on November 20, 1996. After the reverse merger, the former shareholders of Physicians owned approximately 80%of Citation Insurance Group, the Board of Directors and management of Physicians replaced their Citation counterparts, and Citation Insurance Groupchanged its name to PICO Holdings, Inc. Some data on Bloomberg and other information services pre-dating the reverse merger relates to the old CitationInsurance Group only, and does not reflect the performance of Physicians prior to the merger.Operating Segments and Major Subsidiary CompaniesThe following is a description of our operating segments and major subsidiaries. Unless otherwise indicated, we own 100% of each subsidiary. Thefollowing discussion of our segments should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included elsewhere in thisAnnual Report on Form 10-K.Water Resource and Water Storage OperationsOur Water Resource and Water Storage Operations are conducted through Vidler Water Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries; which we refer to collectively,as Vidler.Vidler is a private company in the water resource development business in the southwestern United States. Vidler develops new sources of water formunicipal and industrial use, either from existing supplies of water, such as water used for agricultural purposes, or from acquiring unappropriated(previously unused) water. Vidler also develops water storage infrastructure to facilitate the efficient allocation of available water supplies. Vidler is not a waterutility, and does not currently intend to enter into regulated utility activities.The inefficient allocation of available water between agricultural users and municipal or industrial users, or the lack of available known water supplies ina particular location, or inadequate infrastructure to fully utilize existing and new water supplies, provide opportunities for Vidler throughout the Southwestbecause:·certain areas of the Southwest experiencing long - term growth have insufficient known supplies of water to support their future growth. Vidleridentifies and develops new water supplies for communities with limited economic water resources to support future community growth. In certaincases, to supply water from the water resources identified by Vidler, it may require regulatory approval to import the water from its source to wherethe demand is, or the permitting of the infrastructure required to convey the water, or both; and·infrastructure to recharge water will be required to store supplies during times of surplus to enable transfers from stored supplies in years whereaugmentation of existing supplies is required (for example, in drought conditions). 2 We entered the water resource development business through Vidler in 1995. At the time, Vidler owned a limited quantity of water rights and relatedassets in Colorado. Since then, Vidler has acquired or developed:·additional water rights and related assets, predominantly in Nevada and Arizona, two of the leading states in population growth over the pastseveral years. A water right is the legal right to divert water and put it to beneficial use. Water rights are assets which can be bought andsold. The value of a water right depends on a number of factors, which may include location, the seniority of the right, whether or not the right istransferable, or if the water can be exported. We seek to acquire water rights at prices consistent with their current use, which, typically, is anagricultural use, with the expectation of an increase in value if the water right can be converted through the development process to a higher use,such as municipal and industrial use. We acquire and develop our water resources with the expectation that these water resources will be the mostcompetitive source of water (the most economical source of water supply) to support new growth in municipalities or new commercialdevelopments; and·a water storage facility in Arizona. Vidler stores water for its own account at the Vidler Arizona Recharge Facility located approximately 70 mileswest of Phoenix. In addition, Vidler also purchases water for storage in the Phoenix, Arizona Active Management Area. Vidler has also entered into “teaming” and joint development arrangements with third parties who have water assets but lack the capital or expertise tocommercially develop these assets. The first of these arrangements was a water delivery teaming agreement with Lincoln County Water District(“Lincoln/Vidler”), which is developing water resources in Lincoln County, Nevada. Vidler has also entered into a joint development agreement with CarsonCity and Lyon County, Nevada to develop and provide water resources in Lyon County as well as a water banking agreement with Washoe County,Nevada. We continue to explore additional teaming and joint development opportunities throughout the Southwest.Vidler generates revenues by:·selling its developed water resources to real estate developers or industrial users who must secure an assured supply of water in order to receive permitsfor their commercial projects; and·storing water in Arizona from currently available surplus supplies, and then selling the stored water in future years to commercial developers ormunicipalities that have either exhausted their existing water supplies, or, in instances where our water represents the most economical source of water,for their commercial projects or communities.The following table details the water rights and water storage assets owned by Vidler or its subsidiaries at December 31, 2010. Please note that this isintended as a summary only.Name of asset and approximate locationBrief DescriptionPresent commercial use WATER RESOURCES Arizona: Harquahala Valley ground water basinLa Paz County75 miles northwest of metropolitan Phoenix3,840 acre-feet* of transferable groundwater 3,206acres of real estate.Leased to farmers. Nevada: Fish Springs Ranch, LLC (51% interest)Washoe County, 40 miles north of Reno12,987 acre-feet of permitted water rights, 7,987acre-feet of which are designated as water creditsand are available for sale and use in the northvalleys of Reno.The exclusive right to the capacity of the pipeline toallow for the delivery of the water credits. 7,544 acres of ranch land.Vidler has constructed a total of 35 miles ofpipeline to deliver an initial 8,000 acre-feet of waterannually from Fish Springs Ranch to thenorth valleys of Reno, Nevada. Lincoln County water delivery teamingagreementApplications for more than 100,000 acre-feet ofwater rights through an agreement withLincoln County. It is currently anticipated that upto 40,000 acre-feet of the applications will bepermitted over time, and the water put to use onprojects approved in Lincoln County/northernClark County, Nevada. Lincoln/Vidler were awarded 7,240 acre–feet ofpermitted water rights in the Tule DesertGroundwater Basin in Lincoln County. Lincoln/Vidler have an initial 2,900 acre–feet ofwater rights available for sale or lease in the TuleDesert Groundwater Basin, and the balance of4,340 acre – feet of permitted water rights is thesubject of staged pumping and development overthe next several years.  Vidler also owns approximately 598 acre–feet ofpermitted water rights in the Kane Springs ValleyBasin in Lincoln County. In addition, Lincoln/Vidler also owns 1,009 acre–feetof permitted agricultural - use water rights in DryLake Valley. Lincoln/Vidler closed a sale agreement of 1,000acre-feet of permitted water rights in KaneSprings Valley Basin in Lincoln County with adeveloper. Vidler’s portion of the water rights iscurrently approximately 598 acre-feet. Vidler hasagreed to finance the sale of its water rights overthe period ending April 2012 at 10% per annum. Lincoln/Vidler is putting the agricultural usewater rights to beneficial use on property ownedby Vidler in Dry Lake Valley in Lincoln County. 3 Sandy ValleyNear the Nevada/California state line near theInterstate 15 corridorWater rights applications for 2,000 acre-feet.Agreement to sell permitted water for proposeddevelopments in Sandy Valley. Muddy River water rightsIn the Moapa Valley, approximately 35 miles east ofLas Vegas near the Interstate 15 corridor 267 acre-feet of water rights.Currently leased to Southern Nevada WaterAuthority and available for specific developmentprojects in the future. Dry Lake ValleyLincoln County, Nevada Approximately 795 acres of farmland andrangeland.The property is being used by Lincoln/Vidler toput 1,009 acre–feet of agricultural use waterrights to beneficial use. Carson River GroundwaterCarson City, Lyon County and Douglas County,NevadaApproximately 1,200 acre–feet of municipal andindustrial use water rights and approximately3,500 acre–feet of Carson River agricultural usewater rights as well as options for approximately2,000 acre–feet of Carson River agricultural usewater rights. Collectively this totals the equivalentof over 4,000 acre–feet of municipal and industrialuse water rights. 6 acres of ranch land. 950 acres of developable real estate.Development and Improvement agreements withCarson City and Lyon County to provide waterresources for planned future growth inLyon County with a connection between the watersystems of both municipalities. Parceled into 4 developable lots. Planned for development. Other states: Colorado water rightsApproximately 169 acre-feet of water rights.66 acre-feet leased. 103 acre-feet are available forsale or lease. IdahoNear Boise, Idaho7,044 acre-feet of water rights and 1,886 acres offarm land.The properties are leased and currently beingfarmed. Vidler has also entered into a geothermallease agreement with a geothermal energy provider. WATER STORAGE Vidler Arizona Recharge FacilityHarquahala Valley, Arizona Net Recharge CreditsHarquahala Valley, Arizona and the Phoenix,Arizona metropolitan areaAn underground water storage facility withpermitted recharge capacity exceeding 1 millionacre-feet and annual recharge capability of at least35,000 acre-feet. Vidler has net recharge credits of approximately250,000 acre-feet in the Arizona Recharge Facilityand approximately 10,000 acre-feet in an Arizonastate owned storage site within the Phoenix ActiveManagement Area. In addition, Vidler hasapproximately 135,500 net recharge credits instorage in the Roosevelt Water ConservationDistrict in the Phoenix Active Management Area.Vidler is currently buying water and storing it forits own account.*An acre-foot is a unit commonly used to measure the volume of water, being the volume of water required to cover an area of one acre to adepth of one foot, and is equivalent to approximately 325,850 gallons. As a rule of thumb, one acre-foot of water would sustain twofamilies of four persons each for one year. 4 Real Estate OperationsOur Real Estate Operations are primarily conducted through Nevada Land, which operates in northern Nevada, and UCP, which operates in California.Nevada LandIn April 1997, we acquired Nevada Land, which at the time owned approximately 1.35 million acres of deeded real estate in northern Nevada, andcertain water, mineral, and geothermal rights related to the property. As of December 31, 2010, Nevada Land owned approximately 440,000 acres of land innorthern Nevada. Much of Nevada Land’s property is “checker-boarded” in square mile sections with publicly owned land. The properties generally parallelthe U.S. Interstate 80 corridor and the Humboldt River, from Fernley, in western Nevada, to Elko County, in northeast Nevada.Nevada Land is one of the largest private landowners in the state of Nevada. Real estate available for private development in Nevada is relatively scarce,as governmental agencies own or control approximately 87% of the land in Nevada. Before we acquired Nevada Land, the property had been under theownership of a succession of railway companies, to whom it was a non-core asset. Accordingly, when we acquired Nevada Land, we believed that thecommercial potential of the property had not been maximized.After acquiring Nevada Land, we completed a “highest and best use” study which divided the real estate into categories. We developed strategies tomaximize the value of each category, with the objective of monetizing assets once they had reached their highest and best use. These strategies include:·the sale of land and water rights. There is demand for land and water rights for a variety of purposes including residential development, farming,ranching, and from industrial users;·the development of water rights. Nevada Land has applied for additional water rights and where water rights are permitted, we anticipate that the value,productivity, and marketability of the related real estate will increase;·the management of mineral rights; and·the development of geothermal rights.In recent years, Nevada Land has filed additional applications for approximately 41,500 acre-feet of water rights on its properties. Of these applications,approximately 14,400 acre-feet of water rights have been certificated and permitted, and applications are pending for approximately 27,100 acre-feet of wateruse for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use. Potentially, some of these water rights could be utilized to support the growth of municipalities in northernNevada, or alternative energy requirements.UCPWe formed UCP in 2007 with the objective of acquiring attractive and well-located finished and partially-developed residential lots, primarily in selectCalifornia markets. As of December 31, 2010, UCP owns or controls a total of 490 finished lots (which includes 21 completed homes and 10 partiallycompleted homes) and 4,711 potential lots in various stages of entitlement. The finished and entitled lots are primarily located in and around the CentralValley, the Central Coast, and the Bay Area regions of California. As of December 31, 2010, we have expended capital of over $108 million for the acquisitionand development to date of these lots. Approximately $23 million of this capital has been financed by non–recourse, project specific debt. We believe that, despite the conditions existing in the current housing market, there are still attractive opportunities for select real estate projects. UCPacquires properties with compelling valuations (our purchase price has to be at a steep discount to our estimated replacement cost) in markets where thereappear to be sound demand fundamentals constricted by a limited supply of buildable lots (finished lots) and declining resale home inventory. While we areunable to predict when the housing market will recover, we anticipate, and are prepared, to hold and develop our projects for several years until homebuildersneed to replenish their inventory of lots to satisfy increasing homeowner demand. 5 Insurance Operations in “Run Off”This segment consists of Physicians Insurance Company of Ohio and Citation Insurance Company.Physicians Insurance Company of OhioUntil 1995, Physicians wrote medical professional liability insurance, mostly in the state of Ohio. In 1995, we concluded that maximum value wouldbe obtained by selling the prospective book of business (the opportunity to renew existing policies and to write new policies) and placing Physicians in “runoff” (handling and resolving claims on expired policies, but not writing any new business). Physicians wrote its last policy in 1995; however, claims can befiled until 2017 related to events which allegedly occurred during the period when Physicians provided coverage.Insurance companies in “run off” obtain the funds to pay claims from the maturity of fixed-income securities, the sale of investments, and collectionsfrom reinsurance companies.Once an insurance company has gone into “run off” and the last of its policies has expired, typically most revenues come from interest and dividendincome, and realized gains and losses, from the investment of funds held in its insurance business in securities, principally stocks and bonds. These assetsare available to pay claims received by the insurance company. During the “run off” process, as claims are paid, both the loss reserve liabilities and the corresponding fixed-income investment assets decrease. Sinceinvestment income in this segment is expected to decline over time, we are attempting to minimize segment overhead expenses. For example, during 2010 thePICO group office in Columbus, Ohio was closed, and Physicians relocated to smaller premises.Although we regularly evaluate the strategic alternatives, we currently believe that the most advantageous option is for Physicians’ own claims personnelto manage the “run off”. We believe that this will ensure a high standard of claims handling for our policyholders and, from the Company’s perspective,ensure the most careful examination of claims made to minimize loss and loss adjustment expense payments.Administering our own “run off” also provides us with the following opportunities:·we retain management of the associated investment portfolios. Since the claims reserves of the “run off” insurance companies effectively recognize thecost of paying and handling claims in future years, the investment return on the corresponding investment assets, less non-insurance expenses, accruesto PICO. We aim to maximize this source of income; and·to participate in favorable development in our claims reserves if there is any, although this entails the corresponding risk that we could be exposed tounfavorable development.As the “run off” progresses, at a time in the future which cannot currently be predicted, Physicians’ claims reserves may diminish to the point where it ismore cost-effective to outsource claims handling to a third party administrator.At December 31, 2010, Physicians had $1.9 million in medical professional liability loss reserves, net of reinsurance (claims reserves which have beentransferred to the reinsurer). 6 Citation Insurance CompanyIn 1996, Physicians completed a reverse merger with Citation’s parent company. In the past, Citation wrote various lines of commercial property andcasualty insurance and workers’ compensation insurance, primarily in California and Arizona. At the end of 2000, Citation ceased writing business and wentinto “run off”.Prior to the reverse merger, Citation had been a direct writer of workers’ compensation insurance. Since PICO did not wish to be exposed to that line ofbusiness, shortly after the merger was completed in 1997, Citation reinsured 100% of its workers’ compensation business with a subsidiary, CitationNational Insurance Company (“CNIC”), and sold CNIC to Fremont Indemnity Company (“Fremont”). Fremont merged CNIC into Fremont, andadministered and paid all of the workers’ compensation claims which had been sold to it. From 1997 until the second quarter of 2003, Citation booked thelosses reported by Fremont, and recorded an equal and offsetting reinsurance recoverable from Fremont, as an admitted reinsurer, for all losses and lossadjustment expenses. This resulted in no net impact on Citation’s reserves and financial statements, and no net impact on our consolidated financialstatements.In June 2003, the California Department of Insurance obtained a conservation order over Fremont, and in July 2003, the California Superior Court placedFremont in liquidation. Since Fremont was in liquidation, it was no longer an admitted reinsurance company under the statutory basis of insuranceaccounting. Consequently, Citation reversed the reinsurance recoverable from Fremont of approximately $7.5 million in its financial statements in the secondquarter of 2003, and Citation assumed responsibility for the administration and payment of claims in the workers’ compensation book of business. Citationwas unsuccessful in court action to recover deposits reported as held by Fremont for Citation’s insureds.We currently have a third-party administration agreement with Intercare Insurance Services to administer the handling and payment of claims forCitation’s workers’ compensation insurance “run off” book of business.At December 31, 2010, Citation had $6.9 million in loss reserves, net of reinsurance, consisting of $421,000 for property and casualty insurance,principally in the artisans/contractors line of business, and approximately $6.5 million for workers’ compensation insurance. CorporateThis segment consists of cash and fixed-income securities, a 37% equity interest in our unconsolidated affiliate spigit, Inc. (“spigit”), and other parentcompany assets and liabilities. From time to time, we invest a portion of our liquid funds in high quality fixed-income securities to earn a higher return than isavailable from money market funds, which currently yield only negligible returns. The Corporate segment also contains the deferred compensation investmentassets held in trust for the benefit of several PICO officers and non-employee directors, as well as the corresponding and offsetting deferred compensationliabilities.PICO seeks to acquire businesses and interests in businesses which we identify as undervalued based on fundamental analysis -- that is, our assessmentof what the business is worth, based on the private market value of its assets, earnings, and cash flow. Typically, the business will be generating free cashflow and have a low level of debt, or, alternatively, strong interest coverage ratios or the ability to realize surplus assets. As well as being undervalued, thebusiness must have special qualities such as unique assets, a potential catalyst for change, or be in an industry with attractive economics. We are alsointerested in acquiring businesses and interests in businesses where there is significant unrecognized value in land and other tangible assets.We have acquired businesses and interests in businesses through the acquisition of private companies, and the purchase of shares in public companies,both directly through participation in financing transactions and through open market purchases.When we acquire an interest in a public company, we are prepared to play an active role, by, for example, encouraging companies to use proper financialcriteria when making capital expenditure decisions, or by providing financing or strategic input.At the time we acquire an interest in a public company, we believe that the intrinsic value of the underlying business significantly exceeds the currentmarket capitalization. The gap between market price and intrinsic value may persist for several years, and the stock price may decline while our estimate ofintrinsic value is stable or increasing. Sometimes the gap is not eliminated until another party attempts to acquire the company.When acquisitions become core operations, typically through majority ownership, we become involved in the management and strategic direction of thebusiness. If we acquire majority ownership, the business may become a separate segment in our consolidated financial statements.At December 31, 2010, the majority of the publicly-traded equity securities held in this segment are deferred compensation assets; however, in previousyears the Corporate segment contained strategic shareholdings in other public companies, most notably our holding in Jungfraubahn Holding AG(“Jungfraubahn”), which was sold in 2008. 7 EmployeesAt December 31, 2010, PICO had 57 employees.Executive OfficersThe executive officers of PICO are:NameAgePosition John R. Hart51President, Chief Executive Officer and DirectorMaxim C. W. Webb49Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and TreasurerJohn T. Perri41Vice President and Chief Accounting OfficerJames F. Mosier63General Counsel and SecretaryW. Raymond Webb49Vice President, InvestmentsMr. Hart has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our board of directors since 1996. Mr. Hart also serves as anofficer and/or director of our most significant subsidiaries, including Physicians Insurance Company of Ohio (director since 1993 and president and chiefexecutive officer since 1995); Vidler Water Company, Inc. (director since 1995, chairman since 1997 and chief executive officer since 1998); CitationInsurance Company (director and chairman since 1996); Nevada Land and Resource Company, LLC (director, chairman, and chief executive officer since1997); PICO European Holdings, LLC (sole director since 2008), UCP, LLC and its direct subsidiaries (since 2007), and PICO Northstar Management,LLC and its subsidiaries (since 2010). From 1997 to 2006, Mr. Hart was a director of HyperFeed Technologies, Inc., an 80% owned subsidiary which wasdissolved in 2009 following bankruptcy proceedings, where he served as chairman of the nominating committee and as a member of the compensationcommittee.Mr. Webb has been Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of PICO since May 2001. Mr. Webb served in various capacities with the Global EquityCorporation group of companies since 1993, including Vice President, Investments of Forbes Ceylon Limited from 1994 through 1996. Mr. Webb becamean officer of Global Equity Corporation in November 1997 and Vice President, Investments of PICO in November 1998. Mr. Webb serves as a director ofUCP, LLC and its direct subsidiaries (since 2007), Physicians Insurance Company of Ohio (since January 2011), and PICO Northstar Management, LLCand its subsidiaries (since January 2011).Mr. Perri became Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer in 2010. He has served in various capacities since joining our company in 1998,including Financial Reporting Manager and Corporate Controller and Vice President, Controller of PICO from 2003 to 2010.Mr. Mosier has served as General Counsel and Secretary of PICO since November 1996 and of Physicians since October 1984 and in various otherexecutive capacities since joining Physicians in 1981.Mr. Raymond Webb has been with our company since August 1999 as Chief Investment Analyst, and became Vice President, Investments in April 2003. 8 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORSThe following information sets out factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-lookingstatements we have made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and those we may make from time to time. You should carefully consider the followingrisks, together with other matters described in this Form 10-K or incorporated herein by reference in evaluating our business and prospects. If any ofthe following risks occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results could be harmed. In such case, the trading price of our securitiescould decline, in some cases significantly. There may be other additional risks, not presently known to us, which may also impair our businessoperations.General economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our financial results, financial condition and our ability to grow ourbusinesses.All of our businesses are sensitive to general economic conditions, both nationally and locally, as well as international economic conditions. General pooreconomic conditions and the resulting effect of non-existent or slow rates of growth in the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect onthe demand for both our real estate and water assets and the canola oil and meal products from our proposed new canola seed crushing business. These pooreconomic conditions include higher unemployment, inflation, deflation, increased commodity costs, decreases in consumer demand, changes in buyingpatterns, a weakened dollar, general transportation and higher fuel costs, higher consumer debt levels, higher tax rates and other changes in tax laws or othereconomic factors that may affect commercial and residential development and consumer demand for vegetable oil products. Specifically, continued highnational unemployment may delay any significant recovery of the residential real estate market, which could adversely affect the demand for our real estateand water assets. Any prolonged lack of demand for our real estate and water assets could have a significant adverse effect on our revenues, results ofoperations, and cash flows. Poor economic conditions could also lead to a decrease in consumer demand for canola oil products and / or a decline in canolaseed crushing margins which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows from operations, results of operations and financial condition.A prolonged continuation of the significant and sustained downturn that the homebuilding industry has experienced will materially adverselyaffect our business and results of operations.The homebuilding industry is experiencing a significant and sustained downturn having been impacted by lack of consumer confidence and largesupplies of resale and foreclosed homes. These factors have resulted in an industry-wide weakness in demand for new homes and caused a material adverseeffect on the growth of the local economies and the homebuilding industry in the southwestern U.S. markets where our real estate and water assets are located,including Nevada, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, and New Mexico. Among other considerations, the continuation of the residential and commercialreal estate development process is essential for our profitability. Additionally, current economic credit conditions have adversely impacted global creditmarkets and have impacted liquidity in financial markets. These conditions could adversely affect the availability and cost of capital. Economic conditions,including restricted liquidity in financial markets, could adversely impact various development projects within the markets in which our real estate and waterassets are located and this could materially affect our ability to monetize our assets. Declines in the U.S. housing market have reduced revenues andprofitability in our real estate and water resource businesses and may continue to do so in the future.We may not be able to realize the anticipated value of our real estate and water assets in our projected timeframe, if at all.We expect that the current slow growth of the economy will continue to have a near-term adverse effect on real estate market fundamentals. Depending onhow markets perform both in the short and long-term, the state of the economy, both nationally and locally in the markets where our assets are concentrated,could result in a decline in the value of our existing real estate and water assets, or result in our having to retain such assets for longer than we initiallyexpected, which would negatively impact our rate of return on our real estate and water assets, cause us to divest such assets for less than our intended returnon investment, or cause us to write-down such assets to realizable value. Such events would adversely impact our financial condition, results of operationsand cash flows.The fair values of our real estate and water assets are linked to growth factors concerning the local markets in which our assets are concentratedand may be impacted by broader economic issues.Both the demand and fair value of our real estate and water assets are significantly affected by the growth in population and the general state of the localeconomies, which are affected by factors such as the local level of employment and the availability of financing and interest rates, where (1) our real estate andwater assets are located, primarily in Arizona and northern Nevada, but also in Colorado, Idaho, and New Mexico and (2) our real estate development assetsare located, primarily in California. The continuing unemployment rate in these states, as well as issues related to the credit markets may deepen or prolong aslowdown of the local economies where our real estate and water assets are located. This could materially and adversely affect the demand for and the fairvalue of our real estate and water assets and, consequently, adversely affect our growth and revenues, results of operations, cash flows and the return on ourinvestment in these assets. 9 Our water activities are concentrated in a limited number of assets, making our growth and profitability vulnerable to conditions andfluctuations in certain limited local economies.In the future, we anticipate that a significant amount of our revenues, results of operations and cash flows will come from a limited number of assets,including our water resources in Nevada and Arizona and our water storage operations in Arizona. Water resources in this region are scarce and we may not besuccessful in continuing to acquire and develop additional water assets. If we are unable to develop additional water assets, our revenues will be derived froma limited number of assets, primarily located in Arizona and Nevada. Our two most significant assets are our water storage operations in Arizona and ourwater resources to serve the northern valleys of Reno, Nevada. As a result of this concentration, our invested capital and results of operations will bevulnerable to the conditions and fluctuations in these local economies and potentially to changes in local government regulations.Our Arizona Recharge Facility is one of the few private sector water storage sites in Arizona. To date, we have stored approximately 250,000 acre feet atthe facility for our own account. In addition, we have approximately 145,500 acre feet of water stored in the Phoenix Active Management Area. We have notstored any water on behalf of any customers, and have not as yet generated any revenue from the recharge facility or from the water stored in the PhoenixActive Management Area. We believe that the best economic return on the assets arises from storing water when surplus water is available and selling thiswater in periods when water is in more limited supply. However, we cannot be certain that we will ultimately be able to sell the stored water at a price sufficientto provide an adequate economic profit, if at all.We have constructed a pipeline approximately 35 miles long to deliver water from Fish Springs Ranch to the northern valleys of Reno, Nevada. As ofDecember 31, 2010, the total cost of the pipeline project, including our water credits, capitalized on our balance sheet is approximately $101.1 million. Todate, Vidler has only entered into sale agreements for a very small proportion of the total amount of water that will be conveyed through the pipeline to thenorthern valleys of Reno and we cannot provide any assurance that the sales prices we may obtain in the future will provide an adequate economic return, if atall. Furthermore, the principal buyers of this water are largely real estate developers who are contending with the effects of the current weak demand that existsfor new homes and residential development in this area. Any prolonged weak demand for new homes and residential development, and, as a result, for ourassets in Nevada and Arizona, would have a material adverse effect on our future revenues, results of operations and cash flows. Our future revenues are uncertain and depend on a number of factors that may make our revenues and profitability volatile.We engage in various business activities, including water resource acquisitions, management, development, and sale and lease activities, real estateactivities and agribusiness activities. Our future revenues and profitability related to our water resource and storage operations will primarily be dependent onour ability to acquire, develop and sell or lease water and water rights. In light of the fact that our water resource and storage operations represent a largepercentage of our overall business at present, our long-term profitability will be affected by various factors, including the availability and timing of waterresource acquisitions, regulatory approvals and permits associated with such acquisitions, transportation arrangements, and changing technology. We mayalso encounter unforeseen technical or other difficulties which could result in cost increases with respect to our water resource and water storage developmentprojects. Moreover, our profitability is significantly affected by changes in the market price of water. Future sales and prices of water may fluctuate widely asdemand is affected by climatic, economic, demographic and technological factors as well as the relative strength of the residential, commercial, financial, andindustrial real estate markets. Additionally, to the extent that we possess junior or conditional water rights, during extreme climatic conditions, such as periodsof low flow or drought, our water rights could be subordinated to superior water rights holders. The factors described above are not within our control. One ormore of these factors could impact our revenues and profitability, negatively affect our financial condition and cash flows, and cause our results of operationsto be volatile.The construction and operation of our proposed canola seed crushing facility involves many risks associated with a start-up operation.The construction and operation of our proposed canola seed crushing facility involves many risks which include: construction delays, cost overruns inexcess of our budgeted construction and operational costs; inability to identify and hire experienced personnel to operate the facility; the potential for thebreakdown of equipment and for performance to be below expected levels of output and efficiency; inability to maintain the facility at efficient operating levelssufficient to generate adequate cash flows; not obtaining and maintaining adequate feed-stock supply; and not maintaining and managing product price-riskefficiently. Critically, we will need to sell the plant’s products (canola oil and meal) at market prices that are sufficient to generate adequate cash flows toservice the debt financing used to partly fund the facility. Additionally, we must be able to sell the plant’s products at prices that will allow us to generate anadequate and appropriate rate of return on our equity investment. The planned facility has no operating history and may employ recently developed technologyand equipment. Moreover, due to the start-up nature of the proposed facility, we may have risks and issues that we are unable to foresee at this time. As aresult of the aforementioned risks, the new facility, once constructed, may be unable to fund principal and interest payments under its debt service obligationsor may operate at a loss. In certain situations, if the new facility fails to achieve commercial operation, or performs below certain operating levels leading toinadequate or negative cash flows, certain covenants in the agreements governing the facility’s debt financing may be breached, rendering all of the facility’sdebt immediately due and payable. As a result, our canola seed crushing plant may be foreclosed on by our debt providers and we may lose our entireinvestment in this operation which would lead to a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. 10 We cannot assure you that we will have the financing to fund the completion of construction of our proposed canola seed crushing facility.The successful construction of the new canola facility depends, in part, on the successful syndication of the debt financing under agreements we haveentered into. We currently have an underwriting commitment from ING Capital LLC (“ING”), for approximately $90 million of the $158 million estimatedcost of constructing the canola facility, as well as a commitment for approximately $10 million for a working capital facility once the plant isconstructed. However, this commitment is subject to a number of conditions including ING’s right to require us, under a Standby Purchase Agreement, topurchase up to a maximum of $50 million if the syndication of the total underwriting of $100 million has not been completed prior to April 15, 2011. Ourability to obtain additional financing, if ultimately necessary under such a Standby Purchase Agreement will be highly dependent on the conditions of thecapital markets that exist in the second quarter of 2011, among other things. The capital and credit markets have recently been experiencing significantvolatility and disruption. The then-prevailing risk appetite in the equity and debt markets, the general condition and sentiment of the credit markets, thegeneral economic environment and other macroeconomic conditions that might exist at that time could prevent us from raising additional capital or obtainingadditional financing either on satisfactory terms or at all. If we need, but cannot obtain, sufficient capital to complete the construction of our proposed canolaseed crushing facility as a result of negative conditions in the capital markets or otherwise, the equity we will have provided in the facility may becomeimpaired and we may lose our entire investment in the facility. Such a loss would lead to a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results ofoperations and cash flows.In addition, if the ultimate cost of construction of the new canola facility is in excess of our estimate of $158 million, we will need to fund any suchexcess costs from existing cash resources or raise additional capital on satisfactory terms. We cannot assure you that, in the event the plant costs more thanour current estimate, we will have the resources or be able to raise additional capital to complete the construction of the proposed canola seed crushing facility.We may not be able to successfully penetrate the canola oil and meal markets.There is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully penetrate the canola oil and meal markets. The canola processing business is highlycompetitive, and other companies presently in the market, or companies that could enter the market, could adversely affect profit margins for the products weintend to sell. While we have agreements in place with an end user of both canola oil and meal for 100% of the products we produce from our proposedfacility, we will be competing with other canola seed processors who may be capable of producing significantly greater quantities of canola products than us,and may achieve higher operating efficiencies and lower costs due to their scale.If we do not successfully identify, select and manage acquisitions and investments, or if our acquisitions or investments otherwise fail or decline invalue, our financial condition could suffer.We acquire and invest in businesses and assets that we believe are undervalued or that will benefit from additional capital, restructuring of operations,strategic initiatives, or improved competitiveness through operational efficiencies. If an acquired business, investment or asset fails or its fair value declines,we could experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, the results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, we may not be ableto find sufficient opportunities to make our business strategy successful. If we fail to successfully identify, select and manage acquisition and investmentopportunities, our business, financial condition, the results of operations and cash flows could be materially affected. Such business failures, declines in fairvalues, and/or failure to successfully identify, select and manage acquisitions or investments, could result in a negative return on equity. We could also losepart or all of our capital in these businesses and experience reductions in our net income, cash flows, assets and equity.Future acquisitions and dispositions of our businesses, assets, operations and investments are possible, and, if unsuccessful, could reduce the value ofour common shares. Any future acquisitions or dispositions may result in significant changes in the composition of our assets and liabilities. Consequently,our financial condition, results of operations and the trading price of our common shares may be affected by factors different from those affecting ourfinancial condition, results of operations and trading price at the present time.Failure to successfully manage newly acquired companies could adversely affect our business.Our management of the operations of acquired businesses requires significant efforts, including the coordination of personnel, information technologies,research and development, sales and marketing, operations, taxation, regulatory matters, and finance. These efforts result in additional expenses and involvesignificant amounts of our management’s time and could distract our management from the day-to-day operations of our business. The diversion of ourmanagement’s attention from the day-to-day operations, or difficulties encountered in the integration process, could have a material adverse effect on ourbusiness, financial condition, and the results of operations and cash flows. If we fail to integrate acquired businesses, personnel, resources, or assets into ouroperations successfully, we may be unable to achieve our strategic goals or an economic return and the value of your investment could suffer.We operate in a variety of industries and market sectors, all of which are very competitive and susceptible to economic downturns and would be adverselyaffected by a recession. We also look for opportunities in industries and market sectors in which we do not have any operating history. For example, in 2010,we completed a business combination for a canola seed crushing operation, an agribusiness in which we have not had any previous operating experience. Aworsening of general economic or market conditions may require us to devote more of our management resources to newly acquired companies and may resultin lower valuations for our businesses or investments or have a negative impact on the credit quality of our assets. 11 Our acquisitions may result in dilution to our shareholders and increase our exposure to additional liabilities.We make selective acquisitions of companies that we believe could benefit from our resources of additional capital, business expertise, managementdirection and oversight, or existing operations. We endeavor to enhance and realize additional value to these acquired companies through our influence andcontrol. Any acquisition could result in the use of a significant portion of our available cash, significant dilution to you, and significant acquisition-relatedcharges. Acquisitions may also result in the assumption of liabilities, including liabilities that are unknown or not fully known to us at the time of theacquisition, which could have a material adverse financial effect on us. Moreover, we may need to incur debt obligations, in order to finance newacquisitions. Additionally, our acquisitions and investments may yield low or negative returns for an extended period of time, which could temporarily orpermanently depress our return on shareholders’ equity, and we may not realize the value of the funds invested.We generally make acquisitions and investments that tend to be long term in nature, and for the purpose of realizing additional value by means ofappropriate levels of influence and control. We acquire businesses that we believe to be undervalued or may benefit from additional capital, restructuring ofoperations or management or improved competitiveness through operational efficiencies with our existing operations or through appropriate and strategicmanagement input. We may not be able to develop acceptable revenue streams and investment returns through the businesses we acquire, and as a result wemay lose part or all of our investment in these assets. Additionally, when any of our acquisitions do not achieve acceptable rates of return or we do not realizethe value of the funds invested, we may write down the value of such acquisitions or sell the acquired businesses at a loss. Some of our prior acquisitionshave lost either part or all of the capital we invested. Unsuccessful acquisitions could have negative impacts on our cash flows, income, assets andshareholders’ equity, which may be temporary or permanent. Moreover, the process we employ to enhance value in our acquisitions and investments canconsume considerable amounts of time and resources. Consequently, costs incurred as a result of these acquisitions and investments may exceed theirrevenues and/or increases in their values, if any, for an extended period of time.Our ability to achieve an acceptable rate of return on any particular investment is subject to a number of factors which may be beyond our control,including increased competition and loss of market share, the ability of management to implement their strategic and operational directives, cyclical or unevenfinancial results, technological obsolescence, foreign currency risks and regulatory delays.We may need additional capital in the future to fund the growth of our business and acquisitions, and financing may not be available onfavorable terms, if at all, or without dilution to our shareholders.We currently anticipate that our available capital resources and operating cash flows will be sufficient to meet our expected working capital and capitalexpenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. However, we cannot provide any assurance that such resources will be sufficient to fund the long-term growth of our business and acquisitions. We may raise additional funds through public or private debt, equity or hybrid securities financings,including, without limitation, through the issuance of securities.We may experience difficulty in raising necessary capital in view of the recent volatility in the capital markets and increases in the cost offinance. Increasingly stringent rating standards could make it more difficult for use to obtain financing. If we raise additional funds through the issuance ofequity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our shareholders could be significantly diluted, and these newly issued securities may haverights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations andcould result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot provide any assurance that any additional financing we mayneed will be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, if and when needed, ourability to fund our operations, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, respond to competitive pressures or otherwise execute our strategic plan would besignificantly limited. In any such case, our business, operating results or financial condition could be materially adversely affected We are entering in to the homebuilding business and we will face significant competition in marketing and selling new homes.We intend to enter the homebuilding business, in a limited manner, by building a small number of homes on certain of our finished residential lots thatwe own in California. We aim to build homes only in those markets where we have identified that a sufficient demand exists for new homes. However, thehomebuilding industry is highly competitive and we will be competing with a number of national and local homebuilders in selling homes to satisfy expecteddemand. Such competition could result in lower than anticipated sales volumes and/or profit margins that are below our expectations. In addition, we willhave to compete with the resale of existing homes, including foreclosed homes, which could also negatively affect the number and price of homes we are able tosell.We may be subject to significant warranty, construction defect and liability claims in the ordinary course of our homebuilding business.As a homebuilder, we may be subject to home warranty and construction defect claims arising in the ordinary course of business. We may also be subjectto liability claims for injuries that occur in the course of construction activities. Due to the inherent uncertainties in such claims, we cannot provide assurancethat our insurance coverage or our subcontractors’ insurance and financial resources will be sufficient to meet any warranty, construction defect and liabilityclaims we may receive in the future. If we are subject to claims beyond our insurance coverage, our profit from our homebuilding activities may be less thanwe expect and our financial condition may be adversely affected. 12 We will be relying on the performance of our subcontractors to build horizontal infrastructure and homes according to our budget, timetable andquality.We will rely on subcontractors to perform the actual construction of horizontal infrastructure (in the cases where we are completing the development ofentitled lots to finished lots) and of the homes we are building on certain of our finished lots. In certain cases, we will also rely on the subcontractor to selectand obtain raw materials. As a general contractor we will be closely overseeing the activities of our subcontractors. Our subcontractors may fail to meet eitherour quality control or be unable to build and complete the horizontal infrastructure or homes in the expected timetable due to subcontractor related issues suchas being unable to obtain sufficient materials or skilled labor, or due to external factors such as delays arising from severe weather conditions. Any suchfailure by our subcontractors could lead to increases in construction costs and construction delays. Such increases could negatively impact the price andnumber of finished lots and homes we are able to sell. We may not receive all of the permitted water rights we expect from the water rights applications we have filed in Nevada.We have filed certain water rights applications in Nevada, primarily as part of the water teaming agreement with Lincoln County. We deploy the capitalrequired to enable the filed applications to be converted into permitted water rights over time as and when we deem appropriate or as otherwise required. Weonly expend capital in those areas where our initial investigations lead us to believe that we can obtain a sufficient volume of water to provide an adequateeconomic return on the capital employed in the project. These capital expenditures largely consist of drilling and engineering costs for water production, costsof monitoring wells, and legal and consulting costs for hearings with the State Engineer, and National Environmental Protection Act, or “NEPA”, compliancecosts. Until the State Engineer permits the water rights, we cannot provide any assurance that we will be awarded all of the water that we expect based on theresults of our drilling and our legal position and it may be a considerable period of time before Lincoln/Vidler is able to ascertain the final volume of waterrights that will be permitted by the Nevada State Engineer. Any significant reduction in the volume of water awarded to us from our original base expectationsof the amount of water that may be permitted could adversely affect our revenues, profitability, and cash flows.Variances in physical availability of water, along with environmental and legal restrictions and legal impediments, could impact profitability.We value our water assets, in part, based upon the volume (as measured in acre-feet) of water we anticipate from water rights applications and ourpermitted water rights. The water and water rights held by us and the transferability of these rights to other uses, persons, and places of use are governed bythe laws concerning water rights in the states of Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, and New Mexico. The volumes of water actually derived from the waterrights applications or permitted rights may vary considerably based upon physical availability and may be further limited by applicable legal restrictions. Asa result, the volume of water anticipated from the water rights applications or permitted rights may not in every case represent a reliable, firm annual yield ofwater, but in some cases describe the face amount of the water right claims or management’s best estimate of such entitlement. Additionally, we may face legalrestrictions on the sale or transfer of some of our water assets, which may affect their commercial value. If we are unable to transfer or sell our water assets,we may lose some or all of our anticipated returns, which may adversely affect our revenues, profitability and cash flows.Purchasers of our real estate and water assets may default on their obligations to us and adversely affect our results of operations and cashflow.In certain circumstances, we finance sales of real estate and water assets, and we secure such financing through deeds of trust on the property, which areonly released once the financing has been fully paid off. Purchasers of our real estate and water assets may default on their financing obligations. Suchdefaults may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and the results of operations, profitability, and cash flows.Our sale of water resources may be subject to environmental regulations which would impact our revenues, profitability, and cash flows.The quality of the water resources we lease or sell may be subject to regulation by the United States Environmental Protection Agency acting pursuant tothe United States Safe Drinking Water Act. While environmental regulations do not directly affect us, the regulations regarding the quality of water distributedaffects our intended customers and may, therefore, depending on the quality of our water, impact the price and terms upon which we may in the future sell ourwater resources. If we need to reduce the price of our water resources in order to make a sale to our intended customers, our balance sheet, results of operationsand financial condition could suffer. 13 Our water resources sales may meet with political opposition in certain locations, thereby limiting our growth in these areas.The water resources we hold and the transferability of these assets and rights to other uses, persons, or places of use are governed by the laws concerningwater rights in the states of Arizona, California, Nevada, Colorado, Idaho, and New Mexico. Our sale of water resources is subject to the risks of delayassociated with receiving all necessary regulatory approvals and permits. Additionally, the transfer of water resources from one use to another may affect theeconomic base or impact other issues of a community including development, and will, in some instances, be met with local opposition including NativeAmerican tribes. Moreover, certain of the end users of our water resources, namely municipalities, regulate the use of water in order to manage growth, therebycreating additional requirements that we must satisfy to sell and convey water resources. If we are unable to effectively transfer, sell and convey waterresources, our ability to monetize this asset will suffer and our revenues and financial condition would decline.Our insurance companies hold material positions in equities and fixed-income securities which can cause volatility in our profitability andfinancial condition.Our insurance subsidiaries hold significant positions in equities and fixed-income securities as part of their investment portfolios to cover payments forinsurance claims and related costs established in our reserves for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses. The fair values of the portfolios are subject toextreme volatility that affected most securities’ markets in 2008 and, to a lesser extent, 2009 and 2010. For example, during 2008, our insurance companyinvestment portfolios significantly declined in value as global equity and fixed-income markets in general declined in response to the weakening globaleconomy and the tightening of credit availability and increased in value in 2009 and 2010 as debt and equity markets recovered. As a result of the decline invalue of our securities, our financial condition suffered and, in the future, any volatility in our insurance investment portfolios could adversely impact ourfinancial condition and cash flows. Furthermore, if the duration and extent of the declines in value of any of our securities are prolonged, we may have toprovide other-than-temporary impairments against such securities which will adversely impact our profitability. In addition, our insurance subsidiaries’investment portfolios consist in part of thinly-traded U.S. and non-U.S. equities. These equity securities are illiquid in nature and we cannot provide anyassurance that we can timely, effectively, and efficiently liquidate and monetize those positions.Our acquisitions of and investments in non-U.S. companies subject us to additional market and liquidity risks which could affect the value of ourstock.We have acquired, and may continue to acquire, businesses and securities in non-U.S. public companies and other assets or businesses not located in theU.S. Typically, these non-U.S. securities are not registered with the SEC and regulation of these companies is under the jurisdiction of the relevant non-U.Scountry. The respective non-U.S regulatory regime may limit our ability to obtain timely and comprehensive financial information for the non-U.S. companiesin which we have invested. In addition, if a non-U.S. company in which we invest were to take actions which could be deleterious to its shareholders, non-U.S. legal systems may make it difficult or time-consuming for us to challenge such actions. These factors may affect our ability to acquire controllingstakes, or to dispose of our non-U.S. investments, or to realize the full fair value of our non-U.S. investments. In addition, investments in non-U.S. countriesmay give rise to complex cross-border tax issues. We aim to manage our tax affairs efficiently, but given the complexity of dealing with U.S. and non-U.S. taxjurisdictions, we may have to pay tax in both the U.S. and in non-U.S. countries, and we may be unable to offset any U.S. tax liabilities with non-U.S. taxcredits. If we are unable to manage our non-U.S. tax issues efficiently, our financial condition and the results of operations and cash flows could be adverselyaffected. In addition, our base currency is United States dollars. Accordingly, we are subject to foreign exchange risk through our acquisitions of stocks innon-U.S. public companies. We attempt to mitigate this foreign exchange risk by borrowing funds in the same currency to purchase the equities. Significantfluctuations in the non-U.S. currencies in which we hold investments or consummate transactions could negatively impact our financial condition and theresults of operations and cash flows. We also may be unable to effectively and efficiently repatriate funds into the U.S. upon monetization of assets,securities, or businesses not located in the U.S., which could have an impact on our liquidityVolatile fluctuations in our insurance reserves could cause our financial condition to be materially misstated.Our insurance subsidiaries have established reserves that we believe are adequate to meet the ultimate cost of losses arising from claims. However, it hasbeen, and will continue to be, necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to review and make appropriate adjustments to reserves for claims and expenses forsettling claims. Inadequate reserves could cause our financial condition to fluctuate from period to period and cause our financial condition to appear to bebetter than it actually is for periods in which insurance claims reserves are understated. In subsequent periods if we discover an underestimation and pay theadditional claims, our cash needs will be greater than expected and our financial results of operations for that period will be worse than they would have beenhad our reserves been adequately estimated. 14 The inherent uncertainties in estimating loss reserves are greater for some insurance products than for others, and are dependent on various factorsincluding:·the length of time in reporting claims;·the range of historical losses among claims;·the amount of historical information available during the estimation process;·the degree of impact that changing regulations and legal precedents may have on open claims; and·the consistency of reinsurance programs over time.Because medical malpractice liability, commercial property and casualty, and workers’ compensation claims may not be completely paid off for severalyears, estimating reserves for these types of claims can be more uncertain than estimating reserves for other types of insurance. As a result, precise reserveestimates cannot be made for several years following the year for which reserves were initially established. During the past several years, the levels of thereserves for our insurance subsidiaries have been very volatile. We have had to significantly increase and decrease these reserves in the past several years. Wemay need to significantly increase the reserves in the future, and the future level of reserves for our insurance subsidiaries may be volatile. These increases orvolatility may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and the results of operations and cash flows. If we underestimate the amount of reinsurance we need or if the companies with which we have reinsurance agreements default on theirobligations, we may be unable to cover claims made and that would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.We have reinsurance agreements with reinsurance companies on all of our insurance books of business. We purchase reinsurance based upon ourassessment of the overall direct underwriting risk. It is possible that we may underestimate the amount of reinsurance required to achieve the desired level ofnet claims risk, and a claim may exceed the combined value of our reserve and the amount of reinsurance available. Additionally, our reinsurers could defaulton amounts owed to us for their portion of the direct insurance claim. Our insurance subsidiaries, as direct writers of lines of insurance, have ultimateresponsibility for the payment of claims, and any defaults by reinsurers may result in our established reserves not being adequate to meet the ultimate cost oflosses arising from claims. If claims made exceed the amount of our direct reserves and the available reinsurance, we may be subject to regulatory action orlitigation and our results of operation and cash flows would suffer as a result.State regulators could require changes to our capitalization and/or to the operations of our insurance subsidiaries, and/or place them intorehabilitation or liquidation.Beginning in 1994, our subsidiaries, Physicians and Citation, became subject to the provisions of the Risk-Based Capital for Insurers Model Act whichhas been adopted by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners for the purpose of helping regulators identify insurers that may be in financialdifficulty. The Model Act contains a formula which takes into account asset risk, credit risk, underwriting risk and all other relevant risks. Under thisformula, each insurer is required to report to regulators using formulas which measure the quality of its capital and the relationship of its modified capital baseto the level of risk assumed in specific aspects of its operations. The formula does not address all of the risks associated with the operations of aninsurer. The formula is intended to provide a minimum threshold measure of capital adequacy by an individual insurance company and does not purport tocompute a target level of capital. Companies which fall below the threshold will be placed into one of four categories: Company Action Level, where the insurermust submit a plan of corrective action; Regulatory Action Level, where the insurer must submit such a plan of corrective action, the regulator is required toperform such examination or analysis the Superintendent of Insurance considers necessary and the regulator must issue a corrective order; Authorized ControlLevel, which includes the above actions and may include rehabilitation or liquidation; and Mandatory Control Level, where the regulator must rehabilitate orliquidate the insurer. As of December 31, 2010, all of our insurance subsidiaries’ risk-based capital results exceeded the Company Action Level. However, wecannot assure you that insurance subsidiaries’ risk-based capital results will exceed the Company Action Level in the future. If the risk-based capital of anyof our insurance subsidiaries fails to exceed the Company Action Level, we will be subject to the regulatory action described above and our results ofoperations could suffer.We may not be able to retain key management personnel we need to succeed, which could adversely affect our ability to successfully operate ourbusinesses.To run our day-to-day operations and to successfully manage newly acquired companies we must, among other things, continue to attract and retain keymanagement. We rely on the services of a small team of key executive officers. If they depart, it could have a significant adverse effect upon ourbusiness. Mr. Hart, our CEO, is key to the implementation of our strategic focus, and our ability to successfully develop our current strategy is dependentupon our ability to retain his services. Also, increased competition for skilled management and staff employees in our businesses could cause us to experiencesignificant increases in operating costs and reduced profitability. 15 We use estimates and assumptions in preparing financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates of America.The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with United States GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affectthe reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of financial statements and the reported amount of revenues andexpenses during the reporting period. We regularly evaluate our estimates, which are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that arebelieved to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these evaluations form the basis for our judgments about the carrying values of assets andliabilities and the reported amount of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. The carrying values of assets and liabilities andthe reported amount of revenues and expenses may differ by using different assumptions. In addition, in future periods, in order to incorporate all knownexperience at that time, we may have to revise assumptions previously made which may change the value of previously reported assets and liabilities. Thispotential subsequent change in value may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and the results of operations and cash flowsBecause our operations are diverse, analysts and investors may not be able to evaluate us adequately, which may negatively influence the priceof our stock.We are a diversified holding company with significant operations in a variety of business segments. Each of these areas is unique, complex in nature,and difficult to understand. In particular, the water resource business is a developing industry in the United States with very little historical data, very fewexperts and a limited following of analysts. Because we are complex, analysts and investors may not be able to adequately evaluate our operations andenterprise as a going concern. This could cause analysts and investors to make inaccurate evaluations of our stock, or to overlook PICO in general. As aresult, the trading volume and price of our stock could suffer and may be subject to excessive volatility Fluctuations in the market price of our common stock may affect your ability to sell your shares.The trading price of our common stock has historically been, and we expect will continue to be, subject to fluctuations. The market price of our commonstock may be significantly impacted by:·quarterly variations in financial performance and condition;·shortfalls in revenue or earnings from estimates forecast by securities analysts or others;·changes in estimates by such analysts;·product introductions;·the availability of economically viable acquisition or investment opportunities, including water resources and real estate, which will return an adequateeconomic return;·our competitors’ announcements of extraordinary events such as acquisitions;·litigation; and·general economic conditions and other matters described herein.Our results of operations have been subject to significant fluctuations, particularly on a quarterly basis, and our future results of operations couldfluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and from year to year. Causes of such fluctuations may include the inclusion or exclusion of operating earningsfrom newly acquired or sold operations. Statements or changes in opinions, ratings, or earnings estimates made by brokerage firms or industry analystsrelating to the markets in which we do business or relating to us specifically could result in an immediate and adverse effect on the market price of ourcommon stock. Such fluctuations in the market price of our common stock could affect the value of your investment and your ability to sell your shares. Inaddition, some investors favor companies that pay dividends, particularly in market downturns. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on ourcommon stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings for funding growth and, therefore, we do not currently anticipate paying cash dividends onour common stock. Litigation may harm our business or otherwise distract our management.Substantial, complex or extended litigation could cause us to incur large expenditures and distract our management. For example, lawsuits by employees,shareholders or customers could be very costly and substantially disrupt our business. Additionally, from time to time we or our subsidiaries will havedisputes with companies or individuals which may result in litigation that could necessitate our management’s attention and require us to expend ourresources. We may be unable to accurately assess our level of exposure to specific litigation and we cannot provide any assurance that we will always be ableto resolve such disputes out of court or on terms favorable to us. We may be forced to resolve litigation in a manner not favorable to us, and such resolutioncould have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. 16 Our governing documents could prevent an acquisition of our company or limit the price that investors might be willing to pay for our commonstock.Certain provisions of our articles of incorporation and the California General Corporation Law could discourage a third party from acquiring, or make itmore difficult for a third party to acquire, control of our company without approval of our board of directors. For example, our bylaws require advance noticefor stockholder proposals and nominations for election to our board of directors. We are also subject to the provisions of Section 1203 of the CaliforniaGeneral Corporation Law, which requires a fairness opinion to be provided to our shareholders in connection with their consideration of any proposed“interested party” reorganization transaction. All or any of these factors could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future forshares of our common stock.We are impacted by international affairs, which directly expose us to the adverse effects of any foreign economic or governmental instability.Because our investment portfolios in our insurance companies are globally diversified, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cashflows may be adversely affected by:·political and economic instability;·exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates;·the imposition of governmental controls;·the need to comply with a wide variety of non-U.S. and U.S. tax laws;·volatile interest rates; and·general economic conditions outside the United States.Changes in any or all of these factors could result in reduced market values of our investments, loss of assets, additional expenses, reduced investmentincome, and reductions in shareholders’ equity due to foreign currency fluctuations. If equity analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our commonstock, the price of our common stock could decline.The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and ourbusiness. We do not control these analysts. The price of our stock could decline if one or more equity analysts downgrade our stock or if those analysts issueother unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.THE FOREGOING FACTORS, INDIVIDUALLY OR IN AGGREGATE, COULD MATERIALLY ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR OPERATING RESULTSAND CASH FLOWS AND FINANCIAL CONDITION AND COULD MAKE COMPARISON OF HISTORIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS,INCLUDING RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND CASH FLOWS AND BALANCES, DIFFICULT OR NOT MEANINGFUL.ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTSNone.ITEM 2. PROPERTIESWe lease approximately 6,354 square feet in La Jolla, California for our principal executive offices. Physicians leases approximately 1,200 square feet ofoffice space in Lewis Center, Ohio for its operations. Citation leases approximately 420 square feet of office space for a claims office in Orange County,California. Vidler and Nevada Land lease approximately 6,859 square feet of office space in Carson City, Nevada. UCP leases a total of approximately6,344 square feet of office space in San Jose, California, Fresno, California, Morgan Hill, California, and Bellevue, Washington. Northstar rentsapproximately 1,250 square feet of office space in Fargo, North Dakota. We continually evaluate our current and future space capacity in relation to ourbusiness needs. We believe that our existing facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our current business requirements, and that suitable replacement andadditional space will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms.Vidler, Nevada Land and UCP have significant holdings of real estate and water assets in the southwestern United States. For a description of our realestate and water assets, see “Item 1-Operating Segments and Major Subsidiary Companies”. 17 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGSThe Company is subject to various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of its business. Certain of our insurance subsidiaries are frequently aparty in claims proceedings and actions regarding insurance coverage, all of which are considered routine and incidental to our business. Based uponinformation presently available, management is of the opinion that resolution of such litigation will not likely have a material adverse impact on theconsolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.Neither we nor our subsidiaries are parties to any potentially material pending legal proceedings other than the following.Fish Springs Ranch, LLC:The Company’s settlement agreement with the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of Indian relating to the exportation of water from the properties owned by FishSprings Ranch, LLC is pending ratification by the United States Congress. We anticipate ratification of this agreement; but we cannot be certain as to whenthe United States Congress will act on this matter. No material developments occurred relating to this dispute or the settlement agreement during the fourthquarter of 2010.ITEM 4. REMOVED AND RESERVED.PART IIITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OFEQUITY SECURITIESOur common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “PICO”. The following table sets out the quarterly high and lowdaily closing sale prices for the past two years as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. These reported prices reflect inter-dealer prices, withoutadjustments for retail markups, markdowns, or commissions. 2010 2009 High Low High Low First Quarter $37.35 $30.21 $31.40 $19.75 Second Quarter $39.47 $28.12 $31.15 $27.01 Third Quarter $33.09 $27.39 $33.77 $25.78 Fourth Quarter $33.13 $28.55 $35.34 $29.93 On February 25, 2011, the closing sale price of our common stock was $29.49 and there were approximately 506 holders of record.We have not declared or paid any dividends in the last two years, and we do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation PlansThe information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is provided under Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners andManagement and Related Stockholder Matters, “Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans,” which is incorporated herein byreference. 18 Company Stock Performance GraphThis graph compares the total return on an indexed basis of a $100 investment in PICO common stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, and theRussell 2000 Index. The measurement points utilized in the graph consist of the last trading day in each calendar year, which closely approximates the lastday of our fiscal year in that calendar year. The stock price performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIESPeriod (a) Total number of sharespurchased (b) Average Price Paid perShare (c) Total Number of Shares(or Units) Purchased as Partof Publicly Announced Plansor Programs (d) Maximum Number (orApproximate Dollar Value)of Shares (or Units) thatMay Yet Be PurchasedUnder the Plans orPrograms 10/1/10 - 10/31/10 - - 11/1/10 - 11/30/10 - - 12/1/10 - 12/31/10 - - 19 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATAThe following table presents our selected consolidated financial data. The information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of the results of futureoperations and should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7of this Form 10-K and the consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this document. Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 OPERATING RESULTS (In thousands, except share data) Revenues: Total investment income $25,108 $(817) $46,373 $19,788 $39,609 Sale of real estate and water assets 4,637 12,936 12,054 9,496 41,509 Other income 2,429 3,913 1,925 4,645 1,605 Total revenues $32,174 $16,032 $60,352 $33,929 $82,723 Net income (loss) from continuing operations $(14,072) $(21,759) $27,898 $(1,522) $31,477 Loss from discontinued operations, net (2,268)Net income (loss) (14,072) (21,759) 27,898 (1,522) 29,209 Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest (2,900) (3,724) (733) (252) (34) Net income (loss), attributable to PICO Holdings, Inc. $(11,172) $(18,035) $28,631 $(1,270) $29,243 PER COMMON SHARE BASIC AND DILUTED: Net income (loss) from continuing operations $(0.49) $(0.86) $1.52 $(0.07) $2.10 Loss from discontinued operations, net (0.15) Net income (loss) $(0.49) $(0.86) $1.52 $(0.07) $1.95 Weighted Average Shares Outstanding – basic 22,653 20,927 18,835 18,321 14,995 Weighted Average Shares Outstanding - diluted 22,653 20,927 18,862 18,321 15,025 As of December 31, 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 FINANCIAL CONDITION (In thousands, except per share data) Total assets $692,502 $687,617 $592,634 $676,342 $549,043 Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses $22,816 $24,175 $27,773 $32,376 $41,083 Debt $45,743 $41,221 $42,382 $18,878 $12,721 Total liabilities $121,778 $107,922 $114,888 $150,492 $143,816 Total PICO Holdings, Inc. shareholders' equity $568,104 $582,643 $477,746 $525,851 $405,227 Book value per share (1) $25.03 $25.79 $25.36 $27.92 $25.52 (1) Book value per share is computed by dividing total PICO Holdings, Inc. shareholders’ equity by the net of total shares issued less shares held as treasuryshares. 20 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONSINTRODUCTIONThe following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the ConsolidatedFinancial Statements and the accompanying Notes presented later in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the readerunderstand our Company. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, and the accompanying notes, presentedlater in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The MD&A includes the following sections:·Company Summary, Recent Developments, and Future Outlook — a brief description of our operations, the critical factors affecting them, andtheir future prospects;·Critical Accounting Policies — a discussion of accounting policies which require critical judgments and estimates. Our significant accountingpolicies, including the critical accounting policies discussed in this section, are summarized in the notes to the consolidated financial statements;·Results of Operations — an analysis of our consolidated results of operations for the past three years, presented in our consolidated financialstatements; and·Liquidity and Capital Resources — an analysis of cash flows, sources and uses of cash, contractual obligations and a discussion of factorsaffecting our future cash flow. COMPANY SUMMARY, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE OUTLOOKWATER RESOURCE AND WATER STORAGE OPERATIONSBACKGROUNDThe long-term future demand for our water assets is driven by population growth relative to currently available water supplies in the southwestern UnitedStates.The population growth rate in the southwest has consistently been higher than the national rate for the past several years. According to the 2010 U.S.Census, in the decade from 2000 to 2010, the population of Nevada grew by a total of 35.1% (702,294 people), Arizona grew by 24.6% (1,261,385 people),Colorado grew by 16.9% (727,935 people), Idaho grew by 21.1% (273,629 people), New Mexico grew by 13.2% (240,133 people) and California grew by10% (3,382,308 people). These southwestern state population growth statistics compares to a total national growth rate of 9.7% (27,323,632 people) andrepresents over 24% of the national growth over the same period.However, the current and recent economic environment and housing slow-down in the U.S. has had the effect of significantly decreasing the rate of growthin the Southwest in 2008, 2009 and 2010 from earlier years in the decade 2000 to 2010. The Southwest’s population growth is still in excess of the nationalgrowth rate both on a collective basis and an individual state basis, with the exception of Arizona. According to the Census Bureau’s annual estimate of statepopulation changes for the period July 1, 2007 to April 1, 2010, Nevada’s growth rate was 5.2%, Arizona 0.5%, Colorado 3.9%, Idaho 4.6%, New Mexico4.6% and California 2.8%. These population growth statistics compare to the national total growth rate of 2.4% over the same period.Currently, a significant portion of the Southwest’s water supplies come from the Colorado River. The balance is provided by other surface rights, suchas rivers and lakes, groundwater (water pumped from underground aquifers), and water previously stored in reservoirs or aquifers. A prolonged drought(possibly in part due to increasing temperatures from climate change which can lead to a decreased snow pack runoff and therefore decreased surface water)and rapid population growth in the past twenty years have exacerbated the region’s general water scarcity. In turn, this leads to an increased likelihood ofconflict as additional stress is placed on the arid Southwest’s water resources. Future water needs in the Southwest will have to be derived from thedevelopment of new supplies as well as conservation and recycling.In 2005, the U.S. Department of the Interior published a study titled “Water 2025: Preventing Crises and Conflict in the West”. The study included amap of the western and southwestern states and highlighted the potential water supply crises by 2025. Various areas were designated as having moderate,substantial, or highly likely water conflict potential (areas where existing supplies are not adequate to meet water demands for people, agricultural use, and forthe environment). Areas identified as having a highly likely or substantial conflict potential included western Nevada, southern Nevada, and the metropolitanPhoenix to Tucson region. For more than a decade, we have concentrated our acquisition and development efforts on water assets that will serve these markets. 21 The development of our water assets is a long-term process: It requires significant capital and expertise. A complete project -- from acquisition,development, permitting and sale -- may take ten years or longer. Typically, in the regions in which we operate, new housing, commercial and industrialdevelopments require an assured water supply (access to water supplies for at least 100 years) before a permit for the development will be issued.Under GAAP, certain of our water resource assets, unlike our real estate assets, are considered to be infinite-lived intangible assets. GAAP requires thatthe estimate of fair values of infinite – lived intangible assets be based on discounted cash flows and to compare those estimates to the carrying values of suchassets. The dramatic slow-down in housing starts and sales will likely delay sales of some of our water assets. Consequently, we have adjusted our forecastof the timing and volume of water sales from our original projections for the discounted cash flow models for those assets. However, we believe that the long-term demand for our assets, and their economic value, are substantially underpinned by the region’s long - term population growth trend and the increasingscarcity of sustainable water supplies to support that long - term growth. The supply and demand factors which characterize water resources in the Southwestalso present us with a continuing business opportunity to provide sustainable water resource solutions for economic development and communities throughoutthe region.The following is a description and summary of our water resource and water storage assets at December 31, 2010. WATER RESOURCESArizonaAny new residential development in Arizona must obtain a permit from the Arizona Department of Water Resources certifying a “designated assured watersupply” sufficient to sustain the development for at least 100 years. Harquahala Valley groundwater meets the designation of assured water supply. Arizonastate legislation allows Harquahala Valley groundwater to be made available as assured water supply to cities and communities in Arizona through agreementswith the Central Arizona Groundwater Replenishment District.At December 31, 2010, Vidler owned approximately 3,840 acre-feet of groundwater and the related land in the Harquahala Valley. The Harquahala Valleyis located in La Paz County and Maricopa County, approximately 75 miles northwest of metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. According to U.S. Census Bureaudata, the population of Maricopa County increased almost 31% from April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009, with the addition of more than 105,000 people peryear. We anticipate that, despite the current slow - down in population growth and development activity, the boundaries of the greater Phoenix metropolitan areawill, in the long – term, continue to push out. This is likely to lead to demand for our land as well as our water to support growth within the HarquahalaValley itself. The water can also be transferred for municipal use outside of the Harquahala Valley.In addition, the area in and around the Harquahala Valley appears to be a desirable area to site solar power-generating plants, due to the high solarity in theregion and its proximity to energy transmission lines. The water assets owned by Vidler in this region, including our water storage credits - (see “WaterStorage: Vidler Arizona Recharge Facility” below) - could potentially provide a water source for solar or other energy plants that might be constructed inthis area.NevadaVidler has acquired land and water rights in Nevada through the purchase of ranch properties (appropriating existing supplies of water), filingapplications for new water rights (appropriating new supplies of water), and entering into teaming arrangements with parties owning water rights which theywish to develop.1.Lincoln CountyThe Lincoln County Water District and Vidler (“Lincoln/Vidler”) have entered into a water delivery teaming agreement to locate and develop waterresources in Lincoln County, Nevada for planned projects under the County’s master plan. Under the agreement, proceeds from sales of water will be sharedequally after Vidler is reimbursed for the expenses incurred in developing water resources in Lincoln County. Lincoln/Vidler has filed applications for morethan 100,000 acre-feet of water rights with the intention of supplying water for residential, commercial, and industrial use, as contemplated by the county’sapproved master plan. We believe that this is the only known new source of water for Lincoln County. Although it is hard to predict, Vidler currentlyanticipates that up to 40,000 acre-feet of water rights will ultimately be permitted from these applications, and put to use for planned projects in LincolnCounty.Under the Lincoln County Land Act, more than 13,300 acres of federal land in southern Lincoln County near the City of Mesquite was offered for sale inFebruary 2005. According to press reports, the eight parcels offered were sold to various developers for approximately $47.5 million. The land was soldwithout environmental approvals, water, and city services, which will be required before development can proceed. Additional water supply will be requiredin Lincoln County if this land is to be developed. 22 Tule Desert Groundwater BasinLincoln/Vidler jointly filed a permit application in 1998 for 14,000 acre-feet of water rights for industrial use from the Tule Desert Groundwater Basin inLincoln County, Nevada. In November 2002, the Nevada State Engineer awarded Lincoln/Vidler a permit for 2,100 acre-feet of water rights, whichLincoln/Vidler subsequently sold in 2005, and ruled that an additional 7,240 acre-feet could be granted pending additional studies by Lincoln/Vidler (the“2002 Ruling”). Subsequent to the 2002 Ruling and consistent with the Nevada State Engineer’s conditions, Vidler completed these additional engineering andscientific studies.During 2008, Lincoln/Vidler submitted comprehensive and substantial evidence to the Nevada State Engineer to support its permit applications asrequired by the 2002 Ruling. On April 29, 2009, the Nevada State Engineer issued a ruling with respect to such applications (the “2009 Ruling”). In the2009 Ruling, the Nevada State Engineer determined that the perennial yield of the groundwater recharge in the Tule Desert Groundwater Basin is likely in therange of 2,500 to 5,000 acre-feet per annum. The Nevada State Engineer further concluded that it would permit the appropriation of only one-half of the upperend of that range, or 2,500 acre-feet. Since 2,100 acre-feet had already been appropriated to and permitted to Lincoln/Vidler under the 2002 Ruling, the NevadaState Engineer found that only 396 acre-feet of unappropriated water remained in the Tule Desert Groundwater Basin. Accordingly, the 2009 Ruling grantedLincoln/Vidler 396 acre-feet of additional permitted water rights, instead of the applied for 7,240 acre-feet of water rights.As of December 31, 2008, our carrying value for the applications for the additional 7,240 acre-feet was $16.4 million, which primarily represented thedata collection, drilling and monitoring costs and expenses incurred to collect, interpret and submit the groundwater data to the Nevada State Engineer. Underagreements in place with developers at the time of ruling, Vidler would only record approximately $4 million of revenue from the 396 acre-feet of water rightsgranted in the 2009 Ruling. As such, the carrying value of the 396 acre–feet we had been awarded was written down to this estimated recoverable value, andwe recorded a loss on impairment of approximately $12.4 million, before any related tax effects, in 2009. On May 27, 2009, Lincoln/Vidler filed an appeal of the 2009 Ruling in Nevada District Court, as well as in U.S. federal court.On April 15, 2010, Lincoln/Vidler and the Nevada State Engineer announced that they had concluded a Settlement Agreement with respect to the entirelitigation between the parties. The Settlement Agreement resulted in the granting to Lincoln/Vidler of the original Lincoln/Vidler Application of 7,240 acre-feet ofwater rights with an initial 2,900 acre-feet of water rights available for sale or lease by Lincoln/Vidler and the balance of the water rights (4,340 acre-feet) is thesubject of staged pumping and development over the next several years. The staged pumping development under the Settlement Agreement requires thecontinuing collection of recharge data and pumping data over the next several years by Lincoln/Vidler to further refine the modeling of the basin and potentialimpacts, if any, from deep aquifer pumping in the remote, unpopulated desert valley in Lincoln County, Nevada.The Tule Desert Groundwater Basin water resources are being developed by Lincoln/Vidler to support the Lincoln County Recreation, Conservation andDevelopment Act of 2004 (the “Land Act”) and the proposed Toquop Power generation project, a 700 megawatt gas fired power generation facility and a 100megawatt photovoltaic solar power generation site, all located in southern Lincoln County. The water permitted under the Settlement Agreement is anticipated toprovide sufficient water resources to support the development of the Toquop Power generation project and a portion of Land Act properties.The Settlement Agreement results in Lincoln/Vidler obtaining up to an additional 6,844 acre–feet of permitted water rights in the Tule Desert GroundwaterBasin. However, our carrying value of approximately $4.2 million as of December 31, 2010, for the 396 acre–feet of water rights previously awarded will notchange as a result of being awarded these additional permitted water rights under the Settlement Agreement.Coyote SpringsIn 2005, Lincoln/Vidler agreed to sell water to a developer as and when supplies were permitted from Lincoln/Vidler’s existing applications in KaneSprings, Nevada. A hearing was completed in 2006 on a filing for water rights from Kane Springs, and in January, 2007, Lincoln/Vidler was awarded 1,000acre-feet of permitted water rights. The Nevada State Engineer has requested additional data before making a determination on the balance of the applicationsfrom this groundwater basin, where Lincoln/Vidler maintains priority applications for approximately 17,375 acre-feet of water. The actual permits receivedmay be for a lesser quantity, which cannot be accurately predicted.In the fourth quarter of 2008, Lincoln/Vidler obtained the right-of-way over federally managed lands, on behalf of the developer, relating to a pipeline toconvey the water rights from Kane Springs. During 2009, Lincoln/Vidler agreed to amend the sale agreement with the developer for the 1,000 acre-feet of waterrights which became effective on obtaining the right–of–way. The sale price of the water rights is $8,052 per acre–foot for a total purchase price ofapproximately $8.1 million. Vidler’s portion of the sale price is approximately $6 million. Vidler agreed to finance the sale of its portion of the water rightsover the period ending April 2012 at 10% per annum. Principal payments under the agreement are due from the developer in April 2010, April 2011 and April2012, and under this payment schedule we anticipate recording the revenue from Vidler’s portion of the sale of water rights on an installment-sale basis as andwhen principal payments are received. For the year ended December 31, 2010, we recorded the sale of 149 acre feet for $1.2 million under the installment salebasis. 23 Dry Lake ValleyIn December 2008, Vidler purchased approximately 795 acres and the appurtenant federal grazing allotments in Dry Lake Valley, Lincoln County,Nevada. The real estate, which represents the only private property located in the Dry Lake Valley, was purchased in order to place water applications ownedby Lincoln/Vidler to beneficial use.In September, 2009, the Nevada State Engineer permitted 1,009 acre-feet of irrigation water rights to Lincoln/Vidler and, as a result, Lincoln/Vidler hasdrilled wells and installed irrigation systems to place the water to beneficial use. Currently, the property and allotments are leased for cattle grazing andfarming.The property lies in a portion of the valley that appears to be well suited for solar energy development. In addition, both the eastern and westernboundaries of the property abut federally granted major power transmission corridors. The western boundary of the property abuts the Lincoln CountyConservation, Recreation and Development Act of 2004 utility corridor that Southern Nevada Water Authority is currently in the process of permitting for itswater importation project. The property is also adjacent to one of the solar energy study areas designated by the Secretary of the Interior, which is beinganalyzed pursuant to a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (“PEIS”). The aims of the PEIS, among other things, are to evaluate utility–scale solarenergy development and to amend relevant Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) land use plans with the consideration of establishing a new BLM solarenergy development program. This BLM site is designated as the Dry Lake Valley North site and consists of approximately 49,775 acres. Lincoln/Vidler Water Rights ApplicationsLincoln/Vidler has pending water rights applications filed with the Nevada State Engineer’s Office. Prior to a law change in 2003, the law governing waterrights required the Nevada State Engineer to act on an application within one year of its filing date or it was deemed cancelled. A Nevada Supreme Courtruling in January, 2010, considered this new law with respect to 34 water right applications of Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) that had been filedin 1989. The Court reversed and remanded a lower court ruling requiring the lower court to either reopen the 34 water right applications for protests or torequire SNWA to re-file new applications. The Court indicated that “applicants cannot be punished for the State Engineer’s failure to follow his statutoryduty.” However, language in the opinion appeared to indicate that equity would require the applications to be reopened for protest but the early priority date oftheir applications would remain intact.Lincoln/Vidler has pending water right applications filed with the Nevada State Engineer’s Office. Lincoln/Vidler had filed on water rights throughoutLincoln County in 1998 and again in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 in all but six groundwater basins. Because of these re-filings, these water rightapplications are not in jeopardy under the Nevada Supreme Court ruling. Of the six basins not filed after 2003, Lincoln/Vidler, to ensure the protection ofthose filings, have re-filed in four of the six basins, determining that the remaining two basins have no water to be appropriated by the Nevada State Engineer.Lincoln County Power Plant ProjectIn 2005, Vidler entered into an option agreement to sell its interest in a project to construct a new electricity-generating plant in southern Lincoln County,for $4.8 million. It is anticipated that the new plant will supply electricity to the new communities to be developed near Mesquite, and surrounding areas. InDecember 2009, we agreed to extend the option period until December 31, 2011, in exchange for further option payments totaling $400,000. The purchaser hasmade all of the scheduled option payments to date.This project is 100% owned by Vidler, and does not form part of the Lincoln/Vidler teaming arrangement.2.Fish Springs RanchVidler has a 51% membership interest in, and is the managing partner of, Fish Springs Ranch, LLC (“Fish Springs”) which owns the Fish SpringsRanch and other properties totaling approximately 7,544 acres in Honey Lake Valley in Washoe County, approximately 40 miles north of Reno, Nevada. Inaddition, Fish Springs owns 12,987 acre-feet of permitted water rights related to the properties of which 7,987 acre-feet are transferable to the Reno/Sparksarea and designated as water credits. Currently, there is no regulatory approval to export the additional volume of 5,000 acre-feet per year of water from FishSprings Ranch to support development in northern Reno, and it is uncertain whether such regulatory approval will be granted in the future.The Fish Springs Ranch water rights have been identified as an economical, sustainable, and proven new source of supply to support new growth in thenorth valley communities of Washoe County. According to the Nevada State Demographer, from 2000 to 2009, the population of Washoe County (includingReno/Sparks) increased by almost 23% to approximately 416,000 people. However, due to the recent recession and current economic conditions, including ahigh rate of unemployment in Washoe County, this rate of growth has slowed considerably and recently issued population growth estimates from the NevadaState Demographer are significantly lower than previous population projections. The prevailing economic conditions and, as a result, the uncertain timing offuture development makes it difficult to predict when our water credit sales will occur. 24 During 2006, we began construction of a pipeline and an electrical substation to provide the power which will be required to pump the water to the northvalleys. Construction of the pipeline to convey the water from Fish Springs Ranch to a central storage tank in northern Reno was completed during 2008. Asof December 31, 2010, we have capitalized $101.1 million of direct pipeline costs and other related expenditure, including interest, plus the cost of our watercredits, within the Real Estate and Water Assets section of our consolidated balance sheet. As water is sold by Fish Springs and revenues are generated, theasset will be expensed as a cost of sale in our consolidated statement of operations in the period in which the associated revenues are recorded.In July 2008, the pipeline and associated infrastructure was dedicated to Washoe County, Nevada under the terms of an Infrastructure DedicationAgreement (“IDA”) between Washoe County and Fish Springs. Under the provisions of the IDA, Washoe County is responsible for the operation andmaintenance of the pipeline and Fish Springs has the exclusive right to the capacity of the pipeline to allow for the sale of water for future economicdevelopment in the north valley area of Reno. Water from Fish Springs that has regulatory approval to be imported to the North Valleys of Reno(approximately 8,000 acre-feet) is also available for sale under a Water Banking Agreement entered into between Fish Springs and Washoe County. Under theWater Banking Agreement, Washoe County holds transferred and dedicated water rights in trust on behalf of Fish Springs, which will then be able to transferand assign water rights credits. Fish Springs can sell the water credits to developers, who must then dedicate the water to the local water utility for service.Without changing the potential revenues to Fish Springs, the IDA and Water Banking Agreement allow Washoe County to perform its role as a waterutility by delivering and maintaining water service to new developments. The agreements enable Fish Springs to complete its water development project byselling water credits to developers, who can then obtain will-serve commitments from Washoe County.Since the dedication of the pipeline in July 2008, and, as a result, the Fish Springs water becoming available for sale, we sold 12.8 water credits during2008 for sales proceeds of approximately $577,000. (One water credit is equivalent to a water right of one acre-foot volume of water per annum inperpetuity). There were no sales of Fish Springs’ water credits in 2010 or 2009. In accordance with the Fish Springs partnership agreement, our 49% partner’s proportionate share of all costs related to the pipeline project, including afinancing cost of the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 450 basis points on Vidler’s funding of the pipeline related expenditures to the FishSprings partnership, will be recouped from the revenues generated from the sale of Fish Springs water credits. 3. 3.Carson City and Lyon County, Western NevadaThe capital city of Nevada, Carson City, and Lyon County are located in the western part of the state, close to Lake Tahoe and the border withCalifornia. There are currently few existing water sources to support future growth and development in the Dayton corridor area, which is located in thisregion.In 2007, Vidler entered into development and improvement agreements with both Carson City and Lyon County to provide water resources for plannedfuture growth in Lyon County and to connect, or “intertie,” the municipal water systems of Carson City and Lyon County.The agreements allow for Carson River water rights owned or controlled by Vidler to be conveyed for use in Lyon County. The agreements also allowVidler to bank water with Lyon County and authorize Vidler to build the infrastructure to upgrade and inter-connect the Carson City and Lyon County watersystems. It is anticipated that the Lyon County utility will have at least 4,000 acre-feet of water available for development projects in the Dayton corridor forwhich there is currently limited supplies of water, as well as new water infrastructure to improve Lyon County’s water management program.During 2009, Vidler substantially completed the infrastructure required to connect the Carson City water system with the Lyon County water system andthe infrastructure is now sufficient to deliver an expected volume of water of at least 4,000 acre-feet per year. As of December 31, 2010, we have expended atotal of approximately $5.7 million to complete the connection infrastructure and we anticipate that further capital expenditures will be limited to approximately$2 million in order to recover the water in Lyon County as and when demand occurs. 25 Vidler has acquired and optioned water rights consisting of both Carson River agriculture designated water rights and certain municipal and industrialdesignated water rights. On completion of our re-designation development process of the agriculture designated water rights to municipal and industrial use,we anticipate that Vidler will have at least 4,000 acre-feet available for municipal use in Lyon County for future development, as and when demand occurs,principally by means of delivery through the new infrastructure constructed by Vidler. However, due to the recent recession and other prevailing economic conditions, including a high rate of unemployment in Lyon County, the rate of growthof development in the Dayton corridor has slowed considerably. In addition, recently issued growth projections from the Nevada State Demographer aresignificantly lower than previous population projections. GAAP requires that the estimate of fair values of infinite – lived intangible assets be based ondiscounted cash flows and to compare those estimates to the carrying values of such assets. The dramatic slow-down in housing starts and sales in the Daytoncorridor will likely delay sales of some of our Carson River water rights. Consequently, we have adjusted our forecast of the timing and volume of water salesfrom our original projections for the discounted cash flow models for this water resource asset. The revisions to the discounted cash flow model resulted in animpairment loss of $10.3 million which we recorded in the fourth quarter of 2010. After the impairment charge, the carrying value of our Carson River waterrights and associated infrastructure as of December 31, 2010 was $26.6 million.4. 4.Sandy Valley, NevadaIn June 2002, the Nevada State Engineer awarded Vidler 415 acre-feet of water rights near Sandy Valley, Nevada. The award of the permit for the 415acre-feet of water rights was appealed in the Nevada Supreme Court by certain residents of Sandy Valley. The Supreme Court denied Vidler the originallypermitted rights due to a procedural error in certifying the record on appeal. Vidler appealed this decision in the Supreme Court but was not successful inkeeping the original rights. However, Vidler has water rights applications for 2,000 acre-feet for groundwater appropriation in Sandy Valley and is preparingthese applications to go through the permitting process to obtain perfected water rights.5. 5.Muddy River, NevadaThe Muddy River is a perennial river fed by the Muddy Springs in southern Nevada, originating in Nevada and flowing into Lake Mead. Currently,Muddy River water rights are utilized for agriculture and electricity generation; however, in the future, we anticipate that Muddy River water rights may beutilized to support development in southern Nevada. The Southern Nevada Water Authority 2006 water resource plan identifies Muddy River water rights asa water resource to support future growth in Clark County, Nevada.At December 31, 2010, Vidler owned approximately 267 acre-feet of Muddy River water rights and which are leased to Southern Nevada Water Authority.ColoradoVidler is completing the process of monetizing its water rights in Colorado, through sale or lease:·in 2008, Vidler closed on the sale of approximately 3.9 acre-feet of water rights for $302,000;·in 2009, Vidler closed on the sale of approximately 1.6 acre–feet of water rights for $127,000; and·in 2010, Vidler closed on the sale of approximately 2.4 acre – feet of water rights for $174,000.Vidler has 169 acre-feet of water rights remaining in Colorado, of which 103 acre-feet are available for sale or lease and 66 acre-feet have been leased.IdahoIn 2007, Vidler closed on the purchase of two farm properties in Idaho totaling approximately 1,886 acres of land, together with the related 7,044 acre-feetof agricultural water rights. The properties are leased and currently being farmed, and grow apples, silage corn, alfalfa and potatoes.The properties are located near the areas of Boise, Nampa, and Caldwell, where future development could be constrained by the lack of developable landwith water to support development. During 2009, Vidler entered in to a geothermal lease agreement with a geothermal energy company with respect to the two Idaho properties. Vidler receivedan initial payment of approximately $375,000 and is entitled to annual lease payments of approximately $4,700 over the ten year lease period. Vidler is alsoentitled to 3.5% of gross proceeds for the use of any geothermal resources on the properties for the commercial production of electrical energy and 10% of grossproceeds for the use of any geothermal resources on the properties for the commercial production of non-electrical energy. 26 WATER STORAGE 1.Vidler Arizona Recharge Facility and Net Recharge Credits During 2000, Vidler completed the second stage of construction at its facility to “bank,” or store, water underground in the Harquahala Valley, andreceived the necessary permits to operate a full-scale water “recharge” facility. “Recharge” is the process of placing water into storage underground. Vidler hasthe permitted right to recharge 100,000 acre-feet of water per year at the Vidler Arizona Recharge Facility, and anticipates being able to store as much as 1million acre-feet of water in the aquifer underlying much of the valley. When needed, the water will be “recovered,” or removed from storage, by ground waterwells.The Vidler Arizona Recharge Facility is a privately owned water storage facility for the Colorado River system, which is a primary source of water for theLower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada. The water storage facility is strategically located adjacent to the Central Arizona Project (“CAP”)aqueduct, a conveyance canal running from Lake Havasu to Phoenix and Tucson. The recharged water comes from surplus flows of CAP water. Proximityto the CAP provides a competitive advantage as it minimizes the cost of water conveyance.Vidler is able to provide storage for users located both within Arizona and out of state (with approvals from the state of Arizona). Potential users includeindustrial companies, power-generating companies, developers, and local governmental political subdivisions in Arizona, and out-of-state users such asmunicipalities and water agencies in Nevada and California. The Arizona Water Banking Authority (“AWBA”) has the responsibility for intrastate andinterstate storage of water for governmental entities.Vidler’s recharge facility is one of the few permitted and completed private water storage facilities in Arizona. Given that Arizona is the only southwesternstate with surplus flows of Colorado River water available for storage, we believe that the Vidler site is a private water storage facility where it is practical to“bank,” or store, water for users in other states, which is known as “interstate water banking”. Having a permitted water storage facility also allows Vidler toacquire, and store, surplus water for re-sale in future years.Vidler has not yet generated any revenue from the facility. We believe that the best economic return on the facility will come from storing water in surplusyears for sale in dry years or when other need for the water arises. Vidler has been recharging water for its own account since 1998, when the pilot plant wasconstructed. At the end of 2010, Vidler had “net recharge credits” of approximately 250,000 acre-feet of water in storage at the facility as well as approximately10,000 acre–feet of stored water at Arizona state owned storage sites within the Phoenix Active Management Area.In January, 2010, Vidler acquired for $15.8 million a single-purpose limited liability company whose primary asset was approximately 126,000 acre–feetof stored water (“net recharge credits”) in the Roosevelt Water Conservation District (“RWCD”). For the purposes of storing water, the RWCD is part of thePhoenix, Arizona Active Management Area (which corresponds to the Phoenix metropolitan area). Accordingly, this stored water may be recovered and usedanywhere in the Phoenix Active Management Area and could have a variety of uses for commercial developments within the Phoenix metropolitan area. During2010, Vidler acquired more stored water and as of December 31, 2010, Vidler has approximately 135,500 acre–feet of net recharge credits stored in the RWCD. 2.Semitropic, CaliforniaVidler originally purchased an 18.5% right to participate in the Semitropic Water Banking and Exchange Program, which operates a 1 million acre-footwater storage facility at Semitropic, near the California Aqueduct, northwest of Bakersfield, California.In July, 2008, Vidler completed the sale of its remaining interest of 30,000 acre-feet of storage capacity at the Semitropic Water Banking and ExchangeProgram in a transaction with the San Diego County Water Authority. The sale generated cash proceeds of $11.7 million and we recorded a net gain, asrevenue, of $8.7 million in 2008. In 2009, Vidler sold its entire inventory of water of approximately 10,252 acre-feet for total sale proceeds of approximately$3.1 million. As a result of this sale, as of December 31, 2009 Vidler no longer owns any water assets in California. OTHER PROJECTSNew Mexico ProjectDuring 2009, Vidler commenced a new water resource development project in the state of New Mexico. At this stage of the project, as of December 31,2010, all expenditures relating to this venture have been expensed through the statement of operations as incurred, until such time we believe we have sufficientevidence that further expenditures will be recovered by subsequent cash flows generated from the sale of permitted water rights. We have conductedgeophysical surveys and applied for and were granted exploratory and monitoring well permits from the State Engineer’s Office of New Mexico.Vidler has drilled exploratory and monitoring wells to prepare a groundwater flow model. Based on the groundwater model, we believe we have thescientific evidence to support the award of at least 1,200 acre – feet of permitted water rights by the New Mexico State Engineer’s Office. We will be presentingthis evidence in legal hearings in 2012. Vidler has identified a demand of up to 1,500 acre-feet of water per annum in and around the project area of Santa Fe,Bernallilo and Sandoval counties in New Mexico. The project is being developed in a partnership in which Vidler is the 95% owner. 27 OtherWe continue to investigate and evaluate water and land opportunities in the southwestern United States, which meet our risk/reward and value criteria,and, in particular, assets which have the potential to add value to our existing assets. We routinely evaluate the purchase of further water-righted properties orother water resources in the southwest and western United States, particularly Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Idaho. We also continue to beapproached by parties who are interested in obtaining a water supply, or discussing joint ventures to commercially develop water assets and/or develop waterstorage facilities in the southwestern states. REAL ESTATE OPERATIONSOur Real Estate Operations segment’s revenues are derived from the sale of Nevada Land’s property in northern Nevada and UCP’s sale of residentialdevelopments in California. In addition, various types of recurring revenue are generated from use of the Nevada Land’s properties, including leasing,easements, and mineral royalties. Nevada Land also generates interest revenue from real estate sales contracts where Nevada Land has provided partialfinancing, and from temporary investment of sale proceeds.We recognize the sale of real estate when a transaction closes. On closing, the entire sales price is recorded as revenue, and the associated cost basis isreported within cost of real estate sold. Typically, since the date of closing determines the accounting period in which the revenue and cost of real estate arerecorded, the reported results of our Real Estate Operations segment fluctuate from period to period, depending on the dates when transactionsclose. Consequently, results for any one year are not necessarily indicative of results in future years.Nevada LandThe continuing slow-down in U.S. real estate markets has affected Nevada Land’s 2010, 2009 and 2008 results of operations, when compared to prioryears. In 2010, 2009 and 2008, the volume of acreage sold declined by 99%, 97% and 91% respectively from 2006 activity, and the land sales revenuesgenerated by Nevada Land in 2010, 2009 and 2008 declined by approximately 96%, 95% and 86% respectively from 2006 land sale revenues. However,gross margin percentages on land sales (the total of sales less costs of sales divided by sales) have remained consistently high at over 70% throughout 2010,2009 and 2008 compared to a gross margin percentage of approximately 67% in 2006. In addition, Nevada Land owns several other rights, such as mineralrights, water rights and geothermal rights which are typically retained even when the surface right is sold as a land sale. The annual lease and royalty incomegenerated by Nevada Land has increased over 2010, 2009 and 2008 with revenues received of approximately $966,000, $658,000 and $628,000,respectively.Despite the slow-down in real estate sales at Nevada Land, we are seeing strong development activity with respect to our geothermal rights and potentialrenewable energy sites, which appears to reflect the increased demand in the U.S. for alternative energy sources. Nevada Land owns the geothermal rights toover 1.3 million acres in northern Nevada. We hold the geothermal rights on property we still own, and we have retained the geothermal rights on all land salesthat we have previously recorded. Typically, we structure geothermal development agreements with power companies that incorporate a lease element, as wellas a royalty on the actual energy generated from a geothermal plant. We are currently a party to geothermal leases, over a total of acres, in varying stages ofdevelopment with five different power companies. During 2009, Nevada Land generated income of $1 million from the sale of geothermal royalty rights on itsproperty. UCPSince commencing operations in early 2008, UCP has focused on acquiring finished and entitled residential lots in and around the Fresno MetropolitanArea (the Central Valley area of California) as well as in certain locations in the Central Coast region of California, in particular, the Monterey region, and theBay Area of California. We believe that the residential real estate markets where UCP has acquired development properties are attractive in the long term due tohigh affordability ratios, favorable market demographics (population growth and diverse employment bases) and fundamental supply and demand forcesarising from the existing balance of inventories of standing homes and lots and the demand for homes. (See below for highlights of these factors in theseregions of California).In certain real estate projects that we own we intend to complete the construction of the horizontal infrastructure of some of our entitled properties (paperlots) to produce finished lots. In other cases we intend to complete or build homes on a limited number (currently budgeted at approximately 100 homes) offinished lots we own. We believe that the capital allocation for both horizontal infrastructure and building homes for these particular projects is justified basedon our analysis of the supply and demand in the markets where these projects are located.Throughout 2010, UCP continued the completion of required entitlements of UCP’s partially-entitled projects with the objective of owning fully–entitledresidential development projects. In addition, during 2010, UCP sold 9 lots and homes for total sales proceeds of $2.4 million. East Garrison, Monterey County, CaliforniaDuring 2009, UCP closed on its most significant acquisition to date: a 244 acre site in Monterey County, California (the “East Garrison Master–PlannedCommunity”). During the third quarter of 2009, UCP acquired a note for a discount to its face value for a total, including acquisition costs, of approximately$22.6 million. As intended, UCP subsequently foreclosed on the underlying real estate that acted as security for the note. As a result of this foreclosure, UCPacquired 1,400 entitled residential units consisting of the East Garrison Master–Planned Community. East Garrison is located on the north–east corner of thehistoric former Fort Ord Army base just outside Monterey, California. The East Garrison Master–Planned Community consists of three phases which arebased on the timing of development as contained within the approved master plan. Our intention is to complete the development of 441 partially finished lotsin Phase 1 to fully finished lots (lots with all horizontal infrastructures such as electricity, gas and sewer lines as well as roads and curbs). We estimate thatthe remaining costs associated with completing the 441 lots and other project costs will total approximately $14 million in the next two years prior to monetizingthe Phase 1 lots. We will monitor market conditions with respect to completing construction for finished lots in Phase 2 and 3, but currently we have nocommitment to complete any construction related to Phases 2 and 3 of East Garrison.The site is fully–entitled with environmental permits in place, a zoning ordinance approved, water allocated to the entire development and a developmentagreement and a development and disposition agreement approved by the Monterey County Redevelopment Agency. We believe the completion of thisentitlement process gives the project a competitive advantage as new supplies of finished lots are limited due to the difficulty of the entitlement process. 28 Monterey County has a population of approximately 436,000. The County’s population is forecast to experience population growth over the next tenyears, growing to approximately 484,000 by 2020 (approximately 11% in total). Within the Monterey Region, which consists of Monterey and Santa CruzCounties, the employment base is estimated at approximately 329,000 workers, and spread across several industry segments. In December 2010, the medianprice of a home in Monterey was approximately $325,000 and the affordability index (a measure of the ability of first time homebuyers to purchase a homebased on the median household income) is approximately 64% compared to 19% in 2007. Housing inventories in Monterey remained at low levels as inDecember 2010, there was approximately only 3.9 months of housing inventory based on current sales levels compared to 5.3 months in December 2009.Central Valley Region, CaliforniaFresno County is the tenth largest county in California by population and in 2010 had a population of over 950,000. The county’s population is expectedto grow to approximately 1.1 million by 2020 (a total of 16%). Fresno County is also one of the leading counties in the United States for agricultureproduction, with a gross crop value exceeding $5.3 billion in 2009. The employment base in Fresno is approximately 326,000 spread across a diversified setof industries: the largest of which are government, trade transportation and utilities, agriculture, and education and health services. As of December 2010, themedian price of a home in the Fresno and Clovis areas was $152,000 (which is unchanged from December 2009) and the affordability index (a measure of thefinancial ability of U.S. families to buy a house based on the median household income) for first time homebuyers was 79% (compared to 76% in2009). Housing inventories in the Fresno and Clovis areas remained low during 2010. In December 2010, in these areas, there was approximately 3.4 monthsof housing inventory based on current sales levels compared to 5.3 months in December 2009. INSURANCE OPERATIONS IN “RUN OFF”The operations of our insurance companies are in “run off,” which means handling and resolving claims on expired policies, but not writing any newbusiness. Typically, most of the revenues of an insurance company in “run off” come from investment income (interest from fixed-income securities anddividends from stocks) earned from deploying funds held as part of their insurance business in investment securities. In addition, gains or losses are realizedfrom the sale or impairment of investments. Occasionally, earned premiums are recorded, which relate to reinsurance.In broad terms, our insurance companies hold cash and fixed-income securities corresponding to their loss reserves and state capital and depositrequirements, and the remainder of the portfolio is invested in small-capitalization value stocks in the U.S. and selected foreign markets. At December 31,2010, the investment portfolios of Physicians and Citation consisted of cash of $14.2 million, fixed-income securities with a market value of $16 million,and stocks with a market value of $93.7 million.We hold bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury, government-sponsored enterprises (namely Freddie Mac, FNMA, FHLB, and PEFCO) and State ofCalifornia general obligations municipal bonds only to the extent required for capital under state insurance codes, or as required for deposits or collateral withstate regulators. Otherwise, the bond portfolios currently consist of domestic investment-grade corporate issues and one New Zealand dollar-denominatedcorporate issue, with 4 or less years to maturity.At December 31, 2010, the insurance company bond portfolios consisted of (in thousands): Issuer Fair ValueDecember 31,2010 Percentage ofTotal FairValue U.S. Treasury $4,073 26%Government-sponsored enterprises 4,178 26%State of California general obligations 3,254 20%Domestic investment-grade corporate bonds 3,336 21%Foreign corporate bond (no credit rating) 1,132 7% $15,973 100%At December 31, 2010, the aggregate market value of Physicians’ and Citation’s bond portfolios was greater than amortized cost. To protect the capital value of our bond portfolio from a decline in value that could be brought on by higher interest rates in the medium term, our bondinvestments are concentrated in issues maturing in 5 years or less. At December 31, 2010, the duration of Physicians’ and Citation’s bond portfolios was 2.6years. The duration of a bond portfolio measures the amount of time it will take for the cash flows from scheduled interest payments and the maturity ofbonds to equal the current value of the portfolio. Duration indicates the sensitivity of the market value of a bond portfolio to changes in interest rates. Ifinterest rates increase, the market value of existing bonds will decline. During periods when market interest rates decline, the market value of existing bondsincreases. Typically, the longer the duration, the greater the sensitivity of the value of the bond portfolio to changes in interest rates. Duration of less than fiveyears is generally regarded as medium term, and less than three years is generally regarded as short term.Our insurance companies principally hold their liquid funds in the Federated Government Obligations Money Market Fund (ticker: GOIXX). Due to thenature of the underlying debt securities which this money market fund holds, we do not anticipate any loss of principal. We do not own any domesticpreferred stocks, mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations, auction-rate securities, or commercial paper, and we do not haveany exposure to credit default swaps.The equities component of the insurance company portfolios is concentrated in a limited number of asset-rich, small-capitalization value stocks. Thesepositions have been accumulated at a significant discount to our estimate of the private market value of each company’s underlying “hard” assets (land andother tangible assets). At December 31, 2010, investments in the U.S. comprised approximately 40% of the stock portfolio; Switzerland, 34%; and NewZealand, 26%.The fixed-income securities and common stocks in the insurance companies’ investment portfolios generated total returns of approximately -41% in 2008,16% in 2009, and 10% in 2010.The equity portfolios of our insurance companies are managed on an absolute value basis, using an approach which investors refer to as “Graham andDodd”. Stocks are selected based on the investment fundamentals of the underlying company, which is our assessment of what the enterprise is worth, basedon the private market value of its assets, earnings, and cash flow. Typically, we buy stocks at a significant discount to our assessment of the value of thecompany’s “hard assets,” such as land, natural resources, or cash. We also own shares in operating companies, which are undervalued on the basis of theirearnings and cash flow, and whose businesses have special or unique characteristics. 29 Over time, we expect the stocks in our insurance company portfolios to generate significantly higher returns than if we were to solely invest in fixed-income securities and cash and cash equivalents.The financial results of insurance companies in “run off” can be volatile if there is favorable or unfavorable development in their loss reserves. Changesin assumptions about future claim trends, and the cost of handling claims, can lead to significant increases and decreases in our loss reserves. When lossreserves are reduced, this is referred to as favorable development. If loss reserves are increased, the development is referred to as adverse or unfavorable. Physicians Insurance Company of OhioPhysicians wrote its last policy in 1995; however, claims can be filed until 2017 related to events which allegedly occurred during the period whenPhysicians provided coverage.By its nature, medical professional liability insurance involves a relatively small number (frequency) of relatively large (severity) claims. We havepurchased excess of loss reinsurance to limit our potential losses. The amount of risk we have retained on each claim varies depending on the accident yearbut, in general, we are liable for the first $1 million to $2 million per claim.Due to the long “tail” (the period of time between the occurrence of the alleged event giving rise to the claim, and the claim being reported to us) in themedical professional liability insurance business, it is difficult to accurately quantify future claims liabilities and establish appropriate loss reserves. Ourloss reserves are reviewed by management every quarter, and are assessed in the fourth quarter of each year, based on independent actuarial analysis of past,current, and projected claims trends in the 12 months ended September 30 of each year.At December 31, 2010, our medical professional liability reserves, after reinsurance, totaled $1.9 million, compared to $2.3 million at December 31,2009, and $3.8 million at December 31, 2008. PHYSICIANS INSURANCE COMPANY OF OHIO -- LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES Thousands of dollarsDecember 31, 2010 2009 2008 Net direct reserves for medical professional liability insurance$1,934 $2,338 $3,834 At December 31, 2010, our direct reserves, or reserves before reinsurance, represented the independent actuary’s best estimate. We are continuallyreviewing our claims experience and projected claims trends in order to derive the most accurate estimate possible.At December 31, 2010, approximately $267,000, or 14% of our direct reserves, were case reserves, which are the loss reserves established when a claimis reported to us. Our provision for incurred but not reported claims (IBNR - which means the event giving rise to the claim has allegedly occurred, but theclaim has not been reported to us) was $720,000, or 37% of our direct reserves. The loss adjustment expense reserves, totaling $947,000, or 49% of directreserves, recognize the cost of handling claims over the next six years while Physicians’ loss reserves run off.Over the past three years, the trends in open claims and claims paid have been: Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Open claims at the start of the year 6 10 12 New claims reported during the year 2 4 4 Claims closed during the year (1) (8) (6) Open claims at the end of the year 7 6 10 Total claims closed during the year 1 8 6 Claims closed with no indemnity payment (8) (6) Claims closed with an indemnity payment 1 0 0 Total claims payments during the year $342,000 $190,000 $315,000 30 PHYSICIANS INSURANCE COMPANY OF OHIO - CHANGE IN LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES Thousands of dollars Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Beginning reserves $2,338 $3,834 $6,520 Loss and loss adjustment expense payments (435) (190) (315)Re-estimation of prior year loss reserves 31 (1,306) (2,371)Net medical professional liability insurance reserves $1,934 $2,338 $3,834 Increase (decrease) in re-estimation as a percentage of beginning reserves 1.3% (34.1)% (36.4)%In 2010, claims and loss adjustment expense payments were $434,000, accounting for all of the net decrease in reserves. During 2010, independentactuarial analysis of Physicians’ loss reserves concluded that Physicians’ reserves against claims were slightly less than the actuary’s projections of futureclaims payments. Reserves were increased in three of Physicians’ 20 accident years from 1976 until 1996, decreased in seven accident years, and there wasno change in ten accident years. This resulted in a net increase of $30,000, or approximately 1.3% of reserves at the start of the year. The net increase inreserves was primarily due to slightly higher payments in 2010 than previously projected, and was principally recorded in Physicians’ IBNR.In 2010, Physicians made net indemnity payments of $342,000, which represents the indemnity portion of one claim, which was slightly higher than thepreviously established case reserve. At December 31, 2010, the average case reserve per open claim was approximately $36,000. There were no changes inkey actuarial assumptions in 2010. Such actuarial analyses involves estimation of future trends in many factors which may vary significantly fromexpectation, which could lead to further reserve adjustments, either increases or decreases, in future years. See “Critical Accounting Policies” and “RiskFactors”.In 2009, claims and loss adjustment expense payments were $190,000, accounting for 13% of the net decrease in reserves. During 2009, Physiciansexperienced favorable trends in both the “frequency”, or number of claims, and the “severity”, or size of claims. Consequently, independent actuarialanalysis of Physicians’ loss reserves concluded that Physicians’ reserves against claims were greater than the actuary’s projections of future claimspayments. Reserves were reduced in eight of Physicians’ 20 accident years from 1976 until 1996, increased in two accident years, and there was no changein ten accident years. This resulted in a net reduction of $1.3 million, or approximately 34.1% of reserves at the start of the year. The net reduction in reserveswas primarily due to a decrease in claims frequency, and was recorded in Physicians’ IBNR.In 2009, Physicians made a net indemnity payment of $1,000, which represents the indemnity portion of one claim. Total claims payments in 2009 wereless than anticipated. At December 31, 2009, the average case reserve per open claim was approximately $75,000. There were no changes in key actuarialassumptions in 2009. In 2008, claims and loss adjustment expense payments were $315,000, accounting for 12% of the net decrease in reserves. During 2008, Physiciansexperienced favorable trends in both the “frequency” and the “severity” of claims. Independent actuarial analysis of Physicians’ loss reserves concluded thatPhysicians’ reserves against claims were greater than the actuary’s projections of future claims payments. Reserves were reduced in eight of Physicians’ 20accident years from 1976 until 1996, resulting in a net reduction of $2.4 million, or approximately 36.4% of reserves at the start of the year. The netreduction in reserves was primarily due to a decrease in claims frequency, and was recorded in Physicians’ reserve for IBNR.In 2008, Physicians made net indemnity payments of $138,000, which represents the indemnity portion of three claims. Total claims payments in 2008were less than anticipated. There were no changes in key actuarial assumption in 2008.Since it is more than 15 years since Physicians wrote its last policy and the reserves for direct IBNR claims and IBNR loss adjustment expenses atDecember 31, 2010, total approximately $1.5 million, it is conceivable that the Company will experience further favorable development of reserves for reportedlosses, IBNR and loss adjustment expenses. However, there is less potential for favorable development in future years than there has been in the past, asPhysicians’ claim count shrinks. In addition, we caution (1) that claims can be reported until 2017, and (2) against over-emphasizing claim count statistics --for example, the last claims to be resolved in “run off” could be the most complex and expensive to resolve.Citation Insurance CompanyProperty and Casualty Insurance Loss ReservesCitation went into “run off” from January 1, 2001. At December 31, 2010, after ten years of “run off,” Citation had $421,000 in property and casualtyinsurance loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, after reinsurance.Approximately 60% of Citation’s net property and casualty insurance reserves are related to one line of business, artisans/contractors liabilityinsurance. The remaining 40% is comprised of commercial property and casualty insurance reserves related to policies which expired in 2001. As a generalrule, based on state statutes of limitations, we do not believe that new commercial property and casualty insurance claims can be filed in California andArizona, although in these states claims filing periods may be extended in certain limited circumstances. 31 We have purchased excess of loss reinsurance to limit our potential losses. The amount of risk we have retained on each claim varies depending on theaccident year, but we can be liable for the first $50,000 to $250,000 per claim.Citation wrote artisans/contractors insurance until 1995, the year before Physicians merged with Citation’s parent company. No artisans/contractorsbusiness was renewed after the merger. Artisans/contractors liability insurance has been a problematic line of business for all insurers who offered this type ofcoverage in California during the 1980’s and 1990’s. The nature of this line of business is that we received a large number (high frequency) of small (lowseverity) claims.Although Citation wrote its last artisans/contractors policy in 1995, and the statute of limitations in California is ten years, this can be extended in somesituations.Over the past three years, the trends in open claims and claims paid in the artisans/contractors line of business have been: Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Open claims at the start of the year 5 11 39 New claims reported or claims re-opened during the year 5 7 18 Claims closed during the year (4) (13) (46) Open claims at the end of the year 6 5 11 Total claims closed during the year 4 13 46 Claims closed with no payment (3) (10) (24) Claims closed with LAE payment only (no indemnity payment) (1) (11)Claims closed with an indemnity payment 1 2 11 Due to the long “tail” (the period between the occurrence of the alleged event giving rise to the claim and the claim being reported to us) in theartisans/contractors line of business, it is difficult to accurately quantify future claims liabilities and establish appropriate loss reserves. Our loss reserves areregularly reviewed by management, and certified annually by an independent actuarial firm, as required by California state law. The independent actuaryanalyzes past, current, and projected claims trends for all active accident years, using several forecasting methods. The actuary believes this will result inmore accurate reserve estimates than using a single method. We typically book our reserves to the actuary’s best estimate.Changes in assumptions about future claim trends and the cost of handling claims can lead to significant increases and decreases in our property andcasualty loss reserves. In 2008, we reduced reserves by $2.3 million, or 74.3% of beginning reserves, principally due to reduced frequency and reducedseverity of claims, which led the actuary to conclude that the “run off “of the artisans/contractors book of business would be completed sooner, and withlower claims and expense payments, than previously projected. Such actuarial analyses involves estimation of future trends in many factors which may varysignificantly from expectation, which could lead to further reserve adjustments, either increases or decreases, in future years. In 2009, we increased reservesby $55,000, or approximately 8.5% of beginning reserves. In 2010, we decreased reserves by $58,000, or approximately 10.7% of beginning reserves. Since Citation’s property and casualty insurance claims reserves are now only $421,000, there is clearly limited scope for favorable development in futureyears.There were no changes in key actuarial assumptions during the three years ended December 31, 2010. See “Critical Accounting Policies” and “RiskFactors”.At December 31, 2010, Citation’s net property and casualty reserves were carried at $421,000, approximately equal to the actuary’s best estimate. 32 CITATION INSURANCE COMPANY - PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSERESERVES Thousands of dollars December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Direct reserves $518 $624 $741 Ceded reserves (97) (81) (96) Net reserves $421 $543 $645 At December 31, 2010, $125,000 of Citation’s net property and casualty reserves (approximately 30%) were case reserves, $135,000 representedprovision for IBNR claims (32%), and the loss adjustment expense reserve was $161,000 (38%).CITATION INSURANCE COMPANY - CHANGE IN PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENTEXPENSE RESERVES Thousands of dollars Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Beginning reserves $543 $645 $3,149 Loss and loss adjustment expense payments (64) (157) (163)Re-estimation of prior year loss reserves (58) 55 (2,341)Net property and casualty insurance reserves $421 $543 $645 Increase (decrease) in re-estimation as a percentage of beginning reserves (10.7)% 8.5% (74.3)% Workers’ Compensation Loss ReservesUntil 1997, Citation was a direct writer of workers’ compensation insurance in California, Arizona, and Nevada. Workers’ compensation has been aproblematic line of business for all insurers who offered this type of coverage in California during the 1990’s. We believe that this is primarily due to claimscosts escalating at a greater than anticipated rate, in particular for medical care.The nature of this line of business is that we receive a relatively small number (low frequency) of relatively large (high severity) claims. Since this bookof business is now more than 12 years old, the remaining claims tend to be severe, and likely to lead to claims payments for a prolonged period of time,although many have now exceeded the amount of risk we retain per claim, increasing the amount of reinsurance we can recover.Although the last of Citation’s workers’ compensation policies expired in 1998, new workers’ compensation claims can still be filed for events whichallegedly occurred during the term of the policy. The state statute of limitations is ten years, but claim filing periods may be extended in some circumstances.Over the past three years, the trends in open claims and claims paid in the workers’ compensation line of business have been: Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Open claims at the start of the year 120 142 172 New claims reported during the year 16 5 17 Claims reopened during the year 21 0 Claims closed during the year (25) (48) (47) Open claims at the end of the year 111 120 142 A significant number of the claims received in the past three years relate to asbestos. During 2010, all 16 new claims related to asbestos, and in 2009 allfive new claims related to asbestos. At December 31, 2010, 28 of the 111 open claims were asbestos-related. Our actuaries expect the asbestos claims todevelop in a different pattern to workers’ compensation claims. Typically, the asbestos claims are shared among numerous insurance carriers and result inrelatively small loss and loss adjustment expense payments, with Citation’s share of the total settlements being less than 10%. A $500,000 reserve for latereported asbestos claims was established in 2008. This reserve stood at $450,000 at December 31, 2010.At December 31, 2010, Citation had workers’ compensation reserves of $20.4 million before reinsurance and $6.5 million after reinsurance. Citationpurchased excess reinsurance to limit its potential losses in this line of business. In general, we have retained the risk on the first $150,000 to $250,000 perclaim. Citation’s workers’ compensation reserves for the 1986 to 1997 policy years are reinsured with General Reinsurance Corporation, a subsidiary ofBerkshire Hathaway, Inc. 33 CITATION INSURANCE COMPANY - WORKERS’ COMPENSATION LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES Thousands of dollars December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Direct reserves $20,363 $21,213 $23,198 Ceded reserves (13,890) (14,446) (15,781) Net reserves $6,473 $6,767 $7,417 It is difficult to accurately quantify future claims liabilities and establish appropriate loss reserves in the workers’ compensation line of business due to:·the long reporting “tail”; and·the extended period over which policy benefits are paid.Such actuarial analyses involves estimation of future trends in many factors which may vary significantly from expectation, which could lead to furtherreserve adjustments, either increases or decreases, in future years. Examples of future trends include claims, the cost of handling claims, and medical carecosts. See “Critical Accounting Policies” and “Risk Factors”.Following independent actuarial analysis during 2008, Citation increased its workers’ compensation net loss reserves by $2.3 million, or 37.3% of the$6.1 million in net reserves at the start of 2008. Direct reserves were increased by approximately $3 million, which was partially offset by a $662,000increase in the estimated reinsurance recoverable on our workers’ compensation loss reserves, resulting in a $2.3 million increase in net loss reserves. Theincrease in reserves came after:·individual actuarial review of every open case; and·the creation of the new reserve of $500,000 for asbestos claims. Citation did not previously have a separate reserve for asbestos claims, but anincreasing number of asbestos claims had been received in 2008 and recently preceding years. The reserve reflects the actuary’s projection of anincreased frequency of low severity asbestos claims.Following independent actuarial analysis during 2009, Citation decreased its workers’ compensation net loss reserves by approximately $94,000, or 1.3%of the $7.4 million in net reserves at the start of 2009. Direct reserves were decreased by approximately $330,000, which was partially offset by a $236,000decrease in the estimated reinsurance recoverable on our workers’ compensation loss reserves, resulting in a $94,000 decrease in net loss reserves. Following independent actuarial analysis at September 30, 2010, and December 31, 2010, Citation increased its workers’ compensation net loss reservesby approximately $152,000, or 2.2% of the $6.8 million in net reserves at the start of 2010. Direct reserves were decreased by approximately $626,000,which was partially offset by a $474,000 decrease in the estimated reinsurance recoverable on our workers’ compensation loss reserves, resulting in a$152,000 increase in net loss reserves. CITATION INSURANCE COMPANY - CHANGE IN WORKERS’ COMPENSATION LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSERESERVES Thousands of dollars Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Beginning net reserves $6,767 $7,417 $6,053 Loss and loss adjustment expense payments (446) (556) (891)Re-estimation of prior year loss reserves 152 (94) 2,255 Net workers’ compensation insurance reserves $6,473 $6,767 $7,417 Increase (decrease) in re-estimation as a percentage of adjusted beginning reserves 2.2% (1.3)% 37.3% Apart from the new reserve for late reported asbestos claims created in 2008 discussed above, there were no changes in key actuarial assumptions duringthe three years ended December 31, 2010.At December 31, 2010, Citation’s net workers’ compensation reserves were carried at $6.5 million, approximately equal to the actuary’s bestestimate. Approximately $1.6 million of Citation’s net workers’ compensation reserves (25%) were case reserves, $3.1 million represented provision forIBNR claims (48%), and the loss adjustment expense reserve was $1.8 million (27%).From the sale of CNIC in 1997 until September 30, 2004, the workers’ compensation claims were handled by Fremont and then the California InsuranceGuarantee Association. Since then, the workers’ compensation claims have been handled by a third-party administrator on Citation’s behalf. 34 CORPORATEUntil April 2008, the largest asset in this segment was a 22.5% shareholding in Jungfraubahn Holding AG. Jungfraubahn is listed on the SIX SwissExchange, and operates railway and related tourism and transport activities in the Wengen region of the Swiss Alps. On April 22, 2008, we sold our interestin Jungfraubahn for net proceeds of CHF75.5 million, or approximately US$75.3 million. The sale of Jungfraubahn resulted in a gain of $46.1 millionbefore taxes in our consolidated statement of operations for 2008. However, the sale only had a minimal effect on shareholders’ equity and book value pershare, as most of the gain and related tax effects had already been recorded in previous accounting periods as a net unrealized gain, in the OtherComprehensive Income component of Shareholders’ Equity. Most of the sales proceeds were immediately converted into U.S. dollars, and later repatriated tothe U.S. At December 31, 2010, the largest asset in this segment is cash and cash equivalents of $30.1 million. Our liquid funds are principally held in theFederated Government Obligations Money Market Fund (ticker: GOIXX). Due to the nature of the underlying debt securities which this money market fundholds, we do not anticipate any loss of principal. The parent company also owns three corporate bonds and a U.S. Treasury Bill, with a combined marketvalue of $8.6 million.From time to time, we make investments in small businesses, typically venture capital-type opportunities, which are reported in the Corporate segment. At December 31, 2010, the most significant such business is spigit, a developer of social productivity software for enterprises, which has established acustomer base including several companies in the Fortune 2000. In October 2009, spigit received a $10 million equity investment from a global private equity firm, which reduced our majority ownership of spigit to a37% equity interest. Until October 2009, spigit was consolidated in our group financial statements. Now that spigit is no longer a consolidated subsidiary,our investment in spigit is now carried in our consolidated financial statements as an unconsolidated affiliate, under the equity method, as we believe that weexercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of spigit. Our equity share of spigit’s net loss is recorded in our Statement of Operationsin the line captioned “Equity in loss of unconsolidated affiliate”.AGRIBUSINESS OPERATIONSIn December 2010, we completed a business combination and funded $60 million of equity finance to a new operation, PICO Northstar Hallock, LLCdoing business as Northstar Agri Industries (“Northstar”), which will construct and operate a canola seed processing plant near Hallock, Minnesota. It isanticipated that construction will be complete, and that the plant will commence production of canola oil and canola meal, in the fourth quarter of 2012.For 2010, Northstar had no revenues or expenses. However, we have reported Northstar as a separate segment in the accompanying consolidated financialstatements. We anticipate that Northstar will become a significant operating segment as the facility is constructed during 2011 and 2012, and the plantbecomes operational.As of December 31, 2010, the Agribusiness segment had total assets of $78.4 million, primarily consisting of PICO’s $60 million equitycontribution. The remaining $18.4 million of assets (including real estate and plant equipment), less $10 million of liabilities assumed, represent the $8.4million equity contribution of our minority partner, which is largely owned by local farmers and business people.Northstar is raising a further $100 million to complete the construction and development of the plant, and for working capital. Northstar has received a$100 million non-recourse, senior secured construction loan commitment from ING Capital LLC (“ING”), which will serve as the administrative agent andlead arranger for the facility. The credit facility is underwritten, but ING has the right to require PICO to raise up to $50 million of the facility, if the debtcommitment is not fully syndicated by ING by April 15, 2011. If ING has not fully syndicated the $100 milion financing by this date, we would have toraise up to $50 million through additional borrowings at Northstar, or the offering of equity, debt, or a combination of the two by the PICO parent company,and/or the sale of assets. We expect to close on the entire construction loan financing at or around the end of the second quarter of 2011. See “Liquidity andCapital Resources” and “Risk Factors”.Construction of the plant began in January 2011. Guaranteed Maximum Price construction, engineering, and technology contracts have been executedwith Karges-Faulconbridge Inc., McGough Industrial Construction LLC, and Crown Iron Works. Each of these firms has significant prior experience in theindustry.The plant will have initial crushing capacity of 1,000 tons per day. Pending the completion of additional environmental permitting, it is estimated that thecapacity can be increased to 1,500 tons per day at a cost of $10.5 million.The plant is strategically located in northern Minnesota, 25 miles south of the Canadian border and approximately 150 miles north of Fargo, NorthDakota, with approximately one million acres currently planted in canola within a 100 mile radius in the U.S. and Canada. We believe that the plant’slocation in the southeastern portion of the North American canola growing region is a comparative advantage, and will result in cost efficiencies. The plantwill also be in close proximity to Midwest markets for refined canola oil and for canola meal, which is used in dairy and poultry farming, and totransportation infrastructure.Northstar has executed agreements with Land O’Lakes Purina Feed, LLC (“Land O’Lakes”), which is the largest North American consumer of proteinmeal. The agreements commit Land O’Lakes to guarantee the sale of 100% of the plant’s canola oil and canola meal output for a period of five years atmarket-based prices.Currently, domestic production of canola oil meets approximately 35% of domestic demand, and the other 65% is imported, primarily from Canada. Indeveloped countries, vegetable oil has overtaken animal fat in consumers’ diets, due to greater awareness of the health benefits of unsaturated fat in vegetableoil, and consumption of canola oil has grown more rapidly than other vegetable oils, partly because it has the lowest saturated fat content of edible oils. Overthe past ten years, U.S. consumption of canola oil has increased by 27% in total and 15% per capita.Canola meal is the second most consumed protein meal in the world, after soybean meal. The dairy industry is the primary consumer of canola meal inthe U.S. The amino acid profile of canola meal enhances the milk production of dairy cows. 35 CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIESThis section describes the most important accounting policies affecting our assets and liabilities, and the results of our operations. Since the estimates,assumptions, and judgments involved in the accounting policies described below have the greatest potential impact on our financial statements, we considerthese to be our critical accounting policies:·how we determine the fair value and carrying value of our water assets, real estate assets, and investments in equity and debt securities;·how we estimate the claims reserves liabilities of our insurance companies;·how we recognize revenue when we sell water assets and real estate assets, and calculate investment income from equity and debt securities; and·how we determine our income tax provision, deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits, as well as the need forvaluation allowances on our deferred tax assets.We believe that an understanding of these accounting policies will help the reader to analyze and interpret our financial statements.Our consolidated financial statements, and the accompanying notes, are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in theU.S. Preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates, using available data and ourjudgment, for things such as valuing assets, accruing liabilities, recognizing revenues, and estimating expenses. Due to the uncertainty inherent in thesematters, actual results could differ from the estimates we use in applying the critical accounting policies. We base our estimates on historical experience, andvarious other assumptions, which we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances.The following are the significant subjective estimates used in preparing our financial statements:1.Estimation of reserves in our insurance companiesAlthough we record reserves which our management believes are adequate, the actual losses paid could be greater than the reserves we haveestablished. We must estimate future claims and ensure that our loss reserves are adequate to pay those claims. This process requires us to make estimatesabout future events. As we learn of new claims and close existing claims, our estimates of projected claims payouts and reserves may change, which affectsthe size of our claims reserves. The accuracy of these estimates will not be known for many years. For example, part of our claims reserves cover “IBNR”claims (the event giving rise to the claim has allegedly occurred, but the claim has not been reported to us yet). In other words, in the case of IBNR claims, wemust provide for claims which we do not know about yet.Estimates of our future claims obligations have been volatile:·our medical professional liability reserves, after reinsurance, were increased by just $32,000 in 2010, but were reduced by $1.3 million in 2009 and$2.4 million in 2008, after we concluded that Physicians’ claims reserves were greater than projected claims payments in 2009 and 2008;·after reinsurance, Citation’s property and casualty insurance loss reserves were decreased by $56,000 in 2010, increased by $55,000 in 2009, anddecreased by $2.3 million in 2008; and·after reinsurance, Citation’s workers’ compensation loss reserves were increased by $152,000 in 2010, decreased by $94,000 in 2009, and increasedby $2.3 million in 2008.Our claims reserves will increase or decrease in the future.In addition, we have to make judgments about the recoverability of reinsurance owed to us on the portion of our direct claims reserves which we havereinsured. At December 31, 2010, Citation had $14.6 million in reinsurance recoverable on its loss reserves and claims paid, and Physicians had noreinsurance recoverable.See “Insurance Operations In Run Off” and “Regulatory Insurance Disclosure” in Item 7.2.Carrying value of long-lived assetsOur principal long-lived assets are real estate and water assets owned by Vidler, and real estate assets owned by Nevada Land and UCP. At December 31,2010, the total carrying value of real estate and water assets was $355.6 million, or approximately 51% of total assets. These real estate and water assets arecarried at cost, less any recorded impairments.Real Estate AssetsWe review our long-lived real estate assets as facts and circumstances change, or if there are indications of impairment present, to ensure that the estimatedundiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, from the use and eventual disposition of these assets will at least recover their carryingvalue. Cash flow forecasts are prepared for each discrete asset. Our management, including the management at each operating company, engages in a rigorousprocess to prepare and review the cash flow models which utilize the most recent information available to us. However, the process inevitably involves thesignificant use of estimates and assumptions, especially the estimated current and future demand for these assets, the estimated future market values of ourassets, the timing of the disposition of these assets, the ongoing cost of maintenance and improvement of the assets, and the current and projected income beingearned on the property and other uncertain future events. As a result, our estimates are likely to change from period to period. In addition, our estimates maychange as unanticipated events transpire which would cause us to reconsider the current and future use of the assets. In most cases, we have assumed sales ofthe related assets occurring over a two to seven year period and at current values for the asset. We also assume that it will take several years for the market toabsorb the asset following the initial sales. If we use different assumptions, if our plans change, or if the conditions in future periods differ from ourforecasts, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially impacted. We may own properties, particularly those purchased in the lastseveral years, where the current fair value is below our carrying value; however, on an undiscounted basis, management is projecting future cash flows inexcess of the carrying value for all of our real estate assets. Accordingly, no impairment charges related to our real estate assets were recognized in the yearsended December 31, 2010, 2009, or 2008. 36 Water Resource AssetsThe impairment testing on our water resource assets, which consist primarily of certain of our water rights and the rights to use infrastructure to conveywater in Nevada, is assessed under a different methodology. Our water resources are infinite-lived intangible assets. Accordingly, our water resource assetsare not amortized (their value is not charged as an expense in our statement of operations over time) but the assets are carried at cost and reviewed forimpairment at least annually during the fourth quarter and more regularly if a specific event occurs or there are changes in circumstances which suggest thatthe asset may be impaired. Such events or changes may include lawsuits, court decisions, regulatory mandates, and economic conditions, including demandfor residential and commercial real estate, changes in population, and increases or decreases in prices of similar assets. To calculate the fair value of these types of assets, we use a discounted cash flow model, under which the future net cash flows from the asset are forecastand then discounted back to a present value in today’s dollars using a risk-adjusted discount rate specific to that project. Preparing these cash flow modelsinvolves significant assumptions about revenues and expenses as well as the specific risks inherent in the assets. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value,an impairment loss is recognized equal to the difference. Our management, including the management of the operating subsidiaries, conducts these extensivereviews utilizing the most recent information available to us; however, the review process inevitably involves the significant use of estimates and assumptions,especially the estimated current and future price and demand for these assets, as well as the market values of our water assets, the timing of the disposition ofthese assets, uncertain future events such as the rate of new development to create demand to utilize the water assets, and the ongoing cost of maintenance andimprovement of the assets. In summary, the cash flow models for our infinite-lived intangible assets forecast initial sales to begin in approximately five years, and then increase untilthe assets are completely sold over a fifteen year period. We have assumed sale proceeds for the assets that are based on our estimates of the likely future salesprice per acre-foot. These per-unit sale prices are estimated based on the demand and supply fundamentals in the markets which these assets serve. Thediscount rates we have used in our cash flow models start with a risk-free rate (based on the yield of a 20 year U.S. Treasury bond) and then a risk premiumis added, which is determined based on our assessment of the project-specific risks. If we use different assumptions, if our plans change, or if the conditionsin future periods differ from our forecasts, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially impacted.In 2010, we recorded a $10.3 million impairment charge related to our water rights in Carson City and Lyon County in western Nevada. This is the onlyimpairment charge recorded on this asset and it reduced our carrying value from $36.9 million to $26.6 million. Due to the prevailing economic conditions,including a high rate of unemployment in Lyon County, Nevada, there has been a prolonged and significant slow-down in real estate activity in the Daytoncorridor, which had been a fast-growing region. In addition, recently issued growth projections from the Nevada State Demographer project significantly lowerpopulation growth in the area than previously. The dramatic slow-down in housing starts and sales in the Dayton corridor will likely delay sales of some ofour Carson River water rights. Consequently, we adjusted the forecast timing and volume of water sales from our original projections in the discounted cashflow models for this water resource asset. The revisions to the discounted cash flow model resulted in the previous carrying value of the project exceeding thefair value estimated by the cash flow model. As a result, we recorded an impairment charge for the difference during the fourth quarter of 2010.At December 31, 2010, the present value of the forecast future cash flows for all of our other water resource assets exceeds the water resource asset’scarrying value.In April 2009, we were awarded a much smaller quantity of water from the Tule Desert groundwater basin by the Nevada State Engineer than weexpected. Accordingly, we compared the fair value of the water we were awarded to our carrying value in developing the water resource, and recorded thedifference as an impairment charge of $12.4 million in our statement of operations in the first quarter of 2009. See Tule Desert Groundwater Basin sectionin the Water Resource and Water Storage segment of Item 7.We determined that no impairment charges were necessary in 2008.In our water resource and water storage business, we engage in project development. This can require cash outflows to drill wells to prove that a“perennial yield”, or permanent supply, of water is available in situations where there is no guarantee that the project will ultimately be commercially viable. Ifwe determine that it is probable that the project will be commercially viable, the costs of developing the asset are capitalized (recorded as an asset in our balancesheet, rather than being charged as an expense). If the project ends up being viable, in the case of a sale, the capitalized costs are included in the cost of realestate and water assets sold and applied against the purchase price. In the case of a lease transaction, or when the asset is fully developed and ready for use,the capitalized costs are amortized (charged as an expense) in our income statement over time. 37 3.Accounting for investments and investments in unconsolidated affiliatesAt December 31, 2010, we owned marketable equity securities with a carrying value of approximately $110.4 million, investments in unconsolidatedaffiliates with a carrying value of $5.2 million and an investment held at a cost of $2.1 million. Together, these investments account for approximately 17%of our total assets. The equity securities are primarily small-capitalization value stocks listed in the U.S., Switzerland, and New Zealand.Depending on the circumstances, and our judgment about the level of our involvement with the investee company, we apply one of two accountingpolicies: fair value accounting or equity accounting.All of the available-for-sale investments we currently own are carried at fair value on our balance sheet, with unrealized gains or losses included inshareholders’ equity. Until the investment is sold and a gain or loss is realized, the impacts which the investment will have on the statement of operations are:·dividends received are recorded as income; and·impairment charges are expensed for any unrealized losses deemed to be other-than-temporary. When we hold an investment where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the company we have invested in, we would instead apply theequity method of accounting.Since October 2009, we have applied the equity method of accounting to our current 37% interest in spigit. Prior to October 2009, we held a majority andcontrolling interest in spigit, and we consolidated spigit in our group financial statements. After spigit ceased to be a consolidated subsidiary, we applied theequity method as we believe that we can exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of spigit. We apply the provisions of fair valueaccounting to all of our other equity securities and all of our debt securities.During the period that we hold an investment, the equity method of accounting may have a different impact on our financial statements than fair valueaccounting would. The most significant difference between the two policies is that, under the equity method, we include our share of the unconsolidatedaffiliate’s earnings or losses in our statement of operations, which also increases or decreases the carrying value of the investment on our balance sheet. Inaddition, any dividends received from the affiliate reduce the carrying value of the investment on our balance sheet. Under fair value accounting, the onlyincome recorded in the statement of operations is from dividends, and other-than-temporary impairment charges, if applicable, are reported as a realized lossand reduce revenues correspondingly. For securities classified as available-for-sale, unrealized gains and losses, net of related deferred taxes, are included incomprehensive income or loss in the shareholders’ equity section of our balance sheet.The assessment of what constitutes the ability to exercise “significant influence” requires our management to make significant judgments about financialand operational control over the affiliate. We look at various factors in making this determination. These include our percentage ownership of voting stock,whether or not we have representation on the affiliate’s board of directors, transactions between us and the affiliate, the ability to obtain timely quarterlyfinancial information, and whether our management can influence the operating and financial policies of the affiliate company. When we conclude that wehave this kind of influence, we adopt the equity method and change all of our previously reported results to show the investment as if we had applied theequity method of accounting from the date of our first purchase.The use of fair value accounting or the equity method can result in significantly different carrying values at specific balance sheet dates, andcontributions to our statement of operations in any individual year during the course of the investment. However, over the entire life of the investment, the totalimpact of the investment on shareholders’ equity will be the same whichever method is adopted.When equity and debt securities where we apply fair value accounting are in an unrealized loss position, we regularly review whether the decline in marketvalue is other-than-temporary. We also evaluate our equity method investment each year to determine if any other-than-temporary impairment exists. Ingeneral, these reviews require management to consider several factors, including the extent and duration of the decline in market value of the investee, specificadverse conditions affecting the investee’s business and industry, the financial condition of the investee, and the long term prospects of theinvestee. Accordingly, management has to make important assumptions regarding our intent and ability to hold the security, and our assessment of the overallworth of the security. Risks and uncertainties in our methodology for reviewing unrealized losses for other-than-temporary declines include our judgmentsregarding the overall worth of the issuer and its long term prospects, and our ability to obtain our assessment of the overall worth of the business.In a subsequent quarterly review, if we conclude that an unrealized loss previously determined to be temporary is in fact other-than-temporary, animpairment loss will be recorded. The other-than-temporary impairment charge on available-for-sale investments will have no impact on shareholders’ equityor book value per share, as the decline in market value will already have been recorded through shareholders’ equity. If we impair an equity methodinvestment, an impairment loss will affect shareholders’ equity. In both cases, there will be an impact on reported income before and after tax, and onearnings per share, due to recognition of the unrealized loss and related tax effects. When a charge for other-than-temporary impairment is recorded, our basisin the security is decreased. Consequently, if the market value of the security later recovers and we sell the security, a correspondingly greater gain will berecorded in the statement of operations.These accounting treatments for investments and investments in unconsolidated affiliates add volatility to our statements of operations.We recorded other-than-temporary impairment charges in our consolidated statements of operations of $365,000 in 2010, $18.8 million in 2009, and$21.2 million in 2008 before income taxes. 38 4.Revenue recognitionSale of real estate and water assetsWe recognize revenue when:(a)there is a legally binding sale contract;(b)the profit is determinable (the collectability of the sales price is reasonably assured, or any amount that will not be collectable can be estimated);(c)the earnings process is virtually complete (we are not obliged to perform significant activities after the sale to earn the profit, meaning we havetransferred all risks and rewards to the buyer); and(d)the buyer’s initial and continuing investment are sufficient to demonstrate a commitment to pay for the property.Unless all of these conditions are met, we use the deposit method of accounting. Under the deposit method of accounting, until the conditions to fullyrecognize a sale are met, payments received from the buyer are recorded as a liability on our balance sheet, and no gain is recognized. Net investment income and realized gains or lossesWe recognize investment income from interest and dividends as they are earned. Dividends are recorded as income on the date that the stock trades “exdividend” on the market where the stock trades. Dividends with an “ex date” in one accounting period, but which are not paid until the next accountingperiod, are recorded as income on the “ex date”, in accordance with accrual accounting. In the case of bonds acquired at a cost other than par value, netinvestment income includes amortization of premium, or accretion of discount, on the level yield method.Realized investment gains and losses are included in revenues and can include any other-than-temporary impairment charges from declines in marketprices (as discussed above). The cost of investments sold is determined using an average cost basis, and sales are recorded on a trade date basis (the day onwhich the trade is executed). 5.Income taxesOur income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimatedfuture taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in both the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. We have multiple state filing groups with different incometax generating abilities. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense.Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of revenue and expense. In evaluating ourability to recover our deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction from which they arise we consider all available positive and negative evidence, includingscheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. We consider many factors when assessing the likelihoodof future realization of our deferred tax assets, including recent cumulative earnings experience by taxing jurisdiction, expectations of future transactions, thecarryforward periods available to the Company for tax reporting purposes, historical use of tax attributes, and availability of tax planning strategies. Theseassumptions require significant judgment about future events however, they are consistent with the plans and estimates we are using to manage the underlyingbusinesses. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, we consider three years of cumulative operating income or loss.As of December 31, 2010, we have state income tax net operating loss carryfowards of $16.7 million that will begin to expire in 2015.We believe that it is more likely than not that the benefit from these state NOL carryforwards and other deferred tax assets will not be realized. Inrecognition of this risk, we have provided a valuation allowance of $3.6 million on the deferred tax assets relating to these state attributes. If our assumptionschange and we determine we will be able to realize these attributes, the tax benefits relating to any reversal of the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets atDecember 31, 2010 will be recognized as a reduction of income tax expense. If our assumptions do not change, each year we could record an additionalvaluation allowance on the deferred tax assets on these state tax assets.Changes in tax laws and rates could also affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future. We are not aware of any such changes thatwould have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows or financial position. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealingwith uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions.The accounting guidance for income taxes provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not thatthe position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits. Theguidance also provides information on measurement, derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure andtransition.We recognize tax liabilities in accordance with accounting guidance on income taxes and we adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a resultof the evaluation of new information not previously available. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in apayment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income taxexpense in the period in which they are determined.Our unrecognized tax benefits include exposures from certain state income tax issues. We believe that it is reasonably possible that approximately$369,000 of our currently remaining unrecognized tax benefits may be recognized by the end of 2011 as a result of a lapse of the statute of limitations.  39 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS -- YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2010, 2009, AND 2008Shareholders’ EquityAt December 31, 2010, PICO had shareholders’ equity of $568.1 million ($25.03 per share), compared to $582.6 million ($25.79 per share) at the endof 2009, and $477.7 million ($25.36 per share) at the end of 2008. Book value per share decreased by 3% in 2010 compared to an increase of 1.7% in 2009and a decrease of 9.2% in 2008.The principal factors leading to the $14.5 million decrease in shareholders’ equity during 2010 were:·a net loss of $11.2 million; and·a $5.7 million decrease in net unrealized appreciation in available-for-sale investments after-tax.The principal factors leading to the $104.9 million increase in shareholders’ equity during 2009 were:·the issuance of 3.75 million new common shares, at $27 per share, for net proceeds of $95.7 million;·an increase in net unrealized appreciation in available-for-sale investments after-tax of $14.3 million and an increase in foreign currency translationof $8.2 million; which was offset by;·a net loss of $18 million.The principal factors leading to the $48.2 million decrease in shareholders’ equity during 2008 were:·net income of $28.6 million; which was more than offset by;·a $70.9 million decrease in net unrealized appreciation in available-for-sale investments after-tax; and·a $10 million decrease in foreign currency translation, as foreign currencies where we hold investments depreciated relative to the U.S. dollar. Total Assets and LiabilitiesTotal assets at December 31, 2010, were $692.5 million, compared to $687.6 million at December 31, 2009, an increase of $4.9 million. During 2010,we purchased and capitalized development costs of real estate and water assets amounting to $64.6 million. The acquisitions and expenditures were financedfrom existing cash resources and from non–recourse debt financing of $5.4 million. In addition, we used $60 million from existing cash resources to fundapproximately 88% of the equity of a new venture, PICO Northstar Hallock (“Northstar”), formed to construct and operate a canola seed crushing facility inHallock, Minnesota. Our partner in the Northstar venture contributed equity valued at $8.4 million for their approximately 12% share and this contributionconsisted of $18.4 million of assets and $10 million of assumed liabilities.During 2010, total liabilities increased by $13.9 million, from $107.9 million at December 31, 2009 to $121.8 million at December 31, 2010 as totalborrowing increased by a net $4.5 million and deferred compensation payable increased by $6.7 million. 40 Net Income or LossPICO reported a net loss of $11.2 million for 2010 ($0.49 per share), compared to a net loss of $18 million for 2009 ($0.86 per share), and net income of$28.6 million ($1.52 per share) in 2008.2010The $11.2 million net loss primarily consisted of:·loss before taxes and noncontrolling interests of $19.8 million;·a $9.5 million benefit for income taxes. The effective tax rate for 2010 was 48%, which is higher than our federal corporate income tax rate of 35%.The difference is due to a number of different factors including recording the tax benefit of our equity share of the loss of our unconsolidatedaffiliate, spigit, the reversal of previously accrued tax liabilities and interest on uncertain tax positions, the accrual of state taxes and certain non –deductible compensation expense; and·a loss of $3.7 million from our equity share of the loss before taxes of our unconsolidated affiliate, spigit.2009The $18 million net loss primarily consisted of:·loss before taxes and noncontrolling interests of $40.7 million;·a $19.3 million benefit for income taxes. The effective tax rate for 2009 was 47%, which is higher than our federal corporate income tax rate of35%. This difference is due to a number of different factors including the reversal of previously accrued interest and penalties on uncertain taxpositions and the recognition of book and tax differences arising from the sale or deconsolidation of certain subsidiaries; and·a loss of $277,000 from our equity share of the loss before taxes of our unconsolidated affiliate, spigit.2008The $28.6 million net income primarily consisted of:·income before taxes and noncontrolling interests of $56.4 million; and·a $28.5 million provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate for 2008 was 51%, which is higher than our federal corporate income tax rate of35%, principally due to the recognition of $2.8 million of income taxes on previously untaxed earnings and profits of our wholly-owned subsidiaryGlobal Equity AG, and state taxes of $2.8 million. Other items reflected in the effective income tax rate include interest expense and penalties onuncertain tax positions, and operating losses with no associated tax benefit from subsidiaries that are excluded from the consolidated federal incometax return and unable to use the losses on their own separate tax return.Noncontrolling InterestsOn January 1, 2009, we adopted the new accounting pronouncement over noncontrolling interests in our consolidated financial statements. We addedback net losses to our consolidated statement of operations of $2.9 million in 2010, $3.7 million in 2009, and $733,000 in 2008 which represent the interestsof noncontrolling shareholders in the losses of our consolidated, but less than wholly owned, subsidiaries.Our most significant subsidiary that is not wholly owned is Fish Springs Ranch, LLC (“Fish Springs”). Most of the losses attributable to thenoncontrolling interests in our subsidiaries relate to our 49% partner’s share of the financing cost charged to Fish Springs by our wholly-owned subsidiary,Vidler, on expenditures incurred on the development of our water resources at Fish Springs Ranch. 41 Comprehensive IncomeIn accordance with U.S. GAAP, we report comprehensive income as well as net income from the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Comprehensiveincome measures changes in shareholders’ equity, and includes unrealized items which are not recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations, forexample, foreign currency translation and the change in investment gains and losses on available-for-sale securities.Over the past three years, we have recorded:·a comprehensive loss of $16.9 million in 2010, consisting of a net loss of $11.2 million and a $5.7 million decrease in net unrealized appreciation ininvestments and a $23,000 net decrease in foreign currency translation;·comprehensive income of $4.5 million in 2009, consisting of a net loss of $18 million which was more than offset by net unrealized appreciation ininvestments of $14.3 million and an increase in foreign currency translation of $8.2 million; and·a comprehensive loss of $52.3 million in 2008, consisting of a $70.9 million decrease in net unrealized appreciation in investments and a $10 millionnet decrease in foreign currency translation, which were partially offset by the year’s net income of $28.6 million.Operating RevenuesThousands of dollars Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Water Resource and Water Storage Operations $3,066 $4,334 $11,272 Real Estate Operations 5,284 12,436 5,470 Corporate 6,336 220 45,766 Insurance Operations in Run Off 17,488 (958) (2,156)Total Revenues $32,174 $16,032 $60,352 In 2010, total revenues were $32.2 million, compared to $16 million in 2009, and $60.4 million in 2008.In 2010, revenues increased by $16.1 million from 2009. This was primarily due to:·an increase of $18.4 million in Insurance Operations in Run Off, primarily due to an increase in net realized gains of $18.5 million;·Corporate segment revenues increased $6.1 million year over year, primarily due to an increase in deferred compensation revenues of $9.8 million; and·a decrease of $7.2 million in Real Estate Operations, principally due to $6.5 million lower sales at UCP.In 2009, revenues decreased by $44.3 million from 2008. This was primarily due to:·a decline of $45.5 million in revenues generated by the Corporate segment. This decline resulted largely from a gain of $46.1 million in the Corporatesegment that was recognized in 2008 on the sale of our interest in Jungfraubahn Holding AG that was not repeated in 2009. In 2009, the Corporatesegment recognized a gain of $8.2 million on the deconsolidation of our former subsidiary, spigit, as well as a realized loss of $5.5 million on the saleof our Canadian subsidiary, Global Equity Corporation;·a decline of $6.9 million in revenues generated by the Water Resource and Water Storage segment. This decline is largely due to a sale of our waterstorage facility in California in 2008 that generated revenues of $8.7 million that was not repeated in 2009. Our largest transaction in 2009 was for thesale of water in California which generated revenues of $3.1 million; and·an increase of $7 million in revenues generated by the Real Estate segment. This was largely due to our California real estate operations generating $8.9million of revenues in 2009 compared to zero in 2008. 42 Costs and ExpensesTotal costs and expenses in 2010 were $52 million, compared to $56.8 million in 2009, and $4 million in 2008. The decrease in expenses of $4.8 million in 2010 compared to 2009 is largely due to the following factors:·The cost of sales in our Real Estate segment declined by $4.6 million in 2010 compared to 2009 due largely to the decrease in our California realestate transactions in 2010;·Costs in our Insurance Operations in Run Off increased by $1.8 million as the reserve development of $128,000 was unfavorable in 2010compared to favorable reserve development of $1.3 million in 2009; and·Corporate segment expenses decreased by $1.8 million in 2010 compared 2009, primarily due to an increase in deferred compensation expense of $2million which was more than offset by a decrease of $3.4 million in net foreign exchange expense.The increase in expenses of $52.8 million in 2009 compared to 2008 is largely due to the due to the following factors:·In 2009, expenses included a $12.4 million charge for the impairment of our water assets in the Tule Desert Groundwater Basin in LincolnCounty. There were no impairment charges in 2008;·In addition, deferred compensation expense increased by $15.7 million in 2009 compared to 2008 as the fair value of deferred compensation assetsincreased during 2009;·In 2008, expenses were reduced by $15 million in foreign exchange gains while in 2009 the net foreign exchange effect was an expense of $193,000giving rise to an overall increase of $15.2 million in expenses in 2009 compared to 2008; and·Furthermore, our cost of sales for real estate increased by $5.6 million in 2009 compared to 2008 due largely to the increase in our California realestate transactions in 2009. Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes and Noncontrolling InterestsThousands of dollars Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Water Resource and Water Storage Operations $(18,240) $(16,850) $4,185 Real Estate Operations (3,340) (1,156) 366 Corporate (13,121) (20,994) 53,324 Insurance Operations in Run Off 14,863 (1,742) (1,486)Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests $(19,838) $(40,742) $56,389 In 2010, PICO recorded a net loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interests of $19.8 million, compared to a net loss of $40.7 million in2009. The $20.9 million year over year decrease in the net loss primarily resulted from:·a $7.9 million decrease in the net loss from the Corporate segment. This principally resulted from a net reduction in deferred compensation expenseof $7.8 million;·a $2.2 million increase in the net loss from the Real Estate segment, primarily due to the net decrease in year over year gross margin (sales less costof sales) of real estate transactions of $2 million; and·a $16.6 million higher contribution from the Insurance Operations in Run Off segment, primarily due to the $18.5 million year over year favorablechange in realized gains (losses).In 2009, PICO recorded a net loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interests of $40.7 million, compared to net income of $56.4 million in2008. The $97.1 million year-over-year decrease primarily resulted from:·a $74.3 million lower contribution from the Corporate segment. This principally resulted from: a decrease of $44.8 million in net realized gains(losses) primarily represented by the $46.1 million realized gain before taxes on the sale of Jungfraubahn Holding AG in 2008, a decrease in foreignexchange gains of $15.2 million and an increase in deferred compensation expense of $15.7 million;·a $21 million lower contribution from the Water Resource and Water Storage segment. This was primarily due to an increased impairment charge of$12.4 million and a decrease of $6.9 million in revenues as noted above; and·a $1.5 million lower contribution from the Real Estate segment. This was due principally to an increase in revenues of $7 million from increasedreal estate sale activity in 2009 offset by an increase in the cost of sales of $5.6 million and an increase in operating expenses of $2.9 million. 43 Water Resource and Water Storage OperationsThousands of dollars Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Revenues: Sale of real estate and water assets $1,510 $3,203 $9,757 Net investment income 688 408 969 Other 868 723 546 Segment total revenues 3,066 4,334 11,272 Expenses: Cost of real estate and water assets (759) (226) (235)Impairment of water assets (10,316) (12,378) Depreciation and amortization (1,168) (1,076) (1,099)Overhead (3,500) (2,949) (3,041)Project expenses (5,563) (4,555) (2,712)Segment total expenses (21,306) (21,184) (7,087)Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests $(18,240) $(16,850) $4,185 Over the past few years, several large sales of real estate and water assets have generated the bulk of Vidler’s revenues. Since the date of closing generallydetermines the accounting period in which the sales revenue and cost of sales are recorded, Vidler’s reported revenues and income fluctuate from period toperiod, depending on the dates when specific transactions close. Consequently, sales of real estate and water assets in any one year are not necessarilyindicative of likely revenues in future years. In the following, gross margin is defined as revenue less cost of sales. Vidler generated total revenues of $3.1 million in 2010 compared to $4.3 million in 2009 and $11.3 million in 2008.In 2010, the most significant sale of real estate and water assets was 149 acre–feet of water rights for $1.2 million in Kane Springs, Lincoln County,Nevada.In 2009, the most significant sale of real estate and water assets was our entire inventory of water in California (10,252 acre-feet) for $300 per acre-foot. This transaction contributed $3.1 million to total segment revenues.In July 2008, Vidler completed the sale of its remaining interest in the Semitropic Water Banking and Exchange Program in California, which comprised30,000 acre–feet of storage capacity, in a transaction with the San Diego County Water Authority. The sale generated cash proceeds of $11.7 million, and werecorded a net gain of $8.7 million, included in revenues from the sale of real estate and water assets, in 2008.Net investment income has largely been generated from interest earned on the financed sale of water rights at Kane Springs and the temporary investmentof cash proceeds raised from common stock offerings by PICO in June 2009 and February 2007. In aggregate, the stock offerings raised net proceeds of$195.8 million, some of which has been allocated to Vidler for existing and new projects. As a result of expenditures on new acquisitions of real estate andwater assets and related infrastructure in the southwestern U.S. in 2008 and 2009, Vidler’s funds available for investment declined, leading to a lower level ofnet investment income in 2009 ($408,000) compared to 2008 ($969,000). In 2010, almost all the investment income of $688,000 arises from interest earnedon financed sales.Other revenues for all periods presented consists largely of water and farm lease income.Total segment expenses, including the cost of real estate and water assets sold, were $21.3 million in 2010, $21.2 million in 2009, and $7.1 million in2008. 44 Total segment expenses in 2010 of $21.3 million were largely unchanged compared to 2009. The most significant charges in segment expenses in theseyears were an impairment charge of $10.3 million in 2010 and an impairment charge of $12.4 million in 2009. As noted in the Carson City and Lyon Countysection of Item 7, GAAP requires that the estimate of fair values of infinite – lived intangible assets be based on discounted cash flows and to compare thoseestimates to the carrying values of such assets. The dramatic slow-down in housing starts and sales in the Dayton corridor area of northern Nevada will likelydelay sales of some of our Carson River water rights. Consequently, we have adjusted our forecast of the timing and volume of water sales from our originalprojections for the discounted cash flow models for this water resource asset. The revisions to the discounted cash flow model resulted in an impairment lossof $10.3 million which we recorded in the fourth quarter of 2010. This is the only such impairment charge recorded on this asset.In 2009, total expenses increased by $14.1 million compared to 2008. The following item represents the most significant changes in expenses in 2009compared to 2008. As noted above in the Tule Desert Groundwater Basin section of Item 7, in 2009 we were only awarded 396 acre–feet of water rights by theNevada State Engineer instead of the expected amount of 7,240 acre–feet. Due to this ruling in 2009, Vidler has written down the carrying value of these waterrights to their estimated recoverable value and recorded a loss on impairment of $12.4 million in 2009. There were no impairment charges recorded in 2008.Overhead expenses consist of costs which are not related to the development of specific water assets, such as salaries and benefits, rent, and auditfees. Overhead expenses were $3.5 million in 2010, $2.9 million in 2009, and $3 million in 2008. The $551,000 increase in overhead from 2009 to 2010was due to increased staff costs.Project expenses consist of costs related to the development of existing water resources, such as maintenance and professional fees. Project expenses areexpensed as appropriate under GAAP, and could fluctuate from period to period depending on activity with Vidler’s various water resource projects. Costsrelated to the development of water resources which meet the criteria to be recorded as assets in our financial statements are capitalized as part of the cost of theasset, and charged to cost of sales in the period that revenue is recognized. Project expenses principally relate to:·the operation and maintenance of the Vidler Arizona Recharge Facility;·the development of water rights in the Tule Desert groundwater basin (part of the Lincoln County agreement);·the utilization of water rights at Fish Springs Ranch as a future municipal water supply for the north valleys of the Reno, Nevada area;·the operation of our farm properties in Idaho and maintenance of the associated water rights; and·the exploration and drilling costs of Vidler’s water resource development project in New Mexico.Project expenses were $5.6 million in 2010, $4.6 million in 2009, and $2.7 million in 2008. The $1 million increase in project expenses in 2010compared to 2009 and the $1.9 million increase in project expenses in 2009 compared to 2008 is largely due to expenditures, such as drilling and permitcosts, to appropriate new water rights in New Mexico. This project commenced in 2009 and no corresponding expenditures were incurred in 2008. Inaddition, we incurred increased legal costs in 2010 and 2009 compared to 2008 due to our legal appeals in state and federal court with respect to our TuleDesert Groundwater applications with the State Engineer of Nevada. The legal appeals ultimately led to the Settlement Agreement with the State Engineer ofNevada in 2010. Real Estate OperationsThousands of dollars Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Revenues: Sale of real estate – Nevada Land $694 $818 $2,297 Sale of real estate - UCP 2,434 8,915 Net investment income 774 960 2,203 Other 1,382 1,743 970 Segment total revenues 5,284 12,436 5,470 Expenses: Cost of real estate – Nevada Land (34) (232) (673)Cost of real estate - UCP (1,722) (6,090) Operating expenses (6,868) (7,270) (4,431)Segment total expenses (8,624) (13,592) (5,104)Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests $(3,340) $(1,156) $366 Currently our businesses in the Real Estate Operations segment are largely conducted through Nevada Land and its operations in Nevada and UCP andits operations in California.It can take a year or more to complete a land sale transaction, and the timing of land sales in any one year is unpredictable. Historically the level of landsales has fluctuated from year to year. Accordingly, it should not be assumed that the level of sales as reported will be maintained in future years.In the following discussion, gross margin is defined as revenue less cost of sales, and gross margin percentage is defined as gross margin divided byrevenues. 45 In 2010, UCP sold 9 finished lots (which included 8 homes) from two separate developments in and around the Fresno metropolitan area and the CentralCoast area of California. These sales contributed to segment revenues in 2010 of $2.4 million and contributed a gross margin of $712,000 (29.3%) In 2009, UCP sold 115 finished lots (including one model home and six partially completed homes) from four separate developments in and around theFresno metropolitan area and the Central Coast area of California. These sales contributed to segment revenues in 2009 of $8.9 million and contributed agross margin of $2.8 million (31.7%). UCP did not sell any lots or homes in 2008.In 2010 Nevada Land recorded revenues of $694,000 from the sale of 1,451 acres compared to 2009 when Nevada Land recorded revenues of $818,000from the sale of 6,630 acres of land. In 2008, Nevada Land recorded revenues of $2.3 million from the sale of 17,097 acres of land.In 2010, the gross margin on the sale of land at Nevada Land was $660,000 compared to $586,000 in 2009 and $1.6 million in 2008. The grossmargin percentage earned on the sale of this land was 95.1 % in 2010, compared to 71.6 % in 2009 and 70.7% in 2008.Net investment income, arising from interest on financed sales as well as interest earned on liquid funds, contributed $774,000 in 2010, compared to$960,000 in 2009 and $2.2 million in 2008. Net investment income declined in 2010 compared to 2009 and 2008 as interest rates on liquid funds declinedin 2009 and the principal on notes receivable from financed sales declined due to repayments made throughout 2010 and 2009.Other income in 2010 amounted to $1.4 million compared to $1.7 million in 2009 and $970,000 in 2008. In 2009, $1 million of this other income arosefrom the sale of geothermal royalty rights at Nevada Land. There was no corresponding income in 2010 and 2008. The balance of the remaining other incomein all periods presented arises from land leases, principally for grazing and mining use, and royalties primarily from geothermal agreements at Nevada Land.Segment operating expenses were $6.9 million in 2010, compared to $7.3 million in 2009 and $4.4 million in 2008. Operating expenses in 2010 decreasedslightly by $401,000 compared to 2009. The increase in operating expenses in 2009 of $2.9 million compared to 2008 is due primarily to the start-up of realestate operations of UCP in California which commenced in early 2008. The increased operating expenses in 2009 compared to 2008 primarily result fromincreased salaries and benefits expense as UCP added more staff to its business as well as increased carrying costs such as interest expense, property taxesand maintenance costs due to the increased number of developments that UCP now owns. As of December 31, 2010, UCP owned 490 finished lots and 4,711potential lots in various stages of entitlement. As of December 31, 2009, UCP owned 468 finished lots and 3,289 potential lots in various stages ofentitlement compared to 389 finished lots and 1,501 potential lots in various stages of entitlement as of December 31, 2008. In addition, in 2009, operatingexpenses included a charge of $807,000 which represented the complete write–off of a note connected to a property held by us for potential alternative energydevelopment. There were no corresponding charges in 2010 or 2008. The $2.2 million increase in segment loss in 2010 compared to 2009 is largely due to the following combination of factors:·an increase in lease and royalty revenues at Nevada Land of $569,000 in 2010;·a $1 million increase in geothermal royalty sale income in 2009;·an decrease in gross margin of $2.1 million from land sales by UCP in 2010;·a decrease in investment income of $186,000 in 2010; and·an decrease in operating expenses of $401,000 in 2010.The $1.5 million decrease in segment income in 2009 compared to 2008 is largely due to the following combination of factors:·a $1 million lower gross margin from the sale of land at Nevada Land in 2009 compared to 2008. The lower gross margin in 2009 is due to theeffect of selling a lower volume of land (resulting in lower revenues) at a similar gross margin percentage. The volume of land at Nevada Land solddecreased 61% year over year;·a $1 million increase in geothermal royalty sale income in 2009;·an increase in gross margin of $2.8 million from land sales by UCP in 2009;·a decrease in investment income of $1.2 million in 2009; and·an increase in operating expenses of $2.9 million in 2009.Given the general declines of real estate markets throughout the U.S in 2010, 2009 and 2008, we have reviewed the carrying value of certain of our realestate assets noting that the projected cash flows on an undiscounted basis exceeded the carrying value of the asset. Accordingly, no impairment losses wererecorded for our real estate assets in the periods presented. 46 Corporate Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Revenues: Net realized gain (loss) on sale or impairment of investments $3,665 $(3,106) $41,717 Net investment income 2,564 2,003 3,760 Other 107 1,323 289 Segment total revenues 6,336 220 45,766 Recoveries (Expenses): Stock-based compensation expense (4,678) (4,511) (3,989) Deferred compensation (expense) benefit (7,508) (5,495) 10,184 Net foreign exchange gain (loss) 3,234 (193) 15,020 Other (10,505) (11,015) (13,657) Segment total recoveries (expenses) (19,457) (21,214) 7,558 Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests $(13,121) $(20,994) $53,324 This segment consists of cash and temporary investments in fixed-income securities, a 37% interest in spigit, and other parent company assets andliabilities. This segment also contains the deferred compensation assets held in trust for the benefit of several PICO officers and non-employee directors, as well asthe corresponding and offsetting deferred compensation liabilities. The officers concerned have deferred the majority of incentive compensation earned to date,and the proceeds from exercising Stock Appreciation Rights (“SAR”) in 2005. The investment income and realized gains or losses from the deferredcompensation assets are recorded as revenues in the year that they are earned, and a corresponding and offsetting cost or benefit is recorded as deferredcompensation expense or recovery. The change in net unrealized appreciation or depreciation in the deferred compensation assets each year is not recorded inrevenues, but it is charged to deferred compensation expense or recovery. Consequently, due to the expenses or recoveries of expenses recorded due tounrealized appreciation or depreciation, in any one year deferred compensation can have an effect on segment results and income or loss before taxes andnoncontrolling interests in the statement of operations. However, once the deferred compensation has been distributed, over the lifetime of the assets, therevenues and deferred compensation expense offset, and there is no net effect on segment results and consolidated income or loss before taxes andnoncontrolling interests.Revenues in this segment vary considerably from year to year, primarily due to fluctuations in net realized gains or losses on the sale or impairment ofsecurities.The expenses recorded in this segment primarily consist of parent company costs which are not allocated to our other segments, for example, rent for ourhead office, any stock-based compensation cost, and deferred compensation expense. In any one year, Corporate segment expenses can be increased, orreduced, by one or more individually significant expense or benefit items which occur irregularly (for example, the recording of stock-based compensationexpense when SAR are granted and vest), or fluctuate from period to period (for example, foreign currency gain or loss). Consequently, typically Corporatesegment expenses are not directly comparable from year to year.Sale of JungfraubahnUntil 2008, the largest asset in the Corporate segment was a 22.5% shareholding in Jungfraubahn, held by our Swiss subsidiary, Global Equity AG. InApril 2008, Global Equity AG sold its interest in Jungfraubahn for net proceeds of CHF75.5 million, or approximately US$75.3 million. The sale ofJungfraubahn added $46.1 million to segment income in 2008, but the sale only had a minimal effect on shareholders’ equity and book value per share, asmost of the gain and related tax effects had already been recorded in previous accounting periods as a net unrealized gain, in the Other Comprehensive Incomecomponent of Shareholders’ Equity. Most of the sales proceeds were immediately converted into U.S. dollars. As of December 31, 2010, all of Global EquityAG’s funds have been repatriated to the U.S. 47 Segment ResultThe Corporate segment recorded revenues of $6.3 million in 2010, $220,000 in 2009, and $45.8 million in 2008. These totals include revenues earnedon deferred compensation assets of $5.7 million in 2010, negative $4.1 million in 2009, and negative $2.2 million in 2008.In 2010, a $3.7 million net realized gain on the sale or impairment of holdings was recorded, which principally consisted of $3.8 million in gains on thesale of various portfolio holdings, which were partially offset by $144,000 in provisions for other-than-temporary impairment of various stocks.In 2009, a $3.1 million net realized loss on the sale or impairment of holdings was recorded. This primarily consisted of:·an $8.2 million non-cash gain on the deconsolidation of spigit; which was more than offset by;·a $5.5 million net realized loss on the sale of our interest in Global Equity Corporation (“Global Equity”); and·a $5.8 million net realized loss on the sale or impairment of other holdings, principally stocks and bonds held in deferred compensation accounts.During 2009, two small businesses ceased to be consolidated subsidiaries:·in October 2009, spigit received a $10 million equity investment from a global private equity firm. As a result of this transaction, our majorityownership was reduced to a 37% equity interest, and spigit ceased to be a consolidated subsidiary. The transaction placed a fair value of $9.2million on our reduced interest in spigit, compared to its previous carrying value of approximately $1 million. In accordance with GAAP, werecorded a non-cash gain of $8.2 million on the deconsolidation of spigit;·during the fourth quarter of 2009, we sold our interest in Global Equity, a Canadian corporation which holds interests in property syndicates andpartnerships which were formed in Canada. Although we reported a $5.5 million net realized loss on the sale of Global Equity, the transactionactually increased PICO’s Shareholders’ Equity by $1.1 million. The sale resulted in a $6.6 million accumulated foreign exchange loss (whichwas already reflected in Shareholders’ Equity) being transferred from the Other Comprehensive Income portion of Shareholders’ Equity to theStatement of Operations.The $5.8 million net realized loss on the sale or impairment of other holdings primarily consisted of:·$2.1 million in provisions for other-than-temporary impairment of various stocks held in deferred compensation accounts, which were in anunrealized loss position for most of 2009. Based on the extent and the duration of the unrealized losses, we determined that the declines in marketvalue were other-than-temporary. Consequently, we recorded a charge to reduce our basis in the stocks from original cost, or previously written-down basis, to their market value on the date that the provision was recorded; and·$1.5 million in net realized gains on the disposal of bonds, which was more than offset by $5.2 million in provisions for other-than-temporaryimpairment of the bonds of three issuers held in deferred compensation accounts. After evidence emerged that full collection of the principal andinterest on bonds issued by these issuers was doubtful, we recorded provisions for other-than-temporary impairment, by writing the bonds downfrom amortized cost to market value on the date that the provision was recorded. The market prices of the bonds of one of these issuers havesubsequently recovered significantly.In 2008, a $41.7 million net realized gain on the sale or impairment of holdings was recorded. This principally consisted of the $46.1 million realizedgain on the sale of Jungfraubahn, which was partially offset by a $4.3 million net realized loss on the sale or impairment of holdings in deferred compensationaccounts.In this segment, investment income includes interest on cash and short-term fixed-income securities. Investment income totaled $2.6 million in 2010, $2million in 2009, and $3.8 million in 2008. Investment income fluctuates depending on the level of cash and temporary investments, and the level of interestrates.The Corporate segment recorded expenses of $19.5 million in 2010 and $21.2 million in 2009, compared to a $7.6 million recovery of expenses in 2008.As a result of these factors, the Corporate segment generated losses before investee income, income taxes, and non-controlling interest of $13.1 million in2010 and $21 million in 2009, compared to income of $53.3 million in 2008.In 2010, segment expenses of $19.5 million primarily consisted of:·a foreign exchange gain of $3.2 million, which reduced segment expenses (see “Foreign Exchange Gain (Loss)” below);·deferred compensation expense of $7.5 million (see “Deferred Compensation Expense” below);·stock-based compensation expense of $4.7 million (see “Stock-Based Compensation Expense” below); and·other parent company net overhead of approximately $10.5 million. 48 In 2009, segment expenses of $21.2 million primarily consisted of:·deferred compensation expense of $5.5 million;·stock-based compensation expense of $4.5 million;·operating expenses of $2.7 million from spigit from January 1, 2009 until the date that spigit was deconsolidated; and·other parent company net overhead of approximately $8.5 million, including management incentive compensation expense of $900,000.In 2008, the $7.6 million segment recovery of expenses primarily consisted of:·foreign currency gains of $15 million. These consist of the $11.8 million gain on the conversion of Jungfraubahn sale proceeds into U.S. dollars, a$1.4 million gain on a Swiss Franc tax receivable, as well as a $1.8 million benefit from the effect of appreciation in the Swiss Franc on an inter-company loan over 2008. These gains were recorded as reductions in expenses;·a $10.2 million recovery of deferred compensation expense, which reflects a decrease in deferred compensation liabilities resulting from a decrease inthe value of the related deferred compensation assets; which more than offset the following;·stock-based compensation expense of $4 million;·spigit operating expenses of $2.6 million;·HyperFeed litigation expenses of $1.1 million; and·other parent company net overhead of approximately $9.9 million. Foreign Exchange Gain or LossThe $3.2 million Foreign Exchange gain recorded in this segment in 2010 consisted of the following foreign exchange effects:Inter-Company LoanPICO European Holdings, LLC (“PICO European”) holds a portfolio of interests in Swiss public companies. PICO European is a wholly-ownedsubsidiary of Physicians Insurance Company of Ohio, and forms part of the Insurance Operations in “Run Off” segment.Part of PICO European’s funding comes from a loan from PICO Holdings, Inc., which is denominated in Swiss Francs. Since the U.S. dollar is thefunctional currency for our financial reporting, under U.S. GAAP we are required to record a benefit or expense through the statement of operations to reflectfluctuation in the exchange rate between the Swiss Franc and the U.S. dollar affecting the amount of the loan. We record an offsetting amount within OtherComprehensive Income, and, as a result, there is no net impact on consolidated shareholders’ equity.During accounting periods when the U.S. dollar depreciates relative to the Swiss Franc – such as the years 2010, 2009, and 2008 – under U.S. GAAP weare required to record a benefit through the statement of operations to reflect the fact that PICO European owes PICO Holdings, Inc. more U.S. dollars. InPICO European’s financial statements, an equivalent loss is included in the foreign currency translation component of shareholders’ equity (since it owesPICO Holdings, Inc. more dollars); however, this is not reported in the consolidated statement of operations. Consequently, we recorded benefits of $3.2million in 2010, $1 million in 2009, and $1.8 million in 2008, which reduced expenses in this segment.In addition, PICO European has loans denominated in Swiss Francs from a Swiss bank. Any currency effect on the amount of the bank loans is offsetby a corresponding currency effect on the related investment assets, and is not a component of the foreign exchange benefit or expense reported through thestatement of operations discussed above.U. S. dollars held by Global Equity AGFrom the sale of Jungfraubahn in April 2008 until Global Equity AG was dissolved in 2010, Global Equity AG held U.S. dollars from time to time. In2008, there was a significant second foreign exchange item due to the effect of fluctuation in the Swiss Franc-U.S. dollar exchange rate on the U.S. dollars heldby Global Equity AG.Since the Swiss Franc was Global Equity AG’s functional currency for financial reporting, Global Equity AG was required to record a benefit or expensethrough the statement of operations to reflect fluctuation in the exchange rate between the Swiss Franc and the U.S. dollar affecting the U.S. dollars itheld. However, when Global Equity AG was consolidated into our group financial statements, we recorded an offsetting amount within Other ComprehensiveIncome, and, as a result, there was no net impact on consolidated shareholders’ equity.During accounting periods when the U.S. dollar appreciates relative to the Swiss Franc -- such as the last eight months of 2008 -- Global Equity AGrecorded income through the statement of operations to reflect the increase in value of the U.S. dollars it held, when expressed in Swiss Francs. Consequently,an exchange rate benefit of $11.8 million reduced segment expenses in 2008. Since all of Global Equity AG’s funds have been repatriated to the U.S., and the company was dissolved during 2010, this foreign exchange effect shouldnot recur in the Corporate segment’s results of operations in future periods. 49 Swiss Franc Tax ReceivableDuring 2008 and 2009, there was a third foreign exchange item due to the effect of fluctuation in the Swiss Franc-U.S. dollar exchange rate on a receivablefrom the Swiss tax authorities, which was denominated in Swiss Francs. Since the date that the Swiss Francs became receivable, the Swiss Franc hadappreciated relative to the U.S. dollar, increasing the receivable when expressed in U.S. dollars. In 2008, we recorded a foreign exchange benefit of $1.4 million, being the difference between the receivable translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rateon December 31, 2008, and the date that the Swiss Francs became receivable.In 2009, we recorded a foreign exchange expense of $1.1 million, being the difference between the receivable translated into U.S. dollars at the exchangerate on December 31, 2008, and the exchange rate when we converted the Swiss Francs received into U.S. dollars in April 2009.Deferred Compensation ExpenseDeferred compensation can affect the statement of operations as investment income and realized gains and losses on the sale or impairment of deferredcompensation assets are recorded as revenues, and as deferred compensation expense or recovery, which fluctuates in line with the market value of the deferredcompensation payable.During accounting periods when the market value of the deferred compensation payable increases, such as 2009 and 2010, an expense is recorded in theCorporate segment. Conversely, during accounting periods when the market value of the deferred compensation payable decreases, such as 2008, a recoveryof deferred compensation expense is recorded, which reduces segment expenses.Consequently, we recorded deferred compensation expense of $7.5 million in 2010 and $5.5 million in 2009, compared to a recovery of deferredcompensation expense of $10.2 million in 2008.Once the deferred compensation has been distributed, over the lifetime of the assets, the revenues and deferred compensation expense offset, and there isno net effect on segment results. In other words, the participants bear the risk of the investment return on the deferred compensation assets, not PICO, similarto a defined contribution plan such as a 401(k) plan.Stock-Based Compensation ExpenseThe Stock-Based Compensation Expense recognized in this segment principally consists of SAR and Restricted Stock Units (“RSU”).SAROn December 8, 2005, our shareholders approved the PICO Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2005 Plan”). Under the 2005 Plan,when the holder exercises stock-settled SAR, the holder is issued new PICO common shares with a market value equal to the net in-the-money amount of theSAR. This is calculated as the gross in-the-money value of the SAR exercised, based on the last sale price of our common stock on the NASDAQ GlobalSelect Market on the date of exercise, less applicable withholding taxes.On December 12, 2005, under the 2005 Plan, the Compensation Committee granted 2,185,965 stock-based SAR, with an exercise price of $33.76, tovarious officers, employees, and non-employee directors. No compensation expense was recorded in 2008, 2009 or 2010 as these SAR were fully vested in aprevious year.During 2007, 486,470 stock-settled SAR were granted to four officers with an exercise price of $42.71 and are still outstanding and 172,939 stock-settled SAR were granted to one officer with an exercise price of $44.69, which expired worthless in 2010. The exercise price of the SAR was the last sale pricefor PICO common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on the day the SAR were granted.The SAR expense for the 2007 grants was calculated based on the estimated fair value of the vested SAR as of the award date, and has now been fullyrecorded. SAR expense related to the 2007 grant was $728,000 in 2010, $2.8 million in 2009, and $4 million in 2008.At December 31, 2010 there are 1,335,609 SAR outstanding with an exercise price of $33.76 and 486,470 with an exercise price of $42.71. The exerciseprices of all granted SAR were higher than the closing PICO stock price at December 31, 2010 ($31.80).There were no SAR grants in 2008, 2009 and 2010. 50 RSUOn March 3, 2009, under the 2005 Plan, the Compensation Committee granted 300,000 RSU to various officers. The RSU awards vest on March 3,2012. On exercise, the officers will be issued one new share of PICO’s common stock for each RSU, less that number of shares of common stock equal invalue to applicable withholding taxes.Compensation expense for the 2009 RSU grant was $5.9 million which was calculated based on the closing sale price of PICO common stock on March3, 2009 ($19.75) and is being recorded over the three-year vesting period.RSU expense for the 2009 grant was $3.2 million in 2010, and $1.6 million in 2009. In 2010, RSU expense included the remaining expense related to160,000 RSU exercised by two officers who left the Company during the year. As of December 31, 2010, there are 140,000 RSU from the 2009 grantoutstanding. We expect to record the remainder of the $1.1 million in compensation expense related to the RSU granted in 2009 over the period until the RSUvest in March 2012.On October 28, 2010, under the 2005 Plan, the Compensation Committee granted 454,000 RSU to three of the Company’s officers. The RSU awardsvest on October 28, 2014. Compensation expense for the 2010 RSU grant was $13.9 million which was calculated based on the closing sale price of PICO common stock onOctober 28, 2010 ($30.69) and is being recorded over the four-year vesting period. RSU expense for the 2010 grant was $581,000 in 2010. We expect to record the remainder of the $13.4 million in compensation expense related to theRSU granted in 2010 over the vesting period.Equity In Loss of Unconsolidated AffiliateIn October 2009, spigit received a $10 million equity investment from a global private equity firm, which reduced our majority ownership of spigit to a37% equity interest. Until October 2009, spigit was consolidated in our group financial statements. Now that spigit is no longer a consolidated subsidiary,our investment in spigit is carried in our consolidated financial statements as an unconsolidated affiliate, under the equity method, as we believe that weexercise significant influence over spigit’s operating and financial policies. spigit’s results of operations are no longer included in the Corporate segment, butour equity share of spigit’s net loss is recorded in our Statement of Operations in the line captioned “Equity in loss of unconsolidated affiliate.”Our equity share of spigit's loss before taxes was $3.7 million for 2010, and $277,000 for 2009. Insurance Operations in “Run Off” Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 2008 Revenues: Net investment income $2,567 $2,568 $3,214 Net realized gain (loss) on sale or impairment of investments 14,849 (3,650) (5,480)Other 72 124 110 Segment total revenues (charges) 17,488 (958) (2,156) Underwriting (expenses) recoveries (2,625) (784) 670 Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests $14,863 $(1,742) $(1,486) Revenues and results in this segment vary considerably from year to year and are not necessarily comparable from year to year, primarily due tofluctuations in net realized investment gains or losses, and favorable or unfavorable development in our loss reserves.Segment total revenues were $17.5 million in 2010, negative $958,000 in 2009, and negative $2.2 million in 2008.Net investment income was $2.6 million in 2010, virtually unchanged from $2.6 million in 2009, and compared to $3.2 million in 2008. Netinvestment income varies from year to year, depending on the amount of cash and fixed-income securities in the portfolio, the prevailing level of interest rates,and the level of dividends paid on the common stocks in the portfolio.Net realized gains (losses) on the sale or impairment of investments were a $14.8 million gain in 2010, a $3.7 million loss in 2009, and a $5.5 millionloss in 2008. The higher net realized investment gain in 2010 was primarily due to an increase in sales from the insurance companies’ stock portfolios as aresult of a strategic decision to take advantage of the recovery in global stock markets from the March 2009 lows to increase liquid funds.The $14.8 million net realized investment gain recorded in 2010 principally consisted of $15.1 million in gains on the sale of various portfolio holdings,which was partially offset by $222,000 in provisions for other-than-temporary impairment of various stocks. The stocks were in an unrealized loss positionfor most of 2010. Based on the extent and the duration of the unrealized losses, we determined that the declines in market value are other-than-temporary. Consequently, we recorded a charge to reduce our basis in the stocks from original cost, or previously written-down basis, to their market value atDecember 31, 2010.The $3.7 million net realized investment loss recorded in 2009 principally consisted of $7.8 million in gains on the sale of various portfolio holdings,which were more than offset by provisions of $11.5 million for other-than-temporary impairment of various stocks. The stocks were in an unrealized lossposition for most of 2009. Based on the extent and the duration of the unrealized losses, we determined that the declines in market value were other-than-temporary. Consequently, we recorded a charge to reduce our basis in the stocks from original cost, or previously written-down basis, to their market value atDecember 31, 2009. 51 The $5.5 million net realized investment loss recorded in 2008 principally consisted of $11.5 million in gains on the sale of various portfolio holdings,which were more than offset by provisions of $16 million for other-than-temporary impairment of various stocks and $1 million for permanent impairment ofa bond. The stocks were in an unrealized loss position for most of 2008. Based on the extent and the duration of the unrealized losses, we determined that thedeclines in market value are other-than-temporary, and recorded a charge to reduce our basis in the stocks from original cost, or previously written-downbasis, to their market value at December 31, 2008.In 2010, the “run off” insurance companies recorded total segment operating expenses of $2.6 million, which included an aggregate expense of $128,000to strengthen reserves in certain lines of business. See the Physicians and Citation sections of the “Company Summary, Recent Developments, andFuture Outlook” portion of Item 7.In 2009, the “run off” insurance companies recorded total segment operating expenses of $784,000 as regular loss and loss adjustment expense andoperating expenses exceeded the aggregate benefit of $1.3 million from favorable reserve development.In 2008, in aggregate, the “run off” insurance companies recorded benefits from favorable reserve development, which exceeded regular loss and lossadjustment expense and operating expenses, resulting in total segment recoveries of $670,000. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES -- YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2010, 2009, AND 2008Cash FlowOur assets primarily consist of our operating subsidiaries, cash and cash equivalents, and holdings in publicly-traded securities in our insurancecompanies’ and deferred compensation investment portfolios. On a consolidated basis, we had $114.8 million in cash and cash equivalents at December 31,2010, compared to $154.5 million at December 31, 2009. In addition to cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2010, the consolidated group held fixed-income securities with a market value of $41 million, and publicly-traded equities with a market value of $110.4 million.Our liquid funds are principally invested in the Federated Government Obligations Money Market Fund (ticker: GOIXX). Due to the nature of theunderlying debt securities which this money market fund holds, we do not anticipate any loss of principal.The cash and cash equivalents, fixed-income securities, and publicly-traded equities held in each segment at December 31, 2010 are:·the Water Resource and Water Storage Operations segment holds cash of $4.9 million;·the Real Estate Operations segment holds cash of $5.2 million;·the Agribusiness segment holds cash of $60 million;·the Insurance in “Run Off” segment holds cash of $14.6 million, fixed-income securities with a market value of $16 million, and equities with amarket value of $93.7 million; and·the Corporate segment holds cash of $20.6 million, publicly-traded equity securities with a market value of $5.7 million, and fixed-incomesecurities with a market value of $8.6 million. In addition, cash of $9.5 million, fixed-income securities with a market value of $16.4 million,and equity securities with a market value of $11 million are held in deferred compensation Rabbi Trusts within the Corporate segment, which willbe used to pay the related and offsetting deferred compensation liabilities.Our primary sources of funds include cash balances, cash flow from operations, the sale of holdings or assets, and the proceeds of borrowings orofferings of equity and debt. Our cash flow position fluctuates depending on the requirements of our operating subsidiaries for capital, and activity in ourinsurance company investment portfolios. In broad terms, the cash flow profile of our principal operating subsidiaries is:·To date, a substantial portion of Vidler's revenue has come from the one-time sale of strategic water assets. These assets are typically long-term waterresource development projects to support growth for particular communities in the southwestern U.S. The timing and size of sales and cash flowsdepend on a number of factors which are difficult to project, and provide no basis of comparison from one accounting period to another. Vidlergenerates free cash flow when receipts from the sale of real estate and water assets exceed maintenance capital expenditure, development costs,financing costs, and operating expenses. In the interim, Vidler finances its exploration and development costs from existing cash resources. As ofDecember 31, 2010, we anticipate that Vidler’s existing cash balance will cover budgeted overhead expenses and project expenses for the next 12months. The timing and size of Vidler’s project expenses are generally discretionary;·Although UCP made some initial sales of lots during 2009 and 2010, to date our focus has been on building the business through acquiringfinished and partially-developed residential lots in selected California markets. It is our intention that UCP will finance any additional acquisitionsinternally with the proceeds from the sale of existing lots, and/or through external financing. We do not expect UCP to be cash flow-positive until2012 or 2013, by which time sales proceeds should exceed development costs and overhead. As of December 31, 2010, we anticipate that UCP willrequire approximately $15.8 million of net funding over the next 12 months, for development costs and overhead on existing projects, including theEast Garrison property in Monterey County, California;·In December 2010, we closed on an agreement to invest $60 million for an 88% ownership interest in a canola processing plant to be constructed andoperated by Northstar near Hallock, Minnesota. The plant is expected to be operational by the end of 2012. The total cost of the facility and initialworking capital requirements are estimated at $168 million. Northstar is raising a further $100 million to complete the construction anddevelopment of the plant, and for working capital. Northstar has obtained a $100 million non-recourse, senior secured construction loancommitment from ING. The credit facility is underwritten, but ING has the right to require the Company to raise up to $50 million of the facility,if the debt commitment is not fully syndicated by ING by April 15, 2011. If ING has not fully syndicated the $100 million financing by this date,we would have to raise up to $50 million through additional borrowings at Northstar, or the offering of equity, debt, or a combination of the two bythe PICO parent company, and/or the sale of assets. We expect to close on the construction loan facility in or around the end of the second quarter of2011. Construction of the plant began in January 2011. We anticipate that the $60 million of cash used to fund Northstar to date will be drawndown to finance construction during the first six months of 2011;·Nevada Land is selling real estate which has reached its highest and best use. Nevada Land’s principal sources of cash flow are the proceeds ofcash real estate sales and collections of principal and interest on sales contracts where Nevada Land has provided vendor financing. These receiptsand other revenues exceed Nevada Land’s operating and development costs, so Nevada Land is generating positive cash flow. Over the 13 yearssince we acquired the company, Nevada Land has accumulated a significant cash balance from the sale of real estate, and other sources of income,net of expenses. During 2010, Nevada Land made a distribution of $49.5 million to the Corporate segment; and·Investment income more than covers the operating expenses of the “run off” insurance companies, Physicians and Citation. The funds to payclaims come from the maturity of fixed-income securities, the realization of fixed-income investments and stocks held in the insurance companies’investment portfolios, and recoveries from reinsurance companies. 52 The Departments of Insurance in Ohio and California prescribe minimum levels of capital and surplus for insurance companies, set guidelines forinsurance company investments, and restrict the amount of profits which can be distributed as dividends. In December 2010, Physicians paid a dividend of$5.1 million. At December 31, 2010, the insurance companies had a combined total of $52.3 million in statutory surplus. We are in the process of obtainingregulatory approval for Physicians to pay an extraordinary dividend of approximately $16.9 million in the first quarter of 2011.Typically, our insurance subsidiaries structure the maturity of fixed-income securities to match the projected pattern of claims payments. When interestrates are at very low levels, the bond portfolios may have a shorter duration than the projected pattern of claims payments.Apart from the cash balances held in the Insurance Operations In “Run Off” segment and in the deferred compensation Rabbi Trusts in the Corporatesegment, the cash in the rest of the group is generally unrestricted and can be freely transferred, and allocated to any segment, depending on the cash resourcesand cash requirements of the companies within the segment.At December 31, 2010, excluding the cash in the insurance companies and the Rabbi Trusts, and the cash used to fund Northstar, the parent companyand its operating subsidiaries had cash of $20.6 million, fixed-income securities with a market value of $8.6 million, and publicly-traded equity securitieswith a market value of $5.7 million. During the first quarter of 2011, $5.5 million of the equity securities were sold. In addition, as a result of varioustransactions during the first quarter of 2011, a further $3.1 million of cash was generated in the parent company, which is available to cover overhead or toallocate to new or existing projects in any segment.Provided that the $100 million Northstar senior secured construction loan facility is fully syndicated by ING by April 15, 2011 as discussed above, weestimate that the parent company has sufficient cash and fixed-income securities to cover its cash needs for the next 12 months. However, ING has the right torequire the Company to raise up to $50 million of the facility, if ING has not fully syndicated the debt commitment by April 15, 2011, in which case wewould have to raise up to $50 million through additional debt at Northstar, or a debt or equity offering, or a combination of the two by the PICO parentcompany, and/or the sale of assets.We are currently budgeting for UCP to make significant sales in 2012 and beyond, which will provide cash that can be allocated to anysegment. However, if the budgeted sales for UCP do not occur as scheduled, and in the absence of significant sales in another segment, the parent companymay require additional financing in 2011 or 2012, particularly if the Northstar construction loan facility is not fully syndicated by April 15, 2011, asdiscussed above. Potential additional funding for the parent company could come from a number of sources, including debt, or a debt or equity offering, or acombination of the two, and/or the sale of assets.As shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow, there was a $39.8 million net decrease in cash and cash equivalents in 2010, compared to a$58.2 million net increase in 2009, and a $25.5 million net increase in 2008.Cash Flows From Operating ActivitiesDuring 2010, operating activities used $59.4 million in cash, compared to cash used of $28.2 million in 2009, and cash used of $100.9 million in 2008.The most significant cash inflows from operating activities were:·in 2010,the cash proceeds of real estate and water assets sales by Vidler, UCP and Nevada Land, as well as payments on notes related to sales inprevious periods, and an $11.1 million federal income tax refund arising from net operating losses incurred in 2009. In addition, cash flow wasprovided by investment income from the Insurance Operations in “Run Off” segment and from liquid funds held in the other segments;·in 2009, tax refunds of $26.5 million, and the cash proceeds of real estate and water assets sales by Vidler, UCP and Nevada Land, as well aspayments on notes related to sales in previous periods. In addition, cash flow was provided by investment income from the insurance companiesand from liquid funds held in other group companies; and·in 2008, cash land sales by Nevada Land and repayments on notes related to previous land sales, as well as investment income from the insurancecompanies and from liquid funds held in other group companies.In all three years, the principal operating cash outflows relate to the acquisition and development of real estate and water assets for future use, which isclassified as an operating cash flow since we are in the business of acquiring and developing real estate and water assets with a view to possible re-sale at anappropriate time in the future, claims payments by Physicians and Citation, and overhead expenses. In 2010, we used cash of $59.2 million to acquire and develop real estate and water assets, which primarily reflected Vidler’s purchase of water forstorage in the Phoenix metropolitan area for $15.8 million, and $33.6 million expended by UPC to acquire and develop lots.In 2009, we paid a net $42.6 million to acquire and develop real estate and water assets for future development, including the purchase of the EastGarrison note for $22.6 million. We also assumed $5.3 million of debt related to properties we acquired. In addition, $2.1 million was paid to two officerswho took distribution of deferred compensation assets in accordance with pre-determined elections.In 2008, we used cash of $53.6 million to acquire and develop real estate and water assets, and we assumed $14.4 million of debt related to properties weacquired. We also paid $43.6 million in taxes, and we paid $11.5 million (and distributed $4.5 million in securities) to an officer who retired and withdrewhis deferred compensation assets. 53 Cash Flows From Investing ActivitiesDuring 2010, investing activities provided $23.9 million of cash, compared to $1.5 million of cash used in 2009, and $132.9 million of cash providedin 2008.The most significant cash inflows and outflows from investing activities were:·in 2010, proceeds from the maturity and call of bonds provided cash of $29.2 million, and we purchased $15.2 million of fixed-incomesecurities. These cash flows principally represented the temporary investment of liquid funds held by the parent company in high quality fixed-income securities, and activity in our insurance company portfolios and deferred compensation accounts. Proceeds from the sale of stocks providedcash of $52 million, and we purchased $35.3 million of new equities, which primarily represented activity in our insurance company portfolios;·in 2009, an $18.1 million net increase in fixed-income securities. We received cash of $4.3 million from the maturity or call of bonds, and usedapproximately $22.4 million to buy new bonds. This principally reflected the temporary investment of $19.1 million of the parent company’sliquid funds in high quality fixed-income securities, and activity in our insurance company and deferred compensation investment portfolios. Wealso generated $26 million from the sale of stocks, and used $9 million to buy new stocks in the insurance company investment portfolios anddeferred compensation accounts; and·in 2008, the sale of equity securities provided net cash of $71.9 million, principally due to the sale of Jungfraubahn for approximately $75.3million. Excluding Jungfraubahn, we bought $26.3 million of equity securities, and sold $22.9 million, representing activity in our insurance anddeferred compensation portfolios. Proceeds from the maturity and call of bonds provided cash of $73.9 million, which primarily represented thematurity of temporary investments made with a portion of the proceeds of the February 2007 stock offering, and we used $9.3 million to buy newbonds. In addition, we received cash proceeds of $11.7 million from the sale of Semitropic.Cash Flows From Financing ActivitiesDuring 2010, financing activities used $2.2 million of cash, compared to cash provided of $84.8 million in 2009 and $8.3 million in 2008.The most significant cash inflows and outflows from financing activities were:·in 2010, the repayment of $3 million of debt on ranch properties owned by Vidler;·in 2009, the sale of 3,750,000 newly-issued shares of PICO common stock at $27 per share in June 2009, for net cash proceeds of $95.7 million(after deducting approximately $5.5 million in underwriting commission and offering expenses). We also borrowed $5.4 million (CHF5.8 million)under our Swiss Franc current account credit facility to purchase securities, and paid down the facility by $13.4 million (CHF14.3 million) withproceeds from the sale of securities. Also Vidler repaid $2.9 million in notes on ranch properties during 2009; and·in 2008, an $8.2 million increase in Swiss Franc debt from our bank in Switzerland. This represented borrowings of $4 million (CHF4.3 million)on our current account facility, and the proceeds of an additional fixed advance of $4.2 million (CHF4.5 million).We currently have total borrowing capacity in Switzerland of $26.8 million (CHF25 million), consisting of $21.4 million (CHF20 million) of fixedadvances due for repayment in 2011 and 2014, and a $5.4 million (CHF5 million) current account credit facility. At December 31, 2010, only the $21.4million (CHF20 million) of fixed advances were outstanding. We intend to repay the $4.8 million (CHF4.5 million) fixed advance maturing in March 2011, utilizing available Swiss Franc cash held in the InsuranceOperations in “Run Off” segment. After this, the remaining fixed advances will be:·a fixed advance of $3.2 million (CHF3 million) maturing in February 2014, at a 3.81% interest rate; and·a fixed advance of $13.4 million (CHF12.5 million) maturing in May 2014, at a 3.72% interest rate.Our only other debt consist of $23 million in non-recourse notes payable on properties owned by UCP, and $1.3 million in non-recourse notes payable onone of Vidler’s ranch properties.Although we cannot accurately predict the effect of inflation on our operations, we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our netrevenues or results of operations, or is likely to in the foreseeable future. Universal Shelf Registration StatementIn November 2007, we filed a universal shelf registration statement with the SEC for the periodic offering and sale of up to $400 million of debt securities,common stock, and warrants, or any combination thereof, in one or more offerings, over a period of three years. The SEC declared the registration statementeffective on December 3, 2007, and the registration statement ceased to be effective on December 3, 2010.During 2009, we completed public offerings of PICO common stock of 3,750,000 shares at a price of $27 per share, under the universal shelfregistration statement. The aggregate gross proceeds were approximately $101.2 million. 54 Commitments and Supplementary Disclosures1.At December 31, 2010:·We had no “off balance sheet” financing arrangements.·We have not provided any debt guarantees.·We have no commitments to provide additional collateral for financing arrangements. Our subsidiary PICO European has Swiss Franc debt whichpartially finance some of its investments in European equities. The equities or Swiss Franc cash balances provide collateral for the debt.Aggregate Contractual Obligations:The following table provides a summary of our contractual cash obligations and other commitments and contingencies as of December 31, 2010 (inthousands): Payments Due by Period Contractual Obligations Less than1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than5 years Total Debt $8,943 $36,263 $12 $525 $45,743 Interest on debt 2,311 3,128 101 360 5,900 Operating leases 691 1,553 374 1,181 3,799 Expected claim payouts 3,208 7,794 4,296 7,518 22,816 Other debt/obligations (primarily construction contracts (1)) 109,713 16,267 125,980 Total $124,866 $65,005 $4,783 $9,584 $204,238 In addition to the amounts shown in the table above, at December 31, 2010, we had recorded liabilities and potential interest of $788,000 for unrecognizedtax benefits in accordance with the guidance on uncertain tax positions. As of December 31, 2010, we believe that it is reasonably possible that the entirebalance of uncertain tax positions will decrease within the next 12 months as a result of statutes closing.(1) Primarily represents payments for construction commitments to build the canola oil processing plant near Hallock, Minnesota. The Company has secured$100 million senior secured construction loan commitment to pay for these costs. See Note 3, Debt, in the accompanying consolidated financial statementsfor additional information. Future construction payments are recorded as an asset when paid.REGULATORY INSURANCE DISCLOSURESLiabilities for Unpaid Loss and Loss Adjustment ExpensesLoss reserves are estimates of what an insurer expects to pay claimants (“loss expense”), as well as legal, investigative, and claims administrative costs(“loss adjustment expenses”). Our insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain reserves for the payment of estimated losses and loss adjustment expensesfor both reported claims, and claims where the event giving rise to a claim has allegedly occurred but the claim has not been reported to us yet (“IBNR”). Theultimate liabilities may be materially higher or lower than our current reserve estimates. Liabilities for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses are estimatedbased on actual and industry experience, and assumptions and projections as to claims frequency, claims severity, inflationary trends, and settlementpayments. These estimates may vary from the eventual outcome.The inherent uncertainty in estimating reserves is particularly extreme for lines of business in which both reported and paid losses develop over anextended period of time. Several or more years may pass between the occurrence of the alleged event giving rise to a medical professional liability insurance orcasualty loss or workers’ compensation claim, the reporting of the claim, and the final payment of the claim, if any.Reserves for reported claims are established on a case-by-case basis (“case reserves”). Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for IBNR claims areestimated based on many variables, including historical and statistical information, inflation, legal developments, the regulatory environment, benefit levels,economic conditions, judicial administration of claims, general trends in claim severity and frequency, medical costs, and other factors which could affect theadequacy of loss reserves. We review and adjust our IBNR claims reserves regularly.Physicians and Citation had direct reserves (liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses before reinsurance reserves, which reduce our netunpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses) of $22.8 million at December 31, 2010, $24.2 million at December 31, 2009, and $27.8 million atDecember 31, 2008.The payment of claims reduced direct reserves (before reinsurance) by $2 million in 2010, $2 million in 2009, and $1.4 million in 2008.Although the reserves of each insurance company are certified annually by independent actuaries as required by state law, significant fluctuations inreserve levels can occur, based upon a number of variables used in actuarial projections of ultimate incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses. In 2010,adjustments to prior year loss reserves increased liabilities for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses before reinsurance by $614,000. Adjustments toprior year loss reserves, principally due to favorable reserve development, reduced liabilities for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses before reinsuranceby $1.3 million in 2009 and $2.5 million in 2008. See Note 10 of Notes to PICO’s Consolidated Financial Statements, “Reserves for Unpaid Loss andLoss Adjustment Expenses” and the Insurance Operations in “Run Off” portion of Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of FinancialCondition and Results of Operation” for additional information regarding reserve changes.  55 ANALYSIS OF LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVE DEVELOPMENTThe following table presents the development of balance sheet liabilities for 2000 through 2010 for medical professional liability insurance, and allproperty and casualty and workers’ compensation lines of business. The table excludes reserves for other lines of business that Physicians ceased writing in1989, which are immaterial.The “Net liability as originally estimated” line shows the estimated liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses recorded at the balance sheetdate for each indicated year. The “Gross liability as originally estimated” line represents the estimated amounts of losses and loss adjustment expenses forclaims arising in all prior years that are unpaid at the balance sheet date, on an undiscounted basis, including IBNR losses.Loss Reserve Development (In thousands) Year Ended December 31 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200820092010 Net Liability as originallyestimated: $54,022 $44,905 $43,357 $36,602 $28,618 $21,971 $15,623 $11,804$9,556$8,742Discount 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 Gross liability as originallyestimated: 54,022 44,905 43,357 36,602 28,618 21,971 15,623 11,8049,5568,742 Cumulative payments as of: One year later 7,210 6,216 6,513 4,227 3,425 2,747 1,363 903941 Two years later 13,426 12,729 10,740 7,652 6,172 4,110 2,265 1,844 Three years later 19,939 16,956 14,165 10,399 7,535 5,012 3,206 Four years later 24,166 20,381 21,162 11,762 8,437 5,953 Five years later 27,591 25,167 22,525 12,664 9,378 Six years later 30,338 26,530 23,427 13,605 Seven years later 31,700 27,432 24,368 Eight years later 32,603 28,373 Nine years later 33,544 Ten years later Liability re-estimated as of: One year later 52,115 49,573 43,115 32,845 25,397 18,370 13,167 10,4599,683 Two years later 56,782 49,331 39,358 29,623 23,834 15,914 11,821 10,585 Three years later 56,540 45,574 36,135 28,061 21,378 14,568 11,948 Four years later 52,784 42,352 34,574 25,605 20,033 14,695 Five years later 49,562 40,790 32,117 24,260 20,158 Six years later 47,999 38,334 30,773 24,385 Seven years later 45,544 36,988 30,898 Eight years later 44,198 37,114 Nine years later 44,324 Ten years later Cumulative Redundancy(Deficiency) 9,698 7,791 12,458 12,217 8,460 7,276 3,675 1,219(126) 200820092010 Gross liability - end of year 27,68124,08322,730 Reinsurance recoverable (15,877)(14,527)(13,988) Net liability - end of year 11,8049,5568,742 Reinsurance recoverable 15,87714,52713,988 27,68124,08322,730 Discontinued personal lines insurance 929286 Liability to CIGA re: Workers' Compensation Balance sheet liability 27,77324,17522,816  Gross re-estimated liability - latest 26,70124,699 Re-estimated recoverable - latest (16,116)(15,017) Net re-estimated liability - latest 10,5859,682 Net cumulative redundency (deficiency) 1,219(126) 56 The decrease or increase recorded each year includes all changes in amounts for prior periods made in the current year. For example, the amount ofreserve deficiency or redundancy related to a loss settled in 2003, but incurred in 2000, will be included in the decrease or increase amount for 2000, 2001, and2002. Conditions and trends that have led to changes in the liability in the past may not necessarily occur in the future. For example, in several differentyears Physicians “commuted” (canceled) reinsurance contracts, and reversed the effect of the reinsurance contracts in its financial statements. Thissignificantly increased the estimate of net reserves for prior years by reducing the amount of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves recoverable fromreinsurance for those years. Accordingly, future increases or decreases cannot necessarily be extrapolated from this table.The development table above differs from the development tables displayed in the Annual Statements of Physicians and Citation filed with theDepartments of Insurance in their home states. The development tables in the Annual Statements (Schedule P, Part-2) are prepared on the statutory basis ofaccounting, and exclude unallocated loss adjustment expenses. The development table above, which is prepared on a GAAP basis, includes unallocated lossadjustment expenses. Loss Reserve ExperienceThe inherent uncertainty in estimating loss reserves is greater for some lines of insurance than others, and depends on the length of the reporting “tail”associated with the particular insurance product (the period of time between the occurrence of the event giving rise to a claim, and the reporting of the claim tothe insurer), historical development in claims, the historical information available during the estimation process, the impact of changing regulations and legalprecedents on open claims, and reinsurance, among other things. Since medical professional liability insurance, commercial casualty, and workers’compensation claims may not be fully paid for many years, estimating reserves for claims in these lines of business can be more uncertain than estimatingreserves in other lines of insurance. As a result, precise reserve estimates cannot be made for several years after the accident year for which reserves areinitially established.Our insurance subsidiaries have established reserves based on actuarial estimates that we believe are adequate to meet the ultimate cost of losses arisingfrom claims. However, it has been, and will continue to be, necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to review and make appropriate adjustments to reservesfor claims and expenses for settling claims. Our insurance companies recorded income from favorable reserve development in 2008 and 2009, but income wasreduced by reserve increases in 2010. If our reserves prove to be inadequate in future, our insurance companies would have to adjust their reserves and recorda charge against income, which could have an adverse effect on our statement of operations and financial condition.Reconciliation of Unpaid Loss and Loss Adjustment ExpensesAn analysis of changes in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for 2010, 2009, and 2008, is set out in Note 11 of Notesto Consolidated Financial Statements, “Reserves for Unpaid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses”.ReinsuranceOur insurance subsidiaries seek to minimize the losses which could arise from significant individual claims and other events that cause unfavorableunderwriting results, by reinsuring certain levels of risk with other insurance carriers. Various reinsurance treaties are in place to limit our exposurelevels. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Reinsurance.” In the event that reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations under thereinsurance agreements, our insurance subsidiaries are contingently liable in respect of the amounts covered by the reinsurance contracts.Medical Professional Liability Insurance through Physicians Insurance Company of OhioIn August 1995, Physicians sold its professional liability insurance business and related liability insurance business for physicians and other health careproviders to Mutual Assurance, Inc. (“Mutual Assurance”).In July 1995, Physicians and Mutual Assurance entered into a reinsurance treaty under which Mutual Assurance agreed to assume all risks attachingafter July 15, 1995, under medical professional liability insurance policies issued or renewed by Physicians for physicians, surgeons, nurses, and otherhealth care providers; dental practitioner professional liability insurance policies including corporate and professional premises liability coverage; and relatedcommercial general liability insurance policies issued by Physicians, net of applicable reinsurance.During the last two and a half accident years that Physicians wrote business (July 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995), Physicians ceded reinsurancecontracts (transferred claims risk) to Odyssey America Reinsurance Corporation, a subsidiary of Odyssey Re Holdings Corp. (rated “A” by A. M. BestCompany), and ProAssurance Indemnity Company, Inc. (formerly The Medical Assurance Company, Inc.), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ProAssuranceCorporation (rated “A” by A. M. Best Company). Physicians retained all risks up to $200,000 per occurrence. All risks above $200,000, up to policy limitsof $5 million, were automatically transferred to the reinsurers, subject to the specific terms and conditions of the various reinsurance agreements. Should anyreinsurer be unable to meet its contractual obligations, Physicians remains contingently liable to policyholders for the amounts covered by the reinsurancecontracts.Prior to July 1, 1993, Physicians ceded a portion of the risk it wrote, under numerous reinsurance treaties at various retentions and risk limits. 57 Property and Casualty Insurance through Citation Insurance CompanyFor the property business, Citation has reinsurance providing coverage of $6 million, for amounts in excess of $150,000 per claim. For the casualtybusiness, excluding umbrella coverage, Citation has reinsurance providing coverage of $6 million, for amounts in excess of $150,000 per claim. Umbrellacoverage was reinsured for $2 million, for amounts in excess of $100,000 per claim. The catastrophe treaties for 1998 and subsequent years providedcoverage of 95% of $14 million, for amounts in excess of $1 million per claim. The reinsurance was placed with various reinsurers.Citation’s last property and casualty insurance policies expired in December 2001, so it does not require reinsurance from 2002 on for these lines ofbusiness.If the reinsurers are “not admitted” for regulatory purposes, Citation has to maintain sufficient collateral with approved financial institutions to secureceded paid losses and outstanding reserves.See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Reinsurance” for reinsurance recoverable concentration for all property and casualty linesof business as of December 31, 2010. In the event that reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations under the reinsurance agreements, Citation remainscontingently liable for the amounts covered by the reinsurance contracts. Workers’ Compensation Insurance through Citation Insurance CompanyClaims and Liabilities Related to the Insolvency of Fremont Indemnity CompanyIn 1997, Citation ceded its California workers’ compensation insurance liabilities to a subsidiary company, Citation National Insurance Company(“CNIC”), and sold CNIC to Fremont on or about June 30, 1997. The transaction was approved by the California Department of Insurance (the “CaliforniaDepartment”), and all administrative services relating to these liabilities were transferred to Fremont. On or about December 31, 1997, with CaliforniaDepartment approval, CNIC merged with and into Fremont. Accordingly, from January 1, 1998, Fremont was both the reinsurer and the administrator of theCalifornia workers’ compensation business ceded by Citation.From June 30, 1997 (the date on which Citation ceded its workers’ compensation insurance liabilities) through July 2, 2003 (the date on which Fremontwas placed in liquidation), Fremont maintained a workers’ compensation insurance securities deposit with the California Department for the benefit ofclaimants under workers’ compensation insurance policies issued, or assumed, by Fremont. After Fremont posted the portion of the total deposit related toCitation’s insureds, Citation reduced its own workers’ compensation insurance reserves by the amount of that deposit.On June 4, 2003, the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles (the “Liquidation Court”) entered an Order of Conservationover Fremont, and appointed the California Department of Insurance Commissioner (the “Commissioner”) as the conservator. Under this order, theCommissioner was authorized to take possession of all of Fremont’s assets, including its rights in the deposit for Citation’s insureds. On July 2, 2003, theLiquidation Court entered an Order appointing the Commissioner as the liquidator of Fremont’s estate.Since Fremont had been placed in liquidation, Citation concluded that it was no longer entitled to take a reinsurance credit for the deposit for Citation’sinsureds under the statutory basis of accounting. Consequently, Citation reversed the $7.5 million reinsurance recoverable from Fremont in its June 30, 2003financial statements prepared on both the statutory and U.S. GAAP basis of accounting.In June 2004, Citation filed litigation against the California Department in the Superior Court of California to recover its workers’ compensation trustdeposits held by Fremont prior to Fremont’s liquidation. In September 2004, the Superior Court ruled against Citation’s action. As a result, Citation did notreceive any distribution from the California Insurance Guarantee Association, or Fremont, and did not receive any credit for the deposit held by Fremont forCitation’s insureds. Given the potential cost and the apparent limited prospect of obtaining relief, Citation decided not to appeal. 58 Reinsurance Agreements on Workers’ Compensation Insurance LiabilitiesIn addition to the reinsurance agreements with Fremont described above, Citation has reinsurance coverage for its workers’ compensation insuranceliabilities for the policy years 1986 to 1997 with General Reinsurance Corporation (rated “A++” by A. M. Best Company), a wholly-owned subsidiary ofBerkshire Hathaway, Inc. Citation has retained the first $150,000 of risk on policies issued in 1986 and 1987; $200,000 for policy years 1988 and 1989;and $250,000 for policy years 1990 through to 1997.For policy years 1983 to 1985, partial reinsurance exists and is administered through Guy Carpenter Company as broker. These treaties are for losses inexcess of $75,000 for 1983 and 1984, and $100,000 for 1985. The subscriptions on these treaties are for 30%, 35%, and 52.5% for the respective treatyyears.See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Reinsurance”, for the reinsurance recoverable concentration for Citation’s workers’compensation line of business as of December 31, 2010. In the event that reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations under the reinsurance agreements,Citation remains contingently liable for the amounts covered by the reinsurance contracts. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKOur balance sheets include a significant amount of assets and liabilities whose fair value are subject to market risk. Market risk is the risk of lossarising from adverse changes in market interest rates or prices. We currently have interest rate risk as it relates to fixed maturity securities, equity price riskas it relates to marketable equity securities, and foreign currency risk as it relates to investments denominated in foreign currencies. Generally, our debt isshort to medium term in nature and therefore approximate fair value. At December 31, 2010, we had $41 million of fixed maturity securities, $6.7 million ofwhich were denominated in New Zealand dollars, $110.4 million of marketable equity securities that were subject to market risk, $62.7 million of whichwere denominated primarily Swiss Francs. Our investment strategy is to manage the duration of the portfolio relative to the duration of the liabilities whilemanaging interest rate risk.We use two models to report the sensitivity of our assets and liabilities subject to the above risks. For fixed maturity securities we use duration modelingto calculate changes in fair value. The model calculates the price of a fixed maturity assuming a theoretical 100 basis point increase in interest rates andcompares that to the actual quoted price of the security. At December 31, 2010, the model calculated a loss in fair value of $1.4 million. For our marketableequity securities, we use a hypothetical 20% decrease in the fair value to analyze the sensitivity of our market risk assets and liabilities. For equity securitiesdenominated in foreign currencies, we use a hypothetical 20% decrease in the local currency of that investment. The actual results may differ from thehypothetical results assumed in this disclosure due to possible actions we may take to mitigate adverse changes in fair value and because the fair value ofsecurities may be affected by credit concerns of the issuer, prepayment rates, liquidity, and other general market conditions. The hypothetical 20% decrease infair value of our marketable equity securities would produce a loss in fair value of $22.1 million that would impact the unrealized appreciation inshareholders’ equity, before the related tax effect. The hypothetical 20% decrease in the local currency of our foreign denominated investments would producea loss of $8.3 million that would impact the foreign currency translation in shareholders’ equity.ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATAOur financial statements as of December 31, 2010 and 2009 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2010 and the Report of theRegistered Independent Public Accounting Firm is included in this report as listed in the index.SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATASummarized unaudited quarterly financial data (in thousands, except per share amounts) for 2010 and 2009 are shown below. In management’s opinion,the interim financial statements from which the following data has been derived contain all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of results for suchinterim periods and are of a normal recurring nature. Three Months Ended March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, 2010 2010 2010 2010 Net investment income and net realized gain $4,538 $3,636 $6,822 $10,112 Sale of real estate and water assets $1,598 $2,141 $51 $847 Total revenues $6,602 $6,823 $7,497 $11,252 Gross profit $550 $740 $46 $786 Net loss attributable to PICO Holdings, Inc. $(4,062) $(2,500) $(1,318)$(3,292) Net loss per common share: Basic and diluted $(0.18) $(0.11) $(0.06)$(0.15) Three Months Ended March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, 2009 2009 2009 2009Net investment income and net realized gain (loss) $(11,175) $3,102 $(569) $7,825Sale of real estate and water assets $310 $4,958 $536 $ 7,132Total revenues (charges) $(10,325) $9,000 $965 $ 16,393Gross profit $230 $3,538 $229 $ 2,391Net income (loss) attributable to PICO Holdings, Inc. $(18,506) $(2,358) $(1,824) $ 4,653 Net income (loss) per common share: Basic $(0.98) $(0.12) $(0.08) $0.21 Diluted $(0.98) $(0.12) $(0.08) $0.20 59 PICO HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSAS OF DECEMBER 31, 2010 and 2009AND FOR EACH OF THETHREE YEARS IN THE PERIODENDED DECEMBER 31, 2010INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm61Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2010 and 200962Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 200863Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2010, 2009, and 200864-65Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 200866Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements67-90 60 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTo the Board of Directors and Stockholders of PICO Holdings, Inc.La Jolla, CA We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PICO Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2010 and 2009,and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31,2010. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on theseconsolidated financial statements based on our audits.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require thatwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includesexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accountingprinciples used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our auditsprovide a reasonable basis for our opinion.In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of PICO Holdings, Inc. andsubsidiaries as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period endedDecember 31, 2010, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company's internal controlover financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee ofSponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report, dated February 28, 2011, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company'sinternal control over financial reporting./s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLPSan Diego, CAFebruary 28, 2011 61 PICO HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETSDecember 31, 2010 and 2009(In thousands)ASSETS 2010 2009 Available-for-sale investments: Fixed maturities $41,010 $50,575 Equity securities 110,410 118,327 Total available-for-sale investments 151,420 168,902 Other Investments 7,228 8,884 Total investments 158,648 177,786 Cash and cash equivalents 114,759 154,545 Notes and other receivables, net 9,251 15,412 Reinsurance receivables 14,551 15,013 Real estate and water assets, net 355,570 299,833 Property and equipment, net 12,590 1,328 Net deferred income taxes 20,039 11,165 Federal, foreign and state income taxes 905 8,879 Other assets 6,189 3,656 Total assets $692,502 $687,617 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses $22,816 $24,175 Debt 45,743 41,221 Deferred compensation 37,879 31,144 Other liabilities 15,340 11,382 Total liabilities 121,778 107,922 Commitments and Contingencies SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Common stock, $.001 par value; authorized 100,000 shares, 27,117issued and 22,700 outstanding at December 31, 2010, and 27,020 issued and22,596 outstanding at December 31, 2009 27 27 Additional paid-in capital 542,072 539,792 Retained earnings 88,830 100,002 Accumulated other comprehensive income 15,327 21,094 Less treasury stock, at cost (common shares: 4,417 in 2010 and 4,425 in 2009) (78,152) (78,272)Total PICO Holdings Inc. shareholders’ equity 568,104 582,643 Noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries 2,620 (2,948)Total shareholders' equity 570,724 579,695 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $692,502 $687,617 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 62 PICO HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONSFor the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008(In thousands, except per share data) 2010 2009 2008 Revenues: Sale of real estate and water assets $4,637 $12,936 $3,337 Net investment income 6,593 5,939 10,145 Net realized gain (loss) on sale and impairment of investments 18,515 (6,756) 36,227 Gain on sale of water storage 8,716 Other 2,429 3,913 1,927 Total revenues 32,174 16,032 60,352 Costs and expenses: Operating and other costs 36,342 36,652 4,251 Impairment loss on real estate and water assets 10,316 12,378 Cost of real estate and water assets sold 2,515 6,548 908 Loss and loss adjustment expense (recovery) 128 (1,345) (2,456) Depreciation and amortization 1,355 1,290 1,260 Interest 1,356 1,251 Total costs and expenses 52,012 56,774 3,963 Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest (19,838) (40,742) 56,389 Provision (benefit) for federal, foreign and state income taxes (9,483) (19,260) 28,491 Equity in loss of unconsolidated affiliate (3,717) (277) Net income (loss) (14,072) (21,759) 27,898 Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest 2,900 3,724 733 Net income (loss) attributable to PICO Holdings, Inc. $(11,172) $(18,035) $28,631 Net income (loss) per common share – basic: $(0.49) $(0.86) $1.52 Weighted average shares outstanding 22,653 20,927 18,835 Net income (loss) per common share – diluted: $(0.49) $(0.86) $1.52 Weighted average shares outstanding 22,653 20,927 18,862 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 63 PICO HOLDINGS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITYFor the year ended December 31, 2008(In thousands) Total ComprehensiveLossattributable toPICO Holdings,Inc. RetainedEarnings AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncome (Loss) CommonStock Paid-inCapital TreasuryStock, atCost Non-controllingInterest Beginning balance, January 1,2008 $526,011 $89,406 $79,469 $23 $435,235 $(78,283) $161 Changes in ownership ofnoncontrolling interest 572 572 Restricted stock awards 157 157 Stock-based compensationexpense 3,989 3,989 Exercise of stock-settled stockappreciation rights, net of tax (16) (16) Sale of treasury stock fromdeferred compensation plans 28 17 11 Comprehensive loss: Net income (loss) 27,898 $28,631 28,631 (733)Other comprehensive loss, netof tax: Unrealized loss onsecurities, net ofdeferred income tax of$42.5 millionand reclassificationadjustments of$54.2 million (70,890) (70,890) (70,890) Foreign currency translation (10,003) (10,003) (10,003) Other comprehensive loss (80,893) (80,893) Comprehensive loss (52,995) $(52,262) Ending balance, December 31,2008 $477,746 $118,037 $(1,424) $23 $439,382 $(78,272) PICO HOLDINGS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITYFor the year ended December 31, 2009(In thousands) Total ComprehensiveIncomeattributable toPICO Holdings,Inc. RetainedEarnings AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncome (Loss) CommonStock Paid-inCapital TreasuryStock, atCost Non-controllingInterest Beginning balance,December 31, 2008 $477,746 $118,037 $(1,424) $23 $439,382 $(78,272) Changes in ownership ofnoncontrolling interest 948 172 $776 Common stock offering, netof$5.4 million of offeringexpenses 95,731 4 95,727 Restricted stock awards 84 84 Stock-based compensationexpense 4,427 4,427 Comprehensive loss: Net loss (21,759)$(18,035) (18,035) (3,724)Other comprehensiveincome, net of tax: Unrealized gain onsecurities, net ofdeferred income tax of$10.5 millionand reclassificationadjustments of$5.1 million 14,285 14,285 14,285 Foreign currency translation 8,233 8,233 8,233 Other comprehensiveincome 22,518 22,518 Comprehensive Income 759 $4,483 Ending balance, December31, 2009 $579,695 $100,002 $21,094 $27 $539,792 $(78,272) $(2,948) 64 PICO HOLDINGS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITYFor the year ended December 31, 2010(In thousands) Total ComprehensiveLossattributable toPICO Holdings,Inc. RetainedEarnings AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncome CommonStock Paid-inCapital TreasuryStock, atCost Non-controllingInterest Beginning balance,December 31, 2009 $579,695 $100,002 $21,094 $27 $539,792 $(78,272) $(2,948)Changes in ownership ofnoncontrolling interest 8,468 8,468 Stock-based compensationexpense 4,678 4,678 Exercise of restricted stockunit (2,086) (2,086) Income tax deficiencies onstock-based compensation (448) (448) Disposition of treasurystock from deferredcompensation plans 256 136 120 Comprehensive loss: Net loss (14,072)$(11,172) (11,172) (2,900)Other comprehensive loss,net of tax: Unrealized loss onsecurities, net ofdeferred income tax of$1.5 millionand reclassificationadjustments of$11.9 million (5,744) (5,744) (5,744) Foreign currency translation (23) (23) (23) Other comprehensive loss (5,767) (5,767) Comprehensive loss (19,839)$(16,939) Ending balance, December31, 2010 $570,724 $88,830 $15,327 $27 $542,072 $(78,152) $2,620 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements 65 PICO HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWSFor the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008(In thousands) 2010 2009 2008 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income (loss) $(14,072) $(21,759) $27,898 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes (9,251) 1,466 2,676 Depreciation and amortization 1,699 1,726 1,354 Bad debt expense 501 807 Stock based compensation expense (including restricted stock awards) 4,678 4,511 4,157 (Gain) loss on sale or impairment of investments (18,515) 6,756 (36,227)Impairment losses on intangible assets 10,316 12,378 Gain on sale of water storage (8,716) Equity in loss of unconsolidated affiliate 3,717 277 Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions: Notes and other receivables 5,657 10,705 (7,234) Real estate and water assets (57,280) (35,777) (53,572)Federal, foreign and state income taxes 9,003 (4,268) (7,668) Other assets 839 (685) 937 Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (1,359) (3,598) (4,603)Deferred compensation 6,990 3,400 (20,301) Other liabilities (2,206) (5,666) (1,209)Excess tax benefits from stock based payment arrangements (709) (62)All other operating activities 585 1,505 1,704 Cash used in operating activities (59,407) (28,222) (100,866) CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale investments: Fixed maturities 5,273 2,743 10,715 Equity securities 51,992 26,015 98,191 Proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale investments 23,968 1,531 63,193 Purchases of available-for-sale investments: Fixed maturities (15,218) (22,337) (9,295)Equity securities (35,260) (8,980) (26,323)Real estate and water asset capital expenditure (242) (14,635)Purchases of property and equipment (6,874) Proceeds on the sale of water storage 11,750 All other investing activities 9 (208) (681)Cash provided by (used in) investing activities 23,890 (1,478) 132,915 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of expenses 95,731 Proceeds from debt 5,417 8,241 Repayment of debt (2,958) (16,303) Excess tax benefits from stock based payment arrangements 709 62 Sale of PICO stock (from deferred compensation plans) 28 Cash provided by (used in) financing activities (2,249) 84,845 8,331 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (2,020) 3,084 (14,855)Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (39,786) 58,229 25,525 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 154,545 96,316 70,791 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $114,759 $154,545 $96,316 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid during the year for: (Refund) payment of federal, foreign and state income taxes $(9,235) $(26,537) $43,586 Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized $2,077 $967 Non-cash investing and financing activities: Increase in assets from business combination $18,447 Increase in liabilities from business combination $10,001 Mortgage incurred to purchase real estate $5,372 $ 5,255 $ 14,398 Distribution of debt and equity securities to settle deferred compensation liability $ 4,501 Construction in progress costs incurred but not paid $457 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements 66 PICO HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS1.NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:Organization and Operations:PICO Holdings, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (collectively, “PICO” or the “Company”), is a diversified holding company.Currently PICO’s major activities include:·Owning and developing water resources and water storage operations in the southwestern United States;·Owning and developing real estate primarily in Nevada and California;·Building and operating (operational in late 2012) a canola oil crushing plant in Hallock, Minnesota;·Acquiring and financing businesses; and·“Running off” insurance loss reserves.The following are the Company’s significant operating subsidiaries as of December 31, 2010. All subsidiaries are wholly-owned except where indicated:Vidler Water Company, Inc. (“Vidler”). Vidler is a Nevada corporation. Vidler’s business involves identifying end users, namely water utilities,municipalities or developers, in the southwestern United States, who require water, and then locating a source and supplying the demand, either by utilizingthe company’s own assets or securing other sources of supply. These assets comprise water resources in Colorado, Arizona, Idaho and Nevada, and a waterstorage facility and stored water in Arizona.Nevada Land and Resource Company, LLC (“Nevada Land”). Nevada Land is a Nevada limited liability company. Nevada Land’s business includesselling and developing real estate, water and geothermal rights, and leasing property.UCP, LLC (“UCP”). UCP is a Delaware limited liability company which owns and develops real estate in and around the Central Valley and CentralCoast of California. UCP’s business is to acquire, develop and build residential lots, primarily in California.Citation Insurance Company (“Citation”). Citation is a California-domiciled insurance company licensed to write commercial property and casualtyinsurance in Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, Hawaii, New Mexico and Utah. Citation ceased writing premiums in December 2000, and is now“running off” the loss reserves from its existing property and casualty and workers’ compensation lines of business. This means that it is paying off claimsarising from historical business and selling investments when funds are needed to pay such claims.Physicians Insurance Company of Ohio (“Physicians”). Prior to selling its book of medical professional liability (“MPL”) insurance business in 1995,Physicians engaged in providing MPL insurance coverage to physicians and surgeons, primarily in Ohio. On August 28, 1995, Physicians entered into anagreement with Mutual Assurance, Inc. pursuant to which Physicians sold its recurring MPL insurance business to Mutual Assurance, Inc. The company isin “run off.” This means that it is paying off claims arising from historical business and selling investments when funds are needed to pay such claims.PICO Northstar Hallock (“PICO NSH”). In December 2010, the Company completed a business combination with Northstar Agri Industries(“Northstar”), an agribusiness concern that will build and operate a canola processing plant with an integrated refinery near Hallock, Minnesota. The newbusiness venture will be operated within PICO NSH, but will do business as Northstar. The Company owns 88% of the voting interest of PICO NorthstarHallock, a Delaware limited liability company. During the next 12 to 18 months PICO NSH will build the plant that is expected to be operational in the fourthquarter of 2012. The total cost of the plant is estimated to be $158 million. PICO has secured a $100 million non-recourse, senior secured construction loanfacility that includes a $10 million working capital facility to finance inventory purchases and other working capital needs prior to commencing operations.Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliate:Investments where the Company owns at least 20% but not more than 50% of the voting interest and, or has the ability to exercise significant influence,but not control, over the investee are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, the Company’s share of the income or loss of theaffiliate is included in PICO’s consolidated results. Currently, the Company owns 37% of the voting stock in spigit, Inc. (“spigit”), a privately held companythat develops social productivity software. 67 Principles of Consolidation:The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned, majority-owned and controlledsubsidiaries, and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S.GAAP”). Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.Noncontrolling Interests:The Company reports the results of its consolidated subsidiaries that are less than wholly-owned as noncontrolling interest in the accompanyingconsolidated financial statements. In the statement of operations, the income or loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest is reported separately and theaccumulated income or loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest, along with any changes in ownership of the subsidiary, is reported within shareholders’equity. For the year ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, the noncontrolling interest reported on the statement of operations is primarily the 49% noncontrollinginterest in Fish Springs Ranch, LLC. During December of 2010, in conjunction with the business combination with Northstar, the Company recorded $8.4million as the fair value of Northstar’s 12% interest in the newly formed entity. See Note 17, Business Combination, for additional information about theacquisition. For the year ended December 31 2008, the primary subsidiary that was reported as noncontrolling interest was spigit.Use of Estimates in Preparation of Financial Statements:The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reportedamounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues andexpenses for each reporting period. The significant estimates made in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements relate to theassessment of other-than-temporary impairments, and the application of the equity method of accounting, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, realestate and water assets, deferred income taxes, stock-based compensation and contingent liabilities. While management believes that the carrying value of suchassets and liabilities are appropriate as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, it is reasonably possible that actual results could differ from theestimates upon which the carrying values were based.Revenue Recognition:Sale of Real Estate and Water AssetsRevenue recognition on the sale of real estate and water assets conforms with accounting literature related to the sale of real estate, and is recognized in fullwhen (a) there is a legally binding sale contract; (b) the profit is determinable (the collectability of the sales price is reasonably assured, or any amount that willnot be collectible can be estimated); (c) the earnings process is virtually complete (the Company is not obligated to perform significant activities after the sale toearn the profit, meaning the Company has transferred all risks and rewards to the buyer); and (d) the buyer’s initial and continuing investment is adequate todemonstrate a commitment to pay for the property. If these conditions are not met, the Company records the cash received as deferred revenue until theconditions to recognize full profit are met.Other Revenues:Included in other revenues are various transactional results from sources not considered to be the core focus of the existing operating entities within thegroup.Cost of Real Estate and Water Assets:Cost of real estate and water assets sold includes direct costs of the acquisition of the asset less any impairment charges previously recorded against theasset, any development costs incurred to get the asset ready for use and any capitalized interest costs incurred during the development period. 68 Operating and Other Costs:The Company reported a foreign currency gain $3.2 million in 2010, a loss of $193,000 during 2009, and a gain of $15 million in 2008. In each year,the total gain included a foreign currency transaction gain resulting from a Swiss Franc denominated loan from PICO Holdings to one of itssubsidiaries. During 2008 only, the Company also reported an $11.8 million foreign currency gain within one of its wholly owned foreign subsidiaries inSwitzerland that had invested in U.S. currency. Such gain was the result of the appreciation of the U.S. dollar compared to the Swiss Franc. Available-for-Sale Investments:The Company’s investment portfolio at December 31, 2010 and 2009 is comprised of investments with fixed maturities, including U.S. governmentbonds, government sponsored enterprise bonds, and domestic and foreign corporate bonds and marketable equity securities. The Company classifies allinvestments, notwithstanding investments in unconsolidated affiliates, as available-for-sale. Such investments are reported at fair value, with unrealized gainsand losses, net of tax effects, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. Other Investments:The Company’s portfolio of other investments at December 31, 2010 and 2009 is comprised of the investment in spigit and a $2.1 million investmentin Synthonics, a private company founded in part by a member of the Company’s Board of Directors.Other-than-Temporary Impairment: All of the Company’s investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. The Company recognizes an impairment charge when a decline in the fairvalue of its investments below the cost basis is judged to be other-than-temporary. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary on an equitysecurity included the length of time and extent to which the investments fair value has been less than the cost basis, the financial condition and near-termprospects of the investee, extent of the loss related to credit of the issuer, the expected cash flows from the security, the Company’s intent to sell the securityand whether or not the Company will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost. If a security is impaired and continues to declinein value, additional impairment charges are recorded in the period of the decline if deemed other-than-temporary. Subsequent recoveries of such securities arereported as an unrealized gain and part of other comprehensive results in future periods. Any subsequent gains on impaired securities are recognized onlywhen sold. Impairment charges of $365,000, $18.8 million and $21.2 million are included in realized losses for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009and 2008, respectively, related to various securities where the unrealized losses had been deemed other-than-temporary. Net investment income includes amortization of premium and accretion of discount on the level yield method relating to bonds acquired at other than parvalue. Realized investment gains and losses are included in revenues. The cost of any equity security sold is determined using an average cost basis andspecific identification for bond cost. Sales and purchases of investments are recorded on the trade date. The Company purchases debt and equity securities in the U.S. and abroad. Approximately $62.7 million and $58 million of the Company’s available-for-sale investments at December 31, 2010, and 2009, respectively, were invested internationally. The Company’s most significant foreign currency exposureis in Swiss Francs.Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid instruments purchased with original maturities of three months or less.Real Estate and Water Assets: Real estate and water assets include the cost of water rights, water storage, real estate, including raw land and real estate being developed and any realestate improvements. Additional costs to develop or otherwise get real estate and water assets ready for their intended use are capitalized. These costs typicallyinclude legal fees, engineering, consulting, direct cost of drilling or construction and any interest cost capitalized on qualifying assets during the developmentperiod. The Company expenses all maintenance and repair costs on real estate and water assets. The types of costs capitalized are consistent across periodspresented; however, real estate development costs have increased during 2010 due to increased development activities. Water rights consist of various waterinterests acquired or developed independently or in conjunction with the acquisition of real estate. When applicable, water rights and real estate consist of anallocation of the original purchase price based on their relative fair values and include costs directly related to the acquisition. Water storage typically includesthe cost of the real estate and direct construction costs to build the site. Real estate being developed includes the original purchase price of the land and anydevelopment costs incurred to get the asset ready for its intended use. Amortization of real estate improvements is computed on the straight-line method over theestimated useful lives of the improvements ranging from 5 to 15 years.All real estate and tangible water assets are classified as held and used until management commits to a plan to sell the asset, the asset can be sold in itspresent condition, is being actively marketed for sale, and it is probable that the asset will be sold within the next 12 months. At December 31, 2010 and2009, the Company had real estate of $4.3 million and $4.8 million, respectively, classified as held for sale. 69 Intangible Assets: The Company’s intangible assets consist primarily of certain water rights and the exclusive right to use assets that the Company constructed and laterdedicated to various municipalities. These rights have indefinite useful lives and are therefore not amortized. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are testedfor impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired, by comparing the fair valueof the assets to their carrying amounts. If the carrying value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in anamount equal to the excess. The Company completes its annual review in the fourth quarter of each year by calculating the fair value of the intangible assetsusing discounted cash flow models. During 2010 and 2009, the Company recorded impairment charges of $10.3 million and $12.4 million, respectively. Noimpairment charges were recorded during 2008. See Note 4 for additional information.Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: The Company records an impairment charge when the condition exists where the carrying amount of a long-lived asset (asset group) is not recoverable andexceeds its fair value. Impairment of long-lived assets is triggered when the estimated future undiscounted cash flows, excluding interest charges, for thelowest level for which there is identifiable cash flows that are independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets do not exceed the carrying amount. TheCompany prepares and analyzes cash flows at appropriate levels of grouped assets. If the events or circumstances indicate that the remaining balance may beimpaired, such impairment will be measured based upon the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of such assets determined using theestimated future discounted cash flows, excluding interest charges, generated from the use and ultimate disposition of the respective long-lived asset. Noimpairment charges were recorded during the three years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 or 2008.Notes and Other Receivables: Notes and other receivables include installment notes from the sale of real estate and water assets. These notes generally have terms ranging from three toten years and interest rates from 8% to 10%. The Company records a provision for doubtful accounts to allow for any specific accounts which may beunrecoverable and is based upon an analysis of the Company's prior collection experience, customer creditworthiness, and current economic trends. The noteterms are typically non-recourse which allows the Company to recover the underlying property if and when a buyer defaults. No significant provision for baddebts was required during the three years ended December 31, 2010.Property and Equipment:Property and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated livesof the assets. Buildings and leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the useful life or lease term and range from 15 to 20 years, officefurniture and fixtures are generally depreciated over seven years, and computer equipment is depreciated over three years. Maintenance and repairs are chargedto expense as incurred, while significant improvements are capitalized. Gains or losses on the sale of property and equipment are included in other revenues.Reinsurance:The Company records all reinsurance assets and liabilities on a gross basis, including amounts due from reinsurers and amounts paid to reinsurersrelating to the unexpired portion of reinsured contracts.Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses:Reserves for MPL and property and casualty and workers’ compensation insurance unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses include amountsdetermined on the basis of actuarial estimates of ultimate claim settlements, which include estimates of individual reported claims and estimates of incurredbut not reported claims. The methods of making such estimates and for establishing the resulting liabilities are continually reviewed and updated based oncurrent circumstances, and any adjustments are reflected in current operations.Accounting for Income Taxes:The Company’s provision for income tax expense includes federal, foreign and state income taxes currently payable and those deferred because oftemporary differences between the income tax and financial reporting bases of the assets and liabilities. The liability method of accounting for income taxesalso requires the Company to reflect the effect of a tax rate change on accumulated deferred income taxes in income in the period in which the change is enacted. 70 The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such determination, the Companyconsiders all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies and recentfinancial operations. If the Company determines that it would not be able to realize its deferred income tax assets in the future a valuation allowance isrecorded. At December 31, 2010, a valuation allowance of $3.6 million has been recorded for state deferred tax assets as the Company cannot conclude that itis more likely than not that future taxable income in the relevant taxing jurisdictions will be sufficient to realize the related income tax benefits for these assets.The Company recognizes any uncertain income tax positions on income tax returns at the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained uponaudit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained.The Company recognizes any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2010, the Company had$221,000 accrued for interest and no penalties associated with uncertain tax positions.The Company reported an income tax benefit of $9.5 million and $19.3 million in 2010 and 2009, respectively and income tax expense of $28.5 millionfor the year ended December 31, 2008. The effective income tax rate for the three years ended December 31, 2010, was 48%, 47% and 51%, respectively. Theeffective tax rate differs from the statutory rate in 2010 primarily due the tax benefit on basis differences in our unconsolidated affiliate. In addition, in thethree years ending December 31, 2010, the effective income tax rate differs from the U.S. federal rate due to one or more of the following: the recognition orreversal of interest expense and penalties on uncertain tax positions, operating losses without any associated tax benefit from subsidiaries that are excludedfrom the consolidated federal income tax return, certain non-deductible compensation expense, and state income tax charges.Stock-Based Compensation:Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the fair values of the awards and is recognized as expense over the period inwhich the share-based compensation vests.At December 31, 2010, the Company had one stock-based payment arrangement outstanding:The PICO Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2005 Plan”). The 2005 Plan provides for the grant or award of various equity incentivesto PICO employees, non-employee directors and consultants. A total of 2,654,000 shares of common stock are issuable under the 2005 Plan and it providesfor the issuance of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, free-standing stock-settled stock appreciation rights (“SAR”), restricted stock awards(“RSA”), performance shares, performance units, restricted stock units (“RSU”), deferred compensation awards and other stock-based awards. The 2005Plan allows for broker assisted cashless exercises and net-settlement of income taxes and employee withholding taxes. Upon exercise of a SAR and RSU, theemployee will receive newly issued shares of PICO Holdings, Inc. common stock with a fair value equal to the in-the-money value of the award, less thatnumber of shares equal to the value of applicable United States federal, state and local withholding and income taxes (however, the holder of an RSU can electto pay withholding taxes in cash).Deferred Compensation:The Company reports the investment returns generated in the deferred compensation accounts within revenues in the Company’s financial statements(with a corresponding increase in the trust assets). An expense is recorded within the caption, “Operating and other costs” for increases in the market value ofthe assets held with a corresponding increase in the deferred compensation liability (except in the case of shares of PICO Holdings, Inc. common stock, whichis reported at its cost in treasury stock). In the event the trust assets decline in value, the Company will reverse previously expensed compensation.At December 31, 2010, and December 31, 2009, the Company had $37.9 million and $31.1 million, respectively, recorded as deferred compensationpayable to various members of management and certain non-employee members of the Board of Directors of the Company. The assets of the plan are held inRabbi Trust accounts. Such trusts hold various investments that are consistent with the Company’s investment policy. The investments are held in separateaccounts, accounted for as available-for-sale investments, and are reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Assets of the trustwill be distributed according to predetermined payout elections established by each participant.The deferred compensation liability increased during 2010 primarily due to increases in the fair value of the invested assets offset by distributions of$973,000 to various participants. Included in operating and other costs in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the year endedDecember 31, 2010 and 2009, is compensation expense of $7.5 million and $5.5 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2008, the Companyreported a recovery in deferred compensation expense of $10.2 million. 71 Comprehensive Income: Other comprehensive income or loss includes foreign currency translation and unrealized holding gains and losses, net of taxes on available-for-saleinvestments. The components are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2010 2009 Net unrealized gain on securities$20,108 $25,852 Foreign currency translation (4,781) (4,758) Accumulated other comprehensive income$15,327 $21,094 The accumulated balance is net of deferred income tax liability of $8.4 million and $9.8 million at December 31, 2010, and 2009, respectively.Earnings per Share: Basic earnings or loss per share is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Dilutedearnings or loss per share is computed similarly to basic earnings or loss per share except the weighted average shares outstanding are increased to includeadditional shares from the assumed exercise of any common stock equivalents using the treasury method, if dilutive. The Company’s free-standing SAR andRSU are considered common stock equivalents for this purpose. The number of additional shares related to these common stock equivalents is calculatedusing the treasury stock method. For the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, the Company’s stock-settled SAR and RSU were excluded from the diluted per share calculationbecause their effect on earnings per share was anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2008 the Company’s in-the-money stock-settled SAR wereincluded in the diluted per share calculation using the treasury stock method (659,409 SAR were excluded because they were out-of-the-money). Translation of Foreign Currency: Financial statements of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars using average rates of exchange in effect during the year for revenues, expenses,realized gains and losses, and the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date for assets and liabilities. Unrealized exchange gains and losses arising ontranslation are reflected within accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. Realized foreign currency gains or losses are reported within total costs andexpenses in the statement of operations. 2.INVESTMENTS At December 31, the cost and carrying value of its available-for-sale investments were as follows (in thousands):2010:Cost GrossUnrealizedGains GrossUnrealizedLosses Carrying Value Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities$4,911 $56 $ (64) $ 4,903 Municipal bonds 3,147 107 3,254 Corporate bonds 28,365 783 (675) 28,473 Government sponsored enterprises 4,193 187 4,380 40,616 1,133 (739) 41,010 Marketable equity securities 80,664 30,687 (941) 110,410 Total$121,280 $31,820 $ (1,680)$ 151,420 72 2009:Cost GrossUnrealizedGains GrossUnrealizedLosses Carrying Value Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities$1,106 $80 $1,186 Municipal bonds 3,175 64 3,239 Corporate bonds 21,217 2,278 $ (2,224) 21,271 Government sponsored enterprises 24,764 329 (214) 24,879 50,262 2,751 (2,438) 50,575 Marketable equity securities 81,935 37,009 (617) 118,327 Total$132,197 $39,760 $(3,055) $168,902 The amortized cost and carrying value of investments in fixed maturities at December 31, 2010, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expectedmaturity dates may differ from contractual maturity dates because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call orprepayment penalties (in thousands): Amortized Carrying Cost Value Due in one year or less $3,407 $3,466 Due after one year through five years 32,354 32,698 Due after five years 4,855 4,846 $40,616 $41,010 Net investment income is as follows for each of the years ended December 31 (in thousands): 2010 2009 2008 Investment income: Fixed maturities $3,020 $2,175 $2,618 Equity securities 2,215 2,479 2,965 Other, primarily cash balances 1,515 1,509 4,823 Total investment income 6,750 6,163 10,406 Investment expenses (157) (224) (261) Net investment income $6,593 $5,939 $10,145 Pre-tax net realized gain or loss on investments is as follows for each of the years ended December 31 (in thousands): 2010 2009 2008 Gross realized gains: Fixed maturities $4,272 $1,535 $52 Equity securities and other investments 14,709 16,573 58,247 Total gain 18,981 18,108 58,299 Gross realized losses: Fixed maturities (23) (5,225) (3,119) Equity securities and other investments (443) (19,639) (18,953)Total loss (466) (24,864) (22,072)Net realized gain (loss) $18,515 $(6,756) $36,227 Realized GainsIncluded in realized gains for 2010 is $6.3 million from the sale of various Swiss equity securities. Included in realized gains for 2009 is a gain of $8.2million gain recorded on the deconsolidation of, spigit (see Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliate, below). During 2008, the Company sold its interest inJungfraubahn Holding AG for $75.3 million resulting in pre-tax realized gain of $46.1 million. 73 Realized Losses In addition to losses that result from sale transactions, realized losses also include impairment charges on securities. During 2010, 2009 and 2008, theCompany recorded other-than-temporary impairments of $365,000, $18.8 million and $21.2 million, respectively, on debt and equity securities to recognizewhat are expected to be other-than-temporary declines in value. In addition, during 2009, the Company sold Global Equity Corporation, a previouslyconsolidated subsidiary, which held investments in Canadian real estate partnerships, and reported a loss on the sale of $5.5 million. The majority of thereported loss results from accumulated foreign currency adjustments of $6.6 million that were part of the carrying value of the subsidiary. Such adjustmentswere previously recorded in other comprehensive income. The following table summarizes the market value of those investments in an unrealized loss position for periods less than and greater than 12 months (inthousands): 2010 2009 Less than 12 monthsFair Value GrossUnrealized Loss Fair Value Gross UnrealizedLoss Fixed maturities: US Treasury securities$3,494 $64 Government sponsored enterprises $ 17,961 $214 Corporate bonds 11,286 196 779 10 14,780 260 18,740 224 Marketable equity securities 5,907 459 5,590 488 Total$20,687 $719 $24,330 $712 2010 2009 Greater than 12 monthsFair Value Gross UnrealizedLoss Fair Value GrossUnrealized Loss Fixed maturities: Corporate bonds$ 7,053 $479 $9,510 $2,214 Marketable equity securities 2,534 482 1,346 129 Total$9,587 $ 961 $10,856 $2,343 Marketable equity securities: The Company’s investments in marketable equity securities totaled $110.4 million at December 31, 2010, andprincipally consist of common stock of publicly traded small-capitalization companies in the U.S. and selected foreign markets. Equities are researched, andselected for purchase, on a case by case basis depending on the fundamental characteristics of the individual security. The Company reviewed its equitysecurities throughout the year and at December 31, 2010, concluded that the investments in an unrealized loss position were not other-than-temporarilyimpaired as the declines were not of sufficient duration and severity, and publicly-available financial information did not indicate impairment. The primarycause of the losses is due to normal market volatility. During the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, the Company recorded $365,000, $13.6million and $18.7 million, respectively, of other-than-temporary impairment charges on marketable equity securities. Corporate Bonds and U.S. Treasury Obligations: The Company owns various fixed maturities in its portfolio including U.S. Treasury, municipaland government sponsored enterprise bonds that are typically held to meet state regulatory capital and deposit requirements for the insurance companies. Theremainder of the bond portfolio consists of corporate bonds, which are researched, and selected for purchase, on a case by case basis depending on thematurity and yield-to-maturity of the bond available for purchase, and an analysis of the fundamental characteristics of the issuer. At December 31, 2010,there are unrealized losses on certain U.S. Treasury bonds resulting from an increase in U.S. Treasury bond yields from historically low levels in the fourthquarter of 2010. The Company does not consider the U.S. Treasury securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired because the Company expects to hold,and will not be required to sell, these particular securities, and to recover the entire amortized cost basis on maturity. At December 31, 2010, there areunrealized losses on certain corporate bonds, which are primarily held in deferred compensation accounts. The Company does not consider these corporatebonds to be other-than-temporarily impaired because the Company intends to hold, and will not be required to sell, these particular securities, and theCompany expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis. The Company believes that the unrealized losses are primarily attributable to the reducedavailability of credit throughout the U.S. economy, which has affected the market prices of many corporate bonds. During 2010, the Company did not recordany impairment charges on fixed maturity securities. During 2009 and 2008, the Company recorded impairment charges on corporate bonds of $5.2 millionand $2.5 million, respectively, because the Company determined it would not recover the amortized cost basis due to deterioration of the underlying issuer'sfinancial condition. 74 Fair Value Measurements: The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2010and 2009, by level within the fair value hierarchy. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of inputthat is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in itsentirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.The Company owns $55.5 million of available-for-sale equity securities that trade on an over-the-counter bulletin board market. During 2010, theCompany transferred $18.7 million of those securities from Level 1 to Level 2 due to trading volumes lower than expectations, coupled with high bid/askratios, lack of current publicly available information, or few or no recent transactions. A description of the Levels follows the table below.At December 31, 2010 (in thousands): Assets Quoted PricesIn ActiveMarkets forIdentical Assets(Level 1) Significant OtherObservableInputs(Level 2) SignificantUnobservableInputs(Level 3) Balance atDecember 31,2010 Available-for-sale investments (A) $132,677 $18,743 $151,420 Liabilities Deferred compensation (B) $37,879 $37,879 At December 31, 2009 (in thousands): Assets Quoted Prices InActive Marketsfor IdenticalAssets (Level 1) SignificantOtherObservableInputs (Level2) SignificantUnobservableInputs(Level 3) Balance atDecember 31,2009Available-for-sale investments (A) $168,902 $168,902Liabilities Deferred compensation (B) $31,144 $31,144(A) Where there are quoted market prices that are readily available in an active market, securities are classified as Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1available-for-sale investments are valued using quoted market prices multiplied by the number of shares owned and debt securities are valued using a marketquote in an active market. All Level 2 available-for-sale securities are one class because they all contain similar risks and are valued using market prices andinclude securities where the markets are not active, that is where there are few transactions, or the prices are not current or the prices vary considerably overtime. Inputs include directly or indirectly observable inputs such as quoted prices. Level 3 available-for-sale securities include securities where valuation isbased on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets. This includes certainpricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs. (B) Deferred compensation plans are compensation plans directed by the Company and structured as a Rabbi Trust for certain executives and non-employeedirectors. The investment assets of the Rabbi Trust are valued using quoted market prices multiplied by the number of shares held in each trust accountincluding the shares of PICO Holdings common stock held in the trusts. The related deferred compensation liability represents the fair value of the investmentassets. 75 The following table sets forth the Company’s non-financial assets that were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the year ended December31, 2010, by level within the fair value hierarchy. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of inputthat is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in itsentirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 Asset Description Quoted Prices InActive Marketsfor Identical Assets(Level 1) Significant OtherObservable Inputs(Level 2) SignificantUnobservableInputs(Level 3) TotalLoss (1) Intangible asset (exclusive right to use infrastructure andassociated water rights) $ 26,630 $10,316 (1) As of December 31, 2010, the Company had a non-recurring fair value measurement for an intangible asset with a carrying amount of $36.9 million thatwas written down to its implied fair value of $26.6 million, resulting in an impairment charge of $10.3 million, which was included in earnings for2010. The implied fair value was estimated based on a discounted cash flow model that incorporates estimates and assumptions about recognition ofrevenues and costs for the intangible asset. See Note 4, Real Estate and Water Assets.Year Ended December 31, 2009 Asset Description Quoted Prices InActive Markets forIdentical Assets(Level 1) Significant OtherObservable Inputs(Level 2) SignificantUnobservableInputs (Level 3) TotalGain/(Loss) (2) Intangible asset (applications for water rights) $3,953 $(12,378)(3) Investment in unconsolidated affiliate $9,162 $8,181 (2) As of March 31, 2009, the Company had a non-recurring fair value measurement for an intangible asset with a carrying amount of $16.4 million that waswritten down to its implied fair value of $4 million, resulting in an impairment charge of $12.4 million, which was included in earnings for 2009. Theimplied fair value was estimated as the revenues the Company estimated it will receive on the sale of the intangible asset.(3)During the fourth quarter of 2009, the Company had a non-recurring fair value measurement for spigit, a consolidated subsidiary that was deconsolidatedwhen the Company’s voting ownership was diluted from 74% to 37% after a new investor purchased newly-issued shares of spigit for $10 million. Thetransaction resulted in a gain of approximately $8.2 million before income taxes. The fair value was based upon the price paid by the new investor. Disclosures About Fair Value Of Financial Instruments:The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimatethat fair value:--Cash and Cash Equivalents: Carrying amounts for these items approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. Themajority of the Company’s cash is held in the Federated Government Obligations Money Market.--Investments in fixed maturities and equity securities: Fair values are estimated based on quoted market prices, or dealer quotes for the actual orcomparable securities. Fair value for equity securities that do not have a readily determinable fair value is estimated based on the value of the underlyingcommon stock. The Company regularly evaluates the carrying value of securities to determine whether there has been any diminution in value that isother-than-temporary.--Debt: Carrying amounts for these items approximates fair value because they are based on current interest rates. 76 The table below presents the carrying values and estimated fair values for certain of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2010 (inthousands). December 31, 2010 CarryingAmount EstimatedFair Value Financial assets: Cash and cash equivalents $114,759 $114,759 Investments with fixed maturities $41,010 $41,010 Equity securities $110,410 $110,410 Notes and other receivables, net $9,251 $ 9,251 Reinsurance receivables $14,551 $14,551 Financial liabilities: Debt $45,743 $45,743 Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliate: During 2009, the Company deconsolidated spigit and changed its accounting from consolidation to the equity method of accounting due to the reductionin voting ownership from over 50% to approximately 37%. The Company maintained its 37% interest during 2010. The Company’s share of the loss ofspigit during 2010 was $3.7 million. During 2009, for the period from deconsolidation to the end of 2009 the Company’s share of the loss was $277,000. The following is unaudited summarized financial information of spigit as of and for the year ended December 31, 2010 and for the three months endedDecember 31, 2009 (in thousands): 2010 2009 Current assets $6,602 $10,649 Non current assets $656 $295 Current liabilities $8,598 $1,852 Revenue $4,815 $681 Gross margin $3,843 $681 Loss from continuing operations and net loss $10,140 $749 During the fourth quarter of 2009, the Company recorded a gain on deconsolidation of approximately $8.2 million before income taxes, which is includedin the caption, net realized gain (loss) on sale and impairment of investments, in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.The carrying value of the investment is $5.2 million and $8.9 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009 respectively and is reported in other investmentsin the accompanying balance sheets.In February 2011, spigit raised $10 million from an existing owner of the business at a pre-money valuation of $75 million. 77 3.DEBT: At December 31, 2010, a PICO subsidiary had four loan facilities with a Swiss bank for a maximum of $26.8 million (25 million CHF) used to financethe purchase of investment securities in Switzerland. The loan facilities may be cancelled immediately by either party by written notice and do not impose anyfinancial or operational restrictions on the Company. The total Swiss borrowings bear interest at a weighted average of 3.9% and are collateralized by theCompany’s Swiss investments. At December 31, 2010, the Company’s total mortgage debt of $24.3 million has a weighted average interest rate of 7.1% and is due at various datesbetween 2011 and 2036. During 2010, the Company financed the purchase and development of real estate with $5.4 million of debt at a weighted annualinterest rate of 9.6%.At December 31, 2010, the Company had secured a $100 million non-recourse, senior secured construction loan facility commitment in conjunction withthe acquisition of Northstar to finance construction and other costs of the canola processing plant and integrated refinery that will be built near Hallock,Minnesota. The total financing required to get the plant operational including working capital needs is estimated to be $168 million. ING Capital LLC(“ING”) is underwriting the $100 million credit facility; however the Company entered into a stand-by purchase agreement whereby if ING does not fullysyndicate the entire $100 million by April 15, 2011, ING have the right to require the Company to raise up to $50 million. The credit facility includes a $10million working capital facility. The financing is expected to close at the end of the second quarter of 2011.The Company capitalized $670,000 and $863,000 of interest in 2010 and 2009, respectively, related to construction and real estate developmentcosts. The following is a detail of the Company’s debt at December 31, 2010 and 2009 (in thousands): 2010 2009 Swiss Debt: 4.4% fixed due in 2011 $4,821 $4,347 3.7% fixed due in 2014 13,392 12,074 3.8% fixed due in 2014 3,214 2,898 Mortgage Debt: 4% to 4.50% fixed payment due from 2011 - 2012 8,849 7,079 6% to 6.50% fixed payments due from 2009 - 2036 4,982 11,560 8% fixed payments due from 2009 - 2013 1,291 1,659 10% fixed payments due from 2012 - 2013 7,590 12% fixed payments due from 2011 - 2014 1,604 1,604 $45,743 $41,221 The Company’s future minimum principal debt repayments for the years ending December 31 are as follows (in thousands):Year 2011 $8,943 2012 13,108 2013 2,474 2014 20,681 2015 12 Thereafter 525 Total $45,743 78 4.REAL ESTATE AND WATER ASSETS: The cost assigned to the various components of real estate and water assets at December 31, is as follows (in thousands): 2010 2009 Real estate $172,001 $127,530 Real estate improvements, net of accumulated amortization of $7.4 million in 2010 and $6.5 million in 2009 8,830 10,450 Water and water rights 73,625 60,739 Pipeline rights and water credits at Fish Springs 101,114 101,114 $355,570 $299,833 For the three years ended December 31, 2010, amortization of leasehold improvements was $880,000, $852,000 and $902,000, respectively.Impairment Loss during 2010:During the fourth quarter of 2010, the Company completed its annual impairment test for intangible assets which include certain water rights and theexclusive right to use assets that the Company constructed and later dedicated to various municipalities. These assets are located in select markets in Nevada,primarily in Washoe and Lyon counties. The fair values are calculated using discounted cash flow models that incorporate a wide range of assumptionsincluding current asset pricing and future escalation, absorption and timing of sales, future costs, and discount rates. Given the growth projections issued inthe fourth quarter of 2010 from the Nevada State Demographer are significantly lower than previous population projections and the dramatic and prolongedslow-down in housing starts and sales in the Dayton corridor area of Lyon County, will likely result in the delay of sales of some of our Carson River waterrights. Consequently, we have adjusted our assumptions and judgments for the forecast of the timing and volume of water sales from our original projectionsfor the discounted cash model for our Carson River water rights. These changes in assumptions and judgments resulted in a fair value of $26.6 millioncompared to a carrying value of $36.9 million for our Carson River water rights. Consequently, an impairment charge of $10.3 million was recorded to writeoff the excess of carrying value over the fair value. This is the only such impairment charge recorded on this asset. Impairment Loss during 2009:Lincoln/Vidler jointly filed a permit application in 1998 for 14,000 acre-feet of water rights for industrial use from the Tule Desert Groundwater Basin inLincoln County, Nevada. In November 2002, the Nevada State Engineer awarded Lincoln/Vidler a permit for 2,100 acre-feet of water rights, whichLincoln/Vidler subsequently sold in 2005, and ruled that an additional 7,240 acre-feet could be granted pending additional studies by Lincoln/Vidler (the“2002 Ruling”). Subsequent to the 2002 Ruling and consistent with the Nevada State Engineer’s conditions Vidler subsequently performed these additionalengineering and scientific studies.During 2008, Lincoln/Vidler submitted comprehensive and substantial evidence to the Nevada State Engineer to support its permit applications asrequired by the 2002 Ruling. On April 29, 2009, the Nevada State Engineer issued a ruling with respect to such applications (the “2009 Ruling”). The 2009Ruling determined that the perennial yield of the groundwater recharge in the Tule Desert Groundwater Basin was likely in the range of 2,500 to 5,000 acre-feetper year. The Nevada State Engineer further concluded that it would permit the appropriation of only one-half of the upper end of that range, or 2,500 acre-feet. Since 2,100 acre-feet had already been appropriated to and permitted to Lincoln/Vidler under the 2002 Ruling, the Nevada State Engineer found that only396 acre-feet of unappropriated water remained in the Tule Desert Groundwater Basin. Accordingly, the 2009 Ruling granted Lincoln/Vidler 396 acre-feet ofadditional permitted water rights, instead of the applied for 7,240 acre-feet of water rights.The carrying value of the applications for the additional 7,240 acre-feet was $16.4 million before the ruling, which primarily represented costs incurredfor the data collection, drilling and monitoring costs and expenses incurred to collect, interpret and submit the groundwater data to the Nevada StateEngineer. Under agreements in place with developers at the time of ruling, Vidler would only record approximately $4 million of revenue from the 396 acre-feetof water rights granted in the 2009 Ruling. As such, the carrying value of the 396 acre–feet we had been awarded was written down to this estimatedrecoverable value, and we recorded a loss on impairment of approximately $12.4 million during 2009. The Company did not identify any other impairment on its real estate or water assets during the year ended December 31, 2010, 2009 or 2008.Settlement of the Tule Desert Groundwater Basin LitigationOn May 27, 2009, Lincoln/Vidler filed an appeal of the 2009 Ruling in Nevada District Court, as well as in U.S. Federal Court.On April 15, 2010, Lincoln/Vidler and the Nevada State Engineer announced that they had concluded a Settlement Agreement with respect to the entirelitigation between the parties. The Settlement Agreement resulted in the granting to Lincoln/Vidler of the original Lincoln/Vidler Application of 7,240 acre-feet ofwater rights with an initial 2,900 acre-feet of water rights available for sale or lease by Lincoln/Vidler and the balance of the water rights (4,340 acre-feet) is thesubject of staged pumping and development over the next several years. The staged pumping development under the Settlement Agreement requires thecontinuing collection of recharge data and pumping data over the next several years by Lincoln/Vidler to further refine the modeling of the basin and potentialimpacts, if any, from deep aquifer pumping in the remote, unpopulated desert valley in Lincoln County, Nevada.The Settlement Agreement results in Lincoln/Vidler obtaining up to an additional 6,844 acre–feet of permitted water rights in the Tule Desert GroundwaterBasin. 79 Fish Springs Pipeline Rights and Water Credits:At December 31, 2010 and 2009, pipeline rights and water credits at Fish Springs Ranch included $92.7 million of direct construction costs, $6.4million for the 7,987 acre-feet of water credits and $2 million of capitalized interest. As the Company sells water credits to end users, the costs of the pipelinerights will be reported as cost of water sold. No water credits were sold during 2010 or 2009. During 2008, the Company sold 12.8 acre-feet of water creditsfor $577,000 and reported cost of water sold of $158,000.The final regulatory approval required for the pipeline project was a Record of Decision (“ROD”) for a right of way, which was granted on May 31,2006. Subsequently, there were two protests against the ROD, and the matter was appealed and subsequently dismissed. However, in October 2006, oneprotestant, the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe (the “Tribe”), filed an action with the U.S. District Court against the Bureau of Land Management and U.S.Department of the Interior. The Tribe asserted that the exportation of 8,000 acre-feet of water per year from Fish Springs would negatively impact their waterrights located in a basin within the boundaries of the Tribe reservation. The Company was able to reach a $7.3 million financial settlement with the Tribe thatended the dispute in September 2007. The settlement agreement is pending ratification by the United States Congress.There is 13,000 acre-feet per-year of permitted water rights at Fish Springs Ranch. The existing permit allows up to 8,000 acre-feet of water per year to beexported to support the development in the Reno area. The settlement agreement also provides that, in exchange for the Tribe agreeing to not oppose allpermitting activities for the pumping and export of groundwater in excess of 8,000 acre-feet of water per year, Fish Springs will pay the Tribe 12% of the grosssales price for each acre-foot of additional water that Fish Springs sells in excess of 8,000 acre-feet per year, up to 13,000 acre-feet per year. The obligation toexpense and pay the 12% fee is due only if and when the Company sells water in excess of 8,000 acre-feet, accordingly, Fish Springs Ranch will record theliability for such amounts as they become due upon the sale of any such excess water. Currently Fish Springs does not have regulatory approval to export anywater in excess of 8,000 acre-feet per year from Fish Springs Ranch to support further development in northern Reno, and it is uncertain whether suchregulatory approval will be granted in the future. Consequently, for the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company accrued settlement expense of $7.3million. In January 2008, the Company paid $3.1 million to the Tribe but the final payment of $3.6 million for the balance owed had not been paid as ofDecember 31, 2010. 5.NOTES AND OTHER RECEIVABLES, NET:Notes and other receivables consisted of the following at December 31 (in thousands): 2010 2009 Notes receivable, net $6,503 $10,344 Interest receivable 424 1,054 Other receivables 2,324 4,014 $9,251 $15,412 Notes and other receivables include amounts due for the sale of real estate and water assets. These notes generally have terms ranging from three to tenyears, with interest rates from 8% to 10%. The Company records a provision for doubtful accounts to allow for any specific accounts which may beunrecoverable and is based upon an analysis of the Company's prior collection experience, customer creditworthiness, and current economic trends. The notesare typically secured by the asset which allows the Company to recover the underlying property if and when a buyer defaults. No significant provision forbad debts was required on any installment notes from the sale of real estate and water assets during the three years ended December 31, 2010.6.FEDERAL, FOREIGN AND STATE CURRENT AND DEFERRED INCOME TAX:The Company and its U.S. subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. Non-U.S. subsidiaries file tax returns in various foreign countriesand companies that are less than 80% owned file separate federal income tax returns. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differencesbetween the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes (in thousands): 2010 2009 Deferred tax assets: Deferred compensation $ 15,633 $12,580 Basis difference on investment 127 1,100 Impairment charges on securities 8,149 11,012 Impairment charges on water assets 8,425 4,647 Net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards (primarily state attributes) 1,998 2,254 Legal settlement expense 1,337 1,352 Accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments 2,154 2,337 Unearned revenue 597 543 Employee benefits, including stock-based compensation 4,927 6,034 Other 6,356 3,195 Total deferred tax assets 49,703 45,054 Deferred tax liabilities: Unrealized appreciation on securities 10,826 12,154 Revaluation of real estate and water assets 5,493 5,102 Foreign receivables 5,024 3,717 Real estate installment sales 1,589 3,918 Excess tax basis in subsidiary 1,795 2,262 Other 1,322 2,686 Total deferred tax liabilities 26,049 29,839 Valuation allowance on state tax assets (3,615) (4,050) Net deferred income tax asset $20,039 $11,165 80 Deferred tax assets and liabilities and federal income tax expense in future years can be significantly affected by changes in circumstances that wouldinfluence management’s conclusions as to the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets.The Company periodically evaluates the likelihood of the realization of deferred tax assets, and adjust the carrying amount of the deferred tax assets bythe valuation allowance to the extent the future realization of the deferred tax assets is not judged to be more likely than not. The Company considers manyfactors when assessing the likelihood of future realization of its deferred tax assets, including recent cumulative earnings experience by taxing jurisdiction,expectations of future transactions, the carryforward periods available to the Company for tax reporting purposes, historical use of tax attributes, andavailability of tax planning strategies.The Company has reported losses in recent years; however the Company does not have any history of expired tax attributes, and has appreciated assetswhich it could sell prior to the expiration of the tax attributes. As of December, 31, 2010, the Company has concluded that the results of future transactionsand the availability of unrealized gains on our investments support that it is "more likely than not" that the federal deferred tax assets will be realized. Certainof the state deferred tax assets including $16.7 million of state income tax net operating loss carryforwards that will begin to expire in 2015 are not more likelythan not to be realized and consequently, a full valuation allowance has been established to offset state deferred tax assets. However, if assumptions aboutfuture transactions or the availability of unrealized gains on appreciated assets should change, the Company may be required to record additional valuationallowances on the remaining deferred tax assets and new deferred tax assets that are recognized in future periods, or it could reduce such valuation allowance toreflect the potential for future realization.As of December 31, 2010, the Company has federal foreign tax credit carryforwards of approximately $1 million, as a result of foreign taxes paid in theforeign jurisdiction. These carryforwards will begin to expire in 2019.Pre-tax income or loss from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, was under the following jurisdictions (in thousands): 2010 2009 2008 United States$(16,142) $(40,523) $(7,352) Foreign (3,696) (219) 63,741 Total pre-tax income (loss)$(19,838) $(40,742) $56,389 Income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations for each of the years ended December 31 consists of the following (in thousands): 2010 2009 2008 Current tax expense (benefit): United States Federal and state$(1,277)$(20,634) $13,755 Foreign 1,045 (92) 12,060 (232) (20,726) 25,815 Deferred tax expense (benefit): United States Federal and state (9,250) 704 2,680 Foreign (1) 762 (4) (9,251) 1,466 2,676 Total income tax provision (benefit)$(9,483)$(19,260) $28,491 The difference between income taxes provided at the Company’s federal statutory rate and effective tax rate is as follows (in thousands): 2010 2009 2008 Federal income tax provision at statutory rate $(6,943) $(14,260) $19,736 Change in valuation allowance (221) 3,249 834 State taxes, net of federal benefit 692 (5,209) 2,774 Change in liability for uncertain tax positions (1,687) (2,476) 1,720 Nondeductible compensation 337 311 273 Previously untaxed earnings and profits from foreign subsidiaries (1,710) 2,773 Equity in loss of unconsolidated affiliate (1,301) (97) Basis difference on sale of subsidiary 2,402 Deferred Compensation – amounts no longer subject to §162(m) (2,000) Other (360) 530 381 Total income tax provision (benefit) $(9,483) $(19,260) $28,491 81 The following table summarizes the activity related to the unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands): 2010 2009 2008 Balance at beginning of year $2,592 $12,608 $3,277 Additions for tax positions related to the current year 9,331 Reductions due to expiration of assessment period (2,025) (10,016) Balance at end of year $567 $2,592 $12,608 Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2010, is $369,000 of tax benefit that, if recognized, would affect the effective taxrate. The Company recognizes any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2010, the Company hadaccrued approximately $221,000 in interest and no penalties associated with uncertain tax positions. The decrease in balance on unrecognized tax benefits wasprimarily as a result to the closure of an open tax year for various state income tax issues. As of December 31, 2010, the Company believes that it isreasonably possible that remaining balance of the unrecognized tax benefits may decrease within the next 12 months as a result of statutes closing.The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various states and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2010, the Company’s statute is openfrom 2007 forward for federal and from 2004 for state tax purposes. The Company's 2008 federal income tax return is under examination by the U.S. InternalRevenue Service and the Company's 2006 through 2008 California income tax returns are under examination by the California Franchise Tax Board. Althoughthe outcome of tax audits is always uncertain, the Company believes that the results of the examination will not materially affect its financial position or resultsof operations. 7.PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET: The major classifications of the Company’s fixed assets are as follows at December 31 (in thousands): 2010 2009 Office furniture, fixtures and equipment $4,946 $3,809 Buildings and improvements 770 705 Construction in progress 10,460 16,176 4,514 Accumulated depreciation (3,586) (3,186)Property and equipment, net $12,590 $1,328 Construction in progress represents amounts recorded from the business combination with Northstar. Such costs are primarily payments previouslymade for design plans and refinery equipment for the canola crushing plant being constructed in Hallock, Minnesota. The plant is estimated to costapproximately $158 million and is expected to be completed and placed in service in the fourth quarter of 2012. See Note 17, Business Combinations formore information.Depreciation expense was $448,000, $373,000 and $358,000 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009, and 2008, respectively.8.SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:The Company completed public offerings of its common stock of 3,750,000 shares in 2009 at a price of $27 per share. The aggregate net proceeds fromthe offerings were approximately $95.7 million, after deducting $5.5 million in underwriting commission and offering expenses. The offerings were madepursuant to the Company’s universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3 that was declared effective on December 3, 2007.Long Term Incentive PlanAs described in Note 1, the 2005 Plan was adopted by the Board of Directors and approved by shareholders on December 8, 2005. The 2005 Planprovides for the grant or award of various equity incentives to PICO employees, non-employee directors and consultants. A total of 2,654,000 shares ofcommon stock are issuable under the 2005 Plan, and it provides for the issuance of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, free-standing stock-settled SAR, restricted stock awards (RSA), performance shares, performance units, restricted stock units (RSU), deferred compensation awards and otherstock-based awards.A summary of activity of the RSU and RSA is as follows: RSU RSA Outstanding at January 1, 2010 300,000 5,286 Granted 454,000 5,600 Exercised (160,000) Forfeited (1,400)Vested (5,286)Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2010 594,000 4,200 Unrecognized compensation cost, expected to be recognized over the next 4 years (in thousands) $14,428 $43  82 Restricted Stock Unit Awards (RSU):Granted in 2010 and 2009:On October 29, 2010 and March 3, 2009, the Company granted 454,000 RSU which vest on October 29, 2014 and 300,000 RSU which vest of March3, 2012, respectively to certain officers of the Company. These awards entitle the recipient, who must be continuously employed by the Company until thevesting date, unless employment contracts stipulate otherwise, the right to receive one share of PICO common stock with no monetary payment required. RSUdo not vote and are not entitled to receive dividends. The total fair value of the awards was $13.9 million and $5.9 million for the 2010 and 2009 grants,respectively based on the Company’s closing stock price on their respective date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the vesting periodfor each grant. The Company recorded $3.8 million and $1.6 million of compensation expense for the awards during 2010 and 2009, respectively. Nocompensation expense for RSU was recorded during 2008 since none were outstanding.Exercised in 2010:During 2010, 160,000 RSU were exercised as two officers left the Company. After payment of applicable withholding taxes, the Company issued91,896 newly-issued shares of common stock in satisfaction of the awards. Restricted Stock Awards (RSA):Granted in 2010 and 2009:In May of each year since 2008, and as part of a duly adopted revised director annual compensation program, the Company has issued 700 RSA (or aproration of such amount based on the director’s start date) to each non-employee director of the Company. Each award vests one year from the date of grant. Until vested, the awards are held in escrow; however, the shares can be voted and the holder is entitled to any dividends. Once vested, common stock of theCompany is distributed to the recipient. Each award is valued at the Company’s closing stock price on the date of grant and the compensation expense isrecognized over the vesting period of the award. Stock-Settled Stock Appreciation Right:There were no SAR granted or exercised during 2010 or 2009. However, 173,000 SAR expired worthless during 2010. During 2008, 12,000 SAR wereexercised at a market price of $46.58 resulting in the issuance of 1,620 newly-issued common shares. On December 12, 2005, the Company granted 2,185,965 stock-settled SAR at an exercise price of $33.76 per share (being the market value of thecompany’s stock at the date of grant) that vested on that date. During 2008, the Company granted 659,409 SAR in five separate grants to various membersof management. Upon exercise, the Company will issue newly issued shares equal to the in-the-money value of the exercised SAR, net of the applicablefederal, state and local withholding taxes.Compensation expense recognized for SAR during the three years ended December 31, 2010 was $728,000, $2.8 million and $4 million,respectively. The total income tax benefit recognized in the statement of operations was $255,000, $1 million and $1.4 million in 2010, 2009 and 2008,respectively.The fair value of each award was estimated on the grant date using a Black-Scholes option pricing model that uses various assumptions and estimates tocalculate a fair value as described below.Expected volatility was based on the actual trading volatility of the Company’s common stock. The Company uses historical experience to estimateexpected forfeitures and estimated terms. The expected term of a SAR grant represents the period of time that the SAR is expected to be outstanding. The risk-free rate is the U.S. Treasury Bond yield that corresponds to the expected term of each SAR grant. Expected dividend yield is zero as the Company has notand does not foresee paying a dividend in the future. Forfeitures are estimated to be zero based on the strike price and expected holding period of the SAR.Expected volatility29% — 31%Expected term7 yearsRisk-free rate4.3% — 4.7%Expected dividend yield0%Expected forfeiture rate0% 83 A summary of SAR activity is as follows: SAR WeightedAverageExercise Price Weighted AverageContractual TermRemainingOutstanding at January 1, 20101,995,018 $36.89 6.5 yearsGranted Exercised Expired(172,939) $44.69 Outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 20101,822,079 $36.15 5.5 yearsAt December 31, 2010, none of the outstanding SAR were in-the-money. A summary of the status of the Company’s unvested SAR as of December 31, 2010, and changes during the year then ended is as follows: SAR WeightedAverageGrantDate FairValue Unvested at January 1, 201057,646 $18.93 Granted Vested57,646 18.93 Unvested at December 31, 2010-0- At December 31, 2010, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested SAR.9.REINSURANCE:In the normal course of business, the Company’s insurance subsidiaries have entered into various reinsurance contracts with unrelated reinsurers. TheCompany’s insurance subsidiaries participate in such agreements for the purpose of limiting their loss exposure and diversifying risk. Reinsurance contractsdo not relieve the Company’s insurance subsidiaries from their obligations to policyholders. All reinsurance assets and liabilities are shown on a gross basisin the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liabilityassociated with the reinsured policy. Such amounts are included in “reinsurance receivables” in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31 as follows (inthousands): 2010 2009Estimated reinsurance recoverable on: Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense$13,987 $14,527Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses 564 486Reinsurance receivables$14,551 $15,013Unsecured reinsurance risk is concentrated in the companies shown in the table below along with their AM Best Rating. The Company remainscontingently liable with respect to reinsurance contracts in the event that reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations under the reinsurance agreements inforce.CONCENTRATION OF REINSURANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2010 ReportedClaims UnreportedClaims ReinsurerBalances General Reinsurance (A.M Best rating: A++) $6,653 $7,254 $13,907 Swiss Reinsurance America Corp (A.M. Best rating: A) 195 112 307 All others 212 125 337 $7,060 $7,491 $14,551 The following is the net effect of reinsurance activity on the consolidated financial statements for each of the years ended December 31 for losses and lossadjustment expense or recovery: 2010 2009 2008 Direct $618 $(1,596) $(2,070)Assumed (145)Ceded (490) 251 (241) $128 $(1,345) $(2,456)  84 10.RESERVES FOR UNPAID LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES:Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses on MPL, property and casualty and workers’ compensation business represent management’sestimate of ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses and fall within an actuarially determined range of reasonably expected ultimate unpaid losses and lossadjustment expenses. Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are estimated based on both company-specific and industry experience, andassumptions and projections as to claims frequency, severity, and inflationary trends and settlement payments. Such estimates may vary significantly fromthe eventual outcome. In management’s judgment, information currently available has been appropriately considered in estimating the loss reserves andreinsurance recoverable of the insurance subsidiaries.Management prepares its statutory financial statements of Physicians in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the OhioDepartment of Insurance. Conversely, management prepares its statutory financial statements for Citation in accordance with accounting practices prescribedor permitted by the California Department of Insurance. Prescribed statutory accounting practices include guidelines contained in various publications of theNational Association of Insurance Commissioners, as well as state laws, regulations, and general administrative rules. Permitted statutory accountingpractices encompass all accounting practices not so prescribed. The prescribed accounting practices of the Ohio Department of Insurance do not allow fordiscounting of claim liabilities. Activity in the reserve for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses was as follows for each of the years ended December31 (in thousands): 2010 2009 2008 Balance at January 1$24,175 $27,773 $32,376 Less reinsurance recoverable (14,527) (15,877) (16,653)Net balance at January 1 9,648 11,896 15,723 Incurred loss and loss adjustment expense (recovery) for prior accident year claims 128 (1,345) (2,456)Payments for claims occurring during prior accident years (947) (903) (1,370)Net change for the year (819) (2,248) (3,826)Net balance at December 31 8,829 9,648 11,897 Plus reinsurance recoverable 13,987 14,527 15,876 Balance at December 31$22,816 $24,175 $27,773 Physicians did not report any material development in its reserves during 2010 but reported positive development of $1.3 million and $2.4 million, duringDecember 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively in its medical professional line of business. There were no material changes in reserves within Citation during2010. However, in 2009, Citation’s property and casualty line reported positive development of $2.3 million offset by adverse development in its workers’compensation line of $2.3 million. In 2008, Citation’s property and casualty and workers’ compensation lines of business reported positive development of$1.2 million.11.INCENTIVE COMPENSATION PLANS AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS:Incentive Compensation Plans:Certain officers of PICO Holdings are eligible to receive an annual incentive compensation award based on the growth of the Company’s book value pershare during the year. To earn an award, the increase in book value per share must exceed a threshold of 80% of the annual total return of the S&P 500 for theprevious five years. If the increase in book value per share exceeds this threshold, the incentive compensation award is 7.5% of the increase in book value pershare, multiplied by the number of shares outstanding at the beginning of the year. The resulting award is paid in cash. No compensation was earned underthis plan during 2010 or 2008. For the year ended December 31, 2009, the book value per share was in excess of the threshold and an award of $900,000,less applicable withholding taxes was paid to the participants. Certain officers of Vidler Water Company are eligible to receive an annual incentive award based on the combined net income, after certain adjustments, ofVidler and Nevada Land. No such award was earned in 2010 or 2009. For the year ended December 31, 2008, Vidler and NLRC had combined net incomeand an award of $195,000, less applicable withholding taxes was paid to the participants. All employees of UCP, provided they meet certain requirements, can be eligible to receive an annual incentive compensation award based on generatingreturns on the sale of real estate projects that are in excess of certain hurdles on equity capital provided by the Company. No compensation has been earnedunder this plan.Employee Benefits:The Company maintains a 401(k) defined contribution plan covering substantially all employees of the Company. Matching contributions are based on apercentage of employee compensation. In addition, the Company may make a discretionary profit sharing contribution at the end of the fiscal year withinlimits established by the Employee Retirement Income Securities Act. Total contribution expense to the plan for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and2008 was $643,000, $519,000 and $468,000, respectively. 85 12.REGULATORY MATTERS:The regulations of the Departments of Insurance in the states where the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are domiciled generally restrict the ability ofinsurance companies to pay dividends or make other distributions. Based upon statutory financial statements filed with the insurance departments as ofDecember 31, 2010, $3.2 million was available for distribution by the Company’s wholly owned insurance subsidiaries to the parent company without theprior approval of the Department of Insurance in the states in which the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are domiciled. At December 31, 2010, the totalstatutory surplus in the insurance companies that would require Department of Insurance approval before distribution was $52.3 million.13.COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES:The Company leases some of its offices under non-cancelable operating leases that expire at various dates through 2014. Rent expense for the years endedDecember 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 for office space was $745,000, $788,000 and $670,000, respectively.Future minimum payments under all operating leases for the years ending December 31 are as follows (in thousands):2011$6912012 6252013 5632014 3652015 374Thereafter 1,181Total$3,799The Company is subject to various litigation matters that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Certain of the Company’s insurance subsidiariesare frequently a party in claims proceedings and actions regarding insurance coverage, all of which are considered routine and incidental to the Company’sbusiness. Based upon information presently available, management is of the opinion that resolution of such litigation will not likely have a material adverseeffect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company. Neither PICO nor its subsidiaries are parties to anypotentially material pending legal proceedings other than the following.Fish Springs Ranch, LLC:The Company’s settlement agreement with the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of Indians relating to the exportation of water from the properties owned by FishSprings Ranch, LLC is pending ratification by the United States Congress. The Company anticipates ratification of this agreement; however, we cannot becertain as to when the United States Congress will act on this matter. No material developments occurred relating to this dispute or the settlement agreementduring 2010. 14.RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS:The Company has an employment agreement with Mr. John R. Hart, President and Chief Executive Officer. This is the only employment agreement at theCompany. Mr. Hart’s employment agreement which was effective in May of 2007, and amended in 2009, expires on December 31, 2012. The agreementprovided for an initial base salary of $1.2 million, subject to an annual cost of living adjustment each year during the term of the employment agreement, withan increase in 2008 to $1.7 million. Currently, Mr. Hart’s annual salary is $2 million. Mr. Hart is entitled to termination benefits under his employmentagreement that amount to $3.7 million, less salary paid to date from January 2009, if he is terminated for any reason other than cause, death or disability. Inaddition, the agreement stipulates an incentive award based on the increase in book value per share during the fiscal year, above a threshold. The thresholdabove which an incentive award is earned is 80% of the S&P 500 total return for the five previous years. If the increase in book value per share exceeds thisthreshold, the incentive award is equal to 7.5% multiplied by the number of shares outstanding at the beginning of the fiscal year. For 2010 and 2008, thegrowth in book value per share did not exceed the threshold and no incentive award was earned. For 2009, the increase in book value per share did exceed thethreshold and an incentive award of $509,000 was earned. On December 31, 2010, the Company and Maxim C.W. Webb, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer entered into an agreementto modify the terms of Mr. Webb's employment with the Company (the “Agreement”). Pursuant to the Agreement, Mr. Webb's prior employment agreementdated March 3, 2009 was surrendered and terminated. Mr. Webb's employment with the Company continues on an at will basis and he is eligible to receiveseverance benefits only in accordance with the Company's current benefit plans that are available to employees of the Company generally. The Agreementprovides for a base salary of $500,000. The Agreement further provides for Mr. Webb to receive an annual incentive award as summarized in the disclosureregarding Incentive Compensation Plans above in Note 11.The Company has agreements with its President and CEO, and certain other officers and non-employee Directors, to defer compensation into Rabbi Trustaccounts held in the name of the Company. The total value of the deferred compensation obligation for all participants at December 31, 2010 is $37.9 millionand is included in accompanying consolidated balance sheets. This total includes a fair value of $718,000 of PICO stock with the balance in variouspublicly traded equities and bonds. Within these accounts at December 31, 2010, the following officers and non-employee Directors are the beneficiaries of thefollowing number of PICO common shares: Mr. John Hart owns 19,940 PICO shares; and Mr. Carlos Campbell owns 2,644 PICO shares. The trustee forthe accounts is Union Bank. The accounts are subject to the claims of outside creditors, and the shares of PICO common stock held in the accounts arereported as treasury stock in the consolidated financial statements.  86 On August 13, 2010, the Company invested $2 million in exchange for 273,229 shares of Series D Convertible Voting Preferred Stock of Synthonics,Inc. Kenneth J. Slepicka, a Director of the Company, is currently the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and acting Chief Financial Officer of Synthonics,Inc. The investment is held at cost and classified as other investment in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.15.STATUTORY INFORMATION:The Company and its insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulation by the insurance departments of the states of domicile and other states in which thecompanies are licensed to operate and file financial statements using statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the respective Departments ofInsurance. Prescribed statutory accounting practices include a variety of publications of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, as well asstate laws, regulations and general administrative rules. Permitted statutory accounting practices encompass all accounting practices not soprescribed. Statutory practices vary in certain respects from generally accepted accounting principles. The principal variances are as follows:(1)Certain assets are designated as “non-admitted assets” and charged to policyholders’ surplus for statutory accounting purposes (principally certainagents’ balances and office furniture and equipment).(2)Equity in net income of subsidiaries and affiliates is credited directly to shareholders’ equity for statutory accounting purposes.(3)Fixed maturity securities are carried at amortized cost.(4)Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves and unearned premiums are reported net of the impact of reinsurance for statutory accounting purposes. The following table includes unaudited information for the Company’s insurance subsidiaries reported on a statutory basis as of and for each of the threeyears ended December 31, 2010 (in thousands): 2010 2009 2008 Physicians Insurance Company of Ohio: Policyholders’ surplus $43,113 $50,823 $43,749 Statutory net income (loss) $322 $(4,302) $(6,303)Citation Insurance Company: Policyholders’ surplus $20,207 $20,109 $15,242 Statutory net income (loss) $1,651 $(1,200) $(3,788)Both Citation and Physicians meet the minimum risk based capital requirements under the applicable insurance regulations.16.SEGMENT REPORTING:PICO Holdings, Inc. is a diversified holding company. The goal of the Company is to build and operate businesses where significant value can be createdfrom the development of unique assets, and to acquire businesses which have been identified as undervalued and where its participation can aid in therecognition of the business’s fair value. The Company accounts for its segments consistent with the significant accounting policies described in Note 1.Currently, the major businesses that constitute operating and reportable segments are owning and developing water resources and water storage operationsthrough Vidler; owning and developing real estate and the related mineral, water and geothermal rights through Nevada Land and UCP; “running off” theproperty and casualty and workers’ compensation loss reserves of Citation and the medical professional liability loss reserves of Physicians; building andoperating a canola oil processing plant through Northstar, and the acquisition and financing of businesses.Segment performance is measured by revenues and segment profit before income tax. In addition, assets identifiable with segments are disclosed as wellas capital expenditures, and depreciation and amortization. The Company has operations and investments both in the U.S. and abroad. Information bygeographic region is based upon the location of the subsidiary. Consequently, international revenues in the segment information by significant geographicregion are revenues earned by the foreign subsidiary.Water Resources and Water Storage OperationsVidler is engaged in the following water resources and water storage activities:·The development of water for end-users in the southwestern United States, namely water utilities, municipalities, developers, or industrialusers. Typically, the source of water is from identifying and developing a new water supply, or a change in the use of an existing water supply fromagricultural to municipal and industrial; and·The construction and development of water storage facilities for the purchase and recharge of water for resale in future periods, and distributioninfrastructure to more efficiently use existing and new supplies of water. 87 Real Estate Operations PICO is engaged in real estate development and related mineral, geothermal and water rights operations through its subsidiaries Nevada Land and UCP inNevada and California. Revenue is generated by sale of real estate, and leasing for grazing, agricultural and other uses. Revenue is also generated from thedevelopment of water, geothermal and mineral rights in the form of outright sales and royalty agreements.Insurance Operations in Run Off This segment is composed of Physicians and Citation. In this segment, revenues come from investment holdings of the insurancecompanies. Investments directly related to the insurance operations are included within those segments. As expected during run-off, the majority of revenuesis net investment income and realized gains.Until 1995, Physicians and its subsidiaries wrote medical professional liability insurance, primarily in the state of Ohio. The Company ceased writingnew business and is in “run off.” Run off means that the company is processing claims arising from historical business, and selling investments whenfunds are needed to pay claims. Citation wrote commercial property and casualty insurance in California and Arizona and workers’ compensation insurancein California. Citation ceded all its workers’ compensation business in 1997, and ceased writing property and casualty business in December 2000 and isalso in run off.CorporateThis segment consists of cash and fixed-income securities, a 37% equity interest in spigit, deferred compensation assets and liabilities held in trust for thebenefit of several officers and non-employee directors of the Company, and other parent company assets and liabilities.The Company seeks to acquire businesses and interests in businesses which are undervalued based on fundamental analysis -- that is, the assessment ofwhat the business is worth, based on the private market value of its assets, earnings, and cash flow. Typically, the business will be generating free cash flowand have a low level of debt, or, alternatively, strong interest coverage ratios or the ability to realize surplus assets. As well as being undervalued, the businessmust have special qualities such as unique assets, a potential catalyst for change, or be in an industry with attractive economics. The Company also acquiresbusinesses and interests in businesses where there is significant unrecognized value in land and other tangible assets.Agribusiness OperationsThis segment was started during the fourth quarter of 2010 in conjunction with the business combination with Northstar. The Company owns 88% ofNorthstar’s results of operations. Operations in this segment will consist of running the canola crushing refinery that will generate revenues from the sale ofthe resulting canola oil and meal. The Company is building the plant that is expected to be operational in the fourth quarter of 2012 at an estimated cost of$158 million. Once in operations, the agribusiness segment is expected to comprise a significant total of the consolidated results of operations of the Company.Segment information by major operating segment follows (in thousands): Real EstateOperations Water Resourcesand Water StorageOperations InsuranceOperations inRun Off AgribusinessOperations Corporate Consolidated 2010 Total revenues $5,284 $3,066 $17,488 $6,336 $32,174 Net investment income 774 688 2,567 2,564 6,593 Depreciation and amortization 59 1,168 4 124 1,355 Income (loss) before income taxes andnoncontrolling interest (3,340) (18,240) 14,863 (13,121) (19,838)Equity in loss of unconsolidatedaffiliate (3,717) (3,717) Total assets 146,897 226,496 155,407 $78,448 85,254 692,502 Capital expenditure 113 399 3 5,838 521 6,874 2009 Total revenues (charges) $12,436 $4,334 $(958) $220 $16,032 Net investment income 960 408 2,568 2,003 5,939 Depreciation and amortization 43 1,076 3 168 1,290 Loss before income taxes andnoncontrolling interest (1,156) (16,850) (1,742) (20,994) (40,742)Equity in loss of unconsolidatedaffiliate (277) (277) Total assets 149,217 207,565 161,689 169,146 687,617 Capital expenditure 61 325 21 43 450 2008 Total revenues $5,470 $11,272 $(2,156) $45,766 $60,352 Net investment income 2,203 969 3,214 3,759 10,145 Depreciation and amortization 20 1,099 1 140 1,260 Income (loss) before income taxes andnoncontrolling interest 366 4,185 (1,486) 53,324 56,389 Total assets 97,592 225,870 157,186 111,986 592,634 Capital expenditure 82 15,039 229 15,350 88 Segment information by significant geographic region (in thousands): United States Europe Consolidated 2010 Total revenues $32,173 $1 $32,174 Net investment income 6,593 6,593 Loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interest (19,735) (103) (19,838)Long-lived assets 368,160 368,160 2009 Total revenues $16,013 $19 $16,032 Net investment income 5,933 6 5,939 Loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interest (40,590) (152) (40,742) Long-lived assets 301,161 301,161 2008 Total revenues $11,223 $49,129 $60,352 Net investment income 9,046 1,099 10,145 Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest (3,645) 60,034 56,389 Long-lived assets 273,227 273,227 17.BUSINESS COMBINATION:In December 2010, the Company completed a business combination with Northstar Agri Industries. The business plan is to build and operate a canola oilcrushing plant in Hallock, Minnesota that is expected to become operational in the fourth quarter of 2012.The transaction was accounted for using authoritative guidance related to business combinations. At the date of the combination, PICO contributed $60million for an 88% ownership and Northstar Agri contributed various assets and liabilities in exchange for a 12% interest valued at $8.4 million. TheCompany expenses all acquisition related costs. Such costs for this transaction were not significant.The transaction resulted in an increase of $18.4 million of assets, primarily $3.3 million in real estate where the plant will be built, $10.5 million inequipment and engineering design plans and goodwill of $4.7 million offset by liabilities of $10 million. The goodwill was measured as the excess of the fairvalue of the contribution plus the liabilities less the identifiable assets. As the Company continues to assess the assets and liabilities contributed, additionalchange in the allocation may result.The values assigned to the assets contributed were based on the fair values of the individual assets. The fair values of the liabilities were based on currentamounts due under construction and other contract obligations. There were no significant revenues or earnings of the previous business in 2010, 2009 or2008. 89 The following is the allocation of the purchase price (in thousands):Fair value of contribution $8,446 Allocation of Contribution: Real estate $3,285 Equipment 7,295 Design plans 3,165 Goodwill 4,702 Total assets 18,447 Liabilities (10,001) $8,446 ITEM 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURENone.ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURESEvaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of theSecurities Exchange Act) designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files orsubmits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Theseinclude controls and procedures designed to ensure that this information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including itsChief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, with theparticipation of the Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officers, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as ofDecember 31, 2010. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’sdisclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2010 at the reasonable assurance level.Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Management of the Company is responsible for establishing andmaintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). The Company’s internal control overfinancial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financialstatements for external purposes of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control overfinancial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance ofachieving their control objectives. Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectivenessof the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by theCommittee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework. Based on this evaluation,management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that, as of December 31, 2010, the Company’sinternal control over financial reporting was effective.Deloitte & Touche LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm who audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in thisForm 10-K, has issued a report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. We commenced implementation of a new accounting system during the third quarter of 2010that is scheduled to be completed in multiple phases through the fourth quarter of 2011. During each phase of the implementation, an appropriate level ofemployee training, testing of the system and monitoring of the financial results recorded in the system is conducted. This migration to a new systemrepresents a material change in internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, our system of internal control over financial reporting has been updated.There were no other changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during thequarter ended December 31, 2010, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financialreporting. 90 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of PICO Holdings, Inc.La Jolla, CA We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of PICO Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2010, based oncriteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. TheCompany's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internalcontrol over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibilityis to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require thatwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all materialrespects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testingand evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considerednecessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company's principal executive and principalfinancial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company's board of directors, management, and other personnel to providereasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance withaccounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“generally accepted accounting principles”). A company's internal control overfinancial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflectthe transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permitpreparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are beingmade only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention ortimely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override ofcontrols, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of theeffectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changesin conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on thecriteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financialstatements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2010 of the Company and our report dated February 28, 2011 expressed an unqualified opinion on thosefinancial statements./s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP San Diego, CAFebruary 28, 2011 91 ITEM 9B.OTHER INFORMATIONNone.PART IIIITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this item regarding directors will be set forth in the section headed “Election of Directors” in our definitive proxy statementwith respect to our 2011 annual meeting of shareholders, to be filed on or before April 30, 2011 and is incorporated herein by reference. The informationrequired by this item regarding the Company’s code of ethics will be set forth in the section headed “Code Of Ethics” in our definitive 2011 proxy statementand is incorporated herein by reference. Information regarding executive officers is set forth in Item 1 of Part 1 of this Report under the caption “ExecutiveOfficers.”ITEM 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this item will be set forth in the section headed “Executive Compensation” in our 2011 definitive proxy statement and isincorporated herein by reference.ITEM 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDERMATTERS The information required by this item will be set forth in the section headed “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our2011 definitive proxy statement and is incorporated herein by reference.ITEM 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this item will be set forth in the section headed “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “CompensationCommittee, Interlocks and Insider Participation” in our definitive 2011 proxy statement and is incorporated herein by reference.ITEM 14.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this item will be set forth in the section headed “Fees Paid to Deloitte & Touche LLP” in our definitive 2011 proxy statementand is incorporated herein by reference. 92 PART IVITEM 15.EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) FINANCIAL SCHEDULES AND EXHIBITS. 1. Financial Statement Schedules. Schedules are omitted as the required information is not present or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or becausethe information required is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. 2. ExhibitsExhibitNumber Description 3(i) Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of PICO. (1)3(ii) Amended and Restated By-laws of PICO. (2) 4.1 Form of Indenture relating to Debt Securities. (3) 10.1† PICO Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan. (4) 10.2† Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement. (5) 10.3† Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Units. (5) 10.4† Form of Restricted Stock Award Grant for Directors. (6) 10.5† Trust for PICO Deferred Holdings, LLC Executive Deferred Compensation dated November 25, 2008 between PICO Deferred Holdings,LLC and Union Bank of California, N.A. relating to a Deferred Compensation Plan originally established in December 31, 1997. (7) 10.6† Trust for PICO Deferred Holdings, LLC Executive Deferred Compensation dated November 25, 2008 between PICO Deferred Holdings,LLC and Union Bank of California, N.A. relating to a Deferred Compensation Plan originally established in December 7, 2004. (8) 10.7† Trust for PICO Deferred Holdings, LLC Non-Employee Director Deferred Compensation dated November 25, 2008 between PICO DeferredHoldings, LLC and Union Bank of California, N.A. relating to a Deferred Compensation Plan originally established in September 25, 2001.(9) 10.8† PICO Deferred Holdings, LLC Deferred Compensation Plan. (10) 10.9† Employment Agreement dated May 7, 2007, by and between PICO Holdings, Inc. and John R. Hart. (11) 10.10† Amendment to Employment Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2009, by and between PICO Holdings, Inc. and John R. Hart. (12) 10.11† Amendment to PICO Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan 2009 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2009by and between the Company and W. Raymond Webb. (13) 10.12† Infrastructure Dedication Agreement between Fish Springs Ranch, LLC, and Washoe County, Nevada. (14) 10.13† Termination of Mr. Maxim C. W. Webb’s Employment Agreement dated March 3, 2009, effective December 31, 2010. (15) 10.14† Form of certain amended and restated definitive agreements by and between PICO Northstar Management, LLC, a subsidiary of theCompany, and Northstar Agri Industries, LLC. (16) 21.1 Subsidiaries of PICO Holdings, Inc. 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Deloitte & Touche LLP. 31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Actof 2002. 31.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-OxleyAct of 2002. 32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002). 32.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002). † Indicates compensatory plan, contract or arrangement in which directors or executive officers may participate. (1)Incorporated by reference to with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 7, 2007. (2)Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 19, 2009. (3)Incorporated by reference to Form S-3 filed with the SEC on November 20, 2007. (4)Incorporated by reference to Proxy Statement for Special Meeting of Shareholders on December 8, 2005, dated November 8, 2005, and filedwith the SEC on November 8, 2005. (5)Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2009. (6)Incorporated by reference to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 6, 2009. (7)Incorporated by reference to the Annual Report filed on Form 10-K with the SEC on March 1, 2010. (8)Incorporated by reference to the Annual Report filed on Form 10-K with the SEC on March 1, 2010. (9)Incorporated by reference to the Annual Report filed on Form 10-K with the SEC on March 1, 2010. (10)Incorporated by reference to the Annual Report filed on Form 10-K with the SEC on March 1, 2010. (11)Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 9, 2007. (12)Incorporated by reference to the Annual Report filed on Form 10-K with the SEC on March 2, 2009. (13)Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 7, 2009. (14)Incorporated by reference to the Quarterly Report filed on Form 10-Q with the SEC on November 7, 2007. (15)Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 6, 2011. (16)Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 30, 2010. 93 SIGNATURESPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on itsbehalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.Date: February 25, 2011PICO Holdings, Inc. By: /s/ John R. HartJohn R. HartChief Executive OfficerPresident and DirectorPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below on February 25, 2011 by the following persons inthe capacities indicated./s/ Ronald LangleyChairman of the BoardRonald Langley /s/ John R. HartChief Executive Officer, President and DirectorJohn R. Hart(Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Maxim C. W. WebbChief Financial Officer and TreasurerMaxim C. W. Webb(Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Carlos C. CampbellDirectorCarlos C. Campbell /s/ Kristina M. LeslieDirectorKristina M. Leslie /s/ Richard D. Ruppert, MDDirectorRichard D. Ruppert, MD /s/ Kenneth J. SlepickaDirectorKenneth J. Slepicka /s/ Julie H. Sullivan, Ph.D.DirectorJulie H. Sullivan, Ph.D. 94 SUBSIDIARIES OF REGISTRANT EXHIBIT 21.1Name of Subsidiary Jurisdiction of Incorporation/Organization Nevada Land and Resource Holdings, Inc. NevadaNevada Land and Resource Company, LLC NevadaVidler Water Company, Inc. NevadaFish Springs Ranch, LLC NevadaPICO Investment Corporation OhioPhysicians Insurance Company of Ohio OhioPICO European Holdings, LLC DelawareUCP, LLC DelawareExhibit 23.1CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGSITERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMWe consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No. 333-147547, 333-141321, 333-134296, and 333-125362 on Form S-3 andRegistration Statement No. 333-142848 on Form S-8 of our reports dated February 28, 2011, relating to the financial statements of PICO Holdings, Inc. andsubsidiaries (the “Company”) (which report expresses an unqualified opinion) and the effectiveness of Company’s internal control over financial reporting,appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of PICO Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2010.DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLPSan Diego, CAFebruary 28, 2011Exhibit 31.1CERTIFICATION BY CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, John R. Hart, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of PICO Holdings, Inc.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for theregistrant and have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under oursupervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by otherswithin those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's mostrecent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely tomaterially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internalcontrol over financial reporting.Date: February 25, 2011/s/ John R. HartJohn R. HartPresident and Chief Executive OfficerExhibit 31.2CERTIFICATION BY PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Maxim C. W. Webb, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of PICO Holdings, Inc.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for theregistrant and have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under oursupervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by otherswithin those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's mostrecent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely tomaterially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internalcontrol over financial reporting.Date: February 25, 2011/s/ Maxim C. W. WebbMaxim C.W. WebbPrincipal Financial OfficerExhibit 32.1CERTIFICATION BY CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350(SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002)In connection with the Annual Report of PICO Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, as filed withthe Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, John R. Hart, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify,pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 906”), that to the best of myknowledge:(1) The Report fully complies with requirements of section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m); and(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: February 25, 2011 /s/ John R. HartJohn R. HartPresident and Chief Executive OfficerExhibit 32.2CERTIFICATION BY PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350(SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002)In connection with the Annual Report of PICO Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, as filed withthe Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Maxim C. W. Webb, Principal Financial Officer of the Company, certify,pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 906”), that to the best of myknowledge:(1) The Report fully complies with requirements of section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m); and(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: February 25, 2011 /s/ Maxim C. W. WebbMaxim C.W. WebbPrincipal Financial Officer

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