Postal Realty Trust
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

March 29, 2024 Dear Fellow Stockholders, 2023 was another solid year for Postal Realty Trust as we continued to execute our consolidation strategy. We did this at a moderate pace as a result of the increased economic uncertainty. We successfully acquired 223 post offices for approximately $78 million. Notably, our 7.7% weighted average capitalization rate for 2023 acquisitions increased by almost 100 basis points as compared to 2022. Amid evolving market dynamics, we remained steadfast in our commitment to prudent growth by completing accretive transactions. Due to our team’s efforts operating our portfolio as well as acquiring new assets, full-year 2023 AFFO per share increased over 2022. Throughout 2023, we maintained portfolio occupancy above 99% and collected all of our contractual rents. The United States Postal Service (“USPS”) is a critical part of our nation’s infrastructure, enabling universal mail and package delivery across the country. The strategic importance of our properties to the logistics network and the local communities they serve provides us with stability in our portfolio and predictable cash flows. We continue to prove that our business thrives throughout all economic conditions. During the year, our team exhibited prudence in the capital markets by maintaining conservative leverage and keeping dry powder available to close on our acquisition pipeline of postal properties. At year- end, our debt outstanding had a weighted average interest rate of 4.14%, a weighted average maturity of four years, and we had no significant debt maturities until 2027. During 2023, we funded acquisitions with a mix of debt and equity. By securing additional debt at favorable terms and accessing equity through a combination of our at-the-market offering program and use of operating partnership units, we demonstrated agility in navigating the challenging capital markets. As a result of our performance, we were able to return value to stockholders during the year through quarterly dividend payments aggregating to $0.95 per share. This represented the fifth consecutive year that we increased our dividend. Looking ahead to 2024, we remain focused on acquiring properties that are important to the USPS at a weighted average capitalization rate of 7.5% or higher. With a strong balance sheet and a best-in-class team, we are well positioned to capitalize on accretive opportunities as they arise. We are grateful for the ongoing support of our stockholders and remain dedicated to delivering sustained growth and stockholder value. We look forward to providing further updates on our achievements throughout the year. Respectfully, Andrew Spodek UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ☒ For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ☐ For the transition period from _________ to _________ Commission file no: 001-38903 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Maryland (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 83-2586114 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 75 Columbia Avenue Cedarhurst, NY 11516 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (516) 295-7820 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share Trading Symbol PSTL Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No ☒ ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No ☒ ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No ☐ ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No ☐ ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☐ ☒ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ☐ ☒ ☒ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, indicate by check mark whether financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No ☒ ☐ As of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Class A common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $275.9 million, based on the closing sales price of $14.71 per share as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. As of February 29, 2024, the registrant had 22,511,828 shares of Class A common stock outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year end) are incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in response to Part II, Item 5 and Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14. POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS ITEM 1. BUSINESS ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY ITEM 2. PROPERTIES ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES PART I PART II Page ii 1 4 33 33 35 36 36 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND 37 ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES ITEM 6. RESERVED ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK ITEM 8. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY PART IV 37 37 47 F-1 44 44 44 45 46 46 46 46 46 47 51 i CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements are included throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business”, and relate to matters such as our industry, business strategy, goals and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, profitability, capital expenditures, financial condition, liquidity, capital resources, cash flows, results of operations and other financial and operating information. We have used the words “approximately,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “budget,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “intend,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will” and similar terms and phrases to identify forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties and you should not rely on them as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements depend on assumptions, data or methods which may be incorrect or imprecise and we may not be able to realize them. In addition, important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from such forward-looking statements include the risk factors in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, they are not guarantees of future performance. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and we cannot predict those events or how they might affect us. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, except as required by applicable law. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. When we use the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “our company” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are referring to Postal Realty Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation, together with our consolidated subsidiaries, including Postal Realty LP, a Delaware limited partnership, of which we are the sole general partner and which we refer to as our "Operating Partnership.” All of our forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those that we are expecting, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • change in the status of the United States Postal Service (the "USPS") as an independent agency of the executive branch of the U.S. federal government; change in the demand for postal services delivered by the USPS; our ability to come to an agreement with the USPS regarding new leases or lease renewals on the terms and timing we expect, or at all; the solvency and financial health of the USPS; defaults on, early terminations of or non-renewal of leases or actual, potential or threatened relocation, closure or consolidation of postal offices or delivery routes by the USPS; the competitive market in which we operate; changes in the availability of acquisition opportunities; our inability to successfully complete real estate acquisitions or dispositions on the terms and timing we expect, or at all; our failure to successfully operate developed and acquired properties; adverse economic or real estate developments, either nationally or in the markets in which our properties are located; decreased rental rates or increased vacancy rates; change in our business, financing or investment strategy or the markets in which we operate; ii • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • fluctuations in interest rates and increased operating costs, repair and maintenance expenses and capital expenditures; general economic conditions (including inflation, rising interest rates, uncertainty regarding ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and their related impact on macroeconomic conditions); financial market fluctuations; our failure to generate sufficient cash flows to service our outstanding indebtedness; our failure to obtain necessary outside financing on favorable terms or at all; failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes; our reliance on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed; the outcome of claims and litigation involving or affecting us; changes in real estate, taxation, zoning laws and other legislation and government activity and changes to real property tax rates and the taxation of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) in general; operations through joint ventures and reliance on or disputes with co-venturers; cybersecurity threats; uncertainties and risks related to adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and climate change; exposure to liability relating to environmental and health and safety matters; governmental approvals, actions and initiatives, including the need for compliance with environmental requirements; lack or insufficient amounts of insurance; limitations imposed on our business in order to maintain our status as a REIT and our failure to maintain such status; public health threats such as the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; and additional factors discussed under the sections captioned Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Item 1. “Business.” iii ITEM 1. BUSINESS General PART I We are an internally managed REIT with a focus on acquiring and managing properties leased primarily to the USPS, ranging from last-mile post offices to industrial facilities. We believe that we are the largest owner and manager, measured by net leasable square footage, of properties that are leased to the USPS. We were organized in the state of Maryland on November 19, 2018 and commenced operations upon completion of our initial public offering ("IPO") on May 17, 2019 and the related formation transactions. Our Class A common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “PSTL”. We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, commencing with our short tax year ended December 31, 2019. We conduct our business through a traditional UPREIT structure in which our properties are owned by our Operating Partnership directly or through limited partnerships, limited liability companies or other subsidiaries. We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership through which our properties are directly or indirectly owned. As of December 31, 2023, we owned approximately 80.7% of the outstanding common units of limited partnership interest in our Operating Partnership (the “OP Units”), including long term incentive units of our Operating Partnership (the “LTIP Units”). Our Board of Directors oversees our business and affairs. Real Estate Investments As of December 31, 2023, we had net investments of approximately $528.8 million in 1,509 real estate properties (including two properties accounted for as financing leases). The properties are located in 49 states and one territory, totaling approximately 5.9 million net leasable interior square feet in the aggregate and were 99.7% occupied as of December 31, 2023 with a weighted average remaining lease term of approximately three years. As of December 31, 2023, we manage, through our taxable REIT subsidiary ("TRS"), an additional 397 properties owned by our chief executive officer, Andrew Spodek, and his affiliates. We have a right of first offer to purchase 250 of our 397 managed properties. The majority of our leases are modified double-net leases, whereby the USPS is responsible for utilities, certain maintenance obligations and reimbursement of property taxes and the landlord is responsible for insurance, roof and structure. We believe this structure helps insulate us from increases in certain operating expenses and provides a more predictable cash flow. We believe the overall opportunity for consolidation that exists within the postal logistics network is very attractive. We continue to execute our strategy to acquire and consolidate postal properties that we believe will generate strong earnings for our shareholders. We may also sell assets from time to time to recycle capital. 2023 Highlights • We collected 100% of our contractual rents and our owned portfolio was 99.7% occupied as of December 31, 2023. • We acquired 223 properties leased primarily to the USPS totaling approximately 532,000 net leasable interior square feet, for approximately $78 million, excluding closing costs, during 2023. • We amended our existing Credit Facilities (as defined below) in July 2023 to, among other things, add a daily simple Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") based option to the term SOFR-based floating interest rate option as a benchmark rate for borrowings under the Credit Facilities and further exercised $35.0 million of accordion under the term loans. We also entered into two interest rate swaps in 2023 with a total notional amount of $35.0 million to manage our interest rate risks under the Credit Facilities. • We issued 1,861,407 shares of Class A common stock under our at-the-market equity offering program (the "ATM Program") during 2023, raising approximately $27.8 million in gross proceeds. In August 2023, we also amended the ATM Program to increase the aggregate offering amount under the program from up to $50.0 million to up to $150.0 million. 1 Dividends • We have increased our quarterly dividend from $0.2375 for the fourth quarter 2022 dividend to $0.24 for the fourth quarter 2023 dividend. Our dividend per share has increased every year since our IPO. Although we expect to continue our policy of paying regular dividends, we cannot guarantee that we will maintain our current level of dividends, that we will continue our recent pattern of increasing dividends per share or what our actual dividend yield will be in any future period. Tenant Concentration We acquire and manage postal properties and report our business as a single reportable segment. Our properties are leased primarily to the USPS. See the discussions under Item 1A. "Risk Factors—Risks Related to the USPS". In this Annual Report, we make reference to certain financial and operational data in the public reports of the USPS filed with the Postal Regulatory Commission (the "PRC"), available at www.usps.com or www.prc.gov. Information on, or accessible through, the USPS’ website or the PRC’s website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report or any other filing we file or furnish with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Government Regulations Compliance with various governmental regulations has an impact on our business, including our capital expenditures, earnings and competitive position. The impact of these governmental regulations can be material to our business. We incur costs to monitor and take action to comply with governmental regulations that are applicable to our business, which include, among others: federal securities laws and regulations; REIT and other tax laws and regulations; environmental and health and safety laws and regulations; legal requirements for federal government contractors; local zoning, usage and other regulations relating to real property; and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (the "ADA"). Our properties must comply with Title III of the ADA to the extent that such properties are “public accommodations” as defined by the ADA. The ADA may require removal of structural barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our properties where such removal is readily achievable. We believe the existing properties are in substantial compliance with the ADA and that we will not be required to make substantial capital expenditures to address the requirements of the ADA. However, noncompliance with the ADA could result in imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. The obligation to make readily achievable accommodations is an ongoing one, and we will continue to assess our properties and to make alterations as appropriate in this respect. Human Capital Resource Management As of December 31, 2023, we employed 46 full-time employees. Our employees are primarily located at our corporate office in Cedarhurst, New York. Our employees are not members of any labor union, and we consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory. As of December 31, 2023, 26% of our employees, 19% of our named executive officers and key employees (defined as all employees with a title of vice president and higher) and 20% of the members of our Board of Directors were female and 35% of our employees identified as a member of an ethnic and/or racial minority group. Our human capital goals are focused on identifying, recruiting, retaining, developing, incentivizing and integrating our existing and prospective employees. We endeavor to maintain workplaces that are free from discrimination or harassment on the basis of color, race, sex, national origin, ethnicity, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identification or expression or any other status protected by applicable law. The basis for any recruitment, hiring, development, training, compensation and advancement at the Company are qualifications, performance, skills and experience. We believe our employees are fairly compensated, and compensation and promotion decisions are made without regard to gender, race and ethnicity. Employees are routinely recognized for outstanding performance. We maintain both cash- and equity-based compensation programs designed to attract, retain and motivate our employees. We recognize the importance of the health, safety and environmental well-being of our employees, and are committed to providing and maintaining a healthy work environment. We offer a comprehensive benefits program as well as a 401(k) program, flexible spending accounts, income protection through our sick pay and long-term disability policies, paid vacation, paid parental leave and holiday and personal days to balance work and personal life. In addition to our benefits program, we offer a number of work life enhancements at our corporate headquarters, including, but not limited to, healthy snacks and ergonomic workstations. We encourage our employees to take advantage of various internal training opportunities and those provided by outside service providers to the extent these are business related. All corporate employees, including 2 members of our management team, receive periodic training about our business, the Company’s structure and the important laws and policies that affect the Company. In addition, many of our employees hold professional licenses and we encourage them to attend, and reimburse them for, qualified ongoing continuing professional education. We also provide all of our employees with biannual performance and career development reviews. Environmental Matters Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, as a current or former owner of real property, we may be liable for costs of the removal or remediation of certain hazardous substances, waste or petroleum products at, on, in or under the properties that we own, including costs for investigation or remediation, natural resource damages or third-party liability for personal injury or property damage. These laws often impose liability without regard to fault including whether the owner or operator knew of, or were responsible for, the presence or release of such materials and, therefore, it is possible that we could incur these costs even after we sell some of the properties. Some of our properties have been, or may in the future be, impacted by contamination arising from current or prior uses of the property or adjacent properties for commercial, industrial or other purposes. In addition to the costs of cleanup, environmental contamination can affect the value of a property and, therefore, an owner’s ability to borrow using the property as collateral or to sell the property. Changes in laws increasing the potential liability for environmental conditions existing on properties or increasing the restrictions on discharges or other conditions may result in significant unanticipated expenditures or may otherwise adversely affect the operations of the tenants of our properties, which could materially and adversely affect us. We maintain an insurance policy for environmental liabilities at all of our properties. However, any potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities may be in excess of the coverage limits of, or not covered by, such insurance policy. We may also not be aware of all potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities at the properties in our portfolio or the properties that we acquire in the future. As a result, we could potentially incur material liability for these issues. In addition, some of our buildings contain, or at one time contained, lead-based paint, asbestos containing materials, underground storage tanks used to store petroleum products or other potentially hazardous or toxic substances, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects or property damage or costs for remediation. Some of our properties have also at one time developed and may in future develop harmful mold or other indoor air quality issues. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses and bacteria. Indoor exposure to lead, asbestos or airborne toxins or irritants above certain levels can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of lead, asbestos, underground storage tanks, mold or other airborne contaminants or other potentially hazardous or toxic substances at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove such contaminants from the affected property. In addition, the presence of potentially hazardous or toxic substances could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants or others if property damage or personal injury occurs. Availability of Reports Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission A copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8- K and any amendments to such reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are available, free of charge, on our Internet website (www.postalrealtytrust.com). All of these reports are made available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of the Audit and Corporate Governance and Compensation Committees of our Board of Directors are also available on our website at https://investor.postalrealtytrust.com/govdocs, and are available in print to any stockholder upon written request to Postal Realty Trust, Inc. c/o Investor Relations, 75 Columbia Avenue, Cedarhurst, New York 11516. Our telephone number is (516) 295-7820. The information on or accessible through our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Annual Report or incorporated into any other filing we file or furnish with the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information we file with the SEC at www.sec.gov. 3 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Risk Factor Summary Risks Related to the USPS • Our business is substantially dependent on the demand for leased postal properties. • The USPS’ inability to meet its financial obligations may have a material adverse effect on our business. • The USPS has a substantial amount of indebtedness and is subject to rising expenses. • The USPS is subject to congressional oversight and regulation by the PRC and other agencies. • • The USPS’ potential insolvency, inability to pay rent or bankruptcy. • Our properties may have a higher risk of terrorist attacks. • Litigation and catastrophic events involving the USPS may disrupt our business. Intense competition faced by the USPS. Risks Related to Our Business and Operations Increases in interest rates or unavailability of debt financing. Failure to comply with covenants in our debt instruments could adversely affect our financial condition. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may have a material adverse effect on our business. • We may be unable to acquire and/or manage additional USPS-leased properties at competitive prices or at all. • Our acquisitions may not achieve the returns we expect. • Concentration of our postal properties in certain regions. • We may be unable to renew leases or sell vacated properties on favorable terms, or at all, as leases expire. • We may incur significant maintenance, repair and capital expenses under our leases. • Property vacancies could result in significant capital expenditures and illiquidity. • As of February 29, 2024, the leases at 91 of our properties were expired. • Our use of OP Units as consideration to acquire properties. • Commercial real estate investments may be illiquid. • An increase in the amount of USPS or U.S. government-owned real estate may adversely affect us. • Our real estate taxes for properties where we are not reimbursed could increase. • We may be exposed to risks associated with property development and redevelopment. • • Mortgage debt obligations expose us to the possibility of foreclosure. • • • Our success depends on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed. • Risks associated with on-going or future litigation. • • Risks associated with potential joint venture investments. • Competition for skilled personnel could increase our labor costs. • Our growth depends on external sources of capital. • We could incur significant costs and liabilities related to environmental matters. • Our properties may contain or develop harmful mold or suffer from other air quality issues. • We are subject to risks from natural disasters and risks associated with climate change. • Our properties may be subject to impairment charges or reduction in value. • Our title insurance policies may not cover all title defects. • • We may not be able to adapt to potential new business models. • We have acquired properties that are subject to purchase options in favor of the USPS. • We may incur goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges. • We may have difficulty implementing changes to our information technology systems. • Use of social media may adversely impact our reputation and business. • Our ability to pay dividends in the future. Significant costs for complying with various federal, state and local laws, regulations and covenants. Insurance on our properties may not adequately cover all losses. Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure • Mr. Spodek and his affiliates own, directly or indirectly, a substantial beneficial interest in our company. • Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of holders of units in our Operating Partnership. • Our charter contains certain provisions restricting the ownership and transfer of our stock. 4 • We could increase our equity issuance without stockholder approval. • Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law could inhibit changes of control. • Certain provisions of our Operating Partnership may delay or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us. • Tax protection agreements may limit our ability to sell or otherwise dispose of certain properties and may require our Operating Partnership to maintain certain debt levels that otherwise would not be required. • Our Board of Directors may change our strategies, policies and procedures without stockholder approval, and we may become more highly leveraged, which may increase our risk of default under our debt obligations. • Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited. • We are a holding company with no direct operations, and the interests of our stockholders are structurally subordinated to all liabilities and obligations of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. • Our Operating Partnership may issue additional OP Units to third parties without the consent of our stockholders. Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT Failure to remain qualified as a REIT would cause us to be taxed as a regular corporation. Failure to make required distributions would subject us to federal corporate income tax. • • • Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego certain opportunities or investments. • The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to dispose of our properties. • We could be affected by tax liabilities or earnings and profits of our predecessor. • There are uncertainties relating to the estimate of the accumulated earnings and profits attributable to United Postal Holdings, Inc. ("UPH"). • A sale of assets acquired as part of the merger between us and UPH within five years after the merger would result in corporate income tax. • The ability of our Board of Directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders. • Our transactions with our TRS will cause us to be subject to a 100% penalty tax on certain income or deductions if those transactions are not conducted on arm’s-length terms. • You may be restricted from acquiring or transferring certain amounts of our Class A common stock. • Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates on dividend income from regular • corporations. If our Operating Partnership failed to qualify as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, we would cease to qualify as a REIT. • To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions or on unfavorable terms at desired times. • Covenants in our debt instruments may restrict our ability to pay distributions. • New legislation or administrative or judicial action could adversely affect us or our stockholders. General Risk Factors Inflation may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. • An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities. • • Changes in accounting pronouncements could adversely impact our reported financial performance. • We could be adversely impacted if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls or internal controls. • • The market price of our Class A common stock may be volatile and may decline. • We face cybersecurity risks and risks associated with security breaches. • Risks associated with third-party expectations relating to environmental, social and governance factors. Future offerings of equity securities may adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock. The following risk factors may adversely affect our overall business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects; our ability to make distributions to our stockholders; our access to capital; or the market price of our Class A common stock, as further described in each risk factor below. In addition to the information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, one should carefully review and consider the information contained in our other reports and periodic filings that we make with the SEC. Those risk factors could materially affect our overall business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects; our ability to make distributions to our stockholders; our access to capital; or the market price of our Class A common stock. The risks that we describe in our public filings are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently consider immaterial, also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Additional information regarding forward-looking statements is included herein. 5 Our business is substantially dependent on the demand for leased postal properties. Risks Related to the USPS Substantially all of our revenue come from properties leased to the USPS. Any significant decrease in the demand for leased postal properties could have a material adverse effect on our business. The number of postal locations nationwide has been decreasing over the prior decade. Additionally, on March 23, 2021, the USPS released the Delivering for America: Our Vision and Ten-Year Plan to Achieve Financial Sustainability and Service Excellence (the “Ten-Year Plan”), which includes evaluating the facility consolidations that were deferred in 2015 and potentially consolidating the facilities that remain underutilized. The USPS has begun to undertake, and proposes to further undertake, a number of operational reforms and cost reduction measures under the Ten-Year Plan and other USPS initiatives, such as higher rates, slower deliveries for certain services, formation of large sorting and delivery centers and closure, relocation or consolidation of certain facilities and delivery routes. Consolidation of our postal properties or delivery routes attached to our postal properties under the Ten-Year Plan or other USPS initiatives may lead to the USPS vacating or declining to renew leases on such properties and materially adversely affect our operations. As part of its larger, multi-phased plan, the USPS has included a number of our properties on lists identifying postal facilities under consideration to relocate delivery routes into larger sorting and delivery centers. As of the date of this report, the USPS had not vacated or notified us of its intention to vacate any properties related to route relocations. Further reductions in the number of postal properties or downsizing of operations in existing postal properties under the Ten- Year Plan or other USPS initiatives could result in entering into leases with the USPS in the future on less favorable terms than current leases, the failure of the USPS to renew leases or the termination by the USPS of existing leases for our properties, the decrease in value of the affected properties upon sale and the reduction of the number of acquisition opportunities available to us. The level of demand for postal properties may also be impacted by a variety of factors outside of our control, including changes in U.S. federal government and USPS policies or funding, changes in population density, the health and sustainability of local, regional and national economies, the existence of epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in demand for the products and services of the USPS by its customers and the changing demands and uses of the USPS itself for postal properties. Moreover, technological innovations, such as autonomous delivery devices, may decrease the need for hand delivery or in-person pick up, thereby decreasing the demand for retail post offices or other postal properties. In addition, package delivery service providers, such as FedEx, Amazon, UPS and DHL, began implementing autonomous delivery devices to assist retail companies with same-day and last-mile deliveries, in addition to significantly expanding their own last-mile delivery capabilities. The development, implementation and broad adoption of these devices may decrease the demand for postal services. The USPS is facing legislative constraints that are hindering its ability to maintain adequate liquidity to sustain its current operations. If the USPS’ revenues decrease due to reduced demand for postal services, then the USPS may reduce its number of postal properties. The USPS’ inability to meet its financial obligations may render it insolvent or increase the likelihood of Congressional or regulatory reform of the USPS, which may have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. A significant portion of the USPS’ liabilities consist of unfunded fixed benefits, such as pensions and healthcare, to retired USPS workers. Although Congress regularly debates the future of the USPS, the USPS is unlikely to be able to retire its existing liabilities without regulatory or Congressional relief. If the USPS becomes unable to meet its financial obligations, many of our leases may be vacated by the USPS, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. Any Congressional or regulatory action that decreases demand by the USPS for leased postal properties would also have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. We cannot predict whether any currently contemplated reforms or any reforms pursued by the U.S. federal government will ultimately take effect and, if so, how such reforms would specifically affect us. The USPS has a substantial amount of indebtedness and is subject to rising expenses. The USPS has significant outstanding debt obligations to the Federal Financing Bank (the “FFB”). Under the note purchase agreement between the USPS and the FFB (the "NPA"), the USPS can issue short-term or long-term notes to the FFB and receive funds within two business days. If the FFB elects not to purchase the USPS' notes, the USPS would need to issue and sell such notes potentially in the public or private debt markets to other parties or seek financing through other means. The NPA will expire on September 30, 2025. There can be no assurance that the USPS will be able to extend the term of the NPA beyond expiration or, if the FFB declines to purchase the notes issued by the USPS, obtain alternative sources of financing on 6 the terms or timing that it expects or at all. If the USPS is unable to extend the NPA beyond expiration, the USPS may not be able to refinance debt with the FFB in the future at comparable terms to those currently available. The USPS also has a significant underfunded Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund (the "PSRHBF") liability, which the USPS is required to fund in future periods. Additionally, the USPS has significantly underfunded retirement benefits amortization payable to the Civil Service Retirement System (the "CSRS") and Federal Employees Retirement System (the "FERS") funds, which the USPS is required to fund in future periods. On March 8, 2022, Congress passed the Postal Service Reform Act, which significantly alleviated the obligations of the USPS by repealing the requirement for USPS to pre-fund the PSRHBF, forgiving the USPS' $57 billion outstanding liability under the PSRHBF and requiring future postal retirees to enroll in Medicare, although significant underfunded liability remains under the PSRHBF in the long term. The USPS’ substantial obligations under the NPA and the CSRS and FERS funds also remain outstanding. In addition, the USPS' collective bargaining agreements include provisions for mandatory cost of living adjustments, which, in recent years coupled with continued impacts to consumer inflation, have resulted in significant increase in labor costs for the USPS. The USPS has also been exposed to rising commodity prices, primarily for diesel fuel, unleaded gasoline, and aircraft fuel for transportation of mail and natural gas and heating oil for its facilities. The USPS’ significant debt and unpaid health and retirement obligations have in the past required, and could in the future require, the USPS to dedicate a substantial portion of its cash flow from operations to payments on debt and health and retirement obligations, thus reducing the availability of cash flow to fund operating expenses, including lease payments, working capital, capital expenditures and other business activities. If the USPS becomes unable to meet its debt and other obligations or control its expenses and generate sufficient liquidity for its business, the USPS may reduce its demand for leasing postal properties, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. The USPS is subject to congressional oversight and regulation by the PRC and other government agencies. The USPS has a wide variety of stakeholders whose interests and needs are sometimes in conflict. The USPS operates as an independent establishment of the executive branch of the U.S. government and, as a result, is subject to a variety of regulations and other limitations applicable to federal agencies. The USPS is constrained by laws and regulations that restrict revenue sources and mandate certain expenses. The ability of the USPS to raise rates for its products and services and sell new products and services in new or existing markets is subject to the regulatory oversight and approval of the PRC. However, the USPS' costs are not similarly constrained or capped. A large portion of the USPS' cost structure cannot be altered expeditiously due to its universal service mission. Many of its employee costs, such as compensation and employee health benefit premiums, are subject to contractual arrangements. Other employee costs such as workers' compensation costs and retiree pension benefit amortization costs are mandated by law. Limitations on the USPS’ ability to take action could adversely affect its operating and financial results, and as a result, reduce demand for leasing postal properties. Furthermore, a change in the structure, mission or leasing requirements of the USPS, a significant reduction in the USPS’ workforce, relocation of personnel resources, delivery routes or postal offices, other internal reorganization or a change in the delivery routes serviced by our properties could affect our lease renewal opportunities and have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, any change in the U.S. federal government’s treatment of the USPS as an independent agency, including, but not limited to, the privatization or outsourcing of all or a portion of the USPS business operations, may have a material adverse effect on our business. The business and results of operations of the USPS are significantly affected by competition from both competitors in the delivery marketplace as well as substitute products and digital communication. Failure of the USPS to compete effectively and operate efficiently, grow marketing mail and package delivery services and increase revenue and contribution from other sources will adversely impact the USPS’ financial condition and this adverse impact will become more substantial over time. The USPS’ marketplace competitors include both local and national providers of package delivery services. The USPS’ competitors have different cost structures and fewer regulatory restrictions and are able to offer differing services and pricing, which may hinder the USPS’ ability to remain competitive in these service areas. In addition, most of the USPS’ competitors have access to capital markets, which allows them greater flexibility in the financing and expansion of their business. Customer usage of postal services continues to shift to substitute products and digital communication. The use of e-mail and other forms of electronic communication have reduced first class mail volume, as have electronic billing and payment. Marketing mail continues to experience declines due to mailers’ growing use of digital advertising including digital mobile advertising and a cyclical decline in advertising spending due to economic pressures. The volume of periodicals services continues to decline as consumers increasingly use electronic media for news and information. Periodical advertising has also experienced a decline as a result of move to electronic media. 7 The growth in the USPS’ competitive service volumes, such as Priority Mail, Priority Mail Express, First-Class Package Service, Parcel Select, Parcel Return Service and some types of International Mail, is largely attributable to certain of the USPS’ largest customers, including UPS, FedEx and Amazon. In recent years, each of these customers has been significantly expanding its own delivery capability that enables it to divert volume away from the USPS over time. If these customers continue to divert significant volume away from the USPS, the growth in the USPS’ competitive service volumes may not continue, and there may be reduced demand for leasing postal properties by the USPS, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. The USPS’ potential insolvency, inability to pay rent or bankruptcy would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and our ability to service our debt obligations and could result in our inability to continue as a going concern. Default by the USPS is likely to cause a significant or complete reduction in the operating cash flow generated by our properties. There can be no assurance that the USPS will be able to avoid insolvency, make timely rental payments or avoid defaulting under or terminating its leases. If the USPS defaults, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment. Because we depend on rental payments from the USPS, the inability of the USPS to make its lease payments could adversely affect us and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Although we do not believe that bankruptcy protection under the United States bankruptcy code is available to the USPS, the law is unclear. If the USPS were to file for bankruptcy, we would become a creditor, but we may not be able to collect all or any of the pre-bankruptcy amounts owed to us by the USPS. In addition, if the USPS were to file for bankruptcy protection, it potentially could terminate its leases with us under federal law, in which event we would have a general unsecured claim against the USPS that would likely be worth less than the full amount owed to us for the remainder of the lease term. This would have a severe adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Implementation of the Ten-Year Plan proposed by the USPS could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial position and results of operations. The USPS has published its Ten-Year Plan to address the challenges of the shift from traditional letter-mail to package delivery, underperformance in processing, transportation, delivery and retail operations, failure to meet service performance standards and a perilous and worsening financial situation that has resulted in significant losses. The strategic initiatives are designed to reverse projected losses and to operate at a positive net income in the long term. The Ten-Year Plan includes realignment, procurement of new facilities, expansion of existing facilities and consolidation of underused facilities and delivery routes as well as modernization of retail lobbies to enable expanded digital, small, medium-sized business and government services, which could affect our operations if our postal properties are consolidated. The USPS has recently begun to undertake a number of operational reforms and cost reduction measures under the Ten-Year Plan, such as higher rates, slower deliveries for certain services, formation of large sorting and delivery centers and closure, relocation or consolidation of certain facilities and delivery routes. The extent to which the implementation of this Ten- Year Plan will affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations will depend on numerous factors that we may not be able to accurately predict or assess. Portions of the Ten-Year Plan require Congressional approval, which we cannot predict at this time and there will be additional conversations with stakeholders about implementation and changes to the Ten-Year Plan. The USPS’ failure to implement the Ten-Year Plan or receive Congressional approval may affect its ability to maintain adequate liquidity to sustain its current operations, which may result in the USPS reducing its number of postal locations and adversely affecting our business and results of operations. Because the USPS is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government, our properties may have a higher risk of terrorist attacks than similar properties leased to non-governmental tenants. Terrorist attacks may materially adversely affect our operations, as well as directly or indirectly damage our assets, both physically and financially. Because the USPS is, and is expected to continue to be, an independent agency of the U.S. federal government, our properties are presumed to have a higher risk of terrorist attack than similar properties that are leased to non-governmental affiliated tenants. Terrorist attacks, to the extent that these properties are uninsured or underinsured, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 8 Litigation and catastrophic events involving the USPS may disrupt our business. As a result of the proposed and executed operational, managerial and strategic changes within the USPS, including the Ten-Year Plan, the USPS is the focal point of significant public criticism and litigation. As of the date of this report, several lawsuits have been filed and remain pending against the USPS pertaining to operational change at the USPS, such as higher rates and slower deliveries for certain services. If, as a result of such criticism or litigation, the USPS suffers reputational or financial harm or an increase in regulatory scrutiny, the demand for USPS services may decline, which may lead to reduced demand for USPS properties. The results of these changes or any future changes could lead to additional delays or financing shortfalls for the USPS. The USPS is also at risk of the adverse impact of another regional epidemic, global pandemic or other adverse public health developments in the future, such as those experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, which could reduce demand for USPS properties and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Related to Our Business and Operations We may be unable to acquire and/or manage additional USPS-leased properties at competitive prices or at all. A significant portion of our business plan is to acquire additional properties that are leased to the USPS. There are a limited number of such properties, and we will have fewer opportunities to grow our investments than REITs that purchase properties that are leased to a variety of tenants or that are not leased when they are acquired. In addition, the current ownership of properties leased to the USPS is highly fragmented with the overwhelming majority of owners holding a single property. As a result, we have expended, and may in the future continue to expend, significant resources to source acquisition opportunities and complete our due diligence, underwriting and acquisition accounting process on many individual properties, thereby increasing our acquisition costs, lengthening the acquisition timeline and possibly reducing the amount that we are able to pay for a particular property. Agreements for the acquisitions of postal properties are also subject to customary conditions to closing, including completion of due diligence investigations and other conditions that are not within our control and may not be satisfied. In this event, we may be unable to complete an acquisition after incurring significant acquisition-related costs. Accordingly, our plan to grow our business largely by acquiring additional properties that are leased to the USPS and managing properties leased to the USPS by third parties may not succeed. We also face regular and significant competition for acquisition opportunities for properties leased to the USPS from other market participants, including private investment funds, individual investors and others, and, as a result, we may be unable to acquire a desired property at competitive price, or at all. This competition could also increase prices for properties we may pursue and adversely affect our profitability and impede our growth. In addition, because of our public profile as the only publicly traded REIT dedicated to USPS properties, our operations may generate new interest in USPS-leased properties from other REITs, real estate companies and other investors with more resources than we have that did not previously focus on investment opportunities with USPS-leased properties. Our acquisitions may not achieve the returns we expect. Our business has grown significantly through active acquisitions of postal properties. However, our acquisitions and our ability to successfully integrate and operate the acquired properties are subject to the following significant risks: • we may acquire properties that are not accretive to our results upon acquisition; • we may not successfully manage and lease newly acquired properties to meet our financial or strategic goals and realize the anticipated benefits; • we may have to spend more than budgeted to make necessary improvements to acquired properties and we may underestimate the repair, maintenance and capital expenses for the acquired properties; • we may not be able to obtain sufficient and economical insurance coverage for the acquired properties; • • our cash flows from the acquired properties may be insufficient to meet the required principal and interest payments on the property-level financing, if any; the integration of acquired properties into our existing portfolio may require significant expenses and time from our management team and may divert attention from other important areas of our business; 9 • changing market and regulatory conditions, particularly those associated with the USPS, may result in higher-than- expected vacancy rates and lower than expected rental rates on newly acquired properties; and • we may acquire properties subject to liabilities and without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities such as undisclosed environmental contamination, claims by tenants, vendors or other persons dealing with the former owners of the properties and liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business. If we cannot integrate and operate acquired properties to meet our financial or strategic goals, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distributions and our ability to service our debt obligations could be materially adversely affected. We currently have a concentration of postal properties in certain regions and are exposed to changes in regional or local conditions in these states. Our business may be adversely affected by regional or local conditions and events in the areas in which we operate, particularly in Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Texas, California and North Carolina, where many of our postal properties are concentrated. Developments or conditions in these regions that may adversely affect our occupancy levels and renewals, our rental revenues, our funds from operations or the value of our properties include the following, among others: • • • • downturns in economic conditions; unforeseen events beyond our control, including, among others, natural disasters, terrorist attacks and travel related health concerns including pandemics and epidemics; possible reduction of the USPS workforce, relocation of postal offices or consolidation of delivery routes by the USPS; and economic conditions that could cause an increase in our operating expenses, insurance and routine maintenance. We may be unable to renew leases or sell vacated properties on favorable terms, or at all, as leases expire, which could materially adversely affect us. We cannot assure you that any leases will be renewed or that vacated properties will be sold on favorable terms, or at all. Some of our leases also provide the tenants with a right to vacate their space during a specified period before the stated terms of their leases expire. If they were to occur and we were not able to lease the vacant space to another tenant in a timely manner or at all, such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As of the date of this report, the USPS has vacated two properties in our portfolio. For leases which include renewal options that specify a maximum rate, the renewal may result in below-market lease rates over time. In addition, when we renew leases with the USPS, we may have to spend substantial amounts for improvements and other inducements in order to renew such leases. If we are subject to below-market lease rates on a significant number of our properties, rental rates for our properties decrease, our existing tenants do not renew their leases or we do not sell vacated properties on favorable terms, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distributions and our ability to service our debt obligations could be materially adversely affected. We may incur significant maintenance, repair and capital expenses under our leases. Under some of our leases, we retain certain obligations with respect to the property, including, among other things, the responsibility for certain maintenance and repair obligations of the property and capital improvements such as roof or parking lot replacement, asbestos-related projects, replacement of heating or ventilation equipment and major structural improvements. The expenditure of any sums in connection therewith will reduce the cash available for distribution and may require us to fund deficits resulting from operating a property. In addition, risks beyond our control, such as weather, labor conditions, material shortages caused by supply chain disruptions or inflationary price increases for materials, could lead to cost overruns and untimely completion of projects, which could also damage our relationship with tenants. Meeting these obligations also require us to hire and maintain a sizable project management team and incur significant property management and administrative expenses, which may continue to grow as we acquire more properties, particularly those with landlord being responsible for certain maintenance and capital improvements. In addition, we may incur unexpected increase in maintenance, repair or capital expenses as tenants adjust their standards, requirements, demands and expectations for the operation of the leased properties, increase their inspection efforts and require certain upgrades or as we acquire more properties with landlord being responsible 10 for certain maintenance and capital improvements. If we were to fail to meet these obligations, then the tenant could abate rent or terminate the applicable lease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Property vacancies could result in significant capital expenditures and illiquidity. The loss of a tenant through lease expiration may require us to spend significant amounts of capital to renovate the property before it is suitable for a new tenant. Substantially all of the properties we acquire are specifically suited to the particular business of the USPS and, as a result, if the USPS vacates a property, does not renew its lease or decides to relocate a postal office to another location, we may be required to renovate the property at substantial costs, decrease the rent we charge or provide other concessions in order to lease the property to another tenant. In the event we are required or elect to sell the property, we may have difficulty selling it to a party other than the USPS, which may result in an impairment loss. This potential illiquidity may limit our ability to quickly modify our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions, which may materially and adversely affect us. As of February 29, 2024, the leases at 91 of our properties were expired and the USPS is occupying such properties as a holdover tenant. If we are not successful in renewing these expired leases, we will likely experience reduced occupancy, rental income and net operating income and potential impairment loss. As of February 29, 2024, the leases at 91 of our properties, representing approximately 631,000 net leasable interior square feet, were expired and the USPS is occupying such properties as a holdover tenant. When a lease expires, the USPS becomes a holdover tenant on a month-to-month basis, typically paying the greater of estimated market rent or the rent amount under the expired lease. While we currently anticipate that we will renew the leases that have expired or will expire, there can be no guarantee that we will be successful in renewing these leases, obtaining positive rent renewal spreads or renewing the leases in an expeditious manner on terms comparable to those of the expiring leases. Even if we are able to renew these expired leases, the lease terms may not be comparable to those of the previous leases. If we are not successful, we will likely experience reduced occupancy, rental income and net operating income and potential impairment loss, as well as diminished borrowing capacity under our Credit Facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and ability to make distributions to stockholders. Our use of OP Units as consideration to acquire properties could result in stockholder dilution and/or limit our ability to sell such properties. We have acquired and may continue to acquire properties or portfolios of properties through tax deferred contribution transactions in exchange for OP Units, which may result in stockholder dilution. This acquisition structure may have the effect of, among other things, reducing the amount of tax depreciation we could deduct over the tax life of the acquired properties and increasing our tax compliance and other administrative expenses, and may require that we agree to protect the contributors’ ability to defer recognition of taxable gain through restrictions on our ability to dispose of the acquired properties and/or the allocation of partnership debt to the contributors to maintain their tax bases. These restrictions could limit our ability to sell properties at a time, or on terms, that would be favorable absent such restrictions. Illiquidity of commercial real estate could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition. Our ability to promptly sell one or more properties in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial and investment conditions and conditions of the USPS may be limited. Certain types of real estate and in particular, postal properties, may have limited alternative uses and thus are relatively illiquid. Return of capital and realization of gains, if any, from an investment generally will occur upon disposition or refinancing of the underlying property. We may be unable to realize our investment objectives by sale, other disposition or refinancing at attractive prices within any given period of time or may otherwise be unable to complete any exit strategy. In particular, our ability to dispose of one or more properties within a specific time period is subject to certain limitations imposed by our tax protection agreements, as well as weakness in or even the lack of an established market for a property, changes in the financial condition or prospects of prospective purchasers, changes in national or international economic conditions and changes in laws, regulations or fiscal policies of jurisdictions in which the property is located. Furthermore, if we dispose any property in transactions that are intended to qualify for federal income tax deferral as a “like-kind exchange” under Section 1031 of the Code, it is possible that such transaction could later be determined to have been taxable or that we may be unable to identify and complete the acquisition of a suitable replacement property to complete a 1031 exchange and therefore face adverse tax consequences. 11 In addition, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), imposes restrictions on a REIT’s ability to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. In particular, the tax laws applicable to REITs effectively require that we hold our properties for investment, rather than primarily for sale in the ordinary course of business, further limiting our ability to quickly adjust our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial and investment conditions and conditions of the USPS. An increase in the amount of USPS or U.S. government-owned real estate may adversely affect us. In recent years, the USPS completed and also announced plans to further construct a significant number of new sorting and delivery and other facilities across the country. If there is a large increase in the amount of real estate constructed and owned by the USPS or other U.S. government agencies, the USPS may relocate from our properties to such USPS or U.S. government-owned facilities at the expiration of their respective leases. Similarly, it may become more difficult for us to renew our leases with the USPS when they expire or identify additional properties that are leased to the USPS in order to grow our portfolio. Our real estate taxes for properties where we are not reimbursed could increase due to property tax rate changes or reassessment. Even though we currently qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we are required to pay state and local taxes on some of our properties. The real property taxes on our properties have increased in the past and may increase in the future as property tax rates change or as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. Therefore, the amount of property taxes we pay in the future may increase substantially from what we have paid in the past. If the property taxes we pay increase, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, per share trading price of our Class A common stock and our ability to satisfy our principal and interest obligations and to make distributions to our stockholders could be adversely affected. We may be exposed to risks associated with property development and redevelopment. We may engage in development and redevelopment activities with respect to our properties, including build-to-suit renovations and new developments for our existing or prospective tenants and, as a result, will be subject to certain risks, which could adversely affect us, including our financial condition and results of operations. These risks include: • • • • • • • development costs that may be higher than anticipated; cost overruns and delays of construction; the availability of financing on favorable terms or at all; various local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning zoning, building design, construction and similar matters; registration and filing requirements in connection with these developments in certain states and localities; the potential that we may expend funds on and devote management time to projects that we do not complete; and the inability to complete construction and leasing of a property on schedule, resulting in increased debt service expense and development and renovation costs. These risks could result in substantial unanticipated delays or expenses and could prevent the initiation or the completion of development and renovation activities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Increases in interest rates or unavailability of debt financing may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance our debt. If debt financing, including mortgage loans, is unavailable to us at reasonable rates or at all, we may not be able to finance the purchase of additional properties or refinance existing debt when it becomes due. If interest rates are higher when we refinance our existing debt, our income and cash flow could be reduced, which would reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders and may hinder our ability to raise more capital by issuing more stock or by borrowing more money. In 12 addition, to the extent we are unable to refinance our debt when it becomes due, we will have fewer debt guarantee opportunities available to offer under our tax protection agreements, which could trigger an obligation to indemnify the protected parties under the tax protection agreements. Mortgage debt obligations expose us to the possibility of foreclosure, which could result in the loss of our investment in a property or group of properties subject to mortgage debt. Mortgage and other secured debt obligations increase our risk of property losses because defaults on indebtedness secured by properties may result in foreclosure actions initiated by lenders and ultimately our loss of the property securing any loans for which we are in default. Any foreclosure on a mortgaged property or group of properties could adversely affect the overall value of our portfolio of properties. For tax purposes, a foreclosure on any of our properties that is subject to a nonrecourse mortgage loan would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but would not receive any cash proceeds, which could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code. Foreclosures could also trigger our tax indemnification obligations under the terms of our tax protection agreements with respect to the sales of certain properties. In addition, some of our financing arrangements require us to make a lump-sum or “balloon” payment at maturity. Our ability to satisfy a balloon payment at maturity is uncertain and may depend upon our ability to obtain additional financing or our ability to sell the property. At the time the balloon payment is due, we may or may not be able to refinance the existing financing on terms as favorable as the original loan or sell the property at a price sufficient to satisfy the balloon payment. Such a refinancing or sale could affect the rate of return to stockholders and the projected time of disposition of our assets. Covenants in our debt instruments could adversely affect our financial condition. Our Credit Facilities and other debt instruments contain certain customary restrictions, requirements and other limitations on our ability to incur indebtedness. Under our Credit Facilities, we must maintain certain ratios, including a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, maximum total leverage ratio, minimum tangible net worth, maximum secured leverage ratio, maximum unsecured leverage ratio, minimum unsecured debt service coverage ratio and maximum secured recourse leverage ratio. Our ability to borrow under our Credit Facilities and other debt instruments is subject to compliance with our financial and other covenants. Failure to comply with any of the covenants under our Credit Facilities or other debt instruments could result in a default under one or more of our debt instruments. In particular, we could suffer a default under a secured debt instrument that could exceed a cross-default threshold under our Credit Facilities, causing an event of default thereunder. Under those circumstances, other sources of capital may not be available to us or be available only on unattractive terms. In addition, if we breach covenants in any of our debt agreements, the lenders can declare a default and, if the debt is secured, take possession of the collateral securing the defaulted loan. Alternatively, even if a secured debt instrument is below the cross-default threshold for non-recourse secured debt under our Credit Facilities, a default under such secured debt instrument may still cause a cross default under our Credit Facilities because such secured debt instrument may not qualify as “non-recourse” under our Credit Facilities. Another possible cross default could occur between the credit facilities that we enter into and any senior unsecured notes that we issue. Any of the foregoing default or cross-default events could cause our lenders to accelerate the timing of payments and/or prohibit future borrowings, either of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and our ability to service our debt obligations. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we manage our market risk on variable rate debt through the use of interest rate swaps that fix the rate on all or a portion of our variable rate debt for varying periods up to maturity. See Note 6. Derivatives and Hedging Activities in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further details. In the future, we may use other derivative instruments such as interest cap agreements to, in effect, cap the interest rate on all or a portion of the debt for varying periods up to maturity. These agreements involve risks, such as the risk that such arrangements would not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes or that a court could rule that such an agreement is not legally enforceable. In addition, interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during the recent period of rising and volatile interest rates. Hedging could increase our costs and reduce the overall returns on our investments. In addition, while hedging agreements would be intended to lessen the impact of rising interest rates on us, they could also expose us to the risk 13 that the other parties to the agreements would not perform, we could incur significant costs associated with the settlement of the agreements or that the underlying transactions could fail to qualify as highly-effective cash flow hedges under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"), Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The REIT provisions of the Code also limit our ability to hedge our liabilities. Generally, income from a hedging transaction we enter into (i) to manage the risk of interest rate changes with respect to borrowings incurred or to be incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets, (ii) to manage the risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that constitutes “qualifying income” for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests applicable to REITs (or any property that generates such income or gain) or (iii) that hedges against transactions described in clauses (i) and (ii) and is entered into in connection with the extinguishment of debt or sale of property that is being hedged against by the transactions described in clauses (i) and (ii) does not constitute “gross income” for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests, provided that we comply with certain identification requirements pursuant to the applicable sections of the Code and Treasury Regulations. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may need to limit our use of otherwise advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. The use of a TRS could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks than we would otherwise want to bear. Our success depends on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed, and the loss of one or more of our key personnel could adversely affect our ability to manage our business and to implement our growth strategies, or could create a negative perception of our company in the capital markets. Our continued success and our ability to manage anticipated future growth depend, in large part, upon the efforts of key personnel, particularly Messrs. Spodek, Garber and Klein who have extensive market knowledge and relationships and exercise substantial influence over our acquisition, operational and financing activities. Among the reasons that these individuals are important to our success is that each has a national or regional industry reputation that attracts business and investment opportunities and assists us in negotiations with investors, lenders, the USPS and owners of postal properties. If we lose their services, such relationships could diminish or be adversely affected. Our employment agreements with Messrs. Spodek, Garber and Klein do not guarantee their continued employment with us. Many of our other senior executives also have extensive experience and strong reputations in the real estate industry, particularly in the postal real estate sector, which aid us in identifying opportunities, having opportunities brought to us and negotiating. Many of these individuals have developed specialized knowledge and skills in the postal real estate sector. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team, or our inability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business, diminish our investment opportunities and weaken our relationships with investors, lenders, owners of postal properties, business partners, existing and prospective tenants and industry participants, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and the per share trading price of our Class A common stock. We may be subject to on-going or future litigation, including existing claims relating to the entities that owned the properties previously and otherwise in the ordinary course of business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and the per share trading price of our Class A common stock. We are, and may in the future be subject to, various claims, disputes and litigation, which may include existing claims relating to the entities that owned the properties previously, disputes during the acquisition process and otherwise in the ordinary course of business. Some of these claims may result in significant defense costs and potentially significant judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, insured against. In addition, with respect to any claims under our leases with the USPS, the procedures for settling such disputes with the USPS under the Contract Disputes Act of 1978 could be costly, time consuming and may divert the attention of management from other operations of our business. Specifically, the claim process first requires a contractor to file a claim with a USPS-assigned contracting officer. After the contracting officer has issued a final decision, the contractor may appeal such decision before the Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals or the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. The U.S. government could also institute condemnation proceedings against us and seek to take our property, or a leasehold interest therein, through its power of eminent domain, which may result in a costly and time consuming dispute with the government. We generally intend to vigorously defend ourselves or pursue our claims. However, we cannot be certain of the ultimate outcomes of any currently asserted claims or of those that may arise in the future. Resolution of these types of matters against us may result in our having to pay significant fines, judgments, legal expenses or settlements, which, if uninsured, or if the fines, judgments, and settlements and any related expenses exceed insured levels, could adversely impact our earnings and cash flows, thereby having an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and our ability to service our debt obligations. Certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation 14 may adversely affect our relationship with tenants, vendors and other parties involved in the disputes and impact the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured and/or adversely impact our ability to attract officers and directors. In addition, assets that we have acquired or may acquire in the future may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which we may have limited recourse against the sellers. Unknown or contingent liabilities might include liabilities for clean-up or remediation of environmental conditions, claims of customers, vendors or other persons dealing with the acquired entities, tax liabilities and other liabilities whether incurred in the ordinary course of business or otherwise. In the future, we may enter into transactions with limited representations and warranties or with representations and warranties that do not survive the closing of the transactions, in which event we would have no or limited recourse against the sellers of such properties. The total amount of costs and expenses that we may incur with respect to liabilities associated with acquired properties may also exceed our expectations, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Insurance on our properties may not adequately cover all losses and uninsured losses if we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of such properties. We carry commercial property, liability, environmental, earthquake and terrorism coverage on our properties in our portfolio, some of which are insured subject to limitations involving significant deductibles or co-payments and policy limits that may not be sufficient to cover losses. Inflation, changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other factors, including terrorism or acts of war, may also make any insurance proceeds we receive insufficient to repair or replace a property if it is damaged or destroyed. In those circumstances, the insurance proceeds received may not be adequate to restore our economic position with respect to the affected real property and its generation of rental revenue. Certain types of losses, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as earthquakes, storms, hurricanes and floods, are often subject to material deductibles, may be uninsurable or are not economically insurable by us. In addition, in the event that we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of one of our properties, we may not be able to rebuild such property to its existing specifications without significant capital expenditures which may exceed any amounts received pursuant to insurance policies. Further, reconstruction or improvement of such a property would likely require significant upgrades to meet zoning and building code requirements. The loss of our capital investment in or anticipated future returns from our properties due to material uninsured losses could materially and adversely affect us. In addition, if any one of insurance carriers or insurance programs that we work with were to become insolvent, we would be forced to replace the existing insurance coverage with another suitable carrier, and any outstanding claims would be at significant risk for collection. In such an event, we cannot be certain that we would be able to replace the coverage at similar or otherwise favorable terms, or at all. Potential future joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on co-venturers’ financial condition and disputes between us and our co-venturers. In the future, we may co-invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, acquiring non- controlling interests in and managing the affairs of a property, partnership, joint venture or other entity. With respect to any such arrangement or any similar arrangement that we may enter into in the future, we may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the development, property, partnership, joint venture or other entity. Investments in partnerships, joint ventures or other entities may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present where a third party is not involved, including the possibility that partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Partners or co-venturers may have economic or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives, and they may have competing interests in our markets that could create conflicts of interest. Such investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions, such as a sale or financing, because neither we nor the partner(s) or co-venturer(s) would have full control over the partnership or joint venture. In addition, a sale or transfer by us to a third party of our interests in the joint venture may be subject to consent rights or rights of first refusal, in favor of our joint venture partners, which would in each case restrict our ability to dispose of our interest in the joint venture. Where we are a limited partner or non-managing member in any partnership or limited liability company, if such entity takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our status as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. We may, in certain circumstances, be liable for the actions of a partner, and the activities of a partner could adversely affect our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT or our exclusion or exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, even if we do not control the joint venture. Disputes between us and partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our 15 business. Consequently, actions by or disputes with partners or co-venturers might result in subjecting properties owned by the partnership or joint venture to additional risk. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our third- party partners or co-venturers. Our joint ventures may be subject to debt and, during periods of volatile credit markets, the refinancing of such debt may require equity capital calls. Competition for skilled personnel could increase our labor costs. We compete intensely with various real estate and other companies in attracting and retaining qualified and skilled personnel. We depend on our ability to attract and retain skilled management personnel in order to successfully manage the day- to-day operations of our company and execute our business plan. As we continue to grow, we have faced and may continue to face increased challenges in hiring and retaining qualified and skilled personnel, especially during periods of labor shortage and intense competition for talents. Competitive pressures may require that we enhance our pay and benefits package to compete effectively for such personnel. We may not be able to offset such added costs by increasing the rates we charge the USPS. If there is an increase in these costs or if we fail to attract and retain qualified and skilled personnel, our business and operating results could be harmed. Our growth depends on external sources of capital that are outside of our control and may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could limit our ability to, among other things, meet our capital and operating needs or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT. In order to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required under the Code to, among other things, distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains. In addition, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, including any net capital gains. Because of these distribution requirements, we may not be able to fund future capital needs, including any necessary capital expenditures, from operating cash flow. Consequently, we rely on third-party sources to fund our capital needs. We may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms or at all and any additional debt we incur will increase our leverage and likelihood of default. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends, in part, on: • • • • • • general market conditions and the conditions of the USPS; the market’s perception of our growth potential; our current debt levels; our current and expected performance and future earnings; our cash flow and cash distributions; and the market price per share of our Class A common stock. Historically, the capital markets have been subject to significant disruptions. If we cannot obtain capital from third- party sources on cost effective terms, we may not be able to acquire or develop properties when strategic opportunities exist, meet the capital and operating needs of our existing properties, satisfy our debt service obligations or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT. To the extent that we are able or choose to access capital at a higher cost than we have experienced in recent years, as reflected in higher interest rates for debt financing or a lower stock price for equity financing, our earnings per share and cash flow could also be adversely affected. We could incur significant costs and liabilities related to environmental matters. Under various federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, as a current or former owner of real property, we may be liable for costs and damages resulting from the presence or release of hazardous or toxic substances, waste or petroleum products at, on, in, under or migrating from such property, including costs to investigate, clean up such contamination and liability for any alleged harm to human health, property or natural resources. Such laws often impose strict liability without regard to fault, including whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such contamination, and the liability may be joint and several. These liabilities could be substantial and the cost of any required investigation, remediation, removal, fines or other costs could exceed the value of the property and/or our aggregate assets. In addition, the presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our properties may expose us to third-party 16 liability for costs of remediation and/or personal or property damage or materially adversely affect our ability to sell, lease or develop our properties or to borrow using the properties as collateral. In addition, environmental laws may create liens on contaminated sites in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs to address such contamination. Moreover, if contamination is discovered on our properties, environmental laws may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures. See Item 1. "Business—Environmental Matters.” We generally obtain environmental assessments by independent environmental consultants at the time of acquisition of a property. If the consultant identifies any unexplained recognized environmental concerns, then the consultant may recommend further investigation, usually through specific invasive property tests. Invasive testing may or may not include air, soil, soil vapor or ground water sampling. Additionally, it may or may not include an asbestos and/or lead-based paint survey. These environmental assessments may not reveal all environmental risks that might have a materially adverse economic effect on our business, assets and results of operations or liquidity, and may not identify all potential environmental liabilities, and our portfolio environmental and any site-specific insurance policies may be insufficient to cover any such environmental costs and liabilities. Some of our properties have been or may in the future be impacted by contamination arising from current or prior uses of the property, or adjacent properties, for commercial or industrial purposes. Such contamination can arise from spills of petroleum or hazardous substances or releases from tanks used to store such materials. We may not be aware of all potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities at the properties in our portfolio or at the properties we acquire. As a result, we could potentially incur material liability for these issues. As the owner of the buildings on our properties, we could face liability for the presence of hazardous materials, such as asbestos, lead or underground storage tanks used to store petroleum products or other potentially hazardous or toxic substances, or other adverse conditions, such as poor indoor air quality, in our buildings. Environmental laws govern the presence, maintenance, and removal of hazardous materials in buildings, and if we do not comply with such laws, we could face fines for such noncompliance and could be required to abate, remove or otherwise address the hazardous material to achieve compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. Also, we could be liable to third parties, such as occupants or employees of the buildings, for damages related to exposure to hazardous materials or adverse conditions in our buildings, and we could incur material expenses with respect to abatement or remediation of hazardous materials or other adverse conditions in our buildings. If we incur material environmental liabilities in the future, we may find it difficult to sell or lease any affected properties. Our properties may contain or develop harmful mold or suffer from other air quality issues, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediation. When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources, and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants above certain levels can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants from the affected property or increase indoor ventilation. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from the USPS, employees of the USPS or others if property damage or personal injury is alleged to have occurred. We are subject to risks from natural disasters and the risks associated with climate change. Natural disasters and severe weather such as flooding, wildfires, earthquakes, tornadoes or hurricanes have resulted in the past and may in the future result in damages to our properties. Many of our properties are located in states like Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, Louisiana and Florida that historically have experienced heightened risk for natural disasters like tornados and hurricanes. The extent of our casualty losses and loss in operating income in connection with such events is a function of the severity of the event and the total amount of exposure in the affected area. While we carry insurance to cover a substantial portion of the cost of such events, our insurance includes significant deductible amounts and certain items are not covered by insurance. When we have geographic concentration of exposures, a single catastrophe (such as an earthquake) or destructive weather event (such as a tornado or hurricane) affecting a region may have a significant negative effect on our financial 17 condition and results of operations. Our financial results may be adversely affected by our exposure to losses arising from natural disasters or severe weather. We also are exposed to risks associated with inclement winter weather, particularly in the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic and Mid-West, including increased costs for the removal of snow and ice. Inclement weather also could increase the need for maintenance and repair of our properties. Lastly, we cannot predict the rate at which climate change will progress. However, the effects of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations and business. To the extent climate change causes changes in weather patterns, our markets could experience increases in extreme and severe weather, including floods, hurricanes, severe winter storms and tornadoes and unpredictable weather patterns. These conditions could result in physical damage to our properties or declining demand for space in our buildings or the inability of us to operate the buildings at all in the areas affected by these conditions. Climate change also may have indirect adverse effects on our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) property insurance on terms we find acceptable, increasing the cost of energy, maintenance, repair of water and/or wind damage, cost of snow removal or related costs at our properties or causing the USPS to relocate its postal offices to other locations. In recent years, a number of states and municipalities have adopted laws and policies on climate change and emission reduction targets. Changes in federal, state, and local legislation and regulation based on concerns about climate change could result in increased capital expenditures on our properties (for example, to improve their energy efficiency and/or resistance to severe weather or limit greenhouse gas emissions) and administrative expenses (such as the climate change disclosure rules proposed by the SEC) without a corresponding increase in revenue, which may result in adverse impacts to our net income. Should the impact of climate change be material in nature or occur for lengthy periods of time, our properties, operations or business would be adversely affected. Our properties may be subject to impairment charges and we are subject to risks related to commercial real estate ownership that could reduce the value of our properties. We will assess whether there are any indicators that the value of our properties may be impaired. A property’s value is considered to be impaired only if the estimated aggregate future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) to be generated by the property are less than the carrying value of the property. In our estimate of cash flows, we will consider factors such as expected future operating income, trends and prospects, the effects of demand, competition and other factors. If we are evaluating the potential sale of an asset or development alternatives, the undiscounted future cash flows analysis will consider the most likely course of action at the balance sheet date based on current plans, intended holding periods and available market information. We will be required to make subjective assessments as to whether there are impairments in the value of our properties. These assessments may be influenced by factors beyond our control, such as early vacating or relocation by a tenant or damage to properties due to flooding, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes and other natural disasters, accidents, fire, civil unrest, terrorist acts or acts of war. These assessments may have a direct impact on our earnings because recording an impairment charge results in an immediate negative adjustment to earnings. There can be no assurance that we will not take impairment charges in the future related to the impairment of our properties. Any such impairment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations in the period in which the charge is taken. In addition, our core business is the ownership of single-tenant commercial real estate. Accordingly, our performance is subject to risks incident to the ownership of commercial real estate, which include the inability to collect rents from tenants due to financial hardship, including bankruptcy; changes in local real estate conditions in the markets in which we operate; changes in consumer trends and preferences that affect the demand for products and services offered by our tenants; inability to lease or sell properties upon expiration or termination of existing leases; environmental risks, including the presence of hazardous or toxic substances or materials on our properties; the subjectivity of real estate valuations and changes in such valuations over time; the illiquid nature of real estate compared to most other financial assets; changes in laws and governmental regulations, including those governing real estate usage and zoning; changes in interest rates and the availability of financing; and changes in the general economic and business climate. The occurrence of any of these may cause the value of our real estate to decline, which could materially and adversely affect us. Our title insurance policies may not cover all title defects. Our properties are insured by title policies. We have not, however, obtained new owner’s title insurance policies in connection with the acquisition of our initial properties in our formation transactions and certain acquisitions subsequent to the formation transactions. In some instances, these insurance policies are effective as of the time of the acquisition or later refinancing. As such, it is possible that there may be title defects that have arisen since such acquisition or refinancing for which we will have no title insurance coverage. If there were a material title defect related to any of our properties that is not 18 adequately covered by a title insurance policy, we could lose some or all of our capital invested in and our anticipated profits from such property. We may incur significant costs complying with various federal, state and local laws, regulations and covenants that are applicable to our properties. Properties are subject to various covenants and federal, state and local laws and regulatory requirements, including permitting and licensing requirements. Local regulations, including municipal or local ordinances, zoning restrictions and restrictive covenants imposed by community developers may restrict our use of our properties and may require us to obtain approval from local officials or restrict our use of our properties and may require us to obtain approval from local officials of community standards organizations at any time with respect to our properties, including prior to developing or acquiring a property or when undertaking renovations of any of our existing properties. Among other things, these restrictions may relate to fire and safety, seismic or hazardous material abatement requirements. There can be no assurance that existing laws and regulatory policies will not adversely affect us or the timing or cost of any future development, acquisitions or renovations, or that additional regulations will not be adopted that increase such delays or result in additional costs. Our growth strategy may be affected by our ability to obtain permits, licenses and zoning relief. In addition, federal and state laws and regulations, including laws such as the ADA and the Fair Housing Amendment Act of 1988 ("FHAA"), impose further restrictions on our properties and operations. Under the ADA and the FHAA, all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Some of our properties may currently be in non-compliance with the ADA or the FHAA. If one or more of the properties in our portfolio is not in compliance with the ADA, the FHAA or any other regulatory requirements, we may incur additional costs to bring the property into compliance, incur governmental fines, award damages to private litigants or be unable to refinance such properties. In addition, we do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether future requirements will require us to make significant unanticipated expenditures that will adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We are also subject to compliance with a wide variety of complex legal requirements because we are a federal government contractor. These laws, which are generally incorporated into our leases with the USPS, regulate how we conduct business, require us to administer various compliance programs and require us to impose compliance responsibilities on some of our contractors. Our failure to comply with these laws could subject us to fines, penalties and damages, cause us to be in default of our leases with the USPS and bar us from entering into future leases with the USPS. There can be no assurance that these potential costs and losses of revenue will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow. We have acquired and may continue to acquire properties that are (i) leased to both the USPS and non-postal tenants, (ii) leased solely to non-postal tenants or (iii) in markets that are new to us, and we may not be able to adapt to these new business models. We have acquired and may continue to acquire properties that are (i) leased to both the USPS and non-postal tenants, (ii) leased solely to non-postal tenants or (iii) in markets that are new to us, and we may not be able to adapt to these new business models. When we acquire such properties, we may face risks associated with lack of market or tenant knowledge or understanding of the local economy or operations of the new tenant. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we may also provide other services through our TRS, such as consulting services for postal property owners, to complement our core business. Additionally, we may face risks associated with forging new business relationships and unfamiliarity with local government and local or tenant-specific permitting procedures. We work to mitigate such risks through extensive diligence and research and associations with experienced service providers. However, there can be no guarantee that all such risks will be eliminated. We have acquired and may continue to acquire properties that are subject to purchase options in favor of the USPS. Certain of our leases provide the USPS with the right to purchase the underlying property at fair market value or at fixed prices as of dates as set forth in the lease agreement. We may in the future acquire additional properties that provide the USPS with similar purchase options. If the USPS decides to exercise a purchase option, we would lose the right to future rent from the property. If the purchase price we are entitled to receive is less than the price we paid for the related property, we may incur losses. We may also not be able to reinvest the purchase price we receive in comparable investments that produce similar or better returns and, as a result, experience a decline in lease revenues and profitability. We may incur goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, which could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition. 19 In accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting practices ("GAAP"), we are required to assess any goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets assumed in any acquisition transactions, annually, or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment, such as changing market conditions or any changes in key assumptions. If the testing performed indicates that an asset may not be recoverable, we are required to record a non-cash impairment charge for the difference between the carrying value of the goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets and the implied fair value of the goodwill or intangible assets in the period the determination is made. We also continually evaluate whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining estimated useful lives of definite-lived intangible assets, excluding goodwill, and other long-lived assets may warrant revision or whether the remaining balance of such assets may not be recoverable. We use an estimate of the related undiscounted cash flow over the remaining life of such asset in measuring whether the asset is recoverable. These impairment charges could be significant and could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash available for distribution. We may have difficulty implementing changes to our information technology systems. We have made significant investments to update and improve our information technology systems and expect such investments to continue in order to meet our business needs, including for sourcing acquisition opportunities, managing the maintenance and repair of our properties and enhancing our cybersecurity. Transitioning to new or upgraded systems can create difficulties, including potential disruptions to current processes and security complexities. In addition, our information technology systems may require further modification as we grow and as our business needs change, which could prolong difficulties we experience with transitions. Such significant investments in our systems may take longer to deploy and cost more than originally planned. In addition, we may not realize the full benefits we hoped to achieve and we may need to expend significant attention, time and resources to correct problems or find alternative sources for performing various functions. Difficulties in implementing new or upgraded information technology systems or significant system failures or delays or the failure to successfully modify our systems and respond to changes in our business needs could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Use of social media may adversely impact our reputation and business. The use of social media platforms, including blogs, social media websites and other forms of internet-based communication, has become commonplace. Negative commentary regarding us by third parties may be posted on social media platforms or similar devices at any time and may harm our reputation or business. We also use social media platforms to disseminate information and source acquisition opportunities. As laws and regulations rapidly evolve to govern the use of these platforms and devices, the failure by us, our employees or third parties acting at our direction to abide by applicable laws and regulations in the use of these platforms and devices could adversely impact our business or subject us to fines or other penalties. Furthermore, our reputation and our tenants’ reputations are important to our business. Our reputation affects our ability to access capital, acquire additional properties and recruit and retain talented employees. Our tenants’ reputations affect their ability to continue to operate profitably and make payments under their lease agreements with us on time. There are numerous ways our reputation or our tenants’ reputation could be damaged. These include unethical behavior or misconduct, workplace safety incidents, environmental impact, corporate governance issues, data breaches or human rights records. We or our tenants may experience backlash from customers, government entities, advocacy groups, employees, and other stakeholders that disagree with our operating decisions or public policy positions. If our or our tenants’ reputation is damaged, it could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition or ability to attract the most highly qualified employees. We cannot assure shareholders of our ability to pay dividends in the future. Our ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the risk factors described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Dividends and other distributions made by us will be authorized and determined by our Board of Directors in its sole discretion out of funds legally available therefor and will be dependent upon a number of factors, including restrictions under applicable law and other factors described below. We cannot assure you that future dividends will be made or sustained or that our board of directors will not change our dividend policy in the future. Any dividends or other distributions that we pay in the future will depend upon our actual results of operations, economic conditions, debt service requirements, capital expenditures and other factors that could differ materially from our current expectations. We may also pay a portion of our dividends in common stock. 20 Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure Mr. Spodek and his affiliates own, directly or indirectly, a substantial beneficial interest in our company on a fully diluted basis and have the ability to exercise significant influence on our company and our Operating Partnership, including the approval of significant corporate transactions. Mr. Spodek and his affiliates held approximately 9.4% of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares of common stock as of February 29, 2024. Pursuant to his ownership of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, $0.01 par value per share (the “Voting Equivalency stock”), Mr. Spodek and his affiliates have the ability to influence the outcome of matters presented to our stockholders, including the election of our Board of Directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, including business combinations, consolidations and mergers. Therefore, Mr. Spodek has substantial influence over us and could exercise influence in a manner that is not in the best interests of our other stockholders. This concentration of voting power might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control that our stockholders may view as beneficial. Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of holders of units in our Operating Partnership, which may impede business decisions that could benefit our stockholders. Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between us and our affiliates, on the one hand, and our Operating Partnership or any partner thereof, on the other. Our directors and officers have duties to our company under Maryland law in connection with their management of our company. At the same time, we, as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, have fiduciary duties and obligations to our Operating Partnership and its limited partners under Delaware law and the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership in connection with the management of our Operating Partnership. Our fiduciary duties and obligations as the general partner of our Operating Partnership may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers to our company. Mr. Spodek owns a significant interest in our Operating Partnership as a limited partner and may have conflicts of interest in making decisions that affect both our stockholders and the limited partners of our Operating Partnership. In addition, certain of our executive officers and directors have outside business interests, including in the real estate industry. Their involvement in other businesses and real estate-related activities could divert their attention from our day-to-day operations and also create conflicts of interest in potential acquisitions or other business transactions. The partnership agreement provides that, in the event of a conflict between the interests of our Operating Partnership or any partner, on the one hand, and the separate interests of our company or our stockholders, on the other hand, we, in our capacity as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, are under no obligation not to give priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders, and that any action or failure to act on our part or on the part of our Board of Directors that gives priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders that does not result in a violation of the contract rights of the limited partners of the Operating Partnership under its partnership agreement does not violate the duty of loyalty that we, in our capacity as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, owe to the Operating Partnership and its partners. Additionally, the partnership agreement provides that we will not be liable to the Operating Partnership or any partner for monetary damages for losses sustained, liabilities incurred or benefits not derived by the Operating Partnership or any limited partner, except for liability for our intentional harm or gross negligence. Our Operating Partnership must indemnify us, our directors and officers, officers of our Operating Partnership and our designees from and against any and all claims that relate to the operations of our Operating Partnership, unless (1) an act or omission of the person was material to the matter giving rise to the action and either was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, (2) the person actually received an improper personal benefit in violation or breach of the partnership agreement or (3) in the case of a criminal proceeding, the indemnified person had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. Our Operating Partnership must also pay or reimburse the reasonable expenses of any such person upon its receipt of a written affirmation of the person’s good faith belief that the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification has been met and a written undertaking to repay any amounts paid or advanced if it is ultimately determined that the person did not meet the standard of conduct for indemnification. Our Operating Partnership will not indemnify or advance funds to any person with respect to any action initiated by the person seeking indemnification without our approval (except for any proceeding brought to enforce such person’s right to indemnification under the partnership agreement) or if the person is found to be liable to our Operating Partnership on any portion of any claim in the action. 21 Our charter contains certain provisions restricting the ownership and transfer of our stock that may delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction that might involve a premium price for our Class A common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests. Our charter contains certain ownership limits with respect to our stock. Our charter, among other restrictions, prohibits, subject to certain exceptions, the beneficial or constructive ownership by any person of more than 8.5% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 8.5% of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our preferred stock. Our Board of Directors, in its sole and absolute discretion, may exempt a person, prospectively or retroactively, from this ownership limit if certain conditions are satisfied. This ownership limit as well as other restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock in our charter may: • • discourage a tender offer, proxy contest, or other transactions or a change in management or of control that might result in a premium price for our Class A common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests; and result in the transfer of shares acquired in excess of the restrictions to a trust for the benefit of a charitable beneficiary and, as a result, the forfeiture by the acquirer of certain of the benefits of owning the additional shares. We could increase the number of authorized shares of stock, classify and reclassify unissued stock and issue stock without stockholder approval. Our Board of Directors, without stockholder approval, has the power under our charter to amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we are authorized to issue; provided that our board may not increase the number of shares of Voting Equivalency stock that we have authority to issue or reclassify any shares of our capital stock as Voting Equivalency stock without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock. In addition, under our charter, our Board of Directors, without stockholder approval, has the power to authorize us to issue authorized but unissued shares of our Class A common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our Class A common stock or preferred stock into one or more classes or series of stock and set the preference, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications or terms or conditions of redemption for such newly classified or reclassified shares. As a result, we may issue series or classes of common stock or preferred stock with preferences, dividends, powers and rights, voting or otherwise, that are senior to, or otherwise conflict with, the rights of holders of our Class A common stock. Although our Board of Directors has no such intention at the present time, it could establish a class or series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our Class A common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests. Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law could inhibit changes of control, which may discourage third parties from conducting a tender offer or seeking other change of control transactions that could involve a premium price for our Class A common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests. Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law ("MGCL") may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our Class A common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares, including: • • “business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our shares or an affiliate thereof or an affiliate or associate of ours who was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of our then outstanding voting stock at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question) for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter imposes certain fair price and/or supermajority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and “control share” provisions that provide that holders of “control shares” of our company (defined as shares that, when aggregated with other shares controlled by the stockholder, entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of issued and outstanding “control shares”) have no voting 22 rights with respect to their control shares, except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares. By resolution of our Board of Directors, we have opted out of the business combination provisions of the MGCL and provide that any business combination between us and any other person is exempt from the business combination provisions of the MGCL, provided that the business combination is first approved by our Board of Directors (including a majority of directors who are not affiliates or associates of such persons). In addition, pursuant to a provision in our bylaws, we have opted out of the control share provisions of the MGCL. However, our Board of Directors may by resolution elect to opt into the business combination provisions of the MGCL and we may, by amendment to our bylaws, opt into the control share provisions of the MGCL in the future. Certain provisions of the MGCL permit our Board of Directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain corporate governance provisions, some of which (for example, a classified board) are not currently applicable to us. If implemented, these provisions may have the effect of limiting or precluding a third party from making an unsolicited acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our Class A common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price. Our charter contains a provision whereby we elect, at such time as we become eligible to do so, to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL relating to the filling of vacancies on our Board of Directors. Our bylaws designate the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees. Our bylaws generally provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland (or in certain circumstances, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Northern Division) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders with respect to our company, our directors, our officers or our employees. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the stockholder believes is favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage meritorious claims from being asserted against us and our directors, officers and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our bylaws inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. We adopted this provision because Maryland judges have more experience in dealing with issues of Maryland corporate law than judges in any other state and we believe it makes it less likely that we will be forced to incur the expense of defending duplicative actions in multiple forums and less likely that plaintiffs’ attorneys will be able to employ such litigation to coerce us into otherwise unjustified settlements. Certain provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us. Provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay, or make more difficult, unsolicited acquisitions of us or changes of our control. These provisions could discourage third parties from making proposals involving an unsolicited acquisition of us or change of our control, although some of our stockholders might consider such proposals, if made, desirable. These provisions include, among others: • • • • redemption rights; a requirement that we may not be removed as the general partner of our Operating Partnership without our consent; transfer restrictions on OP Units; our ability, as general partner, in some cases, to amend the partnership agreement and to cause the Operating Partnership to issue units with terms that could delay, defer or prevent a merger or other change of control of us or our Operating Partnership without the consent of the limited partners; and 23 • the right of the limited partners to consent to direct or indirect transfers of the general partnership interest, including as a result of a merger or a sale of all or substantially all of our assets, in the event that such transfer requires approval by our common stockholders. As of February 29, 2024, Mr. Spodek and his affiliates owned approximately 37.5% of the outstanding OP Units (including LTIP Units) that are not owned by us and approximately 3.9% of the outstanding shares of our Class A common stock and all of the Voting Equivalency stock, which together represent an approximate 10.6% beneficial economic interest in our Company on a fully diluted basis. Tax protection agreements may limit our ability to sell or otherwise dispose of certain properties and may require our Operating Partnership to maintain certain debt levels that otherwise would not be required to operate our business. In connection with contributions of properties to our Operating Partnership, our Operating Partnership has entered and may in the future enter into tax protection agreements under which it agrees to minimize the tax consequences to the contributing partners resulting from the sale or other disposition of the contributed properties. Tax protection agreements may make it economically prohibitive to sell any properties that are subject to such agreements even though it may otherwise be in our stockholders’ best interests to do so. In addition, we may be required to maintain a minimum level of indebtedness throughout the term of any tax protection agreement regardless of whether such debt levels are otherwise required to operate our business or provide certain of our contributors the opportunity to guarantee debt or enter into a deficit restoration obligations upon a future repayment, retirement, refinancing or other reduction (other than scheduled amortization) of currently outstanding debt prior to the tenth anniversary of the completion of our formation transactions. If we fail to make such opportunities available, we will be required to deliver to each such contributor a cash payment intended to approximate the contributor’s tax liability resulting from our failure to make such opportunities available to that contributor and the tax liabilities incurred as a result of such tax protection payment. Nevertheless, we have entered and may in the future enter into tax protection agreements to assist contributors of properties to our Operating Partnership in deferring the recognition of taxable gain as a result of and after any such contribution. Our Board of Directors may change our strategies, policies and procedures without stockholder approval, and we may become more highly leveraged, which may increase our risk of default under our debt obligations. Our investment, financing, leverage and distribution policies, and our policies with respect to all other activities, including growth, capitalization and operations, will be determined exclusively by our Board of Directors, and may be amended or revised at any time by our Board of Directors without notice to or a vote of our stockholders. This could result in us conducting operational matters, making investments or pursuing different business or growth strategies than those contemplated in this report. Further, our charter and bylaws do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness, funded or otherwise, that we may incur. Our Board of Directors may alter or eliminate our current policy on borrowing at any time without stockholder approval. If this policy changed, we could become more highly leveraged which could result in an increase in our debt service. Higher leverage also increases the risk of default on our obligations. In addition, a change in our investment policies, including the manner in which we allocate our resources across our portfolio or the types of assets in which we seek to invest, may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, real estate market fluctuations and liquidity risk. Changes to our policies with regards to the foregoing could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited. Under Maryland law, generally, a director will not be liable if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. In addition, our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from: • • actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action adjudicated. Our charter requires us to indemnify, and advance expenses to, each director and officer, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service to us. We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors whereby we will indemnify our directors and executive officers to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland law 24 against all expenses and liabilities incurred in their capacity as an officer and/or director, subject to limited exceptions. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist absent the current provisions in our charter or that might exist with other companies. We are a holding company with no direct operations and, as such, we rely on funds received from our Operating Partnership to pay liabilities, and the interests of our stockholders are structurally subordinated to all liabilities and obligations of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. We are a holding company and conduct substantially all of our operations through our Operating Partnership. We do not have, apart from an interest in our Operating Partnership, any independent operations. As a result, we rely on cash distributions from our Operating Partnership to pay any dividends we declare on shares of our Class A common stock. We also rely on distributions from our Operating Partnership to meet any of our obligations, including any tax liability on taxable income allocated to us from our Operating Partnership. In addition, because we are a holding company, your claims as a stockholder will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and obligations (whether or not for borrowed money) of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, our assets and those of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the claims of our stockholders only after all of our and our Operating Partnership’s and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full. Our Operating Partnership may issue additional OP Units to third parties without the consent of our stockholders, which would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and could have a dilutive effect on the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders. As of February 29, 2024, approximately 19.7% of the outstanding OP Units (including the LTIP Units) of our Operating Partnership were held by third parties. We may, in connection with our acquisition of properties or otherwise, continue to issue additional OP Units to third parties. Such issuances would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and could affect the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders. Holders of OP Units do not have any voting rights with respect to any such issuances or other partnership level activities of our Operating Partnership. Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT Failure to remain qualified as a REIT would cause us to be taxed as a regular corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for distributions to our stockholders. We have elected and intend to continue to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856-860 of the Code commencing with our short taxable year ended December 31, 2019. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex tax rules, for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. The fact that we hold substantially all our assets through a partnership further complicates the application of the REIT requirements. Even a seemingly minor technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Our REIT status depends upon various factual matters and circumstances that may not be entirely within our control. Moreover, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, certain qualification tests set forth in the federal tax laws. For example, in order to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of our gross income in any year must be derived from qualifying sources, such as rents from real property, and we must satisfy a number of requirements regarding the composition of our assets. Also, we must make distributions to stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. No assurances can be given that our actual results of operations for any particular taxable year will satisfy such requirements. In addition, new legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions, each of which could have retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT, or could reduce the desirability of an investment in a REIT relative to other investments. We have not requested and do not plan to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Services (the "IRS") that we qualify as a REIT, and the statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not binding on the IRS or any court. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in qualifying as a REIT. 25 If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT in any taxable year, we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available for distributions to our stockholders because: • we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates; • we could be subject to increased state and local taxes; and • unless we are entitled to relief under certain federal income tax laws, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT. In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and it would adversely affect the value of our Class A common stock. Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to some U.S. federal, state and local income, property and excise taxes on our income or property, including tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of foreclosure, and state or local income, property and transfer taxes, and, in certain cases, a 100% penalty tax, in the event we sell property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. In addition, our TRS is subject to tax as a regular corporation in the jurisdictions in which it operates, which would decrease cash available for distributions to stockholders. Failure to make required distributions would subject us to federal corporate income tax. We have operated and intend to continue to operate so as to maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally are required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains, each year to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% non-deductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under the Code. Differences in timing between the recognition of income and the related cash receipts, limitations on our ability or the ability of our subsidiaries to deduct interest expense from borrowings under Section 163(j) of the Code or the effect of required debt amortization payments could require us to borrow or raise capital on terms we regard as unfavorable, or sell assets at prices or at times we regard as unfavorable to distribute out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax in a particular year. Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments. To maintain qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our capital stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance. In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities, securities of TRSs and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities, securities of TRSs and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by the securities of one or more TRSs. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders. 26 The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to dispose of our properties. A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We may be subject to the prohibited transaction tax equal to 100% of net gain upon a disposition of real property. Although a safe harbor to the characterization of the sale of real property by a REIT as a prohibited transaction is available, we cannot assure you that we can comply with the safe harbor or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Consequently, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of our properties or may conduct such sales through our TRS, which would be subject to federal and state income taxation. We could be affected by tax liabilities or earnings and profits of our predecessor. A portion of our predecessor, UPH, that was taxable as a C corporation merged into us as a part of our formation transactions. As a result of the merger, any unpaid tax liabilities of such taxable C corporation were transferred to us. Under an indemnification agreement, Mr. Spodek and his affiliates are required to make a payment to us in the event that there is a final determination of any such tax liabilities. If Mr. Spodek and his affiliates do not make such payment, we would be responsible for paying such tax liabilities, which would decrease cash available for distributions to stockholders. There are uncertainties relating to the estimate of the accumulated earnings and profits attributable to UPH. Because a portion of our predecessor, UPH, was a C corporation, to qualify as a REIT, we were required to distribute to our stockholders prior to the end of the taxable year ended December 31, 2019 all of UPH’s accumulated earnings and profits attributable taxable years prior to our formation transactions. Based on an earnings and profits study we obtained from an accounting firm, we do not believe that we had any accumulated earnings and profits attributable to UPH. While we believe that we satisfied the requirements relating to the distribution of UPH’s earnings and profits, the determination of the amount of accumulated earnings and profits attributable to UPH is a complex factual and legal determination. There are substantial uncertainties relating to the computation of our accumulated earnings and profits attributable to UPH, including our interpretation of the applicable law differently from the IRS. In addition, the IRS could, in auditing UPH’s tax years through the effective date of the merger with us, successfully assert that our taxable income should be increased, which could increase our earnings and profits attributable to UPH. Although there are procedures available to cure a failure to distribute all of our non- REIT earnings and profits, we cannot determine now whether we will be able to take advantage of them or the economic impact to us of doing so. If it is determined that we had undistributed non-REIT earnings and profits as of the end of any taxable year in which we elect to qualify as a REIT, and we are unable to cure the failure to distribute such earnings and profits, then we would fail to qualify as a REIT under the Code. A sale of assets acquired as part of the merger between us and UPH within five years after the merger would result in corporate income tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders. If we sell any asset that we acquired as part of the merger between us and UPH within five years after the merger and recognize a taxable gain on the sale, we will be taxed at the highest corporate rate on an amount equal to the lesser of: • • the amount of gain that we recognize at the time of the sale; or the amount of gain that we would have recognized if we had sold the asset at the time of the merger for its then fair market value. This rule potentially could inhibit us from selling assets acquired as part of the merger within five years after the merger. The ability of our Board of Directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders. Our charter provides that our Board of Directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to qualify as a REIT, we would become subject to federal income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on our total return to our stockholders. 27 Our transactions with our TRS will cause us to be subject to a 100% penalty tax on certain income or deductions if those transactions are not conducted on arm’s-length terms. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. In addition, the Code limits the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation and, in certain circumstances, other limitations on deductibility may apply. The Code also imposes a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. Our TRS will be subject to applicable federal, foreign, state and local income tax on its taxable income, and its after- tax net income will be available for distribution to us but is not required to be distributed to us. We believe that the aggregate value of the stock and securities of our TRS will be less than 20% of the value of our total assets (including our TRS stock and securities). Furthermore, we will monitor the value of our respective investments in our TRS for the purpose of ensuring compliance with TRS ownership limitations and will structure our transactions with our TRS on terms that we believe are arm’s length to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to comply with the 20% limitation discussed above or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax. You may be restricted from acquiring or transferring certain amounts of our Class A common stock. The restrictions on ownership and transfer in our charter may inhibit market activity in our capital stock and restrict our business combination opportunities. In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT for each taxable year, five or fewer individuals, as defined in the Code, may not own, beneficially or constructively, more than 50% in value of our issued and outstanding stock at any time during the last half of a taxable year. Attribution rules in the Code determine if any individual or entity beneficially or constructively owns our capital stock under this requirement. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year for each taxable year. To help ensure that we meet these tests, our charter restricts the acquisition and ownership of shares of our capital stock. Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our Board of Directors to take such actions as are necessary to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Unless exempted by our Board of Directors, our charter prohibits any person, other than Mr. Spodek, from beneficially or constructively owning more than 8.5% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 8.5% in value of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our preferred stock. Our charter permits Mr. Spodek to own up to 15.0% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding shares of common stock. Our Board of Directors may not grant an exemption from this restriction to any proposed transferee whose ownership would result in our failing to qualify as a REIT. This as well as other restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply, however, if our Board of Directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT. Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates on dividend income from regular corporations. Qualified dividend income payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is subject to the reduced maximum tax rate applicable to capital gains. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced qualified dividend rates. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2026, non-corporate taxpayers may deduct up to 20% of certain pass-through business income, including “qualified REIT dividends” (generally, dividends received by a REIT shareholder that are not designated as capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income), subject to certain limitations. Although the reduced federal income tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income does not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our Class A common stock. Tax rates could be changed in future legislation. If our Operating Partnership failed to qualify as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, we would cease to qualify as a REIT and suffer other adverse consequences. We believe that our Operating Partnership has been and will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, our Operating Partnership generally will not be subject to federal income tax on its income. Instead, 28 each of its partners, including us, will be allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of our Operating Partnership’s income. We cannot assure you, however, that the IRS will not challenge the status of our Operating Partnership or any other subsidiary partnership in which we own an interest as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in treating our Operating Partnership or any such other subsidiary partnership as an entity taxable as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, we could fail to meet the gross income tests and certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs and, accordingly, we would likely cease to qualify as a REIT. Also, the failure of our Operating Partnership or any subsidiary partnerships to qualify as a partnership could cause it to become subject to federal and state corporate income tax, which would reduce significantly the amount of cash available for debt service and for distribution to its partners, including us. To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions, and the unavailability of such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, may cause us to curtail our investment activities or dispose of assets at inopportune times and/or on unfavorable terms, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. In order to qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our stockholders, on an annual basis, at least 90% of our “REIT taxable income,” determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. In addition, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the regular corporate rate to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income (including net capital gains) and will be subject to a 4% non-deductible excise tax on the amount by which our distributions in any calendar year are less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal income tax laws. We intend to continue to distribute our net income to our stockholders in a manner intended to satisfy the REIT 90% distribution requirement and to avoid U.S. federal income tax and the 4% non-deductible excise tax. In addition, from time to time our taxable income may exceed our net income as determined by GAAP. This may occur, for instance, because realized capital losses are deducted in determining our GAAP net income, but may not be deductible in computing our taxable income. In addition, we may incur non-deductible capital expenditures or be required to make debt or amortization payments. As a result of the foregoing, we may generate less cash flow than taxable income in a particular year and we may incur U.S. federal income tax and the 4% non-deductible excise tax on that income if we do not distribute such income to stockholders in that year. In that event, we may be required to (i) use cash reserves, (ii) incur debt at rates or times that we regard as unfavorable, (iii) sell assets in adverse market conditions, (iv) distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt, or (v) make a taxable distribution of our shares as part of a distribution in which stockholders may elect to receive our shares or (subject to a limit measured as a percentage of the total distribution) cash in order to satisfy the REIT 90% distribution requirement and to avoid U.S. federal income tax and the 4% non-deductible excise tax in that year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to grow, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Covenants in our agreements for our Credit Facilities or other borrowings may restrict our ability to pay distributions which could cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are generally required under the Code to distribute annually at least 90% of our net taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains. In addition, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income, including any net capital gains. Under agreements for our Credit Facilities or other borrowings, we may be subject to various financial covenants that may inhibit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, which could restrict us from making sufficient distributions to maintain our REIT status. New legislation or administrative or judicial action, in each instance potentially with retroactive effect, could adversely affect us or our stockholders. The federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time, which could affect the federal income tax treatment of an investment in us. The federal income tax rules dealing with REITs constantly are under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, which could result in statutory changes as well as frequent revisions to regulations and interpretations. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any new federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation. 29 General Risk Factors An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities. One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our securities is our dividend rate as a percentage of our share or unit price, relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may desire a higher dividend or interest rate on our securities or seek securities paying higher dividends or interest. The market price of our Class A common stock likely will be based primarily on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and income with respect to our properties and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from the market value or underlying appraised value of the properties or investments themselves. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions can affect the market price of our Class A common stock. For instance, if interest rates rise without an increase in our dividend rate, the market price of our Class A common stock could decrease because potential investors may require a higher dividend yield on our Class A common stock as market rates on interest-bearing securities, such as bonds, rise. In addition, rising interest rates would result in increased interest expense on our variable rate debt, thereby adversely affecting cash flow and our ability to service our indebtedness and pay dividends. Inflation may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In recent years, the consumer price index has increased substantially. Federal policies and recent global events, such as the rising price of oil and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, may have exacerbated, and may continue to exacerbate, increases in the consumer price index. A sustained increase in inflation could have an adverse impact on our operating and general and administrative expenses, interest expense and real estate acquisition costs. Similarly, professional service fees are also subject to the impact of inflation and expected to increase proportionately with increasing market prices for such services. During inflationary periods, these costs could increase at a rate higher than our rental revenue. Inflation could also have an adverse effect on consumer spending, which could adversely impact demand for postal services and therefore the demand for postal properties. Increased costs may also have an adverse impact on our tenants if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in revenue, which may adversely affect the tenants’ ability to pay rent owed to us. While certain of our leases contain provisions, such as rent escalators, designed to mitigate the adverse impact of inflation, the increases in rent provided by many of our leases may not keep up with the rate of inflation. Similarly, periodic rental increases through lease renewal may not adequately protect us from the impact of inflation. If our operating and other expenses are increasing faster than anticipated due to inflation, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distributions and our ability to service our debt obligations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, historically, during periods of increasing interest rates, real estate valuations have generally decreased as a result of rising capitalization rates, which tend to be positively correlated with interest rates. Consequently, prolonged periods of higher interest rates may negatively impact the valuation of our portfolio and result in the decline of the quoted trading price of our securities and market capitalization, as well as lower sales proceeds from future dispositions. 30 Changes in accounting pronouncements could adversely impact our reported financial performance. Accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. From time to time the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the SEC, which create and interpret appropriate accounting standards, may change the financial accounting and reporting standards or their interpretation and application of these standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes could have a material impact on our reported financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in reclassifying or restating prior period financial statements. We could be adversely impacted if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting. Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. There can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that may occur in the future could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements or otherwise adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, or the market price of our Class A common stock and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to the holders of our Class A common stock. Future offerings of equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our Class A common stock for the purposes of dividend distributions, may adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock. In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making additional offerings of equity securities, including classes of preferred or common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our Class A common stock, or both. Preferred stock or units could have a preference on liquidating distributions or a preference on dividend or distribution payments that could limit our ability to make a dividend distribution to the holders of our common stock and common units. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our Class A common stock and diluting their holdings in us. The market price of our Class A common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile and has declined, and may continue to decline, which may result in a substantial or complete loss of your investment in our Class A common stock. The stock markets have previously and recently experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our Class A common stock has been and could be similarly volatile in the future, and investors in our Class A common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their investments, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. The market price of our Class A common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of factors, including: • • • • • • • our operating performance and the performance of other similar companies; the operating performance of the USPS; actual or anticipated differences in our operating results; changes in our revenues or earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts; publication of research reports about us or our industry by securities analysts; additions and departures of key personnel; strategic decisions by us or our competitors, such as mergers and acquisitions, divestments, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments or changes in business strategy; 31 • • • • • • • the passage of legislation or other regulatory developments or executive policies that adversely affect us or our industry; speculation in the press or investment community; actions by institutional stockholders; changes in accounting principles; terrorist acts; general market conditions, including factors unrelated to our performance; and pandemics and epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and the related governmental and economic responses thereto. In addition, while we expect to continue to make regular quarterly distributions to the holders of our Class A common stock, if sufficient cash is not available for distribution from our operations, we may have to fund distributions from working capital or net proceeds from asset sales, borrow to provide funds for such distributions, or reduce the amount of such distributions. To the extent we borrow to fund distributions, our future interest costs would increase, thereby reducing our earnings and cash available for distribution from what they otherwise would have been. If cash available for distribution generated by our assets is less than expected, or if such cash available for distribution decreases in future periods from expected levels, our inability to make distributions, or to make distributions at expected levels, could result in a decrease in the market price of our Class A common stock. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in their stock price. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources. Future sales of our Class A common stock, preferred stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our Class A common stock could depress the market price of our Class A common stock. We cannot predict whether future sales of our Class A common stock, preferred stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our Class A common stock or the availability of these securities for resale in the open market will decrease the market price of our Class A common stock. Sales of a substantial number of these securities in the public market, including sales upon the redemption of OP Units, or the perception that these sales might occur, may cause the market price of our common shares to decline and you could lose all or a portion of your investment. Future issuances of our Class A common stock, preferred stock, or other securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our Class A common stock, including, without limitation, OP Units, in connection with property, portfolio or business acquisitions and issuances of equity-based awards to participants in our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, could have an adverse effect on the market price of our Class A common stock. Future issuances of these securities also could adversely affect the terms upon which we obtain additional capital through the sale of equity securities. In addition, future sales or issuances of our Class A common stock may be dilutive to existing stockholders. We face cybersecurity risks and risks associated with security breaches. We face cybersecurity risks and risks associated with security breaches or disruptions, such as through physical or electronic break-ins, cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to emails, social engineering and phishing schemes or persons inside our organization. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions, including by computer hackers, nation-state affiliated actors, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. These incidents may result in disruption of our operations, delays or interruptions to our ability to meet tenant needs, material harm to our financial condition, cash flows and the market price of our common shares, misappropriation of assets, compromise or corruption of confidential information collected in the course of conducting our business, liability for stolen information or assets, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs, regulatory enforcement, litigation, inability to access or rely upon critical business records and damage to our stakeholder relationships. These risks require continuous and likely increasing attention and other resources from us to, among other actions, identify and quantify these risks, upgrade and expand our technologies, systems and processes to adequately address them and provide periodic training for our employees and contractors to assist them in detecting phishing, malware and other schemes. Such 32 attention diverts time and other resources from other activities and there is no assurance that our efforts will be effective. There can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Even the most well protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases, are designed to not be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, and thus it is impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk. Additionally, we rely on third-party service providers in our conduct of day-to-day property management, leasing and other activities at our properties and we can provide no assurance that the networks and systems that our third-party vendors have established or used will be effective. In the normal course of business, we and our service providers (including service providers engaged in providing property management, leasing, accounting and/or payroll services) collect and retain certain personal information provided by our tenants, employees and vendors. We also rely extensively on computer systems to process transactions and manage our business. We can provide no assurance that the data security measures designed to protect confidential information on our systems established by us and our service providers will be able to prevent unauthorized access to this personal information. We maintain cyber liability insurance; however, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover the financial, legal, business, or reputational losses that may result from an interruption or breach of our systems. Some of our employees also work remotely, which could introduce additional cybersecurity risks. There can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of the information we and our service providers collect and our and their computer systems will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging with the potential for disruption in our operations, material harm to our financial condition, cash flows and the market price of our common shares, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs, regulatory enforcement, litigation and damage to our stakeholder relationships. Third-party expectations relating to environmental, social and governance factors may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks. Certain investors may use environmental, social and governance factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in our securities if they believe our policies relating to corporate responsibility are inadequate. Third-party providers of corporate responsibility ratings and reports on companies have increased in number, resulting in varied and in some cases inconsistent standards. In addition, the criteria by which corporate responsibility practices are assessed are evolving, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy such new criteria. We may face reputational damage in the event that our corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies. In addition, in the event that we communicate certain initiatives and goals regarding environmental, social and governance matters, we could fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of such initiatives or goals, or we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders or our initiatives are not executed as planned, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY Risk Management and Strategy Our various corporate information technology, accounting and financial reporting platforms, enterprise applications and related systems (our “Information Systems”) are necessary for our business. We use these systems, among others, to manage key aspects of our business, including relationships with our tenants and vendors, accounting, acquisitions, internal and external communications and property and asset management. We also rely on the secure collection, storage, transmission and processing of proprietary, confidential and sensitive data related to our business (our “Sensitive Data”). We utilize a third-party managed information technology service provider (the “MSP”) for cybersecurity services, including threat detection and response, vulnerability assessment and monitoring, security incident response and recovery and general cybersecurity education and awareness. Our cybersecurity risk management is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across our enterprise risk management. We and our MSP identify, assess and manage material cybersecurity threats and risks to our Information Systems and Sensitive Data through the following, among others: 33 • • • a multidisciplinary team, including a dedicated technology committee (the “Technology Committee”) comprising members from senior management, asset management and accounting and legal functions, in conjunction with our MSP and other third-party service vendors, to identify, assess and manage cybersecurity threats and risks; various internal processes and procedures to monitor and evaluate threat environment and our risk profile using methods such as manual and automated tools, subscribing to reports and services that identify and analyze cybersecurity threats, conducting scans of the threat environment, evaluating our industry’s risk profile, utilizing internal and external audits and conducting threat and vulnerability assessments; various technical, physical and organizational processes and policies to manage and mitigate material cybersecurity risks, such as risk assessments, incident detection and response, vulnerability management, disaster recovery and business continuity plans, internal controls within our accounting and financial reporting functions, encryption of data, network security controls, access controls, physical security, asset management, systems monitoring, vendor risk management program, employee training and penetration testing; and • working with third-party vendors from time to time that assist us to identify, assess and manage cybersecurity risks, such as professional services firms and penetration testing firms. For third-party service vendors that perform a variety of important functions for our business, we seek to engage reliable, reputable service vendors that maintain cybersecurity programs. Depending on the nature and risk profile of the services provided and the sensitivity of information processed, we may from time to time conduct a review of the cybersecurity practices of such vendor, contractually imposing obligations on the vendor and conducting periodic reassessments during their engagement. We are currently not aware of any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any cybersecurity incidents, which have materially affected or, to our knowledge, are reasonably likely to materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See to Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this annual report on Form 10-K, including “We face cybersecurity risks and risks associated with security breaches”, for additional discussion about cybersecurity-related risks. Governance Our Board of Directors oversees our strategy and risk management, including material cybersecurity risks. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Audit Committee”) oversees our cybersecurity and information technology risk exposures, as well as our cybersecurity and information technology policies and programs, in accordance with its charter. The Audit Committee holds quarterly meetings and receives periodic reports from, and also engages in regular discussions with, management and also our MSP regarding our significant cybersecurity risk exposures and the measures implemented to monitor and control these risks. Our Technology Committee also meets at least quarterly to assess cybersecurity risks and prepares reports to the Audit Committee. A number of members of our Technology Committee have gained relevant knowledge, skills and experience in information technology and cybersecurity risk management, including overseeing third-party vendors in such areas, over their careers at the Company or other organizations. Management is responsible for hiring and overseeing third-party vendors related to cybersecurity and integrating cybersecurity risk considerations into our overall risk management strategy. Our internal cybersecurity incident response processes are designed to escalate cybersecurity incidents to members of management depending on the circumstances and reporting to the Audit Committee for certain cybersecurity incidents, which also allows decisions regarding the public disclosure and reporting of such incidents to be made by management, the Audit Committee and the Board in a timely manner. 34 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES As of December 31, 2023, we owned a portfolio of 1,509 properties located in 49 states and one territory, comprising approximately of 5.9 million net leasable interior square feet. Our properties are leased primarily to the USPS. The following map shows our footprint of owned properties as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we also managed an additional 397 properties owned by our chief executive officer and his affiliates. Information regarding our properties as of December 31, 2023 are included in Item 15. “Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules—Schedule III. Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 35 Scheduled Lease Expirations As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining years to maturity pursuant to our leases with the USPS was approximately three years, with expirations through 2031, assuming tenants do not exercise any existing renewal, termination or purchase options. The table below details scheduled lease expirations, as of December 31, 2023, for our properties for the periods indicated. Year 2023(2)(3) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Totals Explanatory Notes: Number of Leases Expiring Total Lease Square Footage % Amount Annualized Lease Revenue(1) 88 107 217 302 431 109 124 127 6 1,511 619,182 474,895 618,453 1,099,533 1,372,088 324,231 427,532 890,854 35,800 5,862,568 Amount 4,077,999 4,851,676 7,306,019 10,823,220 14,094,974 4,018,369 4,641,361 4,863,592 258,126 100.0 % $ 54,935,336 10.6 % 8.1 % 10.5 % 18.8 % 23.4 % 5.5 % 7.3 % 15.2 % 0.6 % % 7.4 % 8.8 % 13.3 % 19.7 % 25.7 % 7.3 % 8.4 % 8.9 % 0.5 % 100.0 % (1) Annualized contractual rent in effect on December 31, 2023 for all of our leases (including those accounted for as direct financing leases). (2) Includes approximately 588,000 of interior lease square footage occupied by month-to-month holdover leases or leases that expired during the year ended December 31, 2023. Holdover rent is typically paid as the greater of estimated market rent or the rent amount due under the expired lease. (3) Includes a property for which we received notice in August 2023 from the USPS to terminate the lease for such property, which termination became effective in February 2024. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We and our subsidiaries are, from time to time, parties to litigation arising from the ordinary course of their business. We are not presently subject to any material litigation nor, to our knowledge, is any other litigation threatened against us, other than routine actions for negligence or other claims and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which are expected to be covered by liability insurance and all of which collectively are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations or business or financial condition. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not Applicable. 36 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information Our Class A common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “PSTL”. As of February 29, 2024, there were 22,511,828 shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding and four stockholders of record. This number of stockholders of record does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of our Class A common stock because shares of our Class A common stock are frequently held in “street name” by securities dealers and others for the benefit of beneficial owners who may vote the shares. In addition, as of February 29, 2024, there were 27,206 shares of Voting Equivalency stock issued and outstanding and 5,581,207 OP Units and LTIP units held by limited partners other than the Company outstanding. All shares of Voting Equivalency stock issued and outstanding are held by Mr. Spodek and his affiliates. No public trading market exists for such shares or units. We intend to continue to declare quarterly dividends on our Class A common stock. The actual amount and timing of dividends, however, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our financial condition in addition to the requirements of the Code, and no assurance can be given as to the amounts or timing of future distributions. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The information required by Item 5 is incorporated by reference to our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 annual stockholders’ meeting. ITEM 6. RESERVED ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis is based on, and should be read in conjunction with, the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto of the Company as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. This management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the risks, uncertainties and assumptions associated with those statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and included in other portions of this report. Overview Company We were formed as a Maryland corporation on November 19, 2018 and commenced operations upon completion of our IPO and the related formation transactions. We conduct our business through a traditional UPREIT structure in which our properties are owned by our Operating Partnership directly or through limited partnerships, limited liability companies or other subsidiaries. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we acquired 223 properties leased to the USPS for approximately $78 million, excluding closing costs. As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio consists of 1,509 owned properties, located in 49 states and one territory and comprising approximately 5.9 million net leasable interior square feet. We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership through which our properties are directly or indirectly owned. As of February 29, 2024, we owned approximately 80.3% of our outstanding OP Units, including LTIP Units. Our Board of Directors oversees our business and affairs. 37 ATM Program On November 4, 2022, we entered into separate open market sale agreements with each of Jefferies LLC, BMO Capital Markets Corp., Janney Montgomery Scott LLC, Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and Truist Securities, Inc. as agents, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time, shares of our Class A common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $50.0 million. On August 8, 2023, we amended the ATM Program to increase the aggregate offering amount under the program from up to $50.0 million to up to $150.0 million. The agreements also provide that we may enter into one or more forward sale agreements under separate master forward confirmations and related supplemental confirmations with affiliates of certain agents. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 1,861,407 shares were issued under the ATM Program, raising approximately $27.8 million in gross proceeds. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $114.1 million of availability remaining under the ATM Program. Executive Overview We are an internally managed REIT with a focus on acquiring and managing properties leased primarily to the USPS, ranging from last-mile post offices to industrial facilities. We believe the overall opportunity for consolidation that exists within the postal logistics network is very attractive. We continue to execute our strategy to acquire and consolidate postal properties that we believe will generate strong earnings for our shareholders. Geographic Concentration As of December 31, 2023, we owned a portfolio of 1,509 properties located in 49 states and one territory and leased primarily to the USPS. For the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 13.2% of our total rental income was concentrated in Pennsylvania. Emerging Growth Company We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the "JOBS Act"), and we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, the JOBS Act also provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We have availed ourselves of these exemptions; although, subject to certain restrictions, we may elect to stop availing ourselves of these exemptions in the future even while we remain an “emerging growth company.” We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which our total annual revenue equals or exceeds $1.235 billion (subject to periodic adjustment for inflation), (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our IPO, (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act. We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Regulation S-K under the Securities Act and have elected to take advantage of certain scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We elected to be treated as a REIT under the Code beginning with our short taxable year ended December 31, 2019 and intend to continue to qualify as a REIT. As long as we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax to the extent that we distribute our taxable income for each tax year to our stockholders. Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations The USPS We are dependent on the USPS’ financial and operational stability. The USPS is currently facing a variety of circumstances that are threatening its ability to fund its operations and other obligations as currently conducted without 38 intervention by the federal government. The USPS is constrained by laws and regulations that restrict revenue sources and pricing, mandate certain expenses and cap its borrowing capacity. As a result, among other consequences, the USPS is unable to fund its mandated expenses and continues to be subject to mandated payments to its retirement system and benefits. While the USPS has recently undertaken, and proposes to undertake, a number of operational reforms and cost reduction measures, such as higher rates and slower deliveries for certain services and closure, relocation or consolidation of certain facilities and delivery routes, the USPS has taken the position such measures alone will not be sufficient to maintain its ability to meet all of its existing obligations when due or allow it to make the critical infrastructure investments that have been deferred in recent years. These measures have also led to significant criticism and litigation, which may result in reputational or financial harm or increased regulatory scrutiny of the USPS or reduced demand for its services. The occurrence of a regional epidemic or a global pandemic, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and measures taken to prevent its spread may also have a material and unpredictable effect on the USPS’ operations and liquidity, including significant additional operating expenses caused by pandemic-related disruptions. The lingering effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and other geopolitical and economic factors have also created significant inflationary pressures resulting in higher compensation, benefits, transportation and fuel costs for the USPS. If the USPS becomes unable to meet its financial obligations or its revenue declines due to reduced demand for its services, the USPS may reduce its demand for leasing postal properties, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. For additional information regarding the risks associated with the USPS, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors— Risks Related to the USPS". Revenues We derive revenues primarily from rent and tenant reimbursements under leases with the USPS for our properties and fee and other from the management of postal properties owned by Mr. Spodek and his affiliates, income recognized from properties accounted for as financing leases and revenue from providing certain advisory services. Rental income represents the lease revenue recognized under the leases primarily with the USPS which includes the impact of above and below market lease intangibles as well as reimbursements to us made by our tenants for the real estate taxes paid at each property where tenants are responsible for such taxes under the leases. Certain of our leases include annual rent escalators. Fee and other principally represents (i) revenue our TRS received from postal properties owned by Mr. Spodek and his affiliates pursuant to the management agreements and is a percentage of the lease revenue for the managed properties, (ii) revenue our TRS received from providing advisory services to third-party owners of postal properties and (iii) income recognized from properties accounted for as financing leases. As of December 31, 2023, properties leased to our tenants had an average remaining lease term of approximately three years. Factors that could affect our rental income and fee and other in the future include, but are not limited to: (i) our ability to renew or replace expiring leases and management agreements; (ii) local, regional or national economic conditions; (iii) an oversupply of, or a reduction in demand for, postal space; (iv) changes in market rental rates; (v) changes to the USPS’ current property leasing program or form of lease; and (vi) our ability to provide adequate services and maintenance at our properties and managed properties. Operating Expenses We lease our properties primarily to the USPS. The majority of our leases are modified double-net leases, whereby the tenant is responsible for utilities, certain maintenance obligations and reimbursement of property taxes and the landlord is responsible for insurance, roof and structure. Thus, an increase in costs related to the landlord’s responsibilities under these leases could negatively influence our operating results. Refer to “Lease Renewal” below for further discussion. Operating expenses generally consist of real estate taxes, property operating expenses, which consist of insurance, repairs and maintenance (other than those for which the tenant is responsible), property maintenance-related payroll and depreciation and amortization. Factors that may affect our ability to control these operating costs include but are not limited to: the cost of periodic repair, age and durability of our properties, renovation costs, landlord’s responsibilities under the leases, the cost of re-leasing space, inflation and the potential for liability under applicable laws. Recoveries from the tenant are recognized as revenue on an accrual basis over the periods in which the related expenditures are incurred. Tenant reimbursements and the related property operating expenses are recognized on a gross basis, because (i) generally, we are the primary obligor with respect to the real estate taxes and (ii) we bear the credit risk in the event the tenant does not reimburse the real estate taxes. The expenses of owning and operating a property are not necessarily reduced when circumstances, such as market factors and competition, cause a reduction in income from the property. If revenues drop, we may not be able to reduce our expenses accordingly. Costs associated with real estate investments generally will not be materially reduced even if a property is not fully occupied or other circumstances cause our revenues to decrease. As a result, if revenues decrease in the future, static operating costs may adversely affect our future cash flow and results of operations. 39 General and Administrative Expense General and administrative expense represents personnel costs, professional fees, legal fees, insurance, consulting fees, information technology costs and other expenses related to our day-to-day activities of being a public company. While we expect that our general and administrative expenses will continue to rise as our portfolio grows, we expect that such expenses as a percentage of our revenues will decrease over time due to efficiencies and economies of scale. Equity-Based Compensation Expense All equity-based compensation expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and is recognized Comprehensive Income as components of general and administrative expense and property operating expenses. We issue share- based awards to align our directors’ and employees’ interests with those of our investors. Indebtedness and Interest Expense On August 9, 2021, we entered into a $150.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") and a $50.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "2021 Term Loan"). On May 11, 2022, we amended the Credit Facilities (the "First Amendment") to, among other things, add a new $75.0 million senior unsecured delayed draw term loan facility (the "2022 Term Loan" and, together with the Revolving Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan, the “Credit Facilities”), replace LIBOR with SOFR as the benchmark interest rate and allow for a decrease in the applicable margin by 0.02% if we achieve certain sustainability targets. On December 6, 2022, we exercised $40.0 million of term loan accordion under the 2022 Term Loan. On July 24, 2023, we further amended the Credit Facilities (the "Second Amendment") to, among other things, add a daily simple SOFR-based option to the term SOFR-based floating interest rate option as a benchmark rate for borrowings under the Credit Facilities and exercised $35.0 million of accordion under the term loans. We intend to use the Credit Facilities for working capital purposes, which may include repayment of mortgage indebtedness, property acquisitions and other general corporate purposes. We amortize on a non-cash basis the deferred financing costs associated with our debt to interest expense using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest rate method over the terms of the related loans. Any changes to the debt structure, including debt financing associated with property acquisitions, could materially influence the operating results depending on the terms of any such indebtedness. Income Tax Benefit (Expense) As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on our net taxable income that we distribute currently to our stockholders. Under the Code, REITs are subject to numerous organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that they distribute each year at least 90% of their REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains. If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, our income for that year will be taxed at regular corporate rates, and we would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. Even though we qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may still be subject to state and local taxes on our income and assets and to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed income. Additionally, any income earned by our existing TRS and any other TRS we may form in the future will be subject to federal, state and local corporate income tax. Lease Renewal As of February 29, 2024, the leases at 91 of our properties, representing approximately 631,000 net leasable interior square feet, had expired and the USPS was occupying such properties as a holdover tenant. See Item 2. "Properties—Lease Expiration Schedule”. As of the date of this report, the USPS had not vacated or notified us of its intention to vacate any of these properties. When a lease expires, the USPS becomes a holdover tenant on a month-to-month basis typically paying the greater of estimated market rent or the rent amount under the expired lease. While we currently anticipate that we will renew the leases that have expired or will expire, there can be no guarantee that we will be successful in renewing these leases, obtaining positive rent renewal spreads or renewing the leases on terms comparable to those of the expiring leases. Even if we are able to renew these expired leases, the lease terms may not be comparable to those of the previous leases. If we are not successful, we will likely experience reduced occupancy, rental income and net operating income, as well as diminished borrowing capacity under our Credit Facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and ability to make distributions to stockholders. For additional information regarding the risks associated with the USPS, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors—Risks Related to the USPS". 40 Results of Operations Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (Amounts in thousands) Revenues Rental income Fee and other Total revenues Operating expenses Real estate taxes Property operating expenses General and administrative Depreciation and amortization Total operating expenses For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ Change % Change $ 60,970 $ 2,742 63,712 50,876 $ 2,454 53,330 10,094 288 10,382 8,549 6,825 14,654 19,688 49,716 7,168 5,625 13,110 17,727 43,630 1,381 1,200 1,544 1,961 6,086 19.8 % 11.7 % 19.5 % 19.3 % 21.3 % 11.8 % 11.1 % 13.9 % Income from operations 13,996 9,700 4,296 44.3 % Other income 679 1,029 (350) (34.0) % Interest expense, net Contractual interest expense Write-off and amortization of deferred financing fees Interest income Total interest expense, net Income before income tax expense Income tax expense Net income Revenues (9,339) (686) 5 (10,020) 4,655 (72) 4,583 $ (5,378) (596) 1 (5,973) 4,756 (12) 4,744 $ (3,961) (90) 4 (4,047) (101) (60) (161) $ 73.7 % 15.1 % 400.0 % 67.8 % (2.1) % 500.0 % (3.4) % Rental income – Rental income includes net rental income as well as the recovery of certain operating costs and property taxes from tenants. Rental income increased by $10.1 million to $61.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $50.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the volume of our acquisitions. Fee and other - Fee and other revenue increased by $0.3 million to $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in income received from advisory services and management fees. Operating Expenses Real estate taxes – Real estate taxes increased by $1.4 million to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the volume of our acquisitions. Property operating expenses – Property operating expenses increased by $1.2 million to $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Property management expenses are included within property operating expenses and increased by $0.4 million to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 41 2023 from $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The remainder of the increase of $0.9 million is related to expenses for repairs and maintenance and insurance, which increase is primarily due to the volume of our acquisitions. General and administrative – General and administrative expenses increased by $1.5 million to $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to expanding our staff, an increase in information technology related costs as a result of our continued growth and an increase in equity-based compensation expense related to awards that have been granted to our employees throughout 2022 and 2023. Depreciation and amortization – Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $2.0 million to $19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $17.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the volume of our acquisitions. Other Income Other income primarily includes insurance recoveries related to property damage claims. Other income decreased by $0.4 million to $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to lower insurance recoveries from claims. Total Interest Expense, Net During the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred total interest expense, net of $10.0 million compared to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in interest expense of $4.0 million was primarily due to additional borrowings under the Credit Facilities and increased interest rates. Cash Flows Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022 We had $2.2 million of cash and $0.6 million of escrows and reserves as of December 31, 2023 compared to $1.5 million of cash and $0.5 million of escrows and reserves as of December 31, 2022. Cash flows from operating activities – Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $3.8 million to $28.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $24.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase is primarily due to the volume of our acquisitions, all of which have generated additional rental income and related changes in working capital. Cash flows from investing activities – Net cash used in investing activities of $72.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily consisted of $73.1 million of acquisitions and capital improvements offset by $0.7 million of insurance proceeds that were received. Net cash used in investing activities of $120.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily consisted of $119.9 million of acquisitions and capital improvements offset by $0.8 million of insurance proceeds that were received. Cash flows from financing activities – Net cash provided by financing activities decreased by $45.6 million to $45.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $90.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily related to an increase in payments of dividends and distributions and a decrease in net proceeds received from term loans and the Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2023, partially offset by an increase in net proceeds from issuance of shares and lower amount of repayments under the Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2023. Liquidity and Capital Resources We had approximately $2.2 million of cash and $0.6 million of escrows and reserves as of December 31, 2023. Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loans On August 9, 2021, we entered into the Credit Facilities, which initially included the $150.0 million Revolving Credit Facility and the $50.0 million 2021 Term Loan, with Bank of Montreal, as administrative agent, and BMO Capital Markets Corp., M&T Bank, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Truist Securities, Inc. as joint lead arrangers and joint book runners. Additional participants in the Credit Facilities include Stifel Bank & Trust and TriState Capital Bank. On May 11, 2022, we 42 entered into the First Amendment to, among other things, add the 2022 Term Loan (and, together with the 2021 Term Loan, the "Term Loans"). On December 6, 2022, we exercised $40.0 million of accordion feature under the 2022 Term Loan. On July 24, 2023, we entered into the Second Amendment and further exercised $35.0 million of accordion under the Term Loans. As of December 31, 2023, we had $209.0 million of aggregate principal amount outstanding under our Credit Facilities, with $75.0 million drawn on the 2021 Term Loan, $115.0 million drawn on the 2022 Term Loan and $9.0 million drawn on the Revolving Credit Facility. The Credit Facilities include an accordion feature which permit us to borrow up to an additional $150.0 million under the Revolving Credit Facility subject to customary terms and conditions. The Revolving Credit Facility matures in January 2026, which may be extended for two six-month periods subject to customary conditions, the 2021 Term Loan matures in January 2027 and the 2022 Term Loan matures in February 2028. Borrowings under the Credit Facilities carry an interest rate of, (i) in the case of the Revolving Credit Facility, either a base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.5% to 1.0% per annum or Adjusted Term SOFR (as defined below) plus a margin ranging from 1.5% to 2.0% per annum, or (ii) in the case of the Term Loans, either a base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.45% to 0.95% per annum or Adjusted Term SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.45% to 1.95% per annum, in each case depending on a consolidated leverage ratio. With respect to the Revolving Credit Facility, we will pay, if the usage is equal to or less than 50%, an unused facility fee of 0.20% per annum, or if the usage is greater than 50%, an unused facility fee of 0.15% per annum, in each case on the average daily unused commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility. The Credit Facilities are guaranteed, jointly and severally, by us and certain of our indirect subsidiaries and contain customary covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to incur indebtedness, grant liens on assets, make certain types of investments, engage in acquisitions, mergers or consolidations, sell assets, enter into certain transactions with affiliates and pay dividends or make distributions. The Credit Facilities require compliance with consolidated financial maintenance covenants to be tested quarterly, including a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, maximum total leverage ratio, minimum tangible net worth, maximum secured leverage ratio, maximum unsecured leverage ratio, minimum unsecured debt service coverage ratio and maximum secured recourse leverage ratio. The Credit Facilities also contain certain customary events of default, including the failure to make timely payments under the Credit Facilities, any event or condition that makes other material indebtedness due prior to its scheduled maturity, the failure to satisfy certain covenants and specified events of bankruptcy and insolvency. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all of the Credit Facilities’ debt covenants. As of December 31, 2023, we had seven interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $200.0 million that are used to manage our interest rate risk and fix the SOFR component on the Term Loans of the Credit Facilities (together, the "Interest Rate Swaps"). See Note 6. Derivatives and Hedging Activities in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 herein for further details regarding the Interest Rate Swaps. Capital Resources and Financing Strategy Our short-term liquidity requirements primarily consist of operating expenses and other expenditures associated with our properties, distributions to our limited partners and distributions to our stockholders required to qualify for REIT status, capital expenditures and property acquisitions. We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements through net cash provided by operations, cash, borrowings under our Credit Facilities and the potential issuance of securities. We have an effective shelf registration statement on file with the SEC under which we may issue equity financing through the instruments and on the terms most attractive to us at such time, including through our $150.0 million ATM Program. Our long-term liquidity requirements primarily consist of funds necessary for the repayment of debt at maturity, distributions to our limited partners and distributions to our stockholders required to qualify for REIT status, property acquisitions and non-recurring capital improvements. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements with net cash from operations, long-term indebtedness including our Credit Facilities and mortgage financing, the issuance of equity and debt securities and proceeds from select sales of our properties. We also may fund property acquisitions and non-recurring capital improvements using our Credit Facilities pending permanent property-level financing. We believe we have access to multiple sources of capital to fund our long-term liquidity requirements, including the incurrence of additional debt and the issuance of additional equity securities. However, in the future, there may be a number of factors that could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to access these capital sources, including unfavorable conditions in the overall equity and credit markets, our degree of leverage, our unencumbered asset base, borrowing restrictions imposed by our lenders, general market conditions for REITs, our operating performance, liquidity and market perceptions about us. The success of our business strategy will depend, to a significant degree, on our ability to access these various capital 43 sources. In addition, we continuously evaluate possible acquisitions of postal properties, which largely depend on, among other things, the market for owning and leasing postal properties and the terms on which the USPS will enter into new or renewed leases. To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must make distributions to our stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding capital gains. As a result of this requirement, we cannot rely on retained earnings to fund our business needs to the same extent as other entities that are not REITs. If we do not have sufficient funds available to us from our operations to fund our business needs, we will need to find alternative ways to fund those needs. Such alternatives may include, among other things, divesting ourselves of properties (whether or not the sales price is optimal or otherwise meets our strategic long-term objectives), incurring indebtedness or issuing equity securities in public or private transactions, the availability and attractiveness of the terms of which cannot be assured. Consolidated Indebtedness As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $242.0 million of outstanding consolidated principal indebtedness. The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 with respect to our outstanding indebtedness (in thousands): Amount Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 Amount Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 Interest Rate as of December 31, 2023 Maturity Date $ $ 9,000 $ 75,000 125,000 1,409 316 844 194 30,225 241,988 $ — SOFR+148 bps(2) 50,000 SOFR+143 bps(2) 115,000 SOFR+143 bps(2) January 2026 January 2027 February 2028 1,409 333 844 282 30,225 198,093 3.69 % 3.63 % 3.69 % 6.00 % 2.80 % September 2041 December 2037 September 2041 January 2025 January 2031 Revolving Credit Facility(1): Revolving Credit Facility 2021 Term Loan 2022 Term Loan Secured Borrowings: Vision Bank(3) First Oklahoma Bank(4) Vision Bank – 2018(5) Seller Financing(6) AIG – December 2020(7) Total Principal Explanatory Notes: (1) See above under "—Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loans" for details regarding the Credit Facilities. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of unused facility fees related to the Revolving Credit Facility. (2) Based upon the one-month Adjusted Term SOFR, which is SOFR plus a term SOFR adjustment of 0.10%, subject to a 0% floor (the “Adjusted Term SOFR”). Upon our achievement of certain sustainability targets for 2022, the applicable margins for the Credit Facilities were reduced by 0.02% for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is reflected in the margins noted in the table above. (3) Five properties are collateralized under this loan and Mr. Spodek also provided a personal guarantee of payment for 50% of the outstanding amount thereunder. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 3.69% for the first five years with interest payments only (ending in October 2026), then adjusting every subsequent five-year period thereafter with principal and interest payments to the rate based on the five-year weekly average yield on United States Treasury securities adjusted to a constant maturity of five years, as made available to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "Five-Year Treasury Rate"), plus a margin of 2.75%, with a minimum annual rate of 2.75%. (4) The loan is collateralized by first mortgage liens on four properties and a personal guarantee of payment by Mr. Spodek. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 3.625% for the first five years (ending in August 2026), then adjusting annually thereafter to a variable annual rate of Wall Street Journal Prime Rate with a minimum annual rate of 3.625%. 44 (5) The loan is collateralized by first mortgage liens on one property and a personal guarantee of payment by Mr. Spodek. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 3.69% for the first five years with interest payments only (ending in October 2026), then adjusting every subsequent five-year period thereafter with principal and interest payments to the rate based on the Five- Year Treasury Rate, plus a margin of 2.75%, with a minimum annual rate of 2.75%. (6) In connection with the acquisition of a property, we obtained seller financing secured by the property in the amount of $0.4 million requiring five annual payments of principal and interest of $0.1 million with the first installment due on January 2, 2021 based on a 6.0% interest rate per annum through January 2, 2025. (7) The loan is secured by a first mortgage lien on an industrial property located in Warrendale, Pennsylvania. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 2.80% with interest-only payments for the first five years (ending in January 2026) and fixed payments of principal and interest thereafter based on a 30-year amortization schedule. Secured Borrowings as of December 31, 2023 As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $33.0 million of secured borrowings outstanding, all of which are currently fixed-rate debt with a weighted average interest rate of 2.89% per annum. Contractual Obligations and Other Long-Term Liabilities The following table provides information with respect to our commitments as of December 31, 2023, including any guaranteed or minimum commitments under contractual obligations (in thousands). Payments Due by Period Contractual Obligations Credit Facilities Principal payments on mortgage loans Interest payments(1) Operating lease obligations(2) Total $ $ Total 2024 2025 to 2026 2027 to 2028 More than five years 209,000 $ 32,988 41,999 2,032 286,019 $ — $ 112 10,443 162 10,717 $ 9,000 $ 754 20,038 162 29,954 $ 200,000 $ 1,579 8,811 90 210,480 $ — 30,543 2,707 1,618 34,868 Explanatory Notes: (1) The amounts shown relate to (i) the Revolving Credit Facility based on the outstanding balance and interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2023 and assuming an unused facility fee under the Revolving Credit Facility through the remainder of the term based on such outstanding balance, (ii) the Term Loans based on the interest rate fixed through the Interest Rate Swaps and outstanding balance as of December 31, 2023 and (iii) the mortgage loans based on the outstanding balance and, for mortgage loans with interest rates adjustable after a certain period, interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2023 with respect to their future interest payments. (2) Operating lease obligations relate to three leases for our corporate headquarters and eight ground leases at certain of our properties. Dividends To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to pay dividends to stockholders at least equal to 90% of our REIT taxable income determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid cash dividends of $0.95 per share. Subsequent Events 2024 Financing Activity We had net credit facility activity of $2.0 million during the period subsequent to December 31, 2023. As of the date of this report, we had $211.0 million drawn on the Credit Facilities, with $75.0 million drawn on the 2021 Term Loan, $125.0 million drawn on the 2022 Term Loan and $11.0 million drawn on the Revolving Credit Facility. 45 2024 Real Estate Acquisitions Subsequent to December 31, 2023, we have acquired eight properties in individual or small portfolio transactions for approximately $4.5 million, excluding closing costs. Dividends Our Board of Directors approved and, on February 2, 2024, we declared a fourth quarter 2023 common stock dividend of $0.24 per share which was paid on February 29, 2024 to stockholders of record on February 16, 2024. Critical Accounting Estimates Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon the historical consolidated financial statements of the Company that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to exercise our best judgment in making estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Set forth below is a summary of accounting policies and estimates that we believe are critical to the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe that all of the decisions and assessments applied were reasonable at the time made, based upon information available to us at that time. Due to the inherently judgmental nature of the various projections and assumptions used, and unpredictability of economic and market conditions, actual results may differ from estimates, and changes in estimates and assumptions could have a material effect on our financial statements in the future. Our accounting policies and estimates are more fully discussed in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Investments in Real Estate Properties Upon the acquisition of real estate, the purchase price is allocated based upon the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The allocation of the purchase price to the relative fair value of the tangible and intangible assets of an acquired property is derived by valuing the property as if it were vacant. All real estate acquisitions in the periods presented qualified as asset acquisitions and, as such, acquisition-related fees and acquisition-related expenses related to these asset acquisitions are capitalized as part of the acquisition. Investments in real estate generally include land, buildings, tenant improvements and identified intangible assets, such as in-place lease intangibles and above or below-market lease intangibles. Direct and certain indirect costs clearly associated with the development, construction, leasing or expansion of real estate assets are capitalized as a cost of the property. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. We acquired 223 properties for approximately $78 million, excluding closing costs, during 2023 and 320 properties for approximately $123 million, excluding closing costs, during 2022. These transactions were accounted for as asset acquisitions, and the purchase price of each was allocated based on the relative fair value of the asset acquired and liabilities assumed. Revenue Recognition We have operating lease agreements with tenants, some of which contain provisions for future rental increases. Rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. In addition, certain lease agreements provide for reimbursements from tenants for real estate taxes and other recoverable costs, which are recorded on an accrual basis as part of “Rental income” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. The Company’s determination of the probability to collect lease payments is impacted by numerous factors, including the Company's assessment of the tenant’s creditworthiness, economic conditions, historical experience with the tenant, future prospects for the tenant and the length of the lease term. If leases currently classified as probable are subsequently reclassified as not probable, any outstanding lease receivables (including straight-line rent receivables) would be written-off with a corresponding decrease in rental income. Fee and other primarily consist of (i) property management fees, (ii) income recognized from properties accounted for as financing leases and (iii) fees earned from providing advisory services to third-party owners of postal properties. The management fees arise from contractual agreements with entities that are affiliated with our chief executive officer. Management fee income is recognized as earned under the respective agreements. Revenue from direct financing leases is recognized over the lease term using the effective interest rate method. At lease inception, we record an asset within investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which represents our net investment in the direct financing lease. This initial net investment is determined by aggregating the total future minimum lease payments attributable to the direct financing 46 lease and the estimated residual value of the property, if any, less unearned income. Over the lease term, the investment in the direct financing lease is reduced and income is recognized as revenue in “Fee and other” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income and produces a constant periodic rate of return on the investment in financing leases, net. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The carrying value of real estate investments and related intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment exists when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the aggregate projected future cash flows over the anticipated holding period on an undiscounted basis. An impairment loss is measured based on the excess of the asset’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. Impairment analyses will be based on current plans, intended holding periods and available market information at the time the analyses are prepared. If estimates of the projected future cash flows, anticipated holding periods or market conditions change, the evaluation of impairment losses may be different and such differences may be material. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is subjective and is based, in part, on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no impairment related to our long-lived assets was identified. New Accounting Pronouncements For a discussion of our adoption of new accounting pronouncements, please see Note 2. Summary of Significant Accountant Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Inflation Because most of our leases provide for fixed annual rental payments without annual rent escalations, our rental revenues are fixed while our property operating expenses are subject to inflationary increases. A majority of our leases provide for tenant reimbursement of real estate taxes and thus the tenant must reimburse us for real estate taxes. We believe that if inflation increases expenses over time, increases in lease renewal rates will materially offset such increase. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and interest rates. Our future earnings, cash flows and fair values relevant to financial instruments are dependent upon prevailing market interest rates. Our primary market risk results from our indebtedness, which bears interest at both fixed and variable rates. As of December 31, 2023, our indebtedness was approximately $242.0 million, consisting of approximately $209.0 million of variable-rate debt and approximately $33.0 million of fixed-rate debt. Of the $209.0 million variable-rate debt, $200.0 million relates to the Term Loans, which have been fixed through the Interest Rate Swaps. When factoring in the Term Loans as fixed-rate debt through the Interest Rate Swaps, as of December 31, 2023, approximately $9.0 million of our indebtedness was variable-rate debt and approximately $233.0 million was fixed-rate debt. Assuming no increase in the amount of our outstanding variable-rate indebtedness, if the one-month Adjusted Term SOFR were to increase or decrease by 1.0%, our cash flows would decrease or increase by approximately $0.1 million on an annualized basis. Subject to maintaining our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we manage our market risk on variable rate debt through the use of interest rate swaps that fix the rate on all or a portion of our variable rate debt for varying periods up to maturity, such as the Interest Rate Swaps. In the future, we may use other derivative instruments such as interest cap agreements to, in effect, cap the interest rate on all or a portion of the debt for varying periods up to maturity. This in turn, reduces the risks of variability of cash flows created by variable rate debt and mitigates the risk of increases in interest rates. Our objective when undertaking such arrangements will be to reduce our floating rate exposure. However, we provide no assurance that our efforts to manage interest rate volatility will successfully mitigate the risks of such volatility in our portfolio and we do not intend to enter into hedging arrangements for speculative purposes. 47 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (2023: Deloitte & Touche LLP, New York, New York, PCAOB ID# 34) Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (2022: BDO USA, LLP, New York, New York, PCAOB ID# 243) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Schedule III – Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Page F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-9 48 F-1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Postal Realty Trust, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Postal Realty Trust, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows, for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP New York, New York February 29, 2024 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023. F-2 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Shareholders and Board of Directors Postal Realty Trust, Inc. Cedarhurst, New York Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Postal Realty Trust, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes and schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ BDO USA, LLP We served as the Company's auditor from 2017 to 2023. New York, New York March 7, 2023 F-3 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except par value and share data) Assets Investments: Real estate properties, at cost: Land Building and improvements Tenant improvements Total real estate properties, at cost Less: Accumulated depreciation Total real estate properties, net Investment in financing leases, net Total real estate investments, net Cash Escrow and reserves Rent and other receivables Prepaid expenses and other assets, net Goodwill Deferred rent receivable In-place lease intangibles, net Above market leases, net Total Assets Liabilities and Equity Liabilities: Term loans, net Revolving credit facility Secured borrowings, net Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other, net Below market leases, net Total Liabilities Commitments and Contingencies Equity: Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized, 21,933,005 and 19,528,066 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 27,206 shares authorized, 27,206 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income Accumulated deficit Total Stockholders’ Equity Operating partnership unitholders’ non-controlling interests Total Equity Total Liabilities and Equity December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ $ $ 106,074 $ 443,470 6,977 556,521 (43,791) 512,730 16,042 528,772 2,235 632 4,750 13,369 1,536 1,542 14,154 355 567,345 $ 90,020 378,596 6,375 474,991 (31,257) 443,734 16,130 459,864 1,495 547 4,613 15,968 1,536 1,194 15,687 399 501,303 198,801 $ 9,000 32,823 11,996 13,100 265,720 163,753 — 32,909 9,109 11,821 217,592 219 195 — 287,268 4,621 (48,546) 243,562 58,063 301,625 567,345 $ — 254,107 7,486 (32,557) 229,231 54,480 283,711 501,303 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-4 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in thousands, except share and per share data) Revenues: Rental income Fee and other Total revenues Operating expenses: Real estate taxes Property operating expenses General and administrative Depreciation and amortization Total operating expenses Income from operations Other income Interest expense, net: Contractual interest expense Write-off and amortization of deferred financing fees Interest income Total interest expense, net Income before income tax expense Income tax expense Net income Net income attributable to operating partnership unitholders’ non-controlling interests Net income attributable to common stockholders Net income per share: Basic and Diluted Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic and Diluted Comprehensive income: Net income Unrealized (loss) gain on derivative instruments Comprehensive income Comprehensive income attributable to operating partnership unitholders’ non-controlling interests Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ 60,970 $ 2,742 63,712 8,549 6,825 14,654 19,688 49,716 13,996 679 (9,339) (686) 5 (10,020) 4,655 (72) 4,583 (874) 50,876 2,454 53,330 7,168 5,625 13,110 17,727 43,630 9,700 1,029 (5,378) (596) 1 (5,973) 4,756 (12) 4,744 (890) $ $ $ $ 3,709 $ 3,854 0.12 $ 0.15 20,145,151 18,545,494 4,583 $ (3,500) 1,083 (239) 844 $ 4,744 8,249 12,993 (2,419) 10,574 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 y t i u q E l a t o T g n i t a r e p O p i h s r e n t r a P ’ s r e d l o h t i n u g n i l l o r t n o c - n o n s t s e r e t n i l a t o T y t i u q e ’ s r e d l o h k c o t S d e t a l u m u c c A t i c i f e D d e t a l u m u c c A r e h t O e v i s n e h e r p m o C e m o c n I l a n o i t i d d A n i - d i a P l a t i p a C n o m m o C k c o t S f o r e b m u N f o s e r a h s n o m m o C k c o t S . C N I , T S U R T Y T L A E R L A T S O P Y T I U Q E N I S E G N A H C F O S T N E M E T A T S D E T A D I L O S N O C ) a t a d e r a h s t p e c x e , s d n a s u o h t n i ( 9 3 3 , 1 1 4 8 8 , 0 1 7 1 2 ) 4 2 4 ( 5 9 7 , 4 ) 6 6 5 , 1 2 ( — 9 4 2 , 8 4 4 7 , 4 4 8 8 , 0 1 — — 9 3 3 , 1 1 — — 0 1 5 , 1 ) 4 3 0 , 4 ( 0 9 8 9 2 5 , 1 ) 0 3 7 , 1 ( 7 1 2 ) 4 2 4 ( 5 8 2 , 3 ) 2 3 5 , 7 1 ( 0 2 7 , 6 4 5 8 , 3 0 3 7 , 1 — — — — — — — 4 5 8 , 3 ) 2 3 5 , 7 1 ( 3 7 4 , 5 6 2 $ 1 3 4 , 5 4 $ 2 4 0 , 0 2 2 $ ) 9 7 8 , 8 1 ( $ — 6 6 7 — — — — — — — 0 2 7 , 6 — 7 1 2 ) 4 2 4 ( 3 8 2 , 3 — — — 0 3 7 , 1 2 3 3 , 1 1 0 6 5 , 6 2 — 0 6 5 , 6 2 9 1 6 , 9 9 1 6 , 9 — ) 8 5 5 ( 5 1 2 ) 5 4 4 ( 2 0 8 , 5 — ) 0 0 5 , 3 ( 3 8 5 , 4 ) 2 6 3 , 4 2 ( ) 8 5 5 ( ) 0 3 7 , 6 ( — — 8 0 3 , 2 ) 4 6 6 , 4 ( ) 5 3 6 ( 4 7 8 9 6 3 , 3 — — 0 3 7 , 6 5 1 2 ) 5 4 4 ( 4 9 4 , 3 ) 5 6 8 , 2 ( 9 0 7 , 3 ) 9 6 3 , 3 ( ) 8 9 6 , 9 1 ( — — — — — — — — — 9 0 7 , 3 ) 8 9 6 , 9 1 ( — — — — — — — — — — ) 5 6 8 , 2 ( 1 4 5 , 6 2 — — 6 2 7 , 6 5 1 2 ) 5 4 4 ( 3 9 4 , 3 — — — ) 9 6 3 , 3 ( 1 1 7 , 3 8 2 $ 0 8 4 , 4 5 $ 1 3 2 , 9 2 2 $ ) 7 5 5 , 2 3 ( $ 6 8 4 , 7 $ 7 0 1 , 4 5 2 $ 7 — 2 — — — — — — 9 1 5 9 1 — 4 — 1 — — — — — — $ — , 5 7 5 6 2 2 7 1 4 3 1 , ) 9 2 7 7 2 ( , — — — — , 2 7 2 5 5 5 9 1 , , 7 0 4 1 6 8 1 , — — , 6 0 1 5 0 4 , 6 0 0 3 5 1 0 1 8 4 1 , ) 0 9 3 9 2 ( , — — — — 5 2 6 , 1 0 3 $ 3 6 0 , 8 5 $ 2 6 5 , 3 4 2 $ ) 6 4 5 , 8 4 ( $ 1 2 6 , 4 $ 8 6 2 , 7 8 2 $ 9 1 2 $ , 1 1 2 0 6 9 1 2 , . s t n e m e t a t s l a i c n a n i f d e t a d i l o s n o c e s e h t f o t r a p l a r g e t n i n a e r a s e t o n g n i y n a p m o c c a e h T s n o i t c a s n a r t n o i t i s i u q c a h t i w n o i t c e n n o c n i s t i n u p i h s r e n t r a p g n i t a r e p o f o e c n a u s s I d e s a b - y t i u q e f o n o i t a z i t r o m a d n a e c n a u s s I n o i t a s n e p m o c P P S E r e d n u n o i t a z i t r o m a d n a e c n a u s s I s g n i d l o h h t i w k c o t s d e t c i r t s e R e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O s n o i t u b i r t s i d d n a s d n e d i v i D e m o c n i t e N k c o t s n o m m o c f o e l a s m o r f s d e e c o r p t e N 2 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D – e c n a l a B t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c - n o n f o n o i t a c o l l a e R g n i t a r e p o f o n o i t p m e d e r n o p u d e u s s i s e r a h S s t i n u p i h s r e n t r a p s t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c - n o n r o f n o i t p m e d e r h s a C s n o i t c a s n a r t n o i t i s i u q c a h t i w n o i t c e n n o c n i s t i n u p i h s r e n t r a p g n i t a r e p o f o e c n a u s s I F-6 d e s a b - y t i u q e f o n o i t a z i t r o m a d n a e c n a u s s I n o i t a s n e p m o c P P S E r e d n u n o i t a z i t r o m a d n a e c n a u s s I s g n i d l o h h t i w k c o t s d e t c i r t s e R s n o i t u b i r t s i d d n a s d n e d i v i D s s o l e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O e m o c n i t e N t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c - n o n f o n o i t a c o l l a e R 3 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D – e c n a l a B $ 9 6 9 , 7 3 2 $ 6 8 1 $ , 7 2 6 1 9 5 8 1 , 1 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D - e c n a l a B , 2 8 3 1 5 7 k c o t s n o m m o c f o e l a s m o r f s d e e c o r p t e N POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Write-off and amortization of deferred financing costs Amortization of above/below market leases Amortization of intangible liability Gain on insurance proceeds received for damage due to property Equity based compensation Other Deferred rent receivable Deferred rent expense payable Changes in assets and liabilities: Rent and other receivables Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Acquisition of real estate Investment in financing leases Escrows for acquisition and construction deposits Insurance proceeds related to property damage claims Capital improvements Other investing activities Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Repayments of secured borrowings Proceeds from term loans Proceeds from revolving credit facility Repayments of revolving credit facility Redemption of operating partnership units Net proceeds from issuance of shares Debt issuance costs Deferred offering costs Proceeds from issuance of ESPP shares Shares withheld for payment of taxes on restricted share vesting Distributions and dividends Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase (decrease) in Cash and Escrows and Reserves Cash and Escrows and Reserves at the beginning of year Cash and Escrow and Reserves at the end of year Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities Operating partnership units issued for property acquisitions Unrealized (loss) gain on interest rate swaps, net Reallocation of non-controlling interest Operating partnership units issue for business acquisition F-7 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ 4,583 $ 4,744 19,688 686 (2,411) (140) (654) 5,834 47 (348) 3 128 (501) 1,512 28,427 (70,224) — (103) 654 (2,868) (68) (72,609) (106) 35,000 62,000 (53,000) (558) 26,690 (266) (107) 183 (467) (24,362) 45,007 825 2,042 2,867 $ 9,619 $ (3,500) $ 3,369 $ — $ 17,727 596 (2,185) (91) (843) 4,718 47 (529) 8 (358) (95) 852 24,591 (116,212) (10) (273) 843 (3,687) (808) (120,147) (100) 115,000 115,000 (128,000) — 11,446 (811) (199) 185 (383) (21,566) 90,572 (4,984) 7,026 2,042 9,433 8,249 1,730 1,451 $ $ $ $ $ Reclassification of acquisition deposits included in prepaid expenses and other assets Write-off of fixed assets no longer in service Accrued capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses Accrued taxes withheld included in accounts payable and accrued expenses Right of use assets Accrued costs of capital included in accounts payable and accrued expenses $ $ $ $ $ $ 210 $ 147 $ 348 $ 118 $ 169 $ 130 $ 696 327 231 140 131 107 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-8 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1. Organization and Description of Business Postal Realty Trust, Inc. (the “Company”) was organized in the state of Maryland on November 19, 2018. On May 17, 2019, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) of the Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Class A common stock”). The Company contributed the net proceeds from the IPO to Postal Realty LP, a Delaware limited partnership (the “Operating Partnership”), in exchange for common units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership (the “OP Units”). Both the Company and the Operating Partnership commenced operations upon completion of the IPO and certain related formation transactions. Prior to the completion of the IPO and the formation transactions, the Company had no operations. The Company’s interest in the Operating Partnership entitles the Company to share in distributions from, and allocations of profits and losses of, the Operating Partnership in proportion to the Company’s percentage ownership of OP Units. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, the Company has the exclusive power under the partnership agreement to manage and conduct the Operating Partnership’s business, subject to limited approval and voting rights of the limited partners. As of December 31, 2023, the Company held an approximately 80.7% interest in the Operating Partnership. As the sole general partner and the majority interest holder, the Company consolidates the financial position and results of operations of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership is considered a variable interest entity (“VIE”) in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. As of December 31, 2023, the Company owned a portfolio of 1,509 properties located in 49 states and one territory. The Company's properties are leased primarily to a single tenant, the United States Postal Service (the "USPS"). The Company also owns several, and may in the future further acquire, land parcels that may be added to existing or future leases with the USPS or used for other purposes that are consistent with the Company’s investment strategy. In addition, through its taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”), Real Estate Asset Counseling, LLC (“REAC”), the Company provides fee-based third party property management services for an additional 397 properties, which are owned by Andrew Spodek, the Company's chief executive officer ("CEO"), and his affiliates, and certain advisory services to third-party owners of postal properties. Pursuant to the Company’s articles of amendment and restatement, the Company is currently authorized to issue up to 500,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, 27,206 shares of Class B common stock, $0.01 par value per share (the “Voting Equivalency stock”), and up to 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The Company elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with the Company's short taxable year ended December 31, 2019, and intends to continue to qualify as a REIT. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax to the extent that it distributes its REIT taxable income for each tax year to its stockholders. REITs are subject to a number of organizational and operational requirements. Additionally, any income earned by the TRS and any other TRS the Company may form in the future will be subject to federal, state and local corporate income tax. Pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, the Company qualifies as an emerging growth company (“EGC”). An EGC may choose, as the Company has done, to take advantage of the extended private company transition period provided for complying with new or revised accounting standards that may be issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or the Securities and Exchange Commission. Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the financial position and results of operations of the Company, the Operating Partnership and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company consolidates the Operating Partnership, a VIE in which the Company is considered the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the F-9 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) entity’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. Substantially all of the assets and liabilities of the Company relate to the Operating Partnership. A non-controlling interest is defined as the portion of the equity in an entity not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. Non-controlling interests are required to be presented as a separate component of equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accordingly, the presentation of net income reflects the income attributed to controlling and non-controlling interests. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. As discussed in the applicable sections elsewhere in the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company’s most significant assumptions and estimates are related to the valuation of investments in real estate properties and impairment of long-lived assets. Although management believes its estimates are reasonable, actual results could differ from those estimates. Offering and Other Costs Offering costs are recorded in “Total Stockholders’ Equity” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a reduction of additional paid-in capital. Segment Reporting The Company leases its properties primarily to the USPS and reports its business as a single reportable segment. Investments in Real Estate Upon the acquisition of real estate, the purchase price is allocated based upon the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The allocation of the purchase price to the relative fair value of the tangible and intangible assets of an acquired property is derived by valuing the property as if it were vacant. All real estate acquisitions in the periods presented qualified as asset acquisitions and, as such, acquisition-related fees and acquisition-related expenses related to these asset acquisitions are capitalized as part of the acquisition. Investments in real estate generally include land, buildings, tenant improvements and identified intangible assets, such as in-place lease intangibles and above or below-market lease intangibles. Direct and certain indirect costs clearly associated with the development, construction, leasing or expansion of real estate assets are capitalized as a cost of the property. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation or amortization expense is computed using the straight-line method based upon the following estimated useful lives: Buildings and improvements Equipment and fixtures Tenant improvements In-place lease value Years 10 to 40 5 to 10 Shorter of useful life or applicable lease term Remaining non-cancellable term of the in-place lease The acquired above or below-market lease intangibles are amortized to “Rental income” over the applicable lease term, inclusive of any option periods for below-market leases. Deferred Costs Financing costs related to the issuance of the Company’s long-term debt, including the term loan facility component of the Company's existing credit facilities (the “Credit Facilities”), are deferred and amortized as an increase to interest expense F-10 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) over the term of the related debt instrument using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest rate method, and are reported as a reduction of the related debt balance on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred financing costs related to the revolving credit facility component (the "Revolving Credit Facility") of the Credit Facilities are deferred and amortized as an increase to interest expense over the terms of the Revolving Credit Facility and are included in “Prepaid expenses and other assets, net” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cash and Escrows and Reserves Cash includes unrestricted cash with a maturity of three months or less. Escrows and reserves consist of restricted cash. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and escrows and reserves reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows: Cash Escrows and reserves: Maintenance reserve Real estate tax reserve ESPP reserve Cash and escrows and reserves Revenue Recognition As of December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 (in thousands) 2,235 $ 314 231 87 2,867 $ 1,495 206 240 101 2,042 $ $ The Company has operating lease agreements with tenants, some of which contain provisions for future rental increases. Rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. In addition, certain lease agreements provide for reimbursements from tenants for real estate taxes and other recoverable costs, which are recorded on an accrual basis as part of “Rental income” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. The Company’s determination of the probability to collect lease payments is impacted by numerous factors, including the Company's assessment of the tenant’s creditworthiness, economic conditions, historical experience with the tenant, future prospects for the tenant and the length of the lease term. If leases currently classified as probable of collection are subsequently reclassified as not probable, any outstanding lease receivables (including straight-line rent receivables) would be written-off with a corresponding decrease in rental income. For certain leases with lease incentive costs, such costs are included in “Prepaid expenses and other assets, net” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms as a reduction of rental revenues. Fee and other primarily consists of (i) property management fees, (ii) income recognized from properties accounted for as financing leases and (iii) fees earned from providing advisory services to third-party owners of postal properties. The management fees arise from contractual agreements with entities that are affiliated with the Company’s CEO. Management fee income is recognized as earned under the respective agreements. Revenue from direct financing leases is recognized over the lease term using the effective interest rate method. At lease inception, the Company records an asset within "Investment in financing leases, net" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which represents the Company’s net investment in the direct financing lease. This initial net investment is determined by aggregating the total future minimum lease payments attributable to the direct financing lease and the estimated residual value of the property, if any, less unearned income. Over the lease term, the investment in the direct financing lease is reduced and interest is recognized as revenue in “Fee and other” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income and produces a constant periodic rate of return on the "Investment in financing leases, net." Revenue from advisory services is generated from service contracts generally based on (i) time and expense arrangements (where the Company recognizes revenues based on hours incurred and contracted rates), (ii) fixed-fee arrangements (where the Company recognizes revenues earned to date by applying the proportional performance method) or (iii) performance-based or contingent arrangements (where the Company recognizes revenues at a point in time when the client receives the benefit of the promised service). Reimbursable expenses for the advisory services, including those relating to F-11 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) travel, out-of-pocket expenses, outside consultants and other outside service costs, are generally included in revenues and in general and administrative expenses in the period in which the expense is incurred. Business Combinations, Goodwill and Intangible Assets The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method, which requires the identification of the acquirer, the determination of the acquisition date and the allocation of the purchase price paid by the acquirer to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, including any contingent consideration and any non- controlling interest in the acquiree at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. Intangible assets may include customer relationships, trademarks and acquired software. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their expected useful lives. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements from the acquisition date. The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment at least annually, or as circumstances warrant. Goodwill is evaluated at the reporting unit level by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount including goodwill. An impairment of goodwill exists if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If an impairment indicator is present, the Company evaluates recoverability of assets to be held and used by a comparison of the carrying value of the assets with future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. The Company groups assets at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows generated by other asset groups. If the total of the expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset group, the Company will estimate the fair value of the asset group to determine the amount of an impairment loss that should be recognized. Income Taxes As a REIT, the Company is generally not subject to federal corporate income tax on the net income (loss) that the Company distributes to its shareholders. The Operating Partnership which holds the Company's properties is a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and is not subject to U.S. federal income taxes as the revenues and expenses pass through to the respective owners where they are taxed. The states and cities in which the Operating Partnership operates generally follows the U.S. federal income tax treatment. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets when management anticipates that it is more likely than not that all, or a portion, of these assets would not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted, all positive and negative evidence and all sources of taxable income such as prior earnings history, expected future earnings, carryback and carryforward periods and tax strategies are considered to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to realize the deferred tax asset. The assessment of the adequacy of a valuation allowance is based on estimates of taxable income by jurisdiction and the period over which deferred tax assets will be recoverable. The tax effects of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns are recognized only if they are “more likely-than-not” to be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits as of the reporting date. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes estimated accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Fair Value Measurements The following disclosure of estimated fair value was determined by management using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and develop estimated fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized on disposition of the assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. Cash, escrows F-12 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) and reserves, receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets (excluding derivatives), accounts payable and accrued expenses are carried at amounts which reasonably approximate their fair values as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 due to their short maturities. The fair value of the Company’s borrowings under its Credit Facilities approximates carrying value because such borrowings are subject to a variable market rate, which reprices frequently. The fair value was determined using the Adjusted Term SOFR (as defined below) as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, plus an applicable spread under the Credit Facilities, a Level 2 classification in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company’s secured borrowings aggregated approximately $28.0 million and $27.5 million as compared to the principal balance of $33.0 million and $33.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The fair value of the Company’s secured borrowings was categorized as a Level 3 fair value estimate (as provided by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures) and was determined by discounting the future contractual interest and principal payments by a market rate. The Company's derivative assets and liabilities, comprised of interest rate swap derivative instruments entered into in connection with the Credit Facilities, are recorded at fair value based on a variety of observable inputs, including contractual terms, interest rate curves, yield curves, measure of volatility and correlations of such inputs. The Company measures its derivatives at fair value on a recurring basis based on the expected amount of future cash flows on a discounted basis and incorporating a measure of non-performance risk. The fair value of the Company's derivative assets and liabilities was categorized as a Level 2 fair value estimate (as provided by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures). The Company considers its own credit risk, as well as the credit risk of its counterparties, when evaluating the fair value of its derivative assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap derivative assets was approximately $6.4 million and $9.2 million, respectively, included in “Prepaid expenses and other assets, net” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's interest rate swap derivative liabilities was approximately $0.7 million included in "Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other, net" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Disclosures about fair value of assets and liabilities are based on pertinent information available to management as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these financial statements since December 31, 2023 and current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities In accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, the Company records all derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risks, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting. See Note 6. Derivatives and Hedging Activities for further details. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The carrying value of real estate investments and related intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment exists when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the aggregate projected future cash flows over the anticipated holding period on an undiscounted basis. An impairment loss is measured based on the excess of the asset’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. Impairment analyses will be based on current plans, intended holding periods and available market information at the time the analyses are prepared. If estimates of the projected future cash flows, anticipated holding periods or market conditions change, the evaluation of impairment losses may be different and such differences may be material. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is subjective and is based, in part, on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results. No impairments were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. F-13 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Concentration of Credit Risks As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s properties were leased primarily to a single tenant, the USPS. For the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 13.2% of the Company's total rental income, or $8.0 million, was concentrated in Pennsylvania. For the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 15.1% of the Company's total rental income, or $7.7 million, was concentrated in Pennsylvania. The ability of the USPS to honor the terms of its leases is dependent upon regulatory, economic, environmental or competitive conditions in Pennsylvania or other regions where the Company operates in and could have a material effect on the Company’s overall business results. The Company has deposited cash and maintains its bank deposits with large financial institutions in amounts that, from time to time, exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. Non-controlling Interests Non-controlling interests in the Company represent OP Units held by the Company’s prior investors and certain sellers of properties to the Company and long term incentive units of the Operating Partnership ("LTIP Units") held by the Company’s CEO and certain other employees and the Company's Board of Directors. See Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity for further details. Equity-Based Compensation The Company accounts for equity-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718 Compensation – Stock Compensation, which requires the Company to recognize an expense for the grant date fair value of equity-based awards. Equity-classified stock awards granted to employees and non-employees that have a service condition and/or a market condition are measured at fair value at date of grant and remeasured at fair value only upon a modification of the award. The Company records forfeitures as a reduction of equity-based compensation expense as such forfeitures occur. The Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each award, with the amount of compensation expense recognized at the end of a reporting period at least equal to the portion of fair value of the respective award at grant date or modification date, as applicable, that has vested through that date. For awards with a market condition, compensation cost is not reversed if a market condition is not met so long as the requisite service has been rendered, as a market condition does not represent a vesting condition. See Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity for further details. Insurance Accounting The Company carries liability insurance to mitigate its exposure to certain losses, including those relating to property damage and business interruption. The Company records the estimated amount of expected insurance proceeds for property damage and other losses incurred as an asset (typically a receivable from the insurer) and income up to the amount of the losses incurred when the amount is determinable and approved by the insurance company. Any amount of insurance recovery in excess of the amount of the losses incurred is considered a gain contingency and is not recorded in other income until the amount is determinable and approved by the insurance company. Insurance recoveries for business interruption for lost revenue or profit are accounted for as gain contingencies in their entirety, and therefore are not recorded in income until the amount is determinable and approved by the insurance company. Earnings per Share The Company calculates earnings per share ("EPS") based upon the weighted average shares outstanding less issued and outstanding non-vested shares of Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had unvested restricted shares of Class A common stock, LTIP Units and certain restricted stock units (“RSUs"), which provide for non- forfeitable rights to dividend and dividend-equivalent payments. Accordingly, these unvested restricted shares of Class A common stock, LTIP Units and RSUs are considered participating securities and are included in the computation of basic and diluted EPS pursuant to the two-class method. Diluted EPS is calculated after giving effect to all potential dilutive shares outstanding during the period. See Note 10. Earnings Per Share for further details. F-14 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which was issued to defer the sunset date of Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform to December 31, 2024. ASU No. 2022-06 is effective immediately for all companies. ASU No. 2022-06 had no impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. In September 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and in November 2018 issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. The guidance changed how entities measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. The guidance replaced the previous "incurred loss" model with an "expected loss" approach. The guidance also requires entities to disclose information about how they developed the allowances, including changes in the factors that influenced estimate of expected credit losses and the reasons for those changes. ASU No. 2018-19 excludes operating lease receivables from the scope of this guidance. This guidance became effective for the Company and was adopted by the Company on January 1, 2023. The Company had two direct financing leases with a net investment balance aggregating approximately $16.0 million as of December 31, 2023 prior to any credit loss adjustment. Historically, the Company has had no collection issues related to these direct financing leases and its other leases in which the Company is the lessor; therefore, the Company assessed the probability of default on these leases based on the lessee’s status as an independent agency of the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, financial condition and business prospects and the remaining term of the leases. Based on the aforementioned, the Company did not recognize any credit loss adjustment for such leases. Future Application of Accounting Standards In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU No. 2023-07 improves disclosures about public entities' reportable segments and addresses requests from investors for additional, more detailed information about a reportable segment's expenses. The provisions in this amendment are applicable to public entities with a single reportable segment. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company has one reportable segment and continues to evaluate additional disclosures that may be required for entities with a single reportable segment. Note 3. Real Estate Acquisitions The following tables summarizes the Company’s acquisitions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The purchase prices including transaction costs were allocated to the separately identifiable tangible and intangible assets and liabilities based on their relative fair values at the date of acquisition. The total purchase price including transaction costs was allocated as follows (in thousands, except for the number of properties): Three Months Ended 2023 March 31, 2023(3) June 30, 2023(4) September 30, 2023(5) December 31, 2023(6) Three Months Ended 2022 March 31, 2022(9) June 30, 2022(10) September 30, 2022(11) December 31, 2022(12) Total Number of Properties Land Building and Improvements Tenant Improvements In-place lease intangibles Above- market leases Below- market leases Other(1) Total(2) 39 $ 39 70 75 223 $ 2,802 $ 3,241 4,916 5,095 16,054 $ 14,271 $ 12,054 19,282 16,345 61,952 $ 152 $ 117 182 152 603 $ 1,134 $ 1,066 1,709 1,638 5,547 $ 43 $ 24 58 5 130 $ (826) $ (483) (983) (1,571) (3,863) $ — $ — (342) (21) (363) $ 17,576 16,019 24,822 21,643 80,060 Number of Properties Land Building and Improvements Tenant Improvements In-place lease intangibles Above- market leases Below- market leases Other(7) Total(8) 50 $ 150 66 54 320 $ 5,422 $ 13,039 2,950 4,070 25,481 $ 22,233 $ 41,462 18,012 15,587 97,294 $ 214 $ 380 195 155 944 $ 1,889 $ 3,520 1,532 1,264 8,205 $ 28 $ 2 8 199 237 $ (1,848) $ (1,675) (1,360) (540) (5,423) $ (363) $ 16 — — (347) $ 27,575 56,744 21,337 20,735 126,391 F-15 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Explanatory Notes: (1) Includes an intangible liability related to unfavorable operating leases with purchase options on two properties during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and an above market ground lease intangible liability on one property during the three months ended December 31, 2023 that is each included in “Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. (2) Includes closing costs of approximately $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, approximately $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, approximately $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and approximately $0.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023. (3) Includes the acquisition of 39 properties in various states for cash consideration in individual or portfolio transactions for a price of approximately $17.6 million, including closing costs. (4) Includes the acquisition of 39 properties in various states in individual or portfolio transactions for a price of approximately $16.0 million, including closing costs, which was funded with both the issuance of OP Units to the sellers (valued at approximately $0.5 million using the share price of Class A common stock on the date of each issuance of such OP Units) and cash consideration. (5) Includes the acquisition of 70 properties in various states in individual or portfolio transactions for a price of approximately $24.8 million, including closing costs, which was funded with both the issuance of OP Units to the sellers (valued at approximately $2.8 million using the share price of Class A common stock on the date of each issuance of such OP Units) and cash consideration. (6) Includes the acquisition of 75 properties in various states in individual or portfolio transactions for a price of approximately $21.6 million, including closing costs, which was funded with both the issuance of OP Units to the sellers (valued at approximately $6.3 million using the share price of Class A common stock on the date of each issuance of such OP Units) and cash consideration. The aggregate purchase price for the quarter includes several land parcels that the Company acquired for approximately $0.4 million, which may in the future be added to existing or future leases with the USPS or used for other purposes that are consistent with the Company’s investment strategy. (7) Includes an intangible liability related to unfavorable operating leases on two properties during the three months ended March 31, 2022 that is included in “Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, includes a below-market ground lease intangible asset. (8) Includes closing costs of approximately $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, approximately $1.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, approximately $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and approximately $0.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. (9) Includes the acquisition of 50 properties in various states in individual or portfolio transactions for approximately $27.6 million, including closing costs, which was funded with both the issuance of OP Units to the sellers as non-cash consideration (valued at approximately $1.8 million using the share price of Class A common stock on the date of each issuance of such OP Units) and cash consideration. (10) Includes the acquisition of 150 properties in various states in individual or portfolio transactions for approximately $56.7 million, including closing costs, which was funded with both the issuance of OP Units to the sellers as non-cash consideration (valued at approximately $2.0 million using the share price of Class A common stock on the date of each issuance of such OP Units) and cash consideration. (11) Includes the acquisition of 66 properties in various states in individual or portfolio transactions for approximately $21.3 million, including closing costs, which was funded with both the issuance of OP Units to the sellers as non-cash consideration (valued at approximately $4.7 million using the share price of Class A common stock on the date of each issuance of such OP Units) and cash consideration. (12) Includes the acquisition of 54 properties in various states in individual or portfolio transactions for approximately $20.7 million, including closing costs, which was funded with both the issuance of OP Units to the sellers as non-cash F-16 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) consideration (valued at approximately $0.9 million using the share price of Class A common stock on the date of each issuance of such OP Units) and cash consideration. Note 4. Intangible Assets and Liabilities The following table summarizes the Company's intangible assets and liabilities: As of December 31, 2023: In-place lease intangibles Above-market leases Below-market leases December 31, 2022: In-place lease intangibles Above-market leases Below-market leases Gross Asset (Liability) Accumulated Amortization (in thousands) Net Carrying Amount $ $ 45,621 $ 686 (22,940) (31,467) $ (331) 9,840 14,154 355 (13,100) 40,074 $ 556 (19,077) (24,387) $ (157) 7,256 15,687 399 (11,821) Amortization of in-place lease intangibles was $7.1 million and $7.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This amortization is included in “Depreciation and amortization” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. Amortization of acquired above market leases was $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in “Rental income” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. Amortization of acquired below market leases was $2.6 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in “Rental income” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average amortization period for the Company’s intangible assets was approximately 2.9 years, 2.3 years and 8.8 years for in-place lease intangibles, above-market leases and below-market leases, respectively. Future amortization/accretion of these intangibles is below (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total In-place lease intangibles Above-market leases Below-market leases $ $ 6,307 $ 4,013 2,351 962 308 213 14,154 $ 150 $ 98 75 28 3 1 355 $ (2,592) (1,914) (1,559) (1,220) (1,011) (4,804) (13,100) F-17 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Note 5. Debt The following table summarizes the Company’s indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands): Revolving Credit Facility(1): Revolving Credit Facility 2021 Term Loan 2022 Term Loan Secured Borrowings: Vision Bank(3) First Oklahoma Bank(4) Vision Bank – 2018(5) Seller Financing(6) AIG – December 2020(7) Total Principal Unamortized deferred financing costs Total Debt $ Explanatory Notes: Outstanding Balance as of December 31, 2023 Outstanding Balance as of December 31, 2022 Interest Rate at December 31, 2023 Maturity Date $ 9,000 $ 75,000 125,000 — SOFR +148 bps(2) 50,000 SOFR +143 bps(2) 115,000 SOFR +143 bps(2) January 2026 January 2027 February 2028 1,409 316 844 194 30,225 241,988 (1,364) 240,624 $ 1,409 333 844 282 30,225 198,093 (1,431) 196,662 3.69 % September 2041 3.63 % December 2037 3.69 % September 2041 January 2025 6.00 % January 2031 2.80 % (1) On August 9, 2021, the Company entered into the Credit Facilities, which initially included the $150.0 million Revolving Credit Facility and the $50.0 million 2021 Term Loan. On May 11, 2022, the Company amended the Credit Facilities (the "First Amendment") to, among other things, add a new $75.0 million senior unsecured delayed draw term loan facility (the "2022 Term Loan" and, together with the 2021 Term Loan, the "Term Loans"), replace the LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as the benchmark interest rate and allow for a decrease in the applicable margin by 0.02% if the Company achieves certain sustainability targets. On December 6, 2022, the Company exercised $40.0 million of term loan accordion under the 2022 Term Loan. On July 24, 2023, the Company amended the Credit Facilities (the "Second Amendment") to, among other things, add a daily simple SOFR-based option to the term SOFR-based floating interest rate option as a benchmark rate for borrowings under the Credit Facilities and further exercised $35.0 million of accordion under the Term Loans. The Credit Facilities include an accordion feature which permits the Company to borrow up to an additional $150.0 million under the Revolving Credit Facility subject to customary terms and conditions. As of December 31, 2023, the accordion feature under the Term Loans has been fully exercised. The Revolving Credit Facility matures in January 2026, which may be extended for two six-month periods subject to customary conditions, the 2021 Term Loan matures in January 2027 and the 2022 Term Loan matures in February 2028. Borrowings under the Credit Facilities carry an interest rate of, (i) in the case of the Revolving Credit Facility, either a base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.5% to 1.0% per annum or Adjusted Term SOFR (as defined below) plus a margin ranging from 1.5% to 2.0% per annum, or (ii) in the case of the Term Loans, either a base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.45% to 0.95% per annum or Adjusted Term SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.45% to 1.95% per annum, in each case depending on the Company's consolidated leverage ratio. With respect to the Revolving Credit Facility, the Company will pay, if the usage is equal to or less than 50%, an unused facility fee of 0.20% per annum, or if the usage is greater than 50%, an unused facility fee of 0.15% per annum, in each case on the average daily unused commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility. The Credit Facilities contain a number of customary financial and non-financial covenants. F-18 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of unused facility fees related to the Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all of the Credit Facilities’ debt covenants. (2) Based upon the one-month Adjusted Term SOFR, which is SOFR plus a term SOFR adjustment of 0.10% subject to a 0% floor (the “Adjusted Term SOFR”). Upon the Company's achievement of certain sustainability targets for 2022, the applicable margins for the Credit Facilities were reduced by 0.02% for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is reflected in the margins noted in the table above. (3) Five properties are collateralized under this loan and Mr. Spodek also provided a personal guarantee of payment for 50% of the outstanding amount thereunder. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 3.69% for the first five years with interest payments only (ending in October 2026), then adjusting every subsequent five-year period thereafter with principal and interest payments to the rate based on the five-year weekly average yield on United States Treasury securities adjusted to a constant maturity of five years, as made available to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "Five-Year Treasury Rate"), plus a margin of 2.75%, with a minimum annual rate of 2.75%. (4) The loan is collateralized by first mortgage liens on four properties and a personal guarantee of payment by Mr. Spodek. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 3.625% for the first five years (ending in August 2026), then adjusting annually thereafter to a variable annual rate of Wall Street Journal Prime Rate with a minimum annual rate of 3.625%. (5) The loan is collateralized by first mortgage liens on one property and a personal guarantee of payment by Mr. Spodek. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 3.69% for the first five years with interest payments only (ending in October 2026), then adjusting every subsequent five-year period thereafter with principal and interest payments to the rate based on the Five- Year Treasury Rate, plus a margin of 2.75%, with a minimum annual rate of 2.75%. (6) In connection with the acquisition of a property, the Company obtained seller financing secured by the property in the amount of $0.4 million requiring five annual payments of principal and interest of $0.1 million with the first installment due on January 2, 2021 based on a 6.0% interest rate per annum through January 2, 2025. (7) The loan is secured by a first mortgage lien on an industrial property located in Warrendale, Pennsylvania. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 2.80% with interest-only payments for the first five years (ending in January 2026) and fixed payments of principal and interest thereafter based on a 30-year amortization schedule. The weighted average maturity date for the Company's indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately 4.2 years and 5.5 years, respectively. Cash paid for interest during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $9.2 million and $5.1 million, respectively. The scheduled principal repayments of indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total Note 6. Derivatives and Hedging Activities Amount 112 118 9,636 75,776 125,803 30,543 241,988 $ $ As of December 31, 2023, the Company had seven interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $200.0 million that are used to manage its interest rate risk and fix the SOFR component on the Term Loans of the Credit Facilities: F-19 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Notional Amount ($ in thousands) $50,000 $25,000 $25,000 $25,000 $40,000 $25,000 $10,000 Fixed Rate(1) 2.27% 4.217% 4.217% 4.79% 4.932% 5.736% 6.049% Effective Date May 2022 May 2022 May 2022 July 2022 December 2022 July 2023 September 2023 Maturity Date January 2027 February 2028 February 2028 February 2028 February 2028 January 2027 February 2028 Explanatory Note: (1) Reflects the all-in effective interest rate for the specified portion of the Term Loans hedged by the interest rate swaps. The Company’s objectives in using the interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, the Company uses the interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. The interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges, with any gain or loss recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive income” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently reclassified into interest expense as interest payments are made on the Credit Facilities. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that an additional $3.9 million will be reclassified from “Accumulated other comprehensive income” as a decrease to interest expense. The Company does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes and currently does not have any derivatives that are not designated as hedges. The table below presents the effect of the Company’s interest rate swap derivative instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands): Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships (Interest Rate Swaps) Amount of gain recognized on derivative in "Accumulated other comprehensive income" Amount of income (loss) reclassified from "Accumulated other comprehensive income" into interest expense $ $ 2023 1,115 $ (4,615) $ 2022 8,604 (355) Years Ended December 31, "Interest expense, net" presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded, totaled $10.0 million and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Note 7. Leases Lessor Accounting As of December 31, 2023, the Company's properties were leased primarily to the USPS, with leases expiring at various dates through May 31, 2031. Certain leases had expired and were in holdover status as of December 31, 2023 as discussed below. Certain leases contain renewal, termination and/or purchase options exercisable at the lessee’s election. Therefore, such options are only recognized once they are deemed reasonably certain, typically at the time the option is exercised. All of the Company’s leases are operating leases with the exception of two that are direct financing leases. The Company’s operating leases and direct financing leases are described below. Rental income related to the Company’s leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term. The Company’s total revenue includes fixed base rental payments provided under the lease and variable payments which principally consist of tenant expense reimbursements for certain property operating expenses, including real estate taxes. The F-20 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Company elected the practical expedient to account for its lease and non-lease components as a single combined operating lease component under Topic 842. As a result, rental income and tenant reimbursements were aggregated into a single line within rental income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. The following table represents rental revenue that the Company recognized related to its operating leases (in thousands): Fixed payments Variable payments Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ $ 52,668 $ 8,302 60,970 $ 43,808 7,068 50,876 Future minimum lease payments to be received as of December 31, 2023 under non-cancellable operating leases for the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):(1) Year Ending December 31, 2024(2)(3) 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total Explanatory Notes: Amount 48,158 42,375 33,760 19,633 11,122 9,827 164,875 $ $ (1) The above minimum lease payments to be received do not include reimbursements from tenants for real estate taxes and other reimbursed expenses. (2) As of December 31, 2023, the leases at 81 of the Company's properties were expired, and the USPS was occupying such properties as a holdover tenant. As such, the above minimum lease payments to be received do not include payments under these holdover leases. Holdover rent is typically paid as the greater of estimated market rent or the rent amount due under the expired lease. (3) In August 2023, the Company received notice from the USPS to terminate the lease for one property, which termination became effective in February 2024. Purchase Option Provisions As of December 31, 2023, operating leases for 74 of the Company’s properties provided the USPS with the option to purchase the underlying property either at fair market value or at fixed prices, in each case as of dates set forth in the lease agreement. As of December 31, 2023, 70 of these properties had an aggregate carrying value of approximately $52.9 million with an aggregate purchase option price of approximately $67.9 million and the remaining four properties had an aggregate carrying value of approximately $2.9 million with purchase options exercisable at fair market value. F-21 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Investment in Financing Leases, Net As of December 31, 2023, financing leases for two of the Company’s properties provide the USPS with the option to purchase the underlying property at fixed prices as of dates set forth in the lease agreement. The components of the Company’s net investment in financing leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized in the table below (in thousands): Total minimum lease payment receivable Less: unearned income Investment in financing leases, net As of December 31, 2022 2023 $ $ 32,078 $ (16,036) 16,042 $ 33,215 (17,085) 16,130 Revenue earned under direct financing leases for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively, which is recorded in "Fee and other" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. Future lease payments to be received under the Company’s direct financing leases as of December 31, 2023 for the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total Lessee Accounting Amount 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 26,393 32,078 $ $ As a lessee, the Company has ground and office leases which were classified as operating leases. As of December 31, 2023, these leases had remaining terms, including renewal options, of 0.4 years to 59 years and a weighted average remaining lease term of 23.3 years. Operating right of use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities are included in “Prepaid expenses and other assets, net” and “Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other, net” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows (in thousands): ROU asset – operating leases Lease liability – operating leases As of December 31, 2023 As of December 31, 2022 $ $ 967 $ 994 $ 1,010 1,014 The difference between the recorded ROU assets and lease liabilities is mainly due to the reclassification of the below market ground lease intangible asset which was included within the ROU assets recognized upon transition. Operating lease assets and liabilities are measured at the commencement date based on the present value of future lease payments. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The Company used a discount rate ranging from 4.25% to 7.35% based on the yield of its current borrowings in determining its lease liabilities. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease if it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. F-22 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Operating lease expense for each of the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0.2 million. See Note 9. Related Party Transactions for more details. Future minimum lease payments to be paid by the Company as a lessee for operating leases as of December 31, 2023 for the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands): 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total future minimum lease payments Interest discount Total Note 8. Income Taxes TRS $ $ $ 162 87 75 48 42 1,619 2,033 (1,039) 994 In connection with the IPO, the Company and REAC jointly elected to treat REAC as a TRS. REAC performs management services, including for properties the Company does not own, and advisory services to third-party owners of postal properties. REAC generates income, resulting in federal and state corporate income tax liability for REAC. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, income tax expense and income tax benefit related to REAC was $0.1 million and 3,670, respectively. Other As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets reflected a liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the amount of $0.02 million primarily related to the utilization of certain loss carryforwards by United Postal Holdings, Inc. ("UPH") through May 16, 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company accrued interest and penalties of $0.01 million. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company reversed $0.02 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits inclusive of interest and penalties due to the expiration of statute of limitations, with an offsetting adjustment to the indemnification asset. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Gross unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year Reductions to unrecognized tax benefits as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations Total $ $ 23 $ (23) — $ 188 (165) 23 The Company and REAC are subject to examinations by federal and state and local tax authorities beginning with the short tax year ended December 31, 2019. UPH was subject to examinations by federal tax authorities for tax years 2018 through 2019. Cash paid for taxes for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0.05 million and $0.1 million, respectively. F-23 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Note 9. Related Party Transactions Management Fee Income REAC recognized management fee income of $1.3 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from various parties which were affiliated with the Company's CEO. These amounts are included in “Fee and other” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. Accrued management fees receivable of $0.3 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are included in “Rent and other receivables” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Related Party Lease On May 17, 2019, the Company entered into a lease for office space in Cedarhurst, New York with an entity affiliated with the Company’s CEO (the “Office Lease”). Pursuant to the Office Lease, the monthly rent is $15,000 subject to escalations. The term of the Office Lease is five years commencing on May 17, 2019 and will expire on May 16, 2024. Rental expenses associated with the Office Lease for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, and was recorded in “General and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. The Company determined this Office Lease was an operating lease. For further details, see Note 7. Leases. Guarantees As disclosed above in Note 5. Debt, Mr. Spodek personally guaranteed a portion of or the entire amount outstanding under the Company's loans with First Oklahoma Bank and Vision Bank, totaling $1.9 million and $1.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As a guarantor, Mr. Spodek’s interests with respect to the amount of debt he is guaranteeing (and the terms of any repayment or default) may not align with the Company's interests and could result in a conflict of interest. Note 10. Earnings Per Share EPS is calculated by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. The following table presents a reconciliation of income from operations used in the basic and diluted EPS calculations (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data). Numerator for earnings per share – basic and diluted: Net income attributable to common stockholders Less: Income attributable to participating securities Numerator for earnings per share — basic and diluted Denominator for earnings per share – basic and diluted(1) Basic and diluted earnings per share Explanatory Note: For the Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ $ $ 3,709 $ (1,367) 2,342 $ 20,145,151 0.12 $ 3,854 (997) 2,857 18,545,494 0.15 (1) Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution of the conversion of obligations and the assumed exercises of securities including the effects of restricted shares and RSUs issued under the Company’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) (See Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity). The effect of such shares and RSUs would not be dilutive and were not included in the computation of weighted average number of shares outstanding for the periods presented in the table above. OP Units and LTIP Units are redeemable for cash or, at the Company’s option, shares of Class A common stock on an one-for-one basis. The income allocable to such OP Units and LTIP Units is allocated on this same basis and reflected as non-controlling F-24 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) interests in these Consolidated Financial Statements. As such, the assumed conversion of these OP Units and LTIP Units would have no net impact on the determination of diluted EPS. Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity ATM Program On November 4, 2022, the Company entered into separate open market sale agreements with each of Jefferies LLC, BMO Capital Markets Corp., Janney Montgomery Scott LLC, Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and Truist Securities, Inc., as agents (the "ATM Program"), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, shares of its Class A common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $50.0 million. The agreements also provide that the Company may enter into one or more forward sale agreements under separate master forward confirmations and related supplemental confirmations with affiliates of certain agents. On August 8, 2023, the Company amended the ATM Program to increase the aggregate offering amount under the program from up to $50.0 million to up to $150.0 million. The following table summarizes the activity under the ATM Program for the periods presented (dollars and shares issued in thousands, except per share amounts). During the year ended December 31, 2023, 1,861,407 shares were issued under the ATM Program. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $114.1 million remaining that may be issued under the ATM Program. Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Shares issued(1) Gross proceeds received Fees, issuance and other costs Net proceeds received Average gross sales price per share $ $ $ 1,861 27,810 $ 1,250 26,560 $ 14.94 $ 751 11,869 530 11,339 15.80 Explanatory Note: (1) During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into forward sales transactions under the ATM Program for the sale of 798,847 shares of its Class A common stock, which were all subsequently settled during 2023. Dividends and Distributions During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved and the Company declared and paid dividends or distributions, as applicable, of $24.4 million to Class A common stockholders, Voting Equivalency stockholders, OP unitholders and LTIP unitholders, or $0.95 per share or unit, as shown in the table below. Declaration Date February 1, 2023 April 24, 2023 July 26, 2023 October 23, 2023 Record Date February 15, 2023 May 5, 2023 August 7, 2023 November 1, 2023 Date Paid February 28, 2023 May 31, 2023 August 31, 2023 November 30, 2023 Amount Per Share or Unit 0.2375 $ 0.2375 $ 0.2375 $ 0.2375 $ F-25 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved and the Company declared and paid dividends or distributions, as applicable, of $21.6 million to Class A common stockholders, Voting Equivalency stockholders, OP unitholders and LTIP unitholders, or $0.925 per share or unit, as shown in the table below. Declaration Date February 1, 2022 April 28, 2022 July 27, 2022 October 26, 2022 Non-controlling Interests Record Date February 15, 2022 May 13, 2022 August 8, 2022 November 7, 2022 Date Paid February 28, 2022 May 27, 2022 August 26, 2022 November 28, 2022 Amount Per Share or Unit 0.2275 $ 0.2300 $ 0.2325 $ 0.2350 $ Non-controlling interests in the Company represent OP Units held by the Company’s prior investors and certain sellers of properties to the Company and LTIP Units primarily issued to the Company's employees and the Board of Directors in connection with the IPO and/or as a part of their compensation. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued 143,288 LTIP Units to the Company's CEO for his 2022 incentive bonus, his election to defer 100% of his 2023 annual salary and for long term incentive compensation, 75,489 LTIP Units to the Company’s president for his 2022 incentive bonus and his election to defer 50% of his 2023 annual salary, 57,057 LTIP Units to the Company's Chief Financial Officer for his 2022 incentive bonus and for long term incentive compensation, 40,635 LTIP Units to the Board of Directors for their annual retainers as compensation for their services as directors, 25,510 LTIP Units to an employee for his 2022 incentive bonus, his election to defer a portion of his 2023 annual salary and for long term incentive compensation and 8,447 LTIP Units to a consultant under the consultancy agreement with the Company. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company issued 693,648 and 661,398 OP Units, respectively, to certain contributors in connection with portfolio acquisitions (for further details, see Note 3. Real Estate Acquisitions) and a business acquisition (for further details, see Note 13. Business Acquisitions). As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, non-controlling interests consisted of 4,387,334 OP Units and 884,621 LTIP Units and 4,133,619 OP Units and 536,868 LTIP Units, respectively. This represented approximately 19.3% and 19.2% of the outstanding Operating Partnership units as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. OP Units and shares of Class A common stock generally have the same economic characteristics, as they share equally in the total net income or loss and distributions of the Operating Partnership. Beginning on or after the date which is 12 months after the date on which a limited partner first receives the OP Units, such limited partner will generally have the right, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the partnership agreement, to require the Operating Partnership to redeem all or a portion of such OP Units in exchange for cash, or at the Company’s sole discretion, shares of Class A common stock, on an one-for-one basis determined in accordance with and subject to adjustment under the partnership agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 402,433 OP Units and 2,673 LTIP Units were redeemed for 405,106 shares of Class A common stock. For redemption of OP Units using shares of Class A common stock, the Company adjusted the carrying value of non-controlling interests to reflect its share of the book value of the Operating Partnership reflecting the change in the Company’s ownership of the Operating Partnership. Such adjustments are recorded to additional paid-in capital as a reallocation of non-controlling interest in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 37,500 OP Units were also redeemed for cash for the total amount of $0.6 million. The Operating Partnership unitholders are entitled to share in cash distributions from the Operating Partnership in proportion to their percentage ownership of OP Units. Restricted Stock and Other Awards Pursuant to the Company’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan” or the “Plan”), the Company may grant equity incentive awards to its directors, officers, employees and consultants. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining shares available under the Plan for future issuance was 1,034,609. The Plan provides for grants of stock options, stock awards, stock appreciation rights, performance units, incentive awards, other equity-based awards (including LTIP Units) and dividend equivalents in connection with the grant of performance units and other equity-based awards. F-26 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) The following table presents a summary of the Company's outstanding restricted shares of Class A common stock, LTIP Units and RSUs. The balance as of December 31, 2023 represents unvested restricted shares of Class A common stock and LTIP Units and RSUs that are outstanding, whether vested or not: Restricted Shares(1)(2) LTIP Units(3) RSUs(4) Outstanding, as of January 1, 2023 Granted Conversion to common stock Vesting of restricted shares and RSUs(5) Forfeited Outstanding, as of December 31, 2023 449,076 131,166 — (76,010) (5,830) 498,402 536,868 350,426 (2,673) — — 884,621 Explanatory Notes: (1) Represents restricted shares awards included in Class A common stock. Total Shares/Units/ RSUs 1,215,444 $ 602,501 $ (2,673) $ (103,466) $ (17,046) $ 1,694,760 $ 229,500 120,909 — (27,456) (11,216) 311,737 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 16.12 15.53 18.02 13.11 8.86 16.16 (2) The time-based restricted share awards granted to the Company's officers and employees typically vest in three annual installments or cliff vest at the end of three years, five years or eight years. (3) Includes 143,288 LTIP Units granted to the Company’s CEO, 75,489 LTIP Units granted to the Company's president and 57,057 LTIP Units granted to the Company's Chief Financial Officer, which vest over three years or cliff vest at the end of eight years. Also includes 25,510 LTIP Units granted to an employee of the Company, a portion of which vested on December 31, 2023 with the remaining to vest over three years or cliff vest at the end of eight years, 40,635 LTIP Units granted to the Company's independent directors that vest over three years or cliff vest at the end of three years and 8,447 LTIP Units granted to a consultant under the consultancy agreement with the Company, with 3,304 of such units vested on June 30, 2023 and 5,143 remaining to vest on June 30, 2024. (4) Includes 63,512 RSUs granted to certain officers and employees of the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023 subject to the achievement of a service condition and a market condition. Such RSUs are market-based awards and are subject to the achievement of performance-based hurdles relating to the Company’s specified absolute and relative total stockholder return goals and continued employment with the Company over the approximately three-year period from the grant date through December 31, 2025. The number of market-based RSUs is based on the number of shares issuable upon achievement of the market-based metric at target. Also, includes 46,258 time-based RSUs issued for 2022 incentive bonuses to certain employees that vested fully on January 31, 2023, the date of grant, and 11,138 time-based RSUs granted to certain employees for their election to defer a portion of their 2023 salary that vested on December 31, 2023. RSUs reflect the right to receive shares of Class A common stock, subject to the applicable vesting criteria. (5) Includes 74,082 of restricted shares that vested and 29,384 shares of restricted shares that were withheld to satisfy minimum statutory withholding requirements. In February 2024, the Company issued 132,693 LTIP Units to the Company’s CEO for his 2023 incentive bonus and his election to defer 100% of his 2024 annual salary, 51,490 LTIP Units to the Company’s president for his 2023 incentive bonus and 43,038 LTIP Units to the Company's Chief Financial Officer for his 2023 incentive bonus. LTIP Units issued to the Company’s CEO, president and Chief Financial Officer in lieu of cash compensation will cliff vest on the eighth anniversary of February 1, 2024. In addition, in February 2024, the Company issued 32,579 restricted shares of Class A common stock for annual grants to employees and consultants and 34,841 RSUs, 48,778 LTIP units and 31,883 restricted shares of Class A common stock to other employees for their 2023 incentive bonus. RSUs reflect the right to receive shares of Class A common stock. RSUs and certain LTIP Units issued to employees for 2023 incentive bonuses vested fully on the date of grant. Certain restricted shares of Class A common stock issued to employees and consultants will vest in three equal, annual installments on each of the first three anniversaries of February 1, 2024, while other restricted shares of Class A common stock and LTIP Units issued to F-27 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) employees in lieu of cash compensation will cliff vest on the third, fifth or eighth anniversary of February 1, 2024. The Company also issued 703 restricted shares of Class A common stock in February 2024 to certain employees for work anniversaries, which shares vested fully on the date of grant. In February 2024, the Company also issued an aggregate of 33,253 LTIP Units, 31,625 of restricted shares of Class A common stock and 79,296 RSUs to certain officers of the Company. The LTIP Units and restricted shares of Class A common stock will vest in three equal, annual installments over the approximately three-year period ending February 1, 2027, subject to continued employment with the Company. The RSUs are market-based awards and are subject to the achievement of performance-based hurdles relating to the Company’s absolute and relative total stockholder return goals and continued employment with the Company over the approximately three-year period from the grant date through December 31, 2026. Such RSU recipients may earn up to 200% of the RSUs that were issued. Upon vesting pursuant to the terms of the RSUs, the RSUs that vest will be settled in shares of Class A common stock and the recipients will be entitled to receive the distributions that would have been paid with respect to a share of Class A common stock (for each share that vests) on or after the date the RSUs were initially granted. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company issued 38,672 RSUs (the “2020 Performance-Based Awards”) to certain employees that were market-based awards and subject to the achievement of performance-based hurdles relating to the Company’s absolute total stockholder return goals and continued employment with the Company over the approximately three-year performance period ended December 31, 2022. In January 2023, the Company's Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors ("CGC Committee") determined that the Company's total stockholder return for such three-year performance period exceeded the threshold performance hurdles for the 2020 Performance-Based Awards and, as a result, approved the payout of (i) 27,456 RSUs for such awards, which were settled using the Company’s shares of Class A common stock, and (ii) their cash dividends for the three-year performance period. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company issued 46,714 RSUs (the “2021 Performance-Based Awards”) to certain employees that were market-based awards and subject to the achievement of performance-based hurdles relating to the Company’s absolute total stockholder return goals and continued employment with the Company over the approximately three-year performance period ended December 31, 2023. In February 2024, the Company's CGC Committee determined that the Company's total stockholder return for such three-year performance period met the threshold performance hurdles for the 2021 Performance-Based Awards and, as a result, approved the payout of (i) 23,357 RSUs for such awards, which were settled using the Company’s shares of Class A common stock, and (ii) their cash dividends for the three-year performance period. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized compensation expense of $5.2 million and $0.6 million in “General and administrative expenses” and "Property operating expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, respectively, related to all awards. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized compensation expense of $4.3 million and $0.4 million in “General and administrative expenses” and "Property operating expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, respectively. The fair value of restricted shares that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $1.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value for awards issued in 2023 and 2022 was $15.53 and $16.88, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was $15.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 5.0 years. Employee Stock Purchase Plan In connection with the IPO, the Company established the Postal Realty Trust, Inc. 2019 Qualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), which allows the Company’s employees to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a discount. A total of 100,000 shares of Class A common stock was reserved for sale and authorized for issuance under the ESPP. The Code permits the Company to provide up to a 15% discount on the lesser of the fair market value of such shares of Class A common stock at the beginning of the offering period and the close of the offering period. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 44,520 and 29,710 shares have been issued under the ESPP since commencement, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized compensation expense of $0.03 million and $0.03 million, respectively, related to ESPP. F-28 POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies As of December 31, 2023, the Company was not involved in any litigation nor, to its knowledge, is any litigation threatened against the Company that, in management’s opinion, would result in any material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations, or which is not covered by insurance. In the ordinary course of the Company’s business, the Company enters into non-binding (except with regard to exclusivity and confidentiality) letters of intent indicating a willingness to negotiate for acquisitions. There can be no assurance that definitive contracts will be entered into with respect to any matter covered by letters of intent, that the Company will close the transactions contemplated by such contracts on time, or that the Company will consummate any transaction contemplated by any definitive contract. Note 13. Business Acquisition On March 4, 2022, the Company acquired a postal real estate consulting business and its employees through the issuance of 79,794 OP Units and $0.2 million in cash for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.7 million to complement the Company's core business of acquiring, managing, servicing and being a consolidator of postal properties. In connection with the acquisition, the Company recorded an intangible asset related to the customer relationships and trade name of approximately $0.2 million in “Prepaid expenses and other assets, net” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which is being amortized over the estimated useful life of four years, and goodwill of approximately $1.5 million. The goodwill recorded is deductible for income tax purposes. All assets acquired in connection with the business acquisition were assigned to the Company’s single reportable segment. The results of operations of this acquired business have been included in the Consolidated financial Statements since the acquisition date. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded revenue of $0.03 million and net loss of $0.09 million in connection with the acquired business. Pro forma information has not been presented for this business acquisition because such information is not material to the financial statements. Note 14. Subsequent Events In addition to the subsequent events discussed elsewhere in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the following events occurred subsequent to December 31, 2023: The Company's Board of Directors approved, and on February 2, 2024, the Company declared a fourth quarter 2023 common stock dividend of $0.24 per share, which was paid on February 29, 2024 to stockholders of record as of February 16, 2024. As of February 29, 2024, the Company had $211.0 million drawn on the Credit Facilities, with $75.0 million drawn on the 2021 Term Loan, $125.0 million drawn on the 2022 Term Loan and $11.0 million drawn on the Revolving Credit Facility. As of February 29, 2024 and during the period subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Company issued 483,341 shares of its Class A common stock under the ATM Program for gross proceeds of approximately $6.9 million. As of February 29, 2024 and during the period subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Company closed on the acquisitions of eight properties for approximately $4.5 million, excluding closing costs. As of February 29, 2024 and during the period subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Company had entered into definitive agreements to acquire twenty properties for approximately $13.9 million. The majority of these transactions are anticipated to close during the second and third quarters of 2024, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. However, the Company can provide no assurances that the properties will be consummated on the terms of timeframe described herein, or at all. F-29 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is processed, recorded, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and regulations of the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. We have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, regarding the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on the foregoing, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded, as of December 31, 2023, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act (i) is processed, recorded, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the original framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION On December 14, 2023, an affiliate of Andrew Spodek, our chief executive officer, terminated its previously disclosed pre-arranged trading plan, which was entered into on May 11, 2023, and entered into a new pre-arranged trading plan (the “10b5-1 plan”) that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. Under the new 10b5-1 plan, the affiliate of Mr. Spodek can purchase up to 70,000 shares of our Class A common stock between March 14, 2024 and March 13, 2025, subject to price and trading limitations under the plan. On February 29, 2024, we mutually terminated the open market sale agreement dated November 4, 2022 with Janney Montgomery Scott LLC in connection with our ATM Program. For description of the material terms and conditions of the terminated sale agreement and details regarding our ATM Program, see Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Overview—ATM Program.” We did not incur any penalties as a result of such termination. 44 ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS Not applicable. 45 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by Item 10 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 PART III annual stockholders’ meeting. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by Item 11 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 annual stockholders’ meeting. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by Item 12 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 annual stockholders’ meeting. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by Item 13 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 annual stockholders’ meeting. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by Item 14 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 annual stockholders’ meeting. 46 PART IV EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (1) Financial Statements Our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, together with the Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K commencing on page F-1. (2) Financial Statement Schedules Our financial statement schedule is included in Part IV of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (3) Exhibits A list of exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K is set forth on the Index to Exhibits commencing on page 50 and is incorporated herein by reference. 47 Postal Realty Trust, Inc. Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation As of December 31, 2023 Initial Cost to Company Land Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition State/Territory Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Number of Properties (1) 30 1 12 32 31 21 8 3 27 31 1 12 77 30 35 31 27 34 44 8 20 59 61 30 45 13 31 5 8 9 8 58 59 22 41 59 5 103 1 26 24 28 96 4 21 27 9 45 86 9 1,507 Explanatory Notes: Encumbrances — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 316 — — — — — — — — — — — 844 — — 31,634 — 194 — — — — — — — — — — 32,988 $ $ Buildings & Improvements 19,222 51 6,808 5,932 20,710 11,377 5,245 799 13,644 8,170 1,447 1,346 9,544 8,310 6,665 10,005 4,385 8,685 4,673 1,632 10,174 12,108 11,605 8,116 7,650 3,359 3,309 3,301 1,231 3,624 1,825 18,462 19,200 2,256 13,935 10,685 3,104 66,677 349 5,844 2,927 10,147 22,966 2,044 4,512 11,480 1,691 8,570 18,048 3,019 440,868 $ 3,455 15 1,454 1,613 12,176 1,531 1,166 361 6,490 1,795 1,810 99 1,487 1,497 886 1,103 1,167 2,238 1,570 852 3,529 3,291 1,306 1,797 1,384 435 233 591 519 782 726 5,324 6,404 231 3,218 2,080 1,555 9,416 99 1,967 422 3,037 5,442 318 1,395 2,949 539 1,240 2,820 260 106,074 $ Buildings & Accumulated Gross Amount Carried at Close of Period (2) Improvements Total Land 22,850 19,395 66 51 8,270 6,816 7,574 5,961 33,210 21,034 12,974 11,443 6,489 5,323 1,160 799 20,231 13,741 10,159 8,364 3,425 1,615 1,445 1,346 11,483 9,996 10,203 8,706 7,733 6,847 11,716 10,613 5,581 4,414 11,046 8,808 6,607 5,037 2,516 1,664 13,787 10,258 16,009 12,718 13,295 11,989 10,097 8,300 9,190 7,806 3,888 3,453 3,659 3,426 3,892 3,301 1,758 1,239 4,422 3,640 2,551 1,825 24,118 18,794 25,797 19,393 2,491 2,260 17,432 14,214 12,974 10,894 4,686 3,131 76,745 67,329 448 349 8,962 6,995 3,380 2,958 13,278 10,241 29,015 23,573 2,362 2,044 5,931 4,536 14,518 11,569 2,246 1,707 10,021 8,781 21,552 18,732 3,279 3,019 556,521 $ 450,447 $ 3,455 15 1,454 1,613 12,176 1,531 1,166 361 6,490 1,795 1,810 99 1,487 1,497 886 1,103 1,167 2,238 1,570 852 3,529 3,291 1,306 1,797 1,384 435 233 591 519 782 726 5,324 6,404 231 3,218 2,080 1,555 9,416 99 1,967 422 3,037 5,442 318 1,395 2,949 539 1,240 2,820 260 106,074 $ Depreciation 1,352 10 224 972 1,300 1,208 489 55 963 688 111 304 868 742 637 972 341 1,165 590 196 2,229 1,411 880 660 791 391 242 198 121 136 98 1,220 1,910 280 1,405 1,479 124 6,976 19 521 292 1,042 3,447 102 321 796 182 498 2,673 160 43,791 Depreciable Life (Yrs) (3) 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Date Acquired 2013-2023 2018 2021-2023 2013-2023 2019-2023 2019-2023 2013-2022 2020-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2021 2013-2023 2013-2023 2019-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2013-2022 2007-2023 2011-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2019-2022 2019-2023 2019-2023 2019-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2006-2023 2013-2023 2020-2023 2005-2023 2022 2019-2023 2013-2023 2013-2023 2005-2023 2020-2023 2019-2023 2019-2023 2013-2023 2019-2023 2005-2023 2013-2023 173 — 8 29 324 66 78 — 97 194 168 — 452 396 182 608 29 123 364 32 84 610 384 184 156 94 117 — 8 16 — 332 193 4 279 209 27 652 — 1,151 31 94 607 — 24 89 16 211 684 — 9,579 $ (1) Excludes two properties accounted for as direct financing leases. (2) The aggregate cost for Federal Income Tax purposes was approximately $573.5 million as of December 31, 2023. (3) Estimated useful life for buildings. 48 The following table reconciles real estate for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: Beginning Balance Acquisitions Capital Improvements Write-offs Other Ending Balance Explanatory Note: For the Years Ended December 31, 2023 474,991 $ 78,608 3,068 (145) (1) 556,521 $ 2022 348,365 123,719 3,251 (322) (22) 474,991 $ $ (1) Other includes reclassification adjustments. The following table reconciles accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: Beginning Balance Depreciation expense Write-offs and other Ending Balance For the Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ $ (31,257) $ (12,503) (31) (43,791) $ (20,884) (10,695) 322 (31,257) 49 Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 EXHIBIT INDEX Description Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Company, dated as of May 15, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019). Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, effective as of August 4, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2023). Form of Certificate of Class A Common Stock of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A filed on May 7, 2019). Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 27, 2020). First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Postal Realty LP, dated May 16, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019). Postal Realty Trust, Inc. Amended and Restated Alignment of Interest Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 29, 2020).† Representation, Warranty and Indemnity Agreement, dated as of May 14, 2019, by and among the Company, Postal Realty LP and Andrew Spodek (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Tax Indemnification Agreement, dated as of May 14, 2019, by and among the Company, United Properties Holding, Inc., United Post Office Investments, Inc. and Andrew Spodek (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Form of Right of First Offer Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A filed on May 7, 2019).† Tax Protection Agreement, dated as of May 14, 2019, by and among the Company, Postal Realty LP, Andrew Spodek, Tayaka Holdings, LLC and IDJ Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Tax Protection Agreement, dated as of May 14, 2019, by and among the Company, Postal Realty LP and Nationwide Postal Management Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Tax Protection Agreement, dated as of May 14, 2019, by and among the Company, Postal Realty LP and Unlimited Postal Holdings LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Form of Third Party Management Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A filed on May 7, 2019). Indemnification Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2019, by and between the Company and Patrick Donahue (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Indemnification Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2019, by and between the Company and Anton Feingold (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Indemnification Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2019, by and between the Company and Jeremy Garber (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Indemnification Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2019, by and between the Company and Jane Gural-Senders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Indemnification Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2019, by and between the Company and Barry Lefkowitz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Indemnification Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2019, by and between the Company and Andrew Spodek (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Indemnification Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2021, by and between the Company and Robert B. Klein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 13, 2021).† Indemnification Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2019, by and between the Company and Matt Brandwein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 27, 2019).† Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated October 17, 2023, by and between the Company and Andrew Spodek (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 20, 2023).†* Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated October 17, 2023, by and between the Company and Jeremy Garber (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 20, 2023).†* Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated October 17, 2023, by and between the Company and Robert Klein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 20, 2023).†* 2019 Equity Incentive Plan of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A filed on May 7, 2019).† Amendment No. 1 to the Postal Realty Trust, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, effective as of June 26, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 1, 2020).† Amendment No. 2 to the Postal Realty Trust, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, effective as of June 18, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2021).† Form of 2019 Equity Incentive Plan Stock Award Agreement and Notice (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A filed on May 7, 2019).† Form of 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A filed on May 7, 2019).† 50 Exhibit Number 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 21.1 23.1 23.2 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Description Form of LTIP Unit Vesting Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A filed on May 7, 2019).† Credit Agreement, dated August 9, 2021, by and among Postal Realty LP, the Company, the certain subsidiaries from time to time party thereto as guarantors, and Bank of Montreal, as administrative agent, and the several banks and financial institutions party thereto as lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2021). First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated May 11, 2022, by and among Postal Realty LP, the Company, the certain subsidiaries from time to time party thereto as guarantors, and Bank of Montreal, as administrative agent, and the several banks and financial institutions party thereto as lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 11, 2022). Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated July 24, 2023, by and among Postal Realty LP, the Company, the certain subsidiaries from time to time party thereto as guarantors, and Bank of Montreal, as administrative agent, and the several banks and financial institutions party thereto as lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 26, 2023). Open-End Mortgage, Security Agreement, Fixture Filing, Financing Statement and Assignment of Leases and Rents, dated as of December 18, 2020, by and among Thorn Hill Postal Realty Holdings LLC, The United States Life Insurance Company in the City of New York and National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2020). Promissory Note (USLIC), dated December 18, 2020, made by Thorn Hill Postal Realty Holdings LLC to The United States Life Insurance Company in the City of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2020). Promissory Note (USLIC – Fortitude), dated December 18, 2020, made by Thorn Hill Postal Realty Holdings LLC to The United States Life Insurance Company in the City of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2020). Promissory Note (NUFIC), dated December 18, 2020, made by Thorn Hill Postal Realty Holdings LLC to National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2020). Suretyship Agreement, dated December 18, 2020, in favor of The United States Life Insurance Company in the City of New York and National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2020). Subsidiaries of the Company.* Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP.* Consent of BDO USA, P.C.* Certification of Annual Report by Chief Executive Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.* Certification of Annual Report by Chief Financial Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.* Certification of Chief Executive Officer furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.* Certification of Chief Financial Officer furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.* Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy.* INSTANCE DOCUMENT** SCHEMA DOCUMENT** CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT** LABELS LINKBASE DOCUMENT** PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT** DEFINITION LINKBASE DOCUMENT** Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) 97.1 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.LAB 101.PRE 101.DEF 104 _______________________ * Filed herewith † Compensatory plan or arrangement ** Submitted electronically herewith. Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 51 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: February 29, 2024 By: POSTAL REALTY TRUST, INC. /s/ Andrew Spodek Andrew Spodek Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name /s/ Andrew Spodek Andrew Spodek /s/ Robert B. Klein Robert B. Klein /s/ Matt Brandwein Matt Brandwein /s/ Patrick Donahoe Patrick Donahoe /s/ Barry Lefkowitz Barry Lefkowitz /s/ Jane Gural-Senders Jane Gural-Senders /s/ Anton Feingold Anton Feingold Title Date Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) February 29, 2024 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 29, 2024 Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) February 29, 2024 Independent Director, Chair of Board of Directors February 29, 2024 Independent Director February 29, 2024 Independent Director February 29, 2024 Independent Director February 29, 2024 52 Board of Directors Patrick R. Donahoe Chair of the Board of Directors Former Postmaster General of the United States Andrew Spodek Chief Executive Officer and Director Barry Lefkowitz Director President and Chief Executive Officer of Huntington Road Advisors LLC and Co-Founder of HMC Real Estate Services LLC Jane Gural-Senders Director Executive Director and Principal of GFP Real Estate LLC Anton Feingold Director Partner and Associate General Counsel in the Legal Group of Ares Management Corporate Headquarters 75 Columbia Avenue Cedarhurst, New York 11516 www.postalrealtytrust.com 516-232-8900 Executive Officers Andrew Spodek Chief Executive Officer and Director Jeremy Garber President and Treasurer Robert Klein Chief Financial Officer Transfer Agent Equiniti Trust Company, LLC 800-937-5449 Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Deloitte & Touche LLP 30 Rockefeller Plaza New York, New York 10112 Annual Meeting Friday, May 17, 2024 10:00 am (Eastern Time) 75 Columbia Avenue Cedarhurst, New York 11516 Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements This Annual Report contains “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements include statements identified by words such as “could,” “may,” “might,” “will,” “likely,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “seeks,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “continues,” “projects” and similar references to future periods, or by the inclusion of forecasts or projections. Forward-looking statements, including, among others, statements regarding Postal Realty Trust, Inc.’s (the “Company”) anticipated growth and ability to obtain financing, renew or replace expiring leases on favorable terms, or at all, and close on pending transactions on the terms or timing it expects, if at all, are based on the Company’s current expectations and assumptions regarding capital market conditions, the Company’s business, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, by their nature, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. As a result, the Company’s actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include the USPS’ terminations or non-renewals of leases, changes in demand for postal services delivered by the USPS, the solvency and financial health of the USPS, competitive, financial market and regulatory conditions, general real estate market conditions, the Company’s competitive environment and other factors set forth under “Risk Factors” in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Any forward-looking statement made in this Annual Report speaks only as of the date on which it is made. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. 

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